Northern Technologies International Corp
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

Fiscal 2015 Annual Report Northern Technologies International Corporation • Notice of 2016 Annual Meeting • Proxy Statement • Annual Report on Form 10-K - August 31, 2015 For information on how NTIC products benefit the environment visit, www.ntic.com/technology Our Mission: Our Environment: Our business model of commercializing clean and green technologies depends heavily on the talents, perseverance and integrity of both our employees and our worldwide federation of joint venture partners. We believe that our responsibilities are first to our worldwide customers, then to our people, next to our communities and finally to our shareholders. Therefore we must: • Exercise honor, humanity and disciplined management in our actions. • See a unified world through the global perspectives of our people. • Ensure that the environment becomes a better place because of what we do. • Invest continuously in our future. It is our mission at NTIC to use our advanced technologies to care for the world we live in, give back to society and strive to set an example for environmental leadership and responsibility. At NTIC, we believe that there are no responsible alternatives to doing business other than through environmental sustainability. We also believe that environmental responsibility and corporate business will increasingly work together to grow both sustainability and the bottom line. We encourage our employees, joint venture partners, distributors, affiliates and suppliers to carry out our environmental commitments at the individual level through: Our Technology Platforms: • Daily environmentally responsible business practices. • Advanced R&D processes that promote the use of environmentally responsible raw materials, components and other biobased inputs. • Education and programs to raise awareness about our technologies and how they can help solve current environmental challenges. • Each NTIC employee is expected to practice an individual commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility in the workplace. Through our individual commitments to lessen our environmental footprint and our advanced technologies which allow others to practice sustainability, we have the power to benefit ourselves as individuals, our federation of NTIC joint ventures and our environment for many generations to come. Zerust®/EXCOR® business unit manufactures and markets corrosion inhibiting technologies that provide customers with advanced solutions for corrosion issues across their production facilities and supply chains. The technology uses proprietary chemical systems to create invisible molecular corrosion shields on metal surfaces. The Zerust®/EXCOR® teams support clients globally in a broad range of industries including automotive, electrical, electronic, medical, machine fabrications, steel production, military and marine. Zerust®/ EXCOR® products and services allow customers to achieve substantial cost savings as well as reduce the negative environmental impact caused by traditional corrosion prevention methods and the waste caused by the corrosion of metal assets.. Zerust® Oil and Gas business unit provides advanced corrosion control technologies and services to the petrochemical industry. Zerust® Oil and Gas products and services utilize Zerust® proprietary corrosion inhibitors in combination with advanced cathodic protection systems to dramatically enhance corrosion protection of capital assets. These assets include above-ground storage tanks, various pieces of process equipment, buried and submerged pipelines, mothballed large capital equipment, pipeline flanges, valves, and welded joints. Zerust®Oil & Gas technologies are successfully implemented in refineries, offshore oil rigs, tank farms and retail gas stations in several countries. Natur-Tec® business unit engineers and manufactures biobased and biodegradable plastic resins intended to replace conventional, petroleum-based plastics. Natur-Tec® has a broad bioplastics portfolio which spans flexible film, foam, rigid injection molded materials and engineered plastics. These applications allow for the production of 100% certified compostable finished products, such as bags, food service products, and product packaging. Natur-Tec® products are renewable resource based and do not contain conventional plastic materials. Natur-Tec® products provide sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics and enable industry and consumers to move closer to a carbon neutral footprint. To the Shareholders of Northern Technologies International Corporation (NTIC), Fiscal 2015 was, by many measures, a good year for the company. NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 13.0% to $30,322,693. Sales of ZERUST® industrial products increased 12.7% to $21,324,793, while sales of ZERUST® Oil & Gas products and services increased 10.9% to $1,886,814 and sales of Natur-Tec® products increased 43.6% to $4,279,784. Naturally, fiscal 2015 also presented a number of challenges. During the course of the fiscal year, the exchange rates of various foreign currencies vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar shifted by as much as 28%, an audit of our former Chinese joint venture, Tianjin Zerust, turned out to be far from routine, and the global price of crude fell by more than 50%. As explained in greater detail below, these factors, in combination, contributed to a 56.4% decrease in net income attributable to NTIC to $1,789,571, or $0.38 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2015 compared to $4,106,372, or $0.90 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2014. ZERUST® Industrial Corrosion Prevention While the sales of ZERUST® Industrial products by our international joint ventures were generally quite good in fiscal 2015, the termination of the Company’s joint venture arrangement in China, which experienced a decrease in sales of $12,185,229 to $3,735,457 for fiscal 2015, coupled with the significant negative shift in various foreign currency exchange rates, resulted in an overall decrease in joint venture sales for fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014. NTIC estimates that the pre-tax impact of the weakening Euro and other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar on its joint venture operating income was approximately $1,321,000, or $0.29 per share, in fiscal 2015. Doing business in China also provided NTIC with some of the same frustrations previously experienced by some of the most respected multi-national companies. In the case of NTIC, the results of sequential audits followed by further private investigations left us no choice but to part ways from our former joint venture partner in China, as of December 31, 2014. In its place, NTIC commenced operations through NTIC Shanghai Co., Ltd. (“NTIC China”) as a new wholly owned subsidiary, on January 1, 2015. While unavoidable, this transition in our sales channel for the Chinese market has come with a significant short-term cost. We estimate that the decrease in revenues received from Tianjin Zerust in fiscal 2015, together with our outlays for NTIC China start-up expenses, negatively impacted our net income attributable to NTIC for fiscal 2015 by over $2.9 million, or approximately $0.63 per share. To date, certain idiosyncrasies of Chinese corporate law continue to impede the orderly liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. This, in turn, has not only led to protracted litigation, but also has impacted the rate at which we have been able to grow sales through our new NTIC China subsidiary. Consequently, as we continue to prosecute our claims in court, we are also aggressively accelerating our plans to pursue new Chinese customers in new markets. As we move into fiscal 2016, we anticipate continued growth - especially from China. At the same time, we are also cautiously following recent news reports of a potential industrial slowdown in a number of regions around the world, including Europe, China and the United States. ZERUST® in the Oil & Gas Industry Crude prices started plunging in September 2014, and caused oil companies worldwide to slash their short-term plans for infrastructure expansion and maintenance. Naturally, this also forced NTIC to rethink our fiscal 2015 Oil & Gas goals as sales and implementations remained below expectations through May 2015. Starting in June 2015, however, new orders started coming in at a pace almost faster than our implementation staff could handle. Now, as we enter fiscal 2016, we have a healthy order backlog for both new and repeat customers. Having seen this surge in demand for our proprietary technologies for protecting the bottom plates of oil storage tanks despite the continuing malaise of the oil industry as a whole, we expect this market segment to be a strong growth opportunity for us well into the future. In addition to North America, our global expansion into the Oil & Gas market continued during the last twelve months as we also fulfilled orders for Africa, the Middle East, India and parts of South East Asia. However, with so many market variables in flux, we expect our financial results from this market segment to continue to be choppy with spikes in sales for the next few years. Natur-Tec® Bio-plastics Sales of our Natur-Tec® products grew to $4,279,784 during fiscal 2015, representing a 43.6% increase over fiscal 2014. With this increase, Natur-Tec® represented 14% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales for fiscal 2015. North American demand for finished bio-plastic products has continued to flourish, driven primarily by organic waste diversion initiatives expanding across municipalities nationwide. Natur-Tec® finished bio-plastic products, such as compostable bags and cutlery, facilitate the efficient collection and segregation of the food and yard waste generated by large corporations, as well as institutions such as universities and school districts. During fiscal 2015, NTIC’s Natur-Tec India subsidiary also increased sales of Natur-Tec® products in India and the surrounding region by 66%. This new entity has continued to aggressively expand its sales to manufacturers seeking to implement compostable packaging across their supply chain. We expect this region to be an area of strong growth in fiscal 2016 and beyond, as we continue to target and convert additional manufacturers to the use of Natur-Tec® sustainable packaging solutions. Closing In closing, I want to thank all the members of NTIC’s global family of employees, joint venture partners, friends and colleagues from across our worldwide joint venture network for their hard work and dedication in making the achievements of fiscal 2015 possible. We believe our strong international presence will continue to serve as a key competitive advantage to us in an increasingly interconnected marketplace. While we believe the economy in certain regions will remain challenging during fiscal 2016, we believe that with our technical strength and market reach, we are well positioned to pursue continued profitable growth. Sincerely, G. Patrick Lynch President & CEO, NTIC G. Patrick Lynch NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS January 15, 2016 The Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Northern Technologies International Corporation, a Delaware corporation, will be held at NTIC’s corporate executive offices located at 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014, beginning at 2:00 p.m., Central Standard Time, on Friday, January 15, 2016, for the following purposes: 1. To elect seven persons to serve as directors until our next annual meeting of stockholders or until their respective successors are elected and qualified. 2. To approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers, as disclosed in the accompanying proxy statement. 3. To ratify the selection of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2016. 4. To transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting or any adjournment of the meeting. Only stockholders of record at the close of business on November 17, 2015 will be entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the meeting and any adjournments thereof. A stockholder list will be available at our corporate offices beginning January 5, 2016 during normal business hours for examination by any stockholder registered on NTIC’s stock ledger as of the record date, November 17, 2015, for any purpose germane to the Annual Meeting. We are pleased again this year to use the “Notice and Access” method of providing proxy materials to our stockholders via the Internet. We believe that this process expedites your receipt of our proxy materials, lowers the costs of our Annual Meeting and reduces the environmental impact of our meeting. By Order of the Board of Directors, Matthew C. Wolsfeld Corporate Secretary December 3, 2015 Circle Pines, Minnesota Important: Whether or not you expect to attend the meeting in person, please vote by the Internet or telephone, or request a paper proxy card to sign, date and return by mail so that your shares may be voted. A prompt response is helpful and your cooperation is appreciated. TABLE OF CONTENTS ________________ Page INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS ......................................................................... ii GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND VOTING ................................. 1 Date, Time, Place and Purposes of Meeting ............................................................................................. 1 Who Can Vote .......................................................................................................................................... 1 How You Can Vote .................................................................................................................................. 1 How Does the Board Recommend that You Vote .................................................................................... 3 How You May Change Your Vote or Revoke Your Proxy ...................................................................... 3 Quorum Requirement ............................................................................................................................... 3 Vote Required ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Other Business .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Procedures at the Annual Meeting ............................................................................................................ 4 Householding of Annual Meeting Materials ............................................................................................ 4 Proxy Solicitation Costs ........................................................................................................................... 5 PROPOSAL ONE—ELECTION OF DIRECTORS .................................................................................... 6 Number of Directors ................................................................................................................................. 6 Nominees for Director .............................................................................................................................. 6 Information about Current Directors and Board Nominees ...................................................................... 6 Additional Information about Current Directors and Board Nominees.................................................... 7 Board Recommendation ........................................................................................................................... 9 PROPOSAL TWO—ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Board Recommendation ......................................................................................................................... 11 PROPOSAL THREE—RATIFICATION OF SELECTION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ............................................................................................................ 12 Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ............................................................... 12 Audit, Audit-Related, Tax and Other Fees ............................................................................................. 12 Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures....................................................................... 12 Board Recommendation ......................................................................................................................... 12 STOCK OWNERSHIP ............................................................................................................................... 13 Beneficial Ownership of Significant Stockholders and Management .................................................... 13 Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance .................................................................. 15 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................ 16 Corporate Governance Guidelines .......................................................................................................... 16 Board Leadership Structure .................................................................................................................... 16 Director Independence ............................................................................................................................ 17 Board Meetings and Attendance ............................................................................................................. 17 Board Committees .................................................................................................................................. 17 Audit Committee .................................................................................................................................... 18 Compensation Committee ...................................................................................................................... 20 Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee .............................................................................. 21 Director Nominations Process ................................................................................................................ 22 Board Oversight of Risk ......................................................................................................................... 24 Code of Ethics ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Policy Regarding Director Attendance at Annual Meetings of Stockholders ........................................ 25 Complaint Procedures ............................................................................................................................. 25 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ________________ Page Process Regarding Stockholder Communications with Board of Directors ........................................... 25 DIRECTOR COMPENSATION ................................................................................................................ 26 Summary of Cash and Other Compensation .......................................................................................... 26 Non-Employee Director Compensation Program ................................................................................... 27 Consulting Arrangement ......................................................................................................................... 28 Indemnification Agreements .................................................................................................................. 28 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION .............................................................................................................. 29 Compensation Discussion and Analysis ................................................................................................. 29 Summary of Cash and Other Compensation .......................................................................................... 38 Grants of Plan-Based Awards ................................................................................................................. 39 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End ..................................................................................... 40 Stock Incentive Plan ............................................................................................................................... 40 Post-Termination Severance and Change in Control Arrangements ...................................................... 42 Indemnification Agreements .................................................................................................................. 44 RELATED PERSON RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSACTIONS ......................................................... 46 STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS AND DIRECTOR NOMINATIONS FOR ........................................... 48 2017 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS ................................................................................. 48 Stockholder Proposals for 2017 Annual Meeting ................................................................................... 48 Director Nominations for 2017 Annual Meeting .................................................................................... 48 COPIES OF FISCAL 2015 ANNUAL REPORT ....................................................................................... 49 ________________ INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS ________________ Instead of mailing a printed copy of our proxy materials, including our Annual Report to Stockholders, to each stockholder of record, we have decided again this year to provide access to these materials in a fast and efficient manner via the Internet. We believe that this process expedites your receipt of our proxy materials, lowers the costs of our Annual Meeting and reduces the environmental impact of our meeting. On December 3, 2015, we began mailing a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials to stockholders of record as of November 17, 2015, and we posted our proxy materials on the website referenced in the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (www.proxyvote.com). As more fully described in the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, stockholders may choose to access our proxy materials at www.proxyvote.com or may request proxy materials in printed or electronic form. In addition, the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials and website provide information regarding how you may request to receive proxy materials in printed form by mail or electronically by email on an ongoing basis. For those who previously requested printed proxy materials or electronic materials on an ongoing basis, you will receive those materials as you requested. Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be Held on January 15, 2016: Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for the The Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders and Proxy Statement and Annual Report to Stockholders, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015, are available at www.proxyvote.com. ii 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014 PROXY STATEMENT FOR ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS January 15, 2016 The Board of Directors of Northern Technologies International Corporation is soliciting your proxy for use at the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on Friday, January 15, 2016. The Board of Directors expects to make available to our stockholders beginning on or about December 3, 2015 the Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders, this proxy statement and a form of proxy on the Internet or has sent these materials to stockholders of NTIC upon their request. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND VOTING ________________ Date, Time, Place and Purposes of Meeting The Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Northern Technologies International Corporation (sometimes referred to as “NTIC,” “we,” “our” or “us” in this proxy statement) will be held on Friday, January 15, 2016, at 2:00 p.m., Central Standard Time, at the principal executive offices of Northern Technologies International Corporation located at 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014, for the purposes set forth in the Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Who Can Vote Stockholders of record at the close of business on November 17, 2015 will be entitled to notice of and to vote at the meeting or any adjournment of the meeting. As of that date, there were 4,538,317 shares of our common stock outstanding. Each share of our common stock is entitled to one vote on each matter to be voted on at the Annual Meeting. Stockholders are not entitled to cumulate voting rights. How You Can Vote Your vote is important. Whether you hold shares directly as a stockholder of record or beneficially in “street name” (through a broker, bank or other nominee), you may vote your shares without attending the Annual Meeting. You may vote by granting a proxy or, for shares held in street name, by submitting voting instructions to your broker, bank or other nominee. If you are a registered stockholder whose shares are registered in your name, you may vote your shares in person at the meeting or by one of the three following methods: 1  Vote by Internet, by going to the website address http://www.proxyvote.com and following the instructions for Internet voting shown on the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials or on your proxy card.  Vote by Telephone, by dialing 1-800-690-6903 and following the instructions for telephone voting shown on the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials or on your proxy card.  Vote by Proxy Card, by completing, signing, dating and mailing the enclosed proxy card in the envelope provided if you received a paper copy of these proxy materials. If you vote by Internet or telephone, please do not mail your proxy card. If your shares are held in “street name” (through a broker, bank or other nominee), you may receive a separate voting instruction form with this proxy statement or you may need to contact your broker, bank or other nominee to determine whether you will be able to vote electronically using the Internet or telephone. The deadline for voting by telephone or by using the Internet is 11:59 p.m., Eastern Standard Time (10:59 p.m., Central Standard Time), on the day before the date of the Annual Meeting or any adjournments thereof. Please see the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, your proxy card or the information your bank, broker, or other holder of record provided to you for more information on your options for voting. If you return your signed proxy card or use Internet or telephone voting before the Annual Meeting, the named proxies will vote your shares as you direct. You have three choices on each matter to be voted on. For Proposal One—Election of Directors, you may:  Vote FOR all seven nominees for director,  WITHHOLD your vote from all seven nominees for director or  WITHHOLD your vote from one or more of the seven nominees for director. For Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation and Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, you may:  Vote FOR the proposal,  Vote AGAINST the proposal or  ABSTAIN from voting on the proposal. If you send in your proxy card or use Internet or telephone voting, but do not specify how you want to vote your shares, the proxies will vote your shares FOR all seven of the nominees for election to the Board of Directors in Proposal One—Election of Directors, FOR Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation and FOR Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 2 How Does the Board Recommend that You Vote The Board of Directors unanimously recommends that you vote: • FOR all seven of the nominees for election to the Board of Directors in Proposal One—Election of Directors; • FOR Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation; and • FOR Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. How You May Change Your Vote or Revoke Your Proxy If you are a stockholder whose shares are registered in your name, you may revoke your proxy at any time before it is voted by one of the following methods:  Submitting another proper proxy with a more recent date than that of the proxy first given by following the Internet or telephone voting instructions or completing, signing, dating and returning a proxy card to us;  Sending written notice of your revocation to our Corporate Secretary; or  Attending the Annual Meeting and voting by ballot. Quorum Requirement The presence at the Annual Meeting, in person or by proxy, of the holders of a majority (2,269,159 shares) of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of the record date will constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at the Annual Meeting. In general, shares of our common stock represented by proxies marked “For,” “Against,” “Abstain” or “Withheld” are counted in determining whether a quorum is present. In addition, a “broker non-vote” is counted in determining whether a quorum is present. A “broker non-vote” is a proxy returned by a broker on behalf of its beneficial owner customer that is not voted on a particular matter because voting instructions have not been received by the broker from the customer, and the broker has no discretionary authority to vote on behalf of such customer on such matter. Vote Required Proposal One—Election of Directors will be decided by the affirmative vote of a plurality of shares of our common stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. A “plurality” for Proposal One means the individuals who receive the greatest number of votes cast “For” are elected as directors. Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation will be decided by the affirmative vote of a majority of shares of our common stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. Although this is a non-binding, advisory vote, the Compensation Committee and Board of Directors expect to take into account the outcome of the vote when considering future executive compensation decisions. 3 Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm will be decided by the affirmative vote of a majority of shares of our common stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. If your shares are held in “street name” and you do not indicate how you wish to vote, your broker is permitted to exercise its discretion to vote your shares only on certain “routine” matters. Proposal One— Election of Directors and Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation are not “routine” matters. Accordingly, if you do not direct your broker how to vote, your broker may not exercise discretion and may not vote your shares on either of these two proposals. This is called a “broker non- vote” and although your shares will be considered to be represented by proxy at the meeting, they will not be considered to be shares “entitled to vote” at the meeting and will not be counted as having been voted on the applicable proposal. Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is a “routine” matter and, as such, your broker is permitted to exercise its discretion to vote your shares for or against the proposal in the absence of your instruction. Proxies marked “Withheld” on Proposal One—Election of Directors or “Abstain” on Proposal Two—Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation or Proposal Three—Ratification of Section of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm will be counted in determining the total number of shares “entitled to vote” on such proposal and will have the effect of a vote “Against” a director or a proposal. Other Business Our management does not intend to present other items of business and knows of no items of business that are likely to be brought before the Annual Meeting, except those described in this proxy statement. However, if any other matters should properly come before the Annual Meeting, the persons named in the enclosed proxy will have discretionary authority to vote such proxy in accordance with their best judgment on the matters. Procedures at the Annual Meeting The presiding officer at the Annual Meeting will determine how business at the meeting will be conducted. Only matters brought before the Annual Meeting in accordance with our Bylaws will be considered. Only a natural person present at the Annual Meeting who is either one of our stockholders, or is acting on behalf of one of our stockholders, may make a motion or second a motion. A person acting on behalf of a stockholder must present a written statement executed by the stockholder or the duly-authorized representative of the stockholder on whose behalf the person purports to act. Householding of Annual Meeting Materials Some banks, brokers and other nominee record holders may be participating in the practice of “householding” proxy statements, annual reports and the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials. This means that only one copy of this proxy statement, our Annual Report to Stockholders or the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials may have been sent to multiple stockholders in each household. We will promptly deliver a separate copy of any of these documents to any stockholder upon written or oral request to our Stockholder Information Department, Northern Technologies International Corporation, 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014, telephone: (763) 225-6637. Any stockholder who wants to receive separate copies of this proxy statement, our Annual Report to Stockholders or the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials in the future, or any stockholder who is receiving multiple copies and would like to receive only one copy per household, should contact 4 the stockholder’s bank, broker or other nominee record holder, or the stockholder may contact us at the above address and phone number. Proxy Solicitation Costs The cost of soliciting proxies, including the preparation, assembly, electronic availability and mailing of proxies and soliciting material, as well as the cost of making available or forwarding this material to the beneficial owners of our common stock will be borne by NTIC. Our directors, officers and regular employees may, without compensation other than their regular compensation, solicit proxies by telephone, e-mail, facsimile or personal conversation. We may reimburse brokerage firms and others for expenses in making available or forwarding solicitation materials to the beneficial owners of our common stock. 5 PROPOSAL ONE—ELECTION OF DIRECTORS ________________ Number of Directors Our Bylaws provide that the Board of Directors will consist of at least one member or such other number as may be determined by the Board of Directors from time to time or by the stockholders at an annual meeting. The Board of Directors has fixed the number of directors at seven. Nominees for Director The Board of Directors has nominated the following seven individuals to serve as our directors until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected and qualified. All of the nominees named below are current members of the Board of Directors.  Barbara D. Colwell  Soo-Keong Koh  Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D.  G. Patrick Lynch  Ramani Narayan, Ph.D.  Richard J. Nigon  Konstantin von Falkenhausen Proxies can only be voted for the number of persons named as nominees in this proxy statement, which is seven. Information about Current Directors and Board Nominees The following table sets forth as of November 25, 2015 the name, age and principal occupation of each current director and each individual who has been nominated by the Board of Directors to serve as a director of our company, as well as how long each individual has served as a director of NTIC. Name Barbara D. Colwell(1)(2) Soo-Keong Koh(2) Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D.(3) G. Patrick Lynch Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. Age Principal Occupation 70 Director of NTIC and Certain Other Companies and Organizations 64 Managing Director of EcoSave Pte Ltd. 63 Russ Ohio Research Scholar in Syngas Utilization and Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Ohio University President and Chief Executive Officer of NTIC 48 66 Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science at Michigan State University Senior Vice President of Cedar Point Capital, Inc. Partner of B Capital Partners AG 67 48 Director Since 2013 2008 2004 2004 2004 2010 2012 Richard J. Nigon(1)(2)(3) Konstantin von Falkenhausen(1)(3) _________________________ (1) Member of the Audit Committee (2) Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (3) Member of the Compensation Committee 6 Additional Information about Current Directors and Board Nominees The following paragraphs provide information about each current director and nominee for director, including all positions he or she holds, his or her principal occupation and business experience for the past five years, and the names of other publicly-held companies of which the director or nominee currently serves as a director or has served as a director during the past five years. We believe that all of our directors and nominees display personal and professional integrity; satisfactory levels of education and/or business experience; broad-based business acumen; an appropriate level of understanding of our business and its industry and other industries relevant to our business; the ability and willingness to devote adequate time to the work of the Board of Directors and its committees; a fit of skills and personality with those of our other directors that helps build a board that is effective, collegial and responsive to the needs of our company; strategic thinking and a willingness to share ideas; a diversity of experiences, expertise and background; and the ability to represent the interests of all of our stockholders. The information presented below regarding each director and nominee also sets forth specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that led the Board of Directors to the conclusion that such individual should serve as a director in light of our business and structure. Barbara D. Colwell has been a director of NTIC since November 2013. Ms. Colwell is a member of the board of directors or advisory board of several non-profit organizations and private and mutual companies, including most notably, the Publishers Clearing House, LLC, Mutual Trust Financial Group, WomenCorporateDirectors, IPTAR (Institute for Psychoanalytic Training and Research), the Belizean Grove and POBA: where the arts live. We believe Ms. Colwell’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include her current and prior experience on the boards of directors of other organizations and companies and, in particular, her experience serving on the audit committee, governance committee and compensation committee of Publishers Clearing House, LLC, as well as her experience serving on the audit committee and compensation committee of Mutual Trust Financial Group. Soo-Keong Koh has been a director of NTIC since May 2008. Mr. Koh is the Managing Director of Ecosave Pte Ltd., a company whose business is focused on environmental biotech and energy conservation technologies, a position he has held since April 2007. From January 1986 to April 2007, Mr. Koh served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Toll Asia Pte Ltd formerly SembCorp Logistics Ltd (SembLog), a Singapore public listed company, which was acquired by Toll in May 2006. Mr. Koh has over 20 years of experience in the logistics industry. Mr. Koh holds a Bachelor of Engineering, a Master of Business Administration and a Postgraduate Diploma in Business Law from the University of Singapore (now known as the National University of Singapore). We believe Mr. Koh’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include his experience on other public company boards of directors and his significant executive experience with companies including those focused on environmental awareness, which has become a focus of NTIC during the past several years, especially in light of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® bioplastics business. Mr. Koh’s previous board of director experience is helpful in guiding NTIC with respect to corporate governance matters, particularly in his role as Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Additionally, Mr. Koh has specific executive experience with companies located in Asia, which is where several of NTIC’s joint ventures are located. Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. was elected a director of NTIC in January 2004. Dr. Lee is Russ Ohio Research Scholar in Syngas Utilization and Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Previously, he held positions of Professor of Chemical and Biologic Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri from 2005 to 2010, C.W. LaPierre Professor and Chairman of Chemical Engineering at University of Missouri-Columbia from 1997 to 2005, and Robert Iredell Professor and Head of Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio from 1988 to1996. He has authored 12 books and over 550 archival publications and received 35 U.S. patents in a variety of chemical and polymer processes and products. He is currently serving as Editor of 7 Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, Taylor & Francis, New York, New York and also as Book Series Editor of Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Throughout his career, he has served as consultant and technical advisor to a number of national and international companies in the fields of polymers, petrochemicals and energy. He received his Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio in 1980. We believe Dr. Lee’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include his significant technical and industrial expertise with chemical and polymer processes and products. Such expertise is particularly helpful with respect to assessing and operating NTIC’s Natur-Tec® bioplastics business. G. Patrick Lynch, an employee of NTIC since 1995, has been President since July 2005 and Chief Executive Officer since January 2006 and was appointed a director of NTIC in February 2004. Mr. Lynch served as President of North American Operations of NTIC from May 2004 to July 2005. Prior to May 2004, Mr. Lynch held various positions with NTIC, including Vice President of Strategic Planning, Corporate Secretary and Project Manager. Mr. Lynch is also an officer and director of Inter Alia Holding Company, which is a significant stockholder of NTIC. Prior to joining NTIC, Mr. Lynch held positions in sales management for Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, Japan, and programming project management for BMW AG in Munich, Germany. Mr. Lynch received a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Michigan Ross School of Business. We believe Mr. Lynch’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include his depth of knowledge of our company and its day-to-day operations in light of his position as Chief Executive Officer of NTIC, as well as his affiliation with a significant stockholder of NTIC, which the Board of Directors believes generally helps align management’s interests with those of our stockholders. Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. has been a director of NTIC since November 2004. He is a Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University in the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, where he has 105 refereed publications in leading journals to his credit, 18 patents, edited three books and one expert dossier in the area of bio-based polymeric materials. His research encompasses design and engineering of sustainable, biobased products, biodegradable plastics and polymers, biofiber reinforced composites, reactive extrusion polymerization and processing, studies in plastic end-of-life options like biodegradation and composting. He conducts carbon footprint calculations for plastics and products. He also performs LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for reporting a product’s environmental footprint. He serves as Scientific Chair and board member of the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI), North America. He serves on the Technical Advisory Board of Tate & Lyle. He served on the Board of Directors of ASTM International, an international standards setting organization and currently chairs the committee on Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products (D20.96) and the Plastics Terminology Committee (D20.92). Dr. Narayan is also the technical expert for the United States on ISO (International Standards Organization) TC 61 on Plastics—specifically for Terminology, and Biodegradable Plastics. He has won numerous awards, including the Named MSU University Distinguished Professor in 2007; the Governors University Award for commercialization excellence; Michigan State University Distinguished Faculty Award, 2006, 2005 Withrow Distinguished Scholar award, Fulbright Distinguished Lectureship Chair in Science & Technology Management & Commercialization (University of Lisbon; Portugal); First recipient of the William N. Findley Award, The James Hammer Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award, and Research and Commercialization Award sponsored by ICI Americas, Inc. & the National Corn Growers Association. We believe Dr. Narayan’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include his significant technical expertise in the bioplastics area which has been helpful to NTIC’s management in assessing and operating NTIC’s Natur-Tec® bioplastics business. Richard J. Nigon has been a director of NTIC since February 2010 and non-executive Chairman of the Board since November 2012. Mr. Nigon is the Senior Vice President of Cedar Point Capital, Inc., a private company that raises capital for early stage companies. From February 2001 until May 2007, Mr. Nigon was a Director of Equity Corporate Finance for Miller Johnson Steichen Kinnard (MJSK), a 8 privately held investment firm. In December 2006, MJSK was acquired by Stifel Nicolaus, and Mr. Nigon was a Managing Director of Private Placements at Stifel Nicolaus. From February 2000 to February 2001, Mr. Nigon served as the Chief Financial Officer of Dantis, Inc., a web hosting company. Prior to joining Dantis, Mr. Nigon was employed by Ernst & Young, LLP from 1970 to 2000, where he served as a partner from 1981 to 2000. While at Ernst & Young, Mr. Nigon served as the Director of Ernst & Young’s Twin Cities Entrepreneurial Services Group and was the coordinating partner on several publicly-traded companies in the consumer retailing and manufacturing sectors. Mr. Nigon also currently serves as President of NorthStar Education Finance, Inc., a non-profit organization formed to foster, aid, encourage and assist the pursuit of higher education. In addition to NTIC, Mr. Nigon also serves on the board of directors of Vascular Solutions, Inc. and a number of privately-held companies and previously served on the board of directors of Virtual Radiologic Corporation. Through his 30 years of service at Ernst & Young, LLP, Mr. Nigon brings to the Board of Directors, and in particular the Audit Committee, extensive public accounting and auditing experience. The Board of Directors believes Mr. Nigon’s strong background in financial controls and reporting, financial management, financial analysis and Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements is critical to the Board’s oversight responsibilities. In addition, Mr. Nigon’s strategic planning expertise and other experiences gained through his management and leadership roles at private investment firms that have invested in early stage companies, is helpful to the Board of Directors in assessing and operating NTIC’s newer businesses. Konstantin von Falkenhausen has been a director of NTIC since November 2012. Mr. von Falkenhausen is currently a Partner of B Capital Partners AG, an independent investment advisory boutique focused on infrastructure, public private partnerships and clean energy. From February 2004 to March 2008, Mr. von Falkenhausen served as a Partner of capiton AG, a private equity firm. From March 2003 to February 2004, he served as interim Chief Financial Officer of Neon Products GmbH, a privately held neon lighting company. From May 1999 to February 2003, Mr. von Falkenhausen served as an investment manager of West Private Equity Ltd. and an investment director of its German affiliate West Private Capital GmbH. Prior to May 1999, Mr. von Falkenhausen served in several positions with BankBoston Robertson Stephens International Ltd., an investment banking firm. Mr. von Falkenhausen is a citizen of Germany. He has a Master’s degree in economics (lic. oec) from the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) and a Masters of Business Administration from the University of Chicago. We believe Mr. von Falkenhausen’s qualifications to sit on the Board of Directors include his experience with several private investment and equity firms that have invested in early stage companies, which the Board of Directors believes is helpful in assessing and operating NTIC’s newer businesses, and his financial expertise, which the Board of Directors believes is helpful in analyzing NTIC’s financial performance. Board Recommendation The Board of Directors unanimously recommends a vote FOR the election of all of the seven nominees named above. If prior to the Annual Meeting, the Board of Directors should learn that any nominee will be unable to serve for any reason, the proxies that otherwise would have been voted for this nominee will be voted for a substitute nominee as selected by the Board. Alternatively, the proxies, at the Board’s discretion, may be voted for that fewer number of nominees as results from the inability of any nominee to serve. The Board of Directors has no reason to believe that any of the nominees will be unable to serve. 9 PROPOSAL TWO—ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ________________ Introduction The Board of Directors is providing stockholders with an advisory vote on executive compensation pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Consumer Protection Act and Section 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This advisory vote, commonly known as a “say-on-pay” vote, is a non-binding vote on the compensation paid to our named executive officers as set forth in the “Executive Compensation” section of this proxy statement beginning on page 29. At the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on January 15, 2015, 98 percent of the votes cast by our stockholders were in favor of our say-on-pay vote. The Compensation Committee generally believes that such results affirmed stockholder support of our approach to executive compensation. Our executive compensation program is generally designed to attract, retain, motivate and reward highly qualified and talented executive officers. The underlying core principle of our executive compensation program is to link pay to performance and align the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders by providing compensation opportunities that are tied directly to the achievement of financial and other performance goals and long-term stock price performance. The “Executive Compensation” section of this proxy statement, which begins on page 29, describes our executive compensation program and the executive compensation decisions made by the Compensation Committee and Board of Directors in fiscal 2015 in more detail. Important considerations include:  A significant portion of the compensation paid or awarded to our named executive officers in fiscal 2015 was “performance-based” or “at-risk” compensation that is tied directly to the achievement of financial and other performance goals or long-term stock price performance.  Equity-based compensation granted to our named executive officers is in the form of stock options that are subject to three-year vesting and aligns the long-term interests of our executives with the long-term interests of our stockholders.  Our executive officers receive only modest perquisites and have modest severance and change-in- control arrangements.  We do not provide any tax “gross-up” payments. We believe that our executive compensation program and related decisions link pay to performance. For example, although our fiscal 2015 total net sales increased 13.0% to $30,322,694 during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014, our net income attributable to NTIC decreased 56.8%, to $1,789,571 or $0.39 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2015 compared to $4,106,374, or $0.90 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2014. Accordingly, total compensation for our named executive officers for fiscal 2015 decreased over 25% compared to fiscal 2014. Accordingly, the Board of Directors recommends that our stockholders vote in favor of the say-on-pay vote as set forth in the following resolution: RESOLVED, that our stockholders approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to our named executive officers, as disclosed in this proxy statement. 10 Stockholders are not ultimately voting to approve or disapprove the recommendation of the Board of Directors. As this is an advisory vote, the outcome of the vote is not binding on us with respect to future executive compensation decisions, including those relating to our named executive officers, or otherwise. The Compensation Committee and Board of Directors expect to take into account the outcome of this advisory vote when considering future executive compensation decisions. In accordance with the result of the advisory vote on the frequency of the say-on-pay vote, which was conducted at our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Board of Directors has determined that we will conduct an executive compensation advisory vote on an annual basis. Accordingly, the next say-on- pay vote will occur in 2017 in connection with our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We anticipate that the next say-on-frequency vote will occur at our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Board Recommendation The Board of Directors unanimously recommends a vote FOR approval, on an advisory basis, of the compensation paid to our named executive officers, as disclosed in this proxy statement. 11 PROPOSAL THREE—RATIFICATION OF SELECTION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM _________________ Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has selected Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP to serve as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2016. Although it is not required to do so, the Board of Directors is asking our stockholders to ratify the Audit Committee’s selection of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP. If our stockholders do not ratify the selection of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, another independent registered public accounting firm will be considered by the Audit Committee. Even if the selection is ratified by our stockholders, the Audit Committee in its discretion may change the appointment at any time during the year, if it determines that such a change would be in the best interests of NTIC and our stockholders. Representatives of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP will be present at the Annual Meeting to respond to appropriate questions. They also will have the opportunity to make a statement if they wish to do so. Audit, Audit-Related, Tax and Other Fees The following table presents the aggregate fees billed to us by Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014. Audit Fees(1) ......................................................... Audit-Related Fees(2) ............................................ Tax Fees ............................................................... All Other Fees ...................................................... __________________________ Aggregate Amount Billed by Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP ($) Fiscal 2014 Fiscal 2015 $ 341,070 4,990 — — $ 313,543 — — — (1) These fees consisted of the audit of our annual financial statements by year, review of financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and other services normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements. (2) These fees were incurred in support of the SEC comment letter. Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures All services rendered by Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP to NTIC were permissible under applicable laws and regulations and all services provided to NTIC, other than de minimis non-audit services allowed under applicable law, were approved in advance by the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee has not adopted any formal pre-approval policies and procedures. Board Recommendation The Board of Directors unanimously recommends that stockholders vote FOR ratification of the selection of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2016. 12 STOCK OWNERSHIP ________________ Beneficial Ownership of Significant Stockholders and Management The following table sets forth information known to us with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of November 17, 2015, the record date for the Annual Meeting, for:     each person known by us to beneficially own more than five percent of the outstanding shares of our common stock; each of our directors; each of the executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table included later in this proxy statement under “Executive Compensation” and all of our current directors and executive officers as a group. The number of shares beneficially owned by a person includes shares subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or that become exercisable within 60 days of November 17, 2015. Percentage calculations assume, for each person and group, that all shares that may be acquired by such person or group pursuant to options currently exercisable or that become exercisable within 60 days of November 17, 2015 are outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage of common stock owned by such person or group. However, such unissued shares of common stock described above are not deemed to be outstanding for calculating the percentage of common stock owned by any other person. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws where applicable and subject to the information contained in the notes to the table. Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership(2) 8,500 28,666 12,000 662,750 31,500 31,300 11,600 84,783 Percent of Class * * * 14.5% * * * 1.9% 871,099 18.7% 601,668 13.3% 245,800 5.4% Title of Class Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1) Directors and Officers: Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Common Stock Barbara D. Colwell Soo-Keong Koh Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. G. Patrick Lynch(3) Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. Richard J. Nigon Konstantin von Falkenhausen Matthew C. Wolsfeld All current directors and executive officers as a group (8 persons)(4) Significant Beneficial Owners: Common Stock Common Stock Inter Alia Holding Company(5) 23205 Mercantile Road Beachwood, Ohio 44122 Perritt Capital Management, Inc. and Perritt Funds, Inc.(6) 300 South Wacker Drive, Suite 2880 Chicago, Illinois 60606 13 Title of Class Common Stock Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1) Rutabaga Capital Management(7) 64 Broad Street, 3rd Floor Boston, Massachusetts 02109 * Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent. Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership(2) 235,030 Percent of Class 5.2% (1) (2) The business address for each of the directors and officers of NTIC is c/o Northern Technologies International Corporation, 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014. Includes for the persons listed below the following shares of common stock subject to options held by such persons that are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days of November 17, 2015: Shares of Common Stock Underlying Stock Options Name Directors Barbara D. Colwell ...................................... Soo-Keong Koh ........................................... Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. ..................................... G. Patrick Lynch .......................................... Ramani Narayan, Ph.D................................. Richard J. Nigon .......................................... Konstantin von Falkenhausen ...................... Named Executive Officers G. Patrick Lynch .............................................................................................. Matthew C. Wolsfeld ....................................................................................... All current directors and executive officers as a group (8 persons) ................ 7,000 16,000 12,000 24,030 16,000 21,500 11,000 24,030 17,762 125,292 (3) Includes 601,668 shares held by Inter Alia Holding Company. See note (5) below. (4) The amount beneficially owned by all current directors and executive officers as a group includes 601,668 shares held of record by Inter Alia Holding Company. See notes (3) above and (5) below. (5) According to a Schedule 13D/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 2, 2011, Inter Alia Holding Company is an entity of which G. Patrick Lynch, our President and Chief Executive Officer, is a 25 percent stockholder. G. Patrick Lynch shares equal voting and dispositive power over such shares with three other members of his family. Inter Alia Holding Company’s address is 23205 Mercantile Road, Beachwood, Ohio 44122. (6) According to a Schedule 13G/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 13, 2015, Perritt Capital Management, Inc., in its capacity as investment adviser, may be deemed the beneficial owner of 245,800 shares, which are owned by investment advisory client(s). Perritt Capital Management, Inc. has sole voting power and sole dispositive power over 2,800 shares and has shared voting power and shared dispositive power over 243,000 shares with Perritt Funds, Inc., an investment company. (7) According to a Schedule 13G filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 13, 2015, Rutabaga Capital Management has sole voting power with respect to 199,130 shares, shared voting power with respect to 35,900 shares and sole dispositive power with respect to 235,030 shares. 14 Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires our directors, executive officers and all persons who beneficially own more than 10 percent of the outstanding shares of our common stock to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of our common stock. Executive officers, directors and greater than 10 percent beneficial owners are also required to furnish NTIC with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. To our knowledge, based upon a review of the copies of such reports furnished to us and written representations that no other reports were required, during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015, none of our directors or executive officers or beneficial owners of greater than 10 percent of our common stock failed to file on a timely basis the forms required by Section 16 of the Exchange Act. 15 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ________________ Corporate Governance Guidelines The Board of Directors has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines. A copy of these Corporate Governance Guidelines can be found on the “Investor Relations—Corporate Governance” section of our corporate website www.ntic.com. Among the topics addressed in our Corporate Governance Guidelines are:  Board size, composition and qualifications;  Selection of directors;  Board leadership;  Board committees;  Board and committee meetings;  Executive sessions of independent directors;  Meeting attendance by directors and non-directors;  Appropriate information and access;  Ability to retain advisors;  Conflicts of interest and director independence;  Board interaction with corporate constituencies;  Change of principal occupation and board memberships;  Retirement and term limits;  Retirement and resignation policy;  Board compensation;  Stock ownership by directors and executive officers;  Loans to directors and executive officers;  CEO evaluation;  Board and committee evaluation;  Director continuing education;  Succession planning;  Related person transactions; and  Communications with directors. Board Leadership Structure Under our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the office of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer may or may not be held by one person. The Board of Directors believes it is best not to have a fixed policy on this issue and that it should be free to make this determination based on what it believes is best under the circumstances. However, the Board of Directors strongly endorses the concept of an independent director being in a position of leadership. Under our Corporate Governance Guidelines, if at any time the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board positions are held by the same person, the Board of Directors will elect an independent director as a lead independent director. G. Patrick Lynch currently serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer and Richard J. Nigon serves as our non-executive Chairman of the Board. Because the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board positions currently are not held by the same person, we do not have a lead independent director. We currently believe this leadership structure is in the best interests of our company and our stockholders and strikes the appropriate balance between the Chief Executive Officer’s responsibility for the strategic direction, day-to-day-leadership and performance of our company and the Chairman’s 16 responsibility to provide oversight of our company’s corporate governance and guidance to our Chief Executive Officer and to set the agenda for and preside over Board of Directors meetings. At each regular Board of Directors meeting, our independent directors meet in executive session with no company management or non-independent directors present during a portion of the meeting. After each such executive session, our Chairman of the Board provides our Chief Executive Officer with any actionable feedback from our independent directors. Director Independence The Board of Directors has affirmatively determined that five of NTIC’s current seven directors are “independent directors” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market: Barbara D. Colwell, Soo-Keong Koh, Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D., Richard J. Nigon and Konstantin von Falkenhausen. In making these affirmative determinations that such individuals are “independent directors,” the Board of Directors reviewed and discussed information provided by the directors and by NTIC with regard to each director’s business and personal activities as they may relate to NTIC and NTIC’s management. Board Meetings and Attendance The Board of Directors met four times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. Each of the directors attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of the total number of meetings of the Board and the total number of meetings held by all Board committees on which the director served. Board Committees The Board of Directors has a standing Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, each of which has the composition and responsibilities described below. The Board of Directors from time to time may establish other committees to facilitate the management of our company and may change the composition and responsibilities of our existing committees. Each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee operates under a written charter adopted by the Board of Directors, which can be found on the “Investor Relations—Corporate Governance” section of our corporate website www.ntic.com. The following table summarizes the current membership of each of our three Board committees. Director Barbara D. Colwell Soo-Keong Koh Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. G. Patrick Lynch Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. Richard J. Nigon Konstantin von Falkenhausen Audit √ — — — — Chair √ Compensation — — √ — — Chair √ Nominating and Corporate Governance √ Chair — — — √ — 17 Audit Committee Responsibilities. The Audit Committee provides assistance to the Board of Directors in fulfilling its responsibilities for oversight, for quality and integrity of the accounting, auditing, reporting practices, systems of internal accounting and financial controls, the annual independent audit of our financial statements, and the legal compliance and ethics programs of NTIC as established by management. The Audit Committee’s primary responsibilities include:  Overseeing our financial reporting process, internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures on behalf of the Board of Directors;  Having sole authority to appoint, retain and oversee the work of our independent registered public accounting firm and establish the compensation to be paid to the firm;  Reviewing and pre-approving all audit services and permissible non-audit services to be provided to NTIC by our independent registered public accounting firm;  Establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and for the confidential, anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; and  Overseeing the establishment and administration of (including the grant of any waiver from) a written code of ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The Audit Committee has the authority to engage the services of outside experts and advisors as it deems necessary or appropriate to carry out its duties and responsibilities. Composition. The current members of the Audit Committee are Ms. Colwell, Mr. Nigon and Mr. von Falkenhausen. Mr. Nigon is the chair of the Audit Committee. Each current member of the Audit Committee qualifies as “independent” for purposes of membership on audit committees pursuant to the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and is “financially literate” as required by the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. In addition, the Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Nigon qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and meets the qualifications of “financial sophistication” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market as a result of his extensive financial background and various financial positions he has held throughout his career. Stockholders should understand that these designations related to our Audit Committee members’ experience and understanding with respect to certain accounting and auditing matters do not impose upon any of them any duties, obligations or liabilities that are greater than those generally imposed on a member of the Audit Committee or of the Board of Directors. Meetings. The Audit Committee met five times during fiscal 2015, once outside the presence of management and four times in executive session with Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm. 18 Audit Committee Report. This report is furnished by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors with respect to NTIC’s financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. One of the purposes of the Audit Committee is to oversee NTIC’s accounting and financial reporting processes and the audit of NTIC’s annual financial statements. NTIC’s management is responsible for the preparation and presentation of complete and accurate financial statements. NTIC’s independent registered public accounting firm, Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, is responsible for performing an independent audit of NTIC’s financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and for issuing a report on their audit. In performing its oversight role, the Audit Committee has reviewed and discussed NTIC’s audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 with NTIC’s management. Management represented to the Audit Committee that NTIC’s financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Audit Committee has discussed with Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, NTIC’s independent registered public accounting firm, the matters required to be discussed under Public Company Accounting Oversight Board standards. The Audit Committee has received the written disclosures and the letter from Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP required by applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP’s communications with the Audit Committee concerning independence. The Audit Committee has discussed with Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP its independence and concluded that the independent registered public accounting firm is independent from NTIC and NTIC’s management. Based on the review and discussions of the Audit Committee described above, in reliance on the unqualified opinion of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP regarding NTIC’s audited financial statements, and subject to the limitations on the role and responsibilities of the Audit Committee discussed above and in the Audit Committee’s charter, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that NTIC’s audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 be included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 for filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This report is dated as of November 2, 2015. Audit Committee Richard J. Nigon, Chair Barbara D. Colwell Konstantin von Falkenhausen Other Information. Additional information regarding the Audit Committee and our independent registered public accounting firm is disclosed under the “Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” section of this proxy statement. 19 Compensation Committee Responsibilities. The Compensation Committee provides assistance to the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibility relating to compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers and administers our equity compensation plans. The Compensation Committee’s primary responsibilities include:      recommending to the Board of Directors for its determination, the annual salaries, incentive compensation, long-term compensation and any and all other compensation applicable to our executive officers; establishing, and from time to time, reviewing and revising, corporate goals and objectives with respect to compensation for our executive officers and establishing and leading a process for the full Board of Directors to evaluate the performance of our executive officers in light of those goals and objectives; administering our equity compensation plans and recommending to the Board of Directors for its determination grants of options or other equity-based awards for executive officers, employees and independent consultants under our equity compensation plans; reviewing our policies with respect to employee benefit plans; and establishing, and from time to time, reviewing and revising processes and procedures for the consideration and determination of executive compensation. The Compensation Committee has the authority to engage the services of outside experts and advisors as it deems necessary or appropriate to carry out its duties and responsibilities, and prior to doing so, assesses the independence of such experts and advisors from management. Composition. The current members of the Compensation Committee are Dr. Lee, Mr. Nigon and Mr. von Falkenhausen. Mr. Nigon is the Chair of the Compensation Committee. The Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of the Compensation Committee is considered an “independent director” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, a “non-employee director” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, an “outside director” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and otherwise independent under the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Processes and Procedures for Consideration and Determination of Executive Compensation. As described in more detail above under “—Responsibilities,” the Board of Directors has delegated to the Compensation Committee the responsibility, among other things, to recommend to the Board of Directors any and all compensation payable to our executive officers, including annual salaries, incentive compensation and long-term incentive compensation, and to administer our equity and incentive compensation plans applicable to our executive officers. Decisions regarding executive compensation made by the Compensation Committee are not considered final and are subject to final review and approval by the entire Board of Directors. Under the terms of its formal written charter, the Compensation Committee has the power and authority, to the extent permitted by our Bylaws and applicable law, to delegate all or a portion of its duties and responsibilities to a subcommittee of the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee has not generally delegated any of its duties and responsibilities to subcommittees, but rather has taken such actions as a committee, as a whole. 20 Our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer assist the Compensation Committee in gathering compensation related data regarding our executive officers and making recommendations to the Compensation Committee regarding the form and amount of compensation to be paid to each executive officer. In making final recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding compensation to be paid to our executive officers, the Compensation Committee considers the recommendations of our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, but also considers other factors, such as its own views as to the form and amount of compensation to be paid, the achievement by the company of pre-established performance objectives, the general performance of the company and the individual officers, the performance of the company’s stock price and other factors that may be relevant. Neither management nor the Compensation Committee engaged a compensation consultant. Final deliberations and decisions by the Compensation Committee regarding its recommendations to the Board of Directors of the form and amount of compensation to be paid to our executive officers are made by the Compensation Committee, without the presence of any executive officer of our company. In making final decisions regarding compensation to be paid to our executive officers, the Board of Directors considers the same factors and gives considerable weight to the recommendations of the Compensation Committee. Meetings. The Compensation Committee met three times during fiscal 2015. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Responsibilities. The primary responsibilities of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee include:   identifying individuals qualified to become members of the Board of Directors; recommending director nominees for each annual meeting of our stockholders and director nominees to fill any vacancies that may occur between meetings of stockholders;  being aware of best practices in corporate governance matters;  developing and overseeing an annual Board of Directors and Board committee evaluation process; and  establishing and leading a process for determination of the compensation applicable to the non- employee directors on the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has the authority to engage the services of outside experts and advisors as it deems necessary or appropriate to carry out its duties and responsibilities. Composition. The current members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Mr. Koh, Ms. Colwell and Mr. Nigon. Mr. Koh is the chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is considered an “independent director” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. 21 Processes and Procedures for Consideration and Determination of Director Compensation. As mentioned above under “—Responsibilities,” the Board of Directors has delegated to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee the responsibility, among other things, to review and make recommendations to the Board of Directors concerning compensation for non-employee members of the Board of Directors, including but not limited to retainers, meeting fees, committee chair and member retainers and equity compensation. Decisions regarding director compensation made by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are not considered final and are subject to final review and approval by the entire Board of Directors. Under the terms of its formal written charter, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has the power and authority, to the extent permitted by our Bylaws and applicable law, to delegate all or a portion of its duties and responsibilities to a subcommittee of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has not generally delegated any of its duties and responsibilities to subcommittees, but rather has taken such actions as a committee, as a whole. In making recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding compensation to be paid to our non- employee directors, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers fees and other compensation paid to directors of comparable public companies, the number of board and committee meetings that our directors are expected to attend, and other factors that may be relevant. In making final decisions regarding non-employee director compensation, the Board of Directors considers the same factors and the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Meetings. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met twice during fiscal 2015. Director Nominations Process Pursuant to a Director Nominations Process adopted by the Board of Directors, in selecting nominees for the Board of Directors, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee first determines whether the incumbent directors are qualified to serve, and wish to continue to serve, on the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes that NTIC and its stockholders benefit from the continued service of qualified incumbent directors because those directors have familiarity with and insight into NTIC’s affairs that they have accumulated during their tenure with the company. Appropriate continuity of Board membership also contributes to the Board’s ability to work as a collective body. Accordingly, it is the practice of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, in general, to re- nominate an incumbent director if the director wishes to continue his or her service with the Board, the director continues to satisfy the criteria for membership on the Board that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee generally views as relevant and considers in deciding whether to re-nominate an incumbent director or nominate a new director, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes the director continues to make important contributions to the Board, and there are no special, countervailing considerations against re-nomination of the director. Pursuant to a Director Nominations Process adopted by the Board of Directors, in identifying and evaluating new candidates for election to the Board, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee solicits recommendations for nominees from persons whom the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes are likely to be familiar with qualified candidates having the qualifications, skills and characteristics required for Board nominees from time to time. Such persons may include members of the Board of Directors and our senior management and advisors to our company. In addition, from time to time, if appropriate, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may engage a search firm to assist it in identifying and evaluating qualified candidates. 22 The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee reviews and evaluates each candidate whom it believes merits serious consideration, taking into account available information concerning the candidate, any qualifications or criteria for Board membership established by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the existing composition of the Board, and other factors that it deems relevant. In conducting its review and evaluation, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee solicits the views of our management, other Board members, and other individuals it believes may have insight into a candidate. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may designate one or more of its members and/or other Board members to interview any proposed candidate. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider recommendations for the nomination of directors submitted by our stockholders. For more information, see the information set forth under “Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders ─ Director Nominations for 2016 Annual Meeting.” The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will evaluate candidates recommended by stockholders in the same manner as those recommended as stated above. There are no formal requirements or minimum qualifications that a candidate must meet in order for the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to recommend the candidate to the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes that each nominee should be evaluated based on his or her merits as an individual, taking into account the needs of our company and the Board of Directors. However, in evaluating candidates, there are a number of criteria that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee generally views as relevant and is likely to consider. Some of these factors include whether the candidate is an “independent director” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market and meets any other applicable independence tests under the federal securities laws and rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission; whether the candidate is “financially literate” and otherwise meets the requirements for serving as a member of an audit committee under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market; whether the candidate is “financially sophisticated” under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market and an “audit committee financial expert” under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission; the needs of our company with respect to the particular talents and experience of its directors; the personal and professional integrity and reputation of the candidate; the candidate’s level of education and business experience; the candidate’s broad-based business acumen; the candidate’s level of understanding of our business and its industry; the candidate’s ability and willingness to devote adequate time to work of the Board and its committees; the fit of the candidate’s skills and personality with those of other directors and potential directors in building a board that is effective, collegial and responsive to the needs of our company; whether the candidate possesses strategic thinking and a willingness to share ideas; the candidate’s diversity of experiences, expertise and background; and the candidate’s ability to represent the interests of all stockholders and not a particular interest group. We do not have a formal stand-alone diversity policy in considering whether to recommend any director nominee, including candidates recommended by stockholders. As discussed above, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider the factors described above, including the candidate’s diversity of experiences, expertise and background. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks nominees with a broad diversity of experience, expertise and backgrounds. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee does not assign specific weights to particular criteria and no particular criterion is necessarily applicable to all prospective nominees. The Board of Directors believes that the backgrounds and qualifications of directors, considered as a group, should provide a significant mix of experience, knowledge and abilities that will allow the Board of Directors to fulfill its responsibilities. While the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee focuses on obtaining a diversity of experiences, expertise and background on the Board of Directors rather than a diversity of personal characteristics, it recognizes the desirability of racial, ethnic, gender, age and other personal 23 diversity and considers it an additional benefit when a new director can also increase the personal diversity of the Board of Directors as a whole. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee evaluates its effectiveness in achieving diversity in a broad sense on the Board of Directors through its annual review of Board member composition prior to recommending nominees for election each year. Board Oversight of Risk The Board of Directors as a whole has responsibility for risk oversight, with more in-depth reviews of certain areas of risk being conducted by the relevant Board committees that report on their deliberations to the full Board of Directors. The oversight responsibility of the Board and its committees is enabled by management reporting processes that are designed to provide information to the Board about the identification, assessment and management of critical risks and management’s risk mitigation strategies. The areas of risk that we focus on include operational, financial (accounting, credit, liquidity and tax), legal, compensation, competitive, health, safety, environmental, economic, political and reputational risks. The standing committees of the Board of Directors oversee risks associated with their respective principal areas of focus. The Audit Committee’s role includes a particular focus on the qualitative aspects of financial reporting, on our processes for the management of business and financial risk, our financial reporting obligations and for compliance with significant applicable legal, ethical and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee, along with management, is also responsible for developing and participating in a process for review of important financial and operating topics that present potential significant risk to our company. The Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing risks and exposures associated with our executive compensation programs and arrangements and management succession planning. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee oversees risks relating to our corporate governance matters, director compensation programs and director succession planning. We recognize that a fundamental part of risk management is understanding not only the risks a company faces and what steps management is taking to manage those risks, but also understanding what level of risk is appropriate for the company. The involvement of the full Board of Directors each year in establishing our key corporate business strategies and annual fiscal budget is a key part of the Board’s assessment of management’s appetite for risk and also a determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk for our company. We believe our current Board leadership structure is appropriate and helps ensure proper risk oversight for our company for a number of reasons, including: (1) general risk oversight by the full Board of Directors in connection with its role in reviewing our key business strategies and monitoring on an on- going basis the implementation of our key business strategies; (2) more detailed oversight by our standing Board committees that are currently comprised of and chaired by our independent directors, and (3) the focus of our Chairman of the Board on allocating appropriate Board agenda time for discussion regarding the implementation of our key business strategies and specifically risk management. Code of Ethics The Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics, which applies to all of our directors, executive officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and other employees, and meets the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NASDAQ Stock Market. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available on the “Investor Relations—Corporate Governance” section of our corporate website www.ntic.com. 24 Policy Regarding Director Attendance at Annual Meetings of Stockholders Although a regular Board of Directors meeting is generally held on the day of each annual meeting of stockholders, this meeting may be held by telephone. It is the policy of the Board of Directors that if a regular Board of Directors meeting occurs on the day of the annual meeting of stockholders and if directors standing for re-election attend this Board of Directors meeting in person, such directors should attend our annual meeting of stockholders, if their schedules permit. The only directors that attended the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders were Mr. Nigon and Mr. Lynch. Complaint Procedures The Audit Committee has established procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by NTIC regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters, and the submission by our employees, on a confidential and anonymous basis, of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters. Our personnel with such concerns are encouraged to discuss their concerns with our outside legal counsel, who in turn will be responsible for informing the Audit Committee. Process Regarding Stockholder Communications with Board of Directors Stockholders may communicate with the Board or any one particular director by sending correspondence, addressed to NTIC’s Corporate Secretary, Northern Technologies International Corporation, 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, MN 55014 with an instruction to forward the communication to the Board or one or more particular directors. NTIC’s Corporate Secretary will promptly forward all such stockholder communications to the Board or the one or more particular directors, with the exception of any advertisements, solicitations for periodical or other subscriptions and other similar communications. Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation No member of our compensation committee has served as one of our officers or employees at any time. Except as otherwise disclosed in this proxy statement, no member of our compensation committee has had any relationship with NTIC requiring disclosure under Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act. None of our executive officers has served as a director, or member of the compensation committee (or other committee serving an equivalent function), of an organization that has an executive officer also serving as a member of our board of directors or compensation committee. 25 Summary of Cash and Other Compensation DIRECTOR COMPENSATION ________________ The table below provides summary information concerning the compensation of each individual who served as a director of our company during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015, other than G. Patrick Lynch, our President and Chief Executive Officer, who was not compensated separately for serving on the Board of Directors during fiscal 2015. His compensation during fiscal 2015 for serving as an executive officer of our company is set forth under “Executive Compensation” included elsewhere in this proxy statement. DIRECTOR COMPENSATION – FISCAL 2015 Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) Name Barbara D. Colwell ................. Soo-Keong Koh ...................... Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. ................ Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. .......... Richard J. Nigon ..................... Konstantin von Falkenhausen .......................... $ 28,000 24,000 21,000 21,000 44,000 Option Awards ($)(1)(2) $ 46,320 46,320 0 46,320 69,480 All Other Compensation ($)(3) $ - - - 121,326 - Total ($) $ 74,320 70,320 21,000 188,646 113,480 28,000 46,320 - 74,320 (1) The amounts in this column do not reflect compensation actually received by the directors nor do they reflect the actual value that will be recognized by the directors. Instead, the amounts reflect the grant date fair value for option grants made by us in fiscal 2015, as calculated in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 718. On September 1, 2014, each then current director, other than Dr. Lee and Mr. Lynch, received a stock option to purchase 4,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $20.10 per share granted under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, the material terms of which are described in more detail under “Executive Compensation—Stock Incentive Plan.” These options vested in full on September 1, 2015 and will expire on August 31, 2024 or earlier in the case of a director whose service as a director is terminated prior to such date. In addition, on September 1, 2014, Mr. Nigon received an additional stock option to purchase 2,000 shares of our common stock in consideration for his service as Chairman of the Board. The terms of this stock option are identical to the other director stock options granted on that date. See “—Non-Employee Director Compensation Program—Stock Options.” The grant date fair value associated with these awards and as calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 is determined based on our Black-Scholes option pricing model. The grant date fair value per share for the options granted on September 1, 2014 was $11.58 and was determined using the following specific assumptions: risk free interest rate: 1.63%; expected life: 10.0 years; expected volatility: 46.6%; and expected dividend yield: 0%. (2) The table below provides information regarding the aggregate number of options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding at August 31, 2015 and held by each of the directors listed in the Director Compensation Table. Note that because of the grant date, neither the Director Compensation Table nor the table below reflects option grants on September 1, 2015. See “—Non-Employee Director Compensation Program— Stock Options.” Name Barbara D. Colwell .................. Soo-Keong Koh ....................... Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. ................. Aggregate Number Of Securities Underlying Options 7,000 16,000 12,000 Exercisable/ Unexercisable 3,000/4,000 12,000/4,000 12,000/0 Exercise Price(s) $17.11 – 20.10 $10.25 – 20.10 $10.25 – 16.45 Expiration Date(s) 11/18/2023 – 8/31/2024 8/31/2016 – 8/31/2024 8/31/2016 – 8/31/2023 26 Name Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. ........... Richard J. Nigon ...................... Konstantin von Falkenhausen .. Aggregate Number Of Securities Underlying Options 16,000 21,500 11,000 Exercisable/ Unexercisable 12,000/4,000 15,500/6,000 7,000/4,000 Exercise Price(s) $10.25 – 20.10 $10.25 – 20.10 $10.25 – 20.10 Expiration Date(s) 8/31/2016 – 8/31/2024 8/31/2016 – 8/31/2024 11/15/2022 – 8/31/2024 (3) We do not provide perquisites or other personal benefits to our directors. The amounts reflected for Dr. Narayan reflects consulting fees and royalties paid during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 as described in more detail below under “—Consulting Arrangement.” Non-Employee Director Compensation Program Overview. Our non-employee directors for purposes of our director compensation program currently consist of Barbara D. Colwell, Soo-Keong Koh, Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D., Ramani Narayan, Ph.D., Richard J. Nigon and Konstantin von Falkenhausen. We use a combination of cash and long-term equity-based incentive compensation in the form of annual stock option grants to attract and retain qualified candidates to serve on the Board of Directors. In setting non-employee director compensation, we follow the process and procedures described under “Corporate Governance—Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee—Processes and Procedures for the Determination of Director Compensation.” Cash Retainers and Meeting Fees. Each of our non-employee directors receives annual cash retainers and meeting fees. The following table sets forth the current annual cash retainers paid to our non-employee directors: Description Chairman of the Board .............................................................................................................. Board Member (not including Chairman of the Board) ............................................................ Audit Committee Chair ............................................................................................................. Audit Committee Member (not including Chair) ...................................................................... $ Annual Cash Retainer 15,000 15,000 5,000 4,000 Each of our non-employee directors also receives $1,000 for each Board, Board committee and strategy review meeting attended. No director, however, earns more than $1,000 per day in Board, Board committee and strategy review meeting fees. Stock Options. Each of our non-employee directors, other than Dr. Sunggyu Lee and a director who will not stand for re-election at the next annual meeting of stockholders, is automatically granted a ten-year non-qualified option to purchase 4,000 shares of our common stock on the first day of each fiscal year in consideration for his or her service as a director of NTIC and the Chairman of the Board is automatically granted an additional ten-year non-qualified option to purchase 2,000 shares of our common stock on the first day of each fiscal year in consideration for his services as Chairman. In addition, each new non- employee director is automatically granted a ten-year non-qualified option to purchase a pro rata portion of 4,000 shares of our common stock calculated by dividing the number of months remaining in the fiscal year at the time of election or appointment by 12 on the date the director is first elected or appointed as a director of NTIC. Each automatically granted option becomes exercisable, on a cumulative basis, on the one-year anniversary of the date of its grant. The exercise price of such options is equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. Dr. Sunggyu Lee has chosen not to accept the automatic option grant to purchase 4,000 shares of NTIC common stock that was granted to him effective as of September 1, 2014 in connection with his services as a director of NTIC and has rejected all future option grants to directors in connection with his services as a director of NTIC. 27 Under the terms of our stock incentive plan, unless otherwise provided in a separate agreement or modified in connection with the termination of a director’s service, if a director’s service with our company terminates for any reason, the unvested portion of options then held by the director will immediately terminate and the director’s right to exercise the then vested portion will:    immediately terminate if the director’s service relationship with our company terminated for “cause”; continue for a period of 12 months if the director’s service relationship with our company terminates as a result of the director’s death, disability or retirement; or continue for a period of three months if the director’s service relationship with our company terminates for any reason, other than for cause or upon the director’s death, disability or retirement. We refer you to note (1) to the Director Compensation Table for a summary of all option grants to our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 and note (2) to the Director Compensation Table for a summary of all options to purchase shares of our common stock held by our non-employee directors as of August 31, 2015. Reimbursement of Expenses. All of our directors are reimbursed for travel expenses for attending meetings and other miscellaneous out-of-pocket expenses incurred in performing their Board functions. Consulting Arrangement We paid consulting fees to Bioplastic Polymers LLC which is owned by Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. in the aggregate amount of $100,000 and royalty fees in an aggregate amount of $21,326 during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. The consulting services rendered by Bioplastic Polymers LLC related to research and development associated with various new technologies. The royalty fees were paid pursuant to an oral agreement pursuant to which we have agreed to pay Bioplastic Polymers LLC and Dr. Narayan in consideration of the transfer and assignment by Biopolymer Plastics LLC and Dr. Narayan of certain biodegradable polymer technology to us, an aggregate of three percent of the gross margin on any net sales of products incorporating the biodegradable polymer technology transferred to us by Bioplastic Polymers LLC and Dr. Narayan for a period of 10 years, provided that if a patent for or with respect to biodegradable polymer technology is issued before the expiration of such 10 year period, then until the expiration of such patent we will pay to Bioplastic Polymers LLC and Dr. Narayan an aggregate of three percent of the biodegradable polymer technology gross margin attributable to such patent. Indemnification Agreements We have entered into agreements with all of our directors under which we are required to indemnify them against expenses, judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred, including expenses of a derivative action, in connection with an actual or threatened proceeding if any of them may be made a party because he or she is or was one of our directors. We will be obligated to pay these amounts only if the director acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to our best interests. With respect to any criminal proceeding, we will be obligated to pay these amounts only if the director had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The indemnification agreements also set forth procedures that will apply in the event of a claim for indemnification. 28 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ________________ Compensation Discussion and Analysis In this Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”), we describe the key principles and approaches we use to determine elements of compensation paid to, awarded to and earned by G. Patrick Lynch, who serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and Matthew C. Wolsfeld, who serves as our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). Their compensation is set forth in the Summary Compensation Table found later in this proxy statement. The CEO and CFO are the only two individuals who have been designated by our Board of Directors as “executive officers” of NTIC within the meaning of the federal securities laws. This CD&A should be read in conjunction with the accompanying compensation tables, corresponding notes and narrative discussion, as they provide additional information and context to our compensation disclosures. We refer to the CEO and CFO in this proxy statement as our “named executive officers” or “executives.” Executive Summary One of our key executive compensation objectives is to link pay to performance by aligning the financial interests of our executives with those of our stockholders and by emphasizing pay for performance in our compensation programs. We believe we accomplish this objective primarily through our annual bonus plan, which compensates executives for achieving annual corporate financial goals and individual goals. Although our total net sales increased 13.0% to $30,322,694 during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014, our net income attributable to NTIC deceased 56.8%, to $1,789,571 or $0.39 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2015 compared to $4,106,374, or $0.90 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2014. Accordingly, total compensation for our named executive officers for fiscal 2015 decreased over 25% compared to fiscal 2014, as a result of decreased bonuses under our annual bonus plan. Compensation Highlights and Best Practices Our compensation practices include many best pay practices that support our executive compensation objectives and principles and benefit our stockholders, such as the following:  Pay for performance. We tie compensation directly to financial performance. Our annual bonus plan pays out only if a certain minimum adjusted earnings threshold is met and the payouts are completely dependent upon our actual adjusted earnings.  At-risk pay. A significant portion of executives’ compensation is “performance-based” or “at risk.” For fiscal 2015, 27% of total compensation for our named executive officers was performance-based, assuming grant date fair values for equity awards.  Equity-based pay. A significant portion of executives’ compensation is “equity-based” and in the form of stock-based incentive awards. For fiscal 2015, 13% of total compensation for our named executive officers was equity-based, assuming grant date fair values for equity awards.  Three-year vesting. Value received under our long-term equity-based incentive awards, which is comprised solely of stock options, is tied to three-year vesting and any value received is contingent upon our long-term stock price performance since stock options have value only if the market value of our common stock exceeds the exercise price of the options. 29  Clawback policy. Our stock incentive plan and related award agreements include a “clawback” mechanism to recoup incentive compensation if it is determined that executives engaged in certain conduct adverse to our interests.  No tax gross-ups. We do not provide tax “gross-up” payments in connection with any compensation, benefits or perquisites provided to our executives.  Limited perquisites. We provide only limited perquisites to our executives.  No hedging or pledging. We prohibit our executives from engaging in hedging transactions, such as short sales, transactions in publicly traded options, such as puts, calls and other derivatives, and pledging our common stock in any significant respect. Say-on-Pay Vote At our 2015 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders had the opportunity to provide an advisory vote on the compensation paid to our named executive officers, or a “say-on-pay” vote. Of the votes cast by our stockholders, 98% were in favor of our “say-on-pay” proposal. Accordingly, the Compensation Committee generally believes that these results affirmed stockholder support of our approach to executive compensation and did not believe it was necessary to make; and therefore, has not made, any changes to our executive pay program solely in response to that vote. In accordance with the result of the advisory vote on the frequency of the say-on-pay vote, which was conducted at our 2014 annual meeting of stockholders, our board of directors has determined that we will conduct an executive compensation advisory vote every year. Accordingly, the next say-on-pay vote will occur in January 2016 in connection with our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. Executive Compensation Objectives Our guiding compensation philosophy is to maintain an executive compensation program that allows us to attract, retain, motivate and reward qualified and talented executives that will enable us to grow our business, achieve our annual, long-term and strategic goals and drive long-term stockholder value. The following core principles provide a framework for our executive compensation program:  Align interests of our executives with stockholder interests;  Integrate compensation with our business plans and strategic goals;  Link amount of compensation to both company and individual performance; and  Provide fair and competitive compensation opportunities that attract and retain executives. How We Make Compensation Decisions There are several elements to our executive compensation decision-making, which we believe allow us to most effectively implement our compensation philosophy. Each of these elements and their roles are described briefly below. Role of the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee, which is comprised solely of independent directors, oversees our executive compensation program. Within its duties, the Compensation Committee recommends compensation for the CEO and CFO. In doing so, the Compensation Committee: 30  Approves and recommends that the Board approve the total executive compensation package for each executive, including his base salary, annual bonus payout and annual stock option awards;  Approves and recommends that the Board approve the terms of our annual bonus plan;  Approves and recommends that the Board approve annual stock option grants;  Evaluates market competitiveness of our executive compensation program; and  Evaluates proposed significant changes to all other elements of our executive compensation program. In setting or recommending executive compensation for our executives, the Compensation Committee considers the following primary factors:            each executive’s position within the company and the level of responsibility; the ability of the executive to impact key business initiatives; the executive’s individual experience and qualifications; company performance, as compared to specific pre-established objectives; individual performance, generally and as compared to specific pre-established objectives; the executive’s current and historical compensation levels; advancement potential and succession planning considerations; an assessment of the risk that the executive would leave NTIC and the harm to our business initiatives if the executive left; the retention value of executive equity holdings, including outstanding stock options; the dilutive effect on the interests of our stockholders of long-term equity-based incentive awards; and anticipated share-based compensation expense as determined under applicable accounting rules. The Compensation Committee also considers the recommendations of the CEO with respect to executive compensation to be paid to other executives and employees. The significance of any individual factor described above in setting executive compensation will vary from year to year and may vary among our executives. In making its final decision regarding the form and amount of compensation to be paid to our named executive officers (other than the CEO), the Compensation Committee considers and gives great weight to the recommendations of the CEO recognizing that due to his reporting and otherwise close relationship with each executive and employee, the CEO often is in a better position than the Compensation Committee to evaluate the performance of each executive (other than himself). In making its final decision regarding the form and amount of compensation to be paid to the CEO, the Compensation Committee considers the results of the CEO’s self-review and his individual annual 31 performance review by the Compensation Committee and the recommendations of our non-employee directors. The CEO’s compensation is approved by the Board of Directors (with the CEO abstaining), upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee. Role of Management. Management’s role is to provide current compensation information to the Compensation Committee and provide analysis and recommendations on executive compensation to the Compensation Committee based on the executive’s level of professional experience; the executive’s duties and responsibilities; individual performance; tenure; and historic corporate performance. None of our executives, including the CEO, provides input or recommendations with respect to his own compensation. Use of Market Data. Since there are no public companies of which NTIC is aware that are substantially similar to NTIC, in terms of its business, industry and corporate profile, the Compensation Committee has not used market data to review and evaluate executive compensation in any material respect. Elements of Our Executive Compensation Program Our executive compensation program for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 consisted of the following key elements:  Base salary;  Annual incentive compensation;  Long-term equity-based incentive compensation, in the form of stock options; and  All other compensation, including health and welfare benefits, retirement plans and perquisites. The table below provides some of the key characteristics of and purpose for each element along with some key actions taken during fiscal 2015. Element Base Salary A fixed amount, paid in cash Key Characteristics and reviewed annually and, if appropriate, adjusted. Purpose Provide a source of fixed income that is competitive and reflects scope and responsibility of the position held. Annual Incentive A variable, short-term element of compensation that is typically payable in cash and is based on Adjusted EBITDOI and individual performance goals. Motivate and reward our executives for achievement of annual business results intended to drive overall company performance. Long-Term Equity- Based Incentive A variable, long-term element of compensation that is provided in the form of stock options. Stock options are time-based and vest annually over three years. Align the interests of our executives with the long-term interests of our stockholders; promote stock ownership and create significant incentives for executive retention. Key Fiscal 2015 Actions Our named executive officers received 8% increases to annual base salaries, effective as of September 1, 2014, the first day of fiscal 2015. No significant changes were made. No significant changes were made. Health and Welfare Benefits Includes health, dental and life insurance. Provide competitive health and welfare benefits at a reasonable cost and promote employee health. No significant changes were made. 32 Element Retirement Plans Perquisites Key Characteristics Includes a 401(k) plan. We do not provide pension arrangements or post- retirement health coverage for our executives or employees. We also do not provide any nonqualified defined contribution or other deferred compensation plans. Includes use of a company- owned automobile. We do not provide any other perquisites to our executives. Purpose Provide an opportunity for employees to save and prepare financially for retirement. Key Fiscal 2015 Actions No significant changes were made. Assist in the attraction and retention of executives. No significant changes were made. We describe each key element of our executive compensation program in more detail in the following pages, along with the compensation decisions made in fiscal 2015. Base Salary. We provide a base salary for our named executive officers, which, unlike some of the other elements of our executive compensation program, is not subject to company or individual performance risk. We recognize the need for most executives to receive at least a portion of their total compensation in the form of a guaranteed base salary that is paid in cash regularly throughout the year. We initially fix base salaries for our executives at a level that we believe enables us to hire and retain them in a competitive environment and to reward satisfactory individual performance and a satisfactory level of contribution to our overall business objectives. The Compensation Committee reviews base salaries for our named executive officers each year typically in July and generally recommends to the Board of Directors any increases for the following fiscal year in July or August or as soon as practicable thereafter. Regardless of when the final decision regarding base salaries for a fiscal year is made by the Board of Directors, any increases in base salaries are effective as of September 1 of that year, which depending upon the timing of the final decision could result in a retroactive payment to the executive shortly after the final decision is made. The Compensation Committee’s recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding the base salaries of our named executive officers are based on a number of factors, including: the executive’s level of responsibility, prior experience and base salary for the prior year, the skills and experiences required by the position, length of service with our company, past individual performance, cost of living increases and other considerations the Compensation Committee deems relevant. The Compensation Committee also recognizes that in addition to the typical responsibilities and duties held by our executives, by virtue of their positions, our executives, due to the small number of our executives and employees, often possess additional responsibilities and perform additional duties that would be typically delegated to others in most organizations with additional personnel and resources. Annualized base salary rates for fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2015 for our named executive officers were as follows: Name G. Patrick Lynch ...................... Matthew C. Wolsfeld ................ Fiscal 2014 $ 300,464 222,082 Fiscal 2015 $ 324,502 239,849 % Change From Fiscal 2014 8.0% 8.0% 33 An increase of eight percent was determined appropriate in light of the increased responsibilities taken on by our executives and performance during fiscal 2014. The Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, recently set base salaries for fiscal 2016. Mr. Lynch’s base salary for fiscal 2016 is $340,726, and Mr. Wolsfeld’s base salary for fiscal 2016 is $251,841, representing base salary increases of five percent over their respective base salaries for fiscal 2014. Annual Incentive Compensation. In addition to base compensation, we provide our named executive officers the opportunity to earn annual incentive compensation based on the achievement of certain company and individual related performance goals. Our annual bonus program directly aligns the interests of our executive officers and stockholders by providing an incentive for the achievement of key corporate and individual performance measures that are critical to the success of our company and linking a significant portion of each executive’s annual compensation to the achievement of such measures. Under the annual bonus plan for fiscal 2015, the total amount available under the bonus plan for all plan participants, including executives, as in past years, was a percent of NTIC’s earnings before interest, taxes and other income, as adjusted to take into account amounts to be paid under the bonus plan and certain other adjustments (“Adjusted EBITOI”). For fiscal 2015, the other adjustments included amounts paid under NTIC’s sales and management bonus plan and profit sharing plan. For each named executive officer participant, 75 percent of the amount of their individual bonus payout was determined based upon their individual allocation percentage of the total amount available under the bonus plan and 25 percent of their individual payout was determined based upon their achievement of certain pre-established but more qualitative individual performance objectives. A plan participant’s individual allocation percentage of the total amount available under the bonus plan was based on the number of plan participants, the individual’s annual base salary and the individual’s position and level of responsibility within the company. Mr. Lynch’s individual allocation percentage for fiscal 2015 was 17.6 percent and Mr. Wolsfeld’s individual allocation percentage for fiscal 2015 was 13.0 percent. Mr. Lynch’s individual performance objectives for fiscal 2015 related primarily to NTIC’s operations in China, the improvement and maintenance of key joint venture relationships, improvement and maintenance of investors relations and retention and improvement of key personnel. Mr. Wolsfeld’s individual performance objectives for fiscal 2015 related primarily to financial oversight of NTIC’s subsidiary in China, integration of NTIC’s ZERUST® Oil & Gas business operations into NTIC’s operations in Circle Pines, and improvement and maintenance of investor relations and internal controls. In the case of both Mr. Lynch and Mr. Wolsfeld, the Compensation Committee determined each executive achieved his individual performance objectives at a 15% percent achievement level. Mr. Lynch received a total bonus of $64,981 for fiscal 2015 and Mr. Wolsfeld received a total bonus of $48,029 for fiscal 2015. The Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, determined to pay all bonuses in cash as opposed to a mix of cash and NTIC common stock in light of our cash and cash equivalent balance which is higher than in past years and the implementation of a long-term incentive plan component to our executive compensation, payable in annual stock option grants, as described in more detail below. The structure and material terms of our annual bonus plan for fiscal 2016 are similar to the annual bonus plan for fiscal 2015. As in past years, the payment of bonuses under the plan will be discretionary and may be paid to participants in cash and/or shares of NTIC common stock. 34 Long-Term Equity-Based Incentive Compensation. In November 2012, we adopted and began to implement a long-term equity-based incentive compensation component to our executive compensation program. The long-term equity-based incentive compensation component consists of annual option grants to our executives and certain other employees, which options vest on an annual basis over a three- year period. The stock options are typically granted on the first business day of each fiscal year. Accordingly, on September 1, 2014, NTIC granted Mr. Lynch an option to purchase 5,244 shares of common stock and Mr. Wolsfeld an option to purchase 3,876 shares of common stock. More recently, on September 1, 2015, NTIC granted Mr. Lynch an option to purchase 7,287 shares of common stock and Mr. Wolsfeld an option to purchase 5,386 shares of common stock. In determining the number of stock options to grant to our executives and other employees, the Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, considered the total amount of stock-based compensation expense budgeted for such options and divided that amount by the grant date fair value per share to obtain a total option pool. Of the total option pool, the number of options to be granted to each executive and employee receiving options was then determined based on the individual’s base salary as a percentage of the total aggregate base salaries of all executive and employees receiving option grants. The Compensation Committee’s primary objectives with respect to long-term equity-based incentive compensation are to align the interests of our executives with the long-term interests of our stockholders, promote stock ownership and create significant incentives for executive retention. Long-term equity- based incentives are intended to comprise a significant portion of each executive’s compensation package, consistent with our executive compensation objective to align the interests of our executives with the interests of our stockholders. For fiscal 2015, equity-based compensation comprised 13 percent of the total compensation for Mr. Lynch and Mr. Wolsfeld, assuming grant date fair value for equity awards. All equity-based compensation granted to our executives and other employees is granted under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and our stockholders. The Compensation Committee uses stock options as opposed to other equity-based incentive awards since the Compensation Committee believes that options effectively incentivize executives to maximize company performance, as the value of awards is directly tied to an appreciation in the value of our common stock. Stock options also provide an effective retention mechanism because of vesting provisions. An important objective of our long-term equity-based incentive program is to strengthen the relationship between the long-term value of our common stock and the potential financial gain for our executives. Stock options provide recipients with the opportunity to purchase our common stock at a price fixed on the grant date regardless of future market price. The vesting of our stock options is time- based – annually over a three-year period. Our policy is to grant options only with an exercise price equal to or more than the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. Under the terms of our incentive plan, fair market value is defined as the mean between the reported high and low sale prices of our common stock as of the grant date during the regular daily trading session, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market. Because stock options become valuable only if the share price increases above the exercise price and the option holder remains employed during the period required for the option to vest, they provide an incentive for an executive to remain employed. In addition, stock options link a portion of an employee’s compensation to the interests of our stockholders by providing an incentive to achieve corporate goals and increase the market price of our common stock over the three-year vesting period. Although we do not have any stock retention or ownership guidelines, the Board of Directors encourages our executives to have a financial stake in our company in order to align the interests of our executives with the interests of our stockholders. Through the grant of stock options, we seek to align the long-term interests of our executives with the long-term interests of our stockholders by creating a strong and direct 35 linkage between compensation and long-term stockholder return. When our executives deliver returns to our stockholders, in the form of increases in our stock price or otherwise, stock options permit an increase in their compensation. We also believe that stock options enable our executives to achieve a meaningful equity ownership in our company and enable us to attract, retain and motivate our executives by maintaining competitive levels of total compensation. As described in more detail below, under the terms of our insider trading policy, our executives are prohibited from engaging in any hedging or significant pledging of their shares of our common stock. All Other Compensation. It is generally our policy not to extend significant perquisites to our executives that are not available to our employees generally. The only significant perquisite that we provide to our executives is the personal use of a company-owned vehicle. Our executives also receive benefits, which are also received by our other employees, including participation in the Northern Technologies International Corporation 401(k) Plan and health, dental and life insurance benefits. Under the 401(k) plan, all eligible participants, including our executives, may voluntarily request that we reduce his or her pre-tax compensation by up to 10 percent (subject to certain special limitations) and contribute such amounts to a trust. We typically contribute an amount equal to 50 percent of the first seven percent of the amount that each participant contributed under this plan. We do not provide pension arrangements or post-retirement health coverage for our executives or employees. We also do not provide any nonqualified defined contribution or other deferred compensation plans. Change in Control and Post-Termination Severance Arrangements Change in Control Arrangements. To encourage continuity, stability and retention when considering the potential disruptive impact of an actual or potential corporate transaction, we have established change in control arrangements, including provisions in our stock incentive plan and written employment agreements with our executives. These arrangements are designed to incentivize our executives to remain with NTIC in the event of a change in control or potential change in control. Under the terms of our stock incentive plan and the individual award documents provided to recipients of awards under that plan, all stock options become immediately vested and exercisable upon the completion of a change in control of NTIC. For more information, see “—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control—Change in Control Arrangements.” Thus, the immediate vesting of stock options is triggered by the change in control, itself, and thus is known as a “single trigger” change in control arrangement. We believe these “single trigger” equity acceleration change in control arrangements provide important retention incentives during what can often be an uncertain time for executives. They also provide executives with additional monetary motivation to focus on and complete a transaction that the Board of Directors believes is in the best interests of our stockholders rather than to seek new employment opportunities. If an executive were to leave before the completion of the change in control, non-vested options held by the executive would terminate. In addition, we have entered into employment agreements with our named executive officers to provide certain payments and benefits in the event of a change in control, which are payable only in the event their employment is terminated in connection with the change in control (“double-trigger” provisions). These change in control protections provide consideration to executives for certain restrictive covenants that apply following termination of employment and provide continuity of management in connection with a threatened or actual change in control transaction. If an executive’s employment is terminated without “cause” or by the executive for “good reason” (as defined in the employment agreements) within 24 months following a change in control, the executive will be entitled to receive a lump sum payment equal to two times, in the case of the CEO, and one and one-half times, in the case of the CFO, his average total annual compensation for the two most recently completed fiscal years, plus a pro rata portion of the target bonus that the executive otherwise would have been eligible to receive under our 36 bonus plan for the fiscal year during which the executive’s employment is terminated, with such pro rata portion based on the number of completed months during the fiscal year that the executive was employed with our company. These arrangements, and a quantification of the payment and benefits provided under these arrangements, are described in more detail under “—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control—Change in Control Arrangements.” Other than the immediate acceleration of equity- based awards which we believe aligns our executives’ interests with those of our stockholders by allowing executives to participate fully in the benefits of a change in control as to all of their equity, in order for a named executive officer to receive any other payments or benefits as a result of a change in control of NTIC, there must be a termination of the executive’s employment, either by us without cause or by the executive for good reason. The termination of the executive’s employment by the executive without good reason will not give rise to additional payments or benefits either in a change in control situation or otherwise. Thus, these additional payments and benefits will not just be triggered by a change in control, but also will require a termination event not within the control of the executive, and thus are known as “double trigger” change in control arrangements. As opposed to the immediate acceleration of stock options, we believe that other change in control payments and benefits should properly be tied to termination following a change in control, given the intent that these amounts provide economic security to ease in the executive’s transition to new employment. We believe these change in control arrangements are an important part of our executive compensation program in part because they mitigate some of the risk for executives working in a smaller company where there is a meaningful risk that the company may be acquired. Change in control benefits are intended to attract and retain qualified executives who, absent these arrangements and in anticipation of a possible change in control of NTIC, might consider seeking employment alternatives to be less risky than remaining with NTIC through the transaction. We believe that relative to our company’s overall value, our potential change in control benefits are relatively small. We also believe that the form and amount of these change in control benefits are fair and reasonable to both our company and our executives. The Compensation Committee reviews our change of control arrangements periodically to ensure that they remain necessary and appropriate. Other Severance Arrangements. Each of our named executive officers is entitled to receive severance benefits upon certain other qualifying terminations of employment, other than a change in control, pursuant to the provisions of such executive’s employment agreement. These severance arrangements are primarily intended to retain our executives and provide consideration to those executives for certain restrictive covenants that apply following termination of employment. Additionally, we entered into the employment agreements because they provide us valuable protection by subjecting the executives to restrictive covenants that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information during and following their employment and limit their ability to engage in competition with us or otherwise interfere with our business relationships following their termination of employment. For more information on our employment agreements and severance arrangements with our named executive officers, see the discussions below under “—Summary Compensation—Employment Agreements” and “—Potential Payments Upon a Termination or Change in Control.” We believe that the form and amount of these severance benefits are fair and reasonable to both our company and our executives. The Compensation Committee reviews our severance arrangements periodically to ensure that they remain necessary and appropriate. Hedging and Pledging Our insider trading policy prohibits officers and directors from purchasing NTIC securities on margin, borrowing against any account in which NTIC securities are held, or pledging NTIC securities in any significant respect as collateral for a loan. In addition, our insider trading policy prohibits employees 37 (including executive officers) and directors from purchasing any financial instruments (including, without limitation, prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds) that are designed to hedge or offset any decrease in the market value of NTIC securities. Compensation Committee Report The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” with management and, based on such review and discussion, the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board that the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” be included in this proxy statement and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. Compensation Committee: Richard J. Nigon (Chair) Dr. Sunggyu Lee Konstantin von Falkenhausen Summary of Cash and Other Compensation The table below provides summary information concerning all compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to named executive officers. G. Patrick Lynch, our President and Chief Executive Officer who serves as our principal executive officer, and Matthew C. Wolsfeld, our Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary who serves as our principal financial officer. Mr. Lynch and Mr. Wolsfeld are the only two individuals who have been designated by our Board of Directors as “executive officers” of our company. SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE – FISCAL 2015 Name and Principal Position G. Patrick Lynch .................... President and Chief Executive Officer Fiscal Year 2015 2014 2013 Matthew C. Wolsfeld ............. Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary 2015 2014 2013 Salary $ 324,501 300,464 278,208 239,850 222,082 205,632 $ Option Awards(1) 60,623 49,343 106,977 Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation(2) 64,981 $ 267,362 152,716 All Other Compensation(3) 13,102 $ 12,161 11,911 44,808 36,474 79,070 48,029 197,615 112,877 12,875 11,918 11,668 Total $ 463,207 629,328 549,812 345,561 468,085 409,247 (1) On September 1, 2014, each of the named executive officers was granted a stock option under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. We refer you to the information under the heading “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Elements of Our Executive Compensation Program—Long-Term Equity-Based Incentive Compensation” for a discussion of the option grants and their terms. The amounts reflected in the column entitled “Option Awards” for each officer represent the aggregate grant date fair value for the option awards, as computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The grant date fair value is determined based on a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The grant date fair value per share for the options granted on September 1, 2014 was $11.58 and was determined using the following specific assumptions: risk free interest rate: 1.63%; expected life: 10.0 years; expected volatility: 46.6%; and expected dividend yield: 0%. (2) The amounts reflected in the column entitled “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” reflect the cash amount of bonus earned by each of the officers in consideration for their fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 performance, respectively, but paid to such officers during fiscal 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We refer you to the information under “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Elements of Our Executive Compensation Program—Annual Incentive Compensation” for a discussion of the factors taken into 38 consideration by the Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, in determining the amount of bonus paid to each named executive officer. (3) The amounts shown in the column entitled “All Other Compensation” for fiscal 2015 include the following with respect to each named executive officer: Name G. Patrick Lynch ................................................ Matthew C. Wolsfeld ......................................... 401(k) Match $ 8,750 8,750 Personal Use of Auto $ 4,352 4,125 Grants of Plan-Based Awards The table below provides information concerning grants of plan-based awards to each of our named executive officers during the year ended August 31, 2015. The option awards were granted to our named executive officers under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and our stockholders and the non-equity incentive plan awards were granted under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Performance Incentive Plan. The material terms of these awards and the material plan provisions relevant to these awards are described in the notes to the table below or in the narrative following the table below. During the year ended August 31, 2015, we did not grant any equity incentive plan awards or stock awards, in each case, within the meaning of the SEC rules. GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS - 2015 Grant date Board approval date(1) Name G. Patrick Lynch Non-equity incentive plan award.................... 09/01/14 Stock option ................... 09/01/14 Matthew C. Wolsfeld Non-equity incentive plan award.................... 09/01/14 Stock option ................... 09/01/14 08/18/14 08/18/14 08/18/14 08/18/14 Estimated future payouts under non- equity incentive plan awards(2) Target ($) Threshold ($) Maximum ($) All other option awards: number of securities underlying options(3) (#) Exercise or base price of option awards ($/Sh) Grant date fair value stock and option awards(4) ($) — $113,010 — 5,244 $20.10 $60,623 — $83,529 — 3,876 $20.10 $44,808 (1) The grant date with respect to the non-equity incentive awards is September 1, 2014, the first day of the performance period. The grant date with respect to the option awards is the date on which the Board of Directors met to approve the option grant. (2) Represents amounts payable under the NTIC’s annual bonus plan for fiscal 2015, which was approved by our Board of Directors on August 18, 2014. The actual amounts paid under the bonus plan are reflected in the “Non-equity incentive compensation” column of the Summary Compensation Table. (3) Represents an option granted under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, the material terms of which are described in more detail below under “— Stock Incentive Plan.” The option has a ten-year term and vests over a three-year period, with one-third of the underlying shares vesting on each of September 1, 2015, September 1, 2016 and September 1, 2017, so long as the individual remains an employee of our company as of such date. 39 (4) We refer you to note (2) to the Summary Compensation Table for a discussion of the assumptions made in calculating the grant date fair value of the option awards. Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End The table set forth below provides information regarding stock options for each of our named executive officers that remained outstanding at August 31, 2015. Note that because of the grant date, the table set forth below does not reflect option grants on September 1, 2015. We did not have any equity incentive plan awards or stock awards outstanding at August 31, 2015. OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR END—FISCAL 2015 Name G. Patrick Lynch .................... Matthew C. Wolsfeld ............. Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable 3,362 6,725 5,550 1,935 0 Option Awards Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable(1) 0 0 2,775(2) 3,870(3) 5,244(4) 2,485 4,971 4,102 1,430 0 0 0 2,051(2) 2,861(3) 3,876(4) Option Exercise Price ($) $ 10.25 10.25 10.25 14.70 20.10 10.25 10.25 10.25 14.70 20.10 Option Expiration Date 11/15/2022 11/15/2022 11/15/2022 08/31/2023 08/31/2024 11/15/2022 11/15/2022 11/15/2022 08/31/2023 08/31/2024 (1) All options described in this table were granted under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. Under the plan, upon the occurrence of a change in control, the unvested and unexercisable options will be accelerated and become fully vested and immediately exercisable as of the date of the change in control. For more information, we refer you to the discussion below under “—Stock Incentive Plan.” (2) These options vest over a three-year period, with one-third of the underlying shares vesting on each of November 16, 2013, 2014 and 2015 so long as the individual remains an employee of NTIC as of such date. (3) These options vest over a three-year period, with one-third of the underlying shares vesting on each of September 1, 2014, 2015 and 2016 so long as the individual remains an employee of NTIC as of such date. (4) These options vest over a three-year period, with one-third of the underlying shares vesting on each of September 1, 2015, 2016 and 2017 so long as the individual remains an employee of NTIC as of such date. Option Exercises for Fiscal 2015 Neither of the named executive officers exercised any stock options during fiscal 2015 and we did not have any stock awards outstanding within the meaning of the SEC rules. Stock Incentive Plan We have only one stock incentive plan under which stock options are currently outstanding and future stock incentive awards may be granted – the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. Under the terms of the 2007 plan, our named executive officers, in addition to other employees and individuals, are eligible to receive stock-based compensation awards, 40 such as stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, stock bonuses and performance awards. To date, only incentive and non-statutory stock options and stock bonuses have been granted under the plan. The plan contains both an overall limit on the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued, as well as individual and other grant limits. Incentive stock options must be granted with a per share exercise price equal to at least the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. For purposes of the plan, the fair market value of our common stock is the mean between the reported high and low sale price of our common stock, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market. We generally set the per share exercise price of all stock options granted under the plan at an amount equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. Except in connection with certain specified changes in our corporate structure or shares, the Board of Directors or Compensation Committee may not, without prior approval of our stockholders, seek to effect any re-pricing of any previously granted, “underwater” option or stock appreciation right by amending or modifying the terms of the underwater option or stock appreciation right to lower the exercise price, cancelling the underwater option or stock appreciation right in exchange for cash, replacement options or stock appreciation rights having a lower exercise price, or other incentive awards, or repurchasing the underwater options or stock appreciation rights and granting new incentive awards under the plan. For purposes of the plan, an option or stock appreciation right is deemed to be “underwater” at any time when the fair market value of our common stock is less than the exercise price. We generally provide for the vesting of stock options in equal annual installments over a three-year period commencing on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant for employees and in full on the one- year anniversary of the date of grant for directors. We generally provide for option terms of ten years. Optionees may pay the exercise price of stock options in cash, except that the Compensation Committee may allow payment to be made (in whole or in part) by (1) using a broker-assisted cashless exercise procedure pursuant to which the optionee, upon exercise of an option, irrevocably instructs a broker or dealer to sell a sufficient number of shares of our common stock or loan a sufficient amount of money to pay all or a portion of the exercise price of the option and/or any related withholding tax obligations and remit such sums to us and directs us to deliver stock certificates to be issued upon such exercise directly to such broker or dealer; or (2) using a cashless exercise procedure pursuant to which the optionee surrenders to us shares of our common stock either underlying the option or that are otherwise held by the optionee. Under the terms of the plan, unless otherwise provided in a separate agreement or amended in connection with an optionee’s termination of employment, if a named executive officer’s employment or service with our company terminates for any reason, the unvested portion of the options held by such officer will immediately terminate and the executive’s right to exercise the then vested portion of the options will:    immediately terminate if the executive’s employment or service relationship with our company terminated for “cause”; continue for a period of 12 months if the executive’s employment or service relationship with our company terminates as a result of the executive’s death, disability or retirement; or continue for a period of three months if the executive’s employment or service relationship with our company terminates for any reason, other than for cause or upon death, disability or retirement. 41 As set forth in the plan, the term “cause” is as defined in any employment or other agreement or policy applicable to the named executive officer or, if no such agreement or policy exists, means (i) dishonesty, fraud, misrepresentation, embezzlement or other act of dishonesty with respect to us or any subsidiary, (ii) any unlawful or criminal activity of a serious nature, (iii) any intentional and deliberate breach of a duty or duties that, individually or in the aggregate, are material in relation to the overall duties, or (iv) any material breach of any employment, service, confidentiality or non-compete agreement entered into with us or any subsidiary. Under the terms of the plan, if a participant is determined by the committee to have taken any action that would constitute “cause” or an “adverse action” during or within one year after the termination of the participant’s employment or other service with our company, all rights of the participant under the plan and any agreements evidencing an award then held by the participant will terminate and be forfeited and the committee may require the participant to surrender and return to us any shares received, and/or to disgorge any profits or any other economic value made or realized by the participant in connection with any awards or any shares issued upon the exercise or vesting of any awards during or within one year after the termination of the participant’s employment or other service. Additionally, as applicable, we may defer the exercise of any option or stock appreciation right for a period of up to six months after receipt of a participant’s written notice of exercise or the issuance of share certificates upon the vesting of any incentive award for a period of up to six months after the date of such vesting in order for the committee to make any determination as to the existence of cause or an adverse action. An “adverse action” includes any of the following actions or conduct that the committee determines to be injurious, detrimental, prejudicial or adverse to our interests: (i) disclosing any confidential information of our company or any subsidiary to any person not authorized to receive it; (ii) engaging, directly or indirectly, in any commercial activity that in the judgment of the committee competes with our business or the business of any of our subsidiaries; or (iii) interfering with our relationships or the relationships of our subsidiaries and our and their respective employees, independent contractors, customers, prospective customers and vendors. As described in more detail under “—Post-Termination Severance and Change in Control Arrangements” if there is a change in control of our company, then, under the terms of agreements evidencing options granted to our named executive officers and other employees under the plan, all outstanding options will become immediately exercisable in full and will remain exercisable for the remainder of their terms, regardless of whether the executive to whom such options have been granted remains in the employ or service of us or any of our subsidiaries. Post-Termination Severance and Change in Control Arrangements We have entered into employment agreements with G. Patrick Lynch, NTIC’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and Matthew C. Wolsfeld, NTIC’s Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary. Although each of the executive’s employment with our company remains “at will,” the employment agreements provide each of the executives certain severance benefits in the event the executive’s employment is terminated by us without “cause” or by the executive for “good reason” and the executive executes and does not revoke a separation agreement and a release of all claims. If an executive’s employment is terminated by us without “cause” or by the executive for “good reason,” in addition to any accrued but unpaid salary and benefits through the date of termination, the executive will be entitled to a severance cash payment from us in an amount equal to two times (one and one-half times, in the case of Mr. Wolsfeld) the executive’s average total annual compensation for the two most recently completed fiscal years, plus a pro rata portion of the target bonus that the executive otherwise would have been eligible to receive under our bonus plan for the fiscal year during which the executive’s employment is terminated, with such pro rata portion based on the number of complete months during the 42 fiscal year that the executive was employed with our company. The severance payment will be paid in several installments in the form of salary continuation in accordance with our normal payroll practices over a 24-month period (18-month period, in the case of Mr. Wolsfeld). If, however, the termination event occurs within 24 months after a change in control of our company, the severance payment will be paid in one lump sum. If the executive is eligible for and timely elects continued coverage under our group medical plan, group dental plan and/or group vision plan pursuant to Section 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“COBRA”), for each of the first 18 months of the COBRA continuation period, we also will reimburse the executive in an amount equal to the difference between the amount the executive pays for such COBRA continuation coverage each month and the amount paid by a full-time active employee each month for the same level of coverage elected by the executive. In addition, all outstanding and unvested options to purchase shares of our common stock and other stock incentive awards granted to the executive under our stock incentive plan will become immediately vested and exercisable. Under the employment agreements, “cause” is defined as (i) the executive’s material breach of any of the executive’s obligations under the employment agreement, or the executive’s willful and continued failure or refusal to perform his duties, responsibilities and obligations as an executive officer of our company, for reasons other than the executive’s disability, to the satisfaction of the Board of Directors; (ii) the executive’s commission of an act of dishonesty, fraud, embezzlement, misappropriation, or intentional and deliberate injury or material breach of fiduciary duty, or material breach of the duty of loyalty related to or against us or our business, or any unlawful or criminal activity of a serious nature involving any felony, or conviction by a court of competent jurisdiction of, or pleading guilty or nolo contendere to, any felony or any crime involving moral turpitude; or (iii) the existence of any court order or settlement agreement prohibiting the executive’s continued employment with our company. “Good reason” is defined as (i) a material diminution in the executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities; (ii) a material diminution in the executive’s annual base salary; (iii) a material change in the geographic location at which we require the executive to provide services, except for travel reasonably required in the performance of the executive’s responsibilities; or (iv) any action or inaction that constitutes a material breach by us of the employment agreement. “Change in control” has the meaning assigned to such term in our stock incentive plan as in effect from time to time to the extent such change in control is a “change of control event” as defined under Code Section 409A and applicable Internal Revenue Service regulations. Under the terms of our stock incentive plan, a “change in control” means:  the sale, lease, exchange or other transfer of all or substantially all of our assets to a corporation that is not controlled by us; the approval by our stockholders of any plan or proposal for our liquidation or dissolution; certain merger or business combination transactions;    more than 40 percent of our outstanding voting shares are acquired by any person or group of persons who did not own any shares of common stock on the effective date of the plan; and certain changes in the composition of our Board of Directors.  If a change in control of our company had occurred on August 31, 2015, the number of options indicated in the table below held by each of our named executive officers would have been automatically accelerated and exercisable. The estimated value of the automatic acceleration of the vesting of unvested stock options held by a named executive officer as of August 31, 2015 is also indicated in the table below and is based on the difference between: (i) the market price of the shares of our common stock underlying the unvested stock options held by such officer as of August 31, 2015 (based on the closing sale price of our common stock on August 31, 2015 — $15.58), and (ii) the exercise price of the options. 43 Executive Officer G. Patrick Lynch ............. Matthew C. Wolsfeld ...... Number of Unvested Options Subject to Automatic Acceleration 11,889 8,787 Estimated Value of Automatic Acceleration of Vesting $ 18,196 13,450 If the employment of our named executive officers was terminated as of August 31, 2015, they would have been entitled to the following compensation and benefits, depending upon the applicable triggering event: Executive Officer G. Patrick Lynch ............ Cash severance(1) Type of Payment Benefits continuation(2) Equity acceleration(3) Total: Voluntary/ For Cause Termination $ 0 0 0 $ 0 Involuntary Termination without Cause $1,157,816 24,971 18,196 $1,200,983 Triggering Event Qualifying Change in Control Termination $1,157,816 $ 0 0 0 $ 0 24,971 18,196 $1,200,983 Death Matthew C. Wolsfeld..... Cash severance(1) Benefits continuation(2) Equity acceleration(3) Total: $ 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 658,264 22,627 13,450 $ 694,341 $ 658,264 $ 0 0 22,627 13,450 0 $ 0 $ 694,341 Disability $ $ $ $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) (2) (3) Includes the value of two times (one and one-half times, in the case of Mr. Wolsfeld) the executive’s average total annual compensation for the two most recently completed fiscal years plus a pro rata portion of the target bonus that the executive otherwise would have been eligible to receive under our bonus plan for the fiscal year during which the executive’s employment is terminated, which in this case in light of the assumed termination date of August 31, 2015, the last day of the fiscal year, represents the value of the full target bonus for the entire year. Includes the value of medical, dental and vision benefit continuation for each executive and their family for 18 months following the executive’s termination. Includes the value of acceleration of all unvested shares that are subject to options, based on a closing sale price of $15.58 per share as of August 31, 2015. Indemnification Agreements We have entered into agreements with all of our executive officers under which we are required to indemnify them against expenses, judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred, including expenses of a derivative action, in connection with an actual or threatened proceeding if any of them may be made a party because he or she is or was one of our executive officers. We will be obligated to pay these amounts only if the executive officer acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to our best interests. With respect to any criminal proceeding, we will be obligated to pay these amounts only if the executive officer had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The indemnification agreements also set forth procedures that will apply in the event of a claim for indemnification. 44 Risk Assessment of Compensation Policies, Practices and Programs As a result of our annual assessment on risk in our compensation programs, we concluded that our compensation policies, practices and programs and related compensation governance structure work together in a manner so as to encourage our employees, including our named executive officers, to pursue growth strategies that emphasize shareholder value creation, but not to take unnecessary or excessive risks that could threaten the value of our company. As part of our assessment, we noted in particular the following:  annual base salaries for employees are not subject to performance risk and, for most non- executive employees, constitute the largest part of their total compensation;  while performance-based, or at risk, compensation constitutes a significant percentage of the overall total compensation of many of our employees, including in particular our named executive officers, and thereby we believe motivates our employees to help fulfill our business goals and strategies, including specific and focused company performance goals, the non-performance based compensation for most employees for most years is also a sufficiently high percentage of their overall total compensation that we do not believe that unnecessary or excessive risk taking is encouraged by the performance-based compensation;   a significant portion of performance-based compensation of our employees is in the form of stock options which do not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk because they generally vest over a three-year period of time thereby focusing our employees on our long-term interests; and performance-based or variable compensation awarded to our employees, which for our higher-level employees, including our named executive officers, constitutes the largest part of their total compensation, is appropriately balanced between annual and long-term performance and cash and equity compensation, and utilizes several different performance measures and goals that are drivers of long-term success for NTIC and our stockholders. As a matter of best practice, we will continue to monitor our compensation policies, practices and programs to ensure that they continue to align the interest of our employees, including in particular our executive officers, with those of our long-term stockholders while avoiding unnecessary or excessive risk. 45 RELATED PERSON RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSACTIONS ________________ Introduction Below under “—Description of Related Party Transactions” is a description of transactions that have occurred during the past fiscal year, or any currently proposed transactions, to which we were or are a participant and in which:   the amounts involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000; and a related person (including any director, director nominee, executive officer, holder of more than 5% of our common stock or any member of their immediate family) had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. These transactions are referred to as “related party transactions.” Procedures Regarding Approval of Related Party Transactions As provided in our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the Audit Committee will review, approve or ratify reportable related party transactions by use of the following procedures:  NTIC’s Chief Financial Officer, with the assistance of NTIC’s legal counsel, will evaluate the disclosures provided in the director and officer questionnaires and from data obtained from NTIC’s records for potential related person transactions.  Management will periodically, but no less than annually, report to the Audit Committee on all related person transactions that occurred since the beginning of the prior fiscal year or that it believes will occur in the next year. Such report should include information as to (i) the related person’s relationship to NTIC and interest in the transaction; (ii) the material facts of the transaction; (iii) the benefits to NTIC of the transaction; and (iv) an assessment of whether the transaction is (to the extent applicable) in the ordinary course of business, at arm’s length, at prices and on terms customarily available to unrelated third party vendors or customers generally, and whether the related party had any direct or indirect personal interest in, or received any personal benefit from, such transaction.  Taking into account the factors listed above, and such other factors and information as the Audit Committee may deem appropriate, the Audit Committee will determine whether or not to approve or ratify (as the case may be) each related party transaction so identified.  Transactions in the ordinary course of business, between NTIC and an unaffiliated corporation of which a non-employee director of NTIC serves as an officer, that are: o at arm’s length, o at prices and on terms customarily available to unrelated third party vendors or customers generally, o in which the non-employee director had no direct or indirect personal interest, nor received any personal benefit, and 46 o in amounts that are not material to NTIC’s business or the business of such unaffiliated corporation, are deemed conclusively pre-approved. Description of Related Party Transactions Please see “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” for information regarding a consulting arrangement we have with one of our current directors and the other compensation arrangements with our directors and executive officers. G. Patrick Lynch is the President and Chief Executive Officer of NTIC. Inter Alia Holding Company owns 13.3% of the total voting power of NTIC. According to a Schedule 13D/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 2, 2011, Inter Alia Holding Company is an entity of which Mr. Lynch is a 25 percent stockholder. Mr. Lynch shares equal voting and dispositive power over such shares with three other members of his family. Inter Alia Holding Company’s address is 23205 Mercantile Road, Beachwood, Ohio 44122. 47 STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS AND DIRECTOR NOMINATIONS FOR 2017 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS ________________ Stockholder Proposals for 2017 Annual Meeting Stockholders who, in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act, wish to present proposals for inclusion in the proxy materials relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders must submit their proposals so that they are received by us at our principal executive offices no later than the close of business on August 5, 2016, unless the date of the meeting is delayed by more than 30 calendar days. The proposals must satisfy the requirements of the proxy rules promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and as the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission make clear, simply submitting a proposal does not guarantee that it will be included. Any other stockholder proposals to be presented at the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (other than a matter brought pursuant to SEC Rule 14a-8) must be given in writing to our Corporate Secretary and must be delivered to or mailed and received at our principal executive offices, not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the anniversary date of the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders; provided, however, that in the event that the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is not held within 30 days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be received not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which such notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or such public disclosure was made, whichever first occurs. The proposal must contain specific information required by our Bylaws, a copy of which may be obtained by writing to our Corporate Secretary. If a proposal is not timely and properly made in accordance with the procedures set forth in our Bylaws, it will be defective and may not be brought before the meeting. If the proposal is nonetheless brought before the meeting and the Chairman of the meeting does not exercise the power and duty to declare the proposal defective, the persons named in the proxy may use their discretionary voting with respect to the proposal. Director Nominations for 2017 Annual Meeting In accordance with procedures set forth in our Bylaws, NTIC stockholders may propose nominees for election to the Board of Directors only after providing timely written notice to our Corporate Secretary. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice to the Corporate Secretary must be delivered to or mailed and received at NTIC’s principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting with respect to which such notice is to be tendered is not held within 30 days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be received not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which such notice of the date of the meeting was mailed or public disclosure was made, whichever first occurs. The notice must set forth, among other things:    the nominee’s name, age, business address, residence address and record address; the nominee’s principal occupation or employment; the class and number of shares of NTIC capital stock which are beneficially owned by the nominee;  signed consent to serve as a director of NTIC; and 48  any other information concerning the nominee required under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission in a proxy statement soliciting proxies for the election of directors. Submissions must be made by mail, courier or personal delivery. E-mailed submissions will not be considered. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider only those stockholder recommendations whose submissions comply with the procedural requirements set forth in NTIC’s Bylaws. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will evaluate candidates recommended by stockholders in the same manner as those recommended by others. COPIES OF FISCAL 2015 ANNUAL REPORT ________________ We have sent or made electronically available to each of our stockholders a copy of our annual report on Form 10-K (without exhibits) for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015. The exhibits to our Form 10-K are available by accessing the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR filing database at www.sec.gov. We will furnish a copy of any exhibit to our Form 10-K upon receipt from any such person of a written request for such exhibits upon the payment of our reasonable expenses in furnishing the exhibits. This request should be sent to: Northern Technologies International Corporation, 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014, Attention: Stockholder Information. _________________________ Your vote is important. Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting in person, vote your shares of NTIC common stock by the Internet or telephone, or request a paper proxy card to sign, date and return by mail so that your shares may be voted. By Order of the Board of Directors Richard J. Nigon Chairman of the Board December 3, 2015 Circle Pines, Minnesota 49 3136665 v.13 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ______________________________ FORM 10-K (Mark one) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ________________ to __________________. Commission file number 001-11038 ____________________ NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 4201 Woodland Road P.O. Box 69 Circle Pines, Minnesota (Address of principal executive offices) 41-0857886 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 55014 (Zip Code) (763) 225-6600 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.02 per share Name of each exchange on which registered The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Market) Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES  NO  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES  NO  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES  NO  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES  NO  Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). (Check one): Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer  Non-accelerated filer  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company  Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES  NO  The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, excluding shares beneficially owned by affiliates, computed by reference to the closing sales price at which the common stock was last sold as of February 27, 2015 (the last business day of the registrant’s second fiscal quarter) as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market on that date was $77.1 million. As of November 10, 2015, 4,538,317 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference information (to the extent specific sections are referred to herein) from the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 15, 2016. NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FISCAL YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Item 1. BUSINESS ............................................................................................................................ 1 Item 1A. RISK FACTORS ................................................................................................................. 16 Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS .............................................................................. 32 Item 2. PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................................... 33 Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ................................................................................................... 33 Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES ....................................................................................... 33 Item 4A. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT .......................................................... 34 PART II ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES ............................. 36 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA ...................................................................................... 39 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS .................................................................................. 40 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ... 60 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA .................................... 61 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE .................................................................................... 90 Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.................................................................................... 90 Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION ................................................................................................... 90 PART III ..................................................................................................................................................... 91 Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ............ 91 Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ...................................................................................... 91 Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS ................................. 92 1 Page Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ............................................................................................................... 93 Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES ..................................................... 93 PART IV ...................................................................................................................................................... 94 Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ................................................... 94 SIGNATURES ............................................................................................................................................ 95 _______________ This annual report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. For more information, see “Part I. Item 1. Business – Forward-Looking Statements.” As used in this report, references to “NTIC,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us,” unless the context otherwise requires, refer to Northern Technologies International Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., NTI Facilities, Inc. and Northern Technologies Holding Company, LLC, and its majority- owned subsidiaries, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A., NTI Asean LLC and Natur-Tec India Private Limited, all of which are consolidated on NTIC’s consolidated financial statements. NTIC’s consolidated financial statements do not include the accounts of any of its joint ventures. Except as otherwise indicated, references in this report to NTIC’s joint ventures do not include: (1) NTIC’s majority-owned Brazilian subsidiary, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A.; (2) NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary, NTI Asean LLC, which is a holding company that holds investments in eight entities that operate in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, including the following countries: China (although the joint venture agreements for the Chinese joint venture were terminated as of December 31, 2014 and liquidation of this joint venture is anticipated), Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand; or (3) NTIC’s majority- owned subsidiary, Northern Technologies India Private Limited, in India. As used in this report, references to “NTIC China” refer to NTIC’s wholly-owned subsidiary in China, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. As used in this report, references to “Tianjin Zerust” refer to NTIC’s former joint venture in China, Tianjin- Zerust Anticorrosion Co., Ltd. As used in this report, references to “Zerust Brazil” refer to NTIC’s majority-owned Brazilian subsidiary, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A. As used in this report, references to “NTI Asean” refer to NTIC’s majority-owned holding company subsidiary, NTI Asean LLC. As used in this report, references to “Natur-Tec India” refer to NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited. As used in this report, references to “EXCOR” refer to NTIC’s joint venture in Germany, Excor Korrosionsschutz – Technologien und Produkte GmbH. All trademarks, trade names or service marks referred to in this report are the property of their respective owners. 2 Item 1. BUSINESS Overview PART I Northern Technologies International Corporation (NTIC) develops and markets proprietary environmentally beneficial products and services in over 60 countries either directly or via a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. NTIC’s primary business is corrosion prevention marketed mainly under the ZERUST® brand. NTIC has been selling its proprietary ZERUST® products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for over 40 years, and in recent years, has targeted and expanded into the oil and gas industry. NTIC also markets and sells a portfolio of biobased and compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resins and finished products under the Natur-Tec® brand. These products are intended to reduce NTIC’s customers’ carbon footprint and provide environmentally sound waste disposal options. NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products include plastic and paper packaging, liquids and coatings, rust removers and cleaners, diffusers and also engineered solutions designed specifically for the oil and gas industry. NTIC also offers worldwide on-site technical consulting for rust and corrosion prevention issues. NTIC’s technical service consultants work directly with the end users of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products to analyze their specific needs and develop systems to meet their technical requirements. In North America, NTIC sells its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions through a direct sales force as well as a network of independent distributors and agents. Internationally, NTIC sells its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions through its wholly-owned subsidiary in China, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), its majority-owned joint venture holding company for NTIC’s joint venture investments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, its majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A. (Zerust Brazil) and joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. One of NTIC’s strategic initiatives is to expand into and penetrate other markets for its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions. Consequently, for the past several years, NTIC has focused sales and marketing efforts on the oil and gas industry, as the infrastructure that supports that industry is typically constructed using metals that are highly susceptible to corrosion. NTIC believes that its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions will minimize maintenance downtime on critical oil and gas industry infrastructure, extend the life of such infrastructure and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to corrosion leaks. NTIC markets and sells its ZERUST® rust and corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry across several countries either directly, through its subsidiaries or through its joint venture partners and other strategic partners. The sale of ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry typically involves a long sales cycle, often including a one- to multi-year trial period with each customer and a slow integration process thereafter. Natur-Tec® biobased and compostable plastics are manufactured using NTIC’s patented and/or proprietary technologies and are intended to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics. The Natur-Tec® biopolymer resin compound portfolio includes formulations that have been optimized for a variety of applications including blown-film extrusion, extrusion coating, injection molding, and engineered plastics. These resins are fully biodegradable in a composting environment and are currently being used to produce finished products including can liners, shopping and grocery bags, lawn and leaf bags, pet waste collection bags, cutlery, packaging foam and coated paper products. In North America, NTIC markets its Natur-Tec® resins and finished products primarily through a network of regional and national distributors as well as independent agents. NTIC continues to see significant opportunities for finished bioplastic products and, therefore, continues to strengthen and expand its North American distribution network for finished Natur- 1 Tec® bioplastic products. Internationally, NTIC sells its Natur-Tec® resins and finished products both directly and through its majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India), and through certain joint ventures. In November 2014, NTIC entered into an agreement with NatureWorks LLC for joint marketing and sales of Ingeo® based packaging solutions to customers in India. With recent Indian government mandates banning use of non-biodegradable plastics in certain types of food and consumer packaging, NTIC expects the market in India for bioplastic packaging solutions to grow substantially. Termination of Chinese Joint Venture On January 2, 2015, NTIC announced that, effective as of December 31, 2014, it is selling its ZERUST® products and services in China through a wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), and has terminated its joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust Anticorrosion Co., Ltd. (Tianjin Zerust). NTIC and NTI Asean LLC have filed a lawsuit against Mr. Tao Meng, a Chinese national and the former joint venture entity’s other shareholder, and his spouse in the Chinese court of Tianjin, seeking, among other things, an orderly liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. NTIC indirectly has a 30% ownership interest in Tianjin Zerust through its 60% owned holding company subsidiary, NTI Asean LLC. Commencing during the second quarter of fiscal 2015, NTIC’s consolidated financial statements include the financial results of NTIC China. NTIC anticipates that it may take several quarters to transition many of the previous customers of Tianjin Zerust to NTIC China and no assurance can be provided that NTIC China will be able to achieve the net sales and income levels previously achieved by Tianjin Zerust. For fiscal 2014, Tianjin Zerust had net sales of $15.9 million and net income of $1.3 million. (The operating income of the joint venture before paying royalties in an aggregate amount of $4.2 million to all shareholders was over $5.5 million) NTIC’s indirect ownership of Tianjin Zerust is 30%. During fiscal 2015, NTIC incurred approximately $1,640,000 in start-up expenses related either directly or indirectly to the establishment of NTIC China, the termination of the joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust, the pending litigation against Mr. Tao Meng and his spouse and Cortec Corporation, and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. These expenses are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses and expenses incurred in support of joint ventures on the consolidated statements of operations. NTIC expects its operating results may be volatile over the next few quarters as a result of NTIC’s Chinese operations. In particular, because of the lack of financial and other information received from Tianjin Zerust, it is possible that receipt of future financial and other information from Tianjin Zerust may impact the realization of NTIC’s investment in and realization of a receivable from Tianjin Zerust. The last time NTIC received financial information from Tianjin Zerust was through November 2014. NTIC, as of August 31, 2015, does not believe there are any triggering events that would require an impairment test. NTIC’s current net investment is approximately $1.1 million, which is 60% of its investment in Tianjin Zerust, which was $1,883,668 as of August 31, 2015. NTIC will continue to evaluate the realization of this asset on an ongoing basis and adjust if necessary. NTIC’s Joint Venture Network NTIC participates in 19 active joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures generally manufactures and markets products in the geographic territory to which it is assigned. While most of NTIC’s joint ventures exclusively sell rust and corrosion inhibiting products, some of the joint ventures also sell NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds. NTIC has historically funded its investments in joint ventures with cash generated from operations. 2 The following table sets forth a list of NTIC’s operating joint ventures as of November 10, 2015, the country in which the joint venture is organized and NTIC’s ownership percentage in each joint venture: Joint Venture Name TAIYONIC LTD. ACOBAL SAS ZERUST-NIC (TAIWAN) CORP. EXCOR KORROSIONSSCHUTZ – TECHNOLOGIEN UND PRODUKTE GMBH ZERUST SINGAPORE PTE. LTD ZERUST AB MOSTNIC-ZERUST KOREA ZERUST CO., LTD. ZERUST OY ZERUST (U.K.) LTD. EXCOR-ZERUST S.R.O. EXCOR SP. Z.O.O. ZERUST SPECIALTY TECH CO. LTD. CHONG WAH-NTIA SDN. BHD. NTIA ZERUST PHILIPPINES, INC. ZERUST A.Ş. ZERUST CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LLC ZERUST – DNEPR PT. CHEMINDO – NTIA ____________________ (1) Indirect ownership interest through NTI Asean. Country Japan France Taiwan(1) Germany Singapore(1) Sweden Russia South Korea(1) Finland United Kingdom Czech Republic Poland Thailand(1) Malaysia(1) Philippines(1) Turkey United States Ukraine Indonesia(1) NTIC Percent (%) Ownership 50% 50% 30% 50% 60% 50% 50% 30% 50% 50% 50% 50% 30% 30% 30% 50% 50% 50% 30% NTIC’s receipt of funds from its joint ventures is dependent upon fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures, based primarily on the net sales of the individual joint ventures, and NTIC’s receipt of dividend distributions from the joint ventures. The fees for services provided to joint ventures are determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of sales depending on local laws and tax regulations. With respect to NTIC’s joint venture in Germany (EXCOR), NTIC recognizes an agreed upon quarterly fee for such services. NTIC recognizes equity income from its joint ventures based on the overall profitability of its joint ventures. Such profitability is subject to variability from quarter to quarter which, in turn, subjects NTIC’s earnings to variability from quarter to quarter. The profits of NTIC’s joint ventures are shared by the respective joint venture owners in accordance with their respective ownership percentages. NTIC typically directly or indirectly owns 50% or less of each of its joint venture entities and thus does not control the decisions of these entities regarding whether to pay dividends and, if paid, how much they should be in a given year. The payment of a dividend by an entity is determined by a joint vote of the owners and is not at the sole discretion of NTIC. NTIC accounts for the investments and financial results of its joint ventures in its financial statements utilizing the equity method of accounting. The results of Zerust Brazil, NTI Asean and Natur-Tec India, and as of December 31, 2014, NTIC China, are fully consolidated in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements. NTIC holds 85% of the equity and 85% of the voting rights of Zerust Brazil. NTIC holds 60% of the equity and 60% of the voting rights of NTI Asean. NTI Asean holds investments in eight entities that operate in the following eight territories located in the ASEAN region: China (although liquidation was initiated December 31, 2014), Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. NTIC holds 90% of the equity and 90% of the voting rights of Natur-Tec India. NTIC China is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NTIC. Sales by NTIC’s joint ventures are not included in the net sales of NTIC. 3 NTIC considers EXCOR, Natur-Tec India and its former joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust, to be individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income; and therefore, provides certain additional information regarding EXCOR, Natur-Tec India and Tianjin Zerust in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and in this section of this report. For more information regarding NTIC’s joint ventures and their effect on NTIC’s operating results, see NTIC’s consolidated financial statements in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report. Products NTIC derives revenues directly and/or indirectly through its subsidiaries and joint ventures from the following two reportable business segments based on products sold, customer base and distribution center: ZERUST® Corrosion Prevention Solutions. In fiscal 2015, 85.9% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from developing, manufacturing and marketing ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services. NTIC’s consolidated net sales in fiscal 2015 included $26,042,909 in sales of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services, an increase of 9.2% over such sales in fiscal 2014. Corrosion not only damages the appearance of metal products and components but also negatively impacts their mechanical performance. This applies to the rusting of ferrous metals (iron and steel) and the deterioration by oxidation of nonferrous metals (aluminum, copper, brass, etc.). NTIC’s ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions include plastic and paper packaging, powders, liquids, coatings, rust removers, cleaners, diffusers and engineered solutions for the oil and gas industry, as well as technical corrosion management and consulting services. Plastic and Paper Packaging. NTIC’s ZERUST® packaging products contain proprietary chemical formulations that continuously release an invisible and odorless, corrosion inhibiting vapor that passivates metal surfaces and thereby inhibits rust and corrosion. The corrosion-inhibiting protection is maintained as long as the metal products to be protected remain enclosed within the ZERUST® packaging. Electron scanning shows that once the contents are removed from the ZERUST® package, the ZERUST® protection dissipates from the contents’ surfaces within two hours, leaving a clean, dry and corrosion-free metal component. This mechanism of corrosion protection enables NTIC’s customers to easily package metal objects for rust-free shipment or long-term storage. Furthermore, by eliminating costly greasing and degreasing processes and/or significantly reducing the use of certain coatings to inhibit corrosion, NTIC’s ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions provide customers significant savings in labor, material and capital expenditures for equipment to apply, remove and dispose of oils and greases, as well as the attendant environmental problems, as compared to traditional methods of corrosion prevention. NTIC developed the first means of infusing volatile corrosion inhibiting chemical systems (VCIs) into polyethylene and polypropylene resins. Combining ZERUST® chemical systems with polyethylene and polypropylene resins permitted NTIC to introduce a line of plastic packaging products in the form of low and high density polyethylene bags and shroud film, including stretch, shrink, skin and bubble cushioning film, thereby giving packaging engineers an opportunity to ship and store ferrous, nonferrous and mixed-metal products in a clean, dry and corrosion-free condition, with an attendant overall savings in total process costs. In addition to plastic packaging, NTIC has developed additives to imbue kraft paper, corrugated cardboard, solid fiber and chipboard packaging materials with corrosion protection properties. NTIC’s ZERUST® plastic and paper packaging products come in various thicknesses, strength enhancements, protection types, shapes and sizes. This product line also includes items such as ZERUST® gun cases, car covers and tool- drawer liners, which are targeted at retail consumers. 4 Liquids and Coatings. NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions include a line of metal surface treatment liquids and coatings, which are oil, water and bio-solvent based, marketed under brand names including Axxatec™, Axxanol™ and Z-Maxx™. These liquids and coatings provide powerful corrosion protection in aggressive environments, such as salt air and humidity at high temperatures. Products are formulated for most metal types and protection levels. Customers use a combination of NTIC’s liquids and coatings with ZERUST® plastic and paper products to achieve robust corrosion protection during manufacturing, shipping and warehousing stages. Rust Removers and Cleaners. NTIC also sells rust removal and cleaning products designed to restore rusty parts to a usable condition by replacing labor-intensive, abrasive cleaners that damage surfaces and commonly fail to remove rust from complex metal surfaces like the teeth of small gears under the Axxaclean™ brand name. Diffusers. NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions include a line of corrosion inhibiting vapor diffusers, such as ZERUST® ActivPak®, ZERUST® ICT® Vapor Capsules, ZERUST® ICT® Plastabs® and ZERUST® ICT® Cor-Tabs®, ZERUST® ICT® Pipe Strip and ZERUST® ICT® Tube Strip. These diffusers are designed to protect metals within enclosures, like switch gearboxes and electronic cabinets, or can be used as added protection to ZERUST® packaging products. Diffusers work by permeating the interior air of an enclosure with an invisible and odorless corrosion inhibiting vapor that protects nearby metal surfaces that are within a specific “radius of protection” for a period of one or two years depending on the model. This invisible and dry protective layer revaporizes upon removal of the capsule from the enclosure, leaving all surfaces clean, dry, residue-free and corrosion-free. Z-CIS® Technical Services. As an on-going effort to help NTIC’s customers improve and control their processes in terms of corrosion management, NTIC markets and offers unique corrosion management and consulting services to target customers. This ZERUST® corrosion inhibition system (known as Z-CIS®) utilizes NTIC’s global experience in successful corrosion management control. Services and consulting are billed according to work done on the customer’s behalf to improve the customer’s internal and external corrosion control systems. Several major automotive companies and their automotive parts suppliers have used NTIC’s Z-CIS® system. ZERUST® Corrosion Prevention Solutions Designed Specifically for the Oil and Gas Industry. NTIC has developed proprietary engineered corrosion inhibiting solutions specifically for the mitigation of corrosion of the types of capital assets used in the petroleum and chemical process industries and has targeted the sale of these ZERUST® corrosion solutions to potential customers in the oil and gas industry. NTIC’s consolidated net sales in fiscal 2015 included $1,886,814 in sales made to customers in the oil and gas industry, an increase of 10.9% over such sales in fiscal 2014. The infrastructure that supports the oil and gas industry is predominantly constructed using metals that are highly susceptible to corrosion. The industrial environment at these facilities usually contains compounds, including sulfides and chlorides, which cause aggressive corrosion. This problem affects pipelines, petroleum storage tanks, spare parts in long-term storage, processing and other critical equipment. In addition to the costs associated with the replacement of parts and structures, maintenance and repairs, and product loss, there are significant economic losses associated with critical infrastructure down for repair and maintenance. Furthermore, there are also considerable health, safety and environmental risks caused by corrosion that can greatly increase economic losses. NTIC believes that its ZERUST® oil and gas corrosion prevention solutions minimize maintenance downtime on critical oil and gas industry infrastructure, extend the life of such infrastructure and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to leaks caused by corrosion. NTIC’s rust and corrosion inhibiting products for the oil and gas industry include ZERUST® Flange Savers,® ZERUST® ReCAST-R VCI Dispensers, Zerust ReCAST-SSB solutions and ZERUST® chemicals, including Zerion chemicals, in addition to many of the traditional ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products previously described. 5 ZERUST® Flange Savers® are specially designed covers that have been impregnated with a proprietary ZERUST® inhibitor formulation to provide corrosion protection for flanges, valves and welded joints. Oil and gas pipeline segments are connected by flanges and welded joints of varying sizes, designs and materials. These connection points often corrode under aggressive industrial environments and harsh operating conditions, thereby causing costly maintenance, operational and safety problems. ZERUST® Flange Savers® are available in various sizes to accommodate different pipe diameters, pressure ratings and international standards for pipeline valves and flanges. ZERUST® ReCAST-R VCI Dispensers protect the interior surfaces of aboveground storage tank roofs by delivering proprietary inhibitor formulations into the vapor space between the surface of the product and the tank roof. Certain grades of oil contain sulphur and emit corrosive acid gas vapors that destroy the internal surfaces of aboveground storage tank roofs and their support structures above the stored product. Aggressive pitting and crevice corrosion create holes in tank roofs that cause unsafe operating conditions and environmental problems. Internal tank coatings decrease surface corrosion but have proven to be ineffective in preventing dangerous pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in the interstitial spaces between the roof and support structures. The ZERUST® ReCAST-R solution is designed to extend the service life of a single tank roof significantly by forming a protective inhibitor barrier which separates the corrosive environment from the metallic surface of the tank roof support structures and is designed to prevent corrosion in highly aggressive environments. Each system is tailored to a customer’s requirements, depending upon specific environmental conditions, product stored, tank diameter and type of metal and can be applied on both new and existing tank roofs. ZERUST® ReCAST-SSB solutions protect the Soil Side Bottoms (SSB) of aboveground storage tanks through a variety of unique and highly effective delivery systems designed by the Zerust Oil & Gas team to deliver proprietary Zerion FVS corrosion inhibitor to tank bottom spaces that are susceptible to significant corrosion. Tank bottoms are typically made of steel plates which are in direct contact with the foundation surface that could be concrete, sand/soil and asphalt/bitumen. It is typically not possible to protect this underside surface with traditional coatings. Cathodic protection (CP) systems can provide some protection, but these have significant limitations that cause failures well ahead of the expected service life of a tank. The ZERUST® solutions provide effective protection even to areas that cannot be addressed with CP. This is an engineered solution where each system is tailored to a customer’s requirements depending on the tank foundation design, specific environmental conditions, tank diameter, etc. ZERUST® Zerion line of powder based inhibitor solutions include:  Zerion FVS is a unique inhibitor blend that is used in the SSB Solutions. This “best-in-class” product has been successfully deployed at multiple client sites in the North and South American geographies.  AutoFog is a revolutionary product that allows for the quick VCI saturation of large volume spaces without the need for mechanical “fogging” equipment. This rapid self-diffusing capability is good for sealed void spaces, protection of large/complex assets like Heat Exchangers and Heater-Treaters.  Sol-V C-Series is designed to provide corrosion prevention in voids and enclosures especially when there is either stagnant water, or the potential for water seepages and/or accumulation of water over time. ZERUST® Sol-V™ C-Series packaging allows VCIs to release while conserving a Sol-V proprietary blend of soluble corrosion inhibitors (SCIs) until water enters the system. Typical applications of ZERUST® Sol-V™ C-Series packaging include offshore platform leg voids, vessels and tanks mothballed in tropical environments, ship blocks being fabricated in areas of high humidity, piping systems and heat exchangers. During fiscal 2012, two of NTIC’s ZERUST® products designed for the oil and gas industry, ZERUST® Flange Savers® and the ZERUST® ReCAST-R system, received Materials Performance magazine’s 6 “Readers’ Choice Corrosion Innovation of the Year” Awards. Materials Performance is published by NACE International, the world’s largest organization of professional engineers dedicated to the study, prevention and mitigation of corrosion. Natur-Tec® Resin Compounds and Finished Products. NTIC manufactures and sells a range of biobased and compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resins and finished products under the Natur-Tec® brand. NTIC’s consolidated net sales in fiscal 2015 included $4,279,785 in sales of Natur-Tec® resins and finished products, an increase of 43.6% over such sales in fiscal 2014. Market drivers such as volatile petroleum prices, reduced dependence on foreign oil, reduced carbon footprints, and environmentally responsible end- of-life solutions increased interest in using sustainable, biobased and renewable plant-biomass resources for the manufacture of plastics and industrial products. Plastics that are fully biodegradable in composting or anaerobic digestor systems allow the safe and effective conversion of these plastics to carbon dioxide, water and fertilizer at the end of their service life. Increased environmental and sustainability awareness at the corporate and consumer level, improved technical properties and product functionality, as well as recent foreign, state and local governmental regulations banning the use of traditional, petroleum-based plastics or mandating the use of certain biodegradable or compostable products, have also fueled this interest in biobased and biodegradable-compostable plastics. The term “bio-plastics” encompasses a broad category of plastics that are either bio-based, which means derived from renewable resources such as corn or cellulosic/plant material or blends thereof, or are engineered to be fully compostable, or both. Resins. Natur-Tec® resins are produced by blending commercially available base resins, such as Ecoflex® from BASF, Ingeo® PLA from NatureWorks LLC and/or Bionolle® from Showa-Denko, with organic and inorganic fillers, and proprietary polymer modifiers and compatabilizers, using NTIC’s proprietary and patented ReX Process. In this process, biodegradable polymers, natural polymers made from renewable, plant-biomass resources, and organic and inorganic materials are reactively blended in the presence of proprietary compatibilizers and polymer modifiers to produce biobased and/or compostable polymer resin formulations that exhibit unique and stable morphology. Natur-Tec® resin compounds are engineered for high performance, ease of processing and reduced cost compared to most other bio-plastic materials, and can be processed by converters using conventional plastic manufacturing processes and equipment. Natur-Tec® resins are available in several grades tailored for a variety of applications, such as blown-film extrusion, extrusion coating and injection molding. Natur-Tec® flexible film resins are fully compostable and meet requirements of international standards for compostable plastics such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D6400 (U.S.), EN 13432 (European standards for products and services by European Committee for Standardization) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 17088, and are certified as 100% compostable by organizations including the BPI (Biodegradable Products Institute) in the United States and Vincotte in Europe. Natur-Tec® film resins can be used to produce film for applications, such as bags, including compost bags, lawn and leaf bags, pet waste bags and carry-out bags, agricultural film and consumer and industrial packaging. The Natur-Tec® compostable extrusion coating resin compounds are biobased and biodegradable and are designed to replace conventional plastic materials for extrusion coating applications. Natur-Tec® extrusion coating resin compounds are manufactured using sustainable and renewable resources, per the ASTM D6866 standard, which allows industry and consumers the opportunity to reduce or neutralize their carbon footprint, and are designed to meet the requirements of international standards for compostable plastics, such as ASTM D6400. Natur-Tec® extrusion coating resins provide good adhesion to paper, an excellent print surface and good heat seal strength and the coating material is suitable for food contact applications including both hot and cold applications. Natur-Tec® extrusion coating resins can be used for coating paper and paperboards for the manufacture of disposable cups, plates and other food service ware items. 7 The Natur-Tec® compostable injection molding resin compounds are biobased and compostable and are designed to replace conventional plastic materials for injection molded plastic applications. Natur-Tec® compostable injection molding resin compounds are manufactured using sustainable and renewable resources, per the ASTM D6866 standard and are designed to meet the requirements of international standards for compostable plastics, such as ASTM D6400 and EN 13432. Natur-Tec® compostable injection molding resin compounds can be used for injection molded plastic applications, such as cutlery, pens, hangers, containers and packaging. Natur-Tec® biobased injection molding resin compounds are made with at least 50% of biobased/renewable resource-based materials per the ASTM D6866 standard and are meant to enhance sustainability by replacing petroleum-based plastics. Natur-Tec® also produces biobased injection molding resin compounds that are not designed or intended to biodegrade but rather aid in sustainability by requiring less energy for production and by reducing dependence on petroleum as a raw material. Natur- Tec® biobased injection molding resin compounds exhibit the same properties as conventional plastic materials and can be used in applications, such as automotive components, consumer goods, electronics, medical products, furniture and packaging. Finished Products. Natur-Tec® finished products include totally biodegradable and compostable trash bags, agricultural film and other single-use disposable products, such as compostable cutlery, food and consumer goods packaging that are currently marketed under the Natur-Bag® or Natur-Ware® brands. The Natur-Bag® product line offers 12 different compostable trash bag sizes, from 3-gallon to 96-gallon. The bags are available in various SKU configurations from retail packs that are sold to the consumer either through retail outlets or through online stores, and industrial case packs that are sold to commercial and industrial customers primarily through wholesalers and distributors. The Natur-Bag® products are manufactured from the Natur-Tec® flexible film resin compounds and thus are fully biodegradable and compostable. The Natur-Ware® product line consists of biobased and compostable cutlery made from the Natur-Tec® compostable injection molding resin compounds. Natur-Ware® cutlery can be composted along with food scraps in zero-waste programs. Both Natur-Bag® and Natur-Ware® products are fully certified compostable, and carry the BPI Compostable logo in the United States and the Vincotte OK Compost in Europe. Furthermore, these products were also independently tested and approved for use in organic waste diversion systems by Cedar Grove, one of the largest compost operators in the United States. Sales, Marketing and Distribution ZERUST® Corrosion Prevention Solutions. In the United States, NTIC markets its ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services, including its products designed for the oil and gas industry, principally to industrial users in the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military, retail consumer and oil and gas markets by a direct sales force and through a network of independent distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and strategic partners. NTIC’s technical service consultants work directly with the end users of NTIC’s ZERUST® products to analyze their specific corrosion prevention needs and develop systems to meet their technical requirements. Internationally, NTIC has entered into a series of joint ventures with foreign partners (either directly or through a holding company). NTIC receives fees for providing technical support, marketing assistance and other services to its joint ventures based primarily on the net sales of the individual joint ventures in accordance with the terms of the joint venture arrangements. Such services include consulting, legal, insurance, technical and marketing services. 8 With respect to the sales and marketing of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services to the oil and gas industry, NTIC uses a combination of direct sales personnel, independent sales agents and its joint venture network. In addition, in an attempt to penetrate the oil and gas industry within certain markets more quickly, NTIC has entered into certain sales and marketing agency agreements with specific organizations that have existing long term relationships with key oil and gas industry clients. NTIC also engages in certain direct marketing activities to build its brand within the oil and gas industry, such as traditional advertising and direct mail campaigns and presence and participation at selected key trade shows and technical forums. NTIC continues to believe the sale of its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry will involve a long sales cycle, likely including a one- to multi-year trial period with each customer and a slow integration process thereafter. Natur-Tec® Resin Compounds and Finished Products. In the United States, NTIC markets its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products through a network of national and regional distributors and independent manufacturer’s sales representatives and three NTIC direct sales employees as of August 31, 2015. Target customers for Natur-Tec® finished products include individual consumers and commercial and institutional organizations such as corporations and government agencies, and educational organizations such as universities and school districts. NTIC is also targeting key national and regional retailers utilizing independent sales agents. Target customers for Natur-Tec® resin compounds include film extruders and injection molders who would purchase Natur-Tec® resin compounds to manufacture and sell their own finished biobased, and compostable end products, such as film, bags and cutlery. Internationally, NTIC uses NTI India, and its joint ventures and a network of international distributors to market its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. Competition ZERUST® Corrosion Prevention Solutions. While NTIC is unaware of any third parties with which NTIC competes on a worldwide basis with respect to its corrosion prevention solutions, NTIC does compete with several third parties on a regional basis. NTIC evaluates competing rust and corrosion inhibiting products on an ongoing basis. Some of NTIC’s competitors are established companies that may have financial, marketing, distribution networks and other resources substantially greater than those of NTIC. As a result, they may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, or devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products than NTIC. With respect to its rust and corrosion inhibiting products, NTIC competes on the basis of product innovation, quality and reliability, product support, customer service, reputation as well as price. Some of NTIC’s competitors may have achieved significant market acceptance of their competing products and brand recognition. NTIC, however, believes it has an advantage over most of its competitors as a result of NTIC’s technical innovation and its value added service. NTIC attempts to provide its customers with the highest level of technical service and applications engineering in addition to ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products. Nonetheless, the commoditization of certain of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products have led and may continue to lead to lower prices and lower margins on such products. In addition, because certain barriers to entry are low, additional competitors, including plastic extrusion companies, may emerge, which likely would lead to the further commoditization of NTIC’s rust and corrosion inhibiting products. With respect to NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions for use in the oil and gas industry, NTIC’s primary barrier to entry is a combination of conservatism, complacency, confidence in old approaches as well as the complexity of the buying organizations. Some of NTIC’s competitors with respect to its traditional ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products also compete in the oil and gas industry. NTIC also faces competition from new suppliers who provide alternative approaches to corrosion prevention, some of which have a significant market presence and more years of experience and credibility in the oil and gas industry. 9 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) suppliers to the oil and gas industry present a new market vertical for NTIC’s traditional industrial ZERUST® products. Natur-Tec® Resin Compounds and Finished Products. With respect to NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, NTIC competes with several established companies that have been producing and selling similar products for a significantly longer time period, and have significantly more sales, more extensive and effective distribution networks and better brand recognition than NTIC. Most of these companies also have substantially more financial and other resources than NTIC. NTIC competes on the basis of performance, brand awareness, distribution network, product availability, product offering, shelf life, place of manufacture and price. Because of price competition, NTIC’s margins on its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products are lower than its margins on its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions. NTIC also could face supply constraints for the base resins used to manufacture NTIC’s Natur- Tec® resin compounds and finished products since there are a limited number of suppliers of such base resins and limited capacity for their production. Research and Development NTIC’s research and development activities are directed at improving existing products, developing new products, reducing costs and improving quality assurance through improved testing of NTIC’s products. NTIC’s internal research and development activities are conducted at its facilities located in Circle Pines, Minnesota; Beachwood, Ohio; and Dresden, Germany under the direction of internationally known scientists and research institutes under exclusive contract to NTIC with respect to the subject of their respective research efforts. EXCOR has established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Excor Korrosionsforschung GmbH, to conduct research into new fields of corrosion inhibiting packaging and the applications engineering of such products in conjunction with NTIC’s domestic research and development operations. With respect to NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, Ramani Narayan, Ph.D., a current director of NTIC and Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science at Michigan State University, provides his expertise and technical support to NTIC. NTIC spent $4,047,279 in fiscal 2015 in connection with its research and development activities, compared to $4,368,752 in fiscal 2014 and $3,815,515 in fiscal 2013. NTIC anticipates that it will spend between $4,000,000 and $4,500,000 in fiscal 2016 on research and development activities. These amounts are net of reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. Such reimbursements totaled $0, $45,788 and $274,728 in fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Most of NTIC’s research and development contracts under which NTIC received reimbursements during fiscal 2014 were in connection with developing corrosion prevention solutions for the U.S. government in connection with developing future potential Natur-Tec® products. NTIC was awarded three National Science Foundation (NSF) awards -- one in June 2009 as a Phase I Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant for $150,000 on advanced polylactide materials for biobased and biodegradable products, the second in September 2009 as a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant for an additional $150,000 on “Biobased coatings for corrosion protection” and a third in November 2011 as a Phase II SBIR grant of $500,000 for the development of advanced polylactide materials for biobased and biodegradable plastic products. The Phase I projects were completed in June 2010 and have helped NTIC develop biobased technologies for new innovative applications in the ZERUST® and Natur- Tec® business areas. The Phase II project work was completed in fiscal 2015. The modified polylactic acid chemistries developed with this program helped NTIC to expand its product portfolio and commercialize novel bioplastics packaging solutions along with enhanced formulations for molded food service-ware. The research and technology development was conducted in collaboration with Ramani Narayan, Ph.D., a current director of NTIC, and Michigan State University. 10 During fiscal 2010, NTIC was awarded funding from the U.S. Department of Defense for a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research contract worth $70,000 to develop non-plastic marine biodegradable waste bags for the U.S. Navy. NTIC collaborated with the U.S. Army Natick labs and Michigan State University (MSU) on this project. In November 2011, NTIC was awarded a Department of Defense Small Business Innovation Research Phase II grant of $500,000 for the ongoing development and commercialization of biobased and marine biodegradable non-plastic bags for the U.S. Navy. The Phase II grant work continued during fiscal 2014 and was completed in April 2014 by supplying the NAVSUP office with marine biodegradable coated paper bags for evaluation. The NAVSUP office was unable to evaluate the bags due to lack of funding and later closed out the project due to cost and commercialization reasons. They identified this would currently be a niche product and would like to reevaluate once the technology was mature and commercialized in more markets. MSU is currently continuing research on the vegetable oil coating technology for usage in other applications. Intellectual Property Rights NTIC’s success depends and will continue to depend in part upon its ability to maintain patent and trademark protection for its products and processes, to preserve its proprietary information and trade secrets and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. NTIC’s policy is to attempt to protect its technology by, among other things, filing patent applications and trademark applications and vigorously preserving the trade secrets covering its technology and other intellectual property rights. In 1979, NTIC developed and patented the first polyolefin (plastic) based industrial corrosion inhibiting packing material in the world. The U.S. patent granted under this patent application became the most important intellectual property right in NTIC’s history. This patent expired in 2000. NTIC has since filed for 12 letters of patents in the United States covering various corrosion inhibiting technologies, systems and applications, and now owns several patents in these areas. These patents as well as patent applications have been extended to the countries of strategic relevance to NTIC including, but not limited to, the Patent Cooperation Treaty. In addition, EXCOR owns several patents in the area covering various corrosion inhibiting technologies and also applied for new patents on proprietary new corrosion inhibiting technologies. NTIC is also seeking additional patent protection covering various host materials into which its corrosion inhibiting additives and other protective features can be incorporated, proprietary new process technologies, and chemical formulations outside the area of corrosion protection. NTIC owns several patents outside the area of corrosion protection both in the United States and in countries of strategic relevance to NTIC including, but not limited to, the Patent Cooperation Treaty. In addition to seeking patent protection, NTIC maintains an extensive portfolio of trademarks in countries where NTIC has a presence directly or through its subsidiaries and joint ventures. NTIC continuously pursues new trademark applications of strategic interest worldwide. NTIC owns the following U.S. registered trademarks: NTI®, NTI & Globe Design, ZERUST®, EXCOR®, ICT®, Z-CIS®, COR TAB®, PLASTABS®, NATUR-TEC®, NATUR-TEC & Design®, NATUR-BAG® and NATUR-WARE®. NTIC also has a registered trademark on the use of the Color Yellow with respect to corrosion inhibiting packaging. Furthermore, NTI®, ZERUST®, The ZERUST People®, EXCOR®, the Color Yellow®, NTI ASEAN® and COR/SCI®, as well as other marks have been registered in the European Union with several new applications pending. NTIC requires its employees, consultants and advisors having access to its confidential information, including trade secrets, to execute confidentiality agreements upon commencement of their employment or consulting relationships with NTIC. These agreements generally provide that all confidential information NTIC develops or makes known to the individual during the course of the individual’s employment or consulting relationship with NTIC must be kept confidential by the individual and not disclosed to any third parties. NTIC also requires all of its employees and consultants who perform research and development for NTIC to execute agreements that generally provide that all inventions developed by these individuals during 11 their employment by or service arrangement with NTIC will fall under NTIC’s proprietary intellectual property rights. Manufacturing NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products are manufactured according to NTIC’s specifications primarily by selected independent sub-contractors under trade secrecy agreements and/or license agreements. In addition, during fiscal 2015 and 2014, NTIC expanded its production capabilities and began to manufacture select ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products, consisting primarily of liquids and powders, in house at its corporate headquarters location in Circle Pines, Minnesota. NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products are produced at facilities in China and Malaysia. Starting in fiscal 2014, NTIC made arrangements with a facility in California as an alternative production source. NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds can be shipped to any manufacturing facility around the world where they then can be converted into finished products, such as a bag or piece of cutlery. NTIC’s Natur- Tec® finished products are manufactured using NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds by selected sub- contractors. NTIC is ISO 9001 certified with respect to the manufacturing of its products. NTIC believes that the process of ISO 9001 certification serves as an excellent total quality management tool, enabling NTIC to ensure consistency in the performance of its products. In addition, because potential customers may prefer or require manufacturers to have achieved ISO certification, such ISO certifications may provide NTIC with certain competitive advantages. Availability of Raw Materials NTIC does not typically carry excess quantities of raw materials because of widespread availability for such materials from various suppliers. However, with respect to its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, there are a limited number of suppliers of the base resins used to manufacture the resin compounds and finished products, and in the past NTIC has experienced some delay in obtaining such base resins. In addition, a few raw materials and purchased parts used in NTIC’s rust and corrosion inhibiting products and Natur-Tec® finished products are sourced from suppliers who currently serve as NTIC’s sole source of supply for these materials and parts. Although NTIC believes it can obtain these raw materials and parts from other sources of supply, an unexpected loss of supply over a short period of time may not allow NTIC time to replace these sources in the ordinary course of business. Backlog NTIC had an order backlog of $667,000 as of August 31, 2015, compared to $995,000 as of August 31, 2014 and $641,000 as of August 31, 2013. These are orders that are held by NTIC pending release instructions from the customers to be used in just-in-time production. Customers generally place orders on an “as needed” basis and expect delivery within a relatively short period of time. Governmental Regulation The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has indicated to NTIC that it has no objection to the use of ZERUST® ICT® packaging products in protecting metal food containers and processing equipment. In addition, the manufacture, sale and use of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products are subject to regulation in the United States by the FDA. The FDA’s regulations are concerned with substances used in food packaging materials. Thus, food and beverage containers are in compliance with FDA regulations if the components used in the food and beverage containers are approved by the FDA as indirect food additives for their intended uses and comply with the applicable FDA indirect food additive regulations, 12 or are generally recognized as safe for their intended uses and are of suitable purity for those intended uses. NTIC believes that its resins are in compliance with all FDA requirements and do not require further FDA approval prior to the sale of its products. Employees As of August 31, 2015, NTIC had 75 full-time employees located in the United States, consisting of 17 in sales and marketing, 29 in research and development and lab, 16 in administration, 12 in production and one responsible for international coordination. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC’s wholly-owned subsidiary in China had 22 full-time employees, its majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil had 20 full-time employees, its majority-owned subsidiary in India had 6 full-time employees and its holding company, NTI Asean, had no full-time employees. There are no unions representing NTIC’s employees and NTIC believes that its relations with its employees are good. Financial Information about Segments and Geographic Areas Financial information regarding our segments and geographic information can be found in Note 13 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements included in this report under “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Available Information NTIC is a Delaware corporation that was originally organized as a Minnesota corporation in 1970. NTIC’s principal executive office is located at 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014, and its telephone number is (763) 225-6600. NTIC’s website is located at www.ntic.com. References to NTIC’s website addressed in this report are provided as a convenience and as an inactive textual reference only. The information on NTIC’s website or any other website is not incorporated by reference into, and not considered a part of, this report. NTIC makes available, free of charge and through its Internet web site, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to any such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after NTIC electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Reports filed with the SEC may be viewed at www.sec.gov or obtained at the SEC Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information regarding the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Forward-Looking Statements This report on Form 10-K contains not only historical information, but also forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. In addition, NTIC or others on NTIC’s behalf may make forward-looking statements from time to time in oral presentations, including telephone conferences and/or web casts open to the public, in press releases or reports, on NTIC’s Internet web site or otherwise. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this report or expressed by NTIC orally from time to time that address activities, events or developments that NTIC expects, believes or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements including, in particular, the statements about NTIC’s plans, objectives, strategies and prospects regarding, among other things, NTIC’s financial condition, results of operations and business, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings and the effect of the liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the establishment of NTIC China. NTIC has identified some of these forward-looking statements in this report with words like “believe,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “might,” “forecast,” “possible,” “potential,” “project,” 13 “will,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate” “outlook” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other words and terms of similar meaning. The use of future dates is also an indication of a forward-looking statement. Forward-looking statements may be contained in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and elsewhere in this report, including under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations about future events affecting NTIC and are subject to uncertainties and factors that affect all businesses operating in a global market as well as matters specific to NTIC. These uncertainties and factors are difficult to predict and many of them are beyond NTIC’s control. The following are some of the uncertainties and factors known to us that could cause NTIC’s actual results to differ materially from what NTIC has anticipated in its forward-looking statements:  The establishment of NTIC China, the termination of the joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust, the pending litigation against Mr. Tao Meng and Cortec Corporation and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the effect on NTIC’s business and future operating results, including possible future impairment charges on NTIC’s investment in Tianjin Zerust and a receivable from Tianjin Zerust;  The variability in NTIC’s sales of ZERUST® products and services into oil and gas industry and Natur-Tec® products and NTIC’s equity income of joint ventures, which variability in sales and equity in income of joint venture in turn, subject NTIC’s earnings to quarterly fluctuations;  Risks associated with NTIC’s international operations and exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and import duties and taxes;  The effect of current worldwide economic conditions, the European sovereign debt crisis and turmoil and disruption in the global credit and financial markets on NTIC’s business;  The health of the U.S. automotive industry on NTIC’s business;  NTIC’s dependence on the success of its joint ventures and fees and dividend distributions that NTIC receives from them;  NTIC’s relationships with its joint ventures and its ability to maintain those relationships, especially in light of anticipated succession planning issues;  NTIC’s dependence upon sales by Zerust Brazil to Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras), an oil company located in Brazil, and the effect of such sales on NTIC’s quarterly operating results, including in particular its net sales and margins;  Fluctuations in the cost and availability of raw materials, including resins and other commodities;  The success of and risks associated with NTIC’s emerging new businesses and products and services, including in particular NTIC’s ability and the ability of NTIC’s joint ventures to sell ZERUST® products and services into oil and gas industry and Natur-Tec® products and the often lengthy and extensive sales process involved in selling such products and services;  NTIC’s ability to introduce new products and services that respond to changing market conditions and customer demand;  Market acceptance of NTIC’s existing and new products, especially in light of existing and new competitive products; 14  Maturation of certain existing markets for NTIC’s ZERUST® products and services and NTIC’s ability to grow market share and succeed in penetrating other existing and new markets;  Increased competition, especially with respect to NTIC’s ZERUST® products and services, and the effect of such competition on NTIC’s and its joint ventures’ pricing, net sales and margins;  NTIC’s reliance upon and its relationships with its distributors, independent sales representatives and joint ventures;  NTIC’s reliance upon suppliers;  The costs and effects of complying with laws and regulations and changes in tax, fiscal, government and other regulatory policies, including rules relating to environmental, health and safety matters;  Unforeseen product quality or other problems in the development, production and usage of new and existing products;  Unforeseen production expenses incurred in connection with new customers and new products;  Loss of or changes in executive management or key employees;  Ability of management to manage around unplanned events;  Pending and future litigation;  NTIC’s reliance on its intellectual property rights and the absence of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others;  NTIC’s ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, especially in light of its accelerated filer status and its joint venture arrangements;  changes in applicable laws or regulations and NTIC’s failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations;  changes in generally accepted accounting principles and the effect of new accounting pronouncements;  Fluctuations in NTIC’s effective tax rate; and  NTIC’s reliance upon its management information systems. For more information regarding these and other uncertainties and factors that could cause NTIC’s actual results to differ materially from what NTIC has anticipated in its forward-looking statements or otherwise could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition or operating results, see “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.” All forward-looking statements included in this report are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. NTIC wishes to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement that speaks only as of the date made and to recognize that forward-looking statements are predictions of future results, which may not occur as anticipated. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements and from historical results, due to the 15 uncertainties and factors described above, as well as others that NTIC may consider immaterial or does not anticipate at this time. Although NTIC believes that the expectations reflected in its forward-looking statements are reasonable, NTIC does not know whether its expectations will prove correct. NTIC’s expectations reflected in its forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions NTIC might make or by known or unknown uncertainties and factors, including those described above. The risks and uncertainties described above are not exclusive and further information concerning NTIC and its business, including factors that potentially could materially affect its financial results or condition, may emerge from time to time. NTIC assumes no obligation to update, amend or clarify forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting such forward-looking statements. NTIC advises you, however, to consult any further disclosures NTIC makes on related subjects in its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K NTIC files with or furnishes to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS The following are the most significant factors known to NTIC that could materially adversely affect its business, operating results or financial condition. The termination of NTIC’s joint venture agreements with and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the formation and establishment of NTIC China have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on NTIC’s operating results. Effective as of December 31, 2014, NTIC terminated its joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust, initiated the process to liquidate the joint venture entity and established a wholly-owned subsidiary to conduct business in China. Commencing during the second quarter of fiscal 2015, NTIC’s consolidated financial statements include the financial results of NTIC China. Tianjin Zerust was individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income. Accordingly, the termination of NTIC’s joint venture agreements with and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust adversely affected NTIC’s operating results, including in particular, its equity in income, fee income for services provided to joint ventures and operating expenses, during fiscal 2015 since NTIC accounted for its investment in Tianjin Zerust in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements utilizing the equity method of accounting. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures of $5,936,565 during fiscal 2015 and $5,920,603 during fiscal 2014, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $132,824 and $626,763 attributable to Tianjin Zerust, respectively. Of the total fee income for services provided to joint ventures of $5,715,491 during fiscal 2015 and $8,142,863 during fiscal 2014, $494,080 and $2,118,018 were attributable to Tianjin Zerust. NTIC anticipates that it may take some time to transition the previous customers of Tianjin Zerust to NTIC China and no assurance can be provided that NTIC China will be able to achieve the net sales and income levels previously achieved by Tianjin Zerust. NTIC has incurred, and expects to continue to incur, significant operating expenses associated with NTIC China and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and expects that NTIC’s operating results may be volatile over the next several quarters. This is true especially since NTIC has commenced litigation against Mr. Tao Meng, Tianjin Zerust’s other shareholder, and his spouse in order to force the liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and has commenced litigation against Cortec Corporation alleging, among other things, that Cortec Corporation aided and abetted breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to NTIC and NTI Asean related to Tianjin Zerust. During fiscal 2015, NTIC incurred approximately $1,642,258 in start-up expenses related either directly or indirectly to the establishment of NTIC China, the termination of the joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust, the pending litigation against Mr. Tao Meng and his spouse and Cortec Corporation, and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. The start-up expenses are inclusive of the losses incurred by the subsidiary of $1,042,258 during the same period. 16 NTIC expects its operating results may be volatile over the next few quarters as a result of NTIC’s Chinese operations. In particular, because of the lack of financial and other information received from Tianjin Zerust, it is possible that receipt of future financial and other information from Tianjin Zerust may impact the realization of NTIC’s investment in and realization of a receivable from Tianjin Zerust. The last time NTIC received financial information from Tianjin Zerust was through November 2014. NTIC, as of August 31, 2015, does not believe there are any triggering events that would require an impairment test. NTIC’s current net investment is approximately $1.1 million, which is 60% of its investment in Tianjin Zerust, which was $1,883,668 as of August 31, 2015. NTIC will continue to evaluate the realization of this asset on an ongoing basis and adjust if necessary. NTIC’s pending litigation is expensive and may have an adverse effect on NTIC’s business and operating results. During fiscal 2015, NTIC commenced litigation against Mr. Tao Meng, Tianjin Zerust’s other shareholder, and his spouse in order to force the liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and against Cortec Corporation alleging, among other things, that Cortec Corporation aided and abetted breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to NTIC and NTI Asean related to Tianjin Zerust. Litigation is expensive and often uncertain. There is no assurance that NTIC will be successful in this litigation. In the meantime, it is likely that NTIC will incur significant expenses in pursuing the litigation. In addition, the pending litigation may have an adverse effect on NTIC’s business and operating results. Any weakness in the global economy, and in particular in the United States, Europe and China, may negatively impact NTIC’s business, operating results and financial condition. NTIC’s operating results are dependent upon the economic health of the global economy, including in particular the United States, Europe and China. Of NTIC’s net sales in fiscal 2015, approximately $19.3 million were to customers in the United States and $1.1 million were to customers in China. In addition, approximately 63.5% of the $99 million in net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures during fiscal 2015 were to customers based in Europe. Accordingly, any weakness in the global economy, and in particular in the United States, Europe and China, may negatively impact NTIC’s business, operating results and financial condition. The possibility that Greece and other EU member states may default on their debt obligations, the uncertainty regarding international and the European Union’s financial support programs, the possibility that EU member states may experience similar financial troubles and the austerity measures that have been implemented by Greece and certain other EU member states could negatively impact NTIC’s business, operating results and financial condition. During fiscal 2014, total net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures were adversely affected in part by the European economic slowdown, which NTIC believes adversely affected the net sales of NTIC’s European joint ventures, as well as certain of NTIC’s other non-European joint ventures. Although NTIC believes its fiscal 2015 financial results were not similarly affected, there is no assurance that its fiscal 2016 or future financial results will not be adversely affected. In addition, if the European sovereign debt crisis worsens, the value of the Euro and other European currencies could deteriorate, which could negatively impact the business, operating results and financial condition of NTIC and its joint ventures in light of the substantial operations of its joint ventures and the revenues its joint ventures derive from customers in the European Union. Apart from the European sovereign debt crisis, other global economies have experienced adverse economic conditions either as a result of the European sovereign debt crisis or otherwise that have affected all sectors of the economy. During fiscal 2009, NTIC’s operating results were significantly adversely affected by worldwide economic conditions, particularly adverse conditions affecting the worldwide automobile industry at that time. Since a significant portion of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services are sold to 17 customers in the automotive industry, adverse economic conditions affecting the automotive industry again in particular may result in another adverse effect on NTIC’s net sales and its other operating results. Global credit and financial markets in the past have experienced disruptions, including diminished liquidity and credit availability and rapid fluctuations in market valuations, which if they happen again, could negatively impact NTIC’s business, operating results and financial condition. Any tightening of the credit and financial markets as a result of the European sovereign debt crisis or otherwise could negatively impact the ability of companies to borrow money from their existing lenders, obtain credit from other sources or raise financing to fund their operations. This could negatively impact the ability of NTIC’s customers and the customers of NTIC’s joint ventures to purchase NTIC’s products, suppliers’ ability to provide NTIC and its joint ventures with materials and components and the ability of NTIC and its joint ventures, distributors and sales representatives to finance operations, if needed, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any or all of these events could negatively impact NTIC’s business, operating results and financial condition. Although NTIC maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers, distributors and joint ventures to make required payments and such losses historically have been within NTIC’s expectations and the provisions established, NTIC cannot guarantee that it will continue to experience the same loss rates that it has in the past, especially if there are weaknesses in the worldwide economy. A significant change in the liquidity or financial condition of NTIC’s customers, distributors or joint ventures could cause unfavorable trends in NTIC’s receivable collections and additional allowances may be required, which could adversely affect NTIC’s operating results. In addition, weaknesses in the worldwide economy may adversely impact the ability of suppliers to provide NTIC with materials and components, which could adversely affect NTIC’s business and operating results. NTIC is unable to predict the prospects for a global economic recovery, but the longer the duration of such adverse and uncertain economic conditions, the greater the risks NTIC faces in operating its business. NTIC’s liquidity and financial position rely on the receipt of fees for services provided to its joint ventures and dividend distributions from its joint ventures. No assurance can be provided that NTIC will continue to receive such fees and dividend distributions in amounts NTIC historically has received or anticipates to receive. NTIC conducts business, either directly or indirectly through several joint venture arrangements that operate in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures manufactures, markets and sells finished products in the geographic territory that it is assigned. NTIC’s receipt of funds as a result of sales by its joint ventures is dependent upon NTIC’s receipt of fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures based primarily on the net sales of the individual joint ventures and NTIC’s receipt of dividend distributions from its joint ventures based on the profitability of its joint ventures. NTIC’s liquidity and financial position rely on NTIC’s receipt of fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures and dividend distributions from its joint ventures. During fiscal 2015, NTIC recognized $5,715,491 in fees and $2,983,338 in dividend distributions from its joint ventures. Because NTIC owns 50% or less of each of its joint venture entities, NTIC does not control the decisions of these entities regarding whether to pay dividends and, if paid, how much they should be in any given year. Thus, NTIC cannot guarantee that any of its joint ventures will pay dividends in any given year. The failure of NTIC’s joint ventures to declare dividends or the failure of NTIC to receive fees for services provided to joint ventures in amounts typically expected by NTIC could adversely affect NTIC’s liquidity and financial position. 18 Since a significant portion of NTIC’s earnings results from NTIC’s equity income from joint ventures and since NTIC’s equity income from joint ventures varies from quarter to quarter, NTIC’s earnings are subject to quarterly fluctuations. A significant portion of NTIC’s earnings results from NTIC’s equity income from its joint ventures. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures consists of NTIC’s share of equity in income from its joint ventures based on the overall profitability of the joint ventures. Such profitability varies from quarter to quarter. Since NTIC’s management typically receives quarterly joint venture financial information after the completion of each fiscal quarter, it is impossible for NTIC’s management to cut costs and expenses to make up for any unanticipated shortfall in NTIC’s equity income from joint ventures. Accordingly, the variability in NTIC’s equity income from joint ventures, in turn, subjects NTIC’s earnings to quarterly fluctuations. Out of NTIC’s joint ventures, NTIC’s joint venture in Germany is the most significant in terms of assets and income to NTIC. If sales of NTIC’s products and services by this joint venture were to decline significantly or if NTIC’s relationships with this joint venture were to deteriorate significantly, NTIC’s operating results likely would be adversely affected. NTIC considers its joint venture in Germany, EXCOR, to be individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income; and therefore, provides certain additional information regarding this joint venture entity in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and in certain sections of this report. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures of $5,936,565 during fiscal 2015, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $4,091,608 attributable to EXCOR. Of the total fee income for services provided to joint ventures of $5,715,491 during fiscal 2015, fees of $873,400 were attributable to EXCOR. Accordingly, if sales of NTIC’s products and services by this joint venture were to decline significantly or if NTIC’s relationships with this joint venture or joint venture partner were to deteriorate significantly such that the joint venture is terminated or not motivated to sell NTIC’s products and services, NTIC’s operating results likely would be adversely affected. In addition, pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X, NTIC intends to file an amendment to this report to include the audited financial statements and related notes of EXCOR. NTIC’s international business, which is conducted primarily through its subsidiaries and joint ventures, requires management attention and financial resources and exposes NTIC to difficulties and risks presented by international economic, political, legal, accounting and business factors. NTIC sells products and services directly, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC China, its majority- owned subsidiaries, Zerust Brazil and Natur-Tec India, and its majority-owned holding company subsidiary, NTI Asean, and indirectly via a network of joint ventures, independent distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and agents in over 60 countries, including countries in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. One of NTIC’s strategic objectives is the continued expansion of its international operations. The expansion of NTIC’s existing international operations and entry into additional international markets require management attention and financial resources. The sale and shipping of products and services across international borders subject NTIC to extensive U.S. and foreign governmental trade regulations. Compliance with such regulations is costly and exposes NTIC to penalties for non-compliance. Other laws and regulations that can significantly impact NTIC include various anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, laws restricting business with suspected terrorists and anti-boycott laws. Any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could impact NTIC in a variety of ways that include, but are not limited to, significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, including imprisonment of individuals, fines and penalties, denial of export privileges, seizure of shipments and restrictions on certain business activities. Also, the failure to 19 comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of NTIC’s shipping and sales activities. Many of the countries in which NTIC sells its products directly or indirectly through NTIC China, Zerust Brazil, Natur-Tec India, NTI Asean, its joint ventures, distributors, representatives and agents are, to some degree, subject to political, economic and/or social instability. NTIC’s international operations expose NTIC and its joint venture partners, distributors, representatives and agents to risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions. These risks include:  difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and the required infrastructure costs   including legal, tax, accounting and information technology; the imposition of additional U.S. and foreign governmental controls or regulations, new trade restrictions and restrictions on the activities of foreign agents, representatives and distributors, the imposition of costly and lengthy export licensing requirements and changes in duties and tariffs, license obligations and other non-tariff barriers to trade; the imposition of U.S. and/or international sanctions against a country, company, person or entity with whom NTIC does business that would restrict or prohibit continued business with the sanctioned country, company, person or entity;  pricing pressure that NTIC or its joint ventures, distributors, representatives and agents may    experience internationally; laws and business practices favoring local companies; currency exchange rate fluctuations; longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;  difficulties in enforcing or defending intellectual property rights;  multiple, changing and often inconsistent enforcement of laws and regulations; and  the potential payment of U.S. income taxes on certain earnings of joint ventures upon repatriation. Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject NTIC to, among other things, penalties and legal expenses that could harm its reputation and have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. NTIC is subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which generally prohibits covered entities and their intermediaries from engaging in bribery or making other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or other benefits. In addition, the FCPA imposes accounting standards and requirements on U.S. publicly traded corporations and their foreign affiliates, which are intended to prevent the diversion of corporate funds to the payment of bribes and other improper payments, and to prevent the establishment of “off books” slush funds from which such improper payments can be made. NTIC also is subject to similar anticorruption legislation implemented in Europe under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. NTIC and its joint ventures, distributors, independent representatives and agents operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential violations of the FCPA and other anticorruption laws, based on measurements such as Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, and NTIC utilizes a number of joint ventures, distributors, independent representatives and agents for whose actions NTIC could be held liable under the FCPA. NTIC informs its personnel, joint ventures, distributors, independent representatives and agents of the requirements of the FCPA and other anticorruption laws, including, but not limited to their reporting requirements. NTIC also has developed and will continue to develop and implement systems for formalizing contracting processes, performing due diligence on agents and improving its recordkeeping and auditing practices regarding these regulations. However, there is no guarantee that NTIC’s employees, joint ventures, distributors, independent representatives or other agents have not or will not engage in conduct undetected by 20 NTIC’s processes and for which NTIC might be held responsible under the FCPA or other anticorruption laws. If NTIC’s employees, joint ventures, distributors, third-party sales representatives or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, NTIC could suffer severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other remedial measures, including further changes or enhancements to its procedures, policies and controls, as well as potential personnel changes and disciplinary actions. The Securities and Exchange Commission has increased its enforcement of the FCPA during the past several years. Although NTIC does not believe it is currently a target in any such enforcement action, any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA or other anticorruption laws by U.S. or foreign authorities also could have an adverse impact on NTIC’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain private and foreign companies, including some of NTIC’s competitors, are not subject to prohibitions as strict as those under the FCPA or, even if subjected to strict prohibitions, such prohibitions may be laxly enforced in practice. If NTIC’s competitors engage in corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft or other fraudulent practices, they may receive preferential treatment from personnel of some companies or from government officials, giving NTIC’s competitors an advantage in securing business and which would put NTIC at a disadvantage. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in NTIC’s earnings and changes in NTIC’s foreign currency translation adjustments. Because the functional currency of NTIC’s foreign operations is the applicable local currency, NTIC is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk arising from transactions in the normal course of business. NTIC’s principal exchange rate exposure is with the Euro, the Japanese yen, Indian Rupee, Chinese Renminbi, Korean won and the English pound against the U.S. dollar. NTIC’s fees for services provided to its joint ventures and dividend distributions from these foreign entities are paid in foreign currencies; and thus, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in NTIC’s earnings. Any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and would not change NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures reflected in its consolidated statements of operations. NTIC does not hedge against its foreign currency exchange rate risk. Economic uncertainty in developing markets could adversely affect our revenue and earnings. NTIC conducts business, or is contemplating expansion, in developing markets with economies that tend to be more volatile than those in the United States and Western Europe. The risk of doing business in developing markets such as China, Brazil, India, Russia, the United Arab Emirates and other economically volatile areas could adversely affect NTIC’s operations and earnings. Such risks include the financial instability among customers in these regions, political instability, fraud or corruption and other non- economic factors such as irregular trade flows that need to be managed successfully with the help of the local governments. In addition, commercial laws in some developing countries can be vague, inconsistently administered and retroactively applied. If NTIC is deemed not to be in compliance with applicable laws in developing countries where NTIC conducts business, its prospects and business in those countries could be harmed, which could then have a material adverse impact on NTIC’s operating results and financial position. NTIC’s failure to successfully manage economic, political and other risks relating to doing business in developing countries and economically and politically volatile areas could adversely affect its business. NTIC faces intense competition in almost all of its product lines, including from competitors that have substantially greater resources than NTIC does. No assurance can be provided that NTIC will be able to compete effectively, which would harm its business and operating results. 21 NTIC’s products are sold in intense competitive markets throughout the world. This intense competition could result in pricing pressures, lower sales, reduced margins and lower market share. The principal competitive factors in NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions markets are pricing, product innovation, quality and reliability, product support, customer service and reputation. Additional competitive factors present in NTIC’s bioplastics business are brand awareness, distribution network, product availability, product offering, shelf life and place of manufacture. NTIC often competes with numerous manufacturers, many of which have substantially greater financial, marketing, and other resources than NTIC. As a result, they may be able to adapt more quickly than NTIC to new or emerging technologies, industry trends, and changes in customer requirements, or to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products than NTIC. In addition, competition could increase if new companies enter the markets in which NTIC competes, especially when the barriers to entry are low, which may be true with respect to NTIC’s rust and corrosion prevention business, or if existing competitors expand their product lines or intensify efforts within existing product lines. NTIC’s current products, products under development and its ability to develop new and improved products may be insufficient to enable NTIC to compete effectively with its competitors. No assurance can be provided that NTIC will be able to compete effectively, which would harm its business and operating results. In particular, NTIC has experienced more intense competition with respect to many of its traditional ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services, which have led to decreased pricing and smaller margins for NTIC. NTIC anticipates that such intense competition likely will continue and that new competitors may emerge, including plastic extrusion companies, which would continue to adversely affect NTIC’s operating results. NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services generate a significant portion of NTIC’s net sales and the net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures. Accordingly, if sales of these products and services were to decline, NTIC’s operating results would be adversely affected. NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services generate a significant portion of NTIC’s net sales and the net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures. During fiscal 2015, 85.9% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services. While the net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures are not included in NTIC’s net sales on NTIC’s consolidated financial statements, NTIC’s receipt of fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures and NTIC’s receipt of dividend distributions from its joint ventures is based primarily on the revenues and profitability of the joint ventures. Accordingly, if sales of these products and services were to decline due to increased competition, the introduction of a new disruptive technology or otherwise, NTIC’s operating results would be adversely affected. If NTIC is unable to continue to enhance its existing products and develop and market new products that respond to customer needs and achieve market acceptance, NTIC may experience a decrease in demand for its products, and its business could suffer. One of NTIC’s strategies is to enhance its existing products and develop and market new products that respond to customer needs. NTIC may not be able to compete effectively with its competitors unless NTIC can keep up with existing or new products or alternative technologies in the markets in which it competes. Product development requires significant research and development, financial and other resources. Although in the past NTIC has implemented lean manufacturing and other productivity improvement initiatives to provide investment funding for new products, no assurance can be provided that NTIC will be able to continue to do so in the future. Product improvements and new product introductions also require significant planning, design, development and testing at the technological, product, and manufacturing process levels and NTIC may not be able to timely develop product improvements or new products. NTIC’s competitors’ new products may beat NTIC’s products to market, may be more effective or less expensive than NTIC’s products or render NTIC’s products obsolete. Any new products that NTIC may develop may not receive market acceptance or otherwise generate any meaningful net sales or profits for NTIC relative to its 22 expectations, based on, among other things, existing and anticipated investments in manufacturing capacity and commitments to fund advertising, marketing, promotional programs, and research and development. NTIC has invested and intends to continue to invest additional research and development and marketing efforts and resources into the application of its corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and the continued launch of its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. No assurance can be provided, however, that NTIC’s investments in these new markets and products will be successful and result in additional revenue to NTIC. In an effort to increase net sales, NTIC has expanded the marketing of its corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. The majority of NTIC’s research and development expense in fiscal 2015 was spent in connection with research and development activities related to these two strategic initiatives. NTIC expects to continue to invest additional research and development and marketing efforts and resources into these strategic initiatives. No assurance can be provided, however, that such strategic initiatives will be successful or that NTIC will be successful in obtaining additional revenue as a result of them. The introduction of new products into new markets takes significant resources and there can be no assurance that NTIC is dedicating a sufficient amount of resources to ensure the success of these strategic initiatives. The sale of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services into the oil and gas industry, in particular, typically involves a long sales cycle, often including a one- to multi-year trial period with each customer and a slow integration process thereafter. This long sales cycle may cause NTIC’s management, stockholders and investors to lose faith in the business opportunities for NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services in the oil and gas industry. The expansion of NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and the continued launch of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms. In addition, any equity financings may be dilutive to NTIC’s stockholders. The expansion of NTIC’s corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and the continued launch of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products will continue to require significant resources during fiscal 2016 and beyond. To the extent that NTIC’s existing capital, including amounts available under its revolving line of credit, is insufficient to meet these requirements, NTIC may raise additional capital through financings or additional borrowings. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to NTIC and any equity financings could result in dilution to NTIC’s stockholders. NTIC’s strategy of expanding its corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and continuing its launch of its Natur-Tec® bioplastics resin compounds and finished products is risky and may not prove to be successful, which could harm NTIC’s operating results and financial condition. NTIC’s strategy of expanding its corrosion prevention solutions into the oil and gas industry and continuing its launch of its Natur-Tec® bioplastics resin compounds and finished products, either directly or indirectly through joint ventures and independent distributors and agents, is risky and subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business enterprise, including:      the absence of a significant operating history; the lack of commercialized products; the lack of market acceptance of new products; expected substantial and continual losses for such businesses for the foreseeable future; the lack of manufacturing experience and limited marketing experience; 23     an expected reliance on third parties for the manufacture and commercialization of some of the products; a competitive environment characterized by numerous, well-established and well-capitalized competitors; insufficient capital and other resources; and reliance on key personnel. NTIC relies on others for its production and any interruptions of these arrangements could disrupt NTIC’s ability to fill its customers’ orders. NTIC utilizes contract manufacturers for a significant portion of its production requirements. The majority of NTIC’s manufacturing is conducted in the United States by contract manufacturers that also perform services for numerous other companies. NTIC does not have a guaranteed level of production capacity with any of its contract manufacturers. Qualifying new contract manufacturers is time consuming and might result in unforeseen manufacturing and operations problems. The loss of NTIC’s relationships with its contract manufacturers or their inability to conduct their manufacturing and assembly services for NTIC as anticipated in terms of capacity, cost, quality and timeliness could adversely affect NTIC’s ability to fill customer orders in accordance with required delivery, quality, and performance requirements, and thus adversely affect NTIC’s net sales and other operating results. NTIC’s dependence on key suppliers puts NTIC at risk of interruptions in the availability of its products, which could reduce its net sales and adversely affect its operating results and harm its reputation. NTIC relies on suppliers for certain raw materials and components used in its products. For reasons of quality assurance, cost effectiveness or availability, NTIC procures certain raw materials and components from sole or limited source suppliers. NTIC generally acquires such raw materials and components through purchase orders placed in the ordinary course of business, and as a result, NTIC does not have a significant inventory of these materials and components and does not have any guaranteed or contractual supply arrangements with many of these suppliers for these materials and components. NTIC’s dependence on third-party suppliers involves several risks, including limited control over pricing, availability, quality and delivery schedules, as well as manufacturing yields and costs. Suppliers of such raw materials and components may decide, or be required, for reasons beyond NTIC’s control to cease supplying such raw materials and components to NTIC or to raise their prices. Shortages of raw materials, quality control problems, production capacity constraints or delays by suppliers could negatively affect NTIC’s ability to meet its production obligations and result in increased prices for affected parts. Any such shortage, constraint or delay may result in delays in shipments of products or components, which could adversely affect NTIC’s net sales and other operating results, and its reputation. From time to time, materials and components used in NTIC’s products are subject to allocation because of shortages of these materials and components. With respect to NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, there are a limited number of suppliers of the base resins used to manufacture NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, and in the past, NTIC has experienced some delay in obtaining such base resins. In addition, a number of raw materials and purchased parts used in NTIC’s rust and corrosion inhibiting products and Natur-Tec® finished products are sourced from suppliers who currently serve as NTIC’s sole source of supply for these components. Future shortages of materials and components could cause delayed shipments and customer dissatisfaction and adversely affect net sales. Increases in prices for raw materials and components used in NTIC’s products could adversely affect NTIC’s operating results. NTIC uses certain raw materials and components in its products, including in particular plastic resins, which are subject to price increases. Increases in prices for raw materials and components used in NTIC’s products could adversely affect NTIC’s gross margins and other operating results. 24 The commercial success of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products depends on the widespread market acceptance of products manufactured with biobased and biodegradable resins. Although there is a developed market for petroleum-based plastics, the market for “bio-plastics” which are plastics produced with biobased resins, which are derived from renewable resources such as corn or cellulosic/plant material or blends thereof, or plastics that are engineered to be fully biodegradable or both, is still developing. The commercial success of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products depends on the widespread market acceptance of products manufactured with biobased and biodegradable resins. It is currently difficult to assess or predict with any assurance the potential size, timing and viability of market opportunities for NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. The traditional plastics market sector is well-established with entrenched competitors with whom NTIC competes. Pricing for traditional plastics has been highly volatile in recent years, which drive, to some extent, the commercial and other support for bioplastics. While NTIC expects to be able to command a premium price for its Natur- Tec® resin compounds and finished products, a widening gap in the pricing for bioplastics versus petroleum- based plastics may reduce the size of the addressable market for NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. In addition, the growth of the market will create some pressure on price for applications today considered commodities, including in particular NTIC’s current Natur-Tec® finished products. NTIC’s business, properties and products are subject to governmental regulation and taxes, compliance with which may require NTIC to incur expenses or modify its products or operations, and which may expose NTIC to penalties for non-compliance. Governmental regulation also may adversely affect the demand for some of NTIC’s products and its operating results. NTIC’s business, properties and products are subject to a wide variety of international, federal, state and local laws, rules, taxes and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, natural resources, and worker health and safety and the use, management, storage, and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes and other regulated materials. These laws, rules and regulations may affect the way NTIC conducts its operations, and the failure to comply with these regulations could lead to fines and other penalties. Because NTIC owns and operates real property, various environmental laws also may impose liability on NTIC for the costs of cleaning up and responding to hazardous substances that may have been released on NTIC’s property, including releases unknown to NTIC. These environmental laws and regulations also could require NTIC to pay for environmental remediation and response costs at third-party locations where NTIC disposed of or recycled hazardous substances. NTIC’s future costs of complying with the various environmental requirements, as they now exist or may be altered in the future, could adversely affect NTIC’s financial condition and operating results. NTIC is also subject to other international, federal and state laws, rules and regulations, the future non-compliance with which may harm NTIC’s business or may adversely affect the demand for some of its products. Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards and taxation changes, including tax rate changes, new tax laws, revised tax law interpretations, also may adversely affect NTIC’s operating results. Fluctuations in NTIC’s effective tax rate could have a significant impact on NTIC’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The mix of pre-tax income or loss among the tax jurisdictions in which NTIC operates that have varying tax rates could impact NTIC’s effective tax rate. NTIC is subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, in both the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes, other tax liabilities, interest and penalties. Future events could change management’s assessment. NTIC operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions and is subject to tax audits in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. NTIC also has made assumptions about the realization of deferred tax assets. Changes in these assumptions could result in a valuation allowance for these assets. Final determination of tax audits or tax disputes may be different from what is currently reflected by NTIC’s income tax provisions and accruals. 25 NTIC may grow its business through additional joint ventures, alliances and acquisitions, which could be risky and harm its business. One of NTIC’s growth strategies may be to expand its business by entering into additional joint ventures and alliances and acquiring businesses, technologies and products that complement or augment NTIC’s existing products. The benefits of a joint venture, alliance or acquisition may take more time than expected to develop, and NTIC cannot guarantee that any future joint ventures, alliances or acquisitions will in fact produce the intended benefits. In addition, joint ventures, alliances and acquisitions involve a number of risks, including:  diversion of management’s attention;  difficulties in assimilating the operations and products of a new joint venture or acquired business or in realizing projected efficiencies, cost savings and revenue synergies;  potential loss of key employees or customers of the new joint venture or acquired business or     adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers; adverse impact on overall profitability if the new joint venture or acquired business does not achieve the financial results projected in NTIC’s valuation models; reallocation of amounts of capital from other operating initiatives and/or an increase in NTIC’s leverage and debt service requirements to pay the joint venture capital contribution or the acquisition purchase price, which could in turn restrict NTIC’s ability to access additional capital when needed or to pursue other important elements of NTIC’s business strategy; inaccurate assessment of undisclosed, contingent or other liabilities or problems and unanticipated costs associated with the new joint venture or acquisition; and incorrect estimates made in the accounting for acquisitions, occurrence of non-recurring charges and write-off of significant amounts of goodwill that could adversely affect NTIC’s operating results. NTIC’s ability to grow through joint ventures, alliances and acquisitions will depend, in part, on the availability of suitable opportunities at an acceptable cost, NTIC’s ability to compete effectively for these opportunities and the availability of capital to complete such transactions. NTIC relies on its joint ventures, distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and other agents to market and sell its products. In addition to its direct sales force, NTIC relies on its joint ventures, distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and other agents to market and sell its products in the United States and internationally. NTIC’s joint ventures, distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and other agents might terminate their relationship with NTIC, or devote insufficient sales efforts to NTIC’s products. NTIC does not control its joint ventures, distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and other agents and they may not be successful in implementing NTIC’s marketing plans. NTIC’s failure to maintain its existing relationships with these entities, or its failure to recruit and retain additional skilled joint venture partners, distributors, manufacturer’s sales representatives and other agents could have an adverse effect on NTIC’s operations. It is anticipated that several of NTIC’s joint venture partners will retire during the next several years which will require a transition on the part of the joint venture as well as NTIC and could harm NTIC’s relationship with the joint venture and NTIC’s business. NTIC may be subject to product liability claims or other claims arising out of the activities of its joint ventures, which could adversely affect NTIC and its business. While NTIC is not aware of any specific potential risk beyond its initial investment in and any undistributed earnings of each of its joint ventures, there can be no assurance that NTIC will not be subject to lawsuits based on product liability claims or other claims arising out of the activities of its joint ventures. To mitigate the ramifications of such an occurrence, NTIC maintains liability insurance specifically applicable to its 26 ownership positions in its joint venture arrangements in excess of any insurance the joint ventures may maintain. No assurance can be provided, however, that such insurance will be available or adequate in the event of a claim. The sale of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products into the oil and gas industry is especially risky in light of the hazards typically associated with such operations and the significant amount of potential liability involved, which could adversely affect NTIC’s business if ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products are involved, even if the cause of such events was not related to NTIC’s products. Because NTIC sells its ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products into the oil and gas industry, NTIC is subject to some of the risks and hazards typically associated with such operations, including hazards such as fire, explosion, blowouts, cratering, unplanned gas releases and spills, each of which could be claimed to be attributed to the failure of NTIC’s products to perform as anticipated. If such events occur and NTIC’s products are involved, NTIC’s business and operating results may suffer even if the cause of such events was not related to NTIC’s products. The sale of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products into the oil and gas industry is somewhat seasonal and dependent upon oil prices. During fiscal 2015, NTIC experienced seasonality with respect to the sale of its ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products into the oil and gas industry, with sales during parts of the second and third fiscal quarters being adversely affected by winter in the United States. In addition, although not anticipated, the sale of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products into the oil and gas industry were hampered by low global crude oil prices, which NTIC believes constrained capital improvement budgets of its existing and prospective customers. NTIC has limited staffing and will continue to be dependent upon key employees. NTIC’s success is dependent upon the efforts of a small management team and group of employees. NTIC’s future success will depend in large part on its ability to retain its key employees and identify, attract and retain other highly qualified managerial, technical, research and development, sales and marketing and customer service personnel when needed. Competition for these individuals may be intense, especially in the markets in which NTIC operates. NTIC may not succeed in identifying, attracting and retaining these personnel. NTIC’s current management, other than its President and Chief Executive Officer, does not have any material stock ownership in NTIC. In addition, none of NTIC’s employees has any contractual obligation to maintain his or her employment with NTIC. The loss or interruption of services of any of NTIC’s key personnel, including in particular its technical personnel, the inability to identify, attract or retain qualified personnel in the future, delays in hiring qualified personnel, or any employee slowdowns, strikes or similar actions could make it difficult for NTIC to manage its business and meet key objectives, which could harm NTIC’s business, financial condition and operating results. Given NTIC’s limited resources, it may not effectively manage its growth. NTIC’s strategy to grow its business, including in particular its ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products for the oil and gas industry and its Natur-Tec® bio-plastic resin compounds and finished products, requires significant management time and operational and financial resources. There is no assurance that NTIC has the necessary operational and financial resources to manage its growth. This is especially true as it expands facilities and manufactures its products on a larger commercial scale. In addition, rapid growth in NTIC’s headcount and operations may place a significant strain on its management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. Failure to adequately manage its growth could have a material and adverse effect on NTIC’s business, financial condition and operating results. For example, NTIC’s soil side bottom solutions for tanks require implementation teams comprised of both internal NTIC personnel and 27 outside consulting firms. NTIC’s failure to expand these implementation teams to service additional customers may limit NTIC’s ability to grow this business. In addition, NTIC may not be successful in its strategy to grow its business. Certain of NTIC’s operations are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The manufacture, sale and use of NTIC’s Natur-Tec® bio-plastic resin compounds are subject to regulation by the U.S. FDA. The FDA’s regulations are concerned with substances used indirectly in food packaging materials, not with specific finished food packaging products. Thus, food and beverage containers are in compliance with FDA regulations if the components used in the food and beverage containers: (i) are approved by the FDA as indirect food additives for their intended uses and comply with the applicable FDA indirect food additive regulations; or (ii) are generally recognized as safe for their intended uses and are of suitable purity for those intended uses. NTIC believes that its Natur-Tec® resin compounds are in compliance with all FDA requirements. However, failure to comply with FDA regulations could subject NTIC to administrative, civil or criminal penalties. NTIC relies on its management information systems for inventory management, distribution and other functions. If these information systems fail to adequately perform these functions or if NTIC experiences an interruption in their operation, NTIC’s business and operating results could be adversely affected. The efficient operation of NTIC’s business is dependent on its management information systems. NTIC relies on its management information systems to effectively manage accounting and financial functions; manage order entry, order fulfillment and inventory replenishment processes; and to maintain its research and development data. The failure of management information systems to perform as anticipated could disrupt NTIC’s business and product development and could result in decreased sales, causing NTIC’s business and operating results to suffer. In addition, NTIC’s management information systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural or man-made disasters, terrorist attacks and attacks by computer viruses or hackers, or power loss or computer systems, Internet, telecommunications or data network failure. Any such interruption could adversely affect NTIC’s business and operating results. NTIC’s reliance upon patents, trademark laws, trade secrets and contractual provisions to protect its proprietary rights may not be sufficient to protect its intellectual property from others who may sell similar products. NTIC holds patents relating to various aspects of its products and believes that proprietary technical know- how is critical to many of its products. Proprietary rights relating to NTIC’s products are protected from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are maintained in confidence as trade secrets. NTIC cannot be certain that it will be issued any patents from any pending or future patent applications owned by or licensed to NTIC or that the claims allowed under any issued patents will be sufficiently broad to protect its technology. In the absence of patent protection, NTIC may be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy NTIC’s products or gain access to its trade secrets and know-how. NTIC’s competitors may initiate litigation to challenge the validity of NTIC’s patents, or they may use their resources to design comparable products that do not infringe NTIC’s patents. NTIC may incur substantial costs if its competitors initiate litigation to challenge the validity of its patents or if it initiates any proceedings to protect its proprietary rights and if the outcome of any such litigation is unfavorable to NTIC, its business and operating results could be materially adversely affected. In addition, NTIC relies substantially on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that it seeks to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with its employees, and consultants. These agreements may be breached and NTIC may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Even if these confidentiality agreements are not breached, NTIC’s trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. 28 NTIC may not achieve its annual financial guidance or projected goals and objectives in the time periods that NTIC anticipates or announces publicly, which could have an adverse effect on NTIC’s business and could cause its stock price to decline. On a quarterly basis, NTIC typically provides projected annual financial information, including its anticipated annual net sales and net earnings. These financial projections are based on management’s then current expectations and typically do not contain any margin of error or cushion for any specific uncertainties, or for the uncertainties inherent in all financial forecasting. The failure to achieve such financial projections could have an adverse effect on NTIC’s business, disappoint investors and analysts and cause its stock price to decline. NTIC also sets goals and objectives for, and makes public statements regarding, the timing of certain accomplishments and milestones regarding its business, such as its progress in selling its ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services to customers in the oil and gas industry, the progress and timing of its various field trials with prospective customers in the oil and gas industry, its ability to increase sales of its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products, and other developments and milestones. The actual timing of these events can vary dramatically due to a number of factors including without limitation the timing of the receipt of purchase orders, delays or failures in current field trials, the amount of time, effort and resources committed to the sales and marketing of NTIC’s products and services by NTIC and its current and potential future distributors and agents and the uncertainties inherent in introducing new products and services. As a result, there can be no assurance that NTIC will succeed in achieving its projected goals and objectives in the time periods that NTIC anticipates or announces publicly. The failure to achieve such projected goals and objectives in the time periods that NTIC anticipates or announces publicly could have an adverse effect on NTIC’s business, disappoint investors and analysts and cause its stock price to decline. NTIC’s quarterly results are typically unpredictable and subject to variation. NTIC’s quarterly operating results vary from quarter to quarter for a variety of reasons. For example, NTIC’s quarterly sales to joint ventures can be affected by individual orders to joint ventures. Because of the typical size of individual orders to joint ventures and overall size of NTIC’s net sales to joint ventures, the timing of one or more orders can affect materially NTIC’s quarterly sales to joint ventures and the comparisons to prior year quarters. In addition, because of the typical size of individual orders and overall size of NTIC’s net sales derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products, the timing of one or more orders can affect materially NTIC’s quarterly sales of Natur-Tec® products and the comparisons to prior year quarters. Furthermore, since ZERUST® products for the oil and gas industry typically carry higher margins than other traditional ZERUST® products, the amount of sales of ZERUST® products for the oil and gas industry typically affects NTIC’s overall margins. Such variability in operating results makes the prediction of NTIC’s net sales, earnings and other operating results for each quarter difficult and increases the risk of unanticipated variations in quarterly operating results. NTIC’s quarterly results have been and in the future may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. 29 As a result of NTIC’s status as an “accelerated filer” under SEC rules, NTIC is subject to additional SEC disclosure and other rules and regulations, which will cause NTIC to incur additional costs to comply with such rules and regulations and the non-compliance of which may have an adverse effect on NTIC’s operating results. Beginning in fiscal 2015, NTIC became an “accelerated filer” under SEC rules and, as a result, is subject to additional SEC disclosure and other rules and regulations, such as additional financial statement requirements with respect to its joint ventures, the requirement of its independent registered public accounting firm to attest to NTIC’s management’s report on the effectiveness of NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting and the requirement of NTIC to comply with certain additional disclosures rules and regulations, including the requirement to include additional executive compensation disclosures in its proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders. NTIC’s compliance with such additional rules and regulations may result in additional expense, which may adversely affect its operating results. NTIC is exposed to risks relating to its evaluation of its internal control over financial reporting as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related and other regulations implemented by the SEC and the NASDAQ Stock Market, are challenging for small publicly-held companies, including NTIC. NTIC’s efforts to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, significant general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. In particular, NTIC’s efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related regulations regarding NTIC’s assessment of its internal control over financial reporting have required and will continue to require the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, especially in light of NTIC’s new status as an “accelerated filer” under SEC rules. Although NTIC’s management has concluded that NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of August 31, 2015 and NTIC’s independent registered public accounting firm agreed, no assurance can be provided that NTIC’s management or independent registered public accounting firm will reach a similar conclusion as of any later date. NTIC’s failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may have an adverse effect on its stock price. NTIC’s compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and any changes in such principles might adversely affect NTIC’s operating results and financial condition. Any requirement to consolidate NTIC’s joint ventures or subject them to compliance with the internal control provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could adversely affect NTIC’s operating results and financial condition. If there were a change in accounting rules and NTIC were required to fully consolidate its joint ventures or if NTIC’s joint ventures otherwise would be required to be consolidated with NTIC or be in compliance with the internal control provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, NTIC and the individual joint venture would incur significant additional costs. In addition, other accounting pronouncements issued in the future could have a material cost associated with NTIC’s implementation of such new accounting pronouncements. NTIC’s business is subject to a number of other miscellaneous risks that may adversely affect NTIC’s operating results, financial condition or business. NTIC’s business is subject to a number of other miscellaneous risks that may adversely affect NTIC’s operating results, financial condition or business, such as natural or man-made disasters or global pandemics that may result in shortages of raw materials, higher commodity costs, an increase in insurance premiums and other adverse effects on NTIC’s business; the continued threat of terrorist acts and war that may result in 30 heightened security and higher costs for import and export shipments of components or finished goods; and the ability of NTIC’s management to adapt to unplanned events. Risks Related to NTIC’s Common Stock The trading volume of NTIC’s common stock is typically very low, leaving NTIC’s common stock open to risk of high volatility. The number of shares of NTIC’s common stock being traded on a daily basis is often very low and on some trading days, there is no trading volume at all. During fiscal 2015, the daily trading volume ranged from zero shares to 80,300 shares. Any NTIC stockholder wishing to sell his, her or its stock may cause a significant fluctuation in the trading price of NTIC’s common stock. In addition, low trading volume of a stock increases the possibility that, despite rules against such activity, the price of the stock may be manipulated by persons acting in their own self-interest. NTIC may not have adequate market makers and market making activity to prevent manipulation in its common stock. The price and trading volume of NTIC’s common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile. The market price and trading volume of NTIC’s common stock price historically has fluctuated over a wide range. During fiscal 2015, the sale price of NTIC’s common stock ranged from a low of $14.98 per share to a high of $24.85 per share, and the daily trading volume ranged from zero shares to 80,300 shares. It is likely that the price and trading volume of NTIC’s common stock will continue to fluctuate in the future. The securities of small capitalization companies, including NTIC, from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations, often unrelated to the operating performance of these companies. Securities class action litigation is sometimes brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities or for other reasons. NTIC may become the target of similar litigation, especially if we fail to meet our annual projected financial guidance or lower our annual projected financial guidance. Securities litigation, whether with or without merit, could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could harm NTIC’s business, financial condition, and operating results, as well as the market price of its common stock. A large percentage of NTIC’s outstanding common stock is held by insiders, and, as a result, the trading market for NTIC’s common stock is not as liquid as the stock of other public companies. As of November 10, 2015, NTIC had 4,538,317 shares of common stock outstanding, of which 19.2% of these outstanding shares were beneficially owned by directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and their respective affiliates. The stock of companies with a substantial amount of stock held by insiders is usually not as liquid as the stock of other public companies where insider ownership is not as concentrated. Thus, the trading market for shares of NTIC’s common stock may not be as liquid as the stock of other public companies. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about NTIC’s business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding NTIC’s common stock, the market price for NTIC’s common stock and trading volume could decline. The trading market for NTIC’s common stock has been influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about NTIC or its business. If one or more analysts who cover NTIC downgrade NTIC’s common stock, the market price for NTIC’s common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of NTIC or fail to regularly publish reports on NTIC, NTIC could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for NTIC’s common stock to decline. 31 NTIC does not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Although in the past NTIC has paid dividends on its common stock, NTIC has not done so since fiscal 2005. The payment of any future dividends will be determined by NTIC’s Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including NTIC’s earnings (if any), financial condition, cash requirements, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors. NTIC’s Board of Directors currently does not anticipate paying a dividend on NTIC’s common stock in the near future, but rather intends to retain all of its earnings for the foreseeable future to finance the operation and expansion of its business. As a result, NTIC’s stockholders will only receive a return on their investment in NTIC’s common stock if the market price of NTIC’s common stock increases. One of NTIC’s principal stockholders beneficially owns a significant percentage of NTIC’s outstanding common stock and is affiliated with NTIC’s President and Chief Executive Officer and thus may be able to influence matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, and could discourage or otherwise impede a transaction in which a third party wishes to purchase NTIC’s outstanding shares at a premium. As of November 10, 2015, Inter Alia Holding Company, or Inter Alia, beneficially owned approximately 13.3% of NTIC’s outstanding common stock. Inter Alia is an entity partially owned by G. Patrick Lynch, NTIC’s President and Chief Executive Officer and a director, as well as three other members of the Lynch family. Mr. Lynch shares voting and dispositive power of shares of NTIC’s common stock held by Inter Alia with the other owners. As a result of his share ownership through Inter Alia and his position as President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of NTIC, Mr. Lynch may be able to influence the affairs and actions of NTIC, including matters requiring stockholder approval, such as the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. The interests of Mr. Lynch and Inter Alia may differ from the interests of NTIC’s other stockholders. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of NTIC, could deprive NTIC’s stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale or merger of NTIC and may negatively affect the market price of NTIC’s common stock. Transactions that could be affected by this concentration of ownership include proxy contests, tender offers, mergers or other purchases of common stock that could give stockholders the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price for shares of NTIC’s common stock. Future equity issuances by NTIC may have dilutive and other effects on NTIC’s existing stockholders. As of November 10, 2015, there were 4,538,317 shares of NTIC’s common stock outstanding, and in addition, security holders held options, which, if vested and exercised, would obligate NTIC to issue up to 295,181 additional shares of common stock. It is expected that such shares, when NTIC issues them upon exercise, will be available for immediate resale in the public market. The market price of NTIC’s common stock could fall as a result of sales of these shares of common stock due to the increased number of shares available for sale in the market. Any issuances by NTIC of equity securities may be at or below the prevailing market price of NTIC’s common stock and may have a dilutive impact on NTIC’s existing stockholders. These issuances or other dilutive issuances also would cause NTIC’s net income per share, if any, to decrease in future periods. As a result, the market price of NTIC’s common stock could decrease. Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 32 Item 2. PROPERTIES NTIC’s principal executive offices, production facilities and domestic research and development operations are located at 4201 Woodland Road, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014. NTIC owns this real estate and building, which is no longer subject to any mortgage. NTIC leased approximately 17,000 square feet of office, manufacturing, laboratory and warehouse space located in Beachwood, Ohio. NTIC had a number of research and development personnel at this location. This lease expired on December 31, 2014. At that time, such personnel then moved to a new facility that was purchased in July 2014. NTIC purchased certain real property and a building in Beachwood, Ohio, for the purchase price of $1,100,000 in cash. This purchase was completed on August 20, 2014. NTIC owns this real estate and building, which is not subject to any mortgage. Additionally, NTIC has contract warehousing agreements in place in California and Indiana to hold and release stock products to customers. NTIC’s management considers NTIC’s current properties suitable and adequate for its current and foreseeable needs. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On March 23, 2015, NTIC and NTI Asean LLC, a majority-owned subsidiary of NTIC, filed a lawsuit in Tianjin No 1 Intermediate People’s Court against two individuals, Meng Tao and Xu Hui, related to breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to NTI Asean under certain agreements related to NTIC’s former joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust Anti-Corrosion Technologies Ltd. The lawsuit alleges, among other things, that Mr. Meng Tao and Xu Hui have engaged in self-dealing, usurped business opportunities, and received economic benefits that were required to go to Tianjin Zerust. At this point it is too early in the lawsuit to reasonably estimate the amount of any recovery to NTI Asean. On April 21, 2015, NTIC and NTI Asean initiated a lawsuit in the District Court for the Second Judicial District, County of Ramsey, State of Minnesota against Cortec Corporation alleging, among other things, that Cortec Corporation aided and abetted breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to NTIC and NTI Asean related to NTIC’s joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust. From time to time, NTIC is subject to various other claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of its business. NTIC is not currently involved in any legal proceeding in which NTIC believes that there is a reasonable possibility of a material loss. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 33 Item 4A. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT The two individuals named below have been designated by NTIC’s Board of Directors as “executive officers” of NTIC. Their ages and the offices held, as of November 10, 2015, are as follows: Name G. Patrick Lynch Age 48 President and Chief Executive Officer Position with NTIC Matthew C. Wolsfeld 41 Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary G. Patrick Lynch, an employee of NTIC since 1995, has been President since July 2005 and Chief Executive Officer since January 2006 and was appointed a director of NTIC in February 2004. From July 2005 to January 2006, Mr. Lynch served as Chief Operating Officer of NTIC. Mr. Lynch served as President of North American Operations of NTIC from May 2004 to July 2005. Prior to May 2004, Mr. Lynch held various positions with NTIC, including Vice President of Strategic Planning, Corporate Secretary and Project Manager. Mr. Lynch is also an officer and director of Inter Alia Holding Company, a holding company that is a significant stockholder of NTIC. Prior to joining NTIC, Mr. Lynch held positions in sales management for Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, Japan and programming project management for BMW AG in Munich, Germany. Mr. Lynch received an M.B.A. degree from the University of Michigan Ross School of Business in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Matthew C. Wolsfeld, an employee of NTIC since February 2001, has been NTIC’s Chief Financial Officer since November 2001 and Corporate Secretary since November 2004. Mr. Wolsfeld was Controller of NTIC from May 2001 through November 2001. Prior to joining NTIC, Mr. Wolsfeld held an auditing position with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in Minneapolis, Minnesota from 1997 to 2001. Mr. Wolsfeld received a B.A. degree in Accounting from the University of Notre Dame and received his M.B.A. degree at the University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Business. Mr. Wolsfeld is a Certified Public Accountant. Other corporate officers of NTIC, their ages and the offices held, as of November 10, 2015, are as follows: Name Age Position with NTIC Vineet R. Dalal 45 Vice President and Director – Global Market Development – Natur-Tec® Gautam Ramdas 42 Vice President and Director – Global Market Development – Oil & Gas Vineet R. Dalal, an employee of NTIC since 2004, has served as Vice President and Director – Global Market Development – Natur-Tec® since November 2005. Prior to joining NTIC, Mr. Dalal was a Principal in the Worldwide Product Development Practice of PRTM, a management consultancy to technology based companies (now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consulting). In this position, Mr. Dalal consulted to several Fortune 500 companies, in the areas of product strategy, Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and technology management. Prior to that, Mr. Dalal held positions in program management and design engineering at National Semiconductor Corporation in Santa Clara, California. Mr. Dalal received an M.B.A. degree from the University of Michigan Ross School of Business in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He also holds an M.S. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Oregon State University, and a B.Eng. degree in Electronics Engineering from Karnatak University, India. 34 Gautam Ramdas, an employee of NTIC since 2005, has served as Vice President and Director – Global Market Development – Oil & Gas since 2005. Prior to joining NTIC, Mr. Ramdas was a Manager in the Strategic Change group of IBM Business Consulting Services. In this position, Mr. Ramdas led consulting engagements at several Fortune 500 companies, in the areas of service strategy, global supplier relationship management and supply chain streamlining. Mr. Ramdas held positions in the E-Commerce and Supply Chain strategy groups at PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consulting, again providing consulting services for Fortune 500 clients. Prior to management consulting, Mr. Ramdas worked as a program manager and design engineer with Kinhill Engineers in Australia. He has also been involved in the start-up stage of successful small businesses in the United States and in India. Mr. Ramdas received an M.B.A. from the University of Michigan Ross School of Business in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He also holds a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy (Chennai), India. 35 Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES PART II Market Information NTIC’s common stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “NTIC.” The following table sets forth the high and low daily sales prices for NTIC’s common stock, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market, for the fiscal quarter indicated: High Low Fiscal 2015 Fourth Quarter ........................................... Third Quarter ............................................ Second Quarter .......................................... First Quarter .............................................. $ 18.48 21.40 24.85 23.89 Fiscal 2014 Fourth Quarter ........................................... Third Quarter ............................................ Second Quarter .......................................... First Quarter .............................................. $ 22.20 22.95 23.83 19.00 $ 14.98 16.45 19.00 17.75 $ 16.30 19.87 17.17 14.55 Dividends Although NTIC’s Board of Directors has declared cash dividends to NTIC’s stockholders in the past, the payment of any future dividends will be determined by NTIC’s Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including NTIC’s earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors. The Board of Directors currently does not anticipate paying a dividend on NTIC’s common stock in the near future, but rather intends to retain all of its earnings for the foreseeable future to finance the operation and expansion of its business. Number of Record Holders As of August 31, 2015, there were 183 record holders of NTIC’s common stock. This does not include shares held in “street name” or beneficially owned. Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities NTIC did not sell any shares of its common stock or any other equity securities of NTIC that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015. 36 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The following table shows NTIC’s fourth quarter of fiscal 2015 stock repurchase activity. Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased 0 Average Price Paid Per Share (or Unit) N/A Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 0 Maximum Number of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) 0 1,587 1,587 N/A $15.34 $15.34 0 1,587 1,587 (1) (1)(2) (1)(2) Period June 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015 July 1, 2015 through July 31, 2015 August 1, 2015 through August 31, 2015 Total (1) On January 15, 2015, NTIC’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3,000,000 in shares of NTIC common stock through open market purchases or unsolicited or solicited privately negotiated transactions. This program has no expiration date but may be terminated by NTIC’s Board of Directors at any time. (2) As of August 31, 2015, up to $2,975,654 in shares of NTIC common stock remained available for repurchase under NTIC’s stock repurchase program. 37 NTIC Common Stock Comparative Performance Graph The information contained in this section shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” or incorporated by reference in future filings with the SEC, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that NTIC specifically requests that it be treated as soliciting material or incorporate it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. The following graph and table depict the cumulative total shareholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) on $100 invested in each of NTIC common stock, Russell Microcap Index and Wilshire Microcap index for the five-year period from August 31, 2010 through August 31, 2015. 38 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following tables set forth certain of NTIC’s selected consolidated financial data as of the dates and for the years indicated. The selected consolidated financial data was derived from NTIC’s consolidated financial statements. The audited consolidated financial statements as of August 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are included elsewhere in this report. The audited consolidated financial statements as of August 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 and for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2012 and 2011 are not included in this report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Fiscal Year Ended August 31, Statements of Operations Data: Net sales, excluding joint ventures .............................. $ 27,491,392 $ 23,601,514 $ 19,724,205 2,777,659 Net sales, to joint ventures .......................................... 2,831,301 22,501,864 Total net sales ............................................................ 30,322,693 Cost of goods sold ....................................................... 20,555,932 15,473,212 7,028,652 Gross profit ............................................................... 9,766,761 5,237,711 Equity in income from joint ventures .......................... 5,936,565 7,352,980 Fees for services provided to joint ventures ................ 5,715,491 12,590,691 Total joint venture operations ................................. 11,652,056 4,845,676 Selling expenses .......................................................... 5,820,748 4,605,979 General and administrative expenses .......................... 6,531,576 1,387,197 Expenses incurred in support of joint ventures ............ 1,867,570 3,815,515 Research and development expenses ........................... 4,047,279 14,654,367 Total operating expenses ......................................... 18,267,173 4,964,976 Operating income ........................................................ 3,151,644 34,614 34,835 Interest income ............................................................ (52,215) (20,960) Interest expense ........................................................... 670,126 Other income ............................................................... 515 5,617,501 Income before income taxes ........................................ 3,166,034 864,000 648,674 4,753,501 Net income .................................................................. 2,517,360 Net income attributable to non-controlling 3,224,594 26,826,108 17,803,153 9,022,955 5,920,603 8,142,863 14,063,466 5,221,738 5,393,531 1,408,014 4,368,752 16,392,035 6,694,386 11,617 (47,322) 4,393 6,663,074 1,124,662 5,538,412 Income tax expense (benefit) .................................. interests ................................................................... 1,386,607 Net income attributable to NTIC ................................. $ 1,789,571 $ 4,106,372 $ 3,366,894 Net income attributable to NTIC per common 1,432,040 727,789 $ 20,227,719 2,553,934 22,781,653 14,528,785 8,252,868 5,519,795 4,622,912 10,142,707 4,585,901 4,309,410 1,054,914 3,875,581 13,825,806 4,569,769 54,652 (29,388) 21,613 4,616,646 1,041,000 3,575,646 $ 16,594,004 2,932,523 19,526,527 12,768,640 6,757,887 5,536,243 6,129,979 11,666,222 4,090,704 4,343,283 1,000,576 4,364,109 13,798,672 4,625,437 108,692 (59,541) 27,300 4,701,888 706,000 3,995,888 127,450 $ 3,448,196 95,768 $ 3,900,120 share: Basic ....................................................................... $ Diluted .................................................................... $ Weighted-average common shares assumed outstanding: 0.40 $ 0.38 $ 0.92 $ 0.90 $ 0.76 0.75 $ $ 0.79 0.78 $ $ 0.90 0.89 4,454,836 4,579,498 4,421,636 4,475,895 Basic ....................................................................... 4,521,788 Diluted .................................................................... 4,649,060 Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents ........................................... $ 2,623,981 $ 2,477,017 $ 4,314,258 Available for sale securities ........................................ 2,027,441 — 16,932,505 Total current assets ...................................................... 19,275,612 49,053,949 Total assets .................................................................. 51,565,648 3,662,053 Total current liabilities ................................................ 3,671,841 857,295 Note payable, net of current portion ............................ — 3,800,929 Non-controlling interests ............................................. 3,019,702 40,733,672 Total stockholders’ equity ........................................... 44,874,105 Total equity ................................................................. 47,893,807 44,534,601 Other Financial Data: Net cash used in operating activities ........................... $ Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities ..... 1,901,224 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities ..... (874,652) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash (755,545) $ 7,422,912 $ 1,910,702 1,752,842 7,457,380 (1,563,867) (1,814,418) 5,519,766 22,319,966 54,057,775 4,466,655 — 3,837,257 45,753,863 49,591,120 4,391,424 4,451,594 4,325,863 4,404,100 $ 4,137,547 — 14,059,726 41,877,627 3,999,645 933,413 187,913 36,756,656 36,944,569 $ 3,266,362 — 13,490,514 40,039,742 4,404,766 1,009,533 91,795 34,533,648 34,625,443 $ 2,671,851 (1,709,077) 13,822 $ 1,702,214 (653,522) 408,719 equivalents .............................................................. (124,064) 11,646 (39,574) (105,411) 32,789 39 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This Management’s Discussion and Analysis provides material historical and prospective disclosures intended to enable investors and other users to assess NTIC’s financial condition and results of operations. Statements that are not historical are forward-looking and involve risks and uncertainties discussed under the heading “Part I. Item 1. Business—Forward-Looking Statements” and under the heading “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.” The following discussion of the results of the operations and financial condition of NTIC should be read in conjunction with NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included under “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” This Management’s Discussion and Analysis is organized in the following major sections:  Business Overview. This section provides a brief overview description of NTIC’s business, focusing in particular on developments during the most recent fiscal year.  NTIC’s Joint Venture Network. This section provides a brief overview of NTIC’s joint venture network, the joint ventures which are considered individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income and how NTIC’s joint ventures are accounted for by NTIC.  Financial Overview. This section provides a brief summary of NTIC’s financial results and financial condition for fiscal 2015.  Sales and Expense Components. This section provides a brief description of the significant line items in NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations.  Results of Operations. This section provides an analysis of the significant line items in NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations.  Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of NTIC’s liquidity and cash flows and a discussion of NTIC’s financial condition and financial commitments.  Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. This section describes NTIC’s material off-balance sheet arrangements.  Inflation and Seasonality. This section describes the effects of inflation and seasonality, if any, on NTIC’s business and operating results.  Market Risk. This section describes material market risks to which NTIC is subject.  Related Party Transactions. This section describes any material related party transactions to which NTIC is a party.  Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates. This section discusses NTIC’s critical accounting policies and estimates which require NTIC to exercise subjective or complex judgments in their application. All of NTIC’s significant accounting policies, including its critical accounting estimates, are summarized in Note 1 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements.  Recent Accounting Pronouncements. This section discusses recently issued accounting pronouncements that have had or may affect NTIC’s results of operations and financial condition and references Note 2 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements, which summarizes such pronouncements. 40 Business Overview NTIC develops and markets proprietary environmentally beneficial products and services in over 60 countries either directly or via a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. NTIC’s primary business is corrosion prevention marketed mainly under the ZERUST® brand. NTIC has been selling its proprietary ZERUST® products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for over 40 years, and in recent years, has targeted and expanded into the oil and gas industry. NTIC also markets and sells a portfolio of biobased and compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resins and finished products under the Natur-Tec® brand. These products are intended to reduce NTIC’s customers’ carbon footprint and provide environmentally sound waste disposal options. NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products include plastic and paper packaging, liquids and coatings, rust removers and cleaners, diffusers and engineered solutions designed specifically for the oil and gas industry. NTIC also offers worldwide on-site technical consulting for rust and corrosion prevention issues. NTIC’s technical service consultants work directly with the end users of NTIC’s ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products to analyze their specific needs and develop systems to meet their technical requirements. In North America, NTIC sells its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions through a direct sales force as well as a network of independent distributors and agents. Internationally, NTIC sells its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions through its wholly-owned subsidiary in China, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), its majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A. (Zerust Brazil), its majority-owned joint venture holding company for NTIC’s joint venture investments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, and joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. One of NTIC’s strategic initiatives is to expand into and penetrate other markets for its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions. Consequently, for the past several years, NTIC has focused its sales and marketing efforts on the oil and gas industry, as the infrastructure that supports that industry is typically constructed using metals that are highly susceptible to corrosion. NTIC believes that its ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions will minimize maintenance downtime on critical oil and gas industry infrastructure, extend the life of such infrastructure and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to corrosion leaks. NTIC markets and sells its ZERUST® rust and corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry across several countries either directly or through NTIC’s joint venture partners and other strategic partners. The sale of ZERUST® corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry typically involves a long sales cycle, often including a one- to multi-year trial period with each customer and a slow integration process thereafter. Natur-Tec® biobased and compostable plastics are manufactured using NTIC’s patented and/or proprietary technologies and are intended to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics. The Natur-Tec® biopolymer resin compound portfolio includes formulations that have been optimized for a variety of applications including blown-film extrusion, extrusion coating, injection molding, and engineered plastics. These resins are fully biodegradable in a composting environment and are currently being used to produce finished products including shopping and grocery bags, lawn and leaf bags, can liners, pet waste collection bags, cutlery, packaging foam and coated paper products. In North America, NTIC markets its Natur-Tec® resins and finished products primarily through a network of regional and national distributors as well as independent agents. NTIC continues to see significant opportunities for finished bioplastic products and, therefore, continues to strengthen and expand its North American distribution network for finished Natur- Tec® bioplastic products. Internationally, NTIC sells its Natur-Tec® resins and finished products both directly and through its majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India), and through certain joint ventures. In November 2014, NTIC entered into an agreement with NatureWorks LLC for joint marketing and sales of Ingeo® based packaging solutions to customers in India. 41 With recent Indian government mandates banning use of non-biodegradable plastics in certain types of food and consumer packaging, NTIC expects the market in India for bioplastic packaging solutions to grow substantially. Termination of Chinese Joint Venture On January 2, 2015, NTIC announced that, effective as of December 31, 2014, it is selling its ZERUST® products and services in China through a wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), and has terminated its joint venture agreements with Tianjin-Zerust Anticorrosion Co., Ltd. (Tianjin Zerust). NTIC and NTI Asean have filed a lawsuit against Mr. Tao Meng, a Chinese national and the former joint venture entity’s other shareholder, and his spouse in the Chinese court of Tianjin, seeking, among other things, an orderly liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. NTIC indirectly has a 30% ownership interest in Tianjin Zerust through its 60% owned holding company subsidiary, NTI Asean LLC. Commencing during the second quarter of fiscal 2015, NTIC’s consolidated financial statements include the financial results of NTIC China. NTIC anticipates that NTIC’s net sales, costs of goods sold and operating expenses will increase and its equity in income from joint ventures and fee income for services provided to its joint ventures will decrease in future periods compared to the comparable prior fiscal year periods as NTIC started recognizing Tianjin Zerust based on its carrying value instead of the equity method and will continue to do so until Tianjin Zerust is fully liquidated. NTIC anticipates that it may take several quarters to transition many of the previous customers of Tianjin Zerust to NTIC China and no assurance can be provided that NTIC China will be able to achieve the net sales and income levels previously achieved by Tianjin Zerust. For fiscal 2014, Tianjin Zerust had net sales of $15.9 million and net income of $1.3 million. The operating income of the joint venture before paying royalties in an aggregate amount of $4.2 million to all shareholders was over $5.5 million; NTIC’s indirect ownership of Tianjin Zerust is 30%. During fiscal 2015, NTIC incurred approximately $1,640,000 in start-up expenses related either directly or indirectly to the establishment of NTIC China, the termination of the joint venture agreements with Tianjin Zerust and its pending litigation against Mr. Tao Meng and his spouse, and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and against Cortec Corporation. These expenses are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses and expenses incurred in support of joint ventures on the consolidated statements of operations. NTIC expects that its operating results may be volatile over the next few quarters as a result of NTIC’s Chinese operations. NTIC’s Joint Venture Network NTIC participates in 19 active joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures generally manufactures and markets products in the geographic territory to which it is assigned. While most of NTIC’s joint ventures exclusively sell rust and corrosion inhibiting products, some of the joint ventures also sell NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds. NTIC has historically funded its investments in joint ventures with cash generated from operations. NTIC’s receipt of funds from its joint ventures is dependent upon fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures, based primarily on the net sales of the individual joint ventures, and NTIC’s receipt of dividend distributions from the joint ventures. The fees for services provided to joint ventures are determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of sales depending on local laws and tax regulations. With respect to NTIC’s joint venture in Germany (EXCOR), NTIC recognizes an agreed upon quarterly fee for such services. NTIC recognizes equity income from its joint ventures based on the overall profitability of 42 its joint ventures. Such profitability is subject to variability from quarter to quarter which, in turn, subjects NTIC’s earnings to variability from quarter to quarter. The profits of NTIC’s joint ventures are shared by the respective joint venture owners in accordance with their respective ownership percentages. NTIC typically directly or indirectly owns 50% or less of each of its joint venture entities and thus does not control the decisions of these entities regarding whether to pay dividends and, if paid, how much they should be in a given year. The payment of a dividend by an entity is determined by a joint vote of the owners and is not at the sole discretion of NTIC. NTIC accounts for the investments and financial results of its joint ventures in its financial statements utilizing the equity method of accounting. The results of Zerust Brazil, NTI Asean and Natur-Tec India, and as of December 31, 2014, NTIC China, are fully consolidated in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements. NTIC holds 85% of the equity and 85% of the voting rights of Zerust Brazil. NTIC holds 60% of the equity and 60% of the voting rights of NTI Asean. NTI Asean holds investments in eight entities that operate in the following eight territories located in the ASEAN region: China (although liquidation was initiated December 31, 2014), Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. NTIC holds 90% of the equity and 90% of the voting rights of Natur-Tec India. NTIC China is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NTIC. NTIC considers EXCOR and its former joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust, to be individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income; and therefore, provides certain additional information regarding EXCOR and Tianjin Zerust in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and in this section of this report. For fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, EXCOR met the conditions of a significant subsidiary of NTIC under Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X. Pursuant to Rue 3-09 of Regulation S-X, NTIC intends to file an amendment to this report containing separate audited financial statements for EXCOR. Financial Overview NTIC’s management, including its chief executive officer who is NTIC’s chief operating decision maker, reports and manages NTIC’s operations in two reportable business segments based on products sold, customer base and distribution center: ZERUST® products and services and Natur-Tec® products. NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 13.0% during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014. This increase was primarily a result of increased demand for ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting packaging products and services and Natur-Tec® products and, to some extent, sales at NTIC China, which subsidiary did not exist during fiscal 2014. During fiscal 2015, 85.9% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of ZERUST® products and services, which increased 9.2% to $26,042,909 during fiscal 2015 compared to $23,845,288 during fiscal 2014. This increase was due to increased demand from both new and existing customers for new and existing products. NTIC has focused its sales efforts of ZERUST® products and services by strategically targeting customers with specific corrosion issues in new market areas, including the oil and gas industry and other industrial sectors that offer sizable growth opportunities. NTIC’s consolidated net sales for fiscal 2015 included $1,886,814 of sales made to customers in the oil and gas industry compared to $1,702,130 for fiscal 2014. Overall demand for ZERUST® products and services depends heavily on the overall health of the markets in which NTIC sells its products, including the automotive market in particular. During fiscal 2015, 14.1% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products compared to 11.1% during fiscal 2014. Net sales of Natur-Tec® products increased 43.6% to $4,279,785 during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 primarily due to finished product sales in North America and 43 finished product sales at NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India). Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales increased to 67.8% during fiscal 2015 compared to 66.4% during fiscal 2014 primarily as a result of increased sales during fiscal 2015 of Natur-Tec® products, which carry lower margins than ZERUST® products. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures increased 0.3% to $5,936,565 during fiscal 2015 compared to $5,920,603 during fiscal 2014. This increase was primarily due to increases in profitability at the joint ventures, partially offset by decreases associated with the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and adverse effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, including in particular the Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. NTIC recognized a 29.8% decrease in fees for services provided to joint ventures during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 primarily due to the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. Fees for services provided to Tianjin Zerust decreased $1,623,938 to $494,080 during fiscal 2015 compared to $2,118,018 during fiscal 2014. Additionally, there was a decrease in sales at the joint ventures, which were $99,026,251 during fiscal 2015, compared to $118,848,890 during fiscal 2014. This decrease resulted in a corresponding decrease in fees for services provided to joint ventures as such fees are a function of net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures. Net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures decreased also as a result of a significant weakening of the Euro compared to the U.S. dollar and, to a lesser extent, the sale in November 2013 of NTIC’s ownership interest in Mütec GmbH. NTIC’s total operating expenses increased 11.4% to $18,267,173 during fiscal 2015 compared to $16,392,035 in fiscal 2014. This increase was primarily due to $1,642,258 in expenses related to the formation and establishment of NTIC China and the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. Such expenses consisted primarily of legal and personnel expenses associated with the establishment of the subsidiary, the hiring of new personnel and initial operations. NTIC expenses all costs related to product research and development as incurred. NTIC incurred $4,047,279 of research and development expense during fiscal 2015 compared to $4,368,752 during fiscal 2014. These represent net amounts after being reduced by reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. Such reimbursements totaled $0 and $45,788 for fiscal 2015 and 2014, respectively. NTIC anticipates that it will spend between $4,000,000 and $4,400,000 in total during fiscal 2016 on research and development activities related to its new technologies. This estimate is a net range after being reduced by anticipated reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. Net income attributable to NTIC decreased 56.4%, to $1,789,571, or $0.39 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2015 compared to $4,106,372, or $0.90 per diluted common share, for fiscal 2014. This decrease was primarily the result of the decrease in income from NTIC’s joint venture operations as a result of the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the establishment of NTIC China. NTIC anticipates that its quarterly net income or loss will continue to remain subject to significant volatility primarily due to the financial performance of its subsidiaries and joint ventures and sales of its ZERUST® products and services into the oil and gas industry and Natur-Tec® bioplastics products, which sales fluctuate more on a quarterly basis than the traditional ZERUST® business. NTIC also anticipates that its operating results during the next few quarters will remain volatile as a result of the changes in its Chinese operations. NTIC’s working capital was $15,603,771 at August 31, 2015, including $2,623,981 in cash and cash equivalents and $2,027,441 in available for sale securities, compared to $17,853,311 at August 31, 2014, including $2,477,017 in cash and cash equivalents and $5,519,766 in available for sale securities. 44 Sales and Expense Components The following is a description of the primary components of net sales and expenses: Net Sales, Excluding Joint Ventures. NTIC derives net sales from the sale of its ZERUST® products and services and its Natur-Tec® products. NTIC sells its ZERUST® products and services and its Natur-Tec® products either directly, through its subsidiaries or via a network of joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. Net sales, excluding joint ventures represents net sales by NTIC either directly to end users or to distributors worldwide, but not sales to NTIC’s joint ventures and not sales by NTIC’s joint ventures. NTIC recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product has been delivered, the fee is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, all of which criteria are generally met upon shipment when risk of loss and title passes to the customer or distributor. NTIC records all amounts billed to customers and distributors in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling as sales and records costs related to shipping and handling in cost of goods sold. Net Sales, To Joint Ventures. Net sales, to joint ventures represents net sales by NTIC to NTIC’s joint ventures, but not sales by NTIC either directly to end users or to distributors or sales by NTIC’s joint ventures. NTIC’s revenue recognition policy for sales to its joint ventures is the same as NTIC’s policy for sales to unaffiliated customers. NTIC recognizes revenue from the sale of its products to joint ventures when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product has been delivered, the fee is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, all of which criteria are generally met upon shipment when risk of loss and title passes to the joint venture. Cost of Goods Sold. Most of NTIC’s products are manufactured by third parties and its cost of goods sold for those products consists primarily of the price invoiced by its third-party vendors. For the portion of products that NTIC manufactures, NTIC’s cost of goods sold for those products consists primarily of direct labor, allocated manufacturing overhead, raw materials and components. NTIC’s margins on its Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products are generally smaller than its margins on its ZERUST® products and services, and NTIC’s margins on its ZERUST® products and services sold into the oil and gas industry are generally greater than its margins on its traditional ZERUST® products and services. Equity in Income from Joint Ventures. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures consists of NTIC’s share of equity in income from its joint ventures based on the overall profitability of the joint ventures. Such profitability is subject to variability from quarter to quarter which, in turn, subjects NTIC’s earnings to variability from quarter to quarter. Traditionally, a portion of the equity income recorded in a given fiscal year is paid to the owners of the joint venture entity during the following fiscal year through a dividend. The payment of a dividend by a joint venture entity is determined by a vote of the joint venture owners and is not at the sole discretion of NTIC. NTIC typically owns only 50% or less of its joint venture entities and thus does not control the decisions of these entities regarding whether to pay dividends and, if paid, how much they should be in a given year. Fees for Services Provided To Joint Ventures. NTIC provides certain services to its joint ventures including consulting, legal, travel, insurance, technical and marketing services. NTIC receives fees for these services it provides to its joint ventures based primarily on the net sales by NTIC’s joint ventures, the latter of which are not included in NTIC’s net sales reflected on NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations. The fees for services received by NTIC from its joint ventures are generally determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of net sales by NTIC’s joint ventures depending on local laws and tax regulations. With respect to EXCOR, NTIC receives an agreed upon fixed quarterly fee for such services. NTIC records revenue related to fees for services provided to joint ventures when earned, amounts are determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Under NTIC’s agreements with its joint ventures in which the fees for services is described, fees are earned when the joint venture recognizes the revenue. 45 NTIC sponsors a worldwide joint venture conference periodically in which all of NTIC’s joint ventures are invited to participate. It is anticipated that the next joint venture conference will be held next year or the year thereafter. NTIC defers a portion of its fees for services provided to joint ventures in each accounting period leading up to the next conference, reflecting that NTIC has not fully earned the payments received during that period. The amount deferred is based on the historical experience of NTIC, current conditions and the intentions of NTIC’s management. The costs associated with these joint venture conferences are offset against the deferral as incurred, generally in the period in which the conference is held and immediately before. Selling Expenses. Selling expenses consist primarily of sales commissions and support costs for NTIC’s direct sale and distribution system, and marketing costs. General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits, and other costs for NTIC’s executives, accounting, stock-based compensation, finance, legal, information technology and human resources functions. Expenses Incurred in Support of Joint Ventures. NTIC incurs direct expenses related to its joint ventures and in connection with NTIC’s provision of support and services to its joint ventures. Such expenses include items such as employee compensation and benefits, travel, consulting, legal and laboratory supplies and testing expenses. Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses include costs associated with the design, development, market analysis, lab testing and field trials and enhancements of NTIC’s products and services. NTIC expenses all costs related to product research and development as incurred. Research and development expenses reflect the net amount after being reduced by reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. With respect to such research and development contracts, NTIC accrues proceeds received under the contracts and offsets research and development expenses incurred in equal installments over the timelines associated with completion of the contracts’ specific objectives and milestones. Interest Income. Interest income consists of interest earned on investments, which typically consist of investment-grade, interest-bearing securities and money market accounts. Interest Expense. Interest expense results primarily from interest associated with NTIC’s former term loan with PNC Bank, National Association (PNC Bank) and any borrowings under NTIC’s line of credit with PNC Bank. Other Income. Other income consists of income from activities other than normal business operations, such as foreign exchange gains, rent income, and profit from the sale of non-inventory assets. Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense includes federal income taxes, income tax of consolidated entities in foreign jurisdictions, state income tax and changes to NTIC’s deferred tax valuation allowance. NTIC utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed annually for differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. NTIC records a tax valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. NTIC makes this determination based on all available evidence, including historical data and projections of future results. Income tax expense is the tax payable or refundable for the period plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. 46 Results of Operations Fiscal Year 2015 Compared to Fiscal Year 2014 The following table sets forth NTIC’s results of operations for fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2014. Fiscal 2015 Net sales, excluding joint ventures ................. $ 27,491,392 Net sales, to joint ventures ........................... 2,831,301 20,555,932 Cost of goods sold .............................................. 5,936,565 Equity in income from joint ventures ................. 5,715,491 Fees for services provided to joint ventures ....... Selling expenses ........................................ 5,820,748 General and administrative expenses .............. 6,531,576 Expenses incurred in support of joint ventures ................................................... Research and development expenses .............. 1,867,570 4,047,279 % of Net Sales 90.7% 9.3% 67.8% 19.6% 18.8% 19.2% 21.5% Fiscal 2014 $ 23,601,514 3,224,594 17,803,153 5,920,603 8,142,863 5,221,738 5,393,531 % of Net Sales 88.0% 12.0% 66.4% 22.1% 30.4% 19.5% 20.1% $ Change $ 3,889,878 (393,293) 2,752,779 15,962 (2,427,372) 599,010 1,138,045 % Change 16.5% (12.2%) 15.5% .3% (29.8%) 11.5% 21.1% 6.2% 1,408,014 5.2% 459,556 32.6% 13.3% 4,368,752 16.3% (321,473) (7.4%) Net Sales. NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 13.0% to $30,322,693 during fiscal 2015 compared to $26,826,108 during fiscal 2014. NTIC’s consolidated net sales to unaffiliated customers excluding NTIC’s joint ventures increased 16.5% to $27,491,392 during fiscal 2015 compared to $23,601,514 during fiscal 2014. These increases were primarily a result of increased demand and sales of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting packaging products and services and Natur-Tec® products. Net sales to joint ventures decreased 12.2% to $2,831,301 in fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014. This decrease was due primarily to the decrease in sales of the joint ventures. The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales by product segment for fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2014: Fiscal 2015 ZERUST® net sales ......................... $ 26,042,909 Natur-Tec® net sales ......................... 4,279,784 Total net sales ................................... $30,322,693 Fiscal 2014 $ 23,845,288 2,980,820 $26,826,108 $ Change $ 2,197,621 1,298,965 $ 3,496,586 % Change 9.2% 43.6% 13.0% During fiscal 2015, 85.9% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of ZERUST® products and services, which increased 9.2% to $26,042,909 compared to $23,845,288 during fiscal 2014. This increase was due to increased demand from existing customers and the addition of new customers. NTIC has strategically focused its sales efforts for ZERUST® products and services on customers with sizeable corrosion problems in industry sectors that offer sizable growth opportunities, including the oil and gas sector. The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales of ZERUST® products for fiscal 2015 and 2014: ZERUST® industrial net sales ............................. ZERUST® joint venture net sales ........................ ZERUST® oil & gas net sales .............................. Total ZERUST® net sales ............................. Fiscal 2015 $ 21,324,793 2,831,302 1,886,814 $ 26,042,909 Fiscal 2014 $ 18,918,563 3,224,594 1,702,131 $ 23,845,288 $ Change $ 2,406,230 (393,292) 184,683 $ 2,197,621 % Change 12.7% (12.2%) 10.9% 9.2% NTIC anticipates that its sales of ZERUST® products and services into the oil and gas industry will continue to remain subject to significant volatility from quarter to quarter as sales are recognized. 47 During fiscal 2015, 14.1% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products, compared to 11.1% during fiscal 2014. Sales of Natur-Tec® products increased 43.6% to $4,279,784 during fiscal 2015 compared to $2,980,820 during fiscal 2014. This increase was due primarily to finished product sales in North America and finished product sales through Natur-Tec India. Demand for Natur-Tec® products around the world depends primarily on market acceptance and the reach of NTIC’s distribution network. Because of the typical size of individual orders and overall size of NTIC’s net sales derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products, the timing of one or more orders can materially affect NTIC’s quarterly sales of Natur-Tec® products and the comparisons to prior fiscal year quarters. Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold increased 15.5% in fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 primarily as a result of the increase in net sales as described above. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales increased to 67.8% during fiscal 2015 compared to 66.4% during fiscal 2014 primarily as a result of increased sales during fiscal 2015 of Natur-Tec® products, which carry lower margins than other traditional ZERUST® products. NTIC anticipates that due to the change in its China operations, NTIC’s costs of goods sold will increase in future periods compared to the prior fiscal year periods. Equity in Income from Joint Ventures. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures increased 0.3% to $5,936,565 compared to equity in income from joint ventures of $5,920,603 during fiscal 2014. This increase was primarily a result of increases in profitability at the joint ventures, partially offset by a decrease in profitability associated with the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and adverse effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, including in particular the Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $4,091,608 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2015 compared to $3,950,915 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2014. Of the total equity in income of joint ventures, NTIC had equity in income of joint ventures of $132,824 attributable to Tianjin Zerust during fiscal 2015 compared to $626,763 attributable to Tianjin Zerust during fiscal 2014. NTIC had equity in income of all other joint ventures of $1,712,133 during fiscal 2015 compared to $1,342,925 during fiscal 2014. NTIC expects its equity in income of joint ventures to be lower in future periods compared to prior fiscal year periods as a result of the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures. NTIC recognized fee income for services provided to joint ventures of $5,715,491 during fiscal 2015 compared to $8,142,863 during fiscal 2014, representing a decrease of 29.8%. This decrease was primarily a result of the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust as fees for services provided to joint ventures from Tianjin Zerust decreased $1,623,938 to $494,080 during fiscal 2015 compared to $2,118,018 during fiscal 2014. Additionally, the decrease in fees for services provided to joint ventures was a result of a decrease in total sales at all joint ventures, which were $99,026,251 during fiscal 2015 compared to $118,848,890 during fiscal 2014, a decrease of 16.7%. Net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures decreased due to the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust, a significant weakening of the Euro compared to the U.S. dollar and, to a lesser extent, the sale of NTIC’s ownership interest in Mütec GmbH. Sales of NTIC’s joint ventures are not included in NTIC’s product sales and are not combined with NTIC’s sales in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements or in any description of NTIC’s sales. Of the total fee income for services provided to its joint ventures, fees of $873,400 were attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2015 compared to $1,032,234 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2014. The decrease in fee income for services provided to joint ventures attributable to EXCOR was primarily the result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Of the total fee income for services provided to its joint ventures, fees of $494,080 were attributable to Tianjin Zerust during fiscal 2015 compared to $2,118,018 during fiscal 2014. NTIC received fee income for services provided to all of its other joint ventures of $4,348,010 during fiscal 2015 compared to $4,992,611 during fiscal 2014. NTIC anticipates that due to the consolidation of NTIC China, NTIC’s fee income for services provided to its joint ventures will decrease in future periods compared to the prior fiscal year periods. 48 Selling Expenses. NTIC’s selling expenses increased 11.5% in fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, lab testing related expenses, commission expenses, travel and related expenses, and consulting expenses. Selling expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 19.2% in fiscal 2015 compared to 19.5% in fiscal 2014 primarily due to the increase in net sales as well as certain personnel expenses, partially offset by the increase in selling expenses, as previously described. General and Administrative Expenses. NTIC’s general and administrative expenses increased by 21.1% in fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014 due primarily to expenses incurred to establish and operate NTIC China. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expenses increased to 21.5% for fiscal 2015 from 20.1% in fiscal 2014 due primarily to the increase in general and administrative expenses, as previously described, partially offset by the increase in net sales. Expenses Incurred in Support of Joint Ventures. Expenses incurred in support of NTIC’s joint ventures were $1,867,570 during fiscal 2015 compared to $1,408,014 during fiscal 2014, representing an increase of 32.6%. This increase was due primarily to expenses related to the change in NTIC’s Chinese operations during fiscal 2015. NTIC incurred direct expenses during fiscal 2015 related to the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the formation and operation of NTIC China. Such expenses consisted primarily of legal expenses and personnel expenses associated with the establishment of the subsidiary, the hiring of new personnel and initial operations. Research and Development Expenses. NTIC’s research and development expenses decreased 7.4% in fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014. This decrease was due primarily to decreases in personnel and consulting expenses. Interest Income. NTIC’s interest income increased to $34,835 in fiscal 2015 compared to $11,617 in fiscal 2014. Interest Expense. NTIC’s interest expense decreased to $20,960 in fiscal 2015 compared to $47,322 in fiscal 2014. This decrease was primarily due to higher average outstanding debt levels during fiscal 2014. Income Before Income Tax Expense. Income before income tax expense decreased to $3,166,034 for fiscal 2015 compared to $6,663,074 for fiscal 2014. Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $648,674 for fiscal 2015 compared to $1,124,662 during fiscal 2014 for an effective rate of 14.4% and 16.9%, respectively. NTIC’s annual effective income tax rate during fiscal 2015 and 2014 was lower than the statutory rate primarily due to NTIC’s equity in income of joint ventures being recognized based on after-tax earnings of these entities. To the extent undistributed earnings of NTIC’s joint ventures are distributed to NTIC, any material additional income tax liability after the application of foreign tax credits is not expected. NTIC records a tax valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. NTIC determined based on all available evidence, including historical data and projections of future results, that it is more likely than not that all of its deferred tax assets, except for its foreign tax credit carryforwards and Minnesota state research and development credit carryforwards, will be fully realized. In addition, NTIC determined based upon all available evidence, including new IRS guidance, historical results, projected future taxable income and foreign tax credit utilization, that it was not more likely than not that the federal research and development credits would not be utilized during the carryforward period and as a result, a valuation allowance was recorded against all of NTIC’s federal research and development credits. In addition, NTIC continues to believe that its deferred tax asset related to foreign tax credit carryforwards will not be realized due to insufficient federal taxable income within the carryforward period and the fact that for ordering purposes the foreign tax credit carryforwards are not allowed to be used until after any current year foreign tax credits are utilized. 49 NTIC considers the earnings of certain foreign joint ventures to be indefinitely invested outside the United States on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet NTIC’s future domestic cash needs. As a result, U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the cumulative undistributed earnings of $18,483,377 and $20,540,523 at August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014, respectively. To the extent undistributed earnings of NTIC’s joint ventures are distributed in the future, they are not expected to result in any material additional income tax liability after the application of foreign tax credits. Other Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Translations Adjustment. The significant changes in the foreign currency translations adjustment was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the Euro and other foreign currencies during fiscal 2015 compared to fiscal 2014. Fiscal Year 2014 Compared to Fiscal Year 2013 The following table sets forth NTIC’s results of operations for fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013. Fiscal 2014 Net sales, excluding joint ventures ................. $ 23,601,514 Net sales, to joint ventures ........................... 3,224,594 17,803,153 Cost of goods sold .............................................. 5,920,603 Equity in income from joint ventures ................. 8,142,863 Fees for services provided to joint ventures ....... Selling expenses ........................................ 5,221,738 General and administrative expenses .............. 5,393,531 1,408,014 Expenses incurred in support of joint ventures ................................................... Research and development expenses .............. 4,368,752 % of Net Sales 88.0% 12.0% 66.4% 22.1% 30.4% 19.5% 20.1% 5.2% 16.3% Fiscal 2013 $ 19,724,205 2,777,659 15,473,212 5,237,711 7,352,980 4,845,676 4,605,979 % of Net Sales 87.7% 12.3% 68.8% 23.3% 32.7% 21.5% 20.5% $ Change $ 3,877,309 446,935 2,329,941 682,892 789,883 376,062 787,552 % Change 19.7% 16.1% 15.1% 13.0% 10.7% 7.8% 17.1% 1,387,197 3,815,515 6.2% 17.0% 20,817 553,237 1.5% 14.5% Net Sales. NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 19.2% to $26,826,108 during fiscal 2014 compared to $22,501,864 during fiscal 2013. NTIC’s consolidated net sales to unaffiliated customers excluding NTIC’s joint ventures increased 19.7% to $23,601,514 during fiscal 2014 compared to $19,724,205 during fiscal 2013. These increases were primarily a result of increased demand from existing customers and the addition of new customers. Net sales to joint ventures increased 16.1% to $3,224,594 in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013. This increase was due primarily to the increase in sales of the joint ventures. The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales by product segment for fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013: Fiscal 2014 ZERUST® net sales ......................... $ 23,845,288 Natur-Tec® net sales ......................... 2,980,820 Total net sales ................................... $26,826,108 Fiscal 2013 $ 20,457,198 2,044,666 $22,501,864 $ Change $ 3,388,090 936,154 $ 4,324,244 % Change 16.6% 45.8% 19.2% 50 During fiscal 2014, 88.9% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of ZERUST® products and services, which increased 16.6% to $23,845,288 compared to $20,457,198 during fiscal 2013 due to increased demand from existing customers and the addition of new customers. NTIC has strategically focused its sales efforts for ZERUST® products and services on customers with sizeable corrosion problems in industry sectors that offer sizable growth opportunities, including the oil and gas sector. The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales of ZERUST® products for fiscal 2014 and 2013: ZERUST® industrial net sales ............................. ZERUST® joint venture net sales ........................ ZERUST® oil & gas net sales .............................. Total ZERUST® net sales ............................. Fiscal 2014 $ 18,918,563 3,224,594 1,702,131 $ 23,845,288 Fiscal 2013 $ 16,695,197 2,767,103 994,898 $ 20,457,198 $ Change $ 2,223,366 457,491 707,233 $ 3,388,090 % Change 13.3% 16.5% 71.1% 16.6% During fiscal 2014, 11.1% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales were derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products, compared to 9.1% during fiscal 2013. Sales of Natur-Tec® products increased 45.8% to $2,980,820 during fiscal 2014 compared to $2,044,666 during fiscal 2013. This increase was due primarily to finished product sales both in North America and abroad through Natur-Tec India. Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold increased 15.1% in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 primarily as a result of the increase in net sales. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales decreased to 66.4% during fiscal 2014 compared to 68.8% during fiscal 2013 primarily as a result of increased sales during fiscal 2014 of ZERUST® products for the oil and gas industry which carry higher margins than other traditional ZERUST® products and increased expenses during fiscal 2013 associated with the production and shipping of ZERUST® products to a new customer. Equity in Income from Joint Ventures. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures increased 13.0% to $5,920,603 compared to equity in income from joint ventures of $5,237,711 during fiscal 2013. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $3,950,915 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2014 compared to $3,507,057 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2013. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $626,763 attributable to NTIC’s joint venture in China during fiscal 2014 compared to $579,376 attributable to NTIC’s joint venture in China during fiscal 2013. NTIC had equity in income from all other joint ventures of $1,342,924 during fiscal 2014 compared to $1,151,278 during fiscal 2013. These increases were primarily as a result of increases in sales at the joint ventures, which improved during fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 primarily as a result of improved economic conditions in Europe. Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures. NTIC recognized fee income for services provided to joint ventures of $8,142,863 during fiscal 2014 compared to $7,352,980 during fiscal 2013, representing an increase of 10.7%. Fee income for services provided to joint ventures are a function of the sales made by NTIC’s joint ventures, which were $118,848,890 during fiscal 2014 compared to $113,189,068 during fiscal 2013, an increase of 5.0%. Sales made by NTIC’s joint ventures during fiscal 2014 improved compared to fiscal 2013 primarily as a result of improved economic conditions in Europe. Total net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures for fiscal 2013 were adversely affected in part by the European economic slowdown, which NTIC believes also adversely affected net sales of certain of NTIC’s other non-European joint ventures, as well as the weakening of the Euro and other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar. Sales of NTIC’s joint ventures are not included in NTIC’s product sales and are not combined with NTIC’s sales in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements or in any description of NTIC’s sales. Of the total fee income for services provided to its joint ventures, fees of $1,032,234 were attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2014 compared to $1,004,958 attributable to EXCOR during fiscal 2013. Fees of $2,118,018 were attributable to NTIC’s joint venture in China during fiscal 2014 compared to $2,063,369 51 during fiscal 2013. NTIC received fee income for services provided to all of its other joint ventures of $4,992,611 during fiscal 2014 compared to $4,284,653 during fiscal 2013. Selling Expenses. NTIC’s selling expenses increased 7.8% in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, lab testing related expenses, commission expenses, travel and related expenses, and consulting expenses. Selling expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 19.5% in fiscal 2014 compared to 21.5% in fiscal 2013 primarily due to the increase in net sales as well as certain fixed costs, partially offset by the increase in selling expenses, as previously described. General and Administrative Expenses. NTIC’s general and administrative expenses increased by 17.1% in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 due to an increase in consulting expenses to support new business development. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expenses decreased to 20.1% for fiscal 2014 from 20.5% in fiscal 2013 due primarily to the increase in net sales as well as certain fixed costs, partially offset by the increase in general and administrative expenses, as previously described. Expenses Incurred in Support of Joint Ventures. Expenses incurred in support of NTIC’s joint ventures were $1,408,014 during fiscal 2014 compared to $1,387,197 during fiscal 2013, representing an increase of 1.5%. This increase was due primarily to increased headcount to support anticipated expanding operations and anticipated sales growth. Research and Development Expenses. NTIC’s research and development expenses increased 14.5% in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013. This increase was primarily as a result of increased spending on headcount and field development associated with the new businesses. Interest Income. NTIC’s interest income decreased to $11,617 in fiscal 2014 compared to $34,614 in fiscal 2013. Interest Expense. NTIC’s interest expense decreased to $47,322 in fiscal 2014 compared to $52,215 in fiscal 2013. Other Income. NTIC’s other income decreased to $4,393 in fiscal 2014 compared to $670,126 in fiscal 2013 primarily due to the receipt of life insurance proceeds during the prior fiscal year period. Income Before Income Tax Expense. Income before income tax expense increased to $6,663,074 for fiscal 2014 compared to $5,617,501 for fiscal 2013. Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $1,124,662 for fiscal 2014 compared to $864,000 during fiscal 2013 for an effective rate of 16.9% and 15.4%, respectively. Income tax expense was calculated based on management’s estimate of NTIC’s annual effective income tax rate. NTIC’s annual effective income tax rate during fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013 was lower than the statutory rate primarily due to NTIC’s equity in income of joint ventures being recognized based on after-tax earnings of these entities. To the extent undistributed earnings of NTIC’s joint ventures are distributed to NTIC, any material additional income tax liability after the application of foreign tax credits is not expected. NTIC records a tax valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. NTIC determined based on all available evidence, including historical data and projections of future results, that it is more likely than not that all of its deferred tax assets, except for its foreign tax credit carryforwards and Minnesota state research and development credit carryforwards, will be fully realized. In addition, NTIC determined based upon all available evidence, including new IRS guidance, historical results, projected future taxable income and foreign tax credit utilization, that it was not more likely than not that the federal research and development credits would be utilized during the carryforward period and as a result, a valuation allowance was recorded against all of NTIC’s federal research and development credits. In addition, NTIC continues to believe that 52 its deferred tax asset related to foreign tax credit carryforwards will not be realized due to insufficient federal taxable income within the carryforward period and the fact that for ordering purposes the foreign tax credit carryforwards are not allowed to be used until after any current year foreign tax credits are utilized. Other Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Translations Adjustment. The volatility of the foreign currency translations adjustment was due to the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar compared to the Euro and other foreign currencies during fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources of Cash and Working Capital. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC’s working capital was $15,603,771, including $2,623,981 in cash and cash equivalents and $2,027,441 in available for sale securities, compared to working capital of $17,853,311, including $2,477,017 in cash and cash equivalents as of August 31, 2014 and $5,519,766 in available for sale securities. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC had a revolving line of credit with PNC Bank of $3,000,000, with no amounts outstanding. The line of credit is evidenced by an amended and restated committed line of credit note in the principal amount of up to $3,000,000. The line of credit has a $1,200,000 standby letter of credit sub- facility, with any standby letters of credit issued thereunder being at the sole discretion of PNC Bank. The line of credit is subject to standard covenants, including affirmative financial covenants, such as the maintenance of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and negative covenants, which, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional indebtedness, loans and equity investments, disposition of assets, mergers and consolidations and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. Under the loan agreement, NTIC is subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.10:1.00. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC was in compliance with all debt covenants. On January 5, 2015, PNC Bank extended the maturity date of the line of credit from January 7, 2015 to January 7, 2016 under substantially similar terms, and waived a technical covenant default by NTIC to deliver quarterly compliance certificates. It is anticipated that, as historically has been the practice, the line of credit will be renewed each year for one additional year for the immediate foreseeable future. NTIC believes that a combination of its existing cash and cash equivalents, forecasted cash flows from future operations, anticipated distributions of earnings, anticipated fees to NTIC for services provided to its joint ventures, and funds available through existing or anticipated financing arrangements, will be adequate to fund its existing operations, investments in new or existing joint ventures or subsidiaries, capital expenditures, debt repayments and any stock repurchases for at least the next 12 months. During fiscal 2016, NTIC expects to continue to invest in NTIC China, research and development and in marketing efforts and resources into the application of its corrosion prevention technology into the oil and gas industry and its Natur-Tec® bio-plastics business, the amount of these various investments is not known at this time. In order to take advantage of such new product and market opportunities to expand its business and increase its revenues, NTIC may decide to finance such opportunities by borrowing under its revolving line of credit or raising additional financing through the issuance of debt or equity securities. There is no assurance that any financing transaction will be available on terms acceptable to NTIC or at all, or that any financing transaction will not be dilutive to NTIC’s current stockholders. NTIC traditionally has used the cash generated from its operations, distributions of earnings and fees for services provided to its joint ventures to fund NTIC’s new technology investments and capital contributions to new and existing subsidiaries and joint ventures. NTIC’s joint ventures traditionally have operated with little or no debt and have been self-financed with minimal initial capital investment and minimal additional capital investment from their respective owners. Therefore, NTIC believes there is limited exposure by NTIC’s joint ventures that could materially impact their respective operations and/or liquidity. 53 Uses of Cash and Cash Flow. Net cash used in operating activities during fiscal 2015 was $755,544, which resulted principally from NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures and increases in receivables, inventories and prepaid expenses and a decrease in accrued liabilities and income taxes payable, partially offset by NTIC’s net income, dividends received from joint ventures, expensing of fair value of stock options vested, depreciation and amortization. Net cash provided by operating activities during fiscal 2014 was $7,422,912, which resulted principally from NTIC’s net income, dividends received from joint ventures, expensing of fair value of stock options vested, depreciation and amortization, partially offset by NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures and increases in receivables, inventories and prepaid expenses and a decrease in accrued liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities during fiscal 2013 was $1,910,702, which resulted principally from NTIC’s net income, dividends received from joint ventures, depreciation and amortization, partially offset by NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures and increases in receivables and inventories and a decrease in accounts payables, accrued liabilities and income taxes payable. NTIC’s cash flows from operations are impacted by significant changes in certain components of NTIC’s working capital, including inventory turnover and changes in receivables. NTIC considers internal and external factors when assessing the use of its available working capital, specifically when determining inventory levels and credit terms of customers. Key internal factors include existing inventory levels, stock reorder points, customer forecasts and customer requested payment terms, and key external factors include the availability of primary raw materials and sub-contractor production lead times. NTIC’s typical contractual terms for trade receivables excluding joint ventures are traditionally 30 days and for trade receivables from its joint ventures are 90 days. Before extending unsecured credit to customers, excluding NTIC’s joint ventures, NTIC reviews customers’ credit histories and will establish an allowance for uncollectible accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers and other information. Accounts receivable over 30 days are considered past due for most customers. NTIC does not accrue interest on past due accounts receivable. If accounts receivables in excess of the provided allowance are determined uncollectible, they are charged to selling expense in the period that determination is made. Accounts receivable are deemed uncollectible based on NTIC exhausting reasonable efforts to collect. NTIC’s typical contractual terms for receivables for services provided to its joint ventures are 90 days. NTIC records receivables for services provided to its joint ventures on an accrual basis, unless circumstances exist that make the collection of the balance uncertain in which case the fee income will be recorded on a cash basis until there is consistency in payments. This determination is handled on a case by case basis. NTIC experienced an increase in receivables and an increase in inventory as of August 31, 2015 compared to August 31, 2014 due to the increase in sales and a desire to stock more products to shorten lead times and anticipate customer demand. Trade receivables excluding joint ventures as of August 31, 2015 increased $699,088 compared to August 31, 2014, primarily related to miscellaneous differences in the timing of collections and the increase in sales. Outstanding trade receivables excluding joint ventures balances as of August 31, 2015 decreased two days to an average of 50 days from balances outstanding from these customers as of August 31, 2014. Outstanding trade receivables from joint ventures as of August 31, 2015 decreased $305,909 compared to August 31, 2014 primarily due to the decrease in sales to joint ventures due to the anticipated liquidation of Tianjin Zerust. There was an increase of outstanding balances from trade receivables from joint ventures as of August 31, 2015 of two days from an average of 91 days from balances outstanding from these customers compared to August 31, 2014. The significant average days outstanding of trade receivables from joint ventures as of August 31, 2015 were primarily due to the receivable balance at NTIC’s joint venture in South Korea and Tianjin Zerust. Because of the lack of financial and other information received from Tianjin Zerust, it is possible that if and when financial and other information is received from Tianjin Zerust that NTIC may need to recognize an impairment charge on its receivable from Tianjin Zerust. NTIC estimates that its maximum exposure in terms of an impairment charge on this receivable would be approximately $114,000. 54 Outstanding receivables for services provided to joint ventures as of August 31, 2015 decreased $1,163,737 compared to August 31, 2014, which resulted in a decrease of 18 days of fees receivable outstanding as of August 31, 2015 to an average of 104 days compared to August 31, 2014. Net cash provided by investing activities during fiscal 2015 was $1,901,224, which was primarily the result of cash provided by the sale of available for sale securities, partially offset by additions to property and equipment and additions to patents. Net cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2014 was $7,457,380, which was primarily the result of cash used to purchase available for sale securities, additions to property and equipment and additions to patents. Net cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2013 was $3,025,187, which was comprised of the effect of the NTI Asean consolidation on cash, partially offset by additions to property and equipment and additions to patents. Net cash used in financing activities for fiscal 2015 was $874,652, which resulted from a dividend paid to a non-controlling interest, partially offset by proceeds from stock option exercises and NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan. Net cash used in financing activities for fiscal 2014 was $1,814,418, which resulted from a dividend paid to a non-controlling interest and repayment of the bank loan for NTIC’s corporate headquarters building, and partially offset by proceeds from NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan and stock option exercises. Net cash used in financing activities for fiscal 2013 was $1,563,867, which resulted from a dividend received by non-controlling interest and principal payments on the bank loan for NTIC’s corporate headquarters building, partially offset by proceeds from option exercises and NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan. Share Repurchase Plan. On January 15, 2015, NTIC’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3,000,000 in shares of NTIC common stock through open market purchases or unsolicited or solicited privately negotiated transactions. This program has no expiration date but may be terminated by NTIC’s Board of Directors at any time. As of August 31, 2015, up to $2,975,654 in shares of NTIC common stock remained available for repurchase under NTIC’s stock repurchase program. Capital Expenditures and Commitments. NTIC spent $1,438,919 on capital expenditures during fiscal 2015 which related primarily to the purchase of new equipment and the expansion of its lab capabilities. NTIC expects to spend an aggregate of approximately $200,000 to $400,000 on capital expenditures during fiscal 2016, which will relate primarily to the purchase of new equipment. Contractual Obligations Set forth below is information concerning NTIC’s known contractual obligations as of August 31, 2015 that are fixed and determinable by year starting with the twelve months ending August 31, 2016. Contractual Obligations Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years Payments Due By Period Short-term debt .......... $ Long-term debt .......... Rent obligations ......... Purchase obligations .. Total ....................... $ Inflation and Seasonality – $ – 31,500 – 31,500 $ – $ – 18,000 – 18,000 $ – $ – 13,500 – 13,500 $ – $ – – – - $ – – – – – Inflation in the United States and abroad historically has had little effect on NTIC. NTIC’s business has not historically been seasonal. 55 Market Risk NTIC is exposed to some market risk stemming from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. Because the functional currency of NTIC’s foreign operations and investments in its foreign joint ventures is the applicable local currency, NTIC is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk arising from transactions in the normal course of business. NTIC’s principal exchange rate exposure is with the Euro, the Japanese yen, Indian Rupee, Chinese Renminbi, Korean won and the English pound against the U.S. dollar. NTIC’s fees for services provided to joint ventures and dividend distributions from these foreign entities are paid in foreign currencies and thus fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in NTIC’s reported net income. Since NTIC’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and would not change NTIC’s equity in income of joint ventures reflected in its consolidated statements of income. NTIC does not hedge against its foreign currency exchange rate risk. Some raw materials used in NTIC’s products are exposed to commodity price changes. The primary commodity price exposures are with a variety of plastic resins. At the option of NTIC, outstanding advances under NTIC’s $3,000,000 revolving line of credit with PNC Bank bear interest at either (a) an annual rate based on LIBOR plus 2.15% for the applicable LIBOR interest period selected by NTIC or (b) at the rate publicly announced by PNC Bank from time to time as its prime rate, and thus may subject NTIC to some market risk on interest rates. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC had no borrowings under the line of credit. Related Party Transactions Since NTIC’s joint ventures are considered related parties, NTIC records sales to its joint ventures as a separate line item on the face of NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations and records fees for services provided to its joint ventures and expenses incurred in support of its joint ventures as separate line items on the face of NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations. NTIC also records as separate line items trade receivables from joint ventures, receivables for fees for services provided to joint ventures and NTIC’s investments in joint ventures on its consolidated balance sheets. NTIC established its joint venture network approximately 25 years ago as a method to increase its worldwide distribution network for ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services. NTIC participates, either directly or indirectly, in 19 active joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures generally manufactures and markets finished products in the geographic territory to which it is assigned. NTIC’s joint venture partners are knowledgeable in the applicable environmental, labor, tax and other requisite regulations and laws of the respective foreign countries in which they operate, as well as the local customs and business practices. NTIC’s revenue recognition policy for sales to its joint ventures is the same as its policy for sales to unaffiliated customers. The fees for services received by NTIC from its joint ventures are generally determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of net sales by NTIC’s joint ventures depending on local laws and tax regulations. With respect to NTIC’s German joint venture, NTIC receives an agreed upon quarterly fee for such services. NTIC records revenue related to fees for services provided to joint ventures when earned, amounts are determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Under NTIC’s agreements with its joint ventures, fee amounts are earned when product is shipped from joint venture facilities. NTIC reviews the financial situation of each joint venture to assist in the likelihood of collections on amounts earned. From time to time, NTIC elects to account for such fees on a cash basis for certain joint ventures when uncertainty exists surrounding the collections of such fees, there are no fees being accounted for in this manner at present. The 56 expenses incurred in support of its joint ventures are direct expenses that NTIC incurs related to its joint ventures and include such items as employee compensation and benefit expenses, travel expense, insurance, consulting expense, legal expense and lab supplies and testing expense. See Note 16 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements for other related party transaction disclosures. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements NTIC does not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet financial arrangements. As such, NTIC is not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if NTIC had engaged in such arrangements. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of NTIC’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Securities and Exchange Commission has defined a company’s most critical accounting policies as those that are most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, NTIC has identified the following critical accounting policies. Although NTIC believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based upon information available when they are made. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Principles of Consolidation NTIC evaluates its voting and variable interests in entities on a qualitative and quantitative basis. NTIC consolidates entities in which it concludes it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact an entity’s economic success and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entity. All such relationships are evaluated on an ongoing basis. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Northern Technologies International Corporation, its wholly-owned subsidiary, Northern Technologies Holding Company, LLC, its wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., and NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A., NTIC’s majority-owned holding company, NTI Asean LLC, and NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in India, Northern Technologies India Private Limited. NTIC’s consolidated financial statements do not include the accounts of any of its joint ventures. Investments in Joint Ventures and Recoverability of Investments in Joint Ventures NTIC’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. NTIC assesses its joint ventures for impairment on an annual basis as of August 31 of each year as part of its fiscal year end analysis. In addition to the annual review for impairment, NTIC reviews the operating results of each joint venture on a quarterly basis in comparison to its historical operating results and its accrual for fees for services provided to joint ventures. If the operating results of a joint venture do not meet NTIC’s financial performance expectations, an additional evaluation is performed on the joint venture. In addition to the annual assessments for impairment, non-periodic assessments for impairment may occur if cash remittances are less than accrued balances, a joint venture’s management requests capital or other events occur suggesting an other than temporary decline in value. If an investment were determined to be impaired, then a reserve would be created to reflect the impairment on the financial results of NTIC. NTIC’s evaluation of its investments in joint ventures requires NTIC to make assumptions about future cash flows of its joint ventures. These assumptions require significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed or 57 estimated amounts. NTIC’s investments in joint ventures were $20,544,238 as of August 31, 2015 and $22,961,989 as of August 31, 2014. Revenue Recognition NTIC recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product has been delivered, the price is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. These criteria are met at the time of shipment when risk of loss and title pass to the customer, distributor or joint venture entity. With respect to recording revenue related to fees earned for services provided to NTIC’s joint ventures, NTIC recognizes revenue related to support of joint ventures when earned, amounts are determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. The support and services NTIC provides its joint ventures include consulting, travel, insurance, technical and marketing services to existing joint ventures, legal fees incurred in the establishment of new joint ventures, registration and promotion and legal defense of worldwide trademarks, and legal fees incurred in connection with the filing of patent applications. NTIC receives fees for these services it provides to its joint ventures based primarily on the net sales by NTIC’s joint ventures. The fees for support services received by NTIC from its joint ventures are generally determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of net sales by NTIC’s joint ventures depending on local laws and tax regulations. Under NTIC’s agreements with its joint ventures, amounts are earned when product is shipped from joint venture facilities. NTIC reviews the financial situation of each of its joint ventures to assist in the likelihood of collections on amounts earned. NTIC elects to account for these fees on a cash basis for certain joint ventures when uncertainty exists surrounding the collections of such fees. Accounts and Notes Receivable Trade receivables arise from sales of NTIC’s products and services to NTIC’s joint ventures and to unaffiliated customers. Trade receivables from joint ventures arise from sales NTIC makes to its joint ventures of products and the essential additives required to make ZERUST® industrial corrosion inhibiting products functional. Receivables for services to NTIC’s joint ventures are contractually based primarily on a percentage of the sales of the joint ventures and are intended to compensate NTIC for services NTIC provides to its joint ventures, including consulting, legal, travel, insurance, technical and marketing services. Payment terms for NTIC’s unaffiliated customers are determined based on credit risk and vary by customer. NTIC typically offers standard payments terms to unaffiliated customers of net 30 days. Payment terms for NTIC’s joint ventures also are determined based on credit risk; however, additional consideration also is given to the individual joint venture due to the transportation time associated with ocean delivery of most products and certain other factors. NTIC typically offers payment terms to joint ventures of net 90 days. NTIC does not accrue interest on past due accounts receivable. NTIC reviews the credit histories of its customers, including its joint ventures, before extending unsecured credit. NTIC values accounts and notes receivable, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Each quarter, NTIC prepares an analysis of its ability to collect outstanding receivables that provides a basis for an allowance estimate for doubtful accounts. In doing so, NTIC evaluates the age of its receivables, past collection history, current financial conditions of key customers and its joint ventures, and economic conditions. Based on this evaluation, NTIC establishes a reserve for specific accounts and notes receivable that it believes are uncollectible, as well as an estimate of uncollectible receivables not specifically known. Deterioration in the financial condition of any key customer or joint venture or a significant slowdown in the economy could have a material negative impact on NTIC’s ability to collect a portion or all of the accounts and notes receivable. NTIC believes that an analysis of historical trends and its current knowledge of potential collection problems provide NTIC with sufficient information to establish a reasonable estimate for an allowance for doubtful accounts. However, since NTIC cannot predict with certainty future changes in the financial stability of its customers or joint ventures, NTIC’s actual future losses from uncollectible accounts may differ from its estimates. In the event NTIC 58 determined that a smaller or larger uncollectible accounts reserve is appropriate, NTIC would record a credit or charge to selling expense in the period that it made such a determination. Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $40,000 as of August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014. Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets NTIC reviews its long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable and determines potential impairment by comparing the carrying value of the assets with expected net cash flows expected to be provided by operating activities of the business or related products. If the sum of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows were less than the carrying value, NTIC would determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss would be measured by comparing the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. Foreign Currency Translation (Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income) The functional currency of each international joint venture is the applicable local currency. The translation of the applicable foreign currencies into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using an average monthly exchange rate. Translation gains or losses are reported as an element of accumulated other comprehensive income. NTIC (excluding NTIC China, Zerust Brazil, Natur-Tec India, NTI Asean and its joint ventures) conducts all foreign transactions based on the U.S. dollar. Since NTIC’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and would not change the equity in income from joint ventures reflected in NTIC’s consolidated statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation NTIC recognizes compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions, including grants of employee stock options and transactions under NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan in its consolidated financial statements. That cost is measured based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. NTIC measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock options or other stock- based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost over the period the employee is required to provide services for the award. Inventory Valuation NTIC’s inventories consist primarily of production materials and finished goods. NTIC purchases production materials and finished goods based on forecasted demand and records inventory at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Management regularly assesses inventory valuation based on current and forecasted usage, demand and pricing, shelf life, customer inventory-related contractual obligations and other considerations. If actual results differ from management estimates with respect to the actual or projected selling of inventories at amounts less than their carrying amounts, NTIC would adjust its inventory balances accordingly. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements. 59 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK NTIC is exposed to some market risk stemming from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. Because the functional currency of NTIC’s foreign operations and investments in its foreign joint ventures is the applicable local currency, NTIC is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk arising from transactions in the normal course of business. NTIC’s principal exchange rate exposure is with the Euro, the Japanese yen, Indian Rupee, Chinese Renminbi, Korean won and the English pound against the U.S. dollar. NTIC’s fees for services provided to joint ventures and dividend distributions from these foreign entities are paid in foreign currencies and thus fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in NTIC’s reported net income. Since NTIC’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and would not change NTIC’s equity in income of joint ventures reflected in its consolidated statements of income. NTIC does not hedge against its foreign currency exchange rate risk. Some raw materials used in NTIC’s products are exposed to commodity price changes. The primary commodity price exposures are with a variety of plastic resins. At the option of NTIC, outstanding advances under NTIC’s $3,000,000 revolving line of credit with PNC Bank bear interest at either (a) an annual rate based on LIBOR plus 2.15% for the applicable LIBOR interest period selected by NTIC or (b) at the rate publicly announced by PNC Bank from time to time as its prime rate, and thus may subject NTIC to some market risk on interest rates. As of August 31, 2015, NTIC had no borrowings under the line of credit. 60 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following items are included herein: 62 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ..................................................................... 63 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of August 31, 2015 and 2014 ................................................................ Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 ............... 64 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 65 2013 .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 ...................... Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 .............. 67 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ............................................................................................ 68-89 Page 61 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders, Audit Committee and Board of Directors Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries as of August 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. We also have audited Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control ‑ Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) (2013 framework). These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management and evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries as of August 31, 2015 and 2014 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control ‑ Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) (2013 framework). /s/ Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP Minneapolis, Minnesota November 13, 2015 62 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - AUGUST 31, 2015 AND 2014 ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Available for sale securities Receivables: Trade excluding joint ventures, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $40,000 at both August 31, 2015 and 2014 Trade joint ventures Fees for services provided to joint ventures Income taxes Inventories Prepaid expenses Deferred income taxes Total current assets PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, net OTHER ASSETS: Investments in joint ventures Investments at carrying value (Note 8) Deferred income taxes Patents and trademarks, net Other Total other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable Accrued liabilities: Payroll and related benefits Other Total current liabilities COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 18) EQUITY: Preferred stock, no par value; authorized 10,000 shares; none issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.02 par value per share; authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 4,539,045 and 4,504,552, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity See notes to consolidated financial statements. August 31, 2015 August 31, 2014 $ 2,623,981 $ 2,027,441 2,477,017 5,519,766 4,027,167 645,377 1,449,162 198,462 7,468,441 411,473 424,108 19,275,612 7,293,163 20,544,238 1,883,668 1,176,012 1,262,219 130,736 24,996,873 51,565,648 $ 3,596,247 951,286 2,612,899 762 5,961,399 411,226 789,364 22,319,966 6,477,987 22,961,989 — 943,279 1,197,700 156,854 25,259,822 54,057,775 2,101,175 $ 2,225,029 1,056,257 514,409 3,671,841 1,847,246 394,380 4,466,655 — 90,781 13,441,264 34,522,871 (3,180,811) 44,874,105 3,019,702 47,893,807 51,565,648 $ — 90,092 12,676,546 32,733,300 253,925 45,753,863 3,837,257 49,591,120 54,057,775 $ $ $ 63 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 NET SALES: Net sales, excluding joint ventures Net sales, to joint ventures Total net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit JOINT VENTURE OPERATIONS: Equity in income from joint ventures Fees for services provided to joint ventures To Total joint venture operations OPERATING EXPENSES: Selling expenses General and administrative expenses Expenses incurred in support of joint ventures Research and development expenses Total operating expenses OPERATING INCOME INTEREST INCOME INTEREST EXPENSE OTHER INCOME 2015 2014 2013 $ 27,491,392 2,831,301 30,322,693 $ 23,601,514 3,224,594 26,826,108 $ 19,724,205 2,777,659 22,501,864 20,555,932 9,766,761 17,803,153 9,022,955 15,473,212 7,028,652 5,936,565 5,715,491 11,652,056 5,920,603 8,142,863 14,063,466 5,237,711 7,352,980 12,590,691 5,820,748 6,531,576 1,867,570 4,047,279 18,267,173 5,221,738 5,393,531 1,408,014 4,368,752 16,392,035 4,845,676 4,605,979 1,387,197 3,815,515 14,654,367 3,151,644 6,694,386 4,964,976 34,835 (20,960) 515 11,617 (47,322) 4,393 34,614 (52,215) 670,126 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE 3,166,034 6,663,074 5,617,501 INCOME TAX EXPENSE NET INCOME 648,674 1,124,662 864,000 2,517,360 5,538,412 4,753,501 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS 727,789 1,432,040 1,386,607 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NTIC $ 1,789,571 $ 4,106,372 $ 3,366,894 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NTIC PER COMMON SHARE: Basic Diluted $ $ 0.40 0.38 $ $ 0.92 0.90 $ $ 0.76 0.75 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES ASSUMED OUTSTANDING: Basic Diluted See notes to consolidated financial statements. 4,521,788 4,649,060 4,454,836 4,579,498 4,421,636 4,475,895 64 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 NET INCOME 2015 2,517,360 2014 5,538,412 $ 2013 4,753,501 $ $ OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME – FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENT (3,835,705) (49,463) 56,909 COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (1,318,345) 5,488,949 4,810,410 COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS 326,820 1,444,813 1,404,938 COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NTIC $ (1,645,165) $ 4,044,136 $ 3,405,472 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 65 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY – YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Non- Comprehensive Controlling Income (Loss) Interests Total Equity BALANCE AT AUGUST 31, 2012 4,403,656 $ 88,073 $11,130,966 $ 25,260,034 $ 277,583 $ 187,913 $ 36,944,569 Exercise of stock options Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan Stock option expense Effect of subsidiary consolidation Dividend received by non-controlling interest Comprehensive income 22,171 6,209 - - - - 444 124 - - - - 207,910 56,615 306,451 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 208,354 56,739 306,451 3,960,920 3,960,920 (1,752,842) (1,752,842) 3,366,894 38,578 1,404,938 4,810,410 BALANCE AT AUGUST 31, 2013 4,432,036 $ 88,641 $11,701,942 $ 28,626,928 $ 316,161 $ 3,800,929 $ 44,534,601 Exercise of stock options Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan Stock option expense Dividend received by non-controlling interest Investment by non-controlling interest Comprehensive income (loss) 69,184 3,332 1,384 67 - - - - - - - - 478,076 42,513 454,015 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 479,460 42,580 454,015 (1,440,000) (1,440,000) 31,515 31,515 4,106,372 (62,236) 1,444,813 5,488,949 BALANCE AT AUGUST 31, 2014 4,504,552 $ 90,092 $12,676,546 $ 32,733,300 $ 253,925 $ 3,837,257 $ 49,591,120 Repurchase of common stock Exercise of stock options Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan Stock option expense Dividend received by non-controlling interest Investment by non-controlling interest Comprehensive income (loss) (1,587) 32,874 3,206 - - - - (32) 657 64 - - - - (24,314) 235,432 57,917 495,683 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,789,571 (3,434,736) - - - - (24,346) 236,089 57,981 495,683 (1,160,000) (1,160,000) 15,625 326,820 15,625 (1,318,345) BALANCE AT AUGUST 31, 2015 4,539,045 $ 90,781 $13,441,264 $ 34,522,871 $ (3,180,811) $ 3,019,702 $ 47,893,807 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 66 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: 2015 2014 2013 $ 2,517,360 $ 5,538,412 $ 4,753,501 Stock-based compensation Depreciation expense Amortization expense Loss on disposal of assets Equity in income from joint ventures Dividends received from joint ventures Deferred income taxes Increase in allowance on doubtful accounts Gain on sale of equipment Changes in current assets and liabilities: Receivables: Trade, excluding joint ventures Trade, joint ventures Fees for services provided to joint ventures Income taxes Inventories Prepaid expenses and other Accounts payable Income tax payable Accrued liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Investment in joint venture Additions to property and equipment Effect of subsidiary consolidation on cash Purchase of available for sale securities Proceeds from sale of available for sale securities Additions to patents Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Repayment of note payable Dividend received by non-controlling interest Investment by non-controlling interest Repurchase of common stock Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net cash used in financing activities 495,683 530,449 87,663 20,689 (5,936,565) 2,983,338 131,777 — 31,708 (699,088) 305,909 1,163,737 (258,329) (1,679,654) 25,028 127,907 31,667 (634,823) (755,544) — (1,438,919) — — 3,492,325 (152,182) 1,901,224 — (1,160,000) 15,625 (24,346) 57,981 236,089 (874,651) 454,015 454,889 86,652 472 (5,920,603) 7,431,306 (230,883) 20,000 — (249,965) (91,852) (166,882) 150,764 (825,176) (62,969) 365,797 (4,191) 473,126 7,422,912 (110,988) (1,602,441) — (6,019,766) 500,000 (224,185) (7,457,380) (933,414) (1,440,000) 36,956 — 42,580 479,460 (1,814,418) 306,451 435,678 71,405 84,396 (5,237,711) 3,155,737 124,935 — — (894,888) (124,891) 213,002 (98,427) (1,017,188) 363,337 78,623 8,435 (311,693) 1,910,702 — (1,488,059) 1,612,768 — — (255,259) (130,550) (76,119) (1,752,842) — — 56,739 208,354 (1,563,867) EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH: (124,065) 11,646 (39,574) NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR 146,964 2,477,017 (1,837,239) 4,314,258 176,711 4,137,547 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR $ 2,623,981 $ 2,477,017 $ 4,314,258 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 67 NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Business – Northern Technologies International Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company) develops and markets proprietary environmentally beneficial products and services in over 60 countries either directly or via a network of joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. The Company’s primary business is corrosion prevention marketed mainly under the ZERUST® brand. The Company has been selling its proprietary ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for over 35 years, and more recently, has targeted and expanded into the oil and gas industry. The Company also sells a portfolio of biobased and compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resins and finished products under the Natur-Tec® brand. These products are intended to reduce the Company’s customers’ carbon footprint and provide environmentally sound disposal options. The Company’s two operating segments are ZERUST and Nature-Tec. The Company participates, either directly or indirectly, in 19 active joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures generally manufactures and markets products in the geographic territory to which it is assigned. While most of the Company’s joint ventures exclusively sell rust and corrosion inhibiting products, some of the joint ventures also sell the Company’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds and finished products. The profits of joint ventures are shared by the respective joint venture owners in accordance with their respective ownership percentages. The Company typically owns 50% or less of its joint venture entities and does not control the decisions of these entities, including dividend declaration or amount in any given year. The Company has evaluated events occurring after the date of the consolidated financial statements for events requiring recording or disclosure in the financial statements. Principles of Consolidation - NTIC evaluates its voting and variable interests in entities on a qualitative and quantitative basis. NTIC consolidates entities in which it concludes it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact an entity’s economic success and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entity. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Northern Technologies International Corporation, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Northern Technologies Holding Company, LLC, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), Northern Technologies India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India), NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A.(Zerust Brazil) and NTIC’s majority-owned holding company, NTI Asean LLC (NTI Asean). NTIC’s consolidated financial statements do not include the accounts of any of its joint ventures. Non-Controlling Interests – The Company owns 85% of Zerust Brazil, 60% of NTI Asean, and 90% of Natur- Tec India. The remaining ownership is accounted for as non-controlling interests and reported as part of equity in the consolidated financial statements. The Company allocates gains and losses to the non-controlling interest even when such allocation might result in a deficit balance, reducing the losses attributed to the controlling interest, changes in ownership interests are treated as equity transactions if the Company maintains control. Reclassification - Certain amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements for the previous reporting periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company reclassified dividends received from equity method from investing cash flows to 68 operating cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented. The classification reflects the continued profitability and returns of those profits to its owners, including the Company. The reclassification did not impact net income or equity. Net Sales –The Company includes net sales to its joint ventures and net sales to unaffiliated customers as separate line items on its consolidated statements of operations. There are no sales originating from the Company’s joint ventures included in the amount, as the Company’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Revenue Recognition – The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the product has been delivered, the price is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. These criteria are met when risk of loss and title pass to the customer, distributor or joint venture entity. Sales and use taxes charged to customers are reported on a net basis. Trade Receivable – Payment terms for the Company’s unaffiliated customers are determined based on credit risk and vary by customer. The Company typically offers standard payment terms to unaffiliated customers of net 30 days. The Company does not accrue interest on past due accounts receivable. The Company reviews the credit histories of its customers before extending unsecured credit. The Company presents accounts and notes receivable, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Each quarter, the Company prepares an analysis of its ability to collect outstanding receivables that provides a basis for an allowance estimate for doubtful accounts. In doing so, the Company evaluates the age of its receivables, past collection history, current financial conditions of key customers and its joint ventures, and economic conditions. Based on this evaluation, the Company establishes a reserve for specific accounts and notes receivable that it believes are uncollectible, as well as an estimate of uncollectible receivables not specifically known. The Company believes that an analysis of historical trends and its current knowledge of potential collection problems provide the Company with sufficient information to establish a reasonable estimate for an allowance for doubtful accounts. In the event the Company determines that a smaller or larger uncollectible accounts reserve is appropriate, the Company records a credit or charge to selling expense in the period that it made such determination. Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $40,000 at August 31, 2015 and 2014. Accounts are considered past due based on terms agreed upon between the Company and the customer. Accounts receivable are written-off only after all collection attempts have failed and are based on individual credit evaluation and specific circumstances of the customer. The following table is a tabular rollforward for the allowance for doubtful accounts: August 31, 2012 Bad debts Adjustment to provision August 31, 2013 Bad debts Adjustment to provision August 31, 2014 Bad debts Adjustment to provision August 31, 2015 $ 20,000 21,000 (21,000) $ 20,000 107,000 (87,000) 40,000 6,000 (6,000) $40,000 Trade Receivables from Joint Ventures – Trade receivables from joint ventures arise from sales of products the Company makes to its joint ventures. Payment terms for the Company’s joint ventures also are determined based on credit risk; however, additional consideration also is given to the individual joint venture due to the transportation time associated with ocean delivery of most products and certain other factors. Generally, 69 accounts receivable from the Company’s joint ventures unpaid after 90 days are considered past due. The Company does not accrue interest on past due balances. The Company periodically reviews amounts due from its joint ventures for collectability, and based on past experience and continuous review of the balances due, determined an allowance for doubtful accounts related to its joint venture receivables is not necessary at August 31, 2015 or 2014. Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures – The Company provides services to its joint ventures including consulting, legal, travel, insurance, technical and marketing services. The Company receives fees for the services it provides to its joint ventures. The fees for services received by the Company from its joint ventures are generally based on either a flat fee or a percentage of net sales by the Company’s joint ventures depending on local laws and tax regulations. The Company recognizes revenues related to fees for services provided to its joint ventures when earned, amounts are determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Under the Company’s agreements with its joint ventures, amounts are earned when product is shipped from joint venture facilities. The Company reviews the financial situation of each of its joint ventures to assist in the likelihood of collections on amounts earned. The Company accounts for these fees on a cash basis if uncertainty exists surrounding the collection of such fees. Cash and Cash Equivalents - The Company includes as cash and cash equivalents highly liquid, short-term investments with maturity of three months or less when purchased, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash. The Company maintains its cash in high quality financial institutions. The balances, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Available for Sale Securities – Available for sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available for sale securities are excluded from earnings. Inventories - Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or market. Property and Depreciation - Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated service lives of the various assets as follows: Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment 5-30 years 3-10 years Investments in Joint Ventures - Investments in the Company’s joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, investments are initially recorded at cost and are adjusted for dividends, distributed and undistributed earnings and losses, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and additional investments. In the event the Company’s share of joint venture’s cumulative losses exceed the Company’s investment balance, the balance is reported at zero value until proportionate income exceeds the losses. The Company assesses its joint ventures for impairment on an annual basis as of August 31 of each year as part of its fiscal year end analysis. In addition to the annual review for impairment, the Company reviews the operating results of each joint venture on a quarterly basis in comparison to its historical operating results and its accrual of fees for services provided to joint ventures. If the operating results of a joint venture do not meet financial performance expectations, an additional evaluation is performed on the joint venture. The Company’s evaluation of its investments in joint ventures requires the Company to make assumptions about future cash flows of its joint ventures. These assumptions require significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed or estimated amounts. All investments in joint ventures have positive equity as of August 31, 2015 and 2014. Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets - The Company reviews its long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The Company determines potential impairment by comparing the carrying value of the assets with expected net cash flows expected to be 70 provided by operating activities of the business or related products. If the sum of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows is less than the carrying value, the Company evaluates if an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss is measured by comparing the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. Income Taxes - The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent the Company believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In the event the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process whereby the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. Foreign Currency Translation (Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)) - The functional currency of NTIC China, Zerust Brazil, Natur-Tec India and each unconsolidated international joint venture is the applicable local currency. The translation of the applicable foreign currencies into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using an average monthly exchange rate. Translation gains or losses are reported as an element of other comprehensive income (loss). The Company (excluding NTIC China, Zerust Brazil, Natur-Tec India, NTI Asean and its joint ventures) conducts all foreign transactions based on the U.S. dollar. Since investments in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, any changes in foreign currency exchange rates are reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and does not change the equity in income from joint ventures reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, available for sale securities, short-term accounts and notes receivable, notes payable, trade accounts payables, and other accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments. The fair value of the Company’s former long-term debt approximated the carrying values based upon current market rates of interest. Shipping and Handling - The Company records all amounts billed to customers in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling as sales. The Company records costs related to shipping and handling in cost of goods sold. Research and Development - The Company expenses all costs related to product research and development as incurred. The costs related to product research and development are the net amount after being reduced by reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. The Company accrues proceeds received 71 under such contracts and offsets research and development expenses incurred in equal installments over the timelines associated with completion of the contracts’ specific objectives and milestones. Common Stock – The Company issues new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options. Stock-Based Compensation – The Company recognizes compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions, including grants of employee stock options and transactions under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan, in its consolidated financial statements. That cost is measured based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock options and other stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost over the period the employee is required to provide services for the award (generally the vesting term). Use of Estimates - The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 2. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606 (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09), which provides a framework for the recognition of revenue, with the objective that recognized revenues properly reflect amounts an entity is entitled to receive in exchange for goods and services. This guidance, which includes additional disclosure requirements regarding revenue, cash flows and obligations related to contracts with customers, was originally to be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal year 2018. In July 2015, the FASB confirmed a one year deferral of the effective date of the new revenue standard which also allows early adoption as of the original effective date. The updated guidance will be effective for the Company’s first quarter of 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2014-09 on its consolidated financial statements, but believes there will be no material impact, if any. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, “Inventory”, which modifies the subsequent measurement of inventories recorded under a first-in-first-out or average cost method. Under the new standard, such inventories are required to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The new standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal year 2018, with prospective application. The Company does not expect the adoption of the provisions of ASU 2015-11 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. Although there are several other new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, which the Company has adopted or will adopt, as applicable, the Company does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements has had or will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or operating results. 3. NTI ASEAN NTI Asean is an entity that holds investments in eight entities operating in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, including the following countries: China (although the joint venture agreements for the Chinese joint venture were terminated as of December 31, 2014 and liquidation of this joint venture is anticipated), Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. 72 Prior to September 1, 2012, the Company owned 50% of the equity and voting rights of NTI Asean and accounted for its investment using the equity method, as its ownership was considered to be less than a majority. On September 1, 2012, the Company obtained an additional 10% ownership interest in NTI Asean in exchange for a license agreement, and thereafter holds 60% of the equity and voting rights of NTI Asean. The Company accounted for the transaction resulting in the additional ownership as a business combination. Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2013, the Company consolidated the results of NTI Asean. Immediately prior to the transaction, the Company re-measured the fair value of NTI Asean and determined that there was no difference between the fair value and the book value of the entity. As a result, there was no accounting impact related to the business combination in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company determined the fair value of NTI Asean using the capitalized income method, including a capitalization rate of 25%. The allocation of the total transaction amount was as follow: Net assets acquired (liabilities assumed): Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivables Investments in joint ventures Value of assets Purchase price: Fair value of non-controlling interest Value of previously held interest Total consideration $ 1,613,000 1,342,000 4,967,000 $ 7,922,000 $ 3,961,000 3,961,000 $ 7,922,000 4. INVENTORIES Inventories consisted of the following: Production materials Finished goods 5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: Land Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment Less accumulated depreciation 6. PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS, NET Patents and trademarks, net consisted of the following: Patents and trademarks Less accumulated amortization 73 August 31, 2015 1,445,014 6,023,427 7,468,441 $ $ $ August 31, 2014 1,242,649 4,718,750 5,961,399 $ $ $ August 31, 2015 310,365 6,180,089 4,090,619 10,581,073 (3,287,910) 7,293,163 $ $ $ August 31, 2014 310,365 5,695,268 3,713,145 9,718,778 (3,240,791) 6,477,987 $ $ August 31, 2015 2,440,022 (1,177,803) $ August 31, 2014 2,287,840 (1,090,140) $ 1,262,219 $ 1,197,700 Patent and trademark costs are amortized over seven years. Costs incurred related to patents and trademarks are capitalized until filed and approved, at which time the amounts capitalized to date are amortized and any further costs, including maintenance costs, are expensed as incurred. Amortization expense was $87,663, $86,652 and $71,405 for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amortization expense is estimated to approximate $80,000 in each of the next five fiscal years. 7. INVESTMENTS IN JOINT VENTURES The financial statements of the Company’s foreign joint ventures are initially prepared using the accounting principles accepted in the respective joint ventures’ countries of domicile. Amounts related to foreign joint ventures reported in the below tables and the accompanying financial statements have subsequently been adjusted to conform with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America in all material respects. All material profits recorded on sales from the Company to its joint ventures and from joint ventures to other joint ventures have been eliminated for financial reporting purposes. Financial information of the Company’s joint venture in Germany, Excor Korrosionsschutz – Technologien und Produkte GmbH (EXCOR), China, Tianjin-Zerust Anticorrosion Co., Ltd. (Tianjin Zerust) (See Note 8), Finland and India for the periods for which it was accounted for under the equity method and all of the Company’s other joint ventures, are summarized as follows: August 31, 2015 Current assets Total assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Joint ventures’ equity Northern Technologies International Corporation’s share of joint ventures’ equity Northern Technologies International Corporation's share of joint ventures’ undistributed earnings TOTAL $49,295,116 52,853,938 12,288,383 1,215,139 39,350,417 EXCOR $22,620,323 24,606,880 3,360,142 — 21,246,738 India $ 4,035,396 4,328,196 1,030,718 155,168 3,142,310 Finland $ 1,415,816 2,197,047 178,961 433,624 1,584,461 All Other $21,223,581 21,721,815 7,718,562 626,347 13,376,908 20,544,238 11,571,361 1,482,342 840,263 6,650,272 $18,483,377 $11,540,456 $617,520 $820,263 $5,505,138 Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2015 Net sales Gross profit Net income Northern Technologies International Corporation’s share of equity in income from joint ventures TOTAL $99,026,251 48,397,318 11,849,107 EXCOR $36,872,664 19,993,763 8,201,659 India $7,000,715 3,292,243 983,179 Finland $3,557,252 1,858,310 518,900 All Other $51,595,620 23,253,002 2,145,369 $ 5,936,565 $ 4,091,608 $ 492,379 $ 263,749 $ 1,088,829 74 Current assets Total assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Joint ventures’ equity Northern Technologies International Corporation’s share of joint ventures’ equity Northern Technologies International Corporation's share of joint ventures’ undistributed earnings August 31, 2014 TOTAL $ 61,491,957 65,466,964 17,542,634 1,929,488 45,994,842 EXCOR $ 24,361,157 26,652,165 3,512,143 — 23,140,022 $ Tianjin Zerust 9,774,680 9,793,803 4,438,380 868,377 4,487,046 All Other $ 27,356,120 29,020,996 9,592,111 1,061,111 18,367,775 22,961,989 11,570,013 2,243,524 9,148,452 $ 20,540,523 $ 11,539,108 $ 2,193,524 $ 6,807,891 75 Net sales Gross profit Net income Northern Technologies International Corporation’s share of equity in income from joint ventures Net sales Gross profit Net income Northern Technologies International Corporation’s share of equity in income from joint ventures Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 TOTAL $ 118,848,890 56,960,918 11,842,338 EXCOR $ 39,944,812 21,045,091 7,906,693 Tianjin Zerust $ 15,920,685 7,463,168 1,274,487 All Other $ 62,983,393 28,452,659 2,661,158 $ 5,920,603 $ 3,950,915 $ 626,763 $ 1,342,925 Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2013 TOTAL $ 113,189,068 52,058,609 10,650,542 EXCOR $ 36,476,544 19,470,322 7,009,897 Tianjin Zerust $ 15,161,289 7,153,395 1,157,995 All Other $ 61,551,235 25,434,891 2,482,650 $ 5,237,711 $ 3,507,057 $ 579,376 $ 1,151,278 On January 2, 2015, the Company announced that, effective as of December 31, 2014, the Company terminated its joint venture agreements with its previous joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust, and began the process of liquidating the joint venture entity. Since December 31, 2014, the Company has conducted business in China through a wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. As of December 31, 2014, the Company started recognizing Tianjin Zerust based on its carrying value instead of the equity method since the Company no longer expects to significantly affect the joint venture’s operations or decision making. See Note 8. Because of the lack of financial and other information received from Tianjin Zerust, it is possible that receipt of future financial and other information from Tianjin Zerust may impact the realization of NTIC’s investment in and realization of a receivable from Tianjin Zerust. The last time the Company received financial information from Tianjin Zerust was through November 2014. NTIC as of August 31, 2015, does not believe there are any triggering events that would require an impairment test. NTIC’s current net investment is approximately $1.1 million, which is 60% of its investment in Tianjin Zerust, which was $1,883,668 as of August 31, 2015. The Company will continue to evaluate the realization of this asset on an ongoing basis and adjust if necessary. The Company records expenses that are directly attributable to the joint ventures on its consolidated statements of operations in the line item “Expenses incurred in support of joint ventures.” The expenses include items such as employee compensation and benefit expenses, travel expense and consulting expense. The Company did not make any joint venture investments during fiscal 2015. On May 31, 2014, NTI Asean purchased the other 50% ownership interest in its joint venture in Singapore for $110,988. The Company did not make any other joint venture investments during fiscal 2014. On November 30, 2013, the Company agreed to sell its indirect ownership interest in Mütec GmbH (Mütec), the Company’s former joint venture in Germany which manufactures proprietary electronic sensing instruments. In connection with the transaction, the owner of Mütec borrowed $168,000 from the Company to be repaid over four years with no interest. As of August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014, $125,891 and $156,854 was due to the Company related to this transaction. 76 8. CHINA OPERATIONS Effective December 31, 2014, the Company terminated its joint venture agreements with its previous joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust, began the process of liquidating the joint venture entity, and commenced operations in China through a wholly-owned subsidiary, NTIC (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. on January 1, 2015. Effective December 31, 2014, the Company’s investment in Tianjin Zerust is reported at carrying value based on the Company’s decreased level of influence over the entity, and the Company has reclassified previously unrecognized gains on foreign currency translation from accumulated other comprehensive income. Any declines in the fair value are reflected as adjustments to the carrying value. No such adjustments were recorded during fiscal 2015. The investment in Tianjin Zerust is as follows: Equity method investment – August 31, 2014 Equity in earnings – fiscal year 2015 Reclassification of translation gains on foreign currency translation Investment at carrying value – August 31, 2015 Investment 2,243,524 132,824 (492,680) 1,883,668 $ $ The Company incurred expenses of $1,642,258 during fiscal 2015 related to the termination of the joint venture agreement with Tianjin Zerust, the initiation of the liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the formation and initial operation of NTIC China. Such expenses consisted primarily of legal expenses and personnel expenses associated with the establishment of the subsidiary and the hiring of new personnel. These expenses are recorded as operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and are partially off-set by the gross margin contribution from sales of NTIC China. Because of the lack of financial and other information received from Tianjin Zerust, it is possible that if and when financial and other information is received from Tianjin Zerust that the Company may need to recognize an impairment charge on its investment in Tianjin Zerust. The Company estimates that its maximum exposure in terms of an impairment charge would be approximately $1,130,200 on its investment in Tianjin Zerust, or 60% of the entire investment at carrying value, which was $1,883,668 as of August 31, 2015. 9. CORPORATE DEBT The Company has a revolving line of credit with PNC Bank of $3,000,000. No amounts were outstanding under the line of credit as of both August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014. At the option of the Company, outstanding advances under the line of credit bear interest at either (a) an annual rate based on LIBOR plus 2.15% for the applicable LIBOR interest period selected by the Company or (b) at the rate publicly announced by PNC Bank from time to time as its prime rate. The line of credit matures on January 7, 2016 The line of credit is subject to standard covenants, including affirmative financial covenants, such as the maintenance of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and negative covenants, which, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional indebtedness, loans and equity investments, disposition of assets, mergers and consolidations and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. Under the loan agreement, the Company is subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.10:1.00. As of August 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. 77 10. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY On January 15, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3,000,000 in shares of common stock through open market purchases or unsolicited or solicited privately negotiated transactions. This program has no expiration date but may be terminated by the Company’s Board of Directors at any time. As of August 31, 2015, up to $2,975,654 in shares of common stock remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program. During fiscal 2015, the Company repurchased and retired 1,587 shares of its common stock at a price of $15.34 per share. The following stock options to purchase shares of common stock were exercised during fiscal 2015: Options Exercised 18,000 18,000 2,333 $ Exercise Price 9.76 7.65 10.20 The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during fiscal 2015 was $297,696. The Company granted stock options under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2007 Plan) to purchase an aggregate of 45,067 shares of its common stock to various employees and directors during fiscal 2015. The weighted average per share exercise price of the stock options is $20.10, which was equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. During fiscal 2014, the Company did not purchase or retire any shares of its common stock. The following stock options to purchase shares of common stock were exercised during fiscal 2014: Options Exercised 60,000 14,000 $ Exercise Price 7.65 8.57 The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during fiscal 2014 was $890,955. The Company granted stock options under the 2007 Plan to purchase an aggregate of 56,373 shares of its common stock to various employees and directors during fiscal 2014. The weighted average per share exercise price of the stock options is $14.83, which was equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. During fiscal 2013, the Company did not purchase or retire any shares of its common stock. The following stock options to purchase shares of common stock were exercised during fiscal 2013: Options Exercised 25,140 4,000 4,000 1,734 1,500 666 $ Exercise Price 9.95 12.84 8.57 7.65 9.76 7.75 78 The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during fiscal 2013 was $45,533. 11. NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share assumes the exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method, if dilutive. Options to purchase shares of common stock of 45,067 and 22,000 were excluded from the computation of common share equivalents for fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as the exercise prices of such options were greater than market price of a share of common stock. The following is a reconciliation of the earnings per share computation: Numerator: Net income attributable to NTIC August 31, 2015 1,789,571 $ August 31, 2014 4,106,372 $ August 31, 2013 3,366,894 $ Denominator: Basic-weighted shares outstanding Weighted shares assumed upon exercise of stock options Diluted – weighted shares outstanding 4,521,788 4,454,836 4,421,636 127,272 4,649,060 124,662 4,579,498 54,259 4,475,895 Basic earnings per share: Diluted earnings per share: $ $ 0.40 0.38 $ $ 0.92 0.90 $ $ 0.76 0.75 The dilutive impact summarized above relates to the periods when the average market price of Company stock exceeded the exercise price of the potentially dilutive option securities granted. Earnings per common share were based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods when computing the basic earnings per share. When dilutive, stock options are included as equivalents using the treasury stock market method when computing the diluted earnings per share. 12. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company has two stock-based compensation plans under which stock options and other stock-based awards have been granted, the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2007 Plan) and the Northern Technologies International Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the ESPP). The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and the Board of Directors administer these plans. The 2007 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, stock unit awards, performance awards and stock bonuses to eligible recipients to enable the Company and its subsidiaries to attract and retain qualified individuals through opportunities for equity participation in the Company, and to reward those individuals who contribute to the achievement of the Company’s economic objectives. Subject to adjustment as provided in the 2007 Plan, up to a maximum of 800,000 shares of the Company’s common stock are issuable under the 2007 Plan. Options granted under the 2007 Plan generally have a term of ten years and become exercisable over a three- or four-year period beginning on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant. Options are granted at per share exercise prices equal to the market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The Company issues new shares upon the exercise of options. As of August 31, 2015, only stock options and stock bonuses had been granted under the 2007 Plan. 79 The maximum number of shares of common stock of the Company available for issuance under the ESPP is 100,000 shares, subject to adjustment as provided in the ESPP. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods beginning on September 1 and March 1 of each year. The purchase price of the shares is 90% of the lower of the fair market value of common stock at the beginning or end of the offering period. This discount may not exceed the maximum discount rate permitted for plans of this type under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The ESPP is compensatory for financial reporting purposes. The fair value of option grants is determined at date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the assumptions listed below. The volatility factor used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model is based on historical stock price fluctuations and the risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. treasury rates appropriate for the expected term. Dividend yield and expected volatility are estimated using historical amounts that are anticipated to be consistent with current values. Expected life of the option is based on the life of the option agreements. Based on these valuations, the Company recognized compensation expense of $495,683, $454,015 and $306,451 during fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the options that vested during such time period. As of August 31, 2015, the total compensation cost for non-vested options not yet recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations was $259,585. Stock-based compensation expense of $179,785 and $79,800 is expected to be recognized during fiscal 2016 and 2017, based on outstanding options as of August 31, 2015. Future option grants will impact the compensation expense recognized. Stock-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company currently estimates a ten percent forfeiture rate for stock options, and will continue to review this estimate in future periods. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions and results for the grants: Dividend yield Expected volatility Expected life of option Weighted average risk-free interest rate August 31, 2015 0.00% 46.6% 10 years 1.63% August 31, 2014 0.00% 47.4% 10 years 1.39% August 31, 2013 0.00% 48.0% 5-10 years 0.71% Stock option activity during the periods indicated is as follows: Outstanding at August 31, 2012 Options granted Options exercised Options exercised Outstanding at August 31, 2013 Options granted Options exercised Options terminated Outstanding at August 31, 2014 Options granted Options exercised Options terminated Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Shares (#) 203,873 118,294 (37,040) (24,500) 260,627 56,373 (74,000) (4,000) 239,000 45,067 (38,333) (4,000) Weighted Average Exercise Price $ 10.01 10.25 9.96 13.12 $ 9.84 14.83 7.82 8.57 11.66 20.10 9.00 10.20 Outstanding at August 31, 2015 241,734 $ 13.72 $ 677,475 80 Number of Shares (#) Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Exercisable at August 31, 2015 160,453 $ 12.13 $ 577,528 The weighted average per share fair value of options granted during fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $11.58, $8.57, and $5.53, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual life of the options outstanding as of August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was 6.60 years, 5.92 and 4.52 years, respectively. 13. GEOGRAPHIC AND SEGMENT INFORMATION Segment Information The Company’s chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s business is organized into two reportable segments: ZERUST® and Natur-Tec®. The Company has been selling its proprietary ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for over 35 years, and more recently, has targeted and expanded into the oil and gas industry. The Company also sells a portfolio of bio-based and compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resins and finished products under the Natur-Tec® brand. The following tables present the Company’s business segment information in fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013: ZERUST® net sales Natur-Tec® net sales Total net sales $ Fiscal 2015 26,042,909 4,279,784 $ Fiscal 2014 23,845,288 2,980,820 $ Fiscal 2013 20,457,198 2,044,666 $ 30,322,693 $ 26,826,108 $ 22,501,864 The following table sets forth the Company’s cost of goods sold for fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 by segment: Fiscal 2015 Fiscal 2014 Fiscal 2013 Direct cost of goods sold ZERUST® $ 14,399,456 $ 12,941,234 $ 11,408,604 Natur-Tec® 1,731,398 Indirect cost of goods sold 2,333,210 Total net cost of goods sold $ 20,555,932 $ 17,803,153 $ 15,473,212 2,234,736 2,627,183 3,232,353 2,924,124 * The percent of segment sales is calculated by dividing the direct cost of sales for each individual segment category by the net sales for each segment category. The Company utilizes product net sales and direct and indirect cost of goods sold for each product in reviewing the financial performance of a product type. Further allocation of Company expenses or assets, aside from amounts presented in the tables above, is not utilized in evaluating product performance, nor does such allocation occur for internal financial reporting. Sales to the Company’s joint ventures are included in the foregoing geographic and segment information, however, sales by the Company’s joint ventures to other parties are not included. The foregoing geographic and segment information represents only sales and cost of goods sold recognized directly by the Company. 81 Geographic Information Net sales by geographic location were as follows: Inside the U.S.A. to unaffiliated customers Outside the U.S.A. to: Joint ventures in which the Company is a shareholder directly and indirectly Unaffiliated customers Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 $ 17,908,563 2015 $ 19,329,979 2013 $16,027,619 3,240,980 7,751,734 $ 30,322,693 3,348,158 5,569,387 $ 26,826,108 2,952,612 3,521,633 $ 22,501,864 Net sales by geographic location are based on the location of the customer. Fees for services provided to joint ventures by geographic location as a percentage of total fees for services provided to joint ventures during fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, were as follows: Germany Poland Japan Thailand China France United Kingdom Sweden India Czech Korea Finland Other $ Fiscal 2015 873,400 600,255 599,108 554,881 494,080 412,608 396,514 323,610 277,548 229,185 192,539 281,620 480,143 $ 5,715,491 % of Total Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures in Fiscal 2015 15.3% 10.5% 10.5% 9.7% 8.6% 7.2% 6.9% 5.7% 4.9% 4.0% 3.4% 4.9% 8.4% 100.0% Fiscal 2014 $ 1,032,234 652,291 669,522 604,316 2,118,018 508,705 385,294 440,117 364,918 288,367 315,916 355,391 407,775 $ 8,142,863 % of Total Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures in Fiscal 2014 12.7% 8.0% 8.2% 7.4% 26.0% 6.2% 4.7% 5.4% 4.5% 3.6% 3.9% 4.4% 5.0% 100.0% Fiscal 2013 $ 1,004,958 525,282 723,977 621,807 2,063,369 496,897 236,125 415,547 — 210,827 393,307 321,256 339,628 $ 7,352,980 % of Total Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures in Fiscal 2013 13.7% 7.1% 9.8% 8.4% 28.1% 6.8% 3.2% 5.7% 0.0% 2.9% 5.3% 4.4% 4.6% 100.0% See note 7 for additional details on geographical information regarding equity in income from joint ventures. The geographical distribution of key financial statement data is as follows: Brazil India China North America Total long-lived assets $ At August 31, 2015 $ 46,918 $ 16,402 45,220 7,184,623 7,293,163 $ At August 31, 2014 115,726 24,766 — 6,337,495 6,477,987 82 Brazil India China North America Total net sales $ Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2015 2,623,938 967,241 1,070,422 25,661,092 30,322,693 $ Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 3,079,695 581,535 $ — 23,164,878 26,826,108 $ $ Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2013 2,394,486 — — 20,107,378 22,501,864 $ 14. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The Company incurred $4,047,279, $4,368,752 and $3,815,515 of expense during fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, in connection with its research and development activities. These amounts are net of reimbursements related to certain research and development contracts. Such reimbursements totaled $0, $45,788 and $274,728 for fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The net fees are accounted for in the “Research and Development Expenses” section of the consolidated statements of operations. 15. RETIREMENT PLAN The Company has a 401(k) employee savings plan. Employees who meet certain age and service requirements may elect to contribute up to 15% of their salaries. The Company typically contributes the lesser of 50% of the participant’s contributions or 3.5% of the employee’s salary. The Company recognized expense for the savings plan of $214,008, $188,207 and $175,016 for fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS During fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company made consulting payments of $100,000 per year to Bioplastic Polymers LLC, an entity owned by Ramani Narayan, Ph.D., a director of the Company, and paid royalties of $21,327, $14,388, and $10,244, respectively, based on net sales of the Company’s bioplastics products. 17. INCOME TAXES The provision for income taxes for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 consists of the following: Current: Federal State Foreign Deferred: Federal State Foreign 2015 Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 2013 $ $ — (37,000) 542,000 505,000 — 19,000 1,200,000 1,219,000 $ 87,000 5,000 52,000 144,000 (89,000) (6,000) — (95,000) $ 649,000 $ 1,124,000 $ — 8,000 731,000 739,000 118,000 7,000 — 125,000 864,000 83 Reconciliations of the expected federal income tax at the statutory rate with the provisions for income taxes for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are as follows: $ Tax computed at statutory rates State income tax, net of federal benefit Tax effect on equity in (income) loss of international joint ventures Tax effect on dividends received from joint ventures Tax effect of foreign operations Foreign tax credit Research and development credit Valuation allowance Tax-exempt income Stock based compensation Non-controlling interest in partnership income Other Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 2,265,000 13,000 2015 1,076,000 $ (32,000) $ (1,986,000) 1,470,000 996,000 (1,937,000) (314,000) 1,379,000 - 99,000 (204,000) 102,000 (2,055,000) 3,285,000 1,131,000 (3,710,000) (88,000) 687,000 - - (440,000) 36,000 2013 1,910,000 15,000 (1,781,000) 1,732,000 807,000 (2,524,000) (364,000) 1,635,000 (230,000) - (425,000) 89,000 $ 649,000 $ 1,124,000 $ 864,000 The Company has not provided U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes with respect to its portion of the cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign joint ventures that are essentially permanent in duration. The Company’s portion of the cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign joint ventures that are essentially permanent in duration were $18,483,377, $20,540,523 and $22,281,510 at August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During fiscal 2015, the Company recorded deferred income tax expense of $79,000 representing foreign withholding taxes to be paid with respect to the portion of the cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign joint ventures that it determined were not essentially permanent in duration. If some or all of the undistributed earnings of the joint ventures are remitted to the Company in the future, income taxes, if any, after the application of foreign tax credits will be provided at that time. To the extent undistributed earnings of the Company’s joint ventures are distributed in the future, it is not expected to result in any material additional U.S. income tax liability after the application of foreign tax credits. The tax effect of the temporary differences and tax carryforwards comprising the net deferred taxes shown on the consolidated balance sheets at August 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows: Current: Accrued bonus Allowance for doubtful accounts Inventory costs Prepaid expenses and other Other accrued expenses Deferred joint venture expenses Total current August 31, 2015 2014 174,000 $ 14,500 81,200 (41,800) 102,100 93,200 424,100 $ 524,000 14,500 100,800 (40,600) 86,800 104,100 789,600 $ $ 84 Noncurrent: Property and equipment Goodwill Other intangible assets Nonqualified stock options Foreign net operating loss carryforward Capital loss carryforward Foreign tax credit carryforward Investment in foreign joint ventures Research and development credit New hire retention credit Valuation allowance Total noncurrent $ August 31, 2015 2014 (204,000) $ 19,400 1,103,800 308,900 26,800 - 4,654,800 (79,000) 2,224,600 10,600 8,065,900 (6,889,900) 1,176,000 (171,200) 27,300 825,200 260,400 - 50,900 4,141,100 - 1,910,800 10,600 7,055,100 (6,113,400) 941,700 At August 31, 2015, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of approximately $4,654,800, of which approximately $187,400 will expire if not utilized by August 31, 2016. In addition, the Company had federal and state tax credit carryforwards of $2,235,200 at August 31, 2015 which begin to expire in fiscal 2019. These federal and state tax credit carryforwards consist primarily of federal and Minnesota research and development credit carryforwards. The Company also has foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $26,800 at August 31, 2015 which begin to expire in fiscal 2020. As of August 31, 2015, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $4,654,800 with respect to the foreign tax credit carryforwards. In addition, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of $2,335,100 with respect to federal and state tax credit carryforwards. As of August 31, 2014, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $4,141,100 with respect to the foreign tax credit carryforwards. In addition, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of $1,919,800 with respect to federal and state tax credit carryforwards. The Company records a tax valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company determined based on all available evidence, including historical data and projections of future results, that it is more likely than not that all of its deferred tax assets, except for its foreign tax credit carryforward, federal and Minnesota research and development credit carryforwards, and capital loss carryforwards will be fully realized. The Company determined that its deferred tax asset related to foreign tax credit carryforwards will not be realized due to insufficient federal taxable income within the carryforward period and the fact that for ordering purposes the foreign tax credit carryforwards are not allowed to be used until after any current year foreign tax credits are utilized. In addition, based on historical data and future projections, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax asset related to federal and Minnesota research and development credit carryforwards will not be realized due to insufficient federal and Minnesota taxable income within the carryforward period after considering the foreign tax credit usage. 85 The following table is a tabular rollforward for the valuation allowance: August 31, 2012 Adjustment to valuation allowance August 31, 2013 Adjustment to valuation allowance August 31, 2014 Adjustment to valuation allowance August 31, 2015 $ 4,933,100 1,153,000 $ 6,086,100 27,300 6,113,400 776,500 $ 6,889,900 The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits: Gross unrecognized tax benefits – beginning balance Gross increases - prior period tax positions Gross increases – current period tax positions Gross unrecognized tax benefits – ending balance Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2015 $ 180,000 $ 15,000 8,000 203,000 $ $ 2014 170,000 2,000 8,000 180,000 The entire amount of unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate. It is not expected that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change significantly in the next 12 months. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the Company’s income tax provision. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheet. There was no liability for the payment of interest and penalties at both August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, as of August 31, 2015, the Company is no longer subject to federal, state, local, or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years prior to August 31, 2012. 18. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES On August 18, 2015, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved the material terms of an annual bonus plan for the Company’s executive officers as well as certain officers and employees for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2016. For fiscal 2016 as in past years, the total amount available under the bonus plan for all plan participants, including executive officers, is dependent upon the Company’s earnings before interest, taxes and other income, as adjusted to take into account amounts to be paid under the bonus plan and certain other adjustments (Adjusted EBITOI). Each plan participant’s percentage of the overall bonus pool is based upon the number of plan participants, the individual’s annual base salary and the individual’s position and level of responsibility within the company. In the case of each of the Company’s executive officer participants, 75% of the amount of their individual bonus payout will be determined based upon the Company’s actual EBITOI for fiscal 2016 compared to a pre-established target EBITOI for fiscal 2016 and 25% of the payout will be determined based upon such executive officer’s achievement of certain pre- established individual performance objectives. The payment of bonuses under the plan are discretionary and may be paid to executive officer participants in both cash and shares of NTIC common stock, the exact amount and percentages will be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, after the completion of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for fiscal 2016. 86 On August 19, 2014, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved the material terms of an annual bonus plan for the Company’s executive officers as well as certain officers and employees for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2015. For fiscal 2015 as in past years, the total amount available under the bonus plan for all plan participants, including executive officers, was dependent upon the Company’s Adjusted EBITOI. Each plan participant’s percentage of the overall bonus pool was based upon the number of plan participants, the individual’s annual base salary and the individual’s position and level of responsibility within the company. In the case of each of the Company’s executive officer participants, 75% of the amount of their individual bonus payout was determined based upon the Company’s actual EBITOI for fiscal 2015 compared to a pre-established target EBITOI for fiscal 2015 and 25% of the payout was determined based upon such executive officer’s achievement of certain pre-established individual performance objectives. Accrued bonuses as of August 31, 2015 and 2014 were $620,000 and $1,460,000, respectively. Four joint ventures (consisting of the Company’s joint venture in Korea, India, Thailand and Tianjin Zerust) accounted for 67.0% of the Company’s trade joint venture receivables at August 31, 2015. Three joint ventures (consisting of the Company’s joint ventures in Korea, Thailand and Tianjin Zerust) accounted for 62.9% of the Company’s trade joint venture receivables at August 31, 2014. On March 23, 2015, the Company and NTI Asean filed a lawsuit in Tianjin No 1 Intermediate People’s Court against two individuals, Meng Tao and Xu Hui, related to breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to NTI Asean under certain agreements related to the Company’s former joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust Anti-Corrosion Technologies Ltd (Tianjin Zerust). The lawsuit alleges, among other things, that Mr. Meng Tao and Xu Hui have engaged in self-dealing, usurped business opportunities, and received economic benefits that were required to go to Tianjin Zerust. As of August 31, 2015, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the amount of any recovery to NTI Asean, if any. On April 21, 2015, the Company and NTI Asean initiated a lawsuit in the District Court for the Second Judicial District, County of Ramsey, State of Minnesota against Cortec Corporation alleging, among other things, that Cortec Corporation aided and abetted breaches of duties and contractual commitments owed to the Company and NTI Asean related to the Company’s joint venture in China, Tianjin Zerust. From time to time, the Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of its business. The Company records a liability in its consolidated financial statements for costs related to claims, including future legal costs, settlements and judgments, where the Company has assessed that a loss is probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a probable loss is a range, the Company records the most probable estimate of the loss or the minimum amount when no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount. The Company discloses a contingent liability even if the liability is not probable or the amount is not estimable, or both, if there is a reasonable possibility that material loss may be have been incurred. In the opinion of management, as of August 31, 2015, the amount of liability, if any, with respect to these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will not materially affect the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows. 19. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information consists of: Cash paid during the year for income tax Cash paid during the year for interest Note receivable issued for sale of joint venture Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2014 $ — 47,322 245,594 2013 $ — 52,215 — $ 2015 — 20,960 — 87 20. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company follows the authoritative guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on both a recurring and non-recurring basis. Under this guidance, fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The authoritative guidance also establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability, developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based upon the best information available in the circumstances. The categorization of financial assets and financial liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels defined as follows: Level 1 - Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 - Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs (other than quoted prices) that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 - Inputs are unobservable for the asset or liability. See the section below titled Valuation Techniques for further discussion of how the Company determines fair value for investments. Assets and Liabilities That Are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis primarily relate to marketable equity securities. These items are marked-to-market at each reporting period. The following tables provide information by level for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Fair value as of August 31, 2015 2,027,441 Fair value as of August 31, 2014 5,519,766 Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as Level 1 $ 2,027,441 Level 2 $ — Level 3 $ — Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as Level 1 $ 5,519,766 Level 2 $ — Level 3 $ — Available for sale securities $ Available for sale securities $ Valuation Techniques Financial assets that are classified as Level 1 securities include cash equivalents and as of August 31, 2015, available for sale securities. These are valued using quoted market prices in an active market. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy 88 at the end of the fiscal quarter in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 during the fiscal years ended August 31, 2015 or August 31, 2014. When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. 21. QUARTERLY INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) Fiscal year 2015: Net sales Gross profit Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income (loss) Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to NTIC November 30 February 28 May 31 August 31 Fiscal Quarter Ended $ 7,214,095 2,407,484 1,647,780 183,684 1,464,096 $ 6,728,709 2,070,969 139,149 197,614 (58,465) $ 8,277,575 2,682,368 1,183,180 114,180 1,069,000 $ 8,102,314 2,605,940 195,925 153,196 42,729 455,831 70,179 163,565 1,008,265 (128,644) 905,435 38,214 4,515 Net income (loss) per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average common shares assumed outstanding: Basic Diluted $ $ 0.22 0.22 $ $ (0.03) (0.03) $ $ 0.20 0.20 $ 0.00 $ 0.00 4,518,973 4,659,621 4,522,514 4,522,514 4,525,109 4,594,992 4,529,251 4,585,196 November 30 February 28 May 31 August 31 Fiscal Quarter Ended Fiscal year 2014: Net sales Gross profit Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to NTIC $ 6,309,100 2,151,069 1,502,418 198,000 1,304,418 445,832 858,586 $ 6,219,008 2,167,175 1,643,828 259,759 1,384,069 359,025 1,025,044 $ 6,920,820 2,251,498 1,759,537 361,280 1,398,257 $ 7,377,180 2,453,213 1,757,291 305,623 1,451,668 418,040 980,217 209,143 1,242,527 Net income per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average common shares assumed outstanding: Basic Diluted $ $ 0.19 0.19 $ $ 0.23 0.22 $ $ 0.22 0.21 $ 0.28 $ 0.27 4,434,770 4,552,669 4,434,837 4,579,603 4,461,880 4,590,344 4,487,478 4,592,208 89 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures NTIC maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by NTIC in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to NTIC’s management, including NTIC’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. NTIC’s management evaluated, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of NTIC’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered in this report. Based on that evaluation, NTIC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that NTIC’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of such period to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that NTIC files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to NTIC’s management, including NTIC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting NTIC’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of NTIC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, NTIC’s management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, NTIC’s management concluded that NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of August 31, 2015. The report of Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, NTIC’s independent registered public accounting firm, regarding the effectiveness of NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting is included in this report in “Part II. Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” under “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There was no change in NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended August 31, 2015 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect NTIC’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. 90 Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PART III Directors The information in the “Proposal One – Election of Directors” section of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. Executive Officers Information concerning NTIC’s executive officers and officers is included in this annual report on Form 10-K under Item 4A of Part I under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant.” Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance The information in the “Stock Ownership—Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” section of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. Code of Ethics NTIC has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions, as well as other employees and NTIC’s directors and meets the requirements of the SEC and the NASDAQ Global Market. A copy of NTIC’s Code of Ethics is filed as an exhibit to this report. NTIC intends to satisfy the disclosure requirements of Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to or waivers from any provision of its code of ethics by posting such information on its corporate website at www.ntic.com. Changes to Nomination Procedures During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, NTIC made no material changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to NTIC’s Board of Directors, as described in NTIC’s most recent proxy statement. Audit Committee Matters The information in the “Corporate Governance—Audit Committee” section of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information in the “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” sections of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. 91 Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Stock Ownership The information in the “Stock Ownership—Beneficial Ownership of Significant Stockholders and Management” section of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table summarizes outstanding options and other awards under NTIC’s equity compensation plans as of August 31, 2015. NTIC’s equity compensation plans as of August 31, 2015 were the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan and the Northern Technologies International Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Except for automatic annual grants of options to purchase 4,000 shares of NTIC common stock to NTIC’s directors in consideration for their services as directors of NTIC, an automatic annual grant of an option to purchase 2,000 shares of NTIC common stock to NTIC’s Chairman of the Board in consideration for his services as Chairman on the first day of each fiscal year and automatic initial grants of options to purchase a pro rata portion of 4,000 shares of NTIC common stock to NTIC’s new directors in consideration for their services as directors of NTIC, options and other awards granted in the future under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan are within the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and therefore cannot be ascertained at this time. (a) (b) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (c) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) 241,743(1)(2) — 241,743(1)(2) $12.13 — $12.13 325,005(3) — 325,005(3) Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total ______________________ (1) Amount includes shares of NTIC common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of August 31, 2015 under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. (2) Excludes employee stock purchase rights accruing under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Under such plan, each eligible employee may purchase up to 2,000 shares of NTIC common stock at semi-annual intervals on February 28th or 29th (as the case may be) and August 31st each year at a purchase price per share equal to 90% of the lower of (i) the closing sales price per share of NTIC common stock on the first day of the offering period or (ii) the closing sales price per share of NTIC common stock on the last day of the offering period. (3) Amount includes 265,793 shares remaining available at August 31, 2015 for future issuance under Northern Technologies International Corporation Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Incentive Plan and 59,212 shares available at August 31, 2015 for future issuance under the Northern Technologies International Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan. 92 Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information in the “Related Person Relationships and Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Director Independence” sections of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information in the “Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Audit, Audit-Related, Tax and Other Fees” and “Proposal Three—Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” sections of NTIC’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to NTIC’s next annual meeting of stockholders, which involves the election of directors, is incorporated in this annual report on Form 10-K by reference. 93 Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV Financial Statements NTIC’s consolidated financial statements are included in Item 8 of Part III of this report. Pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X, NTIC intends to file an amendment to this report to include the audited financial statements and related notes of Excor Korrosionsschutz – Technologien und Produkte GmbHA (“EXCOR”), an unconsolidated joint venture in which NTIC holds a 50% equity ownership interest. Financial Statement Schedules All financial statement schedules are omitted because the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes. Exhibits The exhibits to this report are listed in the Exhibit Index to this report. A copy of any exhibits listed or referred to herein will be furnished at a reasonable cost to any person who is a stockholder upon receipt from any such person of a written request for any such exhibit. Such request should be sent to: Mr. Matthew Wolsfeld, Corporate Secretary, Northern Technologies International Corporation, 4201 Woodland Road, P.O. Box 69, Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014 Attn: Stockholder Information. The Exhibit Index indicates each management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this report. 94 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION November 13, 2015 By: /s/ G. Patrick Lynch G. Patrick Lynch President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant on the dates and in the capacities indicated. Name Title Date President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (principal executive officer) Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary (principal financial and accounting officer) November 13, 2015 November 13, 2015 Chairman of the Board November 13, 2015 /s/ G. Patrick Lynch G. Patrick Lynch /s/ Matthew C. Wolsfeld, CPA Matthew C. Wolsfeld, CPA /s/ Richard J. Nigon Richard J. Nigon /s/ Barbara D. Colwell Barbara D. Colwell /s/ Soo Keong Koh Soo Keong Koh /s/ Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. Sunggyu Lee, Ph.D. /s/ Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. Ramani Narayan, Ph.D. Director Director Director Director /s/ Konstantin von Falkenhausen Konstantin von Falkenhausen Director 95 November 13, 2015 November 13, 2015 November 13, 2015 November 13, 2015 November 13, 2015 Board of Directors Mr. Richard J. Nigon Chairman of the Board, NTIC Senior Vice President of Cedar Point Capital, Inc. Mr. G. Patrick Lynch President & CEO, NTIC Dr. Ramani Narayan Distinguished Professor in the Department of Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University Dr. Sunggyu Lee Professor of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering & Technology at Ohio University Mr. Soo-Keong Koh Managing Director, EcoSave Pte Ltd. Mr. Konstantin von Falkenhausen Partner, B Capital Partners AG Mrs. Barbara D. Colwell Corporate Director of NTIC, Publishers Clearing House, and Mutual Trust Financial Group NTIC Executive Officers Mr. G. Patrick Lynch President & CEO Mr. Matthew C. Wolsfeld Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Corporate Secretary Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP Minneapolis, Minnesota Transfer Agent and Registrar For a response to questions regarding misplaced stock certificates, changes of address or the consolidation of accounts, please contact NTIC’s transfer agent: Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. 1717 Arch Street, Suite 1300 Philadelphia, PA 19103 1-877-830-4936 shareholder@broadridge.com Investor Relations Northern Technologies International Corporation welcomes inquiries from its stockholders and other interested investors. For further information on NTIC’S activities or additional copies of this report, please contact: Investor Relations Northern Technologies International Corporation 4201 Woodland Road, P.O. Box 69 Circle Pines, Minnesota 55014 (763) 225-6600 www.ntic.com Stock Listing NTIC’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol NTIC. Annual Meeting The annual meeting of stockholders will be held at 2:00 p.m. on Friday, January 15, 2016 at NTIC’s corporate headquarters: Northern Technologies International Corp. 4201 Woodland Road Circle Pines, MN 55014 USA (763) 225-6600 

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