Navient
Annual Report 2005

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) ⌧ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 or (cid:134) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file numbers 001-13251 SLM Corporation (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware (State of Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 12061 Bluemont Way, Reston, Virginia (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 52-2013874 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 20190 (Zip Code) (703) 810-3000 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $.20 per share. Name of Exchange on which Listed: New York Stock Exchange 6.97% Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $.20 per share Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share Name of Exchange on which Listed: New York Stock Exchange Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2017 Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2018 6% Senior Notes due December 15, 2043 Name of Exchange on which Listed: New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ⌧ No (cid:134) Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:134) No ⌧ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No (cid:134) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ⌧ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:133) No ⌧ Large accelerated filer ⌧ Accelerated filer (cid:134) Non-accelerated filer (cid:134) The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2005 was approximately $21,093,319,968 (based on closing sale price of $50.80 per share as reported for the New York Stock Exchange—Composite Transactions). As of February 28, 2006, there were 413,544,742 shares of common stock outstanding. Portions of the Proxy Statement relating to the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held May 18, 2006 are DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report. This report contains forward-looking statements and information that are based on management’s current expectations as of the date of this document. When used in this report, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend” and “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward- looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause the actual results to be materially different from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, changes in the terms of student loans and the educational credit marketplace arising from the implementation of applicable laws and regulations and from changes in these laws and regulations, which may reduce the volume, average term and costs of yields on student loans under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) or result in loans being originated or refinanced under non-FFELP programs or may affect the terms upon which banks and others agree to sell FFELP loans to SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae, and its subsidiaries (collectively, “the Company”). In addition, a larger than expected increase in third party consolidations of our FFELP loans could materially adversely affect our results of operations. The Company could also be affected by changes in the demand for educational financing or in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions, students and their families; incorrect estimates or assumptions by management in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements; changes in the composition of our Managed FFELP and Private Education Loan portfolios; a significant decrease in our common stock price, which may result in counterparties terminating equity forward positions with us, which, in turn, could have a materially dilutive effect on our common stock; changes in the general interest rate environment and in the securitization markets for education loans, which may increase the costs or limit the availability of financings necessary to initiate, purchase or carry education loans; losses from loan defaults; changes in prepayment rates and credit spreads; and changes in the demand for debt management services and new laws or changes in existing laws that govern debt management services. GLOSSARY Listed below are definitions of key terms that are used throughout this document. See also APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM,” for a further discussion of the FFELP. Borrower Benefits—Borrower Benefits are financial incentives offered to borrowers who qualify based on pre-determined qualifying factors, which are generally tied directly to making on-time monthly payments. The impact of Borrower Benefits is dependent on the estimate of the number of borrowers who will eventually qualify for these benefits and the amount of the financial benefit offered to the borrower. We occasionally change Borrower Benefits programs in both amount and qualification factors. These programmatic changes must be reflected in the estimate of the Borrower Benefits discount. Consolidation Loans—Under both the FFELP and the William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program (“FDLP”), borrowers with eligible student loans may consolidate them into one note with one lender and convert the variable interest rates on the loans being consolidated into a fixed rate for the life of the loan. The new note is considered a Consolidation Loan. Typically a borrower can consolidate his student loans only once unless the borrower has another eligible loan to consolidate with the existing Consolidation Loan. FFELP Consolidation Loan borrowers can reconsolidate their FFELP Consolidation Loan into a FDLP Consolidation Loan under certain conditions. The borrower rate on a Consolidation Loan is fixed for the term of the loan and is set by the weighted-average interest rate of the loans being consolidated, rounded up to the nearest 1/8th of a percent, not to exceed 8.25 percent. In low interest rate environments, Consolidation Loans provide an attractive refinancing opportunity to certain borrowers because they allow borrowers to consolidate variable rate loans into a long-term fixed rate loan. Holders of Consolidation Loans are eligible to earn interest under the Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) formula (see definition below). 2 Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee—All holders of Consolidation Loans are required to pay to the U.S. Department of Education (“ED”) an annual 105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee on all outstanding principal and accrued interest balances of Consolidation Loans purchased or originated after October 1, 1993, except for loans for which consolidation applications were received between October 1, 1998 and January 31, 1999, where the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee is 62 basis points. Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”)—A variable in life of loan estimates that measures the rate at which loans in the portfolio pay before their stated maturity. The CPR is directly correlated to the average life of the portfolio. CPR equals the percentage of loans that prepay annually as a percentage of the beginning of period balance. Direct Loans—Student loans originated directly by ED under the FDLP. ED—The U.S. Department of Education. Embedded Fixed Rate/Variable Rate Floor Income—Embedded Floor Income is Floor Income (see definition below) that is earned on off-balance sheet student loans that are in securitization trusts sponsored by us. At the time of the securitization, the option value of Embedded Fixed Rate Floor Income is included in the initial valuation of the Residual Interest (see definition below) and the gain or loss on sale of the student loans. Embedded Floor Income is also included in the quarterly fair value adjustments of the Residual Interest. Exceptional Performer (“EP”) Designation—The EP designation is determined by ED in recognition of a servicer meeting certain performance standards set by ED in servicing FFELP loans. Upon receiving the EP designation, the EP servicer receives 100 percent reimbursement on default claims (99 percent reimbursement on default claims filed after July 1, 2006) on federally guaranteed student loans for all loans serviced for a period of at least 270 days before the date of default and will no longer be subject to the two percent Risk Sharing (see definition below) on these loans. The EP servicer is entitled to receive this benefit as long as it remains in compliance with the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other criteria. The annual assessment is in part based upon subjective factors which alone may form the basis for an ED determination to withdraw the designation. If the designation is withdrawn, the two percent Risk Sharing may be applied retroactively to the date of the occurrence that resulted in noncompliance. FDLP—The William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program. FFELP—The Federal Family Education Loan Program, formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan Program. FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans—Education loans to students or parents of students that are guaranteed or reinsured under the FFELP. The loans are primarily Stafford loans but also include PLUS and HEAL loans. Fixed Rate Floor Income—We refer to Floor Income (see definition below) associated with student loans whose borrower rate is fixed to term (primarily Consolidation Loans) as Fixed Rate Floor Income. Floor Income—FFELP student loans originated prior to July 1, 2006 earn interest at the higher of a floating rate based on the Special Allowance Payment or SAP formula (see definition below) set by ED and the borrower rate, which is fixed over a period of time. We generally finance our student loan portfolio with floating rate debt over all interest rate levels. In low and/or declining interest rate environments, when the fixed borrower rate is higher than the rate produced by the SAP formula, our student loans earn at a fixed rate while the interest on our floating rate debt continues to decline. In these interest rate environments, we earn additional spread income that we refer to as Floor Income. Depending on the type of the student loan and when it was originated, the borrower rate is either fixed to term or is reset to a market rate each July 1. As a result, for loans where the borrower rate is fixed to term, we may earn Floor 3 Income for an extended period of time, and for those loans where the borrower interest rate is reset annually on July 1, we may earn Floor Income to the next reset date. The following example shows the mechanics of Floor Income for a typical fixed rate Consolidation Loan originated after July 1, 2005 (with a commercial paper-based SAP spread of 2.64 percent): Fixed Borrower Rate: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAP Spread over Commercial Paper Rate: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floor Strike Rate(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.375 % (2.640 )% 2.735 % (1) The interest rate at which the underlying index (Treasury bill or commercial paper) plus the fixed SAP spread equals the fixed borrower rate. Floor Income is earned anytime the interest rate of the underlying index declines below this rate. Based on this example, if the quarterly average commercial paper rate is over 2.735 percent, the holder of the student loan will earn at a floating rate based on the SAP formula, which in this example is a fixed spread to commercial paper of 2.64 percent. On the other hand, if the quarterly average commercial paper rate is below 2.735 percent, the SAP formula will produce a rate below the fixed borrower rate of 5.375 percent and the loan holder earns at the borrower rate of 5.375 percent. The difference between the fixed borrower rate and the lender’s expected yield based on the SAP formula is referred to as Floor Income. Our student loan assets are generally funded with floating rate debt, so when student loans are earning at the fixed borrower rate, decreases in interest rates may increase Floor Income. Graphic Depiction of Floor Income: 8.00% 7.00% Fixed Borrower Rate = 5.375% Special Allowance Payments (SAP) Spread = 2.64% 6.00% Lender Yield Yield Floor Income 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 2.00% Fixed Borrower Rate Floating Rate Debt Floor Strike Rate @ 2.735% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% Commercial Paper Rate Floor Income Contracts—We enter into contracts with counterparties under which, in exchange for an upfront fee representing the present value of the Floor Income that we expect to earn on a notional amount of underlying student loans being economically hedged, we will pay the counterparties the Floor Income earned on that notional amount over the life of the Floor Income Contract. Specifically, we agree to pay the counterparty the difference, if positive, between the fixed borrower rate less the SAP (see definition below) spread and the average of the applicable interest rate index on that notional amount, regardless of the actual balance of underlying student loans, over the life of the contract. The contracts 4 generally do not extend over the life of the underlying student loans. This contract effectively locks in the amount of Floor Income we will earn over the period of the contract. Floor Income Contracts are not considered effective hedges under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” and each quarter we must record the change in fair value of these contracts through income. GSE—The Student Loan Marketing Association was a federally chartered government-sponsored enterprise and wholly owned subsidiary of SLM Corporation that was dissolved under the terms of the Privatization Act (see definition below) on December 29, 2004. HEA—The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. Managed Basis—We generally analyze the performance of our student loan portfolio on a Managed Basis, under which we view both on-balance sheet student loans and off-balance sheet student loans owned by the securitization trusts as a single portfolio, and the related on-balance sheet financings are combined with off-balance sheet debt. When the term Managed is capitalized in this document, it is referring to Managed Basis. Offset Fee—We were required to pay to ED an annual 30 basis point Offset Fee on the outstanding balance of Stafford and PLUS student loans purchased and held by the GSE after August 10, 1993. The fee did not apply to student loans sold to securitized trusts or to loans held outside of the GSE. This fee no longer applies, as the GSE was dissolved under the terms of the Privatization Act on December 29, 2004. Preferred Channel Originations—Preferred Channel Originations are comprised of: 1) student loans that are originated by lenders with forward purchase commitment agreements with Sallie Mae and are committed for sale to Sallie Mae, such that we either own them from inception or acquire them soon after origination, and 2) loans that are originated by internally marketed Sallie Mae brands. Preferred Lender List—To streamline the student loan process, most higher education institutions select a small number of lenders to recommend to their students and parents. This recommended list is referred to as the Preferred Lender List. Private Education Loans—Education loans to students or parents of students that are not guaranteed or reinsured under the FFELP or any other federal student loan program. Private Education Loans include loans for traditional higher education, undergraduate and graduate degrees, and for alternative education, such as career training, private kindergarten through secondary education schools and tutorial schools. Traditional higher education loans have repayment terms similar to FFELP loans, whereby repayments begin after the borrower leaves school. Repayment for alternative education or career training loans generally begins immediately. Privatization Act—The Student Loan Marketing Association Reorganization Act of 1996. Reauthorization Legislation—The Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005, which reauthorized the student loan programs provisions of the HEA and generally becomes effective as of July 1, 2006. See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.” Residual Interest—When we securitize student loans, we retain the right to receive cash flows from the student loans sold to trusts we sponsor in excess of amounts needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees, and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the student loans. The Residual Interest (which may also include reserve and other cash accounts), is the present value of these future expected cash flows, which includes the present value of Embedded Fixed Rate Floor Income described above. We value the Residual Interest at the time of sale of the student loans to the trust and at the end of each subsequent quarter. 5 Retained Interest—The Retained Interest includes the Residual Interest (defined above) and servicing rights (as the Company retains the servicing responsibilities). Risk Sharing—When a FFELP loan defaults, the federal government guarantees 98 percent of the principal balance (97 percent on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006) plus accrued interest and the holder of the loan generally must absorb the two percent (three percent after July 1, 2006) not guaranteed as a Risk Sharing loss on the loan. FFELP student loans acquired after October 1, 1993 are subject to Risk Sharing on loan default claim payments unless the default results from the borrower’s death, disability or bankruptcy. FFELP loans serviced by a servicer that has EP designation from ED are not subject to Risk Sharing. Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”)—FFELP student loans originated prior to July 1, 2006 generally earn interest at the greater of the borrower rate or a floating rate determined by reference to the average of the applicable floating rates (91-day Treasury bill rate or commercial paper) in a calendar quarter, plus a fixed spread that is dependent upon when the loan was originated and the loan’s repayment status. If the resulting floating rate exceeds the borrower rate, ED pays the difference directly to us. This payment is referred to as the Special Allowance Payment or SAP and the formula used to determine the floating rate is the SAP formula. We refer to the fixed spread to the underlying index as the SAP spread. SAP are available on variable rate PLUS Loans and SLS Loans only if the variable rate, which is reset annually, exceeds the applicable maximum borrower rate. Effective July 1, 2006, this limitation on SAP for PLUS loans made on and after January 1, 2000 is repealed. Title IV Programs and Title IV Loans—Student loan programs created under Title IV of the HEA, including the FFELP and the FDLP, and student loans originated under those programs, respectively. Variable Rate Floor Income—For FFELP Stafford student loans originated prior to July 1, 2006 whose borrower interest rate resets annually on July 1, we may earn Floor Income or Embedded Floor Income (see definitions above) based on a calculation of the difference between the borrower rate and the then current interest rate. We refer to this as Variable Rate Floor Income because Floor Income is earned only through the next reset date. Wind-Down—The dissolution of the GSE under the terms of the Privatization Act (see definition above). 6 Item 1. Business INTRODUCTION TO SLM CORPORATION PART I. SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae, is the market leader in education finance. SLM Corporation is a holding company that operates through a number of subsidiaries. (References in this annual report to “the Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries). At December 31, 2005, we had approximately 11,000 employees. We were formed 33 years ago as the Student Loan Marketing Association, a federally chartered government-sponsored enterprise (the “GSE”), with the goal of furthering access to higher education by providing a secondary market for student loans. On December 29, 2004, we completed a privatization process that began in 1996 with the passage of the Privatization Act by defeasing the GSE’s remaining debt obligations and dissolving its federal charter. We are the largest private source of funding, delivery and servicing support for education loans in the United States primarily, through our participation in the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We originate, acquire and hold student loans, with the net interest income and gains on the sales of student loans in securitization being the primary source of our earnings. We also earn fees for pre- default and post-default receivables management services. We have structured the Company to be the premier player in every phase of the student loan life cycle—from originating and servicing student loans to default aversion and debt management of delinquent and defaulted student loans. We also provide a wide range of financial services, processing capabilities and information technology to meet the needs of educational institutions, lenders, students and their families, and guarantee agencies. In the education finance marketplace, we believe that what distinguishes us from our competition is the breadth and sophistication of the products and services we offer to colleges, universities and students. In addition to student loans, these offerings include the streamlining of the financial aid process through university-branded websites, tuition payment plans, call centers and other solutions that support the financial aid office. In recent years we have diversified our business through the acquisition of several companies that provide receivables management and debt collection services. Initially these acquisitions were concentrated in the student loan industry, with General Revenue Corporation (“GRC”) and Pioneer Credit Recovery (“PCR”), both purchased in 2002. In 2004 we acquired a majority stake in AFS Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Arrow Financial Services, LLC (collectively, “AFS”), a debt management company that purchases and services distressed debt in several industries including and outside of education receivables. In 2005, we acquired GRP/AG Holdings, LLC (“GRP”), a debt management company that acquires and manages portfolios of sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans. BUSINESS SEGMENTS We provide our array of credit products and related services to the higher education and consumer credit communities and others through two primary business segments: our Lending business segment and our Debt Management Operations business segment, or DMO. These defined business segments operate in distinct business environments and have unique characteristics and face different opportunities and challenges. They are considered reportable segments under The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB’s”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 131, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information,” based on quantitative thresholds applied to the Company’s financial statements. In addition, within our Corporate and Other business segment, we provide a number of complementary products and services to financial aid offices and schools that are managed within smaller operating segments, the most prominent being our Guarantor Servicing and Loan Servicing 7 businesses. In accordance with SFAS No. 131, we include in Note 18 to our consolidated financial statements, “Segment Reporting,” separate financial information about our operating segments. Management, including the Company’s chief operating decision maker, evaluates the performance of the Company’s operating segments based on their profitability as measured by “core earnings.” Accordingly, we provide information regarding the Company’s reportable segments in this report based on “core earnings.” “Core earnings” are the primary financial performance measures used by management to develop the Company’s financial plans, track results, and establish corporate performance targets and incentive compensation. While “core earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), the Company relies on “core earnings” in operating its business because “core earnings” permit management to make meaningful period-to-period comparisons of the operational and performance indicators that are most closely assessed by management. Management believes this information provides additional insight into the financial performance of the core business activities of our operating segments. (See MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—BUSINESS SEGMENTS” for a detailed discussion of our “core earnings,” including a table that summarizes the pre- tax differences between “core earnings” and GAAP by business segment and the limitations to this presentation.) We generate most of our earnings in our Lending business from the spread between the yield we receive on our Managed portfolio of student loans and the cost of funding these loans less the provisions for loan losses. We incur servicing, selling and administrative expenses in providing these products and services, and provide for loan losses. On our income statement, prepared in accordance with GAAP, this spread income is reported as “net interest income” for on-balance sheet loans, and “gains on student loan securitizations” and “servicing and securitization revenue” for off-balance sheet loans in which we maintain a Retained Interest. Total Managed revenues for this segment were $2.1 billion in 2005. In our DMO business, we earn fee revenue for portfolio management, debt collection and default prevention services on a contingent fee basis concentrated mainly in the education finance marketplace. We also purchase delinquent and defaulted consumer and mortgage receivables through AFS and GRP and earn revenues from collections on these portfolios. Total revenues from the DMO business were $527 million in 2005. We recently opened a subsidiary of AFS in the United Kingdom, called Arrow Global Ltd. Through this subsidiary, we expect to begin purchasing receivables in Europe—principally charged-off consumer receivables—in 2006. LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT In our Lending business segment, we originate and acquire both federally guaranteed student loans, which are administered by the U.S. Department of Education (“ED”), and Private Education Loans, which are not federally guaranteed. Borrowers use Private Education Loans primarily to supplement guaranteed loans in meeting the cost of education. We manage the largest portfolio of FFELP and Private Education Loans in the student loan industry, serving nine million borrowers through our ownership and management of $122.5 billion in Managed student loans, of which $106.1 billion or 87 percent are federally insured. We serve a diverse range of clients that includes over 6,000 educational and financial institutions and state agencies. We also market student loans, both federal and private, directly to the consumer. We are the largest servicer of FFELP student loans, servicing a portfolio of $108.1 billion of FFELP student loans and $18.8 billion of Private Education Loans. In addition to education lending, we also originate mortgage and consumer loans with the intent of selling most of these loans. In 2005 we originated $2 billion in mortgage and consumer loans. Our mortgage and consumer loan portfolio totaled $594 million at December 31, 2005, of which $215 million are mortgages in the held-for-sale portfolio. 8 Student Lending Marketplace The following chart shows the estimated sources of funding for attending two-year and four-year colleges for the academic year (“AY”) ended June 30, 2006 (AY 2005-2006). Approximately 39 percent of the funding comes from federally guaranteed student loans and Private Education Loans. The parent/student contribution comes from savings/investments, current period earnings and other loans obtained without going through the normal financial aid process. Sources of Funding for College Attendance – AY 2005-2006(1) Total Projected Cost – $222 Billion (dollars in billions) Parent/Student Contributions Federally Guaranteed Student Loans $61 $67 $19 $75 Private Education Loans Other (includes scholarships, grants, tax relief, and other aid from states, colleges, employers and other sources) (1) Source: Based on estimates by Octameron Associates, “Don’t Miss Out,” 29th Edition, by College Board, “2005 Trends in Student Aid” and Sallie Mae. Includes tuition, room, board, transportation and miscellaneous costs for two and four year college degree-granting programs. Federally Guaranteed Student Lending Programs There are two competing programs that provide student loans where the ultimate credit risk lies with the federal government: the FFELP and the Federal Direct Lending Program (“FDLP”). FFELP loans are provided by private sector institutions and are ultimately guaranteed by ED. FDLP loans are funded by taxpayers and provided to borrowers directly by ED on terms similar to student loans in the FFELP. In addition to these government guaranteed programs, Private Education Loans are made by financial institutions where the lender assumes the credit risk of the borrower. For the federal fiscal year (“FFY”) ended September 30, 2005 (FFY 2005), ED estimated that the FFELP’s market share in federally guaranteed student loans was 77 percent, up from 75 percent in FFY 2004. (See “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Competition.”) Total FFELP and FDLP volume for FFY 2005 grew by nine percent, with the FFELP portion growing 10 percent. Based on current industry trends, management expects the federal student loan market growth will continue in low double digits over the next three years. The Higher Education Act (the “HEA”) includes regulations that cover every aspect of the servicing of a federally guaranteed student loan, including communications with borrowers, loan originations and default aversion. Failure to service a student loan properly could jeopardize the guarantee on federal student loans. This guarantee generally covers 98 and 97 percent of the student loan’s principal and accrued interest for loans disbursed before and after July 1, 2006, respectively, except in the case of death, disability, or bankruptcy of the borrower, in which case, the guarantee covers 100 percent of the student loan’s principal and accrued interest. In addition, when an eligible lender or lender servicer (as agent for 9 the eligible lender) has been designated by ED as an Exceptional Performer (“EP”), the guarantee covers 100 percent and 99 percent of the student loan’s principal and accrued interest for claims filed before and after July 1, 2006, respectively. Effective for a renewable one-year period beginning in October 2005, the Company’s loan servicing division, Sallie Mae Servicing, is designated as an EP by ED in recognition of meeting certain performance standards set by ED in servicing FFELP loans. As a result of this designation, the Company received 100 percent reimbursement (declining to 99 percent on July 1, 2006 under the Reauthorization Legislation discussed below) on default claims on federally guaranteed student loans that are serviced by Sallie Mae Servicing for a period of at least 270 days before the date of default and will no longer be subject to the two percent Risk Sharing on these loans. The Company is entitled to receive this benefit as long as the Company remains in compliance with the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other criteria. The EP designation applies to all FFELP loans that are serviced by the Company as well as default claims on federally guaranteed student loans that the Company owns but are serviced by other service providers with the EP designation. FFELP student loans are guaranteed by state agencies or non-profit companies called guarantors, with ED providing reinsurance to the guarantor. Guarantors are responsible for performing certain functions necessary to ensure the program’s soundness and accountability. These functions include reviewing loan application data to detect and prevent fraud and abuse and to assist lenders in preventing default by providing counseling to borrowers. Generally, the guarantor is responsible for ensuring that loans are being serviced in compliance with the requirements of the HEA. When a borrower defaults on a FFELP loan, we submit a claim form to the guarantor who pays us 100 percent of the principal and accrued interest. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization” for a description of certain HEA reauthorization proposals that would reduce the guarantee and APPENDIX A to this document for a more complete description of the role of guarantors.) Private Education Loan Products In addition to federal loan programs, which have statutory limits on annual and total borrowing, we sponsor a variety of Private Education Loan programs and purchase loans made under such programs to bridge the gap between the cost of education and a student’s resources. The majority of our higher education Private Education Loans is made in conjunction with a FFELP Stafford loan, so they are marketed to schools through the same marketing channels—and by the same sales force—as FFELP loans. In 2004, we expanded our direct-to-consumer loan marketing channel with our Tuition Answer(SM) loan program where we originate and purchase loans outside of the traditional financial aid process. We also originate and purchase Private Education Loans, marketed by our SLM Financial subsidiary to career training, technical and trade schools, tutorial and learning centers, and private kindergarten through secondary education schools. These loans are primarily made at schools not eligible for Title IV loans. Private Education Loans are discussed in more detail below. International Education Lending United States citizens studying abroad at institutions of higher education approved by ED are eligible to obtain FFELP loans. According to ED, roughly $350 million of such loans were originated in FFY 2005. Foreign students studying at U.S. institutions often seek financial aid and are eligible for several of Sallie Mae’s Private Education Loan programs when obtaining a U.S. co-signer. To serve our international customers, we have established a unit to take advantage of combined international lending opportunities by actively marketing FFELP and Private Education Loans to U.S. students studying abroad and by 10 marketing Private Education Loans to foreign students studying in the U.S. This unit now also provides dedicated service and support to our school and borrower customers. Drivers of Growth in the Student Loan Industry The growth in our Managed student loan portfolio, which includes both on-balance sheet and off- balance sheet student loans, is driven by the growth in the overall student loan marketplace, which has grown due to rising enrollment and college costs, as well as by our own market share gains. The size of the federally insured student loan market has more than doubled over the last 10 years with student loan originations growing from $26.1 billion in FFY 1995 to $64.5 billion in FFY 2005. According to the College Board, tuition and fees at four-year public institutions and four-year private institutions have increased 54 percent and 37 percent, respectively, in constant, inflation adjusted dollars, since AY 1995-1996. Under the FFELP, there are limits to the amount students can borrow each academic year. These loan limits have not changed since 1992. As a result, more students and parents are turning to Private Education Loans to meet an increasing portion of their education financing needs. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization” for a description of the recently signed bill that would increase loan limits for the first and second-year student beginning in 2007.) Loans—both federal and private—as a percentage of total student aid have increased from 51 percent of total student aid in AY 1994-1995 to 54 percent in AY 2004-2005. Private Education Loans accounted for 22 percent of total student loans—both federally guaranteed and Private Education Loans—in AY 2004-2005. ED predicts that the college-age population will increase approximately 12 percent from 2005 to 2014. Demand for education credit will also increase due to the rise in non-traditional students (those not attending college directly from high school) and adult education. The following charts show the projected enrollment and average tuition and fee growth for four-year public and private colleges and universities. Projected Enrollment (in millions) 20 19 18 17 16 15 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 11 Cost of Attendance(1) Cumulative % Increase from AY 1995 100 80 60 40 20 0 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 Tuition & Fees 4-Year Private Tuition & Fees 4-Year Public Source: The College Board (1) Cost of attendance is in current dollars and includes tuition, fees, on-campus room and board fees. Sallie Mae’s Lending Business Our primary marketing point-of-contact is the school’s financial aid office where we focus on delivering flexible and cost-effective products to the school and its students. Our sales force, which works with financial aid administrators on a daily basis, is the largest in the industry and currently markets the following internal lender brands: Academic Management Services (“AMS”), Nellie Mae, Sallie Mae Educational Trust, SLM Financial, Student Loan Funding Resources (“SLFR”), Southwest Student Services (“Southwest”) and Student Loan Finance Association (“SLFA”). We also actively market the loan guarantee of United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (“USA Funds”) and its affiliate Northwest Education Loan Association (“NELA”) through a separate sales force. We acquire student loans from three principal sources: • our Preferred Channel; • Consolidation Loans; and • strategic acquisitions. Over the past several years we have successfully changed our business model from a wholesale purchaser of loans on the secondary market, to a direct origination model where we control the front-end origination process. This provides us with higher yielding loans with lower acquisition costs that have a longer duration because we originate or purchase them at or immediately after full disbursement. The key measure of this successful transition is the growth in our Preferred Channel Originations, which, in 2005, accounted for 75 percent of Managed student loan acquisitions. In 2005, we originated $21.4 billion in student loans through our Preferred Channel, of which a total of $9.1 billion or 43 percent was originated through our owned brands, $5.9 billion or 28 percent was originated through our largest lending partner, JPMorgan Chase (including Bank One acquired by JPMorgan in 2004) and $6.3 billion or 30 percent was originated through other lender partners. This mix of Preferred Channel Originations marks a significant shift from the past, when Bank One and JPMorgan 12 Chase were the largest component of our Preferred Channel Originations, and reflects the changing nature of our relationship with Bank One and JPMorgan Chase following their merger in 2004. In 2004, we originated $6.9 billion or 38 percent of our Preferred Channel through Bank One and JPMorgan Chase. On March 22, 2005, the Company announced that it extended both its JPMorgan Chase and Bank One student loan and loan purchase commitments to August 31, 2010. This comprehensive agreement provided for the dissolution of the joint venture between Chase and Sallie Mae that had been making student loans under the Chase brand since 1996 and resolved a lawsuit filed by Chase on February 17, 2005. JPMorgan Chase will continue to sell substantially all student loans to the Company (whether made under the Chase or Bank One brand) that are originated or serviced on the Company’s platforms. In addition, the agreement provides that substantially all Chase-branded education loans made for the July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006 academic year (and future loans made to these borrowers) will be sold to the Company, including certain loans that are not originated or serviced on Sallie Mae platforms. This agreement permits JPMorgan Chase to compete with the Company in the student loan marketplace and releases the Company from its commitment to market the Bank One and Chase brands on campus. Our Preferred Channel Originations growth has been fueled by both new business from schools leaving the FDLP or other FFELP lending relationships, same school sales growth, and growth in the for- profit sector. Since 1999, we have partnered with over 100 schools that have chosen to return to the FFELP from the FDLP. Our FFELP originations at these schools totaled over $1.6 billion in 2005. In addition to winning new schools, we have also forged broader relationships with many of our existing school clients. Our FFELP and private originations at for-profit schools have grown faster than at traditional higher education schools due to enrollment trends as well as our increased market share of lending to these institutions. Consolidation Loans Over the past four years, we have seen a surge in consolidation activity as a result of historically low interest rates. This growth has contributed to the changing composition of our student loan portfolio. Consolidation Loans earn a lower yield than FFELP Stafford Loans due primarily to the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee. This negative impact is somewhat mitigated by the longer average life of Consolidation Loans. We have made a substantial investment in consolidation marketing to protect our asset base and grow our portfolio, including targeted direct mail campaigns and web-based initiatives for borrowers. Weighing against this investment is a recent practice by which some FFELP lenders use the Direct Lending program as a pass-through vehicle to circumvent the statutory prohibition on refinancing an existing FFELP Consolidation Loan in cases where the borrower is not eligible to consolidate his or her loans. This practice will be prohibited under the recently passed student loan Reauthorization Legislation. (See “Risk Factors—LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—FFELP STUDENT LOANS.”) In 2005, these developments resulted in a net Managed portfolio loss of $26 million from consolidation activity. During 2005, $17.1 billion of FFELP Stafford loans in our Managed loan portfolio consolidated either with us ($14.0 billion) or with other lenders ($3.1 billion). Consolidation Loans now represent over 73 percent of our on-balance sheet federally guaranteed student loan portfolio and over 62 percent of our Managed federally guaranteed portfolio. Private Education Loans The rising cost of education has led students and their parents to seek additional private credit sources to finance their education. Private Education Loans are often packaged as supplemental or companion products to FFELP loans and priced and underwritten competitively to provide additional value for our school relationships. In certain situations, a for-profit school shares the borrower credit risk. Over the last 13 several years, the growth of Private Education Loans has accelerated due to tuition increasing faster than the rate of inflation coupled with stagnant FFELP lending limits. This rapid growth coupled with the relatively higher spreads has led to Private Education Loans contributing a higher percentage of our net interest margin in each of the last four years. We expect this trend to continue in the foreseeable future. In 2005, Private Education Loans contributed 25 percent of the overall net interest income after provisions, up from 17 percent in 2004. Since we bear the full credit risk for Private Education Loans, they are underwritten and priced according to credit risk based upon standardized consumer credit scoring criteria. To mitigate some of the credit risk, we provide price and eligibility incentives for students to obtain a credit-worthy co-borrower. Approximately 50 percent of our Private Education Loans have a co-borrower. Due to their higher risk profile, Private Education Loans earn higher spreads than their FFELP loan counterparts. In 2005, Private Education Loans earned an average spread, before provisions for loan losses, of 4.62 percent versus an average spread of 1.39 percent for FFELP loans, excluding the impact from the update to our estimates for the qualification for Borrower Benefits. Our largest Private Education Loan program is the Signature Loan® offered to undergraduates and graduates through the financial aid offices of colleges and universities and packaged with traditional FFELP loans. We also offer specialized loan products to graduate and professional students primarily through our MBALoans®, LAWLOANS® and MEDLOANS(SM) programs. Generally, these loans, which are made by lender partners and sold to the Company, do not require borrowers to begin repaying their loans until after graduation and allow a grace period from six to nine months. In the third quarter of 2004 we began to offer Tuition Answer(SM) loans directly to the consumer through targeted direct mail campaigns and web-based initiatives. Tuition Answer loans are made by a lender-partner and are sold to the Company. Under the Tuition Answer loan program, creditworthy parents, sponsors and students may borrow between $1,500 and $40,000 per year to cover any college- related expense. No school certification is required, although a borrower must provide enrollment documentation. At December 31, 2005, we had $877 million of Tuition Answer loans outstanding. We also offer alternative Private Education Loans for information technology, cosmetology, mechanics, medical/dental/lab, culinary and broadcasting. On average, these training programs typically last fewer than 12 months. Generally, these loans require the borrower to begin repaying his or her loan immediately; however, students can opt to make relatively small payments while enrolled. At December 31, 2005, we had $1.7 billion of SLM Financial alternative Private Education Loans outstanding. Acquisitions Beginning in 1999 with the purchase of Nellie Mae, we have acquired several companies in the student loan industry that have increased our sales and marketing capabilities, added significant new brands and greatly enhanced our product offerings. Strategic student lending acquisitions have included SLFR and USA Group, Inc. (“USA Group”) in 2000, AMS in 2003, Southwest and SLFA in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In conjunction with the SLFA transaction, NELA, a non-profit regional guarantor, entered into an affiliation with USA Funds, the nation’s largest guarantor and Sallie Mae’s largest guarantor servicing client. In connection with this affiliation with USA Funds, we entered into a contract with NELA to provide comprehensive operational and other guarantor services to NELA. The following table provides a timeline of strategic acquisitions that have played a major role in the growth of our Lending business. 14 Sallie Mae Timeline—Student Lending 07/99 Nellie Mae 07/00 USA Group-SLM combination 10/04 Southwest 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 07/00 SLFR 11/03 AMS 12/04 SLFA Financing Since the completion of the GSE Wind-Down in December 2004, we have funded our operations exclusively through the issuance of student loan asset-backed securities (securitizations) and unsecured debt securities. We issue these securities in both the domestic and overseas capital markets using both public offerings and private placements. The major objective when financing our business is to minimize interest rate risk by matching the interest rate and reset characteristics of our Managed assets and liabilities, generally on a pooled basis, to the extent practicable. As part of this process, we use derivative financial instruments extensively to reduce our interest rate and foreign currency exposure. Interest rate risk management helps us to achieve a stable student loan spread irrespective of the interest rate environment and changes in asset mix. We continuously look for ways to minimize funding costs and to provide liquidity for our student loan acquisitions. To that end, we are continually expanding and diversifying our pool of investors by establishing debt programs in multiple markets that appeal to varied investor bases and by educating potential investors about our business. Finally, we take appropriate steps to ensure sufficient liquidity by financing in multiple markets, which include the institutional, retail, floating-rate, fixed-rate, unsecured, asset-backed, domestic and international markets. Securitization is and will continue to be our principal source of financing, and over time, we expect more than 70 percent of our annual funding needs will be satisfied by securitizing our loan assets and issuing asset-backed securities. Sallie Mae Bank On November 3, 2005, we announced that the Utah Department of Financial Institutions approved our application for an industrial bank charter. Beginning in January 2006, Sallie Mae Bank began funding and originating Private Education Loans and federally guaranteed Consolidation Loans made by Sallie Mae to students and families nationwide. This allows us to capture the full economics of these loans from origination. In addition, the industrial bank charter allows us to expand the products and services we can offer to students and families and allows us to originate loans directly, without using a third party bank, which will lower our cost of originations. In addition to using the bank to fund and originate Private Education Loans, we expect to continue to originate a significant portion of our Private Education Loans through our strategic lending partners. 15 Competition Our primary competitor for federally guaranteed student loans is the FDLP, which in its first four years of existence (FFYs 1994-1997) grew market share from 4 percent in FFY 1994 to a peak of 34 percent in FFY 1997, but has steadily declined since then to a 23 percent market share in FFY 2005 for the total federally sponsored student loan market. We also face competition for both federally guaranteed and non-guaranteed student loans from a variety of financial institutions including banks, thrifts and state- supported secondary markets. In addition, we face competition for federally guaranteed Consolidation Loans from FFELP lenders who use the FDLP as a vehicle to circumvent the statutory prohibition on refinancing an existing FFELP Consolidation Loan where the borrower is not eligible to consolidate his or her loan (see “Risk Factors—GENERAL’’). Our FFY 2005 FFELP Preferred Channel Originations totaled $14.9 billion, representing a 27 percent market share. In the FFELP student lending marketplace, we are seeing increased use of discounts and Borrower Benefits, as well as heightened interest in the school-as-lender model in which graduate and professional schools make FFELP Stafford loans directly to eligible borrowers. The schools do not typically hold the loans, preferring to sell them in the secondary market. According to ED, 88 institutions used the school-as- lender model for FFY 2005, with total school-as-lender volume of $3.1 billion. The Reauthorization Legislation ends new schools-as-lender after April 1, 2006 and adds additional requirements for schools already participating in this program. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.”) In November 2005, we launched a zero-fee pricing initiative on all FFELP Stafford Loans that we make to students nationwide during the AY 2006-2007, such that we pay the federally mandated three percent origination fee on behalf of the borrower. Based on results achieved from a pilot program in seven states, where we introduced zero-fee lending in 2005, we believe this competitive strategy will boost our Preferred Channel volume at schools where we are now a preferred lender and help us win additional school relationships. While the goal of this pricing initiative is to grow our FFELP loan volume, this strategy will reduce our margins on the affected student loans until the origination fee is completely eliminated by legislation in 2010. DEBT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS BUSINESS SEGMENT We have used strategic acquisitions to build our DMO business and now have six operating units that comprise our DMO business segment. In our DMO segment we provide a wide range of accounts receivable and collections services including student loan default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio management services, contingency collections services for student loans and other asset classes, primarily a contingency or pay for performance business. We also provide accounts receivable management and collections services on consumer and mortgage receivable portfolios that we purchase. The table below presents a timeline of key acquisitions that have fueled the growth of our DMO business. Our first and largest DMO acquisition was the USA Group in 2000, which launched us into the student loan marketplace through a broad array of delinquency and default management services primarily to guarantee agencies on a contingency fee or other pay-for-performance basis. We have since acquired four additional companies that strengthened our presence in the student loan market and diversified our product offerings to include a full range of receivables management collections and debt purchase services across a wider customer base including large federal agencies, state agencies, credit card issuers, utilities, and other holders of consumer debt. In recent years we have diversified our DMO contingency revenue stream away from student loans, mainly through the acquisition of AFS in 2004 and GRP in 2005. The acquisition of GRP further diversified our purchased paper product offerings by providing us with the expertise to acquire and manage portfolios of sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are secured by 16 one-to-four family residential real estate. The acquisition of AFS provided us with a servicing platform and a disciplined portfolio pricing approach from years of experience in the purchase of delinquent and defaulted receivables. The addition of AFS also enables us to offer the purchase of distressed or defaulted debt to our partner schools as an additional method of enhancing their receivables management strategies. These acquisitions also diversified our revenue from purely contingency fee collections to purchased paper collections. As a result, student loan contingency fees contributed 49 percent of total DMO revenue in 2005, versus 75 percent in 2004. Sallie Mae Timeline—DMO 07/00 USA Group-SLM combination 01/02 GRC 09/04 AFS 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 01/02 PCR 08/05 GRP In the purchased receivables business, we focus on a variety of consumer debt types with emphasis on charged off credit card receivables and distressed mortgage receivables. We purchase these portfolios at a discount to their face value, and then use both our internal collections operations and third party collection agencies to maximize the recovery on these receivables. A major success factor in the purchased receivables business is the ability to effectively price the portfolios. We conduct both quantitative and qualitative analysis to appropriately price each portfolio to yield a return consistent with our DMO financial targets. The private sector collections industry is highly fragmented with few large public companies and a large number of small scale privately-held companies. The collections industry is highly competitive with credit card collections being the most competitive in both contingency collections and purchased paper activities. We are responding to these competitive challenges through enhanced servicing efficiencies and by continuing to build on customer relationships through value added services. In 2005, our DMO business earned revenues totaling $527 million and net income of $149 million, which represented increases of 55 percent and 31 percent over 2004, respectively. Our largest customer, USA Funds, accounted for 34 percent of our revenue in 2005. Products and Services Student Loan Default Aversion Services We provide default aversion services for five guarantors, including the nation’s largest, USA Funds. These services are designed to prevent a default once a borrower’s loan has been placed in delinquency status. Defaulted Student Loan Portfolio Management Services Our DMO business segment manages the defaulted student loan portfolios for six guarantors under long-term contracts. DMO’s largest customer, USA Funds, represents approximately 19 percent of 17 defaulted student loan portfolios in the market. Our portfolio management services include selecting collection agencies and determining account placements to those agencies, processing loan consolidations and loan rehabilitations, and managing federal and state offset programs. Contingency Collection Services Our DMO business segment is also engaged in the collection of defaulted student loans and other debt on behalf of various clients including guarantors, federal agencies, credit card issuers, utilities, and other retail clients. We earn fees that are contingent on the amounts collected. We also provide collection services for ED and now have approximately 13 percent of the total market for such services. We also have relationships with more than 900 colleges and universities to provide collection services for delinquent student loans and other receivables from various campus-based programs. Collection of Purchased Receivables Our DMO business purchases delinquent and defaulted receivables from credit originators and other holders of receivables at a significant discount from the face value of the debt instruments. We also purchase sub-performing and non-performing mortgage receivables at a discount usually calculated as a percentage of the underlying collateral. Collections are generated through both internal and external work strategies. Depending on the characteristics of the portfolio, revenue is recognized using either the effective interest method or cost recovery method. First-Party Servicing We provide accounts receivable outsourcing solutions for credit grantors. The focus of our first-party group is on the collection of delinquent accounts to minimize further delinquency and ultimately prevent accounts being charged off. Collection and Servicing of Distressed and Defaulted Mortgages In our DMO segment we acquire and manage portfolios of sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are secured by one-to-four family residential real estate. Depending on the characteristics of the portfolio, revenue is recognized using either the effective interest method or cost recovery method. Competition The private sector collections industry is highly fragmented with few large companies and a large number of small scale companies. The DMO businesses that provide third party collections services for ED, FFELP guarantors and other federal holders of defaulted debt are highly competitive. In addition to competing with other collection enterprises, we also compete with credit grantors who each have unique mixes of internal collections, outsourced collections, and debt sales. Although the scale, diversification, and performance of our DMO business has been a competitive advantage, increasing acquisition trends in the receivables management industry could bring about greater competition. In the purchased paper business, the marketplace is trending more toward open market competitive bidding rather than solicitation by sellers to a select group of potential buyers. Price inflation and the availability of capital in the sector contribute to this trend. Unlike many of our competitors, our DMO business does not rely solely on purchased portfolio revenue. This enables us to maintain pricing discipline and purchase only those portfolios that are expected to meet our profitability and strategic goals. Portfolios are purchased individually on a spot basis or through contractual relationships with sellers to periodically purchase portfolios at set prices. We compete primarily on price, but also on the basis of our reputation, industry experience and relationships. 18 CORPORATE AND OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENT Guarantor Services We earn fees for providing a full complement of administrative services to FFELP guarantors. FFELP student loans are guaranteed by these agencies, with ED providing reinsurance to the guarantor. The guarantors are non-profit institutions or state agencies that, in addition to providing the primary guarantee on FFELP loans, are responsible for other activities including: • guarantee issuance—the initial approval of loan terms and guarantee eligibility; • account maintenance—maintaining and updating of records on guaranteed loans; and • guarantee fulfillment—review and processing of guarantee claims. Currently, we provide a variety of these services to nine guarantors and, in 2005, we processed $14.5 billion in new FFELP loan guarantees, of which $10.7 billion was for USA Funds, the nation’s largest guarantor. We now process guarantees for approximately 29 percent of the FFELP loan market. Guarantor servicing revenue, which included guaranty issuance and account maintenance fees, was $115 million for 2005, 82 percent of which we earned from services performed on behalf of USA Funds. Under some of our guarantee services agreements, including our agreement with USA Funds, we receive certain scheduled fees for the services that we provide under such agreements. The payment for these services includes a contractually agreed upon set percentage of the account maintenance fees that the guarantors receive from ED. Currently, under the HEA, guarantors are entitled to receive account maintenance fees equal to 10 basis points of the original principal amount of the outstanding FFELP student loans guaranteed by the guarantors. These fees are subject to a statutory limitation, however, through FFY 2006. Because of this limitation, we believe that there will be an insufficient amount of account maintenance fees received by guarantors in FFY 2006, which will result in lower than projected fees paid to us under some of our guarantee services agreements, including our largest guarantor client, USA Funds. Under the Reauthorization Legislation, this statutory limitation will be removed effective October 1, 2006. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—CORPORATE AND OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENT—Fee and Other Income.”) Our primary non-profit competitors in guarantor servicing are state and non-profit guarantee agencies that provide third party outsourcing to other guarantors. (See APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM—Guarantor Funding” for details of the fees paid to guarantors.) Loan Servicing We earn fees by providing a full complement of activities required to service student loans on behalf of other lenders. These activities, which generally begin once a loan has been fully disbursed, include processing correspondence and filing claims, originating and disbursing Consolidation Loans on behalf of the lender, and other administrative activities required by ED. Loan servicing revenue was $44 million for 2005. REGULATION Like other participants in the FFELP program, the Company is subject, from time to time, to review of its student loan operations by ED and guarantee agencies. ED is authorized under its regulations to limit, suspend or terminate lenders from participating in the FFELP, as well as impose civil penalties if lenders violate program regulations. The laws relating to the FFELP program are subject to revision. (See 19 “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.”) In addition, Sallie Mae, Inc., as a servicer of student loans, is subject to certain ED regulations regarding financial responsibility and administrative capability that govern all third party servicers of insured student loans. Failure to satisfy such standards may result in the loss of the government guarantee of the payment of principal and accrued interest on defaulted FFELP loans. Also, in connection with our guarantor servicing operations, the Company must comply with, on behalf of its guarantor servicing customers, certain ED regulations that govern guarantor activities as well as agreements for reimbursement between the Secretary of Education and the Company’s guarantor servicing customers. Failure to comply with these regulations or the provisions of these agreements may result in the termination of the Secretary of Education’s reimbursement obligation. We must also comply with the Fair Credit Reporting Act when we furnish credit information on our FFELP student loan borrowers. In addition, under the HEA, generally, after a FFELP student loan is 90 days delinquent, we must report this information to at least one national credit bureau. Our DMO’s debt collection and receivables management activities are subject to federal and state consumer protection, privacy and related laws and regulations. Some of the more significant federal laws and regulations that are applicable to our DMO business include: • the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act; • the Fair Credit Reporting Act; • the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, including the Financial Privacy Rule and the Safeguard Rule; and • the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. In addition, our DMO business is subject to state laws and regulations similar to the federal laws and regulations listed above. Finally, certain DMO subsidiaries are subject to regulation under the HEA and under the various laws and regulations that govern government contractors. Our newly chartered Sallie Mae Bank is subject to Utah banking regulations as well as regulations issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Hemar Insurance Corporation of America (“HICA”), our South Dakota insurance subsidiary, is subject to the ongoing regulatory authority of the South Dakota Division of Insurance and that of comparable governmental agencies in six other states. Management intends to dissolve HICA during the first part of 2006. PRIVATIZATION The GSE was established in 1972 as a for-profit corporation under an Act of Congress for the purpose of creating a national secondary market in federal student loans. Having accomplished our original mission and with the creation of a federal competitor, the FDLP, we obtained congressional and shareholder approval to transform from the GSE to a private sector corporation. As a result, SLM Corporation was formed as a Delaware corporation in 1997. On December 29, 2004, we completed the Wind-Down of the operations of the GSE, defeased the GSE’s remaining obligations and dissolved the GSE’s federal charter. During the course of developing the Wind-Down plan, management was advised by its tax counsel that, while the matter is not certain, under current authority, the defeasance of certain GSE bonds that mature after December 29, 2004 could be construed to be a taxable event for taxable holders of those bonds. A significant benefit of shedding our GSE status is the ability to originate student loans directly, thereby reducing our dependence on other student loan originators. Privatization has also facilitated our 20 entry into other credit and fee-based businesses within and beyond the student loan industry. The principal cost of privatization is the elimination of our access to the federal agency funding market. AVAILABLE INFORMATION The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains periodic and other reports such as annual, quarterly and current reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, respectively, as well as proxy and information statements regarding SLM Corporation and other companies that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q are available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with the SEC. Investors and other interested parties can also access these reports at www.salliemae.com/investors. Our Code of Business Conduct, which applies to Board members and all employees, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, is also available, free of charge, on our website at www.salliemae.com/about/business_conduct.html. We intend to disclose any amendments to or waivers from our Code of Business Conduct (to the extent applicable to our chief executive officer or chief financial officer) by posting such information on our website. In 2005, the Company submitted the annual certification of its chief executive officer regarding the Company’s compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards, pursuant to Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The Company delivered supplemental written affirmations to the NYSE in February, March and April of 2005 and February 2006 following a change in the memberships of the Company’s Audit Committee and upon the retirement of a member of our board of directors. In addition, we filed as exhibits to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 and to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 21 Item 1A. Risk Factors LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—FFELP STUDENT LOANS A larger than expected increase in third party consolidation activity may reduce our FFELP student loan spread, materially impair our Retained Interest and otherwise materially adversely affect our results of operations. If third party consolidation activity increases beyond management’s expectations, our FFELP student loan spread may be adversely affected, our Retained Interest may be materially impaired and our results of operations may be adversely affected. Our FFELP student loan spread may be adversely affected because third party consolidators generally target our highest yielding Consolidation Loans. Our Retained Interest may be materially impaired if consolidation activity reaches levels not anticipated by management. We may also incur impairment charges if we increase our expected future Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) assumptions used to value the Residual Interest as a result of such unanticipated levels of consolidation. The potentially material adverse affect on our operating results relates principally to our hedging activities in connection with Floor Income. We enter into certain Floor Income Contracts under which we receive an upfront fee in exchange for our payment of the Floor Income earned on a notional amount of underlying Consolidation Loans over the life of the Floor Income Contract. If third party consolidation activity that involves refinancing an existing FFELP Consolidation Loan with a new FFELP Consolidation Loan increases substantially, then the Floor Income that we are obligated to pay under such Floor Income Contracts may exceed the Floor Income actually generated from the underlying Consolidation Loans, possibly to a material extent. In such a scenario, we would either close out the related Floor Income Contracts or purchase an offsetting hedge. In either case, the adverse impact on both our GAAP and “core earnings” could be material. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Student Loan Floor Income Contracts.”) Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements could adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions that could affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reporting periods. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES.”) For example, for both our federally insured and Private Education Loans the unamortized portion of the premiums and the discounts is included in the carrying value of the student loan on the consolidated balance sheet. We recognize income on our student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the student loan after giving effect to the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of student loan income discounts, as well as the impact of Borrower Benefits. In arriving at the expected yield, we must make a number of estimates that when changed must be reflected as a cumulative student loan catch-up from the inception of the student loan. The most sensitive estimate for premium and discount amortization is the estimate of the CPR, which measures the rate at which loans in the portfolio pay before their stated maturity. The CPR is used in calculating the average life of the portfolio. A number of factors can affect the CPR estimate such as the rate of Consolidation Loan activity and default rates. If we make an incorrect CPR estimate, the previously recognized income on our student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the student loan will need to be adjusted in the current period. In addition, the impact of our Borrower Benefits programs, which provide incentives to borrowers to make timely payments on their loans by allowing for reductions in future interest rates as well as rebates on outstanding balances, is dependent on the number of borrowers who will eventually qualify for these benefits. The incentives are offered to attract new borrowers and to improve our borrowers’ payment behavior. For example, we offer borrowers an incentive program that reduces their interest rate by a 22 specified percentage per year or reduces their loan balance after they have made a specified initial number of scheduled payments on time and for so long as they continue to make subsequent scheduled payments on time. We regularly estimate the qualification rates for Borrower Benefits programs and book a level yield adjustment based upon that estimate. If our estimate of the qualification rates is lower than the actual rates, both the yield on our student loan portfolio and our net interest income will be lower than estimated and a cumulative adjustment will be made to reduce income, possibly to a material extent. Such an underestimation may also adversely affect the value of our Retained Interest because one of the assumptions made in assessing its value is the amount of Borrower Benefits expected to be earned by borrowers. Finally, we continue to look at new ways to attract new borrowers and to improve our borrowers’ payment behavior. These efforts as well as the actions of competing lenders may lead to the addition or modification of Borrower Benefits programs. LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—PRIVATE EDUCATION LOANS Changes in the composition of our Managed student loan portfolio will increase the risk profile of our asset base and our capital requirements. As of December 31, 2005, 13 percent of our Managed student loans are Private Education Loans. Private Education Loans are unsecured and are not guaranteed or reinsured under the FFELP or any other federal student loan program and are not insured by any private insurance program. Accordingly, we bear the full risk of loss on most of these loans if the borrower and co-borrower, if applicable, defaults. Events beyond our control such as a prolonged economic downturn could make it difficult for Private Education Loan borrowers to meet their payment obligations for a variety of reasons, including job loss and underemployment, which could lead to higher levels of delinquencies and defaults. Private Education Loans now account for 25 percent of our net interest income and 13 percent of our Managed student loan portfolio. We expect that Private Education Loans will become an increasingly higher percentage of both our margin and our Managed student loan portfolio, which will increase the risk profile of our asset base and raise our capital requirements because Private Education Loans have significantly higher capital requirements than FFELP loans. This may affect the availability of capital for other purposes. In addition, the comparatively larger spreads on Private Education Loans, which historically have compensated for the narrowing FFELP spreads, may narrow as competition increases. Past charge-off rates on our Private Education Loans may not be indicative of future charge-off rates because, among other things, we use forbearance policies and our failure to adequately predict and reserve for charge-offs may adversely impact our results of operations. We have established forbearance policies for our Private Education Loans under which we provide to the borrower temporary relief from payment of principal or interest in exchange for a processing fee paid by the borrower, which is waived under certain circumstances. During the forbearance period, generally granted in three month increments, interest that the borrower otherwise would have paid is typically capitalized at the end of the forbearance term. At December 31, 2005, approximately 10 percent of our Managed Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance were in forbearance. Forbearance is used most heavily when the borrower’s loan enters repayment; however, borrowers may apply for forbearance multiple times and a significant number of Private Education Loan borrowers have taken advantage of this option. When a borrower ends forbearance and enters repayment, the account is considered current. Accordingly, a borrower who may have been delinquent in his payments or may not have made any recent payments on his account will be accounted for as a borrower in a current repayment status when the borrower exits the forbearance period. In addition, past charge-off rates on our Private Education Loans may not be indicative of future charge-off rates because of, among other things, our use of forbearance and the effect of future changes to the forbearance policies. If our forbearance policies prove over time to be less effective on cash collections than we expect, they could have a material adverse effect on the amount of future charge-offs and the ultimate default rate used to calculate loan loss reserves which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. (See “MANAGEMENT’S 23 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Total Loan Net Charge-offs.”) In addition, our future charge-off rates could be materially impacted by downturns in the economy. DEBT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS BUSINESS SEGMENT Our growth in our DMO business segment is dependent in part on successfully identifying, consummating and integrating strategic acquisitions. Since 2000, we have acquired five companies that are now successfully integrated within our Debt Management Operations group. Each of these acquisitions has contributed to DMO’s substantial growth. Future growth in the DMO group is dependent in part on successfully identifying, consummating and integrating strategic acquisitions. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so. In addition, certain of these acquisitions have expanded our operations into businesses and asset classes that pose substantially more business and litigation risks than our core FFELP student loan business. For example, on September 16, 2004, we acquired a 64 percent (now 76 percent) interest in AFS Holdings, LLC, commonly known as Arrow Financial Services, a company that, among other services, purchases non- performing receivables. In addition, on August 30, 2005, we purchased GRP, a company that purchases distressed mortgage receivables. While both companies purchase such assets at a discount and have sophisticated analytical and operational tools to price and collect on portfolio purchases, there can be no assurance that the price paid for defaulted portfolios will yield adequate returns, or that other factors beyond their control will not have a material adverse affect on their results of operations. Portfolio performance below original projections could result in impairments to the purchased portfolio assets. In addition, these businesses are subject to litigation risk under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and various other federal, state and local laws in the normal course. Finally, we may explore additional business opportunities that may pose further risks. Our DMO group may not be able to purchase defaulted consumer receivables at prices that management believes to be appropriate, and a decrease in our ability to purchase portfolios of receivables could adversely affect our net income. If our DMO group is not able to purchase defaulted consumer receivables at planned levels and at prices that management believes to be appropriate, we could experience short-term and long-term decreases in income. The availability of receivables portfolios at prices which generate an appropriate return on our investment depends on a number of factors both within and outside of our control, including the following: • the continuation of current growth trends in the levels of consumer obligations; • sales of receivables portfolios by debt owners; • competitive factors affecting potential purchasers and credit originators of receivables; and • the ability to continue to service portfolios to yield an adequate return. Because of the length of time involved in collecting defaulted consumer receivables on acquired portfolios and the volatility in the timing of our collections, we may not be able to identify trends and make changes in our purchasing strategies in a timely manner. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES If our stock price falls significantly we may be required to settle our equity forward positions in a manner that could have a materially dilutive effect on our common stock. We regularly repurchase our common stock through both open market purchases and equity forward contracts. At December 31, 2005, we had outstanding equity forward contracts to purchase 42.7 million shares of our common stock at an average price of $54.74 per share. The equity forward contracts permit 24 the counterparty to terminate a portion of the equity forward contract if the common stock price falls below an “initial trigger price” and the counterparty can continue to terminate portions of the contract as the stock price reaches lower predetermined levels, until the stock price reaches the “final trigger price” whereby the entire contract can be terminated. The final trigger price is generally 50 percent of the strike price. If the counterparty terminates the contract, we can settle by paying cash or delivering common stock. If we issue common stock to settle the contracts in such circumstances, it could have a materially dilutive effect on our common stock. Because we fund most of our daily reset commercial paper-indexed FFELP student loans with daily reset LIBOR funding, we are exposed to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk. Depending on economic and other factors, we may fund our assets with debt that has a different index and/or reset frequency than the asset, but generally only where we believe there is a high degree of correlation between the interest rate movement of the two indices. For example, we use daily reset 3-month LIBOR to fund a large portion of our daily reset 3-month commercial paper indexed assets. We also use different index types and index reset frequencies to fund various other assets. In using different index types and different index reset frequencies to fund our assets, we are exposed to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies will not move in the same direction or with the same magnitude. While these indices are short- term with rate movements that are highly correlated over a long period of time, there can be no assurance that this high correlation will not be disrupted by capital market dislocations or other factors not within our control. In such circumstances, our earnings could be adversely affected, possibly to a material extent. We may face limited availability of financing, variation in our funding costs and uncertainty in our securitization financing. In general, the amount, type and cost of our funding, including securitization and unsecured financing from the capital markets and borrowings from financial institutions, have a direct impact on our operating expenses and financial results and can limit our ability to grow our assets. A number of factors could make such securitization and unsecured financing more difficult, more expensive or unavailable on any terms both domestically and internationally (where funding transactions may be on terms more or less favorable than in the United States), including, but not limited to, financial results and losses, changes within our organization, specific events that have an adverse impact on our reputation, changes in the activities of our business partners, disruptions in the capital markets, specific events that have an adverse impact on the financial services industry, counter-party availability, changes affecting our assets, our corporate and regulatory structure, interest rate fluctuations, ratings agencies’ actions, general economic conditions and the legal, regulatory, accounting and tax environments governing our funding transactions. In addition, our ability to raise funds is strongly affected by the general state of the U.S. and world economies, and may become increasingly difficult due to economic and other factors. Finally, we compete for funding with other industry participants, some of which are publicly traded. Competition from these institutions may increase our cost of funds. We are dependent on the securitization markets for the long-term financing of student loans, which we expect to provide more than 70 percent of our funding needs. If this market were to experience difficulties, if our asset quality were to deteriorate or if our debt ratings were to be downgraded, we may be unable to securitize our student loans or to do so on favorable terms, including pricing. If we were unable to continue to securitize our student loans at current levels or on favorable terms, we would use alternative funding sources to fund increases in student loans and meet our other liquidity needs. If we were unable to find cost-effective and stable funding alternatives, our funding capabilities and liquidity would be negatively impacted and our cost of funds could increase, adversely affecting our results of operations, and our ability to grow would be limited. 25 In addition, the occurrence of certain events such as consolidations and reconsolidations may cause the securitization transactions to amortize earlier than scheduled, which could accelerate the need for additional funding to the extent that we effected the refinancing. GENERAL Our business is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and conditions, some of which are not within our control, including general economic conditions, increased competition, adverse changes in the laws and regulations that govern our businesses and failure to successfully identify, consummate and integrate strategic acquisitions. Our business is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and conditions, some of which we cannot control. For example, if the U.S. economy were to sustain a prolonged economic downturn a number of our businesses—including our fastest growing businesses, Private Education Loan business and Debt Management Operations—could be adversely affected. We bear the full risk of loss on our portfolio of Private Education Loans. A prolonged economic downturn could make it difficult for borrowers to meet their payment obligations for a variety of reasons, including job loss and underemployment. In addition, a prolonged economic downturn could extend the amortization period on DMO’s purchased receivables. We face strong competition in all of our businesses, particularly in our FFELP business. For example, some FFELP lenders use the federal government’s Direct Lending program as a vehicle to circumvent the statutory prohibition on refinancing an existing FFELP Consolidation Loan in cases where the borrower is not eligible to consolidate his loans. The Reauthorization Legislation eliminates this practice effective July 1, 2006. However, we expect that lenders who employ this practice will substantially increase their marketing efforts in anticipation of the prohibition of the practice. As a result, we may experience additional prepayments on our Consolidation Loans through June 30, 2006. There can also be no assurance that our competitors will not engage in other practices that result in higher than expected prepayments on our Consolidation Loan portfolio. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Consolidation Loan Activity.”) Such prepayments would adversely impact our earnings. We are also currently competing with substantial lending partners, including our largest lending partner, JPMorgan Chase, which accounts for a substantial portion of our FFELP originations and purchases. Finally, we expect to see more competition in our Private Education Loan business. The strong margins that we currently maintain in this growing business and that offset some of the margin erosion that we have experienced in our FFELP business may begin to weaken as more competitors offer competing products. If these competitive trends intensify, we could face further margin pressure. Because we earn our revenues from federally insured loans under a federally sponsored loan program, we are subject to political and regulatory risk. As part of the HEA, the student loan program is periodically amended and must be “reauthorized” every six years. Past legislative changes included reduced loan yields paid to lenders (1993 and 1998), increased fees paid by lenders (1993), decreased level of the government guaranty (1993) and reduced fees to guarantors and collectors, among others. On February 8, 2006, the President signed the Reauthorization Legislation. The Reauthorization Legislation contains a number of provisions that over time will reduce our earnings on FFELP student loans, including a requirement that lenders rebate Floor Income on new loans and a reduction in lender reinsurance. In addition, there can be no assurances that future reauthorizations and other political developments will not result in changes that have a materially adverse impact on the Company. (See “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.”) Our principal business is comprised of acquiring, originating, holding and servicing education loans made and guaranteed under the FFELP program. Most significant aspects of our principal business are governed by the HEA. We must also meet various requirements of the guaranty agencies, which are private not-for-profit organizations or state agencies that have entered into federal reinsurance contracts 26 with ED, to maintain the federal guarantee on our FFELP loans. These requirements establish origination and servicing requirements, procedural guidelines and school and borrower eligibility criteria. The federal guarantee of FFELP loans is conditioned on loans being originated, disbursed or serviced in accordance with ED regulations. If we fail to comply with any of the above requirements, we could incur penalties or lose the federal guarantee on some or all of our FFELP loans. In addition, our marketing practices are subject to the HEA’s prohibited inducement regulation and our failure to comply with such regulation could subject us to a limitation, suspension or termination of our eligible lender status. Even if we comply with the above requirements, a failure to comply by third parties with whom we conduct business could result in us incurring penalties or losing the federal guarantee on some or all of our FFELP loans. If we experience a high rate of servicing deficiencies, we could incur costs associated with remedial servicing, and, if we are unsuccessful in curing such deficiencies, the eventual losses on the loans that are not cured could be material. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in our liability to borrowers and potential class action suits, all of which could adversely affect our future growth rates. An additional consequence of servicing deficiencies would be the loss of our Exceptional Performer Designation. Finally, our continued growth in our DMO operations is dependent in part on strategic acquisitions. If we are unable to successfully identify, consummate and integrate such acquisitions, the growth rate for our DMO business, which is currently our fastest growing business segment, may be adversely affected, possibly to a material extent. Because of the risks, uncertainties and conditions described above, there can be no assurance that we can maintain our future growth rates at rates consistent with our historic growth rates. Our GAAP earnings are highly susceptible to changes in interest rates because most of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133. Changes in interest rates can cause volatility in our earnings as a result of changes in the market value of our derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.” Under SFAS No. 133, changes in derivative market values are recognized immediately in earnings. If a derivative instrument does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133, there is no corresponding change in the fair value of the hedged item. As a result, gain or loss recognized on a derivative will not be offset by a corresponding gain or loss on the underlying hedged item. Because most of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, when interest rates change significantly, our GAAP earnings may fluctuate significantly. For a discussion of operational, market and interest rate, and liquidity risks, see “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—RISKS.” Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. 27 Item 2. Properties The following table lists the principal facilities owned by the Company: Location Reston, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fishers, IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilkes Barre, PA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Killeen, TX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lynn Haven, FL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indianapolis, IN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marianna, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Big Flats, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilbert, AZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arcade, NY(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perry, NY(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swansea, MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Headquarters Loan Servicing and Data Center Loan Servicing Center Loan Servicing Center Loan Servicing Center Loan Servicing Center Back-up/Disaster Recovery Facility for Loan Servicin g Debt Management and Collections Center Southwest Student Services Headquarters Debt Management and Collections Center Debt Management and Collections Center AMS Headquarters Approximate Square Feet 240,000 450,000 133,000 133,000 133,000 100,000 94,000 60,000 60,000 46,000 45,000 36,000 (1) In the first quarter of 2003, the Company entered into a ten year lease with the Wyoming County Industrial Development Authority with a right of reversion to the Company for the Arcade and Perry, New York facilities. In December 2003, the Company sold its prior Reston, Virginia headquarters and leased approximately 229,000 square feet of that building from the purchaser through August 31, 2004. The Company completed the construction of a new headquarters building in Reston, Virginia in August 2004 that has approximately 240,000 square feet of space. All Reston-based employees were moved into the new headquarters in August 2004. The following table lists the principal facilities leased by the Company: Function Location Niles, IL . . . . . . . . . . . AFS Headquarters Cincinnati, Ohio . . . . GRC Headquarters and Debt Management and Collections Center Summerlin, Nevada. . Debt Management and Collections Center Novi, MI . . . . . . . . . . . Sallie Mae Home Loans Marlton, New Jersey. SLM Financial Headquarters and Operations Braintree, MA . . . . . . Nellie Mae Headquarters Gaithersburg, MD. . . AFS Operations Whitewater, WI . . . . . AFS Operations Centennial, CO . . . . . Noel-Levitz White Plains, NY. . . . Debt Management and Collections Center Batavia, NY . . . . . . . . Debt Management and Collections Center Iowa City, IA . . . . . . . Noel-Levitz Perry, NY . . . . . . . . . . Debt Management and Collections Center Weymouth, MA. . . . . Sallie Mae Home Loans Burlington, MA . . . . . Sallie Mae Home Loans Washington, D.C. . . . Government Relations Approximate Square Feet 84,000 80,000 71,000 40,000 36,000 27,000 24,000 16,000 16,000 15,400 13,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 8,000 6,000 None of the Company’s facilities is encumbered by a mortgage. The Company believes that its headquarters, loan servicing centers data center, back-up facility and data management and collections centers are generally adequate to meet its long-term student loan and new business goals. The Company’s principal office is currently in owned space at 12061 Bluemont Way, Reston, Virginia, 20190. 28 Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Company was named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit brought by three Wisconsin residents on December 20, 2001 in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia. The lawsuit sought to bring a nationwide class action on behalf of all borrowers who allegedly paid “undisclosed improper and excessive” late fees over the past three years. The plaintiffs sought damages of one thousand five hundred dollars per violation plus punitive damages and claimed that the class consisted of two million borrowers. In addition, the plaintiffs alleged that the Company charged excessive interest by capitalizing interest quarterly in violation of the promissory note. On February 27, 2003, the Superior Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety. On March 4, 2004, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals affirmed the Superior Court’s decision granting our motion to dismiss the complaint, but granted plaintiffs leave to re-plead the first count, which alleged violations of the D.C. Consumer Protection Procedures Act. On September 15, 2004, the plaintiffs filed an amended class action complaint. On October 15, 2004, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint with the Superior Court for failure to state a claim and non-compliance with the Court of Appeals’ ruling. On December 27, 2004, the Superior Court granted our motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ amended compliant. Plaintiffs again appealed the Superior Court’s December 27, 2004 dismissal order to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals heard oral argument on January 11, 2006. Even if the Court of Appeals reverses the dismissal order, we do not believe that it is reasonably likely that the Court would certify a nationwide class. We are also subject to various claims, lawsuits and other actions that arise in the normal course of business. Most of these matters are claims by borrowers disputing the manner in which their loans have been processed or the accuracy of our reports to credit bureaus. In addition, the collections subsidiaries in our debt management operation group are routinely named in individual plaintiff or class action lawsuits in which the plaintiffs allege that we have violated a federal or state law in the process of collecting their account. Management believes that these claims, lawsuits and other actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders Nothing to report. 29 PART II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The Company’s common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SLM. The number of holders of record of the Company’s common stock as of March 3, 2006 was 603. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for the Company’s common stock for each full quarterly period within the two most recent fiscal years. Common Stock Prices 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low High Low 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter $ 51.46 45.56 $ 55.13 46.39 3rd Quarter $ 53.98 48.85 4th Quarter $ 56.48 51.32 $ 43.00 36.97 $ 42.49 36.80 $ 44.75 36.43 $ 54.44 41.60 The Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $.17 per share on the common stock for the first quarter of 2004, $.19 for the last three quarters of 2004 and for the first quarter of 2005, $.22 for the last three quarters of 2005, and declared a quarterly cash dividend of $.22 for the first quarter of 2006. In May 2003, the Company announced a three-for-one stock split of the Company’s common stock to be effected in the form of a stock dividend. The additional shares were distributed on June 20, 2003 for all shareholders of record on June 6, 2003. All share and per share amounts presented have been retroactively restated for the stock split. Stockholders’ equity has been restated to give retroactive recognition to the stock split for all periods presented, by reclassifying from additional paid-in capital to common stock, the par value of the additional shares issued as a result of the stock split. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The following table summarizes the Company’s common share repurchases during 2005 pursuant to the stock repurchase program (see Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, “Stockholders’ Equity”) first authorized in September 1997 by the Board of Directors. Since the inception of the program, which has no expiration date, the Board of Directors has authorized the purchase of up to 308 million shares as of December 31, 2005. (Common shares in millions) Period: January 1—March 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . April 1—June 30, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 1—September 30, 2005 . . . . . . . . . October 1—October 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . November 1—November 30, 2005 . . . . December 1—December 31, 2005 . . . . Total fourth quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ended December 31, 2005 . . . . . . Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2) 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 1.0 4.2 8.4 18.8 $ 50.43 48.55 50.12 50.77 51.03 49.73 50.28 $ 49.94 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 .8 4.2 7.9 17.3 28.9 20.5 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.7 (1) The total number of shares purchased includes: i) shares purchased under the stock repurchase program discussed above, and ii) shares purchased in connection with the exercise of stock options and vesting of performance stock to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs (which combined totaled 1.5 million shares for 2005). (2) Reduced by outstanding equity forward contracts. 30 Item 6. Selected Financial Data Selected Financial Data 2001-2005 (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) The following table sets forth selected financial and other operating information of the Company. The selected financial data in the table is derived from the consolidated financial statements of the Company. The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes, and “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS” included in this Form 10-K. Operating Data: Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic earnings per common share, before 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 $ 1,451 1,382 $ 1,299 1,914 $ 1,326 1,534 $ 1,425 792 $ 1,126 384 cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . 3.25 4.36 3.08 1.69 Basic earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . 3.25 4.36 3.37 1.69 Diluted earnings per common share, before cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . 3.05 4.04 2.91 1.64 Diluted earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . Dividends per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on common stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend payout ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average equity/average assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance Sheet Data: Student loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Book value per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Data: Off-balance sheet securitized student loans, net . . .78 .78 .76 .76 .24 30% 2.33 .78 32 2.66 3.05 .85 45% 1.77 1.68 28 3.82 4.04 .74 73% 1.92 2.80 18 3.73 3.18 .59 66 % 2.53 2.89 19 4.19 1.64 .28 46 % 2.92 1.60 17 3.44 $ 82,604 99,339 91,929 3,792 7.81 $ 65,981 84,094 78,122 3,102 6.93 $ 50,047 64,611 58,543 2,630 5.51 $ 42,339 53,175 47,861 1,998 4.00 $ 41,001 52,874 48,350 1,672 3.23 $ 39,925 $ 41,457 $ 38,742 $ 35,785 $ 30,725 31 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Years ended December 31, 2003-2005 (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) FORWARD-LOOKING AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Some of the statements contained in this annual report discuss future expectations and business strategies or include other “forward-looking” information. Those statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the statements. The forward-looking information is based on various factors and was derived using numerous assumptions. OVERVIEW We are the largest source of funding, delivery and servicing support for education loans in the United States. Our primary business is to originate, acquire and hold both federally guaranteed student loans and Private Education Loans, which are not federally guaranteed. The primary source of our earnings is from net interest income earned on those student loans as well as gains on the sales of such loans in securitization transactions. We also earn fees for pre-default and post-default receivables management services on student loans, such that we are engaged in every phase of the student loan life cycle—from originating and servicing student loans to default prevention and ultimately the collection on defaulted student loans. Through recent acquisitions, we have expanded our receivables management services to a number of different asset classes outside of student loans. We also provide a wide range of other financial services, processing capabilities and information technology to meet the needs of educational institutions, lenders, students and their families, and guarantee agencies. SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae, is a holding company that operates through a number of subsidiaries. References in this report to the “Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries. We have used both internal growth and strategic acquisitions to attain our leadership position in the education finance marketplace. Our sales force, which delivers our products on campuses across the country, is the largest in the student loan industry. The core of our marketing strategy is to promote our on-campus brands, which generate student loan originations through our Preferred Channel. Loans generated through our Preferred Channel are more profitable than loans acquired through other acquisition channels because we own them earlier in the student loan’s life and generally incur lower costs to acquire such loans. We have built brand leadership through the Sallie Mae name, the brands of our subsidiaries and those of our lender partners. These sales and marketing efforts are supported by the largest and most diversified servicing capabilities in the industry, providing an unmatched array of services to financial aid offices. In recent years, we have diversified our business through the acquisition of several companies that provide receivables management and debt collections services, all of which are combined in our Debt Management Operations (“DMO”) operating segment. Initially these acquisitions were concentrated in the student loan industry, but through our acquisitions of AFS Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Arrow Financial Services, LLC (collectively, “AFS”) in September 2004 and GRP/AG Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (“GRP”) in August 2005, we expanded our capabilities to include purchasing portfolios and collecting on debt in a number of different industries. The DMO business segment has been expanding rapidly such that revenue grew 55 percent in the year ended December 31, 2005 compared to 2004, and we now employ approximately 3,500 people in this segment. 32 In December 2004, we completed the Wind-Down of the GSE through the defeasance of all remaining GSE debt obligations and dissolution of the GSE’s federal charter. The liquidity provided to the Company by the GSE has been replaced primarily by securitizations. In addition to securitizations, we have also increased and diversified our investor base over the last three years to enable us to access a number of additional sources of liquidity including an asset-backed commercial paper program, unsecured revolving credit facilities, and other unsecured corporate debt and equity security issuances. We manage our business through two primary operating segments: the Lending operating segment and the DMO operating segment. Accordingly, the results of operations of the Company’s Lending and DMO operating segments are presented separately below under “BUSINESS SEGMENTS.” These operating segments are considered reportable segments under the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 131, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information,” based on quantitative thresholds applied to the Company’s financial statements. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES Managment’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discusses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the Unites States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under varying assumptions or conditions. Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, “Significant Accounting Policies,” includes a summary of the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, particularly those that include the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and are often about matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates relate to the following accounting policies that are discussed in more detail below: application of the effective interest method for loans (premiums, discounts and Borrower Benefits), securitization accounting and Retained Interests, provisions for loan losses, and derivative accounting. Also, as part of our regular quarterly evaluation of the critical estimates used by the Company, we have updated a number of estimates to account for the increase in Consolidation Loan activity. Premiums, Discounts and Borrower Benefits For both federally insured and Private Education Loans, we account for premiums paid, discounts received and certain origination costs incurred on the origination of student loans in accordance with SFAS No. 91, “Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases.” The unamortized portion of the premiums and the discounts is included in the carrying value of the student loan on the consolidated balance sheet. We recognize income on our student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the student loan after giving effect to the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of student loan discounts, as well as the impact of Borrower Benefits. In arriving at the expected yield, we must make a number of estimates that when changed must be reflected as a cumulative catch-up from the inception of the student loan. The most sensitive estimate for premium and discount amortization is the estimate of the Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) which measures the rate at which loans in the portfolio pay before their stated maturity. The CPR is used in calculating the average life of the portfolio. A number of factors can affect the CPR estimate such as the rate of Consolidation Loan activity and default rates. Changes in CPR estimates are discussed in more detail below. 33 The impact of Borrower Benefits is dependent on the estimate of the number of borrowers who will eventually qualify for these benefits. For competitive purposes, we occasionally change Borrower Benefits programs in both amount and qualification factors. These programmatic changes must be reflected in the estimate of the Borrower Benefits discount. Securitization Accounting and Retained Interests We regularly engage in securitization transactions as part of our financing strategy (see also “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES—Securitization Activities”). In a securitization, we sell student loans to a trust that issues bonds backed by the student loans as part of the transaction. When our securitizations meet the sale criteria of SFAS No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities—a Replacement of SFAS No. 125,” we record a gain on the sale of the student loans, which is the difference between the allocated cost basis of the assets sold and the relative fair value of the assets received. The primary judgment in determining the fair value of the assets received is the valuation of the Residual Interest. The Residual Interests in each of our securitizations are treated as available-for-sale securities in accordance with SFAS No. 115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities,” and therefore must be marked-to-market with temporary unrealized gains and losses recognized, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Since there are no quoted market prices for our Residual Interests, we estimate their fair value both initially and each subsequent quarter using the key assumptions listed below: • the projected net interest yield from the underlying securitized loans, which can be impacted by the forward yield curve, as well as the Borrower Benefits program; • the calculation of the Embedded Floor Income associated with the securitized loan portfolio; • the CPR; • the discount rate used, which is intended to be commensurate with the risks involved; and • the expected credit losses from the underlying securitized loan portfolio. We recognize interest income and periodically evaluate our Residual Interests for other than temporary impairment in accordance with the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 99-20, “Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased and Residual Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets.” Under this standard, each quarter we estimate the remaining cash flows to be received from our Retained Interests and use these revised cash flows to prospectively calculate a yield for income recognition. In cases where our estimate of future cash flows results in a lower yield from that used to recognize interest income in the prior quarter, the Residual Interest is written down to fair value, first to the extent of any unrealized gain in accumulated other comprehensive income, then through earnings as an other than temporary impairment, and the yield used to recognize subsequent income from the trust is negatively impacted. We also receive income for servicing the loans in our securitization trusts. We assess the amounts received as compensation for these activities at inception and on an ongoing basis to determine if the amounts received are adequate compensation as defined in SFAS No. 140. To the extent such compensation is determined to be no more or less than adequate compensation, no servicing asset or obligation is recorded. Provisions for Loan Losses We maintain an allowance for loan losses at an amount sufficient to absorb losses inherent in our FFELP and Private Education Loan portfolios at the reporting date based on a projection of estimated 34 probable net credit losses. The maturing of our Private Education Loan portfolios has provided us with more historical data on borrower default behavior such that we now analyze those portfolios to determine the effects that the various stages of delinquency have on borrower default behavior and ultimate charge- off. As a result, in the second quarter of 2005, we changed our estimate of the allowance for loan losses for our Managed loan portfolio to include a migration analysis of delinquent and current accounts, in addition to other considerations. A migration analysis is a technique used to estimate the likelihood that a loan receivable may progress through the various delinquency stages and ultimately charge-off, and is a widely used reserving methodology in the consumer finance industry. Previously, we calculated the allowance for Private Education Loan losses by estimating the probable losses in the portfolio based primarily on loan characteristics and where pools of loans were in their life, with less emphasis on current delinquency status of the loan. Also, in our prior methodology for calculating the allowance, some Private Education Loan loss rates were based on proxies and extrapolations of FFELP loan loss data. We also transitioned to a migration analysis to revise our estimated losses associated with accrued interest income. Under the new methodology, we estimate the amount of uncollectible accrued interest on Private Education Loans and write it off against current period interest income. Under our prior methodology, Private Education Loans continued to accrue interest, even during periods of forbearance, until they were charged off, at which time, the loans were placed on non-accrual status and all previously accrued interest was reversed against income in the month of charge-off. The allowance for loan losses provided for a portion of the probable losses in accrued interest receivable prior to charge-off. This change in reserving methodology has been accounted for as a change in estimate in accordance with the Accounting Principles Board (“APB”) Opinion No. 20, “Accounting Changes.” The effect of this change in estimate was to increase the allowance by $40 million and to reduce student loan interest income for the estimate of uncollectible accrued interest receivable by $14 million. On the income statement, adjustments to the allowance are recorded through the provisions for losses whereas adjustments to accrued interest are recorded in interest income. When calculating the Private Education Loan loss reserve, we divide the portfolio into categories of similar risk characteristics based on loan program type, loan status (in-school, grace, repayment, forbearance, delinquency), underwriting criteria, existence or absence of a co-borrower, and aging. We then apply default and collection rate projections to each category. Our higher education Private Education Loan programs (89 percent of the Managed Private Education Loan portfolio at December 31, 2005) do not require the borrowers to begin repayment until six months after they have graduated or otherwise left school. Consequently, our loss estimates for these programs are minimal while the borrower is in school. Our career training and alternative Private Education Loan programs (11 percent of the Managed Private Education Loan portfolio at December 31, 2005) generally require the borrowers to start repaying their loans immediately. At December 31, 2005, 46 percent of the principal balance in the higher education Managed Private Education Loan portfolio related to borrowers who are still in-school and not required to make payments. As the current portfolio ages, an increasing percentage of the borrowers will leave school and be required to begin payments on their loans. The allowance for losses will change accordingly with the percentage of borrowers in repayment. Our loss estimates include losses to be incurred generally over a two year loss confirmation period. Similar to the rules governing FFELP payment requirements, our collection policies allow for periods of nonpayment for borrowers requesting additional payment grace periods upon leaving school or experiencing temporary difficulty meeting payment obligations. This is referred to as forbearance status. The majority of forbearance occurs early in the repayment term when borrowers are starting their careers (see “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Private Education Loans—Delinquencies”). At December 31, 2005, 10 percent of the Managed Private Education Loan portfolio in repayment and forbearance was in forbearance status. The loss confirmation period is in alignment with our typical collection cycle and takes into account these periods of nonpayment. 35 Private Education Loan principal is charged off against the allowance at 212 days delinquency. Recoveries on loans charged off are recorded directly to the allowance. Effective for a renewable one-year period beginning in October 2005, Sallie Mae’s loan servicing division, Sallie Mae Servicing, was designated as an Exceptional Performer (“EP”) by the U.S. Department of Education (“ED”) in recognition of meeting certain performance standards set by ED in servicing FFELP loans. As a result of this designation, the Company received 100 percent reimbursement (declining to 99 percent on July 1, 2006 under new legislation discussed below) on default claims on federally guaranteed student loans that are serviced by Sallie Mae Servicing for a period of at least 270 days before the date of default and will no longer be subject to the two percent Risk Sharing on these loans. The Company is entitled to receive this benefit as long as the Company remains in compliance with the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other criteria. The EP designation applies to all FFELP loans that are serviced by the Company as well as default claims on federally guaranteed student loans that the Company owns but are serviced by other service providers with the EP designation. At December 31, 2005, approximately 92 percent of the Company’s on-balance sheet federally insured loans are serviced under the EP designation. On February 8, 2006, the Reauthorization of the HEA was signed into law. (See “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization” for a full update of the HEA.) The legislation reduces the level of default insurance to 97 percent from 98 percent (effectively increasing Risk Sharing from two percent to three percent) on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006 for lenders without the EP designation. Furthermore, the bill reduces the default insurance paid to lenders/servicers with the EP designation to 99 percent from 100 percent on claims filed on or after July 1, 2006. As a result of the amended insurance levels, we established a Risk Sharing allowance as of December 31, 2005 for an estimate of losses on FFELP student loans based on the one percent reduction in default insurance for servicers with the EP designation. The reserve was established using a migration analysis similar to that described above for the Private Education Loans before applying the appropriate Risk Sharing percentage. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2005, we provided for additional reserves of $10 million for on-balance sheet FFELP loans and $19 million for Managed FFELP loans. The evaluation of the provisions for loan losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses is appropriate to cover probable losses in the student loan portfolio. Derivative Accounting We use interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, interest rate futures contracts, Floor Income Contracts and interest rate cap contracts as an integral part of our overall risk management strategy to manage interest rate risk arising from our fixed rate and floating rate financial instruments. We account for these instruments in accordance with SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” which requires that every derivative instrument, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, be recorded at fair value on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability. We determine the fair value for our derivative instruments using pricing models that consider current market values and the contractual terms of the derivative contracts. Pricing models and their underlying assumptions impact the amount and timing of unrealized gains and losses recognized; the use of different pricing models or assumptions could produce different financial results. As a matter of policy, we compare the fair values of our derivatives that we calculate to those provided by our counterparties on a monthly basis. Any significant differences are identified and resolved appropriately. We make certain judgments in the application of hedge accounting under SFAS No. 133. The most significant judgment relates to the application of hedge accounting in connection with our forecasted debt issuances. Under SFAS No. 133, if the forecasted transaction is probable to occur then hedge accounting 36 may be applied. We regularly update our probability assessment related to such forecasted debt issuances. This assessment includes analyzing prior debt issuances and assessing changes in our future funding strategies. SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the fair value of derivative instruments be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria as specified by SFAS No. 133 are met. We believe that all of our derivatives are effective economic hedges and are a critical element of our interest rate risk management strategy. However, under SFAS No. 133, some of our derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts, certain Eurodollar futures contracts, basis swaps and equity forwards, do not qualify for “hedge treatment” under SFAS No. 133. Therefore, changes in market value along with the periodic net settlements must be recorded through the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line in the income statement with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. The derivative market value adjustment is primarily caused by interest rate volatility, changing credit spreads during the period, and changes in our stock price (related to equity forwards) and the volume and term of derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment. See also “BUSINESS SEGMENTS— Alternative Performance Measures—Pre-tax Differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP—Derivative Accounting” for a detailed discussion of our accounting for derivatives. Effects of Consolidation Loan Activity on Estimates The combination of aggressive marketing in the student loan industry and the ability to obtain a long- term, fixed rate loan at low interest rates coupled with the rise in short-term interest rates has led to continued high levels of Consolidation Loan volume, which, in turn, has had a significant effect on a number of accounting estimates in recent years. As long as long-term interest rates remain at historically low levels, we expect the Consolidation Loan program to continue to be an attractive option for borrowers. We have updated our assumptions that are affected primarily by Consolidation Loan activity and updated the estimates used in developing the cash flows and effective yield calculations as they relate to the amortization of student loan premiums and discounts, Borrower Benefits, residual interest income and the valuation of the Residual Interest. Consolidation Loan activity affects each estimate differently depending on whether the original FFELP loans being consolidated were on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet and whether the resulting Consolidation Loan is retained by us or consolidated with a third party. When we consolidate a FFELP loan that was in our portfolio, the term of that loan is generally extended and the term of the amortization of the capitalized acquisition costs (premium) is likewise extended to match the new term of the loan. In that process, the premium balance must be adjusted to reflect the new expected term of the consolidated loan as if it had been in place from inception. The estimate of the CPR also affects the estimate of the average life of securitized trusts and therefore affects the valuation of the Residual Interest. Prepayments shorten the average life of the trust, and if all other factors remain equal, will reduce the value of the Residual Interest, the securitization gain on sale and the effective yield used to recognize interest income. Prepayments on student loans in securitized trusts are primarily driven by the rate at which securitized FFELP loans are consolidated. When a loan is consolidated from the trust either by us or a third party, the loan is treated as a prepayment. In cases where the loan is consolidated by us, it will be recorded as an on-balance sheet asset. We discuss the effects of changes in our CPR estimates in “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES—Securitization Activities and Liquidity Risk and Funding.” Effect of Consolidation Activity The schedule below summarizes the impact of loan consolidation on each affected financial statement line item. 37 On-Balance Sheet Student Loans Estimate Premium Consolidating Lender Sallie Mae Effect on Estimate CPR Accounting Effect Term extension Decrease Estimate Adjustment(1)—increase unamortized Premium Other lenders Loan prepaid Borrower Sallie Mae Term extension Benefits Borrower Other lenders Loan prepaid Benefits balance of premium. Reduced annual amortization expense going forward. Increase Estimate Adjustment(1)—decrease unamortized balance of premium or accelerated amortization of premium. Existing Borrower Benefits reserve reversed into income—new Consolidation Loan benefit amortized over a longer term.(2) Borrower Benefits reserve reversed into income.(2) N/A N/A (1) As estimates are updated, in accordance with SFAS No. 91, the premium balance must be adjusted from inception to reflect the new expected term of the loan, as if it had been in place from inception. (2) Consolidation estimates also affect the estimates of borrowers who will eventually qualify for Borrower Benefits. Off-Balance Sheet Student Loans Consolidating Lender Estimate Effect on Estimate Residual Sallie Mae or Loan prepaid Interest other lenders CPR Increase Accounting Effect • Reduction in fair market value of Residual Interest resulting in either an impairment charge or reduction in prior unrealized market value gains recorded in other comprehensive income. • Decrease in prospective effective yield used to recognize interest income. 38 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Condensed Statements of Income Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains on student loan securitizations . Servicing and securitization revenue . . Losses on securities, net. . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guarantor servicing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt management fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt extinguishment . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting change Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common Years Ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 $ 1,326 $ 1,299 $ 1,451 147 111 203 $ $ 152 92 Increase (Decrease) 2005 vs. 2004 % 2004 vs. 2003 % $ 12 % $ (27 ) (36 ) 83 (2)% (24) 1,248 552 357 (64) 1,188 375 561 (49) 1,179 744 667 (10) 60 177 (204) (15) 5 47 (36 ) (31 ) 9 (369 ) (106 ) 1 (50) (16) (39 ) (390) 247 115 360 167 273 1,138 — 729 6 — 1,382 22 849 120 300 39 290 895 221 642 (238) 128 259 — 249 795 — 779 1 — 1,914 12 — 130 1,534 12 (71 ) (602) (4 ) (5) 20 60 328 128 (6 ) (17) 243 27 (221) (100 ) 14 87 5 500 — — (28 ) 83 (532) 10 1,087 (8 ) 41 39 41 100 221 (137 ) 457 (6) 16 100 16 13 100 (18) 1 100 (130 ) (100) 25 380 — — stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,360 $ 1,902 $ 1,522 $ (542) (28 )% $ 380 25% Basic earnings per common share, before cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share, before cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends per common share . . . . . . . . $ 3.25 $ 4.36 $ 3.08 $ (1.11) (25 )% $ 1.28 42% $ 3.25 $ 4.36 $ 3.37 $ (1.11) (25 )% $ .99 29% $ 3.05 $ 4.04 $ 2.91 $ (.99) (25 )% $ 1.13 39% $ 3.05 .85 $ $ 4.04 .74 $ $ 3.18 .59 $ $ (.99) .11 $ (25 )% $ 15 % $ .86 .15 27% 25% 39 Condensed Balance Sheets December 31, 2005 2004 2005 vs. 2004 % $ 2004 vs. 2003 $ % Increase (decrease) Assets FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash and investments. . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity before treasury stock . . . Common stock held in treasury at cost . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity. . . . . RESULTS OF OPERATIONS $ 19,988 54,859 7,757 1,138 4,868 3,300 $ 18,965 41,596 5,420 1,048 6,975 2,211 2,406 1,105 3,918 $ 99,339 2,316 1,066 4,497 $ 84,094 $ 3,810 88,119 3,609 95,538 9 4,364 572 3,792 $ 99,339 $ 2,207 75,915 2,798 80,920 72 5,129 2,027 3,102 $ 84,094 5 % $ $ 1,023 13,263 2,337 90 32 43 9 (2,107) (30 ) 49 1,089 175 14,809 950 17 79 1,105 90 39 4 4 (579) (13 ) (160 ) 474 2,034 18 % $ 19,483 $ 15,245 $ 1,603 12,204 811 14,618 73 % $ (16,528 ) 36,107 16 (640 ) 29 18,939 18 72 (63) (88 ) 1,949 (765) (15 ) 1,477 (1,455) (72 ) 472 22 18 % $ 19,483 690 $ 15,245 1% 55 21 2 1 100 (6) 80 83 30% (88)% 91 (19) 31 100 61 269 18 30% We present the results of operations first on a consolidated basis followed by a presentation of the net interest margin with accompanying analysis presented in accordance with GAAP. As discussed in detail above in the “OVERVIEW” section, we have two primary business segments, Lending and DMO, plus a Corporate and Other business segment. Since these business segments operate in distinct business environments, the discussion following the results of our operations is primarily presented on a segment basis. See “BUSINESS SEGMENTS” for further discussion on the components of each segment. Securitization gains and the ongoing servicing and securitization income is included in “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES—Securitization Activities.” The discussion of derivative market value gains and losses is under “BUSINESS SEGMENTS—Alternative Performance Measures.” CONSOLIDATED EARNINGS SUMMARY The main drivers of our net income are the growth in our Managed student loan portfolio, which drives net interest income and securitization transactions, market value gains and losses on derivatives that do not receive hedge accounting treatment, the timing and size of securitization gains, growth in our fee- based business and expense control. Year Ended December 31, 2005 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2004 For the year ended December 31, 2005, our net income decreased by 26 percent to $1.4 billion ($3.05 diluted earnings per share) from net income of $1.9 billion ($4.04 diluted earnings per share) in 40 2004. On a pre-tax basis, income for the year ended December 31, 2005 decreased by 19 percent to $2.1 billion versus $2.6 billion in the year ended December 31, 2004. The larger percentage decrease in net income versus pre-tax income from 2004 to 2005 is primarily due to the increase in the effective tax rate from 25 percent in the year ended 2004 to 34 percent in the year ended 2005. Fluctuations in the effective tax rate are driven by the permanent impact of the exclusion of the gains and losses on equity forward contracts with respect to the Company’s stock for tax purposes. Under SFAS No. 150, “Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity,” we are required to mark the equity forward contracts to market each quarter and recognize the change in their value in income. Conversely, these unrealized gains and losses are not recognized on a tax basis. In the year ended 2005, we recognized unrealized gains on our outstanding equity forward contracts of $121 million versus unrealized gains of $759 million in the year ended 2004. The decrease in pre-tax income is primarily due to a $602 million decrease in the gain on derivative and hedging activities, which primarily relates to derivatives that do not receive hedge accounting treatment. Unrealized derivative gains and losses are primarily driven by the effect of changes in the fair market value of Floor Income Contracts and the effect of an increase in the value of our stock price on equity forward contracts. The smaller unrealized gains on our Floor Income Contracts in 2005 were due to fewer contracts being in the money to the counterparty due to spot interest rates, and to a smaller rise in forward interest rates in 2005 versus 2004. Our stock price increased in both 2005 and 2004, but the absolute increase was less in 2005 resulting in a smaller unrealized gain on our equity forward contracts in 2005. The year-over-year decrease in servicing and securitization revenue was due primarily to impairment of our Retained Interests in securitizations of $260 million in 2005 versus $80 million in 2004. These impairments are largely driven by the continued rise in Consolidation Loan activity. The increase in impairment losses was partially offset by an increase in securitization gains of $177 million primarily caused by higher percentage gains on the 2005 Private Education Loan securitizations. The year-over-year increase in debt management fees and collections revenue of $188 million is primarily due to a full year impact of collections revenue from AFS, acquired in the third quarter of 2004, and overall growth in the contingency fee businesses. Positive impacts to pre-tax income were offset by the year-over-year increase in operating expenses of $243 million, primarily attributable to the expenses associated with three subsidiaries acquired in the second half of 2004: AFS, Southwest Student Services Corporation (“Southwest”) and Student Loan Finance Association (“SLFA”). Net income for the year ended December 31, 2004 was also negatively impacted by a $221 million pre- tax loss related to the repurchase and defeasance of $3.0 billion of GSE debt in connection with the GSE Wind-Down in 2004. Our Managed student loan portfolio grew by $15.1 billion, from $107.4 billion at December 31, 2004 to $122.5 billion at December 31, 2005. This growth was fueled by the acquisition of $30.2 billion of student loans in the year ended 2005, a 27 percent increase over the $23.7 billion acquired in 2004, exclusive of student loans acquired from the acquisition of Southwest and SLFA. In the year ended 2005, we originated $21.4 billion of student loans through our Preferred Channel, an increase of 19 percent over the $18.0 billion originated in the year ended 2004. Year Ended December 31, 2004 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2003 For the year ended December 31, 2004, our net income was $1.9 billion ($4.04 diluted earnings per share) versus net income of $1.5 billion ($3.18 diluted earnings per share) in 2003. The increase in net income from 2003 to 2004 is due to several factors. The principal driver of the growth in net income was a $1.1 billion pre-tax increase in the derivative market value adjustment. The derivative market value gain can primarily be attributed to the positive effect that the increase in forward interest rates had on the 41 valuation of our liability for Floor Income Contracts and to gains on our equity forward contracts caused by the increase in the market value of our common stock. In 2004, other income (which includes guarantor servicing fees, debt management fees and collections revenue, and other fee-based income) increased by 18 percent to $749 million versus 2003. This increase can mainly be attributed to an increase in revenue from our DMO segment, late and other borrower fees and to termination fees from Bank One. In 2003, other income benefited from a $40 million gain on the sale of our prior headquarters building. The year- over-year increases in other income were offset by $369 million in lower securitization gains due to 2004 Consolidation Loan securitizations not qualifying for off-balance sheet treatment and $106 million in lower servicing and securitization revenue due primarily to lower Embedded Floor Income. Net income in 2004 was also negatively impacted by a $221 million pre-tax loss related to the repurchase and defeasance of $3.0 billion of GSE debt in connection with the GSE Wind-Down and a 13 percent increase in other operating expenses to $895 million versus 2003. This increase can be attributed to acquisitions and increased servicing and debt management expenses consistent with the growth in borrowers and the growth in the debt management business. Also, in 2004, net interest income after provisions for loan losses was relatively flat versus 2003 caused by two offsetting factors: the increase in net interest income, driven by an $11 billion increase in our average balance of on-balance sheet student loans, and offset by the reduction in Floor Income caused by higher interest rates. Our Managed student loan portfolio grew by $18.6 billion, from $88.8 billion at December 31, 2003 to $107.4 billion at December 31, 2004. This growth was fueled by the $29.9 billion in new Managed student loans acquired in 2004, a 45 percent increase over the $20.7 billion acquired in 2003. In 2004, we originated $18.0 billion of student loans through our Preferred Channel, an increase of 18 percent over the $15.2 billion originated in 2003. NET INTEREST INCOME Net interest income, including interest income and interest expense, is derived primarily from our portfolio of student loans that remain on-balance sheet and to a lesser extent from other loans, cash and investments. The “Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Income” analysis below is designed to facilitate a comparison of non-taxable asset yields to taxable yields on a similar basis. Additional information regarding the return on our student loan portfolio is set forth under “Student Loans—Student Loan Spread Analysis—On-Balance Sheet.” Information regarding the provisions for losses is contained in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, “Allowance for Student Loan Losses.” Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Income The amounts in the following table are adjusted for the impact of certain tax-exempt and tax- advantaged investments based on the marginal federal corporate tax rate of 35 percent. Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 2005 vs. 2004 % $ 2004 vs. 2003 % $ Increase (decrease) Interest income Student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent adjustment . . . . . . . . . Total taxable equivalent interest income . . Interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent net interest income. . . . $ 4,149 85 277 5 4,516 3,059 $ 1,457 $ 2,426 74 233 9 2,742 1,434 $ 1,308 $ 2,121 77 150 16 2,364 1,022 $ 1,342 $ 1,723 11 44 (4 ) 1,774 1,625 $ 149 14% 71 % $ 305 (4) (3) 15 83 19 55 (7) (44) (44 ) 16 378 65 40 412 113 (3)% 11 % $ (34) 42 Average Balance Sheets The following table reflects the rates earned on interest earning assets and paid on interest bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. This table reflects the net interest margin for the entire Company on a consolidated basis. It is included in the Lending segment discussion because that segment includes substantially all interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. 2005 Years ended December 31, 2004 2003 Balance Rate Balance Rate Balance Rate Average Assets FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,720 47,082 6,922 1,072 6,662 82,458 6,990 4.90% $ 19,317 31,773 5.31 4,795 9.16 8.04 1,004 11,322 4.22 5.48% 68,211 6,497 3.76 % $ 17,687 22,421 4.30 5,019 7.00 7.72 1,129 6,840 2.11 4.02 % 53,096 5,950 3.71% 5.16 6.13 7.27 2.36 4.45% Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 89,448 $ 74,708 $ 59,046 Average Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,517 77,958 3.93% $ 10,596 58,134 3.70 1.95 % $ 24,995 28,407 2.11 Total interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,475 3,555 3,418 3.71% 68,730 3,195 2,783 2.09 % 53,402 3,169 2,475 1.58% 2.21 1.91% Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity. . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 89,448 $ 74,708 $ 59,046 1.77% 1.92 % 2.53% Rate/Volume Analysis The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes. 2005 vs. 2004 Taxable equivalent interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 vs. 2003 Taxable equivalent interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent increase (decrease) Increase (decrease) attributable to change in Rate Volume $ 1,774 1,625 $ 149 $ 1,008 1,325 $ 766 300 $ (317) $ 466 $ 378 412 $ (34 ) $ (201) $ 579 428 $ (185) $ 151 (16) The decrease in the net interest margin in 2005 versus 2004 is primarily due to fluctuations in the student loan spread as discussed under “Student Loans—Student Loan Spread Analysis—On-Balance Sheet.” In addition to student loan spread related items, the net interest margin in 2004 was negatively 43 impacted by the higher average balances of lower yielding short-term investments which were being built up during 2004 as additional liquidity in anticipation of the GSE Wind-Down. Student Loans For both federally insured student loans and Private Education Loans, we account for premiums paid, discounts received and certain origination costs incurred on the origination of student loans in accordance with SFAS No. 91. The unamortized portion of the premiums and discounts are included in the carrying value of the student loan on the consolidated balance sheet. We recognize income on our student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the student loan after giving effect to the amortization of purchase premiums and the accretion of student loan discounts, as well as the discount expected to be earned through Borrower Benefits programs. Discounts on Private Education Loans are deferred and accreted to income over the lives of the student loans. In the table below, this accretion of discounts is netted with the amortization of the premiums. Student Loan Spread Analysis—On-Balance Sheet The following table analyzes the reported earnings from student loans both on-balance sheet and those off-balance sheet in securitization trusts. For student loans off-balance sheet, we will continue to earn securitization and servicing fee revenues over the life of the securitized loan portfolios. The off- balance sheet information is discussed in more detail in “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES— Securitization Activities—Servicing and Securitization Revenue” where we analyze the on-going servicing revenue and Residual Interest earned on the securitized portfolios of student loans. For an analysis of our student loan spread for the entire portfolio of Managed student loans on a similar basis to the on-balance sheet analysis, see “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Student Loan Spread Analysis—Managed Basis.” Years ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 On-Balance Sheet Student loan yield, before Floor Income . . . . . . . . . Gross Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loan Rebate Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset Fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrower Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premium and discount amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . Student loan net yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Student loan cost of funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Student loan spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-Balance Sheet Servicing and securitization revenue, before 6.22% .25 (.65) — (.11) (.16) 5.55 (3.69) 1.86% 4.53 % .73 (.58 ) (.03 ) (.18 ) (.13 ) 4.34 (2.01 ) 2.33 % 4.28 % 1.23 (.50 ) (.07 ) (.06 ) (.18 ) 4.70 (1.70 ) 3.00 % Floor Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81% 1.17 % 1.27 % Floor Income, net of Floor Income previously recognized in gain on sale calculation. . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Balances On-balance sheet student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06 .87% .21 1.38 % .47 1.74 % $ 74,724 41,220 $ 115,944 $ 55,885 40,558 $ 96,443 $ 45,127 38,205 $ 83,332 44 Discussion of Student Loan Spread—Effects of Floor Income and Derivative Accounting One of the primary drivers of fluctuations in our on-balance sheet student loan spread is the level of gross Floor Income earned in the period. In 2005, 2004 and 2003, we earned gross Floor Income of $187 million (25 basis points), $408 million (73 basis points) and $554 million (123 basis points), respectively. Gross Floor Income is the amount of Floor Income earned on our on-balance sheet portfolio of student loans without giving effect to payments under our Floor Income Contracts, which is discussed in more detail below. The reduction in gross Floor Income is due to the increase in short-term interest rates. We believe that we have economically hedged most of the Floor Income through the sale of Floor Income Contracts, under which we receive an upfront fee and agree to pay the counterparty the Floor Income earned on a notional amount of student loans. These contracts do not qualify for accounting hedge treatment and as a result the payments on the Floor Income Contracts are included on the income statement with “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” rather than in student loan interest income. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, net Floor Income for on-balance sheet student loans was $12 million (2 basis points), $40 million (7 basis points) and $146 million (32 basis points), respectively. Payments on Floor Income Contracts associated with on-balance sheet student loans for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 totaled $175 million (23 basis points), $368 million (66 basis points) and $408 million (91 basis points), respectively. In addition to Floor Income Contracts, we also extensively use basis swaps to manage our basis risk associated with interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities. These swaps generally do not qualify as accounting hedges and are likewise required to be accounted for in the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line on the income statement. As a result, they are not considered in the calculation of the cost of funds in the above table. Discussion of the Year-over-Year Effect of Changes in Accounting Estimates on the On-Balance Sheet Student Loan Spread As discussed in detail and summarized in a table under “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES,” we periodically update our estimates for changes in the student loan portfolio. Under SFAS No. 91, these changes in estimates must be reflected in the balance of the student loan from inception. We have also updated our estimates to reflect programmatic changes in our Borrower Benefits and Private Education Loan programs and have made modeling refinements to better reflect current and future conditions. The effects of the changes in estimates on the student loan spread are summarized in the table below: Changes in critical accounting estimates: Effect on Private Education Loan discount . . . . . . Borrower Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total changes in estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — 23 $ 23 — 3 3 $ (8 ) 5 $ (3 ) (1) 1 — Years Ended December 31, 2005 2004 Dollar Value Basis Points Dollar Value Basis Points In 2005, we updated our estimates for the qualification of Borrower Benefits to account for programmatic changes as well as the effect of continued high levels of consolidations. These updates resulted in a reduction of $23 million or 3 basis points in our Borrower Benefits reserve for 2005. In 2004, based on our ongoing analysis of our Private Education Loan portfolio, we determined that the portfolio was repaying slower than previously estimated, and in response we increased the period for which we amortize student loan discounts resulting in an increase to the unamortized student loan discount balance of $8 million during 2004. In response to the continued high rate of Consolidation Loan activity, 45 we lowered our estimate of the number of Stafford borrowers who will eventually qualify for Borrower Benefits and revised the term over which benefits are expected to be realized. As a result, we recorded a $5 million reduction in the liability for Borrower Benefits. The net effect of these updates to our estimates in 2004 was $3 million. Discussion of Student Loan Spread—Effects of Significant Events in 2005 and 2004 There was a record level of Consolidation Loan activity in the second quarter of 2005 caused primarily by FFELP Stafford borrowers locking in lower interest rates by consolidating their loans prior to the July 1 interest rate reset for FFELP Stafford loans. In addition, borrowers were permitted for the first time to consolidate their loans while still in school. This unprecedented volume of Consolidation Loan requests resulted in a majority of the applications being processed in the third and fourth quarters. The increase to premium amortization in 2005 can mainly be attributed to this surge in Consolidation Loan activity as we write-off the balance of unamortized premiums associated with loans that consolidate away from the Company as a current period expense in accordance with SFAS No. 91 (as discussed under “RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—NET INTEREST INCOME—Student Loans”). In the fourth quarter of 2005, in addition to the Consolidation Loan activity discussed above, a significant volume of our Consolidation Loans were consolidated with third party lenders through the Direct Lending program (see “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Consolidation Loan Activity” for further discussion). As discussed above, this also resulted in an increase in student loan premium write-offs for loans consolidated with third parties. Conversely, loans lost through consolidation benefit the student loan spread through the write-off of Borrower Benefits reserves associated with these loans. Discussion of Student Loan Spread—Other Year-over-Year Fluctuations The decrease in the 2005 student loan spread versus the prior year is primarily due to the decrease in gross Floor Income discussed above. Additionally, higher average balance of Consolidation Loans as a percentage of the on-balance sheet portfolio contributes to downward pressure on the spread. Consolidation Loans have lower spreads than other FFELP loans due to the 105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee, more robust Borrower Benefits, and higher funding costs due to their longer terms. These negative effects are partially offset by lower student loan premium amortization due to the extended term and a higher Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) yield. The average balance of Consolidation Loans grew as a percentage of the average on-balance sheet FFELP student loan portfolio from 62 percent in 2004 to 69 percent in 2005. Other factors that impacted the student loan spread include higher spreads on our debt funding student loans as a result of the GSE Wind-Down, partially offset by lower Borrower Benefits costs, and the absence of Offset Fees on GSE financed loans. The increase in funding costs is due to the replacement of lower cost, primarily short-term GSE funding with longer term, higher cost funding. The decrease in Borrower Benefits costs can be attributed primarily to the write-off of Borrower Benefits reserves due to the significant volume of Consolidation Loan activity as discussed above. The negative effects on the spread were partially offset by the 43 percent increase in Private Education Loans in the on-balance sheet student loan portfolio. In addition to the effects of estimate adjustments, the student loan spread decreased by 74 basis points from 2003 to 2004. This decrease was primarily due to the higher average balance of Consolidation Loans, lower Floor Income and higher funding spreads on the debt. These negative effects were partially offset by the increase in Private Education Loans in the on-balance sheet student loan portfolio. 46 FEDERAL AND STATE TAXES The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes, while the GSE was exempt from all state and local income taxes. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 was 34 percent, 25 percent and 36 percent, respectively. The effective tax rate reflects the permanent impact of the exclusion of gains and losses on equity forward contracts with respect to the Company’s stock for tax purposes. The permanent differences were a $121 million gain in 2005, a $759 million gain in 2004 and a $62 million loss in 2003, the year of adoption of SFAS No. 150. BUSINESS SEGMENTS The results of operations of the Company’s Lending and DMO operating segments are presented below. These defined business segments operate in distinct business environments and are considered reportable segments under SFAS No. 131 based on quantitative thresholds applied to the Company’s financial statements. In addition, we provide other complementary products and services, including guarantor and student loan servicing, through smaller operating segments that do not meet such thresholds and are aggregated in the Corporate and Other reportable segment for financial reporting purposes. The management reporting process measures the performance of the Company’s operating segments based on the management structure of the Company as well as the methodology used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Management, including the Company’s chief operating decision maker, evaluates the performance of the Company’s operating segments based on their profitability as measured by “core earnings.” Accordingly, information regarding the Company’s reportable segments is provided herein based on “core earnings,” which are discussed in detail below. Our “core earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. “Core earnings” reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP as described below. Unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting and as a result, our management reporting is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. The Company’s operating segments are defined by the products and services they offer or the types of customers they serve, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by management. Intersegment revenues and expenses are netted within the appropriate financial statement line items consistent with the income statement presentation provided to management. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial information. “Core earnings” are the primary financial performance measures used by management to develop the Company’s financial plans, track results, and establish corporate performance targets and incentive compensation. While “core earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP, the Company relies on “core earnings” in operating its business because “core earnings” permit management to make meaningful period-to-period comparisons of the operational and performance indicators that are most closely assessed by management. Management believes this information provides additional insight into the financial performance of the core business activities of our operating segments. Accordingly, the tables presented below reflect “core earnings” which is reviewed and utilized by management to manage the business for each of the Company’s reportable segments. Included below under “Alternative Performance Measures” is further discussion regarding “core earnings” and its limitations, including a table that details the pre-tax differences between “core earnings” and GAAP by reportable segment. The Lending operating segment includes all discussion of income and related expenses associated with the net interest margin, the student loan spread and its components, the provisions for loan losses, and other fees earned on our Managed portfolio of student loans. The DMO operating segment reflects the fees earned and expenses incurred in providing accounts receivable management and collection services. Our Corporate and Other reportable segment includes our remaining fee businesses and other corporate expenses that do not pertain directly to the primary segments identified above. 47 Year ended December 31, 2005 Corporate and Other DMO Lending Managed interest income: Managed FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,298 3,014 1,160 85 401 6,958 4,823 2,135 138 1,997 — — 110 479 602 2 $ 1,024 $ — — — — — — — — — — 360 167 — 283 91 4 $ 149 $ — — — — — — — — — — 115 — 126 308 (25) — $ (42) Year ended December 31, 2004 Corporate and Other DMO Lending Managed interest income: Managed FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt and extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,715 1,473 613 74 267 4,142 2,320 1,822 114 1,708 — — 131 221 409 430 — $ 779 $ — — — — — — — — — — 300 39 — — 159 65 1 $ 114 $ — — — — — — — — — — 120 — 130 — 291 (15) — $ (26) (1) Income taxes are based on a percentage of net income before tax for the individual reportable segment. 48 Year ended December 31, 2003 Corporate and Other DMO Lending Managed interest income: Managed FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,494 1,172 427 77 163 3,333 1,681 1,652 130 1,522 — 121 414 407 — $ 822 $ — — — — — — — — — — 259 — 123 45 — $ 91 $ — — — — — — — — — — 128 123 231 7 — $ 13 (1) Income taxes are based on a percentage of net income before tax for the individual reportable segment. Alternative Performance Measures In accordance with the Rules and Regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), we prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In addition to evaluating the Company’s GAAP-based financial information, management evaluates the Company’s business segments under certain non-GAAP performance measures that we refer to as “core earnings” for each business segment, and we refer to this information in our presentations with credit rating agencies and lenders. While “core earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP, we rely on “core earnings” to manage each operating segment because we believe these measures provide additional information regarding the operational and performance indicators that are most closely assessed by management. Our “core earnings” are the primary financial performance measures used by management to evaluate performance and to allocate resources. Accordingly, financial information is reported to management on a “core earnings” basis by reportable segment, as these are the measures used regularly by our chief operating decision maker. Our “core earnings” are used in developing our financial plans and tracking results, and also in establishing corporate performance targets and determining incentive compensation. Management believes this information provides additional insight into the financial performance of the Company’s core business activities. Our “core earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. “Core earnings” reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP as described below. Accordingly, the Company’s “core earnings” presentation does not represent another comprehensive basis of accounting. A more detailed discussion of the differences between GAAP and “core earnings” follows. Limitations of “Core Earnings” While GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of accounting, for the reasons described above, management believes that “core earnings” are an important additional tool for providing a more complete understanding of the Company’s results of operations. Nevertheless, “core earnings” are subject to certain general and specific limitations that investors should carefully consider. For example, as stated above, unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting. Our “core earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled 49 measures reported by other companies. Unlike GAAP, “core earnings” reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP. Accordingly, the Company’s “core earnings” presentation does not represent a comprehensive basis of accounting. Investors, therefore, may not compare our Company’s performance with that of other financial services companies based upon “core earnings.” “Core earnings” results are only meant to supplement GAAP results by providing additional information regarding the operational and performance indicators that are most closely used by management, the Company’s board of directors, rating agencies and lenders to assess performance. Other limitations arise from the specific adjustments that management makes to GAAP results to derive “core earnings” results. For example, in reversing the unrealized gains and losses that result from SFAS No. 133 on derivatives that do not qualify for “hedge treatment,” as well as on derivatives that do qualify but are in part ineffective because they are not perfect hedges, we focus on the long-term economic effectiveness of those instruments relative to the underlying hedged item and isolate the effects of interest rate volatility, changing credit spreads and changes in our stock price on the fair value of such instruments during the period. Under GAAP, the effects of these factors on the fair value of the derivative instruments (but not on the underlying hedged item) tend to show more volatility in the short term. While our presentation of our results on a Managed Basis provides important information regarding the performance of our Managed portfolio, a limitation of this presentation is that we are presenting the ongoing spread income on loans that have been sold to a trust managed by us. While we believe that our Managed Basis presentation presents the economic substance of our Managed loan portfolio, it understates earnings volatility from securitization gains. Our “core earnings” results exclude certain Floor Income, which is real cash income, from our reported results and therefore may understate earnings in certain periods. Management’s financial planning and valuation of operating results, however, does not take into account Floor Income because of its inherent uncertainty, except when it is economically hedged through Floor Income Contracts. Pre-tax Differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP by Business Segment Years ended December 31, 2005 2004 2003 Corporate and Other Corporate and Other Corporate and Other Lending DMO Lending DMO Lending DMO $ (60 ) 516 (204 ) $ — — — $ — 121 — $ (152) $ — 794 — (156) — $ — 759 — $ 300 570 23 $ — — — $ — (68) — “Core earnings” adjustments to GAAP: Net impact of securitization accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net impact of derivative accounting Net impact of Floor Income . . . . . . Amortization of acquired intangibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42 ) (15) (4) (27) (5) (4) (22 ) (3 ) (2) Total “core earnings” adjustments to GAAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 210 $ (15) $ 117 $ 459 $ (5) $ 755 $ 871 $ (3 ) $ (70) Pre-tax Differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP Our “core earnings” are the primary financial performance measures used by management to evaluate performance and to allocate resources. Accordingly, financial information is reported to management on a “core earnings” basis by reportable segment, as these are the measures used regularly by our chief operating decision maker. Our “core earnings” are used in developing our financial plans and tracking results, and also in establishing corporate performance targets and determining incentive compensation. Management believes this information provides additional insight into the financial performance of the 50 Company’s core business activities. ‘‘Core earnings’’ reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP, as described in the more detailed discussion of the differences between GAAP and ‘‘core earnings’’ that follows, which includes further detail on each specific adjustments required to reconcile our ‘‘core earnings’’ segment presentation to our GAAP earnings. 1) Securitization Accounting: Under GAAP, certain securitization transactions in our Lending operating segment are accounted for as sales of assets. Under “core earnings” for the Lending operating segment, we present all securitization transactions on a Managed Basis as long-term non-recourse financings. The upfront “gains” on sale from securitization transactions as well as ongoing “servicing and securitization revenue” presented in accordance with GAAP are excluded from “core earnings” and are replaced by the interest income, provisions for loan losses, and interest expense as they are earned or incurred on the securitization loans. We also exclude transactions with our off-balance sheet trusts from “core earnings” as they are considered intercompany transactions on a Managed Basis. The following table summarizes “core earnings” securitization adjustments for the Lending operating segment the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. “Core earnings” securitization adjustments: Net interest income on securitized loans, after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains on student loan securitizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany transactions with off-balance sheet trusts. Total “core earnings” securitization adjustments . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 $ (935) $ (1,065 ) $ (1,104 ) 744 375 667 561 (7 ) (23 ) $ (60) $ (152 ) $ 300 552 357 (34) 2) Derivative Accounting: “Core earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses arising primarily in our Lending operating segment, and to a lesser degree in our Corporate and Other reportable segment, that are caused primarily by the one-sided mark-to-market derivative valuations prescribed by SFAS No. 133 on derivatives that do not qualify for “hedge treatment” under GAAP. Under “core earnings,” we recognize the economic effect of these hedges, which generally results in any cash paid or received being recognized ratably as an expense or revenue over the hedged item’s life. “Core earnings” also exclude the gain or loss on equity forward contracts that under SFAS No. 133, are required to be accounted for as derivatives and are marked-to-market through earnings. SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the fair value of derivative instruments be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria, as specified by SFAS No. 133, are met. We believe that our derivatives are effective economic hedges, and as such, are a critical element of our interest rate risk management strategy. However, some of our derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts, certain Eurodollar futures contracts and certain basis swaps and equity forward contracts (discussed in detail below), do not qualify for “hedge treatment” as defined by SFAS No. 133, and the stand-alone derivative must be marked-to-market in the income statement with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. “Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” are primarily caused by interest rate volatility, changing credit spreads and changes in our stock price during the period as well as the volume and term of derivatives not receiving hedge treatment. Our Floor Income Contracts are written options which must meet more stringent requirements than other hedging relationships to achieve hedge effectiveness under SFAS No. 133. Specifically, our Floor Income Contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment because the paydown of principal of the student loans underlying the Floor Income embedded in those student loans does not exactly match the change in the notional amount of our written Floor Income Contracts. Under SFAS No. 133, the upfront payment is deemed a liability and changes in fair value are recorded through 51 income throughout the life of the contract. The change in the value of Floor Income Contracts is primarily caused by changing interest rates that cause the amount of Floor Income earned on the underlying student loans and paid to the counterparties to vary. This is economically offset by the change in value of the student loan portfolio, including our Retained Interests, earning Floor Income but that offsetting change in value is not recognized under SFAS No. 133. We believe the Floor Income Contracts are economic hedges because they effectively fix the amount of Floor Income earned over the contract period, thus eliminating the timing and uncertainty that changes in interest rates can have on Floor Income for that period. Prior to SFAS No. 133, we accounted for Floor Income Contracts as hedges and amortized the upfront cash compensation ratably over the lives of the contracts. Basis swaps are used to convert floating rate debt from one interest rate index to another to better match the interest rate characteristics of the assets financed by that debt. We primarily use basis swaps to change the index of our fixed rate and LIBOR-based debt to better match the cash flows of our student loan assets that are primarily indexed to a commercial paper, Prime or Treasury bill index. SFAS No. 133 requires that when using basis swaps, the change in the cash flows of the hedge effectively offset both the change in the cash flows of the asset and the change in the cash flows of the liability. Our basis swaps hedge variable interest rate risk, however they do not meet this effectiveness test because our FFELP student loans can earn at either a variable or a fixed interest rate depending on market interest rates. We also have basis swaps that do not meet the SFAS No. 133 effectiveness test that economically hedge off-balance sheet instruments. As a result, under GAAP these swaps are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in the income statement. Generally, a decrease in current interest rates and the respective forward interest rate curves results in an unrealized loss related to our written Floor Income Contracts which is offset by an increase in the value of the economically hedged student loans. This increase is not recognized in income. We will experience unrealized gains/losses related to our basis swaps if the two underlying indices (and related forward curve) do not move in parallel. Under SFAS No. 150, equity forward contracts that allow a net settlement option either in cash or the Company’s stock are required to be accounted for as derivatives in accordance with SFAS No. 133. As a result, we account for our equity forward contracts as derivatives in accordance with SFAS No. 133 and mark them to market through earnings. They do not qualify as effective SFAS No. 133 hedges, as a requirement to achieve hedge accounting is the hedged item must impact net income and the settlement of these contracts through the purchase of our own stock does not impact net income. The table below quantifies the adjustments for derivative accounting under SFAS No. 133 on our net income for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, when compared with the accounting principles employed in all years prior to the SFAS No. 133 implementation. Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 “Core earnings” derivative adjustments: Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net, included in other income(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 247 $ 849 $ (238 ) Less: Realized losses on derivative and hedging activities, net(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 713 739 Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other pre-SFAS No. 133 accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . Total net impact of SFAS No. 133 derivative accounting . . . 634 3 $ 637 1,562 (9 ) $ 1,553 501 1 $ 502 (1) See “Reclassification of Realized Gains (Losses) on Derivative and Hedging Activities” below for a detailed breakdown of the components of realized losses on derivative and hedging activities. 52 Reclassification of Realized Gains (Losses) on Derivative and Hedging Activities SFAS No. 133 requires net settlement income/expense on derivatives and realized gains/losses related to derivative dispositions (collectively referred to as “realized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities”) that do not qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133 to be recorded in a separate income statement line item below net interest income. The table below summarizes the realized losses on derivative and hedging activities, and the associated reclassification on a “core earnings” basis for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Reclassification of realized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities: Net settlement expense on Floor Income Contracts reclassified to net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net settlement expense on interest rate swaps reclassified to net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net realized losses on closed Eurodollar futures contracts and terminated derivative contracts reclassified to other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total reclassifications of realized losses on derivative and hedging activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net. . . . Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 $ (259) $ (562 ) $ (603 ) (123) (88 ) (22 ) (5) (63 ) (114 ) (387) (713 ) (739 ) 634 $ 247 1,562 $ 849 501 $ (238 ) (1) “Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” is comprised of the following unrealized mark-to-market gains (losses): Floor Income Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forward contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 $ 607 $ 729 (68 ) 759 (8 ) 73 (30 ) 1 $ 481 121 40 (8) $ 634 $ 1,562 $ 501 3) Floor Income: The timing and amount (if any) of Floor Income earned in our Lending operating segment is uncertain and in excess of expected spreads. Therefore, we exclude such income from “core earnings” when it is not economically hedged. We employ derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts and futures, to economically hedge Floor Income. As discussed above in “Derivative Accounting,” these derivatives do not qualify as effective accounting hedges, and therefore, under GAAP, they are marked-to-market through the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line on the income statement with no offsetting gain or loss recorded for the economically hedged items. For “core earnings,” we reverse the fair value adjustments on the Floor Income Contracts and futures economically hedging Floor Income and include the amortization of net premiums received (net of Eurodollar futures contracts’ realized gains or losses) in income. 53 The following table summarizes the Floor Income adjustments in our Lending operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Years ended December 31, 2003 2005 2004 “Core earnings” Floor Income adjustments: Floor Income earned on Managed loans, net of payments on Floor Income Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net premiums on Floor Income Contracts and futures in net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net losses related to closed Eurodollar futures contracts economically hedging Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses on sales of derivatives hedging Floor Income. . . . . . . Total “core earnings” Floor Income adjustments. . . . . . . . . . $ 19 $ 88 $ 292 (223) (194 ) (161 ) — — (14 ) (94 ) $ (204) $ (156 ) $ 23 (50 ) — 4) Other items: We exclude amortization of acquired intangibles. LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT In our Lending operating segment, we originate and acquire federally guaranteed student loans, which are administered by ED, and Private Education Loans, which are not federally guaranteed. The majority of our Private Education Loans is made in conjunction with a FFELP Stafford loan and as a result is marketed through the same marketing channels as FFELP Stafford loans. While FFELP student loans and Private Education Loans have different overall risk profiles due to the federal guarantee of the FFELP student loans, they share many of the same characteristics such as similar repayment terms, the same marketing channel and sales force, and are originated and serviced on the same servicing platform. Finally, where possible, the borrower receives a single bill for both the federally guaranteed and privately underwritten loans. The earnings growth in our Lending operating segment is a product of the growth in our Managed portfolio of student loans and the earning spread on those loans. In 2005, the Managed portfolio grew by 14 percent to $122.5 billion at December 31, 2005. As a result of receiving EP designation from ED, approximately 95 percent of our Managed FFELP student loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the federal government (declining to 99 percent guaranteed after July 1, 2006) and as such, represent high quality assets with minimal credit risk. At December 31, 2005, our Managed FFELP student loan portfolio was $106.1 billion or 87 percent of our total Managed student loans. Trends in the Lending Business Segment The growth in our Lending operating segment has been largely driven by the steady growth in the demand for post-secondary education in the United States over the last decade. This growth is evident in the $30.2 billion of student loans we originated or acquired in 2005 through our “normal” acquisition channels, a 27 percent increase over the $23.7 billion of student loans acquired in 2004. Our “normal” acquisition channels exclude loans acquired in conjunction with business combinations. In 2005, we originated $21.4 billion of student loans through our Preferred Channel, an increase of 19 percent over the $18.0 billion of student loans originated through our Preferred Channel in 2004. We expect the growth in the demand for post-secondary education to continue in the future due to a number of factors. First, the college age population will continue to grow as ED predicts that the college- age population will increase approximately 12 percent from 2005 to 2014. Second, we project an increase in non-traditional students (those not attending college directly from high school) and adult education. Third, tuition costs have risen 54 percent for four-year public institutions and 37 percent for four-year private 54 institutions on a constant, inflation-adjusted basis since the academic year (“AY”) 1995-1996 and are projected to continue to rise at a pace greater than inflation. Management believes that these factors will drive growth in education financing well into the next decade. On March 22, 2005, the Company announced that it extended both its JPMorgan Chase and Bank One student loan and loan purchase commitments to August 31, 2010. This comprehensive agreement provided for the dissolution of the joint venture between Chase and Sallie Mae that had been making student loans under the Chase brand since 1996 and resolved a lawsuit filed by Chase on February 17, 2005. JPMorgan Chase will continue to sell substantially all student loans to the Company (whether made under the Chase or Bank One brand) that are originated or serviced on the Company’s platforms. In addition, the agreement provides that substantially all Chase-branded education loans made for the July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006 academic year (and future loans made to these borrowers) will be sold to the Company, including certain loans that are not originated or serviced on Sallie Mae platforms. This agreement permits JPMorgan Chase to compete with the Company in the student loan marketplace and releases the Company from its commitment to market the Bank One and Chase brands on campus. The Company will continue to support its school customers through its comprehensive set of products and services, including its loan origination and servicing platforms, its family of lending brands and strategic lending partners. Over the past three years, we have experienced a surge in Consolidation Loan activity as a result of historically low interest rates and aggressive marketing in the industry which has substantially changed the composition of our student loan portfolio. Consolidation Loans earn a lower yield than FFELP Stafford loans due primarily to the 105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee. This negative impact is somewhat mitigated by higher SAP spreads, the longer average life of Consolidation Loans and the greater potential to earn Floor Income. Since interest rates on Consolidation Loans are fixed to term for the borrower, older Consolidation Loans with higher borrower rates can earn Floor Income over an extended period of time. In both 2004 and 2005, substantially all Floor Income was earned on Consolidation Loans. The HEA requires lenders to rebate Floor Income on all FFELP loans originated after April 1, 2006, so this benefit will gradually decrease over time. During 2005, $17.1 billion of FFELP Stafford loans in our Managed loan portfolio consolidated either with us ($14.0 billion) or with other lenders ($3.1 billion). The net result of consolidation activity in 2005 was a net portfolio loss of $26 million. Consolidation Loans now represent over 73 percent of our on-balance sheet federally guaranteed student loan portfolio and over 62 percent of our Managed federally guaranteed portfolio. During 2005, the surge in consolidations was abetted by new industry practices. First, borrowers, who elected to have their Consolidation Loans prematurely enter repayment, were permitted for the first time to consolidate their loans while still in school, due to an interpretation of the HEA that allows borrowers to voluntarily transfer into repayment status before graduation. Previously, borrowers typically only consolidated FFELP Stafford loans upon graduation. Second, a significant volume of our Consolidation Loans was consolidated with third party lenders using the Direct Lending program as a pass-through entity to circumvent the statutory prohibition on the FFELP reconsolidation of Consolidation Loans. The HEA eliminates this practice by July 1, 2006, but we are working with others in the industry to end it before June 30, 2006, because we believe that this practice is improper and not permitted by current regulations. This practice contributed to a net run-off of $540 million in our portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2005, which will continue at a high rate until this practice ceases. To meet the increasing cost of higher education, students and parents have turned to alternative sources of education financing outside of the FFELP. A large and growing source of this supplemental education financing is provided by Private Education Loans, for which we are the largest provider. These loans are primarily originated through campus-based programs but this channel has recently been 55 supplemented by our direct-to-consumer Private Education Loans channel. The Private Education Loan portfolio grew by 43 percent in 2005 to $16.4 billion and now represents 13 percent of our Managed student loan portfolio, up from 11 percent in 2004. Private Education Loans consist of two general types: those that meet the needs of borrowers at higher education schools and other Title IV eligible schools, and those that are used to meet the needs of students in alternative learning programs such as career training, distance learning and lifelong learning programs. Unlike FFELP loans, Private Education Loans are subject to the full credit risk of the borrower. We manage this additional risk through clearly defined loan underwriting standards and a combination of higher interest rates and loan origination fees that compensate us for the higher risk. As a result, we earn higher spreads on Private Education Loans than on FFELP loans. Private Education Loans will continue to be an important driver of future earnings growth as the demand for post-secondary education grows and costs increase much faster than increases in federal loan limits. We also originate lesser quantities of mortgage and consumer loans with the intent of immediately selling the majority of the mortgage loans. Mortgage and consumer loan originations and the mortgage loan portfolio we hold were nine percent and one percent, respectively, of total loan originations and total loans outstanding as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005. Student Loan Spread An important performance measure closely monitored by management is the student loan spread. The student loan spread is the difference between the income earned on the student loan assets and the interest paid on the debt funding those assets. A number of factors can affect the overall student loan spread such as: • the mix of student loans in the portfolio, with Consolidation Loans having the lowest spread and Private Education Loans having the highest spread; • the premiums paid, borrower fees charged and capitalized costs incurred to acquire student loans which impact the spread through subsequent amortization; • the type and level of Borrower Benefits programs; • the level of Floor Income; and when considering the “core earnings” managed spread, the amount of Floor Income-eligible loans that have been hedged through Floor Income Contracts; and • funding and hedging costs. The student loan spread is highly susceptible to liquidity, funding and interest rate risk. These risks are discussed separately at “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES” and in the “RISK FACTORS” discussion at the front of the document. 56 The following table includes the “core earnings” results of operations for our Lending business segment. Managed Basis interest income: Managed FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Managed interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes and minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . Managed Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 % Increase (Decrease) 2005 vs. 2004 2004 vs. 2003 $ 2,298 3,014 1,160 85 401 6,958 4,823 2,135 138 1,997 110 — 479 $ 1,715 1,473 613 74 267 4,142 2,320 1,822 114 1,708 131 221 409 $ 1,494 1,172 427 77 163 3,333 1,681 1,652 130 1,522 121 — 414 34 % 105 89 15 50 68 108 17 21 17 (16 ) (100 ) 17 1,628 602 1,209 430 1,229 407 35 40 1,026 2 $ 1,024 779 — $ 779 822 — $ 822 32 100 31 % 15% 26 44 (4) 64 24 38 10 (12) 12 8 100 (1) (2) 6 (5) — (5)% 57 Summary of our Managed Student Loan Portfolio The following tables summarize the components of our Managed student loan portfolio and show the changing composition of our portfolio. Ending Balances: On-balance sheet: In-school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grace and repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet, gross . . . . . . . . . . On-balance sheet unamortized premium/(discount) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-balance sheet allowance for losses . . Total on-balance sheet, net . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet: In-school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grace and repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total off-balance sheet, gross . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet unamortized premium/(discount) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet allowance for losses . . Total off-balance sheet, net . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of on-balance sheet FFELP . . . . . . . . . % of Managed FFELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 FFELP Stafford and Other(1) Consolidation Loans Total FFELP Private Education Loans Total $ 6,910 12,705 19,615 $ — 54,033 54,033 $ 6,910 66,738 73,648 $ 3,432 4,834 8,266 $ 10,342 71,572 81,914 379 (6) 835 (9) 1,214 (15) (305 ) (204 ) 19,988 54,859 74,847 7,757 2,962 17,410 20,372 — 10,272 10,272 2,962 27,682 30,644 2,540 6,406 8,946 909 (219) 82,604 5,502 34,088 39,590 306 (8) 305 (2) 611 (10) (188 ) (78 ) 20,670 $ 40,658 10,575 $ 65,434 31,245 $ 106,092 8,680 $ 16,437 423 (88) 39,925 $ 122,529 27% 38% 33% 73% 62% 54% 100% 100% 87% 13 % 100% (1) FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. 58 Ending Balances: December 31, 2004 FFELP Stafford and Other(1) Consolidation Loans Total FFELP Private Education Loans Total On-balance sheet In-school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,019 12,593 Grace and repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,612 On-balance sheet unamortized premium/(discount) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-balance sheet allowance for losses . . . . Total on-balance sheet, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 — 18,965 Off-balance sheet In-school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grace and repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total off-balance sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet unamortized 5,496 21,948 27,444 $ — 40,966 40,966 $ 6,019 53,559 59,578 $ 2,129 3,666 5,795 $ 8,148 57,225 65,373 638 (8) 991 (8) (203 ) (172 ) 41,596 60,561 5,420 788 (180) 65,981 — 7,393 7,393 5,496 29,341 34,837 1,834 4,474 6,308 7,330 33,815 41,145 381 premium/(discount) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Off-balance sheet allowance for losses . . . . Total off-balance sheet, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,825 Total Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 46,790 % of on-balance sheet FFELP . . . . . . . . . . . % of Managed FFELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31% 49% 43% 177 — 7,570 $ 49,166 558 — 35,395 $ 95,956 (103 ) (143 ) 455 (143) 41,457 $ 107,438 6,062 $ 11,482 69% 51% 46% 100% 100% 89% 11 % 100% (1) FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. 59 Average Balances: On-balance sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of on-balance sheet FFELP . . . % of Managed FFELP . . . . . . . . . . % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-balance sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of on-balance sheet FFELP . . . % of Managed FFELP . . . . . . . . . . % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-balance sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of on-balance sheet FFELP . . . % of Managed FFELP . . . . . . . . . . % of total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FFELP Stafford and Other(1) $ 20,720 24,182 $ 44,902 31% 44% 39% FFELP Stafford and Other(1) $ 19,317 27,365 $ 46,682 38% 54% 48% FFELP Stafford and Other(1) $ 17,687 28,868 $ 46,555 44% 61% 56% Year ended December 31, 2005 Consolidation Loans $ 47,082 9,800 $ 56,882 Total FFELP $ 67,802 33,982 $ 101,784 Private Education Loans $ 6,922 7,238 $ 14,160 Total $ 74,724 41,220 $ 115,944 69% 56% 49% 100% 100% 88% 12 % 100% Year ended December 31, 2004 Consolidation Loans $ 31,773 7,698 $ 39,471 Total FFELP $ 51,090 35,063 $ 86,153 Private Education Loans $ 4,795 5,495 $ 10,290 Total $ 55,885 40,558 $ 96,443 62% 46% 41% 100% 100% 89% 11 % 100% Year ended December 31, 2003 Consolidation Loans $ 22,421 7,053 $ 29,474 Total FFELP $ 40,108 35,921 $ 76,029 Private Education Loans $ 5,019 2,284 $ 7,303 Total $ 45,127 38,205 $ 83,332 56% 39% 35% 100% 100% 91% 9 % 100% (1) FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. 60 Student Loan Spread Analysis—Managed Basis The following table analyzes the earnings from our portfolio of Managed student loans on a “core earnings” basis (see “BUSINESS SEGMENTS—Alternative Performance Measures—Pre-tax differences between ‘Core Earnings’ and GAAP”). This presentation includes both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet student loans and derivatives that are economically hedging the student loans on the debt funding such loans. The table below also excludes Floor Income earned on the student loan portfolio but does include the amortization of upfront payments on Floor Income Contracts that we believe our economically hedging the Floor Income. Years ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 Managed Basis student loan yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loan Rebate Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset Fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrower Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premium and discount amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Basis student loan net yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Basis student loan cost of funds . . . . . . . . . Managed Basis student loan spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Balances On-balance sheet student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-balance sheet student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.32% (.50) — (.07) (.17) 5.58 (3.80) 1.78% 4.59 % (.42 ) (.02 ) (.08 ) (.13 ) 3.94 (2.06 ) 1.88 % 4.26 % (.36 ) (.04 ) (.05 ) (.10 ) 3.71 (1.71 ) 2.00 % $ 74,724 41,220 $ 115,944 $ 55,885 40,558 $ 96,443 $ 45,127 38,205 $ 83,332 Discussion of the Year-over-Year Effect of Changes in Accounting Estimates on the Managed Student Loan Spread As discussed in detail and summarized in a table at “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES,” we periodically update our estimates for changes in the student loan portfolio. Under SFAS No. 91, these changes in estimates must be reflected in the balance from inception of the student loan. We have also updated our estimates to reflect programmatic changes in our Borrower Benefits and Private Education Loan programs and have made modeling refinements to better reflect current and future conditions. The effects of the changes in estimates are summarized in the table below: Years Ended December 31, 2005 2004 Dollar Value Basis Points Dollar Value Basis Points Changes in critical accounting estimates: Effect on premium/discount: FFELP Stafford and Consolidation Loans. . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total effect on premium/discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrower Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total changes in estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — — 34 $ 34 — — — 3 3 $ 36 (24 ) 12 22 $ 34 4 (3) 1 2 3 In 2005, we updated our estimates for the qualification for Borrower Benefits to account for programmatic changes as well as the effect of continued high levels of consolidations. These updates resulted in a reduction of $34 million or 3 basis points in the Borrower Benefits reserve for 2005 versus 2004. 61 In 2004, we increased our estimates of the average life of our FFELP Stafford and Consolidation Loan programs to recognize the shifting of the portfolio to Consolidation Loans that have longer lives. The net effect of these changes was a $36 million adjustment to increase the unamortized student loan premium. The difference between the effect for on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet was primarily due to a refinement in our estimates for off-balance sheet loans that did not have the same effect on-balance sheet and to the different mix of FFELP Stafford and Consolidation Loans on-balance sheet versus the mix on a Managed Basis. In 2004, based on our ongoing analysis of our Managed Private Education Loan portfolio, we determined that the portfolio was repaying at a slower rate than previously estimated. In response, we increased the period for which we amortize student loan discounts resulting in an increase to the unamortized student loan discount balance of $24 million during 2004. Additionally, the continued high rate of Consolidation Loan activity results in fewer Stafford borrowers qualifying for Borrower Benefits. In response to this trend, we lowered our estimate of the number of Stafford borrowers who will eventually qualify for Borrower Benefits and revised the term over which benefits are expected to be realized. As a result, we recorded a $22 million reduction in the liability for Borrower Benefits during 2004. The net effect of these updates to our estimates in 2004 was a $34 million or 3 basis point increase in the Managed student loan spread. Discussion of Managed Basis Student Loan Spread—Effects of Significant Events in 2005 and 2004 There was a record level of Consolidation Loan activity in the second quarter of 2005 caused primarily by FFELP Stafford borrowers locking in lower interest rates by consolidating their loans prior to the July 1 interest rate reset for FFELP Stafford loans. In addition, borrowers were permitted for the first time to consolidate their loans while still in school. This unprecedented volume of Consolidation Loan requests resulted in a majority of the applications being processed in the third quarter. The increase to premium amortization in 2005 can mainly be attributed to this surge in Consolidation Loan activity as we write-off the balance of unamortized premiums associated with loans that consolidate away from the Company as a current period expense in accordance with SFAS No. 91 (as discussed under “RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—NET INTEREST INCOME—Student Loans”). Also, in the second half of 2005, a significant volume of our Consolidation Loans was reconsolidated with third party lenders through the FDLP (see “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Consolidation Loan Activity” for further discussion of this practice), resulting in an increase in student loan premium write-offs. Reconsolidation of student loans does benefit the student loan spread to a lesser extent through the write-off of Borrower Benefits reserves associated with these loans. Discussion of Managed Basis Student Loan Spread—Other Year-over-Year Fluctuations The decrease in the 2005 student loan spread versus 2004, exclusive of the changes in estimates disclosed above, is primarily due to the higher average balance of Consolidation Loans as a percentage of the Managed portfolio. Consolidation Loans have lower spreads than other FFELP loans due to the 105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee, higher qualification rates for Borrower Benefits, and higher funding costs due to their longer terms. These negative effects are partially offset by lower student loan premium amortization due to the extended term and a higher SAP yield. The average balance of Consolidation Loans grew as a percentage of the average Managed FFELP student loan portfolio from 46 percent in 2004 to 56 percent in 2005. In 2005, our Managed student loan spread was impacted by higher spreads on our debt funding student loans, which was partially offset by the absence of Offset Fees. The increase in funding costs is due to the replacement of lower cost, primarily short-term GSE funding with longer term, higher cost funding in connection with the GSE Wind-Down. 62 The 2005 student loan spread benefited from the increase in the average balance of Managed Private Education Loans as a percentage of the average Managed student loan portfolio from 11 percent in 2004 to 12 percent in 2005. Private Education Loans are subject to credit risk and therefore earn higher spreads which averaged 4.62 percent for the year ended December 31, 2005 versus a spread of 1.39 percent for the Managed guaranteed student loan portfolio, excluding the impact from the update to our estimates for the qualification for Borrower Benefits. Floor Income For on-balance sheet student loans, gross Floor Income is included in student loan income whereas payments on Floor Income Contracts are included in the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line in other income. The following table summarizes the components of Floor Income from on-balance sheet student loans, net of payments under Floor Income Contracts, for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Fixed borrower rate 2005 Variable borrower rate Total Years ended December 31, 2004 Variable borrower rate Fixed borrower rate Total Fixed borrower rate 2003 Variable borrower rate Total Floor Income: Gross Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . Payments on Floor Income $ 187 $ — $ 187 $ 406 $ 2 $ 408 $ 523 $ 31 $ 554 Contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Floor Income in basis points (175 ) $ 12 2 — $ — — (175) $ 12 2 (368) $ 38 7 — $ 2 — (368) $ 40 7 (408 ) $ 115 25 — $ 31 7 (408) $ 146 32 The decrease in net Floor Income for the year ended December 31, 2005 versus the prior year is due to higher average interest rates and to a higher percentage of Floor Income-eligible student loans economically hedged through Floor Income Contracts. These factors more than offset the increase in Consolidation Loans eligible to earn fixed rate Floor Income. As discussed in more detail under “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES—Securitization Activities,” when we securitize a portfolio of student loans, we estimate the future Fixed Rate Embedded Floor Income earned on off-balance sheet student loans using a discounted cash flow option pricing model and recognize the fair value of such cash flows in the initial gain on sale and subsequent valuations of the Residual Interest. Variable Rate Embedded Floor Income is recognized as earned in servicing and securitization revenue. 63 Student Loan Floor Income Contracts The following table analyzes the ability of the FFELP student loans in our Managed student loan portfolio to earn Floor Income after December 31, 2005 and 2004. (Dollars in billions) Student loans eligible to earn Floor Income: December 31, 2005 Variable borrower rate Fixed borrower Rate Total December 31, 2004 Variable borrower rate Fixed borrower Rate Total On-balance sheet student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 53.4 $ 16.0 $ 69.4 $ 40.5 7.4 Off-balance sheet student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 18.4 28.7 $ 14.0 $ 54.5 32.0 24.6 Managed student loans eligible to earn Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: notional amount of floor swap/debt contracts Less: notional amount of Floor Income Contracts . 63.7 — (25.1) 34.4 — — 98.1 — (25.1) 47.9 (1.2 ) (26.6 ) 38.6 — — 86.5 (1.2) (26.6) Total economically hedged Floor Income Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25.1) — (25.1) (27.8 ) — (27.8) Net Managed student loans eligible to earn Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38.6 $ 34.4 $ 73.0 $ 20.1 Net Managed student loans earning Floor Income. $ 0.8 $ — $ 0.8 $ 2.4 $ 38.6 $ 58.7 $ — $ 2.4 The reconsolidation of Consolidation Loans has had an impact on the Floor Income Contracts economically hedging the fixed borrower interest rate earned on Consolidation Loans. All Consolidation Loans are eligible to earn Floor Income, and over time we have sold Floor Income Contracts to hedge the potential Floor Income from specifically identified Consolidation Loans. The sale of the Floor Income Contracts did not anticipate the reconsolidation of Consolidation Loans and as a consequence we are losing higher rate Consolidation Loans that underlie the contracts. As a result, as of December 31, 2005, the notional amount of Floor Income Contracts roughly equals the outstanding balance of the Consolidation Loans that the Floor Income Contracts were sold against. Recently passed legislation discontinues reconsolidation June 30, 2006, although there is a chance it may be ended sooner. Since we are at parity between the loans and contracts at December 31, 2005, loans reconsolidating in 2006 would potentially put us in an oversold position during 2006 related to our Floor Income Contracts. However, we do not believe that the volume of reconsolidation will create a material oversold position vis-à-vis the $25 billion of Consolidation Loans now hedged by Floor Income Contracts at December 31, 2005. The following table presents a projection of the average Managed balance of Consolidation Loans whose Fixed Rate Floor Income has already been economically hedged through Floor Income Contracts for the period January 1, 2006 to March 31, 2010. These loans are both on and off-balance sheet and the related hedges do not qualify under SFAS No. 133 accounting as effective hedges. (Dollars in billions) Average balance of Consolidation Loans whose Floor Income is economically hedged (Managed Basis). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 $ 25 $ 16 $ 15 $ 10 $ 2 64 Private Education Loans Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses Change in Accounting Estimate to the Allowance for Loan Losses and the Recognition of Accrued Interest Income for Private Education Loans We maintain an allowance for loan losses at an amount sufficient to absorb losses inherent in our Private Education Loan portfolio at the reporting date based on a projection of probable net credit losses. The maturing of our Private Education Loan portfolios has provided us with more historical data on borrower default behavior such that we now analyze those portfolios to determine the effects that the various stages of delinquency have on borrower default behavior and ultimate charge-off. As a result, in the second quarter of 2005, we changed our estimate of the allowance for loan losses for our Managed loan portfolio using a migration analysis of delinquent and current accounts. A migration analysis is a technique used to estimate the likelihood that a loan receivable may progress through the various delinquency stages and ultimately charge-off. This is a widely used reserving methodology in the consumer finance industry. Previously, we calculated the allowance for Private Education Loan losses by estimating the probable losses in the portfolio based primarily on loan characteristics and where pools of loans were in their life with less emphasis on current delinquency status of the loan. Also, in our prior methodology for calculating the allowance, some loss rates were based on proxies and extrapolations of FFELP loan loss data. We also used a migration analysis to revise our estimates pertaining to our non-accrual policy for interest income. Under the new methodology, we estimate the amount of uncollectible accrued interest on Private Education Loans and write it off against current period interest income. Under our prior methodology, Private Education Loans continued to accrue interest, including in periods of forbearance, until they were charged off, at which time the loans were placed on non-accrual status and all previously accrued interest was reversed against income in the month of charge-off. The allowance for loan losses provided for a portion of the probable losses in accrued interest receivable prior to charge-off. This change in reserving methodology has been accounted for as a change in estimate in accordance with APB Opinion No. 20, “Accounting Changes.” The effect of this change in estimate was to increase the value of the allowance by $40 million and to reduce student loan interest income for the estimate of uncollectible accrued interest receivable by $14 million. On the income statement, adjustments to the allowance are recorded through the provisions for loan losses whereas adjustments to accrued interest are recorded in interest income. On a Managed Basis, we decreased the allowance for loan losses by $20 million and reduced student loan interest income by $16 million for uncollectible accrued interest. We continue to gain experience in analyzing our Private Education Loan portfolios and as a result, we have developed additional data to better estimate the amount of recoveries on defaulted loans. During the third quarter of 2005, we changed our methodology for estimating the amount of charged-off student loans that will ultimately be recovered, which resulted in a $49 million decrease in the value of the allowance through the provisions for loan losses. On a Managed Basis, we decreased the allowance for loan losses by $65 million to recognize the effect of this change. The following table provides a summary of the income statement impact of the change in accounting estimate and change in recovery methodology on the allowance for loan losses. Impact on provisions: Impact of change in allowance estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of change in recovery estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impact from changes in estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On- Balance Sheet Off- Balance Sheet Managed Basis $ 40 (49) $ (9) $ (60 ) (16 ) $ (76 ) $ (20 ) (65 ) $ (85 ) 65 The difference in the impact of the change in estimate on the allowance for loan losses between our on-balance sheet and our Managed results is due to the difference in the mix of Private Education Loans on-and off-balance sheet. Certain loan types with higher expected default rates, such as career training and those loan programs targeted to borrowers with lower FICO scores, have not yet been securitized and as such the on-balance sheet portfolio contains loans with higher delinquency rates. Because the required allowance under the new methodology is more directly tied to the current status of the portfolio, the on- balance sheet portfolio reserve requirements increased while at the same time the off-balance sheet portfolio reserve requirements decreased with the net effect being a decrease in the Managed Basis allowance. The difference in the composition of our on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet portfolios also caused the disparity in the impact of the change in recovery methodology for loans on-balance sheet versus off-balance sheet. The on-balance sheet portfolio has higher expected gross charge-offs and was therefore more heavily affected by the change in estimate on the related expected recoveries. During the year there is seasonality in the provisions for loan losses that is primarily driven by the seasonality of loans entering repayment. The majority of loans typically enter repayment in the second and fourth quarters. This increase in loans entering repayment often leads to a near-term increase in early- stage delinquencies or forbearance usage in the first and third quarters for the affected borrowers, which in turn leads to a spike in the provisions for those quarters. Therefore, all other factors being equal, the provisions for loan losses will be higher in the first and third quarters. Activity in the Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses As discussed in detail under “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES,” the provisions for student loan losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the portfolio of Private Education Loans. 66 The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for Private Education Loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — On-Balance Sheet Years ended Dec. 31, 2004 $ 166 Activity in Allowance for Private Education Loans Off-Balance Sheet Years ended Dec. 31, 2004 93 Dec. 31, 2005 $ 143 Dec. 31, 2003 13 Dec. 31, 2005 315 $ $ $ Dec. 31, 2003 $ 181 Dec. 31, 2005 $ 172 Managed Basis Years ended Dec. 31, 2004 259 $ Dec. 31, 2003 $ 194 186 40 (49 ) 177 130 — — 130 107 — — 107 21 (154 ) 19 (135 ) (110) 14 (96) (83) 11 (72) 214 200 237 (10 ) (28) (71) $ 204 $ 172 $ 166 $ 3 (60) (16) (73) — (2) — (2) 28 — — 28 — (6) — (6) 68 10 78 115 28 $ 143 $ 10 — — 10 189 (20 ) (65 ) 104 (1) — 158 — — 158 — — — — 22 71 93 (156 ) 19 (137 ) (116 ) 14 (102 ) 282 — 282 $ 315 — 315 $ 117 — — 117 20 (83) 11 (72) 259 — $ 259 4.14 % 3.57% 2.59% .07% .22% —% 1.89 % 1.92 % 1.85% 2.56 % 3.07% 3.57% .89% 2.31% 2.37% 1.69 % 2.67 % 3.02% Allowance at beginning of period. Provision for Private Education Loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in loss estimate . . . . . . Change in recovery estimate. . . Total provision . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance before securitization of Private Education Loans . . . . Securitization of Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance at end of period . . . . . Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance . . . . Allowance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment . . . 5.57 % 6.05% 6.50% 1.68% 4.27% 4.99% 3.40 % 5.08 % 5.86% Average coverage of net charge-offs (annualized). . . . . Average total loans . . . . . . . . . . . Ending total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . Average loans in repayment. . . . . Ending loans in repayment . . . . . 1.52 $ 6,922 $ 7,961 $ 3,252 $ 3,662 1.79 $ 4,795 $ 5,592 $ 2,697 $ 2,842 2.30 $ 5,018 $ 4,636 $ 2,772 $ 2,551 29.75 $ 7,238 $ 8,758 $ 4,002 $ 4,653 24.81 $ 5,495 $ 6,205 $ 2,611 $ 3,352 — $ 2,284 $ 3,928 $ 1,116 $ 1,870 2.06 $ 14,160 $ 16,719 $ 7,254 $ 8,315 3.09 $ 10,290 $ 11,797 $ 5,307 $ 6,194 3.60 $ 7,303 $ 8,564 $ 3,888 $ 4,421 On-Balance Sheet versus Managed Presentation All Private Education Loans are initially acquired on-balance sheet. When we securitize Private Education Loans, we no longer legally own the loans and they are accounted for off-balance sheet. For our Managed presentation in the table above, we reduce the on-balance sheet allowance for amounts previously provided and then provide for these loans in the off-balance sheet section with the total of both on and off-balance sheet residing in the Managed presentation. When Private Education Loans in the majority of our securitized trusts become 180 days delinquent, we typically exercise our contingent call option to repurchase these loans at par value out of the trust and record a loss for the difference in the par value paid and the fair market value of the loan at the time of purchase. If these loans reach the 212-day delinquency, a charge-off for the remaining balance of the loan is triggered. On a Managed Basis, the losses recorded under GAAP for loans repurchased at day 180 are reversed and the full amount is charged-off at day 212. The off-balance sheet allowance is increasing as more loans are securitized but is lower than the on- balance sheet percentage when measured as a percentage of ending loans in repayment because of the different mix of loans on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet, as described above. Additionally, a larger percentage of the off-balance sheet loan borrowers are still in-school status and not required to make payments on their loans. Once repayment begins, the allowance requirements increase to reflect the increased risk of loss as loans enter repayment. 67 Managed Basis Private Education Loan Loss Allowance Discussion The decrease in the allowance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment is due to the change in methodology for estimating the allowance for loan loss primarily by reducing the loss confirmation period, and to the increase in the period of time for estimating future recoveries discussed in detail above. The year-over-year allowance on a Managed Basis increased by $52 million from 2004 to 2005, exclusive of the adjustments related to these changes in estimate and methodology. This increase was primarily driven by the 37 percent year-over-year increase in average loans in repayment. As a result of the change in the loan loss and recovery estimates discussed above, the allowance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment decreased from 5.08 percent to 3.40 percent, and consequently the year-over-year growth rate in the provision is less than the growth rate in the portfolio. The increase in the provision for Managed Private Education Loans of $41 million from 2003 to 2004 is primarily due to the $2.3 billion increase in Managed Private Education Loans that have transitioned to out-of-school status over the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2004, Private Education Loan charge-offs increased by $33 million over the prior year, which is due primarily to the continued growth and maturity of loans in repayment. As discussed further below, while the delinquency and forbearance amounts fluctuate from quarter to quarter, they will increase with the growth in the repayment portfolio. We utilize our debt management operations to minimize charge-offs in our own portfolio and to increase recoveries on charged-off loans. The allowance as a percentage of loans in repayment decreased year-over- year from 5.86 percent to 5.08 percent. This reduction is primarily attributable to updates in our default assumptions in the third quarter of 2004. Delinquencies The table below presents our Private Education Loan delinquency trends as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Delinquencies have the potential to adversely impact earnings through increased servicing and collection costs in the event the delinquent accounts charge off. Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1). . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: Loans current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 61-90 days. . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent greater than 90 days . . . Total Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Private Education Loans, gross. . . . . . . Private Education Loan unamortized discount Total Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan allowance for losses Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3% Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . . . . . . 9.6% On-Balance Sheet Private Education Loan Delinquencies December 31, 2005 Balance % $ 4,301 303 December 31, 2004 % Balance $ 2,787 166 December 31, 2003 % Balance $ 1,970 236 90.4% 4.5 2.1 3.0 100% 3,311 166 77 108 3,662 8,266 (305) 7,961 (204) $ 7,757 88.9% 4.5 2.4 4.2 100% 2,555 124 56 107 2,842 5,795 (203) 5,592 (172) $ 5,420 49.0% 10.1% 89.9 % 4.4 2.0 3.7 100 % 2,268 115 62 106 2,551 4,757 (121 ) 4,636 (166 ) $ 4,470 53.6 % 11.1 % (1) Loans for borrowers who still may be attending school or engaging in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans, e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation. (2) Loans for borrowers who have requested extension of grace period during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with the established loan program servicing policies and procedures. (3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. 68 Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1). . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: Loans current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 61-90 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent greater than 90 days . . . . Total Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Private Education Loans, gross. . . . . . . . Private Education Loan unamortized discount Total Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan allowance for losses . Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.0% Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . . . . . . . 4.4% Off-Balance Sheet Private Education Loan Delinquencies December 31, 2005 % Balance $ 3,679 614 December 31, 2004 % Balance $ 2,622 334 December 31, 2003 % Balance $ 1,858 255 95.6% 2.9 .7 .8 100% 4,446 136 35 36 4,653 8,946 (188) 8,758 (78) $ 8,680 96.0% 2.1 .8 1.1 100% 3,191 84 28 49 3,352 6,308 (103) 6,205 (143) $ 6,062 53.1% 4.8% 95.2 % 2.5 .8 1.5 100 % 1,796 39 15 20 1,870 3,983 (55 ) 3,928 (93 ) $ 3,835 46.9 % 4.0 % Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: Loans current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent greater than 90 days. . . . . . . . Total Private Education Loans in repayment . . Total Private Education Loans, gross. . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan unamortized discount . . . Total Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan allowance for losses . . . . Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Private Education Loans in Managed Basis Private Education Loan Delinquencies December 31, 2005 Balance % $ 7,980 917 December 31, 2004 Balance $ 5,409 500 % December 31, 2003 % Balance $ 3,828 491 7,757 302 112 144 8,315 17,212 (493) 16,719 (282) $ 16,437 93.3% 3.6 1.4 1.7 100% 5,746 208 84 156 6,194 12,103 (306) 11,797 (315) $ 11,482 92.8 % 3.3 1.4 2.5 100 % 4,064 154 77 126 4,421 8,740 (176 ) 8,564 (259 ) $ 8,305 91.9% 3.5 1.7 2.9 100% repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3% 51.2% 50.6 % Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7% 7.2% 8.1 % (1) Loans for borrowers who still may be attending school or engaging in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans, e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation. (2) Loans for borrowers who have requested extension of grace period during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with the established loan program servicing policies and procedures. (3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. 69 Forbearance—Managed Basis Private Education Loans Private Education Loans are made to parent and student borrowers by our lender partners in accordance with our underwriting policies. These loans generally supplement federally guaranteed student loans, which are subject to federal lending caps. Private Education Loans are not guaranteed or insured against any loss of principal or interest. Traditional student borrowers use the proceeds of these loans to obtain higher education, which increases the likelihood of obtaining employment at higher income levels than would be available without the additional education. As a result, the borrowers’ repayment capability improves between the time the loan is made and the time they enter the post-education work force. We generally allow the loan repayment period on traditional Private Education Loans, except those generated by our SLM Financial subsidiary, to begin six to nine months after the student leaves school. This provides the borrower time to obtain a job to service his or her debt. For borrowers that need more time or experience other hardships, we permit additional delays in payment or partial payments (both referred to as forbearances) when we believe additional time will improve the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. Forbearance is also granted to borrowers who may experience temporary hardship after entering repayment, when we believe that it will increase the likelihood of ultimate collection of the loan. Such forbearance is only granted within established guidelines and is closely monitored for compliance. Our policy does not grant any reduction in the repayment obligation (principal or interest) but does allow the borrower to stop or reduce monthly payments for an agreed period of time. When a loan that was delinquent prior to receiving forbearance, ends forbearance and re-enters repayment, that loan is considered current. Forbearance is used most heavily immediately after the loan enters repayment. As indicated in the tables below showing the composition and status of the Managed Private Education Loan portfolio by number of months aged from the first date of repayment, the percentage of loans in forbearance decreases the longer the loans have been in repayment. At December 31, 2005, loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance is 12.2 percent for loans that have been in repayment one to twenty- four months. The percentage drops to 4.7 percent for loans that have been in repayment more than 48 months. Approximately 73 percent of our Managed Private Education Loans in forbearance have been in repayment less than 24 months. These borrowers are essentially extending their grace period as they transition to the workforce. Forbearance continues to be a positive collection tool for the Private Education Loans as we believe it can provide the borrower with sufficient time to obtain employment and income to support his or her obligation. We consider the potential impact of forbearance in the determination of the loan loss reserves. 70 The tables below show the composition and status of the Private Education Loan portfolio by number of months aged from the first date of repayment: December 31, 2005 Loans in-school/grace/deferment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 31-60 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent greater than 90 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed Private Education Loans, net . . . . . Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2004 Loans in-school/grace/deferment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 31-60 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent greater than 90 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed Private Education Loans, net . . . . . Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2003 Loans in-school/grace/deferment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 31-60 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . Loans in repayment—delinquent greater than 90 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized discount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed Private Education Loans, net . . . . . Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) Includes all loans in-school/grace/deferment. Months since entering repayment After Dec. 31, 2005(1) $ 7,980 — — — — More than 48 months $ — 77 1,453 56 19 25 to 48 months $ — 173 1,796 78 30 1 to 24 months $ — 667 4,508 168 63 72 $ 5,478 44 $ 2,121 28 $ 1,633 — $ 7,980 Total $ 7,980 917 7,757 302 112 144 $ 17,212 (493) (282) $ 16,437 12.2% 8.2% 4.7% — % 9.9% Months since entering repayment After Dec. 31, 2004(1) $ 5,409 — — — — More than 48 months $ — 47 1,117 39 15 25 to 48 months $ — 103 1,401 59 26 1 to 24 months $ — 350 3,228 110 43 67 $ 3,798 56 $ 1,645 33 $ 1,251 — $ 5,409 Total $ 5,409 500 5,746 208 84 156 $ 12,103 (306) (315) $ 11,482 9.2% 6.3% 3.8% — % 7.5% Months since entering repayment After Dec. 31, 2003(1) $ 3,828 — — — — More than 48 months $ — 49 798 33 16 25 to 48 months $ — 100 1,074 46 27 1 to 24 months $ — 342 2,192 75 34 48 $ 2,691 42 $ 1,289 36 $ 932 — $ 3,828 Total $ 3,828 491 4,064 154 77 126 $ 8,740 (176) (259) $ 8,305 12.7% 7.8% 5.3% — % 10.0% 71 The year-over-year increase in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance is due primarily to the increase in collections staffing in response to the seasonality of the loans entering repayment. This increase in staffing has resulted in an increase in cash collections, lower delinquency percentages, as well as an increase in the use of forbearance for those student borrowers that are in need of short term forbearance in order to make timely payments as they have recently graduated. On a percentage basis, the figures are within management expectations. The table below stratifies the portfolio of Managed Private Education Loans in forbearance by the cumulative number of months the borrower has used forbearance as of the dates indicated. As detailed in the table below, seven percent of loans currently in forbearance have cumulative forbearance of more than 24 months, which is a decrease from the prior two years. December 31, 2005 % of Forbearance Total Balance December 31, 2004 % of Total Forbearance Balance December 31, 2003 % of Total Forbearance Balance Cumulative number of months borrower has used forbearance Up to 12 months . . . . . . . 13 to 24 months. . . . . . . . 25 to 36 months. . . . . . . . More than 36 months. . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 686 165 44 22 $ 917 75% 18 5 2 100% $ 334 117 30 19 $ 500 66% 24 6 4 100% $ 326 119 26 20 $ 491 67 % 24 5 4 100 % Allowance for FFELP Student Loan Losses On February 8, 2006, the Reauthorization of the HEA was signed into law. (See “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization” for a detailed discussion on the Reauthorization Legislation and its impact on the Company.) The Reauthorization Legislation reduces the level of default insurance to 97 percent from 98 percent (effectively increasing Risk Sharing from two percent to three percent) on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006 for lenders without EP designation. Furthermore, the Reauthorization Legislation reduces the default insurance paid to lenders/servicers with the EP designation to 99 percent from 100 percent on claims filed on or after July 1, 2006. As a result of the amended insurance levels, we established a Risk Sharing allowance as of December 31, 2005 for an estimate of losses on FFELP student loans based on the one percent reduction in default insurance for servicers with the EP designation. The reserve was established using a migration analysis similar to that described above for the Private Education Loans before applying the appropriate Risk Sharing percentage. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2005, we provided for additional reserves of $10 million for on-balance sheet FFELP loans and $19 million for Managed FFELP loans. Total Loan Net Charge-offs The following tables summarize the net charge-offs for all loan types on both an on-balance sheet basis and a Managed Basis for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. 72 Total on-balance sheet loan net charge-offs Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage and consumer loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet loan net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed loan net charge-offs Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage and consumer loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed loan net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 135 4 5 $ 144 2004 $ 96 7 6 $ 109 2003 $ 72 10 5 $ 87 Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 137 4 5 $ 146 2004 $ 102 19 6 $ 127 2003 $ 72 23 5 $ 100 The decrease in FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans charge-offs in 2005 is due to the Company earning the EP designation in the fourth quarter of 2004. However, recently passed legislation will reduce the default insurance on loans serviced under the EP designation to 99 percent from 100 percent for claims filed on or after July 1, 2006. Other Income, Net The following table summarizes the components of other income, net, for our Lending business segment for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Late fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains on sales of mortgages and other loan fees . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses on investments, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Total other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 89 18 (32) 35 $ 110 2004 $ 92 22 (23 ) 40 $ 131 2003 $ 65 42 (1 ) 15 $ 121 The net losses on investments in 2005 primarily relates to the $39 million leveraged lease impairment for an aircraft leased to Northwest Airlines, which declared bankruptcy in September 2005. In 2004 we recorded a $27 million impairment in recognition of the adverse conditions affecting the aircraft financing business, particularly the deteriorating financial condition of Delta Airlines. At December 31, 2005, we had investments in leveraged and direct financing leases, net of impairments, totaling $122 million that are the general obligations of American Airlines and Federal Express Corporation. Based on an analysis of the potential losses on certain leveraged leases plus the increase in current tax obligations related to the forgiveness of debt obligations and/or the taxable gain on the sale of the aircraft, our remaining after-tax accounting exposure from our investment in leveraged leases is $74 million at December 31, 2005, of which $56 million relates to American Airlines. Other income in 2004 benefited from a $29 million increase in late fees due to higher loan volume and an update in our estimate of uncollected late fees. Gains on sales of mortgages and other loan fees 73 decreased by $4 million from 2004 to 2005 and by $20 million from 2003 to 2004. These decreases were primarily due to higher interest rates causing a slowdown in mortgage refinancings over the last two years. Student Loan Acquisitions In 2005, 75 percent of our Managed student loan acquisitions (exclusive of loans acquired through business acquisitions and capitalized interest, premiums and discounts) were originated through our Preferred Channel. The following tables summarize the components of our student loan acquisition activity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Preferred Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other commitment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spot purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidations from third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions from off-balance sheet securitized trusts, primarily consolidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of Idaho Transferee Corporation(1) . . . . . . . Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet student loan acquisitions . . . . . . Consolidations to SLM Corporation from off-balance FFELP $ 14,847 500 1,880 4,671 December 31, 2005 Private $ 6,046 56 — 1 Total $ 20,893 556 1,880 4,672 9,487 43 1,364 32,792 — — (10 ) 6,093 9,487 43 1,354 38,885 sheet securitized trusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9,487) — (9,487 ) Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts—off- balance sheet securitized trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed student loan acquisitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 $ 23,838 275 $ 6,368 808 $ 30,206 Preferred Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other commitment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spot purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidations from third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions from off-balance sheet securitized trusts, primarily consolidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of Southwest(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of SLFA(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet student loan acquisitions . . . . . . Consolidations to SLM Corporation from off-balance December 31, 2004 FFELP $ 12,756 368 1,804 2,609 Private $ 3,982 45 4 — Total $ 16,738 413 1,808 2,609 5,554 4,776 1,435 1,398 30,700 — 4 — (2 ) 4,033 5,554 4,780 1,435 1,396 34,733 sheet securitized trusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5,554) — (5,554 ) Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts—off- balance sheet securitized trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed student loan acquisitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 $ 25,711 172 $ 4,205 737 $ 29,916 (1) See Note 11, “Acquisitions,” to the consolidated financial statements. 74 Preferred Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other commitment clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spot purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidations from third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions from off-balance sheet securitized trusts, primarily consolidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of AMS(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total on-balance sheet student loan acquisitions . . . . . . Consolidations to SLM Corporation from off-balance December 31, 2003 FFELP $ 10,884 344 864 2,250 Private $ 2,901 33 2 — Total $ 13,785 377 866 2,250 6,156 1,024 1,246 22,768 — 16 177 3,129 6,156 1,040 1,423 25,897 sheet securitized trusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6,156) — (6,156 ) Capitalized interest, premiums and discounts—off- balance sheet securitized trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Managed student loan acquisitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 $ 17,454 79 $ 3,208 921 $ 20,662 (1) See Note 11, “Acquisitions,” to the consolidated financial statements. As shown in the above tables, off-balance sheet FFELP loans that consolidate with us become an on- balance sheet interest earning asset. This activity results in impairments of our Residual Interests in FFELP securitizations because it shortens the time that the Residual Interest is an earning asset. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, consolidation activity resulted in $26 million of net run-off, $504 million of net new student loan acquisitions, and $84 million of net run-off, respectively. The following table illustrates the amount and rate of the student loan premiums paid. Years ended December 31, 2005 2004 Volume Rate Premium Volume Rate Premium Student loan premiums paid: Sallie Mae brands . . . . . . . . . . . . Lender partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Preferred Channel . . . . . . Other purchases(1) . . . . . . . . . . . Subtotal base purchases. . . . . . . Consolidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,074 11,819 1.82 20,893 1.18 2,479 3.83 23,372 1.46 4,672 2.24 .35% $ 32 215 247 95 342 105 $ 28,044 1.59% $ 447 .36 % $ 6,197 10,541 1.60 16,738 1.14 8,436 4.60 25,174 2.30 2,609 2.18 $ 27,783 2.29 % $ 22 169 191 388 579 57 $ 636 (1) Primarily includes spot purchases, other commitment clients, and subsidiary acquisitions. The increase in the lender partner premium rate from 2004 to 2005 is primarily due to the increase in zero-fee lending, where we pay an origination fee on behalf of the borrower, and school-as-lender volume. The borrower origination fee related to zero-fee lending will be gradually phased out by Reauthorization Legislation from 2007 to 2010. This legislation also ends new schools-as-lender after April 1, 2006 and adds additional requirements for schools already participating in this program. (See “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.”) 75 The following table includes on-balance sheet asset information for our Lending business segment. FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans, net . . . . . . Consolidation Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managed Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans Other(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 $ 19,988 54,859 7,757 1,138 7,748 2,406 3,576 $ 97,472 December 31, 2004 $ 18,965 41,596 5,420 1,048 8,914 2,315 4,792 $ 83,050 2003 $ 18,790 26,787 4,470 1,031 7,741 2,472 2,600 $ 63,891 (1) Investments include cash and cash equivalents, short and long term investments, restricted cash and investments, leveraged leases, and municipal bonds. (2) Other assets include accrued interest receivable, goodwill and acquired intangible assets and other non-interest earning assets. Preferred Channel Originations In 2005, we originated $21.4 billion in student loan volume through our Preferred Channel, a 19 percent increase over the $18.0 billion originated in 2004. In 2005, we grew the Sallie Mae brand Preferred Channel Originations by 57 percent and our own brands now constitute 43 percent of our Preferred Channel Originations, up from 32 percent in 2004. At the same time, the JPMorgan/Bank One volume decreased by 15 percent and was 28 percent of our Preferred Channel Originations, down from 38 percent in 2004. The pipeline of loans that we currently service and are committed to purchase was $6.8 billion and $7.2 billion at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The following tables further break down our Preferred Channel Originations by type of loan and source. Years Ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 Preferred Channel Originations—Type of Loan Stafford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total FFELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,547 2,570 15,117 6,236 $ 21,353 $ 11,383 2,303 13,686 4,307 $ 17,993 $ 10,077 1,882 11,959 3,270 $ 15,229 Preferred Channel Originations—Source Sallie Mae brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lender partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,109 12,244 $ 21,353 $ 5,790 12,203 $ 17,993 $ 4,233 10,996 $ 15,229 76 The following table summarizes the activity in our Managed portfolio of student loans for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayments, claims, other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge-offs to reserves and securitization trusts. . . Loan sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans consolidated from SLM Corporation . . . . . . Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2004 $ 88,789 27,783 2,133 (8,548 ) (135 ) (479 ) (2,105 ) $ 107,438 2005 $ 107,438 28,045 2,161 (10,089) (160) (168) (4,698) $ 122,529 2003 $ 78,124 18,657 2,005 (7,517 ) (108 ) (38 ) (2,334 ) $ 88,789 Consolidation Loan Activity The following tables present the effect of Consolidation Loan activity on our Managed FFELP portfolio. 2005 Years ended December 31, 2004 2003 FFELP Stafford and Other(1) Beginning Managed balance . . . . . $ 46,790 Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,198 Incremental consolidations from — third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal consolidations(2). . . . . . . . (14,011 ) (3,089 ) Consolidations to third parties . . . . Repayments/claims/resales/other . . (6,230 ) Ending Managed balance . . . . . . . $ 40,658 Consolidation Loans $ 49,166 1,970 Total FFELP $ 95,956 19,168 4,671 14,011 (1,580) (2,804) $ 65,434 4,671 — (4,669) (9,034) $ 106,092 FFELP Stafford and Other(1) $ 45,554 16,856 — (7,687) (1,780) (6,153) $ 46,790 Consolidation Loans $ 34,930 6,246 Total FFELP $ 80,484 23,102 2,609 7,687 (314) (1,992) $ 49,166 2,609 — (2,094) (8,145) $ 95,956 FFELP Stafford and Other(1) $ 47,053 13,683 — (7,915 ) (2,024 ) (5,243 ) $ 45,554 Consolidation Loans $ 25,250 1,521 Total FFELP $ 72,303 15,204 2,250 7,915 (279 ) (1,727 ) $ 34,930 2,250 — (2,303) (6,970) $ 80,484 (1) (2) FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. On a Managed Basis, internal consolidations include FFELP student loans in securitization trusts that were consolidated back on-balance sheet. Such loans totaled $8.7 billion, $5.5 billion and $5.8 billion for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 respectively. The increase in FFELP Stafford and other consolidations to third parties is primarily due to some FFELP lenders consolidating these loans using the FDLP as a pass-through entity to circumvent the statutory prohibition on the FFELP reconsolidation of FFELP Consolidation Loans. Recently passed legislation eliminates this practice by June 30, 2006, but we are working with others in the industry to end it before June 30, 2006 because we believe that it is improper and not permitted by current regulations. If this practice is not ended before June 30, 2006, we expect to experience additional run-off of Consolidation Loans to third parties through such time. 77 Operating Expenses The following table summarizes the components of operating expenses for our Lending business segment for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Sales and originations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and information technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 286 193 $ 479 2004 $ 259 150 $ 409 2003 $ 256 158 $ 414 Loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 221 $ — Operating expenses for our Lending operating segment include non-capitalizable costs incurred to acquire student loans and service our Managed student loan portfolio, as well as other selling, general and administrative expenses. The $221 million loss in 2004 relates to the repurchase and defeasance of approximately $3.0 billion of GSE debt in connection with the Wind-Down of the GSE. 2005 versus 2004 Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2005, increased by 17 percent to $479 million versus $409 million in the prior year, exclusive of the loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance. The increase is due to increased sales and marketing costs related to the Consolidation Loan program, new Private Education Loan initiatives and the launch of our direct to consumer initiative, Tuition Answer. Operating expenses were also higher due to a full year of expenses of sales and marketing personnel from Southwest and SLFA, acquired in the fourth quarter of 2004. The $43 million increase in servicing and information technology expenses is consistent with the growth in borrowers. 2004 versus 2003 Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2004, exclusive of the loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance discussed above, were relatively flat at $409 million versus $414 million in 2003. DEBT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS (“DMO”) BUSINESS SEGMENT Through the six operating units that comprise our DMO operating segment, we provide a wide range of accounts receivable and collections services including student loan default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio management services, contingency collections services for student loans and other asset classes, and accounts receivable management and collection for purchased portfolios of receivables that are delinquent or have been charged off by their original creditors as well as sub-performing and non- performing mortgage loans. In our DMO segment, nearly half of our revenues are still earned from our student loan contingency collection fee business in which we provide default management services to guarantor agencies, colleges and universities and ED. In recent years, we have diversified our DMO contingency revenue stream away from student loans, mainly through the acquisition of AFS in 2004 and GRP in 2005. These acquisitions also diversified our revenue from purely contingency fee collections to purchased paper collections. As a result, student loan contingency fees contributed 49 percent of total DMO revenue in 2005, versus 75 percent in 2004. 78 The private sector collections industry is highly fragmented with few large public companies and a large number of small scale privately-held companies. The collections industry is highly competitive with credit card collections being the most competitive in both contingency collections and purchased paper activities. We are responding to these competitive challenges through enhanced servicing efficiencies and by continuing to build on customer relationships through value added services. In the purchased receivables business, we focus on a variety of consumer debt types with emphasis on charged off credit card receivables and distressed mortgage receivables. We purchase these portfolios at a discount to their face value, and then use both our internal collections operations coupled with third party collection agencies to maximize the recovery on these receivables. A major success factor in the purchased receivables business is the ability to effectively price the portfolios. We conduct both quantitative and qualitative analysis to appropriately price each portfolio to yield a return consistent with DMO financial targets. We account for our investments in charged off receivables in accordance with the AICPA’s Statement of Position (“SOP”) 03-3, “Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer.” Under this standard, we establish static pools of relatively homogeneous accounts and initially record them at fair value. Under SOP 03-3, the yield that may be accreted as interest income on such loans is limited to the excess of our estimate of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows from the loan over our initial investment in the loan. We recognize income each month based on each static pool’s effective interest rate. Subsequent increases in estimated future cash flows are recognized prospectively through a yield adjustment over the remaining life of the static pool. Decreases in estimated future cash flows to be collected are recognized as an impairment expense. We record impairments to purchased receivable assets when the actual yield on a pool of portfolios is less than the expected yield based on the cash flows generated by the pool. The pools consist of portfolios of like kind assets. The following table includes the results of operations for our DMO operating segment. Condensed Statements of Income Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes and minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, % Increase (Decrease) 2005 $ 360 167 527 283 2004 $ 300 39 339 159 2003 $ 259 — 259 123 2005 vs. 2004 20 % 328 55 78 2004 vs. 2003 16% 100 31 29 244 91 180 65 136 45 36 40 32 44 153 4 $ 149 115 1 $ 114 91 — $ 91 33 300 31 % 26 100 25% 79 Revenues from USA Funds represented 34 percent, 56 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of total DMO revenue in 2005, 2004, and 2003. The percentage of revenue generated from services provided to USA Funds should continue to decrease due to the impact of recent acquisitions and the continued diversification into new asset classes in both the purchased paper and contingency collection businesses. DMO Revenue by Product Purchased paper collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingency: Student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total contingency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USA Funds(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of total DMO revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005(2) $ 167 2004(3) $ 39 258 55 313 47 $ 527 $ 180 253 18 271 29 $ 339 $ 190 2003 $ — 217 10 227 32 $ 259 $ 171 34% 56 % 66 % (1) United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (“USA Funds”). (2) (3) Includes revenue attributed to GRP for the period from August 31 to December 31. Includes revenue attributed to AFS for the period from September 16 to December 31. Fee Income and Collections Revenue On August 31, 2005, we acquired 100 percent of GRP, a debt management company that acquires and manages portfolios of sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are secured by one-to-four family residential real estate. On December 22, 2005, we acquired an additional 12 percent ownership stake in AFS, increasing our ownership to 76 percent. The $188 million increase in DMO revenue for the year ended December 31, 2005 over 2004 can be primarily attributed to the year-over-year growth in the purchased paper businesses of AFS (acquired in September 2004) and to revenue generated by GRP. Contingency fee revenue increased by $42 million, or 15 percent, to $313 million for the year ended December 31, 2005 versus the year-ago period. The year- over-year growth in contingency fee revenue was primarily driven by the addition of fees earned from state tax collections and by the growth in contingent fee revenues from non-student loan asset classes. The rapid growth in Consolidation Loan activity has had a negative impact on our student loan contingency collection business. When a borrower consolidates a FFELP Stafford loan, the borrower is effectively refinancing his or her Stafford loan to a longer term at a fixed interest rate, which significantly reduces the borrower’s monthly payment. The overall effect of the record Consolidation Loan activity is lower industry-wide student loan defaults and lower contingency collection inventory. The recently passed HEA reduces fees paid for collections via loan consolidation and also puts a cap on collections for loan consolidations. These fee reductions will also negatively impact student loan contingency fees going forward. 80 Purchased Paper—Non-Mortgage Face value of purchases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase price. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of face value purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Cash Collections (“GCC”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrying value of purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 2,830 198 7.0 % 4.5 % 2004(1) $ 426 19 $ 250 157 63 % 66 % $ 59 39 $ 158 $ 52 (1) AFS was purchased in September 2004. Prior to this acquisition, the Company was not in the purchased paper business. The amount of face value of purchases in any quarter is a function of a combination of factors including the amount of receivables available for purchase in the marketplace, average age of each portfolio, the asset class of the receivables, and competition in the marketplace. As a result, the percentage of principal purchased will vary from quarter to quarter. The decrease in purchase paper revenue as a percentage of GCC can primarily be attributed to the increase in new portfolio purchases in the second half of 2005. Typically, revenue recognition based on a portfolio’s effective interest rate is a lower percentage of cash collections in the early stages of servicing a portfolio. Purchased Paper—Mortgage/Properties Face value of purchases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collateral value of purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase price. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % of collateral value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrying value of purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ended December 31, 2005(1) $ 165 10 232 141 61 % $ 298 (1) GRP was purchased in August 2005. Prior to this acquisition, the Company was not in the mortgage purchased paper business. The purchase price for sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans is generally determined as a percentage of the underlying collateral. Fluctuations in the purchase price as a percentage of collateral value can be caused by a number of factors including the percentage of second mortgages in the portfolio and the level of private mortgage insurance associated with particular assets. 81 Contingency Inventory The following table presents the outstanding inventory of receivables serviced through our DMO business. Contingency: Contingency—Student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingency—Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,205 2,178 $ 9,383 $ 6,869 1,756 $ 8,625 $ 6,628 589 $ 7,217 Years ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 Operating Expenses Operating expenses for the DMO business segment for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 totaled: Total operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 283 2004 $ 159 2003 $ 123 Operating expenses increased by $124 million, or 78 percent, to $283 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. A significant portion of the 2005 increase is attributable to the inclusion of a full year of AFS expenses and GRP expenses since the acquisition on August 31, 2005. The increase is also attributable to the growth in contingency revenue and accounts serviced, as a high percentage of DMO expenses are variable which contributes to our stable margins. We continue to make substantial investments in the infrastructure of the DMO business to accommodate current and future growth, and we believe this investment will provide significant operating efficiencies in the future. At December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, the DMO operating segment had total assets of $1.1 billion, $519 million, and $272 million, respectively. CORPORATE AND OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENT Our Corporate and Other reportable segment reflects the aggregate activity of our smaller operating units including our Guarantor Servicing and Loan Servicing operating units, other products and services, as well as corporate expenses that do not pertain directly to our operating segments. In our Guarantor Servicing operating unit, we provide a full complement of administrative services to FFELP guarantors including guarantee issuance, processing, account maintenance, and guarantee fulfillment. In our Loan Servicing operating unit, we originate and service student loans on behalf of lenders who are unrelated to SLM Corporation. Such activities include processing correspondence and filing claims, originating and disbursing Consolidation Loans on behalf of the lender, and other administrative activities required by ED. 82 Condensed Statements of Income Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit) . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, % Increase (Decrease) 2005 $ 115 126 241 308 2004 $ 120 130 250 291 2003 $ 128 123 251 231 2005 vs. 2004 (4)% (3) (4) 6 2004 vs. 2003 (6 )% 6 — 26 (67) (25) 20 7 $ (42) $ (26) $ 13 (41) (15) (63) (67) (62)% (305 ) (314 ) (300 )% Fee and Other Income The following table summarizes the components of fee and other income for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Guarantor servicing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan servicing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fee and other income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 115 44 82 $ 241 2004 $ 120 52 78 $ 250 2003 $ 128 58 65 $ 251 USA Funds, the nation’s largest guarantee agency, accounted for 82 percent, 85 percent, and 86 percent, respectively, of guarantor servicing fees and 27 percent, 16 percent, and 2 percent, respectively, of revenues associated with other products and services for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. 2005 versus 2004 The decrease is guarantor servicing fees in 2005 versus 2004 is due to the full year effect of the lower issuance fee rate (see below) and to an $8 million reduction in account maintenance fees caused by a cap on payments from ED to guarantors. This cap is removed by recently passed legislation that will go into effect on October 1, 2006, however, it will continue to negatively impact guarantor servicing fees through that date. 2004 versus 2003 The $8 million decrease in guarantor servicing fees in 2004 versus the prior year is due to a $13 million decrease in issuance fees caused by the reduction in the issuance fee from 65 basis points to 40 basis points, which was partially offset by higher account maintenance fees. The increase in other income in 2004 versus 2003 is primarily due to a $14 million fee received from Bank One in the third quarter of 2004 in connection with the termination of the marketing services agreement, $13 million in fees earned on the tuition payment plan business that was acquired in connection with the November 2003 AMS acquisition, and $9 million in higher marketing servicing fees. Items that affected 2003 that did not recur in 2004 were a $42 million gain recognized in the fourth quarter of 2003 for the sale of our prior headquarters building, partially offset by an $18 million deferral in 2003 of previously recognized income earned for performing information technology enhancements. 83 Operating Expenses The following table summarizes the components of operating expenses for our Corporate and Other operating segment. Operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 149 159 $ 308 2004 $ 152 139 $ 291 2003 $ 107 124 $ 231 Operating expenses include direct costs incurred to service loans for unrelated third parties and to perform guarantor servicing on behalf of guarantor agencies, as well as information technology expenses related to these functions. General and administrative expenses include unallocated corporate overhead expenses for centralized headquarters functions such as executive management, accounting and finance, human resources and marketing. 2005 versus 2004 The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2005 versus 2004 was primarily due to a $14 million net settlement in the College Loan Corporation (“CLC”) lawsuit. 2004 versus 2003 The 12 percent increase in general and administrative expenses from 2003 to 2004 is primarily due to the growth in the business and additional administrative costs related to compliance with the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. We also incurred additional expenses related to AMS, acquired in December of 2003, primarily to manage the tuition payment plan product. At December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, the Corporate and Other operating segment had total assets of $719 million, $524 million, and $447 million, respectively. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Except in the case of acquisitions, which are discussed separately, our DMO and Corporate and Other business segments are not capital intensive businesses and as such a minimal amount of debt and equity capital is allocated to these segments. Therefore, the following liquidity and capital resource discussion is concentrated on our Lending business segment. We depend on the debt capital markets to support our business plan. We have developed deep and diverse funding sources to ensure continued access to funding now that the GSE has been dissolved. Our biggest funding challenge going forward is to maintain cost effective liquidity to fund the growth in the Managed portfolio of student loans as well as to refinance previously securitized loans when borrowers choose to refinance their loans through a Consolidation Loan with the Company. At the same time, we must maintain earnings spreads by controlling interest rate risk. Our main source of funding is student loan securitizations and we have built a highly liquid market for such financings as evidenced by the $26.1 billion in student loans securitized in twelve transactions in 2005, and $33.8 billion in thirteen transactions, including the amount funded through our asset-backed commercial paper program (“ABCP”) transaction in 2004. We are the largest issuer in the student loan asset-backed sector. FFELP securitizations are unique securities in the asset-backed market and are backed by student loans with an explicit guarantee on 100 percent of principal and interest. This guarantee is subject to service compliance and the amount guaranteed will be lowered to 99 percent after July 1, 2006 through legislation (see “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization”). As evidenced by the 84 volume of the past three years, we have built a highly liquid and deep market for student loan-backed securities by developing an investor base worldwide. Securitizations now comprise 67 percent of our financing, versus 66 percent at December 31, 2004. In addition to securitizations, we also significantly increased and diversified our sources of funds through the issuance of $10.3 billion in SLM Corporation term, unsecured debt in 2005. In 2003 and 2004, we strategically introduced several new SLM Corporation long-term debt structures that further diversify our funding sources and substantially increased our fixed income investor base. In total, at December 31, 2005, on-balance sheet debt, exclusive of on-balance sheet securitizations and secured indentured trusts, totaled $41.7 billion versus $33.3 billion at December 31, 2004. Liquidity at SLM Corporation is important to enable us to effectively fund our student loan acquisitions, to meet maturing debt obligations, and to fund operations. The following table details our sources of liquidity and the available capacity at December 31, 2005. December 31, 2005 Available Capacity Sources of Liquidity Sources of Primary Liquidity: Unrestricted cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper and bank lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Sources of Primary Liquidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stand-by Liquidity: Unencumbered FFELP student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,934 5,500 41 9,475 24,530 Total Sources of Primary and Stand-by Liquidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 34,005 We believe that our unencumbered FFELP student loan portfolio provides an additional source of potential or stand-by liquidity because the maturation of the government guaranteed securitization marketplace has created a wide and deep marketplace for such transactions, and the whole loan sale market can provide a source of stand-by liquidity. In addition, we have $666 million of investments at December 31, 2005 on our balance sheet that has not been included in the above table as it is pledged as collateral related to certain derivative positions. In addition to liquidity, a major objective when financing our business is to minimize interest rate risk by matching the interest rate and reset characteristics of our Managed assets and liabilities, generally on a pooled basis, to the extent practicable. In this process we use derivative financial instruments extensively to reduce our interest rate and foreign currency exposure. This interest rate risk management helps us to stabilize our student loan spread in various and changing interest rate environments. (See also “RISKS— Interest Rate Risk Management” below.) 85 The following tables present the ending and average balances and average interest rates of our Managed borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. The average interest rates include derivatives that are economically hedging the underlying debt, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133. (See “BUSINESS SEGMENTS—Alternative Performance Measures—Reclassification of Realized Derivative Transactions.”) GSE borrowings (unsecured) . . . . . . Non-GSE borrowings (unsecured) . . Indentured trusts (on-balance Short Term $ — $ 3,787 2005 Ending Balance Years ended December 31, 2004 Ending Balance 2003 Ending Balance Long Term Total Managed Basis — $ Short Term — $ — $ Long Term — $ Total Managed Basis 37,944 41,731 1,830 31,465 Short Term Long Term — $ 16,678 $ 3,414 18,472 1,855 33,295 Total Managed Basis $ 20,092 20,327 sheet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3,372 3,395 377 6,873 7,250 134 1,362 1,496 Securitizations (on-balance sheet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 47,235 47,235 — 35,769 35,769 — 16,346 16,346 Securitizations (off-balance sheet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 40,606 $ 3,810 $ 131,689 $ 135,499 $ 2,207 $ 117,921 $ 120,128 $ 18,667 $ 80,200 43,814 43,814 43,138 43,138 — — 40,606 $ 98,867 GSE borrowings (unsecured) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-GSE borrowings (unsecured) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indentured trusts (on-balance sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securitizations (on-balance sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securitizations (off-balance sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 Years ended December 31, 2004 2003 Average Balance $ — 37,980 4,782 39,713 44,545 $ 127,020 Average Rate —% 3.98 3.27 3.72 3.77 3.80% Average Balance $ 9,967 28,241 2,168 28,354 42,606 $ 111,336 Average Rate 2.21 % 2.29 2.47 1.79 2.09 2.08 % Average Balance $ 32,847 13,305 1,221 6,026 39,524 $ 92,923 Average Rate 1.80% 2.01 2.68 1.40 1.79 1.81% Unsecured On-Balance Sheet Financing Activities The following table presents the senior unsecured credit ratings on our debt from major rating agencies. Short-term unsecured debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term unsecured debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A S&P Moody’s Fitch P-1 F1+ A2 A+ The table below presents our unsecured on-balance sheet funding by funding source for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004. Convertible debentures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail medium-term notes (EdNotes) . . . . . Foreign currency denominated(1). . . . . . . . . . Extendible notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medium-term notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Issued For the Years Ended December 31, 2005 $ — 790 3,997 998 4,465 — $ 10,250 2004 $ — 1,758 4,179 2,496 6,380 — $ 14,813 Outstanding at December 31, 2005 $ 1,992 3,618 8,782 5,246 20,287 1,802 $ 41,727 2004 $ 1,988 2,832 4,780 4,246 16,717 2,732 $ 33,295 (1) All foreign currency denominated notes are swapped back to U.S. dollars. 86 In addition to the term issuances reflected in the table above, we also use our commercial paper program for short-term liquidity purposes. The average balance of commercial paper outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 was $345 million and $126 million, respectively. The maximum daily amount outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 was $2.8 billion and $274 million, respectively. Preferred Stock Issuance On June 8, 2005, we sold four million shares of Floating-Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) in a registered public offering. Net proceeds from the sale of the Series B Preferred Stock, after deducting underwriting fees and before other fees and expenses of the offering, totaled $397 million and are being used for general corporate purposes. Dividends on the shares of Series B Preferred Stock are not mandatory. When, as, and if declared by our Board of Directors, holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive quarterly dividends, based on 3-month LIBOR plus 70 basis points per annum in arrears, on and until June 15, 2011, increasing to 3-month LIBOR plus 170 basis points per annum in arrears, after and including the period beginning on June 15, 2011. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a maturity date. We can redeem the Series B Preferred Stock at our option on any dividend payment date on or after June 15, 2010, at the redemption price of $100 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends for the then quarterly dividend period, if any. The Series B Preferred Stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any of our other securities or property. Upon liquidation or dissolution of the Company, holders of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive $100 per share, plus an amount equal to accrued and unpaid dividends for the then current quarterly dividend period, if any, pro rata with holders of our Series A Preferred Stock and before any distribution of assets are made to holders of our common stock. Contingently Convertible Debentures In 2003, we issued approximately $2 billion Contingently Convertible Debentures (“Co-Cos”). The Co-Cos are convertible, under certain conditions, into shares of SLM common stock at an initial conversion price of $65.98. The investors generally can only convert the debentures if the Company’s common stock has appreciated for a prescribed period to 130 percent of the conversion price, which would amount to $85.77. The convertible debentures bear interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR minus .05 percent, until July 25, 2007, after which, the debentures can pay additional contingent interest under certain circumstances. Beginning on July 25, 2007, the Company may call the debentures and the investors may put the debentures, subject to certain conditions. In December 2004, the Company adopted EITF Issue No. 04-8, “The Effect of Contingently Convertible Debt on Diluted Earnings per Share,” which requires the shares underlying the Co-Cos to be included in diluted earnings per share (“diluted EPS”) computations regardless of whether the market price trigger or the conversion price has been met, using the “if-converted” accounting method, while the after-tax interest expense of the Co-Cos is added back to earnings. Diluted EPS amounts disclosed prior to December 2004 have been retroactively restated to give effect to the application of EITF No. 04-8 as it relates to the Company’s $2 billion in Co-Cos issued in May 2003. 87 The following table provides the historical effect of our Co-Cos on our common stock equivalents (“CSEs”) and after-tax interest expense in connection with the retroactive implementation of EITF No. 04-8 for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Years ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 (in thousands) CSE impact of Co-Cos (shares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co-Cos after-tax interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,312 $ 44,572 30,312 $ 21,405 18,769 $ 11,005 Securitization Activities Securitization Program Our FFELP Stafford, Private Education Loan and Consolidation Loan securitizations are structured such that they are legally sales of assets using a two-step transaction with a special purpose entity that legally isolates the transferred assets from the Company and its creditors, even in the event of bankruptcy. The holders of the beneficial interests issued by the special purpose entity are not constrained from pledging or exchanging their interests. In all of our securitizations, we retain the right to receive cash flows from the student loans and reserve accounts in excess of the amounts needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees, and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the student loans. The investors of the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s other assets should there be a failure of the securities backed by student loans to pay when due. Some of our securitizations meet the requirements for GAAP sale treatment through a two-step sale to a qualifying special purpose entity (“QSPE”) according to the criteria of SFAS No. 140. Under these criteria, we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. Accordingly, these transactions receive off-balance sheet accounting treatment. In certain Consolidation Loan securitization structures, we hold rights that can affect the remarketing of the bonds, such that these trusts did not qualify as QSPEs and as a result are required to be accounted for on-balance sheet as variable interest entities (“VIEs”). These securitization structures were developed to broaden and diversify the investor base for Consolidation Loan securitizations by allowing us to issue bonds with shorter expected maturities and with non-amortizing, fixed rate and foreign currency denominated tranches. As of December 31, 2005, we had $40.9 billion of securitized student loans in on- balance sheet securitization trusts. These securitizations are included as financings in the table below. We recognize a gain on sales related to securitizations that qualify as off-balance sheet transactions. The gain is calculated as the difference between the allocated cost basis of the assets sold and the relative fair value of the assets received. The carrying value of the student loan portfolio being securitized includes the applicable accrued interest, unamortized student loan premiums or discounts, loan loss reserves and Borrower Benefits reserves. The fair value of the Residual Interest is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology using assumptions discussed in more detail below. The ongoing earnings from our off- balance sheet securitizations are recognized in servicing and securitization revenue. 88 The following table summarizes our securitization activity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Those securitizations listed as sales are off-balance sheet transactions and those listed as financings remain on-balance sheet. FFELP Stafford/PLUS loans . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total securitizations -sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed commercial paper(1) . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loans(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total securitizations -financings . . . . . . . . . Total securitizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 Loan Amount Securitized $ 6,533 4,011 3,005 13,549 — 12,503 12,503 $ 26,052 No. of Transactions 3 2 2 7 — 5 5 12 Year ended December 31, 2004 Per-Tax Gain $ 68 31 453 $ 552 Gain % 1.1% .8 15.1 4.1% No. of Transactions 4 — 2 6 1 6 7 13 Loan Amount Securitized $ 10,002 — 2,535 12,537 4,186 17,124 21,310 $ 33,847 Pre-Tax Gain $ 134 Gain % 1.3% — — 9.5 241 3.0% $ 375 No. of Transactions 4 2 3 9 — 7 7 16 2003 Loan Amount Securitized $ 5,772 4,256 3,503 13,531 — 16,592 16,592 $ 30,123 Pre-Tax Gain $ 73 433 238 $ 744 Gain % 1.3% 10.2 6.8 5.5% qualify as a QSPE and is accounted for on balance sheet as a VIE. (1) The ABCP is a revolving 364-day multi seller conduit that allows the Company to borrow up to $5 billion subject to annual extensions. The Company may purchase loans out of this trust at its discretion and as a result, the trust does not (2) In certain Consolidation Loan securitization structures, the Company holds certain rights that can affect the remarketing of certain bonds, such that these securitizations did not qualify as QSPEs. Accordingly, they are accounted for on balance sheet as VIEs. The increase in the gain as a percentage of the amount securitized for the 2005 Private Education Loan securitizations versus the prior year’s transactions is primarily due to the higher earnings spreads on the loans securitized in 2005, improved funding spreads, and a decrease in the CPR assumption used in the calculation of the 2005 gains on sale. The 15.1 percent average gain on the Private Education Loan securitizations basically reflects the average interest spread of 4.3 percent earned over an average life of 8.9 years less life of trust loan losses discounted at 12.3 percent. The decrease in the gain as a percentage of the amount securitized for the 2005 Consolidation Loan securitizations versus the 2003 transactions is primarily due to significantly less Embedded Floor Income due to interest rates increasing and fewer higher rate loans being securitized. In 2004 we had record levels of securitization transactions due to funding new student loans acquired through the acquisitions of Southwest and SLFA and to the refinancing of GSE debt in connection with the Wind-Down. In 2005, as expected, there was a decline in our securitization activity to a level that correlates with the volume of student loan purchases. Liquidity Risk and Funding—Long-Term With the dissolution of the GSE, our long-term funding, credit spread and liquidity exposure to the corporate and asset-backed capital markets has increased significantly. A major disruption in the fixed income capital markets that limits our ability to raise funds or significantly increases the cost of those funds could have a material impact on our ability to acquire student loans, or on our results of operations. Going forward, securitizations will continue to be the primary source of long-term financing and liquidity. Our securitizations are structured such that we are not obligated to provide any material level of financial, credit or liquidity support to any of the trusts, thus limiting our exposure to the recovery of the Retained Interest asset on the balance sheet for off-balance sheet securitizations to the loss of the earnings spread for loans securitized on-balance sheet. While all of our Retained Interests are subject to some prepayment risk, Retained Interests from our FFELP Stafford securitizations have significant prepayment risk primarily arising from borrowers opting to consolidate their Stafford/PLUS loans. When consolidation activity is higher than projected, the increase in prepayment could materially impair the value of our Retained Interest. However, this negative effect on our Retained Interest is somewhat offset by the loans that consolidate back on our balance sheet, which we view as trading one interest bearing asset for another, whereas loans that consolidate with third parties represent a complete economic loss to the Company. We discuss our short-term liquidity risk, including a table of our sources of liquidity at the beginning of this “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES” section. 89 Retained Interest in Securitized Receivables The following table summarizes the fair value of our Retained Interests along with the underlying student loans that relate to those securitizations that were treated as sales. FFELP Stafford/PLUS loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loans(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2005 Retained Interest Fair Value $ 774 483 1,149 $ 2,406 Underlying Securitized Loan Balance $ 20,371 10,272 8,946 $ 39,589 As of December 31, 2004 Underlying Securitized Loan Balance $ 27,445 7,393 6,308 $ 41,146 Retained Interest Fair Value $ 1,037 585 694 $ 2,316 (1) Includes $235 million and $399 million related to the fair value of the Embedded Floor Income as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The decrease in the fair value of the Embedded Floor Income is primarily due to rising interest rates during the period. (2) Unrealized gains (pre-tax) included in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the Retained Interests totaled $370 million and $445 million as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Changes in Accounting Estimates Affecting the Residual Interest in Securitized Loans The Company updated certain assumptions during 2005 that it uses in the valuation of the Residual Interest. The following are the significant assumption changes that were made: FFELP Stafford/PLUS loan CPR(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2005 20% – 2006 15% – 2007 10% – thereafter As of December 31, 2004 20% – 2005 15% – 2006 6% – thereafter FFELP expected credit losses (as a% of securitized loan balance outstanding)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17% 0% (1) The FFELP Stafford/PLUS loan CPR assumption was increased to account for the continued high levels of Consolidation Loan activity over the last several years. (2) Due to reintroduction of a one percent Risk Sharing loss assumption related to the reauthorization of the HEA (see Note 4, “Allowance for Student Loan Losses” for further discussion). Servicing and Securitization Revenue Servicing and securitization revenue, the ongoing revenue from securitized loan pools accounted for off-balance sheet as QSPEs, includes the interest earned on the Residual Interest and the revenue we receive for servicing the loans in the securitization trusts. Interest income recognized on the Residual Interest is based on our anticipated yield determined by estimating future cash flows each quarter. 90 The following table summarizes the components of servicing and securitization revenue for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Years ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 Servicing revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securitization revenue, before Embedded Floor Income and impairment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue, before Embedded Floor Income and impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Embedded Floor Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Floor Income previously recognized in gain calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Embedded Floor Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue, before impairment . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Interest impairment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 323 $ 326 $ 314 270 593 81 (57) 24 617 (260) 230 556 241 (156 ) 85 641 (80 ) 269 583 337 (157) 180 763 (96) Total servicing and securitization revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 357 $ 561 $ 667 Average off-balance sheet student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average balance of Retained Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue as a percentage of the average $ 41,220 $ 2,476 $ 40,558 $ 2,434 $ 38,205 $ 2,615 balance of off-balance sheet student loans (annualized) . . . . . . . . . . .87% 1.38 % 1.74% Servicing and securitization revenue is primarily driven by the average balance of off-balance sheet student loans and the amount of and the difference in the timing of Embedded Floor Income recognition on off-balance sheet student loans. Servicing and securitization revenue can also be negatively impacted by impairments of the value of our Retained Interest, caused primarily by the effect of higher than expected Consolidation Loan activity on FFELP Stafford/PLUS student loan securitizations and the effect of market interest rates on the Embedded Floor Income included in the Retained Interest. When loans in a securitization trust consolidate, they are a prepayment to the trust resulting in a shorter average life. We use a CPR assumption to estimate the effect of trust prepayments from loan consolidation and other factors on the life of the trust. When consolidation activity is higher than forecasted, the Residual Interest asset can be impaired and the yield used to recognize subsequent income from the trust is negatively impacted. The majority of the consolidations bring the loans back on-balance sheet so for those loans we retain the value of the asset on-balance sheet versus in the trust. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, we recorded impairments to the Retained Interests of $260 million, $80 million and $96 million, respectively. The impairment charge in 2005 was primarily caused by the effect of record levels of consolidation activity as well as the increase of expected future CPR assumptions used to value the Residual Interest. This surge in Consolidation Loan activity was due to FFELP Stafford borrowers locking in lower interest rates by consolidating their loans prior to the July 1 interest rate reset for FFELP Stafford loans. The level and timing of Consolidation Loan activity is highly volatile, and in response we continue to revise our estimates of the effects of Consolidation Loan activity on our Retained Interests and it may result in additional impairment recorded in future periods if Consolidation Loan activity remains higher than projected. Our FFELP Retained Interests were also impaired by $23 million to account for the effect of the one percent Risk Sharing loss applied to student loans receiving the EP designation. The increase in Risk Sharing was included in legislation reauthorizing the Higher Education Act (see “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization”). See “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Allowance for FFELP Student Loans” for further discussion regarding the change in the Risk Sharing exposure. 91 The impairment charge for 2004 is primarily the result of (a) FFELP Stafford loans consolidating at levels faster than projected resulting in $47 million of impairment and (b) rising interest rates during the second quarter 2004 which decreased the value of the Floor Income component of our Retained Interest resulting in $33 million of impairment. Impairment for 2003 was primarily due to FFELP Stafford loans prepaying faster than projected. These impairment charges are recorded as a loss and are included as a reduction to securitization revenue. We receive annual servicing fees of 90 basis points, 50 basis points and 70 basis points of the outstanding securitized loan balance related to our FFELP Stafford/PLUS, Consolidation Loan and Private Education Loan securitizations, respectively. CONTRACTUAL CASH OBLIGATIONS The following table provides a summary of our obligations associated with long-term notes and equity forward contracts at December 31, 2005. For further discussion of these obligations, see Note 8, “Long- Term Debt,” Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” and Note 14, “Stockholders’ Equity,” to the consolidated financial statements. Long-term notes(1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forward contracts(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total contractual cash obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Year or less $ 3,388 — $ 3,388 2 to 3 Years $ 26,441 693 $ 27,134 4 to 5 Years $ 16,351 1,643 $ 17,994 Over 5 Years $ 42,371 — $ 42,371 Total $ 88,551 2,336 $ 90,887 (1) Excludes SFAS No. 133 derivative market value adjustment reductions of $432 million for long-term notes; only includes principal obligations, does not include interest on the debt obligations or on our interest rate swaps. (2) Includes FIN No. 46 long-term beneficial interests of $47.2 billion of notes issued by consolidated variable interest entities in conjunction with our on-balance sheet securitization transactions and included in long-term notes in the consolidated balance sheet. (3) Our obligation to repurchase shares under equity forward contracts is calculated using the average purchase prices for outstanding contracts in the year the contracts expire. At or prior to the maturity date of the agreements, we can purchase shares at the contracted amount plus or minus an early break fee, or we can settle the contract on a net basis with either cash or shares. If our stock price declines to certain levels, the third parties with whom we entered into the contracts can liquidate their positions prior to the maturity date. OFF-BALANCE SHEET LENDING ARRANGEMENTS The following table summarizes the commitments associated with student loan purchases and contractual amounts related to off-balance sheet lending related financial instruments and guarantees at December 31, 2005. Student loan purchases(1),(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lines of credit(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Year or less $ 11,297 75 $ 11,372 2 to 3 Years $ 35,304 1,161 $ 36,465 4 to 5 Years $ 3,876 153 $ 4,029 Over 5 Years $ 225 100 $ 325 Total $ 50,702 1,489 $ 52,191 (1) Includes amounts committed at specified dates under forward contracts to purchase student loans and anticipated future requirements to acquire student loans from lending partners (discussed below) estimated based on future volumes at contractually committed rates. These commitments are not accounted for as derivatives under SFAS No. 133 as they do not meet the definition of a derivative due to the lack of a fixed and determinable purchase amount. (2) Expiration of commitments and guarantees reflect the earlier of call date or maturity date as of December 31, 2005. 92 We have issued lending-related financial instruments including lines of credit to meet the financing needs of our customers. The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk should the counterparty draw down the commitment and the counterparty subsequently fails to perform according to the terms of our contract. The remaining total contractual amount available to be borrowed under these commitments is $1.5 billion. We do not believe that these instruments are representative of our actual future credit exposure or funding requirements. To the extent that the lines of credit are drawn upon, the balance outstanding is collateralized by student loans. At December 31, 2005, draws on lines of credit were approximately $241 million, which amount is reflected in other loans in the consolidated balance sheet. For additional information, see Note 13, “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees,” to the consolidated financial statements. RISKS Overview Managing risks is an essential part of successfully operating a financial services company. Our most prominent risk exposures are operational, market and interest rate, political and regulatory, liquidity, credit, and Consolidation Loan refinancing risk. We discuss these and other risks in the “Risk Factors” section (Item 1A) of this document. The discussion that follows enhances that disclosure by discussing the risk management strategies employed by the Company to mitigate these risks. Operational Risk Operational risk can result from regulatory compliance errors, servicing errors (see further discussion below), technology failures, breaches of the internal control system, and the risk of fraud or unauthorized transactions by employees or persons outside the Company. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulatory standards and contractual commitments, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. The federal guarantee on our student loans and our designation as an Exceptional Performer by ED is conditioned on compliance with origination and servicing standards set by ED and guarantor agencies. A mitigating factor is our ability to cure servicing deficiencies and historically our losses have been small. Should we experience a high rate of servicing deficiencies, the cost of remedial servicing or the eventual losses on the student loans that are not cured could be material. Our servicing and operating processes are highly dependent on our information system infrastructure, and we face the risk of business disruption should there be extended failures of our information systems, any number of which could have a material impact on our business. To mitigate these risks we have a number of back-up and recovery plans in the event of systems failures, which are tested regularly and monitored constantly. We manage operational risk through our risk management and internal control processes, which involve each business line including independent cost centers, such as servicing, as well as executive management. The business lines have direct and primary responsibility and accountability for identifying, controlling, and monitoring operational risk, and each business line manager maintains a system of controls with the objective of providing proper transaction authorization and execution, proper system operations, safeguarding of assets from misuse or theft, and ensuring the reliability of financial and other data. We have centralized certain staff functions such as accounting, human resources and legal to further strengthen our operational controls. While we believe that we have designed effective methods to minimize operational risks, our operations remain vulnerable to natural disasters, human error, technology and communication system breakdowns and fraud. 93 Market and Interest Rate Risk Market and interest rate risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices, interest rates, and/or foreign currency exchange rates of our financial instruments. Our primary market risk is from changes in interest rates and interest spreads. We have an active interest rate risk management program that is designed to reduce our exposure to changes in interest rates and maintain consistent earning spreads in all interest rate environments. We use derivative instruments extensively to hedge our interest rate exposure, but there still is a risk that we are not hedging all potential interest rate exposures or that the hedges do not perform as designed. We measure interest rate risk by calculating the variability of net interest income in future periods under various interest rate scenarios using projected balances for interest earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and derivatives used to hedge interest rate risk. Many assumptions are utilized by management to calculate the impact that changes in interest rates may have on net interest income, the more significant of which are related to student loan volumes and pricing, the timing of cash flows from our student loan portfolio, particularly the impact of Floor Income and the rate of student loan consolidations, basis risk, credit spreads and the maturity of our debt and derivatives. (See also “Interest Rate Risk Management.”) Even though we believe our derivatives are economic hedges, changes in interest rates can cause volatility in our earnings for the market value of our derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133. Under SFAS No. 133, these changes in derivative market values are recorded through earnings with no consideration for the corresponding change in the fair value of the hedged item. As a result, our earnings are highly susceptible to changes in interest rates caused by these one-sided marks-to-market. Changes in interest rates can also have a material effect on the amount of Floor Income earned in our student loan portfolio and the valuation of our Retained Interest asset. Our earnings can also be materially affected by changes in our estimate of the rate at which loans may prepay in our portfolios as measured by the CPR. The value of the Retained Interests on FFELP Stafford securitizations is particularly affected by the level of Consolidation Loan activity. We face a number of other challenges and risks that can materially affect our future results such as changes in: • applicable laws and regulations, which may change the volume, average term, effective yields and refinancing options of student loans under the FFELP or provide advantages to competing FFELP and non-FFELP loan providers; • demand and competition for education financing; • financing preferences of students and their families; • borrower default rates on Private Education Loans; • continued access to the capital markets for funding at favorable spreads particularly for our non- federally insured Private Education Loan portfolio; and • our operating execution and efficiencies, including errors, omissions, and effectiveness of internal control. Our foreign currency exchange rate exposure is the result of foreign denominated liabilities issued by the Company. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are used to lock-in the exchange rate for the term of the liability. We are also subject to market risk relative to our equity forward contracts that allow us to repurchase our common stock in the future from a third party at the market price at the time of entering the contract. Should the market value of our stock fall below certain predetermined levels, the counterparty to the contract has a right to terminate the contract and settle all or a portion at the original contract price. We are required to mark our equity forwards to market, so decreases in our stock price could result in material losses. 94 Political/Regulatory Risk Because we operate in a federally sponsored loan program, we are subject to political and regulatory risk. As part of the HEA, the student loan program is periodically amended and must be “reauthorized” every six years. Past changes included reduced loan yields paid to lenders in 1993 and 1998, increased fees paid by lenders in 1993, decreased level of the government guaranty in 1993 and reduced fees to guarantors and collectors, among others. On February 8, 2006, the Reauthorization Legislation was signed into law. There are a number of changes that could have a material impact on the Company. For a detailed discussion on the Reauthorization Legislation and its impact on the Company see “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization.” The Secretary of Education oversees and implements the HEA and periodically issues regulations and interpretations that may impact our business. 95 Liquidity Risk (See also “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES—Securitization Activities— Liquidity Risk and Funding—Long-Term”) Credit Risk We bear the full risk of borrower and closed school losses experienced in our Private Education Loan portfolio. These loans are underwritten and priced according to risk, generally determined by a commercially available consumer credit scoring system, FICO(TM). Because of the nature of our lending, after an initial decrease, borrower FICO scores will generally improve over time. Additionally, for borrowers who do not meet our lending requirements or who desire more favorable terms, we require credit-worthy co-borrowers. Our higher education Private Education Loans are not dischargeable in bankruptcy, except in certain limited circumstances. We have defined underwriting and collection policies, and ongoing risk monitoring and review processes for all Private Education Loans. Potential credit losses are considered in our risk-based pricing model. The performance of the Private Education Loan portfolio may be affected by the economy, and a prolonged economic downturn may have an adverse effect on its credit performance. Management believes that it has provided sufficient allowances to cover the losses that may be experienced in both the federally guaranteed and Private Education Loan portfolios over the next two years depending on the portfolio. In addition, when a school closes, losses may be incurred for student borrowers who have not completed their education and in certain states are not required to repay their student loans. We have provided for these potential losses in our allowance for loan losses. There is, however, no guarantee that such allowances are sufficient enough to account for actual losses. (See “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Private Education Loans—Activity in the Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses.”) We have credit risk exposure to the various counterparties with whom we have entered into derivative contracts. We review the credit standing of these companies. Our credit policies place limits on the amount of exposure we may take with any one party and in most cases, require collateral to secure the position. The credit risk associated with derivatives is measured based on the replacement cost should the counterparties with contracts in a gain position to the Company fail to perform under the terms of the contract. We also have credit risk with two commercial airlines related to our portfolio of leveraged leases. (See “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Other Income, Net.”) Consolidation Loan Refinancing Risk The consolidation of our loan portfolio can have detrimental effects. First, we may lose student loans in our portfolio that are consolidated with other lenders. In 2005, we experienced a net decrease of $26 million of student loans from Consolidation Loan activity as more of our FFELP student loans were consolidated with other lenders than were consolidated by us. This was primarily caused by the run-off of Consolidation Loans through the reconsolidation through the Direct Lending Program, as discussed in “LENDING SEGMENT—Consolidation Loan Activity.” Absent reconsolidation, we would have had a net increase in student loans from consolidation for the second year in a row. Second, Consolidation Loans have lower net yields than the FFELP Stafford loans they replace. This is somewhat offset by the longer average lives of Consolidation Loans. Third, we must maintain sufficient, short-term liquidity to enable us to cost-effectively refinance previously securitized FFELP loans as they are consolidated back on to our balance sheet. See also the discussion of the effects of reconsolidation on the Consolidation Loan portfolio at “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Consolidation Loan Activity” and its effect on our Floor Income Contracts economically hedging Consolidation Loans at “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Summary of our Managed Student Loan Portfolio—Student Loan Floor Income Contracts.” 96 Interest Rate Risk Management Asset and Liability Funding Gap The tables below present our assets and liabilities (funding) arranged by underlying indices as of December 31, 2005. In the following GAAP presentation, the funding gap only includes derivatives that qualify as effective SFAS No. 133 hedges (those derivatives which are reflected in net interest margin, as opposed to in the derivative market value adjustment). The difference between the asset and the funding is the funding gap for the specified index. This represents our exposure to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies or may not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. Management analyzes interest rate risk on a Managed basis, which consists of both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet assets and liabilities and includes all derivatives that are economically hedging our debt whether they qualify as effective hedges under SFAS No. 133 or not. Accordingly, we are also presenting the asset and liability funding gap on a Managed basis in the table that follows the GAAP presentation. GAAP Basis Index (Dollars in billions) 3 month Commercial paper . . . . . 3 month Treasury bill. . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLUS Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMT/CPI index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non Discreet reset(2) . . . . . . . . . . . Non Discreet reset(3) . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed Rate(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of Variable Resets daily weekly annual quarterly monthly annual daily quarterly monthly monthly/quarterly monthly daily/weekly Assets $ 62.0 9.0 1.0 1.2 5.6 2.6 — 1.6 0.1 — — 5.9 10.3 $ 99.3 Funding(1) $ — .3 — — — — — 77.0 2.5 2.0 7.9 — 9.6 $ 99.3 Funding Gap $ 62.0 8.7 1.0 1.2 5.6 2.6 — (75.4 ) (2.4 ) (2.0 ) (7.9 ) 5.9 0.7 $ — (1) Includes all derivatives that qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133. (2) Consists of asset-backed commercial paper and auction rate securities, which are discount note type instruments that generally roll over monthly. (3) (4) Includes restricted and non-restricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Includes receivables/payables, other assets (including Retained Interest), other liabilities and stockholders’ equity (excluding Series B Preferred Stock). The funding gaps in the above table are primarily interest rate mismatches in short-term indices between our assets and liabilities. We address this issue primarily through the use of basis swaps that primarily convert quarterly 3-month LIBOR to other indices that are more correlated to our asset indices. These basis swaps do not qualify as effective hedges under SFAS No. 133 and as a result the effect on the funding index is not included in our interest margin and is therefore excluded from the GAAP presentation. 97 Managed Basis Index (Dollars in billions) 3 month Commercial paper . 3 month Treasury bill. . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLUS Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . 3-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . 1-month LIBOR . . . . . . . . . . . Non Discreet reset(2) . . . . . . . Non Discreet reset(3) . . . . . . . Fixed Rate(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of Variable Resets daily weekly annual quarterly monthly annual daily quarterly monthly monthly daily/weekly Assets $ 82.1 18.5 1.0 7.4 7.5 4.5 — 1.5 0.1 — 9.7 9.2 $ 141.5 Funding(1) $ 16.3 18.5 — 5.5 3.3 4.9 64.8 8.8 2.5 8.2 — 8.7 $ 141.5 Funding Gap $ 65.8 — 1.0 1.9 4.2 (0.4 ) (64.8 ) (7.3 ) (2.4 ) (8.2 ) 9.7 0.5 $ — (1) Includes all derivatives that management considers economic hedges of interest rate risk and reflects how we internally manage our interest rate exposure. (2) Consists of asset-backed commercial paper and auction rate securities, which are discount note type instruments that generally roll over monthly. (3) (4) Includes restricted and non-restricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Includes receivables/payables, other assets, other liabilities and stockholders’ equity (excluding Series B Preferred Stock). To the extent possible, we generally fund our assets with debt (in combination with derivatives) that has the same underlying index (index type and index reset frequency). When it is more economical, we also fund our assets with debt that has a different index and/or reset frequency than the asset, but only in instances where we believe there is a high degree of correlation between the interest rate movement of the two indices. For example, we use daily reset 3-month LIBOR to fund a large portion of our daily reset 3-month commercial paper indexed assets. In addition, we use quarterly reset 3-month LIBOR to fund a portion of our quarterly reset Prime rate indexed Private Education Loans. We also use our monthly Non Discreet reset funding (asset-backed commercial paper program and auction rate securities) to fund various asset types. In using different index types and different index reset frequencies to fund our assets, we are exposed to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices that may reset at different frequencies will not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. We believe that this risk is low as all of these indices are short-term with rate movements that are highly correlated over a long period of time. We use interest rate swaps and other derivatives to achieve our risk management objectives. When compared with the GAAP presentation, the Managed basis presentation includes all of our off- balance sheet assets and funding, and also includes basis swaps that primarily convert quarterly 3-month LIBOR to other indices that are more correlated to our asset indices. Interest Rate Gap Analysis In the table below, the Company’s variable rate assets and liabilities are categorized by reset date of the underlying index. Fixed rate assets and liabilities are categorized based on their maturity dates. An interest rate gap is the difference between volumes of assets and volumes of liabilities maturing or 98 repricing during specific future time intervals. The following gap analysis reflects rate-sensitive positions at December 31, 2005 and is not necessarily reflective of positions that existed throughout the period. Interest Rate Sensitivity Period 3 months or less 3 months to 6 months 6 months to 1 year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years Over 5 years Assets Student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 79,230 277 Other loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,151 Cash and investments, including restricted . 1,971 Other assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,629 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . 3,289 63,250 1,590 — — 68,129 $ 2,513 43 110 93 2,759 $ 784 85 142 186 1,197 $ 10 14 598 314 936 $ 64 8 672 546 1,290 $ 3 711 494 4,319 5,527 5 — — — — 5 516 271 — — — 787 410 — 1,326 — — — 1,326 — 11,233 — — — 11,233 — 12,039 2,019 9 3,791 17,858 (390 ) (9,943 ) (12,331) Period gap before adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . 19,500 2,754 Adjustments for Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of securitized student loans . . . . . . . Total derivatives and other financial (16,040) (2,103) (5,177) 2,103 (208) — (741 ) — 10,240 — 11,926 — instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (18,143) (3,074) (208) (741 ) 10,240 11,926 Period gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,357 $ (320) $ 202 $ (1,131 ) $ 297 $ (405) Cumulative gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,357 $ 1,037 $ 1,239 $ 108 $ 405 $ — Ratio of cumulative gap to total assets. . . . . 1.4% 1.0% 1.2% .1 % .4 % —% Weighted Average Life The following table reflects the weighted average life for our Managed earning assets and liabilities at December 31, 2005. (Averages in years) Earning assets Student loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings Short-term borrowings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total borrowings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On-Balance Sheet Off-Balance Sheet Managed 9.4 7.1 1.0 8.6 .4 7.0 6.8 5.0 — .1 4.5 — 5.0 5.0 9.0 7.1 .7 8.3 .4 6.3 6.2 99 In the above table, Treasury receipts and variable rate asset-backed securities, although generally liquid assets, extend the weighted average remaining term to maturity of cash and investments to .7 years. Long-term debt issuances likely to be called by us or putable by the investor have been categorized according to their call or put dates rather than their maturity dates. In recent years the shift in the composition of our FFELP student loan portfolio from Stafford loans to Consolidation Loans has lengthened the Managed weighted average life of the student loan portfolio from 8.2 years at December 31, 2004, to 9.0 years at December 31, 2005. COMMON STOCK The following table summarizes our common share repurchases, issuances and equity forward activity for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004. (Shares in millions) Common shares repurchased: Years ended December 31, 2005 2004 Open market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plans(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shares repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 17.3 1.5 18.8 .5 32.7 1.5 34.7 Average purchase price per share(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 49.94 $ 38.03 Common shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 10.7 Equity forward contracts: Outstanding at beginning of period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authority remaining at end of period to repurchase or enter into equity forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 17.2 (17.3) 42.7 43.5 32.0 (32.7 ) 42.8 18.7 35.8 (1) Includes shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of performance stock to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs. (2) The average purchase price per share for 2005 and 2004 is calculated based on the average strike price of all equity forward contracts including those that were net settled in the cashless transactions discussed above. The average cash purchase price per share for 2005 and 2004 is $38.97 and $22.38, respectively, when a zero cash cost is reflected for those shares acquired in the cashless transactions. During December 2005, September 2004 and November 2004, we amended substantially all of our outstanding equity forward purchase contracts. The strike prices on these contracts were adjusted to the then current market share prices of the common stock and the total number of shares under contract was reduced from 46.5 million, 53.4 million and 49.0 million shares to 42.4 million, 46.7 million and 42.2 million shares, respectively. As a result of these amendments, we received a total of 4.1 million and 13.4 million shares that settled in 2005 and 2004, respectively, free and clear in cashless transactions. This reduction of shares covered by the equity forward contracts is shown on a net basis in the “exercises” row of the table above. 100 As of December 31, 2005, the expiration dates and range of and average purchase prices for outstanding equity forward contracts were as follows: Year of maturity (Contracts in millions of shares) 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding Contracts 5.4 7.3 14.8 15.2 42.7 Range of purchase prices $54.74 54.74 54.74 54.74 – 54.96 Average purchase price $ 54.74 54.74 54.74 54.74 $ 54.74 The closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 30, 2005 was $55.09. In December 2005, the Company retired 65 million shares of common stock held in treasury at an average price of $37.35 per share. This retirement decreased the balance in treasury stock by $2.4 billion, with corresponding decreases of $13 million in common stock and $2.4 billion in retained earnings. OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION Reauthorization On February 8, 2006, the President signed the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 (“Reauthorization Legislation”). The Reauthorization Legislation was included as Title VIII of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (S. 1932), an omnibus budget bill that cut nearly $40 billion in spending over five years, with $12 billion coming from federal student loan programs. The vast majority of the savings are generated by requiring lenders to rebate Floor Income under the new loans issued after April 1, 2006. The major new student loan provisions include the following, with effective dates generally July 1, 2006 unless otherwise indicated: • Lenders rebate Floor Income on new loans after April 1, 2006. • Borrower origination fees are gradually reduced to zero in FFELP by 2010, and to one percent in Direct Loan program by 2010. • Collection of one percent FFELP guaranty fee is mandated for all guarantors, including those with voluntary flexible agreements, but can be paid on behalf of the borrower by lenders or guarantors. • Lender reinsurance is reduced to 99 percent with Exceptional Performer designation for claims filed after July 1, 2006, and 97 percent without designation on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006. • “Super 2-Step” and in-school consolidation loopholes will be closed as of July 1, 2006. • Recycling of 9.5 percent loans is prohibited for loan holders with more than $100 million in 9.5 percent loans, as of date of enactment, and other 9.5 percent reforms enacted in 2004 are made permanent. • The limitation on SAP for PLUS loans made after January 1, 2000 is repealed. • Loan limits are increased as of July 1, 2007. • A moratorium on new schools-as-lender is created after April 1, 2006, and additional requirements are created for schools continuing to participate in this program. • Graduate students become eligible to take out PLUS loans. • Compensation for guarantor collections via loan consolidation is reduced from a maximum of 18.5 percent to 10 percent, along with a cap on the proportion of collection via consolidations. Requirements for collections via loan rehabilitations are made somewhat easier. • New grant programs are available for Pell-eligible students. 101 The Reauthorization Legislation does not change the interest rates on Stafford loans which, under legislation enacted in 2002, are scheduled to become fixed 6.8 percent for all loans disbursed after July 1, 2006. Under the previous legislation, the PLUS rate was scheduled to become fixed at 7.9 percent after July 1, 2006. The Reauthorization Legislation raises this rate to 8.5 percent for FFELP PLUS loans. Due to a drafting error in the bill, the PLUS rate for the FDLP was not changed and remains at 7.9 percent in the statute. Committee Staff have acknowledged this error and we expect it to be corrected prior to the July 1st effective date. The rates for Consolidation Loans are unchanged by the Reauthorization Legislation; the formula remains the weighted average of the rates on the underling loans, rounded up to the nearest eighth. The Reauthorization Legislation does not end the single holder rule affecting loan consolidations, although Congress may do so in the future. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, “Significant Accounting Policies—Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements.” 102 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis The effect of short-term movements in interest rates on our results of operations and financial position has been limited through our interest rate risk management. The following tables summarize the effect on earnings for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 and the effect on fair values at December 31, 2005 and 2004, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming a hypothetical increase in market interest rates of 100 basis points and 300 basis points while funding spreads remain constant. Year ended December 31, 2005 Interest Rates: Year ended December 31, 2004 Interest Rates: Change from increase of 100 basis points Change from increase of 300 basis points Change from increase of 100 basis points Change from increase of 300 basis points $ % $ % $ % $ % $ 12 1% $ 14 1% $ 31 3 % $ 138 14% 202 $ 214 $ .323 32 10% 11% 347 $ 361 $ .580 55 17% 19% 279 $ 310 $ .424 18 12 % 10 % 576 $ 714 $ .975 37 28% 24% At December 31, 2005 Interest Rates: Change from increase of 100 basis points Change from increase of 300 basis points Fair Value $ % $ % (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Effect on Earnings Increase/(decrease) in pre-tax net income before unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in net income before taxes . . . . . . . . Increase in diluted earnings per share . . . . . . (Dollars in millions) Effect on Fair Values Assets Total FFELP student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 76,492 9,189 9,344 7,429 $ 102,454 $ (215) — % $ (385) (1)% — — (164) (1 ) (57) (4 ) (377) (292) (1 )% $ (926) $ (564) — — (2) (5) (1)% Liabilities Interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 92,026 3,609 $ 95,635 $ (1,437) 975 (2 )% $ (3,612) 2,863 27 $ (462) — % $ (749) (4)% 79 (1)% 103 (Dollars in millions) Effect on Fair Values Assets At December 31, 2004 Interest Rates: Change from increase of 100 basis points Change from increase of 300 basis points $ % $ % Fair Value Total FFELP student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 61,531 5,900 10,285 7,878 $ 85,594 Liabilities $ (315) (1 )% $ (636) (1)% — — (1 ) (8 ) (1 )% $ (2,123) — — (3) (1,154) (15) (120) (652) $ (1,087) (333) (2)% Interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78,295 2,798 $ 81,093 $ (1,202) 276 $ (926) (2 )% $ (3,356) 10 1,503 (1 )% $ (1,853) (4)% 54 (2)% A primary objective in our funding is to minimize our sensitivity to changing interest rates by generally funding our floating rate student loan portfolio with floating rate debt. However, as discussed under “LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT—Summary of our Managed Student Loan Portfolio—Floor Income,” in the current low interest rate environment, we can have a fixed versus floating mismatch in funding if the student loan earns at the fixed borrower rate and the funding remains floating. During the year ended December 31, 2005 and 2004, certain FFELP student loans were earning Floor Income and we locked in a portion of that Floor Income through the use of futures and Floor Income Contracts. The result of these hedging transactions was to convert a portion of the fixed rate nature of student loans to variable rate, and to fix the relative spread between the student loan asset rate and the variable rate liability. In the above table under the scenario where interest rates increase 100 and 300 basis points, the increase in pre-tax net income before the unrealized derivative market value adjustment for 2005 and 2004 is primarily due to the impact of (i) our off-balance sheet hedged Consolidation Loan securitizations and the related Embedded Floor Income recognized as part of the gain on sale, which results in no change in the Embedded Floor Income as a result of the increase in rates but does result in a decrease in payments on the written Floor contracts; offset by (ii) our unhedged on-balance sheet loans earning in a fixed rate mode as discussed above. Due to the continued increase in interest rates during 2005, the above factors had less impact on pre-tax net income for the year ended December 31, 2005. The change in pre-tax net income before the unrealized derivative market value adjustment under a 300 basis point increase in rates is not proportional to the change under the scenario where interest rates increase 100 basis points because of the additional spread earned on loans hedged with futures and swaps mentioned above and the greater proportion of loans earning at a floating rate under a 300 basis point increase in rates. In addition to interest rate risk addressed in the preceding tables, the Company is also exposed to risks related to foreign currency exchange rates and the equity price of its own stock. Foreign currency exchange risk is the result of foreign denominated debt issued by the Company. The Company’s policy is to use cross currency interest rate swaps to swap all foreign denominated debt payments (fixed and floating) to U.S. dollar LIBOR using a fixed exchange rate. In the tables above, there would be an immaterial impact on earnings if exchange rates were to decrease or increase, due to the terms of the hedging instrument and hedged items matching. The balance sheet interest bearing liabilities would be affected by a change in exchange rates, however, the change would be materially offset by the cross currency interest rate swaps in other assets or other liabilities. Equity price risk of the Company’s own stock is due to equity forward 104 contracts used in the Company’s share repurchase program. A hypothetical decrease in the Company’s stock price per share of $5.00 and $10.00 would decrease “unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities” by $213 million and $426 million, respectively. In addition to the net income impact, other assets would decrease by the aforementioned amounts. Stock price decreases can also result in the counterparty exercising its right to demand early settlement on a portion of or the total contract depending on trigger prices set in each contract. With the $5.00 and $10.00 decrease in unit stock price above, none of these triggers would be met and no counterparty would have the right to early settlement. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Reference is made to the financial statements listed under the heading “(a)1.A. Financial Statements” of Item 15 hereof, which financial statements are incorporated by reference in response to this Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Nothing to report. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of December 31, 2005. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2005, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (a) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (b) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2005 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Nothing to report. 105 Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant PART III. The information as to the directors and executive officers of the Company set forth under the captions “PROPOSAL 1—ELECTION OF DIRECTORS—Nominees” and “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION— Executive Officers” in the Proxy Statement to be filed on Schedule 14A relating to the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 18, 2006 (the “Proxy Statement”) is incorporated into this Annual Report by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information set forth under the caption “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated into this Annual Report by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information set forth in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements, “Stock-Based Compensation Plans,” listed under the heading “(a)1.A. Financial Statements” of Item 15 hereof and the information set forth under the captions “STOCK OWNERSHIP” and “GENERAL INFORMATION— Principal Shareholders” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated into this Report by reference thereto. There are no arrangements known to the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions The information set forth under the caption “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION—Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated into this Annual Report by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information set forth under the caption “PROPOSAL 3—RATIFICATION OF THE APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated into this Annual Report by reference. 106 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) 1. Financial Statements PART IV. A. The following consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation and the Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon are included in Item 8 above: Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2005 and 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, F-2 F-3 F-5 F-6 2005, 2004 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 F-9 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F10 2. Financial Statement Schedules All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits The exhibits listed in the accompanying index to exhibits are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report. The Company will furnish at cost a copy of any exhibit filed with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. Oral or written requests for copies of any exhibits should be directed to the Corporate Secretary. 4. Appendices Appendix A—Federal Family Education Loan Program (b) Exhibits *2 Agreement and Plan of Reorganization by and among the Student Loan Marketing Association, SLM Holding Corporation, and Sallie Mae Merger Company **3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant **3.2 Amended By-Laws of the Registrant **4 Warrant Certificate No. W-2, dated as of August 7, 1997 *10.1†† Board of Directors Restricted Stock Plan *10.2†† Board of Directors Stock Option Plan *10.3†† Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors *10.4†† Incentive Performance Plan *10.5†† Stock Compensation Plan *10.6†† 1993-1998 Stock Option Plan *10.7†† Supplemental Pension Plan 107  *10.8†† Supplemental Employees’ Thrift & Savings Plan (Sallie Mae 401(K) Supplemental Savings Plan) ***10.9†† Directors Stock Plan ***10.10†† Management Incentive Plan 10.11†† Employee Stock Option Plan 10.12†† Amended and Restated Employees’ Stock Purchase Plan 10.13††† Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Albert L. Lord, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, dated as of January 1, 2003 10.14††† Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, President and Chief Operating Officer, dated as of January 1, 2003 10.15(*) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and C.E. Andrews, Executive Vice President, Accounting and Risk Management, dated as of February 24, 2004. (cid:127)10.16 Named Executive Officer Compensation (cid:127)10.17 Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation (cid:127)10.18 Limited Liability Company Agreement of Education First Marketing LLC (cid:127)10.19 Limited Liability Company Agreement of Education First Finance LLC (cid:127)(cid:127)10.20 Settlement Agreement and Release(1) (cid:127)(cid:127)10.21 First Amendment to Settlement Agreement and Release(1) (cid:127)(cid:127)10.22 Second Amendment to Settlement Agreement and Release(1) (cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127)10.23 Employment Agreement between Registrant and Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, President and Chief Executive Officer, effective as of June 1, 2005 (cid:102)10.24 Sallie Mae Deferred Compensation Plan for Key Employees Restatement Effective January 1, 2005 (cid:102)10.25 SLM Corporation Incentive Plan Performance Stock Term Sheet “Core” Net Income Target (cid:102)10.26 Stock Option Agreement SLM Corporation Incentive Plan Net-Settled, Price-Vested Options—1 year minimum—2006 (cid:102)10.27 SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers †14 Code of Business Conduct *21 Subsidiaries of the Registrant (cid:102)23 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (cid:102)31.1 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003 (cid:102)31.2 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003 (cid:102)32.1 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003 108  (cid:102)32.2 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003 * Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered exhibits to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-21217) ** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered exhibits to the Registrant’s Registration on Form S-1 (File No. 333-38391) *** Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 10, 1998 (File No. 001-13251) † Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003 †† Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement ††† Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2003 (*) Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004 (cid:127) Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 (cid:127)(cid:127) Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005 (cid:127)(cid:127)(cid:127) Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2005 (cid:102) Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with this Form 10-K (1) Confidential Treatment has been requested as to certain portions of these exhibits. Such portions have been omitted. We separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a complete set of these exhibits, including the portions omitted in our filing. 109 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. Dated: March 9, 2006 SLM CORPORATION By: /s/ THOMAS J. FITZPATRICK Thomas J. Fitzpatrick Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ THOMAS J. FITZPATRICK Thomas J. Fitzpatrick Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) March 9, 2006 /s/ C.E. ANDREWS C.E. Andrews /s/ ALBERT L. LORD Albert L. Lord /s/ ANN TORRE BATES Ann Torre Bates /s/ CHARLES L. DALEY Charles L. Daley Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting Officer and Duly Authorized Officer) March 9, 2006 Chairman of the Board of Directors March 9, 2006 Director Director March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 /s/ WILLIAM M. DIEFENDERFER, III Director March 9, 2006 William M. Diefenderfer, III /s/ DIANE SUITT GILLELAND Diane Suitt Gilleland Director /s/ EARL A. GOODE Earl A. Goode /s/ RONALD F. HUNT Ronald F. Hunt Director Director /s/ BENJAMIN J. LAMBERT, III Benjamin J. Lambert, III Director March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 /s/ BARRY A. MUNITZ Barry A. Munitz Director March 9, 2006 110 Signature Title Date /s/ A. ALEXANDER PORTER, JR. A. Alexander Porter, Jr. Director /s/ WOLFGANG SCHOELLKOPF Wolfgang Schoellkopf Director /s/ STEVEN L. SHAPIRO Steven L. Shapiro Barry L. Williams Director Director March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 March 9, 2006 111 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INDEX Page F-2 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5 Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6 Consolidated Statements of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-9 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-10 F-1 MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on our assessment and those criteria, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2005, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. During the year ended December 31, 2005, we acquired a 100 percent interest in GRP/AG Holdings, LLC (“GRP”). Total assets of GRP represented less than one percent of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2005. Total net income of GRP represented less than one percent of consolidated net income for the year ended December 31, 2005. We have excluded GRP from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, and management’s conclusion about the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting does not extend to the internal controls of this entity. This acquisition was not significant (within the meaning of Rule 11-01(b) of Regulation S-X) to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005. This acquisition is described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, “Acquisitions.” Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears below. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. F-2 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of SLM Corporation: We have completed integrated audits of SLM Corporation’s 2005 and 2004 consolidated financial statements and of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 and an audit of its 2003 consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our opinions, based on our audits, are presented below. Consolidated financial statements In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (a) (1), present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2005 and 2004, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit of financial statements includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted SFAS No. 150, “Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity,” and as a result changed its methodology of accounting for equity forward contracts effective June 1, 2003. Internal control over financial reporting Also, in our opinion, management’s assessment, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 based on criteria established in Internal Control— Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on those criteria. Furthermore, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal F-3 control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded GRP/AG Holdings, LLC (“GRP”) from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, because it was acquired in a purchase business combination during 2005. We have also excluded GRP from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. GRP is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and net income represent less than one percent of both measures respectively, of the related financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP McLean, Virginia March 8, 2006 F-4 SLM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts) December 31, 2005 December 31, 2004 Assets FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans (net of allowance for losses of $6,311 and $0, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,988,116 $ 18,965,634 Consolidation Loans (net of allowance for losses of $8,639 and $7,778, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,858,676 41,595,805 Private Education Loans (net of allowance for losses of $204,112 and $171,886, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans (net of allowance for losses of $16,180 and $11,148, respectively) . . . Investments Available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash and investments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities Short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,756,770 1,137,987 5,419,611 1,047,745 2,095,191 273,808 2,368,999 2,498,655 3,300,102 2,406,222 1,105,104 3,918,053 3,274,123 304,700 3,578,823 3,395,487 2,211,643 2,316,388 1,066,142 4,496,248 $ 99,338,684 $ 84,093,526 $ 3,809,655 $ 2,207,095 75,914,573 2,797,921 80,919,589 88,119,090 3,609,332 95,538,077 Commitments and contingencies Minority interest in subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,182 71,633 Stockholders’ equity Preferred stock, par value $.20 per share, 20,000 shares authorized; Series A: 3,300 and 3,300 shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $50 per share; Series B: 4,000 and 0 shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock, par value $.20 per share, 1,125,000 shares authorized: 426,484 and 483,266 shares issued, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income (net of tax of $197,834 and 565,000 165,000 85,297 2,233,647 96,654 1,905,460 $238,396, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity before treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock held in treasury at cost: 13,347 and 59,634 shares, respectively Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,910 1,111,743 4,363,597 572,172 3,791,425 440,672 2,521,740 5,129,526 2,027,222 3,102,304 $ 99,338,684 $ 84,093,526 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 SLM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts) Years Ended December 31, 2004 2003 2005 Interest income: FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,014,851 $ 725,619 $ 655,519 1,157,849 Consolidation Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307,477 Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,740 Other loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,690 Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348,275 Interest expense: 2,500,008 633,884 84,664 276,756 4,510,163 1,364,777 335,451 74,289 232,859 2,732,995 Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income: Gains on student loan securitizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing and securitization revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses on investments, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guarantor servicing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt management fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes, minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries and 177,597 2,881,121 3,058,718 1,451,445 203,006 1,248,439 206,151 1,227,545 1,433,696 1,299,299 111,066 1,188,233 552,546 356,730 (63,955 ) 246,548 115,477 359,907 166,840 273,259 2,007,352 375,384 560,971 (49,358 ) 849,041 119,934 300,071 38,687 289,802 2,484,532 394,109 627,797 1,021,906 1,326,369 147,480 1,178,889 744,289 666,409 (9,932) (237,815) 128,189 258,544 — 249,421 1,799,105 625,024 — 513,304 1,138,328 497,170 220,848 397,762 1,115,780 432,007 — 363,018 795,025 cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries and cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403,589 — Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403,589 Income before cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,971 Cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,533,560 Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,501 Net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,360,381 $ 1,901,769 $ 1,522,059 Basic earnings per common share: 1,388,696 6,412 1,382,284 — 1,382,284 21,903 1,914,296 1,026 1,913,270 — 1,913,270 11,501 2,117,463 728,767 2,182,969 779,380 2,556,985 642,689 Before cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . $ Average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share: Before cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change. . . $ Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.25 $ — 3.25 $ 4.36 $ — 4.36 $ 418,374 436,133 3.05 $ — 3.05 $ 4.04 $ — 4.04 $ 460,260 475,787 .85 $ .74 $ 3.08 .29 3.37 452,037 2.91 .27 3.18 482,104 .59 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 SLM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) F - 7 Balance at December 31, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax . . . . . Change in unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of tax Minimum pension liability adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends: Common stock ($.28 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock ($3.48 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common shares due to exercise of stock warrants . Retirement of common stock in treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donation of common stock in treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit related to employee stock option and purchase plan . Tax benefit related to exercise of stock warrants . . . . . . . . . . Premiums on equity forward purchase contracts . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common shares: Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forwards: Exercise cost, cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum pension liability adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends: Common stock ($.74 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock ($3.48 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit related to employee stock option and purchase plan . Repurchase of common shares: Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forwards: Exercise cost, cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise cost, net settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred Stock Shares 3,300,000 Issued 624,551,508 Common Stock Shares Treasury (166,812,720) Outstanding 457,738,788 Preferred Stock $ 165,000 Common Stock $ 124,910 Additional Paid-In Capital $ 1,102,574 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 592,760 $ Retained Earnings Treasury Stock $ 2,718,226 $ (2,705,520) Total Stockholders’ Equity $ 1,997,950 12,263,832 5,827,656 (170,000,000) 90,456 170,000,000 1,108,340 12,354,288 5,827,656 — 1,108,340 2,454 1,165 (34,000) 293,405 39,034 57,632 65,498 (17,361) 12,458 (6,718,199) (6,718,199) (20,190,640) (20,190,640) 3,300,000 472,642,996 (2,441,990) (24,964,753) (2,441,990) 447,678,243 $ 165,000 $ 94,529 $ 1,553,240 $ 425,621 $ (42,849) 57,644 256 10,623,412 61,810 10,685,222 2,125 293,614 58,606 1,533,560 (172,897) 7,057 (1,299) (266,881) (11,501) (3,032,120) 3,238 3,066,120 40,000 1,533,560 (172,897) 7,057 (1,299) 1,366,421 (266,881) (11,501) 299,097 40,199 — 40,000 57,632 65,498 (17,361) 12,458 (253,276) (253,276) (568,877) (38,290) (93,023) 941,284 $ (549,628) (568,877) (38,290) (93,023) $ 2,630,046 1,913,270 1,913,270 (42,849) 57,644 256 1,928,321 (321,313) (11,501) 298,188 58,606 (321,313) (11,501) 2,449 (563,500) (563,500) (19,323,760) (13,393,350) — (1,450,466) (59,634,019) (19,323,760) (13,393,350) — (1,450,466) 423,632,389 3,300,000 483,266,408 $ 165,000 $ 96,654 $ 1,905,460 $ 440,672 (21,554) (21,554) (694,050) (629,331) (73,419) (61,689) $ 2,521,740 $ (2,027,222) (694,050) (629,331) (73,419) (61,689) $ 3,102,304 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) SLM CORPORATION F - 8 Balance at December 31, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum pension liability adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends: Common stock ($.85 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock, series A ($3.48 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock, series B ($2.28 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retirement of common stock in treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of preferred shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock issuance costs and related amortization . . . . . Tax benefit related to employee stock option and purchase plan . Repurchase of common shares: Equity forwards: Exercise cost, cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise cost, net settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred Stock Shares 3,300,000 Issued 483,266,408 Common Stock Shares Treasury (59,634,019) Outstanding 423,632,389 Preferred Stock $ 165,000 Common Stock $ 96,654 Additional Paid-In Capital $ 1,905,460 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 440,672 $ Retained Earnings Treasury Stock $ 2,521,740 $ (2,027,222) Total Stockholders’ Equity $ 3,102,304 1,382,284 1,382,284 (85,058) 13,098 (802) (355,368) (11,511) (10,025) 8,217,119 (65,000,000) 79,122 65,000,000 8,296,241 — 1,643 (13,000) 264,575 (2,415,010) 4,097 2,428,010 4,000,000 400,000 (2,888) 66,500 (367) (85,058) 13,098 (802) 1,309,522 (355,368) (11,511) (10,025) 270,315 — 400,000 (3,255) 66,500 (13,114,120) (4,154,183) — (1,523,517) (13,346,717) (13,114,120) (4,154,183) — (1,523,517) 413,136,810 7,300,000 426,483,527 $ 565,000 $ 85,297 $ 2,233,647 $ 367,910 (655,433) (227,400) (17,315) (76,909) $ 1,111,743 $ (572,172) (655,433) (227,400) (17,315) (76,909) $ 3,791,425 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. SLM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Dollars in thousands) Operating activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gains on student loan securitizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on investments, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt extinguishment and defeasance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized (gains)/losses on derivative and hedging activities, excluding equity forwards . Unrealized (gains)/losses on derivative and hedging activities—equity forwards . . . . . . . . Provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donation of treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest, net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage loans originated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) in restricted cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in Retained Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) decrease in other assets, goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) in other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities Student loans acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans purchased from securitized trusts (primarily loan consolidations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction of student loans: Installment payments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claims and resales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from securitization of student loans treated as sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of student loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Academic facilities financings and other loans—originated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Academic facilities financings and other loans—repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of held-to-maturity and other securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity securities and other securities . . . . . . . . . . . Return of investment from Retained Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities Short-term borrowings issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term borrowings repaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term borrowings repaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings collateralized by loans in trust—issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings collateralized by loans in trust—activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSE debt extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premiums on equity forward contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash disbursements made for: Years Ended December 31, 2004 2003 2005 $ 1,382,284 $ 1,913,270 $ 1,533,560 — (552,546) 63,955 — (514,362) (120,433) 203,006 — (7,835) (1,746,986) 1,692,923 (972,321) (788,819) 260,505 258,351 (111,217) 254,668 (2,081,111) (698,827) — (375,384 ) 49,358 220,848 (802,548 ) (759,423 ) 111,066 — (502 ) (1,461,979 ) 1,257,574 (791,176 ) (467,745 ) 162,018 85,767 596,101 (54,461 ) (2,230,486 ) (317,216 ) (129,971) (744,289) 9,932 — (570,189) 68,233 147,480 40,000 — (1,577,094) 1,565,343 (123,222) 29,130 94,474 96,000 321,799 132,378 (639,996) 893,564 (29,347,428) (9,491,668) (22,673,926 ) (5,552,467 ) (18,318,703) (6,156,521) 7,477,455 1,025,686 13,520,208 167,410 (565,070) 523,473 (66,318,067) 983,469 66,336,065 (903,328) 904,179 256,712 (237,919) (15,668,823) 59,820,213 (59,907,574) 10,267,396 (5,732,752) 12,913,991 (1,448,270) — 270,315 — (732,342) (355,368) 396,745 (21,536) 15,470,818 (896,832) 3,395,487 5,020,214 798,327 12,475,726 478,402 (403,156 ) 593,261 (292,943,325 ) 124,205 293,743,096 (292,330 ) 275,567 449,539 (868,404 ) (8,775,271 ) 3,857,285 645,966 13,482,900 38,362 (380,957) 627,585 (275,412,837) 10,505 274,274,563 (304,491) 279,176 315,610 (113,614) (7,155,171) 290,974,707 (298,108,496 ) 15,456,903 (15,826,730 ) 21,584,931 (653,177 ) (1,967,607 ) 289,965 — (777,293 ) (321,313 ) — (11,501 ) 10,640,389 1,547,902 1,847,585 3,395,487 $ 764,160,787 (772,657,799) 19,330,222 (18,658,436) 16,442,305 (96,774) — 339,296 (17,361) (917,353) (266,882) — (11,501) 7,646,504 1,384,897 462,688 1,847,585 $ 2,498,655 $ Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,587,582 $ 476,923 $ $ 1,214,249 $ 549,319 $ 930,619 655,796 Noncash financing activity: Transfer of investments to trust to defease GSE debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 1,305,906 $ — See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-9 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 1. Organization and Business SLM Corporation (“the Company”) is a holding company that operates through a number of subsidiaries. The Company was formed 33 years ago as the Student Loan Marketing Association, a federally chartered government-sponsored enterprise (the “GSE”), with the goal of furthering access to higher education by acting as a secondary market for student loans. In 2004, the Company completed the privatization process that began in 1997 and resulted in the Wind-Down of the GSE. Specifically, the GSE, SLM Corporation and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, both in its capacity as trustee and as fiscal agent for the GSE’s remaining obligations, entered into a Master Defeasance Trust Agreement as of December 29, 2004 that established a special and irrevocable trust, which was fully collateralized by direct, noncallable obligations of the United States. On December 29, 2004, the United States Department of the Treasury determined that such obligations are sufficient, without consideration of any reinvestment of interest, to pay the principal of and the interest on the GSE’s remaining obligations. The Wind-Down was completed upon the issuance of that determination and the GSE’s separate existence terminated. The Company provides funding, delivery and servicing support for education loans in the United States primarily through its participation in the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). The Company provides a wide range of financial services, processing capabilities and information technology to meet the needs of educational institutions, lenders, students and their families, guarantee agencies and the U.S. Department of Education (“ED”). The Company’s primary business is to originate and hold student loans. The Company also provides fee-based related products and services and earns fees for student loan and guarantee servicing, and student loan default management and loan collections. The Company originates student and consumer loans for both its own behalf and Preferred Lender List clients on the Company’s proprietary origination platform. The Company has also broadened its fee- based businesses, which include its debt management services, student loan origination, and student loan and guarantee servicing. 2. Significant Accounting Policies Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries, after eliminating intercompany accounts and transactions. Financial Interpretation (“FIN”) No. 46(R), “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities,” requires Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”) to be consolidated by their primary beneficiaries if they do not effectively disperse risks among parties involved. A VIE exists when either the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities by itself, or the equity investors lack one of three characteristics associated with owning a controlling financial interest. Those characteristics are the direct or indirect ability to make decisions about an entity’s activities that have a significant impact on the success of the entity, the obligation to absorb the expected losses of an entity, and the rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity. As further discussed in Note 9, “Student Loan Securitization,” the Company does not consolidate any qualifying special purpose entities (“QSPEs”) created for securitization purposes in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) F-10 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities— a Replacement of SFAS No. 125.” All of the Company’s off-balance sheet securitizations meet the definition of a QSPE and are not consolidated. The Company’s accounting treatment for its on-balance sheet Consolidation Loan securitizations, which are not QSPEs, are governed by FIN No. 46(R) and are consolidated in the accompanying financial statements as the Company is the primary beneficiary. Use of Estimates The Company’s financial reporting and accounting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key accounting policies that include significant judgments and estimates include valuation and income recognition related to securitization activities (gain on sale and the related retained interest), loan effective interest method (student loan premiums, discounts and Borrower Benefits), provisions for loan losses, and derivative accounting. The combination of aggressive marketing in the student loan industry and low interest rates has led to record levels of Consolidation Loan volume, which, in turn, has had a significant effect on a number of accounting estimates in recent years. The Company expects the Consolidation Loan program to continue to be an attractive option for borrowers. Accordingly, during the Company’s regular analysis of its critical accounting estimates, the Company has continually updated the estimates used to develop the cash flows and effective yield calculations as they relate to the amortization of student loan premiums and discounts, Borrower Benefits and the valuation and income recognition of the Residual Interest. Loans Loans, consisting of federally insured student loans, Private Education Loans, student loan participations, lines of credit, academic facilities financings, and other private consumer and mortgage loans, are generally carried at amortized cost, which includes unamortized premiums, unearned discounts and capitalized origination costs and fees. If the Company has the ability and intent to hold loans for the foreseeable future, such loans are held for investment and therefore carried at amortized cost. Any loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Private Education Loans which are not guaranteed by the federal government are charged off against the allowance for loan loss at 212 days past due and any subsequent recoveries are recorded directly to the allowance. When the loan charges off, any accrued interest is charged off against interest income. FFELP loans are guaranteed (subject to legislative risk sharing requirements) as to both principal and interest, and therefore continue to accrue interest until such time that they are paid by the guarantor. Student Loan Income The Company recognizes student loan income as earned, net of amortization of premiums, capitalized direct origination costs, and the accretion of discounts. Additionally, income is recognized based upon the expected yield of the loan after giving effect to prepayments, extensions and to estimates for borrower F-11 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) utilization of incentives for timely payment (“Borrower Benefits”). The estimates of the effect of Borrower Benefits on student loan yield are based on analyses of historical payment behavior of borrowers who are eligible for the incentives and the evaluation of the ultimate qualification rate for these incentives. Premiums, capitalized direct origination costs and discounts received are amortized over the estimated life of the loan, which includes an estimate of prepayment speeds. The Company periodically evaluates the assumptions used to estimate its loan life and in instances where there are modifications to the assumptions, amortization is adjusted on a cumulative basis to reflect the change since the acquisition of the loan. In addition, the Company pays an annual 105 basis point Consolidation Loan rebate fee on Consolidation Loans. The Company was also required to pay an annual 30 basis point Offset Fee unique to the GSE on Stafford and PLUS student loans purchased and held on or after August 10, 1993 until the GSE was dissolved on December 29, 2004. These fees are netted against student loan income. Allowance for Student Loan Losses The Company has established an allowance for student loan losses that is an estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date. The Company presents student loans net of the allowance on the balance sheet. Amounts of estimated probable losses are currently expensed and increase the provisions of loan losses. Actual losses are charged off, net of recoveries, to the allowance for loan losses. In evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for losses on the Private Education Loan portfolio, the Company considers several factors including: the credit profile of the borrower and/or co-borrower, loans in repayment versus those in a permitted non-paying status, months of repayment, delinquency status, type of program and trends in defaults in the portfolio based on Company and industry data. (See also Note 4, “Allowance for Student Loan Losses.”) When calculating the Private Education Loan loss reserve, the Company methodology divides the portfolio into categories of similar risk characteristics based on loan program type, underwriting criteria, existence or absence of a co-borrower, repayment begin date and repayment status. The Company then applies default and collection rate projections to each category. The Company uses a similar methodology as a non-accrual policy for Private Education Loan interest income to reduce the amount of interest income recognized in the current period that the Company does not expect to collect in subsequent periods. The Company’s loss estimates include losses to be incurred over the loss confirmation period of two years, including when borrowers are in school. The Company’s collection policies allow for periods of nonpayment for borrowers experiencing temporary difficulty meeting payment obligations (typically, early in the repayment term when they are starting their careers). This is referred to as forbearance status. For the federally insured loan portfolios, the Company’s loan servicing division, Sallie Mae Servicing, was re-designated as an Exceptional Performer (“EP”) by ED, for a renewable one-year period beginning on October 19, 2005, in recognition of meeting certain performance standards set by the ED in servicing FFELP loans. As a result of this designation, the Company receives 100 percent reimbursement on default claims filed before July 1, 2006 on federally guaranteed student loans that are serviced by Sallie Mae Servicing for a period of at least 270 days before the date of default. For claims filed on or after July 1, 2006, the rate of reimbursement will be reduced to 99 percent through the Higher Education F-12 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Reconciliation Act of 2005 (the “HEA”) which was signed into law on February 8, 2006. Prior to being designated as an EP, the Company was subject to the two percent Risk Sharing on these loans. The Company is entitled to receive this benefit as long as it remains in compliance with the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other criteria. The EP designation also applies to all FFELP loans that the Company owns but are serviced by other service providers with the EP designation and conversely does not apply for loans serviced by other service providers without the EP designation. As a result of the amended reimbursement level through the HEA reauthorization, the Company established an allowance at December 31, 2005 for loans that will be subject to the one percent Risk Sharing provision. When calculating this allowance, the Company considers trends in student loan claims rejected for payment by guarantors based on periodic evaluations of its loan portfolios considering past experience, changes to federal student loan programs, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes term federal funds, Eurodollar deposits, money market funds and bank deposits with original terms to maturity of less than three months. Restricted Cash and Investments Restricted cash includes amounts restricted for on-balance sheet student loan securitizations, other secured borrowings, as well as cash received from lending institutions pending disbursement for student loans in connection with servicing student loans. Cash received from lending institutions that is invested pending disbursement for student loans is restricted and cannot be disbursed for any other purpose. The investments held must be instruments explicitly guaranteed by the United States government, or instruments collateralized by securities guaranteed by the United States government. Generally, these securities include Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and reverse repurchase agreements collateralized by these instruments. Restricted cash and investments also includes cash received from students or parents and owed to schools in connection with the tuition payment plan program of Academic Management Services (“AMS”), acquired in the fourth quarter of 2003. Investments Investments are held to provide liquidity and to serve as a source of income. The majority of the Company’s investments are classified as available-for-sale and such securities are carried at market value, with the temporary changes in market value carried as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Changes in the market value for available-for-sale securities that have been designated as the hedged item in a SFAS No. 133 fair value hedge (as it relates to the hedged risks) are recorded in the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line of the income statement offsetting changes in fair value of the derivative which is hedging such investment. Temporary changes in market value of the security as it relates to non hedged risks, are carried as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The amortized cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, which are amortized using the effective interest rate method. Impairment is evaluated considering several factors including the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than cost; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer; and the intent and ability to retain the F-13 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) investment in order to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. If, based on the analysis, it is determined that the impairment is other than temporary, the investment is written down to fair value and a loss is recognized through earnings. Securities classified as trading are accounted for at fair market value with unrealized gains and losses included in investment income. Securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are accounted for at amortized cost. The Company also has insurance-related investments and investments in leveraged leases, primarily with U.S. commercial airlines, which are accounted for at amortized cost. Interest Expense Interest expense is based upon contractual interest rates adjusted for the amortization of debt issuance costs and premiums and the accretion of discounts. The Company’s interest expense may also be adjusted for net payments/receipts related to interest rate and foreign currency swap agreements and interest rate futures contracts that qualify as hedges under GAAP. Interest expense also includes the amortization of deferred gains and losses on closed hedge transactions that qualified as cash flow hedges. Amortization of debt issue costs, premiums, discounts and terminated hedge basis adjustments are recognized using the effective interest rate method. Securitization Accounting To meet the sale criteria of SFAS No. 140, the Company’s securitizations use a two-step structure with a QSPE that legally isolates the transferred assets from the Company, even in the event of bankruptcy. Transactions receiving sale treatment are also structured to ensure that the holders of the beneficial interests issued by the QSPE are not constrained from pledging or exchanging their interests, and that the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If these criteria are not met, then the transaction is accounted for as an on-balance sheet secured borrowing. In all cases, irrespective of whether they qualify as sales under SFAS No. 140, the Company’s securitizations are structured such that they are legally sales of assets that isolate the transferred assets from the Company. The Company assesses the financial structure of each securitization to determine whether the trust or other securitization vehicle meets the sale criteria as defined in SFAS No. 140 and accounts for the transaction accordingly. To be a QSPE, the trust must meet all of the following conditions: • It is demonstrably distinct from the Company and cannot be unilaterally dissolved by the Company and at least 10 percent of the fair value of its interests is held by independent third parties. • The activities in which the trust can participate are significantly limited. These activities are entirely specified up-front in the legal documents creating the QSPE. • There are limits to the assets the QSPE can hold; specifically, it can hold only financial assets transferred to it that are passive in nature, passive derivative instruments pertaining to the beneficial interests held by independent third parties, servicing rights, temporary investments pending distribution to security holders and cash. • It can only dispose of its assets in automatic response to the occurrence of an event specified in the applicable legal documents and must be outside the control of the Company. F-14 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) The Company holds rights that can affect the remarketing of specific bonds in certain Consolidation Loan securitization structures. These remarketing rights are not significantly limited and therefore these securitizations did not meet the criteria of being a QSPE and are accounted for on-balance sheet as VIEs. Retained Interest The Company securitizes its student loan assets and for transactions qualifying as sales retains Residual Interests and servicing rights (as the Company retains the servicing responsibilities), all of which are referred to as the Company’s Retained Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans. The Residual Interest is the right to receive cash flows from the student loans and reserve accounts in excess of the amounts needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees, and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the student loans. The investors of the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s other assets should there be a failure of the student loans to pay when due. When the Company qualifies for sale treatment on its FFELP Stafford, Private Education, and certain of the Consolidation Loan securitizations, it recognizes the resulting gain on student loan securitizations on the consolidated statements of income. This gain is based upon the difference between the allocated cost basis of the assets sold and the relative fair value of the assets received. The component in determining the fair value of the assets received that involves the most judgment is the Residual Interest. The Company estimates the fair value of the Residual Interest, both initially and each subsequent quarter, based on the present value of future expected cash flows using management’s best estimates of the following key assumptions—credit losses, prepayment speeds, the forward interest rate curve and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. Quoted market prices are not available. The Company accounts for its Residual Interests as available-for-sale securities. Accordingly, Residual Interests are reflected at market value with temporary changes in market value reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. The fair value of the Fixed Rate Embedded Floor Income is a component of the Residual Interest and is determined both initially at the time of the sale of the student loans and each subsequent quarter. This estimate is based on an option valuation and a discounted cash flow calculation that considers the current borrower rate, Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) spreads and the term for which the loan is eligible to earn Floor Income as well as time value, forward interest rate curve and volatility factors. Variable Rate Floor Income received is recorded as earned in securitization income. The Company records interest income and periodically evaluates its Residual Interests for other than temporary impairment in accordance with the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 99-20 “Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets.” Under this guidance, each quarter, the Company estimates the cash flows to be received from its Residual Interests which are used prospectively to calculate a yield for income recognition. In cases where the Company’s estimate of future cash flows results in a decrease in the yield used to recognize interest income compared to the prior quarter, the Residual Interest is written down to fair value, first to the extent of any unrealized gain in accumulated other comprehensive income, then through earnings as an other than temporary impairment. The Company also receives income for servicing the loans in its securitization trusts which is recognized as earned. The Company assesses the amounts received as compensation for these activities at F-15 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) inception and on an ongoing basis to determine if the amounts received are adequate compensation as defined in SFAS No. 140. To the extent such compensation is determined to be no more or less than adequate compensation, no servicing asset or obligation is recorded at the time of securitization. Derivative Accounting SFAS No. 133 The Company accounts for its derivatives, which include interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, interest rate futures contracts, interest rate cap contracts, Floor Income Contracts and equity forward contracts in accordance with SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” which requires that every derivative instrument, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, be recorded at fair value on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability. The Company determines the fair value for its derivative contracts using either (i) pricing models that consider current market conditions and the contractual terms of the derivative contract or (ii) counterparty valuations. These factors include interest rates, time value, forward interest rate curve and volatility factors, as well as foreign exchange rates. Pricing models and their underlying assumptions impact the amount and timing of unrealized gains and losses recognized, and the use of different pricing models or assumptions could produce different financial results. Many of the Company’s derivatives, mainly interest rate swaps hedging the fair value of fixed rate assets and liabilities, cross-currency interest rate swaps, and certain Eurodollar futures contracts, qualify as effective hedges under SFAS No. 133. For these derivatives, the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged items (including the hedged risk and method for assessing effectiveness), as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship is documented. Each derivative is designated to either a specific asset or liability on the balance sheet or expected future cash flows, and designated as either a fair value or a cash flow hedge. Fair value hedges are designed to hedge the Company’s exposure to changes in fair value of a fixed rate or foreign denomination asset or liability (“fair value” hedge), while cash flow hedges are designed to hedge the Company’s exposure to variability of either a floating rate asset’s or liability’s cash flows or expected fixed rate debt issuance (“cash flow” hedge). For effective fair value hedges, both the hedge and the hedged item (for the risk being hedged) are marked-to-market with any difference recorded immediately in the income statement. For effective cash flow hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and recognized in earnings in the same period as the earnings effects of the hedged item. The ineffective portion of a cash flow hedge is recorded immediately through earnings. The assessment of the hedge’s effectiveness is performed at inception and on an ongoing basis. In general, regression testing is performed to assess hedge effectiveness. When it is determined that a derivative is not currently an effective hedge or it will not be one in the future, the Company discontinues the hedge accounting prospectively and ceases recording changes in the fair value of the hedged item. The Company also has a number of derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts, certain Eurodollar futures contracts and certain basis swaps, that the Company believes are effective economic hedges but are not considered hedges under SFAS No. 133. The Floor Income Contracts are written options which under SFAS No. 133 have a more stringent effectiveness hurdle to meet. These derivatives are classified as F-16 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) “trading” for GAAP purposes and as a result they are marked-to-market through GAAP earnings with no consideration for the price fluctuation of the economically hedged item. Net settlement income/expense on derivatives and realized gains/losses related to derivative dispositions (“gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities—realized,” as reported in Note 10 “Derivative Financial Instruments”) that do not qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133 are included in the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line item on the income statement. As a result, the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line item includes the unrealized changes in the fair value of the Company’s derivatives (except effective cash flow hedges which are recorded in other comprehensive income), the unrealized changes in fair value of hedged items in qualifying fair value hedges, as well as the realized changes in fair value related to derivative net settlements and dispositions that do not qualify for hedge accounting. Net settlement income/expense on derivatives that qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133 are included with the income or expense of the hedged item (mainly interest expense). Foreign Currency Transactions Transaction gains and losses resulting from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are included in net income. SFAS No. 150 Under SFAS No. 150, “Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity,” equity forward contracts that allow a net settlement option either in cash or the Company’s stock are required to be accounted for in accordance with SFAS No. 133 as derivatives. As a result, the Company marks its equity forward contracts to market through earnings in the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line item on the income statement along with the net settlement expense on the contracts. In accordance with SFAS No. 150, equity forward contracts that were entered into prior to June 1, 2003 and outstanding at July 1, 2003, were marked-to-market on July 1, 2003 and resulted in a gain of $130 million, which was reflected as a “cumulative effect of accounting change” in the consolidated statements of income. Debt Management Fees and Collections Revenue In the purchased receivables business, the Company focuses on various types of consumer debt with an emphasis on charged off credit card receivables, as well as sub-performing and nonperforming mortgage loans. The Company accounts for its investments in charged off receivables and sub-performing and nonperforming mortgage loans in accordance with AICPA Statement of Position (“SOP”) 03-3, “Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer.” Under the standard, the Company establishes static pools of homogeneous accounts and initially records them at fair value, based on each pool’s estimated cash flow and internal rate of return. The Company recognizes income each month based on each static pool’s effective interest rate and allocates monthly cash collections to interest and principal based on each pool’s estimated internal rate of return. The static pools are tested monthly for impairment by re-estimating the future cash flows to be received from the pools. Subsequent increases in estimated future cash flows are recognized prospectively through a yield adjustment over the remaining life of the static pool. If the new estimated cash flows are less than previously estimated, the Company records F-17 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) impairments to purchased receivable assets. Under SOP 03-3, the yield that may be accreted as interest income on such loans is limited to the excess of the Company’s estimate of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows from the loan over its initial investment in the loan. Net interest income earned on the purchased portfolios is recorded as collection revenue on the accompanying income statement. The Company also receives fees for collections on behalf of clients performed on a contingency basis. Revenue is earned and recognized upon receipt of the borrower funds. The Company also receives fees from guarantor agencies for default aversion services when a loan is delinquent and is initially placed with the Company. The Company is obligated to provide such services for the remaining life of the loan for no additional fee. In the event that the loan defaults, the Company is obligated to rebate a portion of the fee to the guarantor agency in proportion to the principal and interest outstanding when the loan defaults. The Company recognizes fees received, net of actual rebates, over the service period which is estimated to be the life of the loan. Guarantor Servicing Fees The Company performs services including loan origination and account maintenance services for guarantor agencies, ED, educational institutions and financial institutions. The fees associated with these services are accrued as earned. The Company is party to a guarantor servicing contract with United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (“USA Funds”), which accounted for 82 percent of guarantor servicing fees for the year ended December 31, 2005. Software Development Costs Certain direct development costs associated with internal-use software are capitalized, including external direct costs of services and payroll costs for employees devoting time to the software projects. These costs are included in other assets and are amortized over a period not to exceed five years beginning when the asset is technologically feasible and substantially ready for use. Maintenance costs and research and development costs relating to software to be sold or leased are expensed as incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, the Company capitalized $22 million, $18 million and $17 million, respectively, in costs related to software development, and expensed $112 million, $99 million and $95 million, respectively, related to routine maintenance, betterments and amortization. At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the unamortized balance of capitalized internally developed software included in other assets was $53 million and $44 million, respectively. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Company accounts for goodwill and other intangible assets in accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” pursuant to which goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an event indicates that the asset(s) might be impaired. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated lives. Such assets are amortized using the straight line method or accelerated method, depending on the asset class, over a period of up to eighteen years. F-18 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation The Company has stock-based employee compensation plans and plans for non-employee members of its Board of Directors, which are described more fully in Note 16, “Stock-Based Compensation Plans.” As of December 31, 2005, the Company accounted for its stock options using the intrinsic value method of accounting as prescribed by Accounting Principles Board (“APB”) Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.” Under APB No. 25, the Company does not recognize compensation expense on fixed award plans unless the exercise price of its employee stock options is less than the market price of the underlying stock on the date of grant. The Company grants all of its options at the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. Consequently, the Company has not recorded such expense in the periods presented. The fair values for the options granted in the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 were estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, with the following weighted average assumptions: Risk free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected life of the option (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2004 2.59% 16.27% 1.66% 3 years 2005 3.87% 21.48% 1.58% 3 years 2003 2.47% 25.31% 1.28% 3 years The following table summarizes pro forma disclosures for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, as if the Company had accounted for employee and Board of Directors stock options granted subsequent to December 31, 1994 under the fair market value method as set forth in SFAS No. 123, as amended by SFAS No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.” The option value is amortized over an assumed vesting period of between one to three years or to the actual date of vesting, whichever comes first. Years Ended December 31, 2004 2005 2003 Net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,360,381 $ 1,901,769 $ 1,522,059 Less: Total stock-based employee compensation expense determined under fair value based method for all awards, net of related tax effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (85,503) Pro forma net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,320,882 $ 1,859,884 $ 1,436,556 Basic earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of (41,885 ) (39,499) accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.25 $ 4.36 $ 3.37 Pro forma basic earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.16 $ 4.26 $ 3.18 Diluted earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.05 $ 4.04 $ 3.18 Pro forma diluted earnings per common share, after cumulative effect of accounting change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2.97 $ 3.96 $ 3.00 F-19 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,” which is a revision of SFAS No. 123 (for further discussion, see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements—Share-Based Payment” below). The Company adopted SFAS No. 123(R) on January 1, 2006 using the modified- prospective transition method. Income Taxes Income taxes are recorded in accordance with SFAS No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” The asset and liability approach underlying SFAS No. 109 requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. To the extent tax laws change, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted in the period that the tax change is enacted. “Income tax expense” includes (i) deferred tax expense, which represents the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability balance during the year plus any change in a valuation allowance, and (ii) current tax expense, which represents the amount of tax currently payable to or receivable from a tax authority plus amounts accrued for expected tax deficiencies (including both tax and interest). In accordance with SFAS No. 5, “Accounting for Contingencies,” the Company records a reserve for expected controversies with the Internal Revenue Service and various state taxing authorities when it is deemed that deficiencies arising from such controversies are probable and reasonably estimable. This reserve includes both tax and interest on these deficiencies. Minority Interest in Subsidiaries At December 31, 2005, minority interest in subsidiaries represents interests held by minority shareholders in AFS Holdings, LLC of approximately 24 percent. At December 31, 2004, minority interest in subsidiaries included interests in AFS Holdings, LLC and Washington Transferee Corporation of approximately 36 percent and 34 percent, respectively. Earnings per Common Share The Company computes earnings per common share (“EPS”) in accordance with SFAS No. 128, “Earnings per Share.” Basic earnings per common share (“Basic EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per common share (“Diluted EPS”) reflect the potential dilutive effect of: (i) additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, deferred compensation, restricted stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, determined by the treasury stock method, (ii) the assumed conversion of convertible notes, determined by the “if-converted” method and (iii) equity forward contracts, determined by the reverse treasury stock method. See Note 15, “Earnings per Common Share,” for further discussion. F-20 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the balances as of and for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, to be consistent with classifications adopted for 2005. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments In February 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 155, “Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments” which amends SFAS No. 133 and SFAS No. 140. This statement will be effective for the first fiscal year beginning after September 15, 2006. This statement: • Allows a hybrid financial instrument containing an embedded derivative that would have required bifurcation under SFAS No. 133 to be measured at fair value as one instrument on a case by case basis; • Clarifies which interest-only strips and principal-only strips are exempt from the requirements of SFAS No. 133; • Requires that all interests in securitized financial assets be evaluated to determine if the interests are free standing instruments or if the interests contain an embedded derivative; • Clarifies that the concentrations of credit risk in the form of subordination are not an embedded derivative; and • Amends SFAS Statement No. 140 to eliminate the prohibition of a qualifying special purpose entity from holding a derivative financial instrument that pertains to beneficial interests other than another derivative financial instrument. The Company is currently evaluating this statement to assess its impact on the Company’s financial statements. Accounting Changes and Error Corrections In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections,” which is a replacement of APB Opinion No. 20, “Accounting Changes,” and SFAS No. 3, “Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements.” This statement changes the requirements for the accounting for and reporting of a change in accounting principle. This statement applies to all voluntary changes in accounting principle and applies to changes required by an accounting pronouncement in the unusual instance that the pronouncement does not include specific transition provisions. This statement requires retrospective application to prior periods’ financial statements of changes in accounting principle, unless it is impracticable to determine either the period-specific effects or the cumulative effect of the change. When it is impracticable to determine the period-specific effects of an accounting change on one or more individual prior periods presented, this statement requires that the new accounting principle be applied to the balances of assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the earliest period for which retrospective application is practicable and that a corresponding adjustment be made to the opening balance of retained F-21 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) earnings for that period rather than being reported in an income statement. This statement is effective for accounting changes made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005. The Company adopted SFAS No. 154 on January 1, 2006. The Company expects that the adoption of SFAS No. 154 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. Share-Based Payment In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,” which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.” Generally, the approach in SFAS No. 123(R) is similar to the approach described in SFAS No. 123. However, SFAS No. 123(R) requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their fair values. Pro forma disclosure is no longer an alternative. The new standard will be effective for public entities (excluding small business issuers) for the fiscal year beginning after June 15, 2005. The Company adopted SFAS No. 123(R) on January 1, 2006 using the modified- prospective transition method. Had the Company adopted SFAS No. 123(R) for the year ended December 31, 2005, its diluted earnings per share would have been $.08 lower, and going forward, the Company expects that the adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) will have a similar effect on diluted earnings per share. 3. Student Loans The FFELP is subject to comprehensive reauthorization every five years and to frequent statutory and regulatory changes. The most recent reauthorization was the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 (the “Reauthorization Legislation”). There are three principal categories of FFELP loans: Stafford loans, PLUS loans, and Consolidation Loans. Generally, Stafford and PLUS loans have repayment periods of between five and ten years. Consolidation Loans have repayment periods of twelve to thirty years. FFELP loans obligate the borrower to pay interest at a stated fixed rate or a variable rate reset annually (subject to a cap) on July 1 of each year depending on when the loan was originated and the loan type. The Company earns interest at the greater of the borrower’s rate or a floating rate. If the floating rate exceeds the borrower rate, ED makes a payment directly to the Company based upon the SAP formula. In low or certain declining interest rate environments when student loans are earning at the fixed borrower rate, while the interest on the funding for the loans is variable and declining, the Company can earn additional spread income that it refers to as Floor Income. As of December 31, 2005 and 2004, 60 percent and 63 percent, respectively, of the Company’s on- balance sheet student loan portfolio was in repayment. Most of the Company’s loans do not require repayment while the borrower is in-school and during the grace period immediately upon leaving school. The borrower may also be granted a deferment or forbearance for a period of time based on need, during which time the borrower is not considered to be in repayment. Interest continues to accrue on loans in these in-school, grace, deferment and forbearance periods. FFELP loans originated prior to October 1, 1993 are insured for 100 percent of their unpaid balance against the borrower’s default, death, disability or bankruptcy. As of December 31, 2005, insurance on F-22 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 3. Student Loans (Continued) FFELP loans originated on or after October 1, 1993 is set at 98 percent but can be increased to 100 percent if a servicer qualifies for the EP designation as discussed in “Allowance for FFELP Student Loan Losses” in Note 4. The two percent uninsured portion is referred to as Risk Sharing for holders of these loans. Insurance on FFELP loans is provided by certain state or non-profit guarantee agencies, which are reinsured by the federal government. At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the Company owned $5.5 billion and $6.9 billion of 98 percent reinsured FFELP loans, and $67.2 billion and $51.7 billion of 100 percent reinsured loans, respectively. On February 8, 2006, the Reauthorization Legislation was signed into law. The legislation reduces lender reinsurance to 99 percent with EP designation for claims filed after July 1, 2006 and 97 percent without designation on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006. Health Education Assistance Loans (“HEAL”) are directly insured 100 percent by the federal government. In addition to federal loan programs, which place statutory limits on per year and total borrowing, the Company offers a variety of Private Education Loans. Private Education Loans for post-secondary education and loans for career training can be subdivided into two main categories: loans that supplement FFELP student loans primarily for higher and lifelong learning programs and loans for career training. For the majority of the Private Education Loan portfolio, the Company bears the full risk of any losses experienced and as a result, these loans are underwritten and priced based upon standardized consumer credit scoring criteria. In addition, students who do not meet the Company’s minimum underwriting standards are required to obtain a credit-worthy co-borrower. Approximately 50 percent of the Company’s Private Education Loans have a co-borrower. Certain Private Education Loans do not require repayment, or have modified repayment plans, while the borrower is in-school and during the grace period immediately upon leaving school. The borrower may also be granted a deferment or forbearance for a period of time based on need, during which time the borrower is not considered to be in repayment. Interest continues to accrue on loans in the in-school, deferment and forbearance period. The estimated weighted average life of student loans in the Company’s portfolio was approximately 9.4 years and 8.7 years at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The following table reflects the distribution of the Company’s student loan portfolio by program. FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans, net(1) . . . . . . Consolidation Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total student loans, net(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 Year ended December 31, 2005 Ending Balance $ 19,988,116 54,858,676 7,756,770 $ 82,603,562 % of Balance 24% 67 9 100% Average Balance $ 20,719,942 47,082,001 6,921,975 $ 74,723,918 Average Effective Interest Rate 4.90% 5.31 9.16 5.55% (1) The FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. (2) The total student loan balance includes net unamortized premiums/discounts of $909,417 and $787,696 as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. F-23 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 3. Student Loans (Continued) FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans, net(1) . . . . . Consolidation Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total student loans, net(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2004 Year ended December 31, 2004 Ending Balance $ 18,965,634 41,595,805 5,419,611 $ 65,981,050 % of Balance 29% 63 8 100% Average Balance $ 19,317,260 31,773,279 4,794,782 $ 55,885,321 Average Effective Interest Rate 3.76% 4.30 7.00 4.34% (1) The FFELP category is primarily Stafford loans, but also includes federally insured PLUS and HEAL loans. (2) The total student loan balance includes net unamortized premiums/discounts of $909,417 and $787,696 as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. 4. Allowance for Student Loan Losses The Company’s provisions for loan losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the student loan portfolios. The evaluation of the provisions for student loan losses is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. The Company believes that the allowance for student loan losses is appropriate to cover probable losses in the student loan portfolios. The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for student loan losses for both the Private Education Loan and federally insured student loan portfolios for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003. Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions 2005 $ 179,664 Years ended December 31, 2004 $ 211,709 2003 $ 230,684 Provisions for student loan losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for Risk Sharing(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,156 9,537 19,580 133,123 — 14,138 142,077 — 13,106 Deductions Reductions for student loan sales and securitizations . . . . . . . . . . Charge-offs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in federal Risk Sharing allowance/provision for (9,928) (157,947) (35,887 ) (117,441 ) (85,579) (95,445) EP designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — $ 219,062 (32,709 ) 6,731 $ 179,664 — 6,866 $ 211,709 (1) See “Allowance for FFELP Student Loan Losses” below. F-24 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 4. Allowance for Student Loan Losses (Continued) In addition to the provisions for student loan losses, provisions for other losses totaled $15 million, $11 million, and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003, respectively. Allowance for FFELP Student Loan Losses On February 8, 2006, the Reauthorization Legislation was signed into law. The legislation reduces the level of default insurance to 97 percent from 98 percent (effectively increasing Risk Sharing from two percent to three percent) on loans disbursed after July 1, 2006 for lenders without EP designation. Furthermore, the Reauthorization Legislation reduces the default insurance paid to lenders/servicers with the EP designation to 99 percent from 100 percent on claims filed after July 1, 2006. In response to this decrease in insurance levels, the Company established a $10 million Risk-Sharing allowance as of December 31, 2005 for an estimate of losses on FFELP Student Loans based on the one percent reduction in default insurance for servicers with the EP designation. Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses The Company’s allowance for Private Education Loan losses is an estimate of losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date that will be charged off in subsequent periods. The maturing of the Company’s Private Education Loan portfolios has provided more historical data on borrower default behavior such that those portfolios can now be analyzed to determine the effects that the various stages of delinquency have on borrower default behavior and ultimate charge-off. As a result, in the second quarter of 2005, the Company’s estimate of the allowance for loan losses was changed to include a migration analysis of delinquent and current accounts, in addition to other considerations. A migration analysis is a technique used to estimate the likelihood that a loan receivable may progress through the various delinquency stages and ultimately charge off, and is a widely used reserving methodology in the consumer finance industry. Previously, the Company calculated its allowance for Private Education Loan losses by estimating the probable losses in the portfolio based primarily on loan characteristics and where pools of loans were in their life with less emphasis on current delinquency status of the loan. Also, in the prior methodology for calculating the allowance, some loss rates were based on proxies and extrapolations of FFELP loan loss data. The Company also transitioned to a migration analysis to revise its estimates pertaining to its non- accrual policy for interest income. Under this methodology, the amount of uncollectible accrued interest on Private Education Loans is estimated and written off against current period interest income. Under the Company’s prior methodology, Private Education Loans continued to accrue interest, including in periods of forbearance, until they were charged off, at which time, the loans were placed on non-accrual status and all previously accrued interest was reversed against income in the month of charge-off. The allowance for loan losses provided for a portion of the probable losses in accrued interest receivable prior to charge-off. This change in reserving methodology has been accounted for as a change in estimate in accordance with APB Opinion No. 20, “Accounting Changes.” The effect of this change was to increase the allowance by $40 million and to reduce student loan interest income for the estimate of uncollectible accrued interest receivable by $14 million. On the income statement, adjustments to the allowance are recorded through the provisions for loan losses whereas adjustments to accrued interest are recorded in interest income. F-25 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 4. Allowance for Student Loan Losses (Continued) During the third quarter of 2005, the Company changed its methodology for estimating the amount of charged off student loans that will ultimately be recovered, which resulted in a $49 million reduction in the Company’s allowance in 2005 to recognize the effect of this change. The Company’s loss estimates include losses to be incurred over the loss confirmation period of two years, including when the borrowers are in school. The Company’s collection policies allow for periods of nonpayment, or modified repayment, for borrowers requesting additional payment grace periods upon leaving school or experiencing temporary difficulty meeting payment obligations. This is referred to as forbearance status. At December 31, 2005, 4 percent of the Private Education Loan portfolio was in forbearance status. The loss confirmation period is in alignment with the Company’s typical collection cycle and the Company takes into account these periods of nonpayment. The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for student loan losses for on-balance sheet Private Education Loans for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Allowance at beginning of year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for Private Education Loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in loss estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in recovery estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge-offs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance before securitization of Private Education Loans . . . . . Reduction for securitization of Private Education Loans . . . . . . Allowance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment . Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance . . . . Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment . . . Allowance coverage of net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 $ 171,886 185,078 40,192 (48,488) 176,782 — (153,994) 19,366 (134,628) 214,040 (9,928) $ 204,112 Years ended December 31, 2004 $ 165,716 129,768 — — 129,768 372 (110,271 ) 14,007 (96,264 ) 199,592 (27,706 ) $ 171,886 2003 $ 180,933 107,408 — — 107,408 20,631 (83,001) 11,096 (71,905) 237,067 (71,351) $ 165,716 4.14% 2.56% 5.57% 1.52 $ 6,921,975 $ 7,960,882 $ 3,252,238 $ 3,662,255 3.57 % 3.07 % 6.05 % 1.79 $ 4,794,782 $ 5,591,497 $ 2,696,818 $ 2,842,220 2.59% 3.57% 6.50% 2.30 $ 5,018,491 $ 4,635,872 $ 2,771,815 $ 2,551,415 The Company charges the borrower fees on certain Private Education Loans, both at origination and when the loan enters repayment. Such fees are deferred and recognized into income as a component of interest over the estimated average life of the related pool of loans. These fees are charged to compensate for anticipated loan losses. F-26 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 4. Allowance for Student Loan Losses (Continued) Delinquencies The table below shows the Company’s Private Education Loan delinquency trends as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Delinquencies have the potential to adversely impact earnings if the account charges off and results in increased servicing and collection costs. 2005 December 31, 2004 Balance % Balance % $ 2,787 166 2003 Balance $ 1,970 236 % (Dollars in millions) Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in forbearance(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: Loans current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent greater than 90 days . . . . . . . . . . Total Private Education Loans in repayment. . . . . Total Private Education Loans, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan unamortized discount . . . . . Total Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loan allowance for losses . . . . . . . Private Education Loans, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,301 303 3,311 166 77 108 3,662 8,266 (305) 7,961 (204) $ 7,757 44.3% 9.6% 88.9% 4.5 2.4 4.2 100.0% 90.4% 2,555 124 4.5 56 2.1 3.0 107 100% 2,842 5,795 (203) 5,592 (172) $ 5,420 89.9 % 2,268 115 4.4 62 2.0 3.7 106 100 % 2,551 4,757 (121 ) 4,636 (166 ) $ 4,470 49.0% 10.1% 53.6 % 11.1 % (1) Loans for borrowers who still may be attending school or engaging in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans, e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation. (2) Loans for borrowers who have requested extension of grace period during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with the established loan program servicing procedures and policies. (3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. F-27 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 5. Investments A summary of investments and restricted investments as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 follows: Investments Available-for-sale U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency obligations: U.S. Treasury backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Treasury securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government agencies obligations. . . . . . . . State and political subdivisions of the U.S.: Amortized Cost December 31, 2005 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Market Value $ 1,331,268 248 12,392 $ 251,045 — — $ — — (225 ) $ 1,582,313 248 12,167 Student loan revenue bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,138 Other securities: Certificates of Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase agreements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investment securities available-for-sale . . . 190,250 64,121 118,684 118,511 176 $ 1,843,788 76 — 241 — — 266 $ 251,628(1) — 8,214 — — — — — $ (225 ) 190,250 64,362 118,684 118,511 442 $ 2,095,191 Restricted Investments Trading U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency obligations: U.S. Treasury securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total trading restricted investments . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 145 145 Available-for sale U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agencies obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third party repurchase agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . Guaranteed investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale restricted investments . . $ 180,466 100,500 129,112 49,892 $ 459,970 Held-to-maturity Guaranteed investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity restricted investments . . . $ $ 7,190 15,646 22,836 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 1 $ — $ — $ $ 146 146 — — — — — 66 — 66 $ (2,916 ) — — — $ (2,916 ) $ 177,550 100,500 129,112 49,892 $ 457,054 $ $ (14 ) — (14 ) $ $ 7,242 15,646 22,888 (1) Includes unrealized gains totaling $38 million for the investments designated as the hedged items in a SFAS No. 133 fair value hedge. These gains have been recorded in the “gains (losses) on derivative hedging activities, net” line on the income statement along with the gain (loss) related to the derivatives hedging such investments. F-28 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 5. Investments (Continued) Investments Trading U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency obligations: U.S. Treasury securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investment securities trading . . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency obligations: U.S. Treasury backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government-guaranteed securities . . . . . . U.S. Treasury securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government agencies obligations. . . . . . . . State and political subdivisions of the U.S.: Amortized Cost December 31, 2004 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Market Value $ $ 148 148 $ $ 7 7 $ — $ — $ $ 155 155 $ 1,483,102 155,888 103,365 51,446 $ 388,095 1,709 3 105 $ (520 ) — (186 ) (179 ) $ 1,870,677 157,597 103,182 51,372 Student loan revenue bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,655 493 — 23,148 Other securities: Certificates of Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total investment securities available-for-sale . . . 550,300 371,553 139,986 5,530 $ 2,883,825 — 835 — 42 $ 391,282(1) — (99 ) — — $ (984 ) 550,300 372,289 139,986 5,572 $ 3,274,123 Restricted Investments Available-for-sale U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agencies obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third party repurchase agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . Guaranteed investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale restricted investments . . $ 197,373 143,300 85,866 $ 426,539 Held-to-maturity Guaranteed investment contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity restricted investments . . . $ $ 9,031 2,718 11,749 $ $ $ $ — — — — 131 — 131 $ (755 ) — — $ (755 ) $ 196,618 143,300 85,866 $ 425,784 $ (14 ) — $ (14 ) $ $ 9,148 2,718 11,866 (1) Includes unrealized gains totaling $128 million for the investments designated as the hedged items in a SFAS No. 133 fair value hedge. These gains have been recorded in the “gains (losses) on derivative hedging activities, net” line on the income statement along with the gain (loss) related to the derivatives hedging such investments. In addition to the restricted investments detailed above, at December 31, 2005 and 2004 the Company had restricted cash of $2.8 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. F-29 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 5. Investments (Continued) As of December 31, 2005 and 2004, $141 million and $178 million of the net unrealized gain (after tax) related to available-for-sale investments was included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Of the total available-for-sale securities outstanding as of December 31, 2005, $666 million (fair value) has been pledged as collateral. The Company sold available-for-sale securities with a fair value of $625 million, $124 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2005, sales resulted in net realized gains of $1 million. There were no realized gains or losses on sales in 2004 and 2003. The cost basis for these securities was determined through specific identification of the securities sold. As of December 31, 2005, the stated maturities for the investments (including restricted investments) are shown in the following table: Year of Maturity 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011-2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . After 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total (Fair Value). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 Held-to- maturity Available-for- Sale Trading Other $ 15,140 — 873 883 506 — 5,486 $ 22,888 $ 870,315 688,189 391,309 408,516 442 — 193,474 $ 2,552,245 $ 146 — — — — — — $ 146 $ — 4,573 — — 15,440 225,669 28,126 $ 273,808 At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the Company also had other investments of $274 million and $305 million, respectively. These investments included leveraged leases discussed below. At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the Company had investments in leveraged leases, net of impairments, totaling $103 million and $148 million, respectively, and direct financing leases totaling $19 million and $21 million, respectively, that are general obligations of American Airlines and Federal Express Corporation. The direct financing leases are carried in other assets on the balance sheet. In 2005, the Company recorded an after-tax charge of $25 million or $.05 per share which primarily reflects the impairment of an aircraft leased to Northwest Airlines, which declared bankruptcy in September 2005. In 2004 the Company recognized an after-tax impairment charge of $17 million or $.04 per share related to the deteriorating financial condition of Delta Airlines, which subsequently declared bankruptcy in September 2005. F-30 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 6. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets Intangible assets include the following: (Dollars in millions) Intangible assets subject to amortization: Average Amortization Period Gross As of December 31 , 2005 Accumulated Amortization Net Customer, services, and lending relationships . . . . . . . . . . . Tax exempt bond funding(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-compete agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 years 10 years 7 years 2 years $ 256 67 80 11 414 $ (76) $ 180 42 29 3 254 (25) (51) (8) (160) Intangible assets not subject to amortization: Trade name and trademark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total acquired intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite 78 $ 492 — 78 $ (160) $ 332 (Dollars in millions) Intangible assets subject to amortization: Customer, services, and lending relationships . . . . . . . . . . Tax exempt bond funding(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-compete agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets not subject to amortization: Average Amortization Period As of December 31 , 2004 Accumulated Amortization Gross Net 12 years 10 years 7 years 2 years $ 239 64 80 9 392 $ (48) $ 191 58 (6) 41 (39) 2 (7) 292 (100) Trade name and trademark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total acquired intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite 71 $ 463 — 71 $ (100) $ 363 (1) In connection with the Company’s 2004 acquisition of Southwest Student Services Corporation (see Note 11, “Acquisitions”), the Company acquired certain tax exempt bonds that enable the Company to earn a 9.5 percent Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) rate on student loans funded by those bonds in indentured trusts. If the student loan is removed from the trust such that it is no longer funded by the bonds, it ceases earning the 9.5 percent SAP. A different student loan can be substituted in the trust and begin earning the 9.5 percent SAP. This feature remains as long as the bonds are outstanding. The Company recorded amortization of $61 million, $36 million, and $27 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The Company will continue to amortize its intangible assets with definite useful lives over their remaining estimated useful lives. The Company estimates amortization expense associated with these intangible assets will be $55 million, $50 million, $40 million, $25 million and $20 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. During 2005, the Company completed its annual review of goodwill and intangible assets. This review resulted in a non-cash pre-tax charge of approximately $1 million to write-off the value of the trade names F-31 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 6. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets (Continued) of two subsidiaries that are no longer in use and to write-off the value of a favorable lease agreement associated with a facility that closed in 2005. A summary of changes in the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment is as follows: (Dollars in millions) Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Management Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Dollars in millions) Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Management Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 1, 2005 $ 440 206 57 $ 703 January 1, 2004 $ 195 88 56 $ 339 Acquisitions $ (30) 93 7 $ 70 Acquisitions $ 245 118 1 $ 364 December 31, 2005 $ 410 299 64 $ 773 December 31, 2004 $ 440 206 57 $ 703 In 2005, the Company acquired one debt management company and closed on the second step of the acquisitions of a majority owned debt management company and a majority owned student lending business as described in detail in Note 11, “Acquisitions.” In 2004, the Company acquired two student lending and a majority stake in a debt management company. Accordingly, during 2005 and 2004, the Company recorded goodwill of $98 million and $334 million, respectively, associated with these acquisitions. During 2005 and 2004, the Company also finalized the purchase price allocations associated with its 2004 and 2003 acquisitions, respectively, and adjusted goodwill for certain earn-out payments and allocations associated with these prior acquisitions. F-32 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 7. Short-Term Borrowings Short-term borrowings have a remaining term to maturity of one year or less. The following tables summarize outstanding short-term borrowings at December 31, 2005 and 2004, the weighted average stated interest rates at the end of each period, and the related average balances and weighted average stated interest rates during the periods. December 31, 2005 Year ended December 31, 2005 Short-term deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Floating rate notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term portion of long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . 3,805,288 Total short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,809,655 Maximum outstanding at any month end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,516,177 1,000 3,367 Ending Balance Average Balance Weighted Average Interest Rate 8 4.66% $ 161,549 4.16 345,236 — — 4.36 4,010,259 4.36% $ 4,517,052 Weighted Average Interest Rate 4.36% 2.80 3.10 3.49 3.43% December 31, 2004 Year ended December 31, 2004 Ending Balance Weighted Average Interest Rate Average Balance Six month floating rate notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Other floating rate notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term portion of long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . 2,177,839 Total short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,207,095 Maximum outstanding at any month end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,177,348 29,256 — —% $ 1,585,830 373,888 4.96 1,687,391 — — 125,224 — — 2.83 6,824,097 2.86% $ 10,596,430 Weighted Average Interest Rate 1.18% 1.22 .96 1.86 3.18 2.44% To match the interest rate characteristics of short-term notes with the interest rate characteristics of certain assets, the Company enters into interest rate swaps with independent parties. Under these agreements, the Company makes periodic payments, generally indexed to the related asset rates, or rates which are highly correlated to the asset rates, in exchange for periodic payments, which generally match the Company’s interest obligations on fixed or variable rate notes (see Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments”). Payments and receipts on the Company’s interest rate swaps are not reflected in the above tables. As of December 31, 2005, the Company has $5.5 billion in revolving credit facilities which provide liquidity support for general corporate purposes including backup for its commercial paper program. The Company has never drawn on these facilities. The facilities include a $1.0 billion 5-year revolving credit facility maturing in October 2007, a $1.0 billion 5-year revolving credit facility maturing in October 2008, a $1.5 billion 5-year revolving credit facility maturing in October 2009, and a $2.0 billion 5-year revolving credit facility maturing in 2010. Interest on these facilities is based on LIBOR plus a spread that is determined by the amount of the facility utilized and the Company’s credit rating. F-33 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 8. Long-Term Borrowings The following tables summarize outstanding long-term borrowings at December 31, 2005 and 2004, the weighted average stated interest rates at the end of the periods, and the related average balances during the periods. December 31, 2005 Ending Balance Weighted Average Interest Rate Year Ended December 31, 2005 Average Balance Floating rate notes: U.S. dollar denominated: Interest bearing, due 2007-2047 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 56,340,243 4.41 % $ 49,708,841 Non U.S. dollar denominated: Australian dollar—denominated, due 2009-2010 . . . . . . . . . . Euro—denominated, due 2007-2041. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore dollar—denominated, due 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterling-denominated, due 2007-2039. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total floating rate notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed rate notes: U.S. dollar denominated: 389,035 6,165,689 30,000 774,833 63,699,800 5.98 2.42 3.45 4.78 4.23 210,264 4,727,401 30,000 725,025 55,401,531 Interest bearing, due 2007-2043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,396,025 4.87 13,211,202 Non U.S. dollar denominated: Australian dollar-denominated, due 2009-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . Canadian dollar-denominated, due 2009-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . Euro-denominated, due 2007-2039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong dollar-denominated, due 2010-2015. . . . . . . . . . . Japanese yen-denominated, due 2009-2035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore dollar-denominated, due 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterling-denominated, due 2007-2039. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swiss franc-denominated, due 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Zealand dollar-denominated, due 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed rate notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term borrowings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566,402 552,612 5,293,439 139,267 728,350 60,837 3,326,647 153,888 201,823 24,419,290 $ 88,119,090 6.34 4.11 4.08 4.67 1.78 3.90 5.21 2.75 6.85 4.67 4.35 % 402,749 251,804 4,714,596 82,710 575,460 58,822 2,986,037 161,411 111,776 22,556,567 $ 77,958,098 F-34 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 8. Long-Term Borrowings (Continued) December 31, 2004 Ending Balance Weighted Average Interest Rate Year Ended December 31, 2004 Average Balance Floating rate notes: U.S. dollar denominated: Interest bearing, due 2006-2047 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 47,792,701 2.48 % $ 35,023,181 Non U.S. dollar denominated: Australian dollar—denominated, due 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euro—denominated, due 2006-2040. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore dollar—denominated, due 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterling-denominated, due 2006-2039. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total floating rate notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed rate notes: U.S. dollar denominated: 164,003 4,339,287 30,000 722,571 53,048,562 5.82 2.33 1.58 5.08 2.51 102,150 2,321,228 25,492 570,479 38,042,530 Interest bearing, due 2006-2043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zero coupon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,614,188 — 4.67 — 12,923,633 204,890 Non U.S. dollar denominated: Australian dollar-denominated, due 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canadian dollar-denominated, due 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euro-denominated, due 2006-2039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong dollar-denominated, due 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese yen-denominated, due 2009-2034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore dollar-denominated, due 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterling-denominated, due 2006-2039. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swiss franc-denominated, due 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed rate notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term borrowings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,949 167,262 5,728,710 26,563 453,211 66,498 3,319,666 178,964 22,866,011 $ 75,914,573 5.70 4.32 3.27 4.70 1.63 3.56 4.51 2.37 4.22 3.03 % 169,779 11,490 4,047,730 22,945 277,526 52,055 2,305,444 75,800 20,091,292 $ 58,133,822 The Company had $47.2 billion and $37.1 billion of long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, which is on-balance sheet secured securitization trust debt (including asset- backed commercial paper). The Company also had $3.4 billion and $6.9 billion of long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, related to additional secured, limited obligation or non-recourse borrowings related to several indenture trusts. The face value of on-balance sheet student loans that secured this debt at December 31, 2005 and 2004, was $52 billion and $42 billion, respectively. To match the interest rate and currency characteristics of its long-term borrowings with the interest rate and currency characteristics of its assets, the Company enters into interest rate and foreign currency swaps with independent parties. Under these agreements, the Company makes periodic payments, generally indexed to the related asset rates, or rates which are highly correlated to the asset rates, in exchange for periodic payments which generally match the Company’s interest and foreign currency F-35 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 8. Long-Term Borrowings (Continued) obligations on fixed or variable rate borrowings (see Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments”). Payments and receipts on the Company’s interest rate and foreign currency swaps are not reflected in the tables above. The Company swaps all foreign currency denominated debt to U.S dollars. At December 31, 2005, the Company had outstanding long-term borrowings with call features totaling $9.6 billion, and had $7.2 billion of outstanding long-term borrowings that are putable by the investor to the Company prior to the stated maturity date. Generally, these instruments are callable and putable at the par amount. As of December 31, 2005, the stated maturities (for putable debt, the stated maturity date is the put date) and maturities if accelerated to the call dates for long-term borrowings are shown in the following table: Year of Maturity 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012-2047 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SFAS No. 133 gains (losses) on derivative hedging activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 Stated Maturity(1) $ 3,388,254 13,960,174 12,480,469 8,888,804 7,462,229 3,740,024 38,631,458 88,551,412 (432,322 ) $ 88,119,090 Maturity to Call Date(1) $ 5,260,193 13,019,901 13,035,713 9,351,059 7,542,513 3,746,493 36,595,540 88,551,412 (432,322) $ 88,119,090 (1) The Company views its on-balance sheet securitization trust debt as long-term and projects its maturities based on the Company’s current estimates regarding loan prepayment speeds. The projected principal paydowns of $3.4 billion shown in year 2006 relate to the on-balance sheet securitization trust debt. In May 2003, the Company completed a private offering of $2 billion aggregate principal amount of 32-year unsecured senior convertible debentures that are convertible, under certain conditions, into shares of SLM common stock, at an initial conversion price of $65.98. The investors generally can only convert the debentures if the Company’s stock price has appreciated to 130 percent of the conversion price ($85.77) for a prescribed period, or the Company calls the debentures. The convertible debentures bear interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR minus .05 percent, until July 25, 2007, after which, the debentures can pay additional contingent interest under certain circumstances. Beginning on July 25, 2007, the Company may call the debentures and the investors may put the debentures, subject to certain conditions. F-36 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization Securitization Activity The Company securitizes its student loan assets and for transactions qualifying as sales retains a Residual Interest and servicing rights (as the Company retains the servicing responsibilities), all of which are referred to as the Company’s Retained Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans. The Residual Interest is the right to receive cash flows from the student loans and reserve accounts in excess of the amounts needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees, and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the student loans. The investors of the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s other assets should there be a failure of the student loans to pay when due. Prior to 2003, all of the Company’s securitization structures were off-balance sheet transactions. Since 2003, in certain Consolidation Loan securitization structures the Company holds rights that can affect the remarketing of the bonds, such that these trusts did not qualify as QSPEs and as a result were required to be accounted for on-balance sheet as VIEs. These securitization structures were developed to broaden and diversify the investor base for Consolidation Loan securitizations by allowing the Company to issue bonds with non-amortizing, fixed rate and foreign currency denominated tranches. These securitizations are included as financings in the table below. The following table summarizes the Company’s securitization activity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Those securitizations listed as sales are off-balance sheet transactions and those listed as financings remain on balance sheet. (Dollars in millions) FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidation Loans . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . Total securitizations-sales . . . . . . . Asset-backed commercial paper(1). . Consolidation Loans(2) . . . . . . . . . Total securitizations—financings . . Total securitizations. . . . . . . . . . . 2005 Loan Amount Securitized No. of Transactions 3 2 2 7 — 5 5 12 $ 6,533 4,011 3,005 13,549 — 12,503 12,503 $ 26,052 Years ended December 31, 2004 Pre-Tax Gain Gain % No. of Transactions $ 68 31 453 $ 552 1.1% .8 15.1 4.1% 4 — 2 6 1 6 7 13 Loan Amount Securitized $ 10,002 — 2,535 12,537 4,186 17,124 21,310 $ 33,847 Pre-Tax Gain Gain % No. of Transactions $ 134 1.3% — — 9.5 241 3.0% $ 375 4 2 3 9 — 7 7 16 2003 Loan Amount Securitized $ 5,772 4,256 3,503 13,531 — 16,592 16,592 $ 30,123 Pre-Tax Gain Gain % $ 73 433 238 $ 744 1.3% 10.2 6.8 5.5% of this trust at its discretion and as a result, the trust does not qualify as a QSPE and is accounted for on balance sheet as a VIE. (1) The Company’s asset backed commercial paper program is a revolving 364-day multi seller conduit that allows the Company to borrow up to $5 billion subject to annual extensions. The Company may purchase loans out (2) In certain Consolidation Loan securitization structures, the Company holds certain rights that can affect the remarketing of certain bonds, such that these securitizations did not qualify QSPEs. Accordingly, they are accounted for on balance sheet as VIEs. F-37 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization (Continued) Key economic assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Residual Interests at the date of securitization resulting from the student loan securitization sale transactions completed during the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 were as follows: Years ended December 31, 2005 2004 Prepayment speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average life. . . . . . . . . . Expected credit losses (% of principal securitized). . . Residual cash flows discounted at (weighted average) . . . . . . . . . . FFELP Stafford * 3.8 yrs Consolidation 6% 7.9 yrs. Private Education 3% ** 8.9 yrs. 4.2 yrs. FFELP Stafford Consolidation(1) Private Education 6% 7.2 yrs. — —% 4.41% .12% 12.2 % 10.1% 12.3% 12% 4.72% 12.1% — — — — (1) * ** No securitizations in the period, or such securitizations did not qualify for sale treatment. Securitizations through August 2005 used a Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) of 20 percent for 2005, 15 percent for 2006, and 6 percent thereafter. Securitizations from September 2005 through December 2005 used a CPR of 30 percent for 2005, 20 percent in 2006, 15 percent for 2007 and 10 percent thereafter. Securitizations through August 2004 used a CPR of 20 percent for 2004, 15 percent for 2005, and 6 percent thereafter. Securitizations from September 2004 through December 2004 used a CPR of 20 percent for 2004 through 2005, 15 percent for 2006 and 6 percent thereafter. The following table summarizes cash flows received from or paid to the off-balance sheet securitization trusts during the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003: (Dollars in millions) Net proceeds from new securitizations completed during the period . . . . Purchases of delinquent Private Education Loans from securitization trusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing fees received(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash distributions from trusts related to Residual Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 $ 13,523 2004 $ 12,476 2003 $ 13,483 (63) 320 630 (33) 319 844 (6) 298 870 (1) The Company receives annual servicing fees of 90 basis points, 50 basis points and 70 basis points of the outstanding securitized loan balance related to its FFELP Stafford, Consolidation Loan and Private Education Loan securitizations, respectively. F-38 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization (Continued) Changes in Accounting Estimates Affecting the Residual Interest in Securitized Loans The Company updated certain assumptions during 2005 that it uses in the valuation of the Residual Interest. The following are the significant assumption changes that were made: FFELP Stafford/PLUS loan CPR(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2005 As of December 31, 2004 20% – 2006 15% – 2007 10% – theeafter 20% – 2005 15% – 2006 6% – theeafter FFELP expected credit losses (as a% of securitized loan balance outstanding)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17% 0% (1) The FFELP Stafford/PLUS loan CPR assumption was increased to account for the continued high levels of Consolidation Loan activity over the last several years. (2) Due to the reintroduction of a one percent Risk Sharing loss assumption related to the reauthorization of the HEA (see Note 4, “Allowance for Student Loan Losses” for further discussion). Retained Interest The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s Retained Interests along with the underlying off-balance sheet student loans that relate to those securitizations in transactions that were treated as sales. (Dollars in millions) As of December 31, 2005 As of December 31, 2004 Underlying Securitized Loan Balance Underlying Securitized Loan Balance(3) Retained Interest Fair Value Retained Interest Fair Value FFELP Stafford/PLUS and Other Student Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 774 $ 20,371 Consolidation Loans(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,946 Total(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,406 $ 39,589 10,272 1,149 483 $ 1,037 $ 27,445 585 694 7,393 6,308 $ 2,316 $ 41,146 (1) Includes $235 million and $399 million related to the fair value of the Embedded Floor Income as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The decrease in the fair value of the Embedded Floor Income is primarily due to rising interest rates during the period. (2) Unrealized gains (pre-tax) included in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the Retained Interests totaled $370 million and $445 million as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. (3) In addition to student loans in off-balance sheet trusts, the Company had $40.9 billion and $31.5 billion of securitized student loans outstanding (face amount) as December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, in on-balance sheet Consolidation Loan securitization trusts. F-39 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization (Continued) For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 the Company recorded impairment charges to the Retained Interests of $260 million, $80 million and $96 million, respectively. The impairment charge in 2005 was primarily caused by the record levels of consolidation activity as well as the Company increasing its expected future CPR assumptions used to value the Residual Interest as of September 30, 2005. This surge in Consolidation Loan activity was due to FFELP Stafford borrowers locking in lower interest rates by consolidating their loans prior to the July 1 interest rate reset for FFELP Stafford loans. These applications were processed through the Company’s securitizations in both the third and fourth quarter of 2005. The level and timing of Consolidation Loan activity is highly volatile, and in response the Company continues to revise its estimates of the effects of Consolidation Loan activity on its Retained Interests. Additional impairment may be recorded in future periods if Consolidation Loan activity remains higher than projected. The 2005 impairment charge was also due to the re-introduction of a one percent Risk Sharing loss assumption in the Company’s FFELP residuals related to the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. (See “OTHER RELATED EVENTS AND INFORMATION—Reauthorization” for a full update of the HEA.) This comprised $23 million of the total impairment charge for 2005. See “Allowance for FFELP Student Loans” for further discussion regarding the change in the Risk Sharing exposure. The impairment charge for 2004 is primarily the result of (a) FFELP Stafford loans consolidating at levels faster than projected resulting in $47 million of impairment and (b) rising interest rates during the second quarter 2004 which decreased the value of the Floor Income component of the Company’s Retained Interest resulting in $33 million of impairment. Impairment for 2003 was primarily due to FFELP Stafford loans prepaying faster than projected. These impairment charges were recorded as a loss and included as a reduction to securitization revenue. The following table reflects key economic assumptions used in the valuation of the Retained Interest at December 31, 2005, and the sensitivity of the current fair value of the Retained Interests to adverse changes in those assumptions. The effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the Retained Interest is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another (for example, increases in market interest rates may result in lower prepayments and increased credit losses), which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities. These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution, as the actual results could be materially different than these estimates. F-40 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization (Continued) Year ended December 31, 2005 (Dollars in millions) Fair value of Residual Interest (millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average life (in years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepayment speed assumptions (annual rate) . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 5% absolute increase. . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 10% absolute increase. . . . . . . . . . . Expected credit losses (as a% of student loan principal). . Impact on fair value of 5% absolute increase in default rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 10% absolute increase in default rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residual cash flows discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 5% absolute increase. . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 10% absolute increase. . . . . . . . . . . Difference between Asset and Funding underlying indices(1) Impact on fair value of 0.25% absolute increase in funding index compared to Asset index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on fair value of 0.50% absolute increase in funding index compared to Asset index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loan Trusts(5) $ 774 2.7 (2) $ $ 10%-20% (74) (136) .14% Consolidation Loan Trusts(5) $ 483 (4) 8.0 Private Education Loan Trusts $ 1,149 7.8 6 % $ (98 ) $ (169 ) .23 % 3% $ (222) $ (382) 4.74% (3) $ $ $ $ (10) $ (4 ) $ (192) (19) 12.3% (63) (117) $ (8 ) 10.3 % $ (89 ) $ (154 ) $ (383) 12.4% $ (210) $ (359) 3 month LIBOR forward curve at December 31, 2005 plus contracted spreads $ (125) $ (109 ) $ (8) $ (250) $ (217 ) $ (17) (1) Student loan assets are primarily indexed to a Treasury bill, commercial paper or a Prime index. Funding within the trust is primarily indexed to a LIBOR index. Sensitivity analysis increases funding indices as indicated while keeping asset underlying indices fixed. 20% in 2006, 15% in 2007 and 10% thereafter. (2) (3) Although expected credit losses are used to project future cash flows related to the Private Education Loan securitization’s Residual Interest, the Company, to date, has purchased loans at par from the trust once they default under a contingent call option, resulting in no loss to the trust nor the related Residual Interest. When delinquent loans are purchased at par from the trust under the call, the Company records the loan on its balance sheet at fair value and recognizes a loss for the difference between the par value paid to the trust and the delinquent loan’s fair value. The Company recognized losses of $32 million, $27 million and $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively, related to this activity. The Company’s Private Education Loan securitization, which settled in the fourth quarter of 2005, is the first Private Education Loan securitization in which the Company does not have a contingent call option to purchase defaulted loans from the trust. (4) (5) Certain consolidation trusts have $1.9 billion of non-U.S. dollar (Euro denominated) bonds outstanding. To convert these non- U.S. dollar denominated bonds into U.S. dollar liabilities, the trusts have entered into foreign-currency swaps with highly-rated counterparties. These swaps are in a $164 million gain position (in the aggregate) as a result of the decline in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. This unrealized market value gain is not a part of the fair value of the Residual Interest in the table above. The derivatives entered into by these trusts do not require the swap counterparties to post collateral to the respective trust for changes in market value, unless the trust’s swap counterparty’s credit rating has been withdrawn or has been downgraded below a certain level. If the swap counterparty does not post the required collateral or is downgraded further, the counterparty must find a suitable replacement counterparty or provide the trust with a letter of credit or a guaranty from an entity that has the required credit ratings. Ultimately, the Company’s exposure related to a swap counterparty failing to make its payments is limited to the fair value of the related trust’s Residual Interest which was $309 million as of December 31, 2005. In addition to the assumptions in the table above, the Company also projects the reduction in distributions that will result from the various benefit programs that exist related to consecutive on-time payments by borrowers. Related to the entire $2.4 million Residual Interest there is $128 million (present value) of benefits projected which reduce the fair value. F-41 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 9. Student Loan Securitization (Continued) The table below shows the Company’s off-balance sheet Private Education Loan delinquency trends as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. (Dollars in millions) Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,679 Loans in forbearance(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: Off-Balance Sheet Private Education Loan Delinquencies December 31, 2004 December 31, 2003 December 31, 2005 Balance % Balance % Balance % $ 2,622 334 $ 1,858 255 Loans current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,446 Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 35 Loans delinquent 61-90 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans delinquent greater than 90 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Total off-balance sheet Private Education Loans 95.6% 3,191 84 28 49 2.9 .7 .8 95.2 % 1,796 39 15 20 2.5 .8 1.5 in repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,653 Total off-balance sheet Private Education Loans, gross. $ 8,946 100% 3,352 $ 6,308 100 % 1,870 $ 3,983 96.0% 2.1 .8 1.1 100% (1) Loans for borrowers who still may be attending school or engaging in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans, e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation. (2) Loans for borrowers who have requested extension of grace period during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with the established loan program servicing policies and procedures. (3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. 10. Derivative Financial Instruments Risk Management Strategy The Company maintains an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize the economic effect of interest rate changes. The Company’s goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets and liabilities (including the Residual Interest from off-balance sheet securitizations) so that the net interest margin is not, on a material basis, adversely affected by movements in interest rates. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged assets and liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in market value. Income or loss on the derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation for the period the item is being hedged. The Company views this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate sensitivity. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative contracts to minimize the economic impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on certain debt obligations that are denominated in foreign currencies. As foreign currency exchange rates fluctuate, these liabilities will appreciate and depreciate in value. These fluctuations, to the extent the hedge relationship is effective, are offset by changes in the F-42 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) value of the cross-currency interest rate swaps executed to hedge these instruments. Management believes certain derivative transactions entered into as hedges, primarily Floor Income Contracts, equity forward contracts, and certain basis swaps and Eurodollar futures contracts, are economically effective; however, those transactions generally do not qualify for hedge accounting under SFAS No. 133 (as discussed below) and thus may adversely impact earnings. By using derivative instruments, the Company is exposed to both market and credit risk. Market risk is the chance of financial loss resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and/or stock prices. Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not perform its obligations under a contract and it is limited to the loss of the fair value gain in a derivative that the counterparty owes the Company. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Company owes the counterparty and, therefore, has no credit risk. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with highly rated counterparties that are reviewed periodically by the Company’s credit department. The Company also maintains a policy of requiring that all derivative contracts be governed by an International Swaps and Derivative Association Master Agreement. Depending on the nature of the derivative transaction, bilateral collateral arrangements may be required as well. When the Company has more than one outstanding derivative transaction with a counterparty, and there exists legally enforceable netting provisions with the counterparty (i.e. a legal right to offset receivable and payable derivative contracts), the “net” mark-to-market exposure represents the netting of the positive and negative exposures with the same counterparty. When there is a net negative exposure, the Company considers its exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the Company had a net positive exposure (derivative gain positions to the Company less collateral which has been posted by counterparties to the Company) related to corporate derivatives of $12 million and $67 million, respectively. The Company’s on-balance sheet securitization trusts have $9.8 billion of Euro and British Pound Sterling denominated bonds outstanding as of December 31, 2005. To convert these non-U.S. dollar denominated bonds into U.S. dollar liabilities, the trusts have entered into foreign-currency swaps with highly-rated counterparties. As of December 31, 2005, the net positive exposure on these swaps is $307 million. As previously discussed, the Company’s corporate derivatives contain provisions which require collateral to be posted on a regular basis for changes in market values. With few exceptions, these trusts’ derivatives are structured such that the swap counterparties are not required to post collateral to the respective trust for changes in market value, unless their credit rating has been withdrawn or is below a certain level. If the swap counterparty does not post the required collateral or is downgraded further, the counterparty must find a suitable replacement counterparty or provide the trust with a letter of credit or a guaranty from an entity that has the required credit ratings. As of December 31, 2005, counterparties have posted $28 million of collateral due to their credit rating being below the threshold in the collateral agreement. Ultimately, the Company’s exposure related to a swap counterparty failing to make its required payments is limited to the trust assets (primarily student loans and cash) which collateralize the outstanding bonds in the trust. Because the bonds outstanding generally are at parity with the assets that collateralize the bonds, management believes that even in periods of great stress in the foreign currency markets, the likelihood of a material loss is remote. F-43 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) SFAS No. 133 Derivative instruments that are used as part of the Company’s interest rate and foreign currency risk management strategy include interest rate swaps, basis swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, interest rate futures contracts, and interest rate floor and cap contracts with indices that relate to the pricing of specific balance sheet assets and liabilities including the Residual Interests from off-balance sheet securitizations. In addition, the Company uses equity forward contracts based on the Company’s stock. On January 1, 2001, the Company adopted SFAS No. 133 which requires that every derivative instrument, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, be recorded in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. As more fully described below, if certain criteria are met, derivative instruments are classified and accounted for by the Company as either fair value or cash flow hedges. If these criteria are not met, the derivative financial instruments are accounted for as trading. Fair Value Hedges Fair value hedges are generally used by the Company to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognized fixed rate asset or liability. The Company enters into interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets into variable rate assets and fixed rate debt into variable rate debt. The Company also enters into cross-currency interest rate swaps to convert foreign currency denominated fixed and floating debt to U.S. dollar denominated variable debt. For fair value hedges, the Company generally considers all components of the derivative’s gain and/or loss when assessing hedge effectiveness and generally hedges either changes in fair value due to interest rates or interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates or the total change in fair value. Cash Flow Hedges Cash flow hedges are used by the Company to hedge the exposure to variability in cash flows for a forecasted debt issuance and for exposure to variability in cash flows of floating rate debt. This strategy is used primarily to minimize the exposure to volatility from future changes in interest rates. Gains and losses on the effective portion of a qualifying hedge are accumulated in other comprehensive income and ineffectiveness is recorded immediately to earnings. In the case of a forecasted debt issuance, gains and losses are reclassified to earnings over the period which the stated hedged transaction impacts earnings. If the stated transaction is deemed probable not to occur, gains and losses are reclassified immediately to earnings. In assessing hedge effectiveness, all components of each derivative’s gains or losses are included in the assessment. The Company generally hedges exposure to changes in cash flows due to changes in interest rates or total changes in cash flow. Trading Activities When instruments do not qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133, they are accounted for as trading. The Company sells interest rate floors to hedge the Embedded Floor Income options in student loan assets. These relationships do not satisfy hedging qualifications under SFAS No. 133, but are considered economic hedges for risk management purposes. The Company uses this strategy to minimize its exposure to changes in interest rates. The Company also uses basis swaps to minimize earnings variability caused by having different reset characteristics on the Company’s interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. These swaps F-44 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) usually possess a term of up to ten years with a pay rate indexed to 91-day Treasury bill, 3-month commercial paper, 52-week Treasury bill, LIBOR, Prime, or 1-year constant maturity Treasury rates. The specific terms and notional amounts of the swaps are determined based on management’s review of its asset/liability structure, its assessment of future interest rate relationships, and on other factors such as short-term strategic initiatives. These swaps typically do not qualify as hedges and are accounted for as trading. In addition, the Company enters into equity forward contracts. These contracts are viewed as economic hedges but do no qualify as hedges under SFAS No. 133. (See Note 14, “Stockholders’ Equity,” for a further discussion of equity forward contracts.) The Company utilizes the strategy to minimize exposure to fluctuations in the Company’s stock price and to better manage the cost of its share repurchases. The Company’s equity forward contracts provide for physical, net share or net cash settlement options. In addition, the Company may be required to unwind portions or all of a contract if the price of the Company’s common stock falls below a certain percentage of the strike price (usually between 50 percent to 65 percent) or if the Company’s credit rating falls below a pre-determined level. Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts or number of contracts of all derivative instruments at December 31, 2005 and 2004, and their impact on other comprehensive income and earnings for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. At December 31, 2005 and 2004, $666 million and $524 million (fair value), respectively, of available-for-sale investment securities and $249 million and $222 million, respectively, of cash were pledged as collateral against these derivative instruments. December 31, 2004 2005 2005 2004 2004 Total Trading Fair Value — — — (148) Cash Flow 2005 2004 2005 Fair Values (Dollars in millions) (84 ) $ (390 ) $ (235) Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5 $ 25 $ (347) $ (176) $ (625) (371 ) (625 ) Floor/Cap contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — (2) (1 ) (2 ) Futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 139 67 139 Equity forwards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Cross currency interest rate swaps . . . . . . . — — 1,839 (148 ) — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5 $ 25 $ (495) $ 1,663 $ (353) $ (572 ) $ (843 ) $ 1,116 Notional Value (Dollars in billions) Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.2 $ 5.8 $ 14.6 $ 13.4 $ 125.4 $ 85.9 $ 141.2 $ 105.1 41.7 Floor/Cap contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 7.5 Futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 13.7 Cross currency interest rate swaps . . . . . . . — — Other(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 2.0 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.3 $ 6.8 $ 33.2 $ 27.1 $ 169.8 $ 136.1 $ 204.3 $ 170.0 Contracts (Shares in millions) Equity forwards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — (48) $ (371) (1) 67 — — — — 1,839 — — 18.6 — 41.8 .7 18.6 2.0 41.7 6.5 — 2.0 — — 13.7 — 41.8 .6 — 2.0 42.8 42.7 42.7 42.8 — — .1 (1) “Other” consists of an embedded derivative bifurcated from the convertible debenture issuance that relates primarily to certain contingent interest and conversion features of the debt. The embedded derivative has had de minimis fair value since inception. (See Note 8, “Long-Term Borrowings.”) F-45 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) (Dollars in millions) Changes to accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax Hedge ineffectiveness reclassified to earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of cash flow hedges Amortization of effective hedges and transition adjustment(1) . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in accumulated other 2005 Cash Flow 2004 2003 2005 Fair Value 2004 2003 2005 Trading 2004 Total 2003 2005 2004 2003 Years ended December 31, $ — (27 ) $ 9 22 $ (1) (12) $ — — 25 15 26 1 15 5 — — $ — — — — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — — — — — — — — — (27 ) 25 15 9 $ 22 (1) (12) 26 1 15 5 comprehensive income, net . . . . . . . $ 13 $ 58 $ 7 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 13 $ 58 $ 7 Earnings Summary Amortization of closed futures contracts’ gains/losses in interest expense(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition of hedge losses related to $ (39 ) $ (40 ) $ (24) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (39 ) $ (40) $ (24) GSE Wind-Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (10 ) — Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities—Realized(3) . . . . . — (4 ) (7) — — — — — — — — — — (10) — (387) (709 ) (732 ) (387 ) (713) (739) Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities—Unrealized(4) . . . Total earnings impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ (39 ) — $ (54 ) 1(5) $ (30) (3) (5) $ (3) (15)(5) $ (15) (1)(5) $ (1) 637 501 $ 250 $ 868 $ (231 ) $ 208 $ 799 $ (262) 1,577 1,562 501 634 contracts that were hedging the forecasted issuance of debt instruments that are outstanding as of December 31, 2005. (1) The Company expects to amortize $12 million of after-tax net losses from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings during the next 12 months related to closed futures (2) For futures contracts that qualify as SFAS No. 133 hedges where the hedged transaction occurs. (3) Includes net settlement income/expense related to trading derivatives and realized gains and losses related to derivative dispositions. (4) In addition to the unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, the Company recorded a $130 million cumulative effect of accounting change for equity forward contracts in accordance with the transition provisions of SFAS No. 150 in 2003. Explanation of the transition can be found in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies”. (5) The change in fair value of cash flow and fair value hedges represents amounts related to ineffectiveness. 11. Acquisitions During 2005, the Company acquired 100 percent of GRP/AG Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (“GRP”), a debt management company that expands the Company’s product offerings and industry reach in the debt management business and closed on the second step of the acquisitions of AFS Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries Arrow Financial Services, LLC and Arrow Funding, LLC (“AFS”) and Education Assistance Foundation (“EAF”) and its affiliate, Student Loan Finance Association (“SLFA”) and its subsidiaries. The Company accounted for these transactions under the purchase method of accounting as defined in SFAS No. 141, ‘‘Business Combinations,’’ and allocated the purchase price to the fair market value of the assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, goodwill, and liabilities assumed. GRP Financial Services On August 31, 2005, the Company acquired GRP for a preliminary purchase price of approximately $122 million including cash consideration and certain acquisition costs with an additional $15 million held in escrow. GRP is a debt management company that acquires and manages portfolios of sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are secured by one-to-four family residential real estate. Under the terms of this transaction, GRP became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The acquisition has been accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and the purchase price has F-46 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 11. Acquisitions (Continued) been allocated to tangible and intangible assets based on a preliminary assessment of their fair values. GRP employs approximately 60 individuals at its location in White Plains, New York. The results of operations of GRP have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date and are reflected within the DMO segment’s financial results as discussed further in Note 18, “Segment Reporting.’’ The acquisition and GRP’s pro forma results of operations prior to the acquisition date were deemed immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company allocated the purchase price to the fair values of the acquired tangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets as of the acquisition date as determined by an independent appraiser. The preliminary purchase price was initially allocated to purchased loan portfolios, real estate owned, and other identifiable intangible assets. The preliminary purchase price allocation resulted in an excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, or goodwill, of approximately $54 million. The identifiable intangible assets include GRP’s trade name, an indefinite life intangible asset with a fair value of approximately $4 million as of the acquisition date, and definite life intangible assets with aggregate fair values of approximately $22 million as of the acquisition date. Goodwill resulting from this transaction reflects the benefits the Company expects to derive from the combined operations of GRP and the Company’s existing DMO business segment. Goodwill will be reviewed for impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 142, as discussed further in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies.’’ AFS Holdings, LLC On December 22, 2005, the Company acquired an additional 12 percent interest in AFS for a purchase price of approximately $59 million, increasing the Company’s total purchase price for its 76 percent controlling interest to approximately $226 million including cash consideration and certain acquisition costs. AFS is a full-service, accounts receivable management company that purchases charged off debt, conducts contingency collection work and performs third party receivables servicing across a number of consumer asset classes. Under the terms of the September 2004 purchase agreement, the Company has the option to purchase the remaining minority interest in AFS over the next two year period. The results of operations of AFS have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition of the Company’s initial 64 percent interest on September 16, 2004 and are reflected within the Company’s DMO segment results as discussed further in Note 18, “Segment Reporting.” The acquisition and AFS’s pro forma results of operations prior to the acquisition date were deemed immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. During 2005, the Company finalized its purchase price allocation associated with its acquisition of its 64 percent controlling interest in AFS during 2004. The initial purchase price of $167 million has been allocated to the fair values of the acquired intangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets as of the acquisition date as determined by an independent appraiser. The final purchase price allocation resulted in an excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, or goodwill, of approximately $155 million. The preliminary purchase price allocation associated with the December 2005 acquisition of an additional 12 percent interest resulted in goodwill of approximately $46 million, increasing goodwill associated with the acquisition of AFS to $155 million. The remaining fair value of AFS’s assets and liabilities was primarily allocated to purchased loan portfolios and other identifiable intangible assets. F-47 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 11. Acquisitions (Continued) Goodwill resulting from these transactions reflects the benefits the Company expects to derive from AFS’s experienced management team, existing servicing platform and several new asset classes in a new line of business. It also reflects the benefits from the combined operations of AFS and the Company’s existing DMO business segment. Goodwill will be reviewed for impairment in accordance with SFAS No.142, as discussed further in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies.” Identifiable intangible assets at each respective acquisition date includes AFS’s trade name, an indefinite life intangible asset with an aggregate fair value of approximately $13 million as of the acquisition dates, and definite life intangible assets with aggregate fair values of approximately $19 million as of the acquisition dates, $15 million of which is attributed to customer relationships. Southwest Student Services Corporation On October 15, 2004, the Company purchased all of the outstanding stock of Southwest Student Services Corporation (“Southwest”) from the Helios Education Foundation for total consideration of approximately $533 million including cash of $525 million and restricted stock of $8 million, the exercise of which is contingent on the combined company’s achievement of specified loan origination volumes. Southwest provides for the origination, funding, acquisition and servicing of education loans. Southwest provides student loans and related services nationally with a primary focus on colleges and universities in Arizona and Florida. The results of operations of Southwest have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date and are reflected within the Company’s lending segment results as discussed further in Note 18, “Segment Reporting.” The acquisition and Southwest’s pro forma results of operations prior to the acquisition date were deemed immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company finalized its purchase price allocation in 2005 allocating the purchase price to the fair values of the acquired intangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets as of the acquisition date as determined by an independent appraiser. The final purchase price allocation resulted in an excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, or goodwill, of approximately $185 million. Goodwill will be reviewed for impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 142 as discussed further in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies.” Education Assistance Foundation and Student Loan Finance Association On July 1, 2005, the Company closed the second step in a two step purchase of the secondary market and related businesses of EAF and SLFA and its subsidiaries for a purchase price of approximately $61 million, increasing its purchase price to approximately $496 million. The first step of the transaction closed on December 13, 2004, which included SLFA’s $1.8 billion student loan portfolio (and the related funding). In addition, the Company entered into a full service guarantor servicing contract with EAF’s affiliate, Northwest Education Association (“NELA”), a guarantee agency for FFELP student loans that serves the Pacific Northwest and acquired all of the outstanding voting common stock for a 66 percent equity interest and an option to purchase the remaining equity within six to eight months in Washington Transferee Corporation (“WTC”), an indirect subsidiary F-48 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 11. Acquisitions (Continued) of SLFA, and all of the outstanding voting common stock for a 2 percent equity interest and an option to purchase the remaining equity within six to eight months in Idaho Transferee Corporation (“ITC”), an indirect subsidiary of SLFA. On July 1, 2005, the Company exercised the options to purchase the remaining interests in WTC and ITC in the second step of this transaction. In a related transaction in December 2004, NELA became an affiliate of USA Funds, the Company’s largest guarantor servicing client. The results of operations of WTC and ITC have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition dates, December 15, 2004 and July 1, 2005, respectively, and are reflected within the financial results of the Company’s Lending operating segment as discussed further in Note 18, “Segment Reporting.” The acquisitions and the acquired businesses’ pro forma results of operations prior to the acquisition dates were deemed immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company finalized its purchase price allocation associated with these transactions in 2005, allocating the purchase price to the fair values of the acquired intangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets as of the acquisition date as determined by an independent appraiser. The purchase price allocation resulted in an excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, or goodwill, in aggregate, of approximately $7 million. Goodwill will be reviewed for impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 142 as discussed further in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies.” 12. Fair Values of Financial Instruments SFAS No. 107, “Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” requires the estimation of the fair values of financial instruments. The following is a summary of the assumptions and methods used to estimate those values. Student Loans For both FFELP loans and Private Education Loans, fair value is determined by modeling loan level cash flows using market-based assumptions to determine aggregate portfolio yield, net present value and average life. The FFELP loan valuations also include an analysis of the Floor Income element. Other Loans The fair values of academic facilities financings and other loans were determined through standard bond pricing formulas using current market interest rates and credit spreads and quotes from third parties. Cash and Investments (Including “Restricted”) For investments with remaining maturities of three months or less, carrying value approximated fair value. Investments in U.S. Treasury backed securities were valued at market quotations. All other investments were valued through standard bond pricing formulas using current market interest rates and credit spreads. F-49 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 12. Fair Values of Financial Instruments (Continued) Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Borrowings For borrowings with remaining maturities of three months or less, carrying value approximated fair value. The fair value of all other financial liabilities was determined through standard bond pricing formulas using current market interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and credit spreads and quotes from third parties. Derivative Financial Instruments The fair values of derivative financial instruments were determined by a combination of pricing through standard bond pricing formulas using current market interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and credit spreads, and obtaining fair values from third parties. The following table summarizes the fair values of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments. (Dollars in millions) Earning assets December 31, 2005 Carrying Value Fair Value Difference December 31, 2004 Carrying Value Fair Value Difference FFELP loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 76,492 $ 74,847 $ 1,645 $ 61,531 $ 60,561 $ 970 7,757 480 Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1,139 Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,168 1,501 Total earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,025 91,911 5,420 5,900 1,048 1,099 9,186 9,186 3,114 77,716 76,215 1,432 37 — 9,189 1,176 8,168 Interest bearing liabilities Short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,810 Long-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,220 88,119 Total interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,026 91,929 3,806 4 2,207 2,210 (101) 76,085 75,915 (97) 78,295 78,122 (3) (170) (173) Derivative financial instruments Floor Income/Cap Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross currency interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . Equity forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Futures contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess of fair value over carrying value. . . . . . (371) (390) (148) 67 (1) (371) (390) (148) 67 (1) — — — — — $ 3,017 (625 ) (235 ) 1,839 139 (2 ) (625 ) (235 ) 1,839 139 (2 ) — — — — — $ 1,328 13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees JPMorgan Chase/Bank One Relationships On March 22, 2005, the Company announced that it extended both its JPMorgan Chase and Bank One student loan and loan purchase commitments to August 31, 2010. This comprehensive agreement provided for the dissolution of the joint venture between Chase and Sallie Mae that had been making student loans under the Chase brand since 1996 and resolved a lawsuit filed by Chase on February 17, 2005. In consideration for extending the agreement, the Company received a $40 million payment that will be recognized over the life of the agreement. F-50 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (Continued) JPMorgan Chase will continue to sell all student loans to the Company (whether made under the Chase or Bank One brand) that are originated or serviced on the Company’s platforms. In addition, the agreement provides that substantially all Chase-branded education loans made for the July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006 academic year (and future loans made to these borrowers) will be sold to the Company, including certain loans that are not originated or serviced on Sallie Mae platforms. This agreement permits JPMorgan Chase to compete with the Company in the student loan marketplace and releases the Company from its commitment to market the Bank One and Chase brands on campus. The Company will continue to support its school customers through its comprehensive set of products and services, including its loan origination and servicing platforms, its family of lending brands and strategic lending partners. The Company offers a line of credit to certain financial institutions and other institutions in the higher education community for the purpose of buying or originating student loans. In the event that a line of credit is drawn upon, the loan is collateralized by underlying student loans. The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk should the counterparty draw down the commitment, and the counterparty subsequently fails to perform according to the terms of its contract with the Company. Commitments outstanding are summarized below: Student loan purchase commitments(1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 $ 50,701,995 1,489,403 — $ 52,191,398 2004 $ 47,247,669 887,790 157,674 $ 48,293,133 The following schedule summarizes expirations of commitments to the earlier of call date or maturity date outstanding at December 31, 2005. 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Student Loan Purchases(1)(2) $ 11,296,871 11,780,738 23,523,186 1,409,210 2,691,990 $ 50,701,995 Letters of Credit $ 74,840 497,786 663,579 153,215 99,983 $ 1,489,403 Total $ 11,371,711 12,278,524 24,186,765 1,562,425 2,791,973 $ 52,191,398 (1) (2) Includes amounts committed at specified dates under forward contracts to purchase student loans and estimated future requirements to acquire student loans from lending partners based on expected future volumes at contractually committed rates. These commitments are not accounted for as derivatives under SFAS No. 133 as they do not meet the definition of a derivative due to the lack of a fixed and determinable purchase amount. F-51 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (Continued) Contingencies The Company was named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit brought by three Wisconsin residents on December 20, 2001 in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia. The lawsuit sought to bring a nationwide class action on behalf of all borrowers who allegedly paid “undisclosed improper and excessive” late fees over the past three years. The plaintiffs sought damages of one thousand five hundred dollars per violation plus punitive damages and claimed that the class consisted of two million borrowers. In addition, the plaintiffs alleged that the Company charged excessive interest by capitalizing interest quarterly in violation of the promissory note. On February 27, 2003, the Superior Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety. On March 4, 2004, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals affirmed the Superior Court’s decision granting the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint, but granted plaintiffs leave to re-plead the first count, which alleged violations of the D.C. Consumer Protection Procedures Act. On September 15, 2004, the plaintiffs filed an amended class action complaint. On October 15, 2004, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint with the Superior Court for failure to state a claim and non-compliance with the Court of Appeals’ ruling. On December 27, 2004, the Superior Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ amended compliant. Plaintiffs have appealed the Superior Court’s December 27, 2004 dismissal order to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals heard oral argument on January 11, 2006. Even if the Court of Appeals reverses the dismissal order, the Company does not believe that it is reasonably likely that the Court would certify a nationwide class. The Company is also subject to various claims, lawsuits and other actions that arise in the normal course of business. Most of these matters are claims by borrowers disputing the manner in which their loans have been processed or the accuracy of the Company’s reports to credit bureaus. In addition, the collections subsidiaries in the Company’s debt management operation group are occasionally named in individual plaintiff or class action lawsuits in which the plaintiffs allege that the Company has violated a federal or state law in the process of collecting their account. Management believes that these claims, lawsuits and other actions will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations. 14. Stockholders’ Equity Preferred Stock At December 31, 2005, the Company had 3.3 million shares of 6.97 percent Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) outstanding. The shares do not have any maturity date but can be redeemed at the Company’s option, beginning November 16, 2009, at the redemption price of $50 plus accrued and unpaid dividends up to the redemption date. The shares have no preemptive or conversion rights. Dividends on the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock are not mandatory. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative, quarterly cash dividends at the annual rate of $3.485 per share, when, as, and if declared by the Board of Directors of the Company. For each of the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, dividends paid on Series A Preferred Stock reduced net income by $11.5 million. F-52 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 14. Stockholders’ Equity (Continued) On June 8, 2005, the Company sold 4.0 million shares of Floating-Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) in a registered public offering. Net proceeds from the sale of the Series B Preferred Stock, after deducting underwriting fees and before other fees and expenses of the offering, totaled approximately $397 million and are being used for general corporate purposes. Dividends on the shares of Series B Preferred Stock are not mandatory. When, as, and if declared by the Board of Directors of the Company, holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive quarterly dividends, based on 3-month LIBOR plus 70 basis points per annum in arrears, on and until June 15, 2011, increasing to 3-month LIBOR plus 170 basis points per annum in arrears, after and including the period beginning on June 15, 2011. For the year ended December 31, 2005, dividends paid on Series B Preferred Stock reduced net income by $10 million. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a maturity date, but can be redeemed at the Company’s option on any dividend payment date on or after June 15, 2010, at the redemption price of $100 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends for the then quarterly dividend period, if any. The Series B Preferred Stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any of the Company’s other securities or property. Upon liquidation or dissolution of the Company, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive $100 per share, plus an amount equal to accrued and unpaid dividends for the then current quarterly dividend period, if any, pro rata with holders of the Series A Preferred Stock and before any distribution of assets are made to holders of the Company’s common stock. Common Stock The Company’s shareholders have authorized the issuance of 1.1 billion shares of common stock (par value of $.20). At December 31, 2005, 413.1 million shares were issued and outstanding and 80.6 million shares were unissued but encumbered for outstanding convertible debt and outstanding options and remaining authority for stock-based compensation plans. The convertible debt offering and stock-based compensation plans are described in Note 8, “Long-Term Borrowings,” and Note 16, “Stock-Based Compensation Plans,” respectively. The Company has also encumbered 330.3 million shares out of those authorized for potential issuances for net share settlement of equity forward contracts. In December 2005, the Company retired 65 million shares of common stock held in treasury at an average price of $37.35 per share. This retirement decreased the balance in treasury stock by $2.4 billion, with corresponding decreases of $13 million in common stock and $2.4 billion in retained earnings. In September 2003, the Company retired 170 million shares of common stock held in treasury at an average price of $18.04 per share. This retirement decreased the balance in treasury stock by $3.1 billion, with corresponding decreases of $34 million in common stock and $3.1 billion in retained earnings. F-53 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 14. Stockholders’ Equity (Continued) In May 2003, the Company’s shareholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock the Company is authorized to issue from 375 million shares to 1.1 billion shares. Subsequently, the Board of Directors approved a three-for-one split of the Company’s common stock which was effected in the form of a stock dividend on June 20, 2003, for all shareholders of record on June 6, 2003. All share and per share amounts presented have been retroactively restated for the stock split. Stockholders’ equity has been restated to give retroactive recognition to the stock split for all periods presented by reclassifying from additional paid-in capital to common stock the par value of the additional shares issued as a result of the stock split. Common Stock Repurchase Program and Equity Forward Contracts The Company regularly repurchases its common stock through both open market purchases and settlement of equity forward contracts. At December 31, 2005, the Company had outstanding equity forward contracts to purchase 42.7 million shares of its common stock at prices ranging from $54.74 to $54.96 per share. The equity forward contracts permit the counterparty to terminate a portion of the contracts prior to their maturity date and force the Company to settle the contracts if the price of the Company’s common stock falls below pre-determined levels as defined by the contract as the “initial trigger price.” The counterparty can continue to terminate portions of the contract if the stock price continues to reach lower pre-determined levels, until the price hits the “final trigger price” and the entire contract is terminated. For equity forward contracts in effect as of December 31, 2005, the initial trigger price ranges from approximately $27.37 to $35.58 and the final trigger price ranges from $24.63 to $27.37. In addition, some of the Company’s equity forward contracts enable the counterparty to terminate all outstanding equity forward contracts if the unsecured and unsubordinated long-term debt rating of the Company falls to or below BBB- for S&P or Baa3 for Moody’s. This provision or one substantially the same is contained in the contracts of eleven of the Company’s twelve equity forward counterparties with outstanding positions. The Company has negotiated with each of its equity forward counterparties a limit on the total number of shares that can be required to be delivered to that counterparty in net share settlement of the transactions. As of December 31, 2005 and 2004, the aggregate maximum number of shares that the Company could be required to deliver was 330.3 million and 325.0 million, respectively. During December 2005, September 2004 and November 2004, the Company amended substantially all of its outstanding equity forward purchase contracts. The strike prices on these contracts were adjusted to the then current market share prices of the common stock and the total number of shares under contract was reduced from 46.5 million, 53.4 million and 49.0 million shares to 42.4 million, 46.7 million and 42.2 million shares, respectively. As a result of these amendments, the Company received a total of 4.1 million and 13.4 million shares that settled in 2005 and 2004, respectively, in cashless transactions. This reduction of shares covered by the equity forward contracts is shown on a net basis in the “exercises” row of the table below. F-54 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 14. Stockholders’ Equity (Continued) The following table summarizes the Company’s common share repurchase, issuance and equity forward activity for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004. (Shares in millions) Common shares repurchased: Open market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plans(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shares repurchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average purchase price per share(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shares issued. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forward contracts: Outstanding at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authority remaining at end of period to repurchase or enter into equity forwards. . . . . Years ended December 31, 2005 2004 — 17.3 1.5 18.8 $ 49.94 8.3 .5 32.7 1.5 34.7 $ 38.03 10.7 42.8 17.2 (17.3 ) 42.7 18.7 43.5 32.0 (32.7) 42.8 35.8 (1) (2) Includes shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of performance stock to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs. The average purchase price per share for 2005 and 2004 is calculated based on the average strike price of all equity forward contracts including those that were net settled in the cashless transactions discussed above. The average cash purchase price per share for 2005 and 2004 is $38.97 and $22.38, respectively, when a zero cash cost is reflected for those shares acquired in the cashless transactions. As of December 31, 2005, the expiration dates and range and average purchase prices for outstanding equity forward contracts were as follows: Year of maturity (Contracts in millions of shares) 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding Contracts 5.4 7.3 14.8 15.2 42.7 Range of purchase prices $54.74 54.74 54.74 54.74 – 54.96 Average purchase price $ 54.74 54.74 54.74 54.74 $ 54.74 The closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 30, 2005 was $55.09. F-55 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 14. Stockholders’ Equity (Continued) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Accumulated other comprehensive income includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, unrealized gains and losses on derivatives, and the minimum pension liability adjustment. The following table presents the cumulative balances of the components of other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum pension liability adjustment(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 $ 382,316 (12,560) (1,846) $ 367,910 December 31, 2004 $ 467,374 (25,658 ) (1,044 ) $ 440,672 2003 $ 510,223 (83,302) (1,300) $ 425,621 (1) Net of tax expense of $203,495, $251,178 and $274,736 for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. (2) Net of tax benefit of $4,667, $12,220 and $44,855 for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. (3) Net of tax benefit of $994, $562 and $700 for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. 15. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per common share (“basic EPS”) is calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per common share (“diluted EPS”) reflect the potential dilutive effect of (i) additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, deferred compensation, restricted stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), determined by the treasury stock method, (ii) the assumed conversion of convertible debentures, determined by the “if- converted” method, and (iii) equity forward contracts, determined by the reverse treasury stock method. Diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2003 also includes the dilutive effect of stock warrants, which were exercised in June 2003. At December 31, 2005, the Company had $2 billion contingently convertible debentures (“Co-Cos”) outstanding that are convertible, under certain conditions, into shares of SLM common stock at an initial conversion price of $65.98. The investors generally can only convert the debentures if the Company’s common stock has appreciated to 130 percent of the conversion price ($85.77) for a prescribed period, or the Company calls the debentures. Per EITF No. 04-8, diluted EPS for all periods presented includes the potential dilutive effect of the Company’s outstanding Co-Cos for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. F-56 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 15. Earnings per Common Share (Continued) The reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003: Numerator: Net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted for debt expense of Co-Cos, net of taxes . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common stock, adjusted. . . . . . Denominator (Shares in thousands): Weighted-average shares used to compute basic EPS . . . . Effect of dilutive securities: Dilutive effect of stock options, deferred compensation, restricted stock units, ESPP, and equity forwards . . . . Dilutive effect of Co-Cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive potential common shares(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted EPS . . Net earnings per share: Basic EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive effect of stock options, deferred compensation, restricted stock units, ESPP, and equity forwards . . . . Dilutive effect of Co-Cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 Years ended December 31, 2004 December 31, 2003 $ 1,360,381 44,573 $ 1,404,954 $ 1,901,769 21,405 $ 1,923,174 $ 1,522,059 11,005 $ 1,533,064 418,374 436,133 452,037 11,574 30,312 41,886 460,260 9,342 30,312 39,654 475,787 11,298 18,769 30,067 482,104 $ 3.25 $ 4.36 $ 3.37 (.09) (.11) 3.05 $ (.09 ) (.23 ) 4.04 $ (.08) (.11) 3.18 $ (1) For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, securities of approximately 30 million shares, 4 million shares and 29 million shares, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would be antidilutive. 16. Stock-Based Compensation Plans On May 13, 2004, the Company’s shareholders approved the SLM Corporation Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), which provides, in part, for awards to employees of equity-based compensation. Shareholders approved a total of 15 million shares to be issued from this plan. The Incentive Plan expires in May 2009. Upon shareholders’ approval of the Incentive Plan, the Company discontinued the non- shareholder approved Employee Stock Option Plan (the “ESOP”) and, but for one exception below, the Management Incentive Plan (the “MIP”). Shares available for future issuance under the ESOP and MIP were canceled; however, terms of outstanding grants remain unchanged. Commitments made to certain option holders to receive replacement options under the MIP continue to be honored. On May 19, 2005, the Company’s shareholders approved a reallocation of shares authorized to be issued from the Directors Stock Plan (1.2 million shares), which is described herein, and the ESPP (1.0 F-57 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 16. Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Continued) million shares), to the Incentive Plan. This increased the total number of shares authorized to be issued from the Incentive Plan from 15.0 million shares to 17.2 million shares. Awards under the Incentive Plan may be in the form of stock, stock options, performance stock, restricted stock and/or stock units. Awards under the MIP were made in the form of stock, stock options, performance stock and/or stock units. Awards under the ESOP were in the form of stock, stock options and/or performance stock. Under all three plans, the maximum term for stock options is 10 years and the exercise price must be equal to or greater than the market price of SLM common stock on the date of grant. All three plans provide that the vesting of stock options and stock awards are established at the time the awards are made by the Compensation Committee authorized to make the awards. With the exception of stock options granted to Messrs. Lord and Fitzpatrick under the terms of their employment agreements, stock options granted to officers and management employees under the plans generally vest upon the Company’s common stock price reaching a closing price equal to or greater than 20 percent above the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant for five days, but no earlier than 12 months from the grant date. In any event, all options vest upon the eighth anniversary of their grant date (fifth anniversary for options granted in 2000 and 2001). Stock options were granted to Messrs. Lord and Fitzpatrick in 2003 and 2005. Options granted in 2003 vested on January 1, 2006 subsequent to the achievement of price-vesting targets. The price vesting targets were met in one-third increments when the Company’s stock price was 25 percent, 33 percent and 50 percent above the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant for five consecutive trading days. Like the options granted in 2003, options granted to Mr. Fitzpatrick in 2005 are subject to price- vesting and time-vesting targets. The price-vesting targets are the same as for the 2003 options: the options vest in one-third increments when the Company’s stock price is 25 percent, 33 percent and 50 percent above the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant for five consecutive trading days. The first one-third of the options will vest no earlier than May 31, 2008 and the remaining two-thirds will vest no earlier than May 31, 2009. In any event, all options will vest and become exercisable on March 17, 2013. Options granted to Mr. Lord in 2005 vest when the Company’s stock price is 20 percent above the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant for five trading days, but no earlier than 12 months from the date of grant. These options are intended to be for a three-year period of service and if Mr. Lord is not elected to the Board of Directors in May 2006, two-thirds of the options will be forfeited and if Mr. Lord is not elected to the Board of Directors in May 2007, one-third of the options will be forfeited. In any event, all options vest on the fifth anniversary of their grant date, if Mr. Lord is continuing in Board service. In 2005, Mr. Fitzpatrick also received 90,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Subject to his continued employment, the RSUs vest on May 31, 2008. Conversion of vested RSUs to common stock is deferred until Mr. Fitzpatrick’s retirement or termination of employment. Options granted to rank-and-file employees are time-vested with the grants in 2003, 2004 and 2005 vesting one-half in 18 months from their grant date and the second one-half vesting 36 months from their grant date. All previously granted options to rank-and-file employees were vested by December 31, 2005. F-58 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 16. Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Continued) Performance stock granted under the MIP and the Incentive Plan must vest over a minimum of a 12-month performance period. Performance criteria may include the achievement of any of several financial and business goals, such as “core earnings” per share, loan volume, market share, overhead or other expense reduction, or “core earnings” net income. Restricted stock may be granted under the Incentive Plan and may vest no sooner than three years from grant date or may vest ratably over three years. In 2005, 2004 and 2003, the amount of performance stock and RSUs granted was 226,681 shares, 592,534 shares and 464,465 shares, respectively. Employees may purchase shares of the Company’s common stock under the ESPP at the end of a 24-month period at a price equal to the share price at the beginning of the 24-month period, less 15 percent, up to a maximum purchase price of $10,000 plus accrued interest. In 2000, the Company established a replacement option program to assist executive officers in meeting their share ownership targets. Under the replacement program, officers and Board members have been eligible to receive new options upon their exercise of vested options in an amount equal to the number of shares needed to pay the exercise price for the original option. Replacement options carry an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of their grant and vest one year from the grant date. The term of replacement options equals the remaining term of the underlying options. The options granted to Messrs. Lord and Fitzpatrick in 2003 are not eligible for replacement options. Further, the Company’s Compensation Committee determined that, with the exception of newly hired or promoted officers, options granted to other officers after 2003 would not be eligible for replacement options. The following table summarizes the employee stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. The weighted average fair value of options granted during the year is based on a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Outstanding at beginning of year . . . . 2005 Years Ended December 31, 2004 2003 Options 38,748,318 Average Price $ 31.45 Options 42,400,231 Average Price $ 28.93 Options 43,828,155 Average Price $ 26.03 Granted—direct options . . . . . . . . . . . 7,622,450 51.28 6,204,181 41.11 10,009,627 36.18 Granted—replacement options. . . . . . 154,088 50.85 633,210 43.03 1,184,374 37.70 Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,482,456) 31.16 (9,231,460) 26.51 (10,833,755 ) 24.50 Canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,179,144) 43.69 (1,257,844) 36.27 (1,788,170 ) 31.02 Outstanding at end of year . . . . . . . . . 37,863,256 $ 35.20 38,748,318 $ 31.45 42,400,231 $ 28.93 Exercisable at end of year . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted during the year . 24,148,491 $ 29.27 19,805,143 $ 27.71 20,445,682 $ 24.51 $ 8.64 $ 5.14 $ 6.95 F-59 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 16. Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Continued) The following table summarizes the number, average exercise prices (which ranged from $10.13 per share to $55.09 per share) and average remaining contractual life of the employee stock options outstanding at December 31, 2005. Exercise Prices Under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30-$40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Above $40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options 15,132,912 12,058,113 10,672,231 37,863,256 Average Price $ 25.51 35.21 48.91 $ 35.20 Average Remaining Contractual Life 5.6.Yrs 7.2 9.2 7.1.Yrs SLM Corporation grants stock-based compensation to non-employee directors of the Company under the Directors Stock Plan. Awards under the Directors Stock Plan may be in the form of stock options and/or stock. The maximum term for stock options is 10 years and the exercise price must be equal to or greater than the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The Directors Stock Plan is a shareholder-approved plan. The plan was first approved by shareholders on May 21, 1998, and most recently approved by shareholders on May 18, 2000. The plan expires on May 21, 2008. In 2000, shareholders approved a total of 10.5 million shares to be issued from this plan. In 2005, shareholders approved a decrease of 1.2 million shares to be issued from this plan. The vesting of stock options is established at the time the Board makes the awards. Stock options granted in January 2003, 2004 and 2005 to Directors are subject to the following vesting schedule: all options vest upon the Company’s common stock price reaching a closing price equal to or greater than 20 percent above the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant for five days or the Director’s election to the Board, whichever occurs later. In any event, all options vest upon the fifth anniversary of their grant date. The following table summarizes the Board of Directors stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. Outstanding at beginning of year . . . . . . . Granted—direct options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted—replacement options. . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canceled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 Years Ended December 31, 2004 2003 Options 3,644,089 182,060 5,775 (187,733) (22,880) 3,621,311 Average Price $ 26.14 50.75 53.00 22.18 50.75 $ 27.47 Options 3,962,055 255,545 37,527 (611,038) — 3,644,089 Average Price $ 24.75 37.87 42.43 23.00 — $ 26.14 Options 4,412,310 350,625 235,882 (1,036,762 ) — 3,962,055 Average Price $ 22.65 35.20 39.42 22.69 — $ 24.75 Exercisable at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,456,356 $ 26.36 3,606,562 $ 25.97 3,375,548 $ 22.63 Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted during the year . . . . . . $ 10.56 $ 4.62 $ 8.93 F-60 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 16. Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Continued) At December 31, 2005, the outstanding Board of Directors options had a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 5.6 years. The following table summarizes information as of December 31, 2005, relating to equity compensation plans or arrangements of the Company pursuant to which grants of options, restricted stock, restricted RSUs or other rights to acquire shares may be granted from time to time. (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options and rights Average remaining life (years) of options outstanding Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans(1) Types of awards issuable(2) 3,526,811 $ 27.99 10,257,439 18,465,268 32,249,518 750,000 — 9,325,049 10,075,049 42,324,567 48.98 30.89 36.29 — — 28.43 28.43 $ 34.52 5.8 9.2 6.4 7.2 — — 6.2 6.2 7.0 1,134,877 NQ,ST 6,354,420 NQ,ISO,RES, RSU — NQ,ISO,RES 7,489,297 — RSU 1,335,910 — NQ,RES 1,335,910 8,825,207 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: Directors Stock Plan SLM Corporation Incentive Plan(3). Expired Plans(4) . . . Total approved by security holders . . Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders: Compensation arrangements. . . Employee Stock Purchase Plan(5). Expired Plan(6). . . . Total not approved by security holders . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Excludes securities included in column (a) and excludes shares that may be issued under the replacement option program. NQ (Non-Qualified Stock Option), ISO (Incentive Stock Option), RES (Restricted/Performance Stock), RSU (Restricted Stock Unit), ST (Stock Grant). The SLM Corporation Incentive Plan is subject to an aggregate limit of 2,000,000 shares that may be issued as Performance Stock or Restricted Stock Units. As of December 31, 2005, 1,446,113 shares are remaining from this authority. Expired plans for which unexercised options remain outstanding include the 1993-1998 Stock Option Plan, Management Incentive Plan and Board of Directors Stock Option Plan. Number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP. Expired plan for which unexercised options remain outstanding includes the Employee Stock Option Plan. Included in this plan are 94,500 outstanding options granted to former GSE board members. These options are included in the Board of Directors stock option activity table shown on the prior page. F-61 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 17. Benefit Plans Pension Plans Effective July 1, 2004, the Company’s qualified and supplemental pension plans (the “Pension Plans”) were frozen with respect to new entrants and participants with less than five years of service. Accordingly, at July 1, 2004, the Company recorded a net curtailment gain of $4.5 million. No further benefits will accrue with respect to such participants under the Pension Plans, other than interest accruals on cash balance accounts. These participants were fully vested as of June 30, 2004. For those participants continuing to accrue benefits under the Pension Plans, benefits are credited using a cash balance formula. Under the formula, each participant has an account, for record keeping purposes only, to which credits are allocated each payroll period based on a percentage of the participant’s compensation for the current pay period. The applicable percentage is determined by the participant’s number of years of service with the Company. If an individual participated in the Company’s prior pension plan as of September 30, 1999 and met certain age and service criteria, the participant (“grandfathered participant”) will receive the greater of the benefits calculated under the prior plan, which uses a final average pay plan method, or the current plan under the cash balance formula. F-62 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 17. Benefit Plans (Continued) Qualified and Nonqualified Plans The following tables provide a reconciliation of the changes in the qualified and nonqualified plan benefit obligations and fair value of assets for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, and a statement of the funded status as of December 31 of both years based on a December 31 measurement date. Change in Benefit Obligation Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curtailment gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected benefit obligation at end of year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administrative payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funded Status December 31, 2005 2004 $ 202,352 9,893 11,208 — 2,380 — (9,695 ) $ 216,138 $ 184,019 10,862 11,237 — 14,279 (6,310) (11,735) $ 202,352 $ 199,816 8,160 — 1,225 (9,695 ) (1,534 ) $ 197,972 $ 184,495 26,856 — 1,745 (11,735) (1,545) $ 199,816 Funded status at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized net actuarial gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized prior service cost and transition asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (18,166 ) $ (2,536) (20,780) 186 $ (26,403 ) $ (23,130) (8,349 ) 112 Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position consist of: Prepaid benefit cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued benefit liability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional year-end information for plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-63 $ $ — (29,447 ) 213 2,831 — (25,091) 356 1,605 $ (26,403 ) $ (23,130) $ 25,716 21,869 — $ 19,643 19,500 — SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 17. Benefit Plans (Continued) The accumulated benefit obligations of the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were $211 million and $198 million at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. There are no plan assets in the nonqualified plans due to the nature of the plans; the corporate assets used to pay these benefits are included above in employer contributions. Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost Net periodic pension cost included the following components: Service cost—benefits earned during the period . . Interest cost on project benefit obligations . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curtailment gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amortization and deferral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net periodic pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2004 $ 10,862 11,237 (15,674 ) (4,506 ) (1,384 ) 535 2005 $ 9,893 11,208 (16,434) — (168) $ 4,499 2003 $ 11,103 10,349 (12,833 ) — (658 ) $ 7,961 $ The increase in the minimum liability included in other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2005 is $1 million versus a decrease of $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2004. Assumptions The weighted average assumptions used to determine the projected accumulated benefit obligations are as follows: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 5.50% 8.50% 4.00% 2004 5.75% 8.50% 4.00% The weighted average assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension cost are as follows: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 5.75% 8.50% 4.00% 2004 6.25% 8.50% 4.00% To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption for the portfolio, the Company considered the expected return for each asset class in proportion with the target asset allocation, selecting 8.50 percent for the expected return on plan assets. F-64 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 17. Benefit Plans (Continued) Plan Assets The weighted average asset allocations at December 31, 2005 and 2004, by asset category, are as follows: Asset Category Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2004 2005 62% 21 17 100% 69% 10 21 100% Investment Policy and Strategy The principle objectives of the asset allocation policy are to maximize return while preserving principal during declining phases of the market cycle and to maintain cash reserves sufficient to assure timely payment of benefit obligations. A maximum of 85 percent of the plan’s assets can be invested in equity securities with the balance in fixed income securities and cash equivalents. Each of the plan’s U.S. equity focused fund managers follows a value oriented investment strategy. The current money market position is being held for benefit payments and in anticipation of allocating funds to an international fund manager once the final selection is made. Cash Flows The Company did not contribute to its qualified pension plan in 2005 and does not expect to contribute in 2006. There are no plan assets in the nonqualified plans due to the nature of the plans, and benefits are paid from corporate assets when due to the participant. It is estimated that approximately $1 million will be paid in 2006 for these benefits. Estimated Future Benefit Payments The following qualified and nonqualified plan benefit payments, which reflect future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 – 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,577 14,730 16,266 16,449 16,742 80,165 F-65 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 17. Benefit Plans (Continued) 401(k) Plans The Company maintains two safe harbor 401(k) savings plans as defined contribution plans intended to qualify under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Sallie Mae 401(k) Savings Plan covers substantially all employees of the Company outside of Debt Management Operations. Participating employees as of July 1, 2005 may contribute up to 75 percent of eligible compensation; between July 1, 2004 and June 30, 2005 the maximum deferral percentage was 25 percent, and prior to July 1, 2004 the maximum deferral was 10 percent of eligible compensation. Up to 6 percent of these contributions are matched 100 percent by the Company after one year of service. Effective July 1, 2004, in conjunction with the defined benefit plan change, certain eligible employees began receiving a 2 percent core employer contribution. As additional employees phase out of the Pension Plans, they will begin receiving the 2 percent core employer contribution. The Sallie Mae DMO 401(k) Savings Plan (“DMO Plan”) covers substantially all employees of Debt Management Operations. Eligible employees can contribute up to 75 percent of eligible compensation as of July 1, 2005 and up to 25 percent of eligible compensation between July 1, 2004 and July 1, 2005. The DMO Plan has a match formula of up to 100 percent on the first 3 percent of contributions and 50 percent on the next 2 percent of contributions after one year of service. The Company also maintains a non-qualified plan to ensure that designated participants receive the full amount of benefits to which they would have been entitled under the 401(k) Plan except for limits on compensation imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. Total expenses related to the 401(k) plans were $18 million, $19 million and $17 million in 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. This included discretionary shared success contributions by the company of $6 million and $5 million in 2004 and 2003, respectively. As a result of the July 2004 benefit plan changes the Company made no discretionary employer contribution in 2005. 18. Segment Reporting The Company has two primary operating segments as defined in SFAS No. 131, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information”—the Lending and DMO segments. The Lending and DMO operating segments meet the quantitative thresholds for reportable segments identified in SFAS No. 131. Accordingly, the results of operations of the Company’s Lending and DMO operating segments are presented below. The Company has smaller operating segments including the Guarantor Servicing and Student Loan Servicing operating segments as well as certain other products and services provided to colleges and universities which do not meet the quantitative thresholds identified in SFAS No. 131. Therefore, the results of operations for these operating segments and the revenues and expenses associated with these other products and services are combined with corporate overhead and other corporate activities within the Corporate and Other reporting segment. The management reporting process measures the performance of the Company’s operating segments based on the management structure of the Company as well as the methodology used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Management, including the Company’s chief operating decision maker, evaluates the performance of the Company’s operating segments based on their profitability. As discussed further below, management measures the profitability of the Company’s F-66 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) operating segments based on “core earnings.” Accordingly, information regarding the Company’s reportable segments is provided based on “core earnings.” The Company’s “core earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. “Core earnings” reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP as described below. Unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting. The management reporting process measures the performance of the operating segments based on the management structure of the Company and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. The Company’s operating segments are defined by the products and services they offer or the types of customers they serve, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by management. Intersegment revenues and expenses are netted within the appropriate financial statement line items consistent with the income statement presentation provided to management. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial information. The Company’s principal operations are located in the United States, and its results of operations and long-lived assets in geographic regions outside of the United States are not significant. In the Lending segment, no individual customer accounted for more than 10 percent of its total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. USA Funds is the Company’s largest customer in both the DMO and Corporate and Other segments. During the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, USA Funds accounted for 36 percent, 44 percent and 44 percent, respectively, of the aggregate revenues generated by the Company’s DMO and Corporate and Other reportable segments. No other customers accounted for more than 10 percent of total revenues in those segments for the years mentioned. Lending In the Company’s Lending operating segment, the Company originates and acquires both federally guaranteed student loans, which are administered by ED in the FFELP, and Private Education Loans, which are not federally guaranteed. Private Education Loans are primarily used by borrowers to supplement FFELP loans to meet the rising cost of education. The Company owns and manages student loans for over nine million borrowers totaling $122 billion at December 31, 2005, of which $106 billion or 87 percent are federally insured. In addition to education lending, the Company also originates mortgage and consumer loans with the intent of selling the majority of such loans. In 2005, the Company originated $2 billion in mortgage and consumer loans and its mortgage and consumer loan portfolio totaled $594 million at December 31, 2005, of which $215 million pertains to mortgages in the held for sale portfolio. In addition to its federally insured FFELP products, the Company originates and acquires Private Education Loans which consist of two general types: (1) those that are designed to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount financed through either capped federally insured loans or the borrowers’ resources, and (2) those that are used to meet the needs of students in alternative learning programs such as career training, distance learning and lifelong learning programs. Most higher education Private Education Loans are made in conjunction with a FFELP Stafford loan and as such are marketed through the same channel as FFELP loans by the same sales force. Unlike FFELP loans, Private Education Loans are subject to the full credit risk of the borrower. The Company manages this additional F-67 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) risk through industry tested loan underwriting standards and a combination of higher interest rates and loan origination fees that compensate the Company for the higher risk. DMO The Company provides a wide range of accounts receivable and collection services through six operating units that comprise its DMO operating segment. These services include defaulted student loan portfolio management services, contingency collections services for student loans and other asset classes, student loan default aversion services, and accounts receivable management and collection for purchased portfolios of receivables that have been charged off by their original creditors, as well as sub-performing and nonperforming mortgage loans. The Company’s DMO operating segment primarily serves the student loan marketplace through a broad array of default management services on a contingency fee or other pay for performance basis to six FFELP guarantors and for campus based programs. In addition to collecting on its own purchased receivables and mortgage loans, the DMO operating segment provides receivable management and collection services for large federal agencies, credit card clients and other holders of consumer debt. Corporate and Other The Company’s Corporate and Other reportable segment includes the aggregate activity of its smaller operating segments including its Guarantor Servicing and Loan Servicing operating segments, other products and services, as well as corporate overhead. In the Guarantor Servicing operating segment, the Company provides a full complement of administrative services to FFELP guarantors including guarantee issuance, account maintenance, and guarantee fulfillment. In the Loan Servicing operating segment, the Company provides a full complement of activities required to service student loans on behalf of lenders who are unrelated to the Company. Such servicing activities generally commence once a loan has been fully disbursed and include sending out payment coupons to borrowers, processing borrower payments, originating and disbursing consolidation loans on behalf of the lender, and other administrative activities required by ED. The Company’s other products and services include comprehensive financing and loan delivery solutions that it provides to college financial aid offices and students to streamline the financial aid process. Corporate overhead includes all of the typical headquarter functions such as executive management, accounting and finance, human resources and marketing. Financial Highlights The tables below include the condensed operating results for each of the Company’s reportable segments. Management, including the “chief operating decision maker,” evaluates the Company on certain non-GAAP performance measures that the Company refers to as “core earnings” for each operating segment. While “core earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP, the Company relies on “core earnings” to manage each operating segment because it believes these measures provide additional information regarding the operational and performance indicators that are most closely assessed by management. F-68 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) “Core earnings” are the primary financial performance measures used by management to develop the Company’s financial plans, track results, and establish corporate performance targets and incentive compensation. Management believes this information provides additional insight into the financial performance of the core business activities of its operating segments. Accordingly, the tables presented below reflect “core earnings” operating measures reviewed and utilized by management to manage the business. Reconciliation of the segment totals to the Company’s consolidated operating results in accordance with GAAP are also included in the tables below. Segment Results and Reconciliations to GAAP (Dollars in millions) Interest income: Lending DMO Year ended December 31, 2005 Corporate and Other Segment Totals Adjustments Total GAAP FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans . . Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,298 $ — 3,014 — 1,160 — 85 — 401 — 6,958 — 4,823 — 2,135 — 138 — 1,997 — — 360 — 167 110 — 479 283 91 602 2 4 $ 1,024 $ 149 $ — — — — — — — — — — 115 — 126 308 (25) — $ 2,298 3,014 1,160 85 401 6,958 4,823 2,135 138 1,997 475 167 236 1,070 668 6 $ (42) $ 1,131 $ (1,283 ) $ 1,015 (514 ) 2,500 634 (526 ) 85 — 276 (125 ) (2,448 ) 4,510 (1,764 ) 3,059 (684 ) 1,451 203 (749 ) 1,248 475 — — 167 1,129 1,365 68 1,138 729 61 — 6 $ 251 $ 1,382 65 (1) Income taxes are based on a percentage of net income before tax for the individual reportable segments. F-69 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) (Dollars in millions) Interest income: Lending DMO Year ended December 31, 2004 Corporate and Other Segment Totals Adjustments Total GAAP FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans. . . Consolidation Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collections revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on GSE debt and extinguishment . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense (benefit)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,715 $ — 1,473 — 613 — 74 — 267 — 4,142 — 2,320 — 1,822 — 114 — 1,708 — — 300 39 — 131 — 221 — 409 159 65 430 — 1 $ 779 $ 114 $ — — — — — — — — — — 120 — 130 — 291 (15) — $ 1,715 1,473 613 74 267 4,142 2,320 1,822 114 1,708 420 39 261 221 859 480 1 $ (26) $ 867 (3 ) $ (990 ) $ 725 (108 ) 1,365 336 (277 ) 74 — 233 (34 ) (1,409 ) 2,733 (886 ) 1,434 (523 ) 1,299 111 (520 ) 1,188 420 — — 39 1,765 2,026 221 — 895 36 642 162 — 1 $ 1,047 $ 1,914 (Dollars in millions) Interest income: Lending DMO Year Ended December 31, 2003 Corporate and Other Segment Totals Adjustments Total GAAP FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans . . Consolidation Loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private Education Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . Fee income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting change . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,494 $ — 1,172 — 427 — 77 — 163 — 3,333 — 1,681 — 1,652 — 130 — 1,522 — — 259 121 — 414 123 45 407 — — $ 822 $ 91 $ — — — — — — — — — — 128 123 231 7 — $ 13 $ 1,494 1,172 427 77 163 3,333 1,681 1,652 130 1,522 387 244 768 459 — $ 926 (12 ) (120 ) — $ (839 ) $ 655 (14 ) 1,158 307 77 151 (985 ) 2,348 (659 ) 1,022 (326 ) 1,326 147 (343 ) 1,179 — 387 1,412 1,168 795 27 779 320 130 130 $ 1,534 $ 608 17 (1) Income taxes are based on a percentage of net income before tax for the individual reportable segment. F-70 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) The adjustments required to reconcile from the Company’s “core earnings” measures to its GAAP results of operations relate to differing treatments for securitization transactions, derivatives, floor income related to the Company’s student loans, and certain other items that management does not consider in evaluating the Company’s operating results. The following table reflects aggregate adjustments associated with these areas for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003. (Dollars in millions) Segment reporting adjustments to GAAP: Net impact of securitization accounting(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net impact of derivative accounting(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net impact of Floor Income(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of acquired intangibles(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net tax effect(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2003 2004 2005 $ (60) $ (152 ) $ 300 502 1,553 23 (156 ) (27 ) (36 ) (320 ) (162 ) 637 (204) (61) (61) Cumulative effect of accounting change(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 130 Total segment reporting adjustments to GAAP . . . . . . . . . . $ 251 $ 1,047 $ 608 (1) Securitization accounting: Under GAAP, certain securitization transactions in the Company’s Lending segment are accounted for as sales of assets. Under the “core earnings” for the Lending segment, the Company presents all securitization transactions on a Managed Basis as long-term non-recourse financings. The upfront “gains” on sale from securitization transactions as well as ongoing “servicing and securitization revenue” presented in accordance with GAAP are excluded from the “core earnings” and replaced by the interest income, provisions for loan losses, and interest expense as they are earned or incurred on the securitization loans. The Company also excludes transactions with its off- balance sheet trusts from “core earnings” as they are considered intercompany transactions on a Managed Basis. (2) Derivative accounting: “Core earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses arising primarily in the Company’s Lending business segment, and to a lesser degree in its Corporate and Other business segment, that are caused primarily by the one-sided mark-to-market derivative valuations prescribed by SFAS No. 133 on derivatives that do not qualify for “hedge treatment” under GAAP. Under “core earnings,” the Company recognizes the economic effect of these hedges, which generally results in any cash paid or received being recognized ratably as an expense or revenue over the hedged item’s life. “Core earnings” also exclude the gain or loss on equity forward contracts that, under SFAS No. 133, are required to be accounted for as derivatives and are marked-to-market through earnings. (3) Floor income: The timing and amount (if any) of Floor Income earned in the Company’s Lending segment is uncertain and in excess of expected spreads and, therefore, the Company excludes such income from its “core earnings” when it is not economically hedged. The Company employs derivatives, primarily Floor Income Contracts and futures, to economically hedge Floor Income. As discussed above in “Derivative Accounting,” these derivatives do not qualify as effective accounting hedges and therefore under GAAP are marked-to-market through the “gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” line on the income statement with no offsetting gain or loss recorded for the economically hedged items. For “core earnings” under the Lending segment, the Company reverses the fair value adjustments on the Floor Income Contracts and futures economically hedging Floor Income F-71 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 18. Segment Reporting (Continued) and include the amortization of net premiums received (net of Eurodollar futures contracts’ realized gains or losses) in income. (4) Other items: The Company excludes amortization of acquired intangibles. (5) Such tax effect is based upon the Company’s “core earnings” effective tax rate for the year. The net tax effect results primarily from the exclusion of the permanent income tax impact of the equity forward contracts. (6) For the year ended December 31, 2003, upon the adoption of SFAS No. 150, the Company also excluded a gain of $130 million which was reflected as a “cumulative effect of accounting change” in the consolidated statements of income. 19. Income Taxes Reconciliations of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rates to the Company’s effective tax rate follow: Statutory rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity forward contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State tax, net of federal benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0% (2.0) 1.2 2005 2003 Years ended December 31, 2004 35.0 % 35.0 % (10.4 ) .5 1.1 .3 Other, net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 — (.7 ) Effective tax rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4% 25.1 % 35.7 % Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003 consists of: 2005 December 31, 2004 2003 Current provision: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 768,865 34,798 803,663 $ 375,496 7,982 383,478 $ 684,065 27,400 711,465 Deferred provision/(benefit): Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred provision/(benefit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income tax expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (80,077) 5,181 (74,896) $ 728,767 248,776 10,435 259,211 $ 642,689 87,086 (19,171 ) 67,915 $ 779,380 F-72 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 19. Income Taxes (Continued) At December 31, 2005 and 2004, the tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities include the following: Deferred tax assets: Loan reserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market value adjustments on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses not currently deductible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan origination services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-substance defeasance transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Unrealized investment gains recorded to other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securitization transactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation/amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent payment and debt instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2005 2004 $ 208,343 184,313 138,102 61,780 49,448 35,568 17,706 4,718 30,259 730,237 197,834 155,889 132,879 51,987 78,934 10,128 627,651 $ 138,305 267,383 10,238 57,983 57,081 35,853 22,835 24,117 60,873 674,668 238,396 206,559 98,174 87,335 62,006 8,297 700,767 Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 102,586 $ (26,099) In the above table, unrealized investment gains recorded to other comprehensive income and market adjustments on investments are separately stated. Historically, these items have been presented on a combined basis. Also included in the other deferred tax assets is a valuation allowance of $0 and $1,831 as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, against the Company’s state deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which the temporary differences become deductible. Management primarily considers the scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities and the history of positive taxable income in making this determination. During 2005, it was determined that the subsidiary with the valuation allowance now has sufficient taxable income to realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and the existing allowance was released. As of December 31, 2005, the Company has apportioned state net operating loss carryforwards of $133,593 which begin to expire in 2006. In 2004, the Company and the IRS reached an agreement with respect to the one outstanding issue associated with the review of the Company’s 1994 and 1995 income tax returns. In addition, during 2004, the Company and the IRS reached an agreement with regard to all but one issue associated with the review F-73 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 19. Income Taxes (Continued) of the Company’s 1996 through 1999 income tax returns. The one unresolved issue from the 1996 through 1999 review has been appealed through the IRS’ administrative appeals process. The IRS is currently completing its examination of the Company’s 2000 through 2002 income tax returns. 20. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited) Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 First Quarter $ 346,760 Second Quarter $ 329,788 Third Quarter $ 384,764 Fourth Quarter $ 390,133 Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,523 300,237 (34,251) 408,349 262,291 186,466 2,194 223,384 78,948 250,840 (105,940 ) 617,836 287,413 176,573 2,235 296,515 12,217 372,547 316,469 185,145 291,961 149,821 1,029 431,350 65,318 324,815 70,270 549,474 296,663 215,907 954 431,035 Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,875 3,908 7,288 7,832 Net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 220,509 $ 292,607 $ 424,062 $ 423,203 Basic earnings per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ .52 .49 $ $ .70 .66 $ $ 1.02 .95 $ $ 1.02 .96 F-74 SLM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts, unless otherwise stated) 20. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited) (Continued) Net interest income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 First Quarter $ 321,715 Second Quarter $ 332,607 Third Quarter $ 312,943 Fourth Quarter $ 332,034 Less: provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provisions for losses . . . . . . . . . Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,818 281,897 (116,743) 424,466 28,344 304,263 386,147 483,354 10,930 302,013 73,000 392,463 31,974 300,060 506,637 335,208 Operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,877 206,051 313,762 387,090 Income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority interest in net earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,278 — 291,465 2,886 352,787 — 614,926 2,864 97,136 — 356,578 2,875 103,488 1,026 650,301 2,876 Net income attributable to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 288,579 $ 612,062 $ 353,703 $ 647,425 Basic earnings per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ .65 .61 $ $ 1.39 1.29 $ $ .81 .76 $ $ 1.52 1.40 F-75 FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM General APPENDIX A The Federal Family Education Loan Program, known as FFELP, under Title IV of the Higher Education Act, provides for loans to students who are enrolled in eligible institutions, or to parents of dependent students, to finance their educational costs. As further described below, payment of principal and interest on the student loans is guaranteed by a state or not-for-profit guarantee agency against: • default of the borrower; • the death, bankruptcy or permanent, total disability of the borrower; • closing of the borrower’s school prior to the end of the academic period; • false certification by the borrower’s school of his eligibility for the loan; and • an unpaid school refund. Subject to conditions, a program of federal reinsurance under the Higher Education Act entitles guarantee agencies to reimbursement from the Department of Education for between 75 percent and 100 percent of the amount of each guarantee payment. In addition to the guarantee, the holder of student loans is entitled to receive interest subsidy payments and special allowance payments from the U.S. Department of Education on eligible student loans. Special allowance payments raise the yield to student loan lenders when the statutory borrower interest rate is below an indexed market value. Four types of FFELP student loans are currently authorized under the Higher Education Act: • Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans to students who demonstrate requisite financial need; • Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans to students who either do not demonstrate financial need or require additional loans to supplement their Subsidized Stafford Loans; • Federal PLUS Loans to graduate or professional students (effective July 1, 2006) or parents of dependent students whose estimated costs of attending school exceed other available financial aid; and • Consolidation Loans, which consolidate into a single loan a borrower’s obligations under various federally authorized student loan programs. Before July 1, 1994, the Higher Education Act also authorized loans called “Supplemental Loans to Students” or “SLS Loans” to independent students and, under some circumstances, dependent undergraduate students, to supplement their Subsidized Stafford Loans. The SLS program was replaced by the Unsubsidized Stafford Loan program. This appendix describes or summarizes the material provisions of Title IV of the Higher Education Act, the FFELP and related statutes and regulations. It, however, is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to each actual statute and regulation. Both the Higher Education Act and the related regulations have been the subject of extensive amendments over the years. The Company cannot predict whether future amendments or modifications might materially change any of the programs described in this appendix or the statutes and regulations that implement them. A-1 Legislative Matters The FFELP is subject to comprehensive reauthorization at least every 5 years and to frequent statutory and regulatory changes. The most recent reauthorization was the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005, which was signed into law February 8, 2006 as part of the Deficit Reduction Act, Public Law 109-171. Other recent amendments since the program was previously reauthorized by the Higher Education Amendments of 1998, include the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, by Public Law 106-554 (December 21, 2000), the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001, by Public Law 107-139, (February 8, 2002) by Public Law 108-98 (October 10, 2003), and by Public Law 108-409 (October 30, 2004). In 1993 Congress created the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program (“FDLP”) under which Stafford, PLUS and Consolidation Loans are funded directly by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The school determines whether it will participate in the FFELP or FDLP. The 1998 reauthorization extended the principal provisions of the FFELP and the FDLP to October 1, 2004. This legislation, as modified by the 1999 act, lowered both the borrower interest rate on Stafford Loans to a formula based on the 91-day Treasury bill rate plus 2.3 percent (1.7 percent during in- school, grace and deferment periods) and the lender’s rate after special allowance payments to the 91-day Treasury bill rate plus 2.8 percent (2.2 percent during in-school, grace and deferment periods) for loans originated on or after October 1, 1998. The borrower interest rate on PLUS loans originated during this period is equal to the 91-day Treasury bill rate plus 3.1 percent. The 1999 and 2001 acts changed the financial index on which special allowance payments are computed on new loans from the 91-day Treasury bill rate to the three-month commercial paper rate (financial) for FFELP loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2000. For these FFELP loans, the special allowance payments to lenders are based upon the three-month commercial paper (financial) rate plus 2.34 percent (1.74 percent during in-school, grace and deferment periods) for Stafford Loans and 2.64 percent for PLUS and Consolidation Loans. The 1999 act did not change the rate that the borrower pays on FFELP loans. The 2000 act changed the financial index on which the interest rate for some borrowers of SLS and PLUS loans are computed. The index was changed from the 1-year Treasury bill rate to the weekly average one-year constant maturity Treasury yield. The 2002 act changed the interest rate paid by borrowers beginning in fiscal year 2006 to a fixed rate of 6.8 percent for Stafford loans and 7.9 percent for PLUS loans, which has since been increased to 8.5% by the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005. The 1998 reauthorization and P.L. 107-139 set the borrower interest rates on FFELP and Federal Direct Consolidation Loans for borrowers whose applications are received before July 1, 2003 at a fixed rate equal to the lesser of the weighted average of the interest rates of the loans consolidated, adjusted up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent, and 8.25 percent. The 1998 legislation, as modified by the 1999 and 2002 acts, sets the special allowance payment rate for FFELP loans at the three-month commercial paper rate plus 2.64 percent for loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2000. Lenders of FFELP Consolidation Loans pay a rebate fee of 1.05 percent per annum to the U.S. Department of Education. All other guaranty fees may be passed on to the borrower. The 2004 act increased the teacher loan forgiveness level for certain Stafford loan borrowers, and modified the special allowance calculation for loans made with proceeds of tax-exempt obligations. A-2 The Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 reauthorized the loan programs of the Higher Education Act (HEA) through September 30, 2012. Major provisions, which become effective July 1, 2006 (unless stated otherwise), include: • Maintains the scheduled change to a fixed 6.8 percent interest rate for Stafford loans. • Increases the scheduled change to a fixed PLUS interest rate from 7.9 percent to 8.5 percent. • Permanently modifies the minimum special allowance calculation for loans made with proceeds of tax-exempt obligations. • Requires submission of floor income to the government on loans made on or after April 1, 2006. • Repeals limitations on special allowance for PLUS loans made on and after January 1, 2000. • Increases first and second year Stafford loan limits from $2,625 and $3,500 to $3,500 and $4,500 respectively (effective July 1, 2007). • Increases graduate and professional student unsubsidized Stafford loan limits from $10,000 to $12,000 (effective July 1, 2007). • Authorizes graduate and professional students to borrow PLUS loans. • Reduces insurance from 98 percent to 97 percent for new loans beginning July 1, 2006. • Phases out the Stafford loan origination fee by 2010. • Reduces insurance for exceptional performers from 100 percent to 99 percent. • Repeals in-school consolidation, spousal consolidation, reconsolidation, and aligns loan consolidation terms in the FFELP and FDLP. • Mandates the deposit of a one percent federal default fee into a guaranty agency’s Federal Fund, which may be deducted from loan proceeds. • Repeals the guaranty agency Account Maintenance Fee cap (effective FY 2007). • Reduces guarantor retention of collection fees on defaulted consolidation loans from 18.5 percent to 10 percent (effective October 1, 2006). • Provides a discharge for loans that are falsely certified as a result of identity theft. • Provides 100 percent insurance on ineligible loans due to false or erroneous information on loans made on or after July 1, 2006. • Allows for a 3-year military deferment for a borrower’s loans made on or after July 1, 2001. • Reduces the monthly payment remittance needed to rehabilitate defaulted loans from 12 to 9. • Increases from 10 percent to 15 percent the amount of disposable pay a guaranty agency may garnish without borrower consent. • Streamlines mandatory forbearances to accommodate verbal requests. Eligible Lenders, Students and Educational Institutions Lenders eligible to make loans under the FFELP generally include banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, pension funds and, under some conditions, schools and guarantors. A student loan may be made to, or on behalf of, a “qualified student.” A “qualified student” is an individual who • is a United States citizen, national or permanent resident; A-3 • has been accepted for enrollment or is enrolled and maintaining satisfactory academic progress at a participating educational institution; and • is carrying at least one-half of the normal full-time academic workload for the course of study the student is pursuing. A student qualifies for a subsidized Stafford loan if his family meets the financial need requirements for the particular loan program. Only PLUS loan borrowers have to meet credit standards. Eligible schools include institutions of higher education, including proprietary institutions, meeting the standards provided in the Higher Education Act. For a school to participate in the program, the Department of Education must approve its eligibility under standards established by regulation. Financial Need Analysis Subject to program limits and conditions, student loans generally are made in amounts sufficient to cover the student’s estimated costs of attending school, including tuition and fees, books, supplies, room and board, transportation and miscellaneous personal expenses as determined by the institution. Generally, each loan applicant (and parents in the case of a dependent child) must undergo a financial need analysis. This requires the applicant (and parents in the case of a dependent child) to submit financial data to a federal processor. The federal processor evaluates the parents’ and student’s financial condition under federal guidelines and calculates the amount that the student and the family are expected to contribute towards the student’s cost of education. After receiving information on the family contribution, the institution then subtracts the family contribution from the student’s estimated costs of attending to determine the student’s need for financial aid. Some of this need may be met by grants, scholarships, institutional loans and work assistance. A student’s “unmet need” is further reduced by the amount of loans for which the borrower is eligible. Special Allowance Payments The Higher Education Act provides for quarterly special allowance payments to be made by the Department of Education to holders of student loans to the extent necessary to ensure that they receive at least specified market interest rates of return. The rates for special allowance payments depend on formulas that vary according to the type of loan, the date the loan was made and the type of funds, tax- exempt or taxable, used to finance the loan. The Department makes a special allowance payment for each calendar quarter. The special allowance payment equals the average unpaid principal balance, including interest which has been capitalized, of all eligible loans held by a holder during the quarterly period multiplied by the special allowance percentage. For student loans disbursed before January 1, 2000, the special allowance percentage is computed by: (1) determining the average of the bond equivalent rates of 91-day Treasury bills auctioned for that quarter; (2) subtracting the applicable borrower interest rate; (3) adding the applicable special allowance margin described in the table below; and (4) dividing the resultant percentage by 4. A-4 If the result is negative, the special allowance payment is zero. Date of First Disbursement Before 10/17/86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50% From 10/17/86 through 09/30/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.25% From 10/01/92 through 06/30/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10% From 07/01/95 through 06/30/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50% for Stafford Loans that are in In-School, Grace or Special Allowance Margin From 07/01/98 through 12/31/99 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20% for Stafford Loans that are in In-School, Grace or Deferment 3.10% for Stafford Loans that are in Repayment and all other loans Deferment 2.80% for Stafford Loans that are in Repayment 3.10% for PLUS, SLS and Consolidation loans For student loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2000, the special allowance percentage is computed by: (1) determining the average of the bond equivalent rates of 3-month commercial paper (financial) rates quoted for that quarter; (2) subtracting the applicable borrower interest rate; (3) adding the applicable special allowance margin described in the table below; and (4) dividing the resultant percentage by 4. If the result is negative, the special allowance payment is zero. Date of First Disbursement From 01/01/00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.74% for Stafford Loans that are in In-School, Grace or Special Allowance Margin Deferment 2.34% for Stafford Loans that are in Repayment 2.64% for PLUS and Consolidation loans • Special allowance payments are available on variable rate PLUS Loans and SLS Loans only if the variable rate, which is reset annually, exceeds the applicable maximum borrower rate. Effective July 1, 2006, this limitation on special allowance for PLUS loans made on and after January 1, 2000 is repealed. The variable rate is based on the weekly average one-year constant maturity Treasury yield for loans made before July 1, 1998 and based on the 91-day Treasury bill for loans made on or after July 1, 1998. The maximum borrower rate for these loans is between 9 percent and 12 percent. Stafford Loan Program For Stafford Loans, the Higher Education Act provides for: • federal reinsurance of Stafford Loans made by eligible lenders to qualified students; • federal interest subsidy payments on Subsidized Stafford Loans paid by the Department of Education to holders of the loans in lieu of the borrowers’ making interest payments during in- school, grace and deferment periods; and • special allowance payments representing an additional subsidy paid by the Department to the holders of eligible Stafford Loans. We refer to all three types of assistance as “federal assistance.” A-5 Interest. The borrower’s interest rate on a Stafford Loan can be fixed or variable. Variable rates are reset annually each July 1 based on the bond equivalent rate of 91-day Treasury bills auctioned at the final auction held before the preceding June 1. Stafford Loan interest rates are presented below. Trigger Date Before 01/01/81 . . . . . . . . . 7% From 01/01/81 through 09/12/83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% From 09/13/83 through 06/30/88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% From 07/01/88 through Borrower Rate Maximum Borrower Rate Interest Rate Margin 7% 9% 8% N/A N/A N/A then 10% Interest Rate Margin 91-day Treasury + 09/30/92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% for 48 months; thereafter, 8% for 48 months, 3.25% for loans made before 7/23/92 and for loans made on or before 10/1/92 to new student borrowers; 3.10% for loans made after 7/23/92 and before 7/1/94 to borrowers with outstanding FFELP loans From 10/01/92 through 06/30/94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-day Treasury + 9% 3.10% From 07/01/94 through Interest Rate Margin 06/30/95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-day Treasury + 8.25% 3.10% Interest Rate Margin From 07/01/95 through 06/30/98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-day Treasury + 8.25% Interest Rate Margin From 07/01/98 through 06/30/06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-day Treasury + 8.25% Interest Rate Margin From 07/01/06 . . . . . . . . . . 6.8% 6.8% 2.50% (In-School, Grace or Deferment); 3.10% (Repayment) 1.70% (In-School, Grace or Deferment); 2.30% (Repayment) N/A The trigger date for Stafford Loans made before October 1, 1992 is the first day of the enrollment period for which the borrower’s first Stafford Loan is made. The trigger date for Stafford Loans made on or after October 1, 1992 is the date of the disbursement of the borrower’s Stafford Loan. Interest Subsidy Payments. The Department of Education is responsible for paying interest on Subsidized Stafford Loans: • while the borrower is a qualified student, • during the grace period, and • during prescribed deferral periods. The Department of Education makes quarterly interest subsidy payments to the owner of a Subsidized Stafford Loan in an amount equal to the interest that accrues on the unpaid balance of that loan before A-6 repayment begins or during any deferral periods. The Higher Education Act provides that the owner of an eligible Subsidized Stafford Loan has a contractual right against the United States to receive interest subsidy and special allowance payments. However, receipt of interest subsidy and special allowance payments is conditioned on compliance with the requirements of the Higher Education Act. Lenders generally receive interest subsidy and special allowance payments within 45 days to 60 days after submitting the applicable data for any given calendar quarter to the Department of Education. However, there can be no assurance that payments will, in fact, be received from the Department within that period. If the loan is not held by an eligible lender in accordance with the requirements of the Higher Education Act and the applicable guarantee agreement, the loan may lose its federal assistance. Loan Limits. The Higher Education Act generally requires that lenders disburse student loans in at least two equal disbursements. The Act limits the amount a student can borrow in any academic year. The following chart shows current and historic loan limits. Borrower’s Academic Level Base Amount Subsidized and Unsubsidized On or After 10/1/93 Undergraduate (per year): 1st year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd year and above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graduate (per year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate Limit: Undergraduate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graduate (including undergraduate). . . . . . . . . Subsidized On or After 1/1/87 All Students Subsidized and Unsubsidized On or After 10/1/93 Additional Unsubsidized Only On or After 7/1/94 Maximum Annual Total Amount Independent Students $ 2,625 $ 2,625 $ 4,000 $ 7,500 $ 2,625* $ 3,500* $ 5,500 $ 8,500 $ 4,000 $ 4,000 $ 5,000 ** $ 10,000 * $ 17,250 $ 54,750 $ 23,000 $ 65,500 $ 23,000 $ 73,000 $ 6,625 $ 7,500 $ 10,500 $ 18,500 $ 46,000 $ 138,500 For the purposes of the table above: • The loan limits include both FFELP and FDLP loans. • The amounts in the second column represent the combined maximum loan amount per year for Subsidized and Unsubsidized Stafford Loans. Accordingly, the maximum amount that a student may borrow under an Unsubsidized Stafford Loan is the difference between the combined maximum loan amount and the amount the student received in the form of a Subsidized Stafford Loan. * Effective July 1, 2007, first and second year Stafford loan limits increase from $2,625 and $3,500 to $3,500 and $4,500 respectively, and graduate and professional student unsubsidized Stafford loan limits increase from $10,000 to $12,000. ** Effective July 1, 2007 the annual unsubsidized Stafford loan limit for students taking coursework necessary for enrollment in a graduate or professional program is increased from $5,000 to $7,000. Independent undergraduate students, graduate students and professional students may borrow the additional amounts shown in the next to last column in the chart above. Dependent undergraduate students may also receive these additional loan amounts if their parents are unable to provide the family contribution amount and it is unlikely that they will qualify for a PLUS Loan. • Students attending certain medical schools are eligible for higher annual and aggregate loan limits. • The annual loan limits are sometimes reduced when the student is enrolled in a program of less than one academic year or has less than a full academic year remaining in his program. A-7 Repayment. Repayment of a Stafford Loan begins 6 months after the student ceases to be enrolled at least half time. In general, each loan must be scheduled for repayment over a period of not more than 10 years after repayment begins. New borrowers on or after October 7, 1998 who accumulate outstanding loans under the FFELP totaling more than $30,000 are entitled to extend repayment for up to 25 years, subject to minimum repayment amounts and Consolidation loan borrowers may be scheduled for repayment up to 30 years depending on the borrower’s indebtedness. The Higher Education Act currently requires minimum annual payments of $600, unless the borrower and the lender agree to lower payments, except that negative amortization is not allowed. The Act and related regulations require lenders to offer the choice of a standard, graduated, income-sensitive and extended repayment schedule, if applicable, to all borrowers entering repayment. Grace Periods, Deferral Periods and Forbearance Periods. After the borrower stops pursuing at least a half-time course of study, he must begin to repay principal of a Stafford Loan following the grace period. However, no principal repayments need be made, subject to some conditions, during deferment and forbearance periods. For borrowers whose first loans are disbursed on or after July 1, 1993, repayment of principal may be deferred while the borrower returns to school at least half-time. Additional deferrals are available, when the borrower is: • enrolled in an approved graduate fellowship program or rehabilitation program; or • seeking, but unable to find, full-time employment (subject to a maximum deferment of 3 years); or • having an economic hardship, as defined in the Act (subject to a maximum deferment of 3 years); or • serving on active duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency, or performing qualifying National Guard duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency (subject to a maximum deferment of 3 years, and effective July 1, 2006 on loans made on or after July 1, 2001). The Higher Education Act also permits, and in some cases requires, “forbearance” periods from loan collection in some circumstances. Interest that accrues during forbearance is never subsidized. Interest that accrues during deferment periods may be subsidized. PLUS and SLS Loan Programs The Higher Education Act authorizes PLUS Loans to be made to graduate or professional students (effective July 1, 2006) and parents of eligible dependent students and previously authorized SLS Loans to be made to the categories of students now served by the Unsubsidized Stafford Loan program. Only borrowers who have no adverse credit history or who are able to secure an endorser without an adverse credit history are eligible for PLUS Loans. The basic provisions applicable to PLUS and SLS Loans are similar to those of Stafford Loans for federal insurance and reinsurance. However, interest subsidy payments are not available under the PLUS and SLS programs and, in some instances, special allowance payments are more restricted. Loan Limits. PLUS and SLS Loans disbursed before July 1, 1993 were limited to $4,000 per academic year with a maximum aggregate amount of $20,000. The annual and aggregate amounts of PLUS Loans first disbursed on or after July 1, 1993 are limited only to the difference between the cost of the student’s education and other financial aid received, including scholarship, grants and other student loans. Interest. The interest rate for a PLUS or SLS Loan depends on the date of disbursement and period of enrollment. The interest rates for PLUS Loans and SLS Loans are presented in the following chart. A-8 Until July 1, 2001, the 1-year index was the bond equivalent rate of 52-week Treasury bills auctioned at the final auction held prior to each June 1. Beginning July 1, 2001, the 1-year index is the weekly average 1-year constant maturity Treasury yield determined the preceding June 26. Borrower Rate Trigger Date N/A 9% Before 10/01/81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% N/A 14% From 10/01/81 through 10/30/82. . . 14% N/A 12% From 11/01/82 through 06/30/87. . . 12% 3.25% 12% From 07/01/87 through 09/30/92. . . 1-year Index + Interest Rate Margin PLUS 10%, SLS 11% 3.10% From 10/01/92 through 06/30/94. . . 1-year Index + Interest Rate Margin 3.10% From 07/01/94 through 06/30/98. . . 1-year Index + Interest Rate Margin 9% 3.10% From 6/30/98 through 06/30/06. . . . 91-day Treasury + Interest Rate Margin 9% N/A From 07/01/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5% 8.5% Maximum Borrower Rate Interest Rate Margin For PLUS and SLS Loans made before October 1, 1992, the trigger date is the first day of the enrollment period for which the loan was made. For PLUS and SLS Loans made on or after October 1, 1992, the trigger date is the date of the disbursement of the loan. A holder of a PLUS or SLS Loan is eligible to receive special allowance payments during any quarter if: • the borrower rate is set at the maximum borrower rate and • the sum of the average of the bond equivalent rates of 3-month Treasury bills auctioned during that quarter and the applicable interest rate margin exceeds the maximum borrower rate. Effective July 1, 2006, this limitation on special allowance for PLUS loans made on and after January 1, 2000 is repealed. Repayment, Deferments. Borrowers begin to repay principal of their PLUS and SLS Loans no later than 60 days after the final disbursement. Deferment and forbearance provisions, maximum loan repayment periods and minimum payment amounts for PLUS and SLS Loans are the same as those for Stafford Loans. Consolidation Loan Program The Higher Education Act also authorizes a program under which borrowers may consolidate one or more of their student loans into a single Consolidation Loan that is insured and reinsured on a basis similar to Stafford and PLUS Loans. Consolidation Loans are made in an amount sufficient to pay outstanding principal, unpaid interest, late charges and collection costs on all federally reinsured student loans incurred under the FFELP that the borrower selects for consolidation, as well as loans made under various other federal student loan programs and loans made by different lenders. Under this program, a lender may make a Consolidation Loan to an eligible borrower who requests it so long as the lender holds all the outstanding FFELP loans of the borrower (known as the “Single Holder Price”); or the borrower has multiple FFELP loan holders or his holder does not offer Consolidation Loans. In general, a borrower’s eligibility to consolidate FFELP student loans ends upon receipt of a Consolidation Loan. Under certain circumstances, a FFELP borrower may obtain a Consolidation Loan under the FDLP. Consolidation Loans made on or after July 1, 1994 have no minimum loan amount, although Consolidation Loans for less than $7,500 do not enjoy an extended repayment period. Applications for Consolidation Loans received on or after January 1, 1993 but before July 1, 1994 were available only to borrowers who had aggregate outstanding student loan balances of at least $7,500. For applications A-9 received before January 1, 1993, Consolidation Loans were available only to borrowers who had aggregate outstanding student loan balances of at least $5,000. To obtain a Consolidation Loan, the borrower must be either in repayment status or in a grace period before repayment begins. In addition, for applications received before January 1, 1993, the borrower must not have been delinquent by more than 90 days on any student loan payment. Married couples who agree to be jointly and severally liable will be treated as one borrower for purposes of loan consolidation eligibility. Consolidation Loans bear interest at a fixed rate equal to the greater of the weighted average of the interest rates on the unpaid principal balances of the consolidated loans and 9 percent for loans originated before July 1, 1994. For Consolidation Loans made on or after July 1, 1994 and for which applications were received before November 13, 1997, the weighted average interest rate is rounded up to the nearest whole percent. Consolidation Loans made on or after July 1, 1994 for which applications were received on or after November 13, 1997 through September 30, 1998 bear interest at the annual variable rate applicable to Stafford Loans subject to a cap of 8.25 percent. Consolidation Loans for which the application is received on or after October 1, 1998 bear interest at a fixed rate equal to the weighted average interest rate of the loans being consolidated rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent, subject to a cap of 8.25 percent. Interest on Consolidation Loans accrues and, for applications received before January 1, 1993, is paid without interest subsidy by the Department. For Consolidation Loans for which applications were received between January 1 and August 10, 1993, all interest of the borrower is paid during deferral periods. Consolidation Loans for which applications were received on or after August 10, 1993 are only subsidized if all of the underlying loans being consolidated were Subsidized Stafford Loans. In the case of Consolidation Loans made on or after November 13, 1997, the portion of a Consolidation Loan that is comprised of Subsidized FFELP Loans and Subsidized FDLP Loans retains subsidy benefits during deferral periods. No insurance premium is charged to a borrower or a lender in connection with a Consolidation Loan. However, lenders must pay a monthly rebate fee to the Department at an annualized rate of 1.05 percent on principal and interest on Consolidation Loans for loans disbursed on or after October 1, 1993, and at an annualized rate of 0.62 percent for Consolidation Loan applications received between October 1, 1998 and January 31, 1999. The rate for special allowance payments for Consolidation Loans is determined in the same manner as for other FFELP loans. A borrower must begin to repay his Consolidation Loan within 60 days after his consolidated loans have been discharged. For applications received on or after January 1, 1993, repayment schedule options include graduated, income-sensitive, and extended (for new borrowers on or after October 7, 1998) repayment plans, and loans are repaid over periods determined by the sum of the Consolidation Loan and the amount of the borrower’s other eligible student loans outstanding. The maximum maturity schedule is 30 years for indebtedness of $60,000 or more. Guarantee Agencies under the FFELP Under the FFELP, guarantee agencies guarantee (or insure) loans made by eligible lending institutions. Student loans are guaranteed as to 100 percent of principal and accrued interest against death or discharge. Guarantee agencies also guarantee lenders against default. For loans that were made before October 1, 1993, lenders are insured for 100 percent of the principal and unpaid accrued interest. Since October 1, 1993, lenders are insured for 98 percent of principal and all unpaid accrued interest or 100 percent of principal and all unpaid accrued interest if it receives an Exceptional Performance designation by the Department of Education. Insurance for loans made on or after July 1, 2006 is reduced from 98 A-10 percent to 97 percent, and insurance for claim requests on or after July 1, 2006 under an Exceptional Performance designation is reduced from 100 percent to 99 percent. The Department of Education reinsures guarantors for amounts paid to lenders on loans that are discharged or defaulted. The reimbursement on discharged loans is for 100 percent of the amount paid to the holder. The reimbursement rate for defaulted loans decreases as a guarantor’s default rate increases. The first trigger for a lower reinsurance rate is when the amount of defaulted loan reimbursements exceeds 5 percent of the amount of all loans guaranteed by the agency in repayment status at the beginning of the federal fiscal year. The second trigger is when the amount of defaults exceeds 9 percent of the loans in repayment. Guarantee agency reinsurance rates are presented in the table below. Claims Paid Date Before October 1, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 1, 1993 – September 30, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On or after October 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum 5% Trigger 9% Trigger 100% 98% 95% 90% 88% 85% 80% 78% 75% After the Department reimburses a guarantor for a default claim, the guarantor attempts to collect the loan from the borrower. However, the Department requires that the defaulted guaranteed loans be assigned to it when the guarantor is not successful. A guarantor also refers defaulted guaranteed loans to the Department to “offset” any federal income tax refunds or other federal reimbursement which may be due the borrowers. Some states have similar offset programs. To be eligible for federal reinsurance, guaranteed loans must meet the requirements of the Higher Education Act and regulations issued under the Act. Generally, these regulations require that lenders determine whether the applicant is an eligible borrower attending an eligible institution, explain to borrowers their responsibilities under the loan, ensure that the promissory notes evidencing the loan are executed by the borrower; and disburse the loan proceeds as required. After the loan is made, the lender must establish repayment terms with the borrower, properly administer deferrals and forbearances, credit the borrower for payments made, and report the loan’s status to credit reporting agencies. If a borrower becomes delinquent in repaying a loan, a lender must perform collection procedures that vary depending upon the length of time a loan is delinquent. The collection procedures consist of telephone calls, demand letters, skiptracing procedures and requesting assistance from the guarantor. A lender may submit a default claim to the guarantor after a student loan has been delinquent for at least 270 days. The guarantor must review and pay the claim within 90 days after the lender filed it. The guarantor will pay the lender interest accrued on the loan for up to 450 days after delinquency. The guarantor must file a reimbursement claim with the Department within 45 days (reduced to 30 days July 1, 2006) after the guarantor paid the lender for the default claim. Following payment of claims, the guarantor endeavors to collect the loan. Guarantors also must meet statutory and regulatory requirements for collecting loans. Student Loan Discharges FFELP loans are not generally dischargeable in bankruptcy. Under the United States Bankruptcy Code, before a student loan may be discharged, the borrower must demonstrate that repaying it would cause the borrower or his family undue hardship. When a FFELP borrower files for bankruptcy, collection of the loan is suspended during the time of the proceeding. If the borrower files under the “wage earner” provisions of the Bankruptcy Code or files a petition for discharge on the ground of undue hardship, then the lender transfers the loan to the guarantee agency which then participates in the bankruptcy proceeding. When the proceeding is complete, unless there was a finding of undue hardship, the loan is transferred back to the lender and collection resumes. A-11 Student loans are discharged if the borrower becomes totally and permanently disabled. A physician must certify eligibility for discharge. If a school closes while a student is enrolled, or within 90 days after the student withdrew, loans made for that enrollment period are discharged. If a school falsely certifies that a borrower is eligible for the loan, the loan may be discharged. And if a school fails to make a refund to which a student is entitled, the loan is discharged to the extent of the unpaid refund. Rehabilitation of Defaulted Loans The Department of Education is authorized to enter into agreements with the guarantor under which the guarantor may sell defaulted loans that are eligible for rehabilitation to an eligible lender. For a loan to be eligible for rehabilitation, the guarantor must have received reasonable and affordable payments for 12 months (reduced to 9 payments in 10 months effective July 1, 2006), then the borrower may request that the loan be rehabilitated. Because monthly payments are usually greater after rehabilitation, not all borrowers opt for rehabilitation. Upon rehabilitation, a borrower is again eligible for all the benefits under the Higher Education Act for which he or she is not eligible as a default, such as new federal aid, and the negative credit record is expunged. No student loan may be rehabilitated more than once. Guarantor Funding In addition to providing the primary guarantee on FFELP loans, guarantee agencies are charged with responsibility for maintaining records on all loans on which they have issued a guarantee (“account maintenance”), assisting lenders to prevent default by delinquent borrowers (“default aversion”), post- default loan administration and collections and program awareness and oversight. These activities are funded by revenues from the following statutorily prescribed sources plus earnings on investments. Source Insurance Premium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 1% of the principal amount guaranteed, withheld (Changes to Federal Default Fee July 1, 2006) from the proceeds of each loan disbursement. Basis Loan Processing and Issuance Fee. . . . . . . . . . . . Account Maintenance Fee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4% of the principal amount guaranteed in each fiscal year, paid by the Department of Education. .10% of the original principal amount of loans outstanding, paid by the Department of Education. Default Aversion Fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% of the outstanding amount of loans submitted by a lender for default aversion assistance, minus 1% of the unpaid principal and interest paid on default claims, which is, paid once per loan by transfers out of the Student Loan Reserve Fund. Collection Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23% of the amount collected on loans on which reinsurance has been paid (18.5% collected for a defaulted loan that is purchased by a lender for rehabilitation or consolidation), withheld from gross receipts. Guarantor retention of collection fees on defaulted consolidation loans is reduced from 18.5% to 10% (effective October 1, 2006), and reduced to zero beginning October 1, 2009 on default consolidations that exceed 45 percent of an agency’s total collections on defaulted loans. A-12 The Act requires guaranty agencies to establish two funds: a Student Loan Reserve Fund and an Agency Operating Fund. The Student Loan Reserve Fund contains the reinsurance payments received from the Department, Insurance Premiums and the complement of the reinsurance on recoveries. The fund is federal property and its assets may only be used to pay insurance claims and to pay Default Aversion Fees. Recoveries on defaulted loans are deposited into the Agency Operating Fund. The Agency Operating Fund is the guarantor’s property and is not subject to as strict limitations on its use. If the Department of Education determines that a guarantor is unable to meet its insurance obligations, the holders of loans guaranteed by that guarantor may submit claims directly to the Department and the Department is required to pay the full guarantee payments due, in accordance with guarantee claim processing standards no more stringent than those applied by the terminated guarantor. However, the Department’s obligation to pay guarantee claims directly in this fashion is contingent upon its making the determination referred to above. A-13 

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