Omnicom Group
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

JOBNAME: 3292 Omnicom 2018 AR PAGE: 1 SESS: 783 OUTPUT: Tue Mar 26 16:44:19 2019 SUM: 014C4218 /xppcut1/Omnicom/Annual-Report/3292-AR/01-cover Omnicom A N N U A L R E P O R T 2018 Omnicom A N N U A L R E P O R T 2018 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 Commission File Number: 1-10551 OMNICOM GROUP INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) New York (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 437 Madison Avenue, New York, NY (Address of principal executive offices) 13-1514814 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 10022 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 415-3600 Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $.15 Par Value Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes A No M Yes M No A Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every interactive data file required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes A No M Yes A No M Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.A Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer A Smaller reporting company h Accelerated filer h Non-accelerated filer h Emerging growth company h If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. h Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes M No A The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2018 was $16,936,300,000. As of January 31, 2019, there were 223,690,798 shares of Omnicom Group Inc. Common Stock outstanding. Portions of the Omnicom Group Inc. Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 20, 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report to the extent described herein. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 OMNICOM GROUP INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of PART II Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 15. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART IV Page 1 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 34 35 F-1 Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3 Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Quarterly Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-36 S-1 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements, including statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, from time to time, the Company or its representatives have made, or may make, forward-looking statements, orally or in writing. These statements may discuss goals, intentions and expectations as to future plans, trends, events, results of operations or financial condition, or otherwise, based on current beliefs of the Company’s management as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, the Company’s management. Forward-looking statements may be accompanied by words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “guidance,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or similar words, phrases or expressions. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside the Company’s control. Therefore, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include: international, national or local economic conditions that could adversely affect the Company or its clients; losses on media purchases and production costs incurred on behalf of clients; reductions in client spending, a slowdown in client payments and a deterioration in the credit markets; the ability to attract new clients and retain existing clients in the manner anticipated; changes in client advertising, marketing and corporate communications requirements; failure to manage potential conflicts of interest between or among clients; unanticipated changes relating to competitive factors in the advertising, marketing and corporate communications industries; ability to hire and retain key personnel; currency exchange rate fluctuations; reliance on information technology systems; changes in legislation or governmental regulations affecting the Company or its clients; risks associated with assumptions the Company makes in connection with its critical accounting estimates and legal proceedings; and the Company’s international operations, which are subject to the risks of currency repatriation restrictions, social or political conditions and regulatory environment. The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. You should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties that may affect the Company’s business, including those described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report. Except as required under applicable law, the Company does not assume any obligation to update these forward-looking statements. ii Introduction PART I This report is our 2018 annual report to shareholders and our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, or 2018 10-K. Omnicom Group Inc., a New York corporation formed in 1986, through its branded networks and agencies provides advertising, marketing and corporate communications services to over 5,000 clients in more than 100 countries. The terms “Omnicom,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” each refer to Omnicom Group Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Item 1. Business Our Business Omnicom is a strategic holding company and a leading global provider of advertising, marketing and corporate communications services. We operate in a highly competitive industry and compete against other global, national and regional advertising and marketing services companies, as well as technology, social media and professional services companies. The proliferation of media channels, including the rapid development and integration of interactive technologies and mediums, has fragmented consumer audiences targeted by our clients. These developments make it more complex for marketers to reach their target audiences in a cost-effective way, causing them to turn to global service providers such as Omnicom for a customized mix of advertising and marketing services designed to optimize their total marketing expenditure. On a global, pan-regional and local basis, our networks and agencies provide a comprehensive range of services in the following fundamental disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management, or CRM, which includes CRM Consumer Experience and CRM Execution & Support, public relations and healthcare. Advertising includes creative services, as well as strategic media planning and buying and data analytics services. CRM Consumer Experience includes Omnicom’s Precision Marketing Group and digital/direct agencies, as well as our branding, shopper marketing and experiential marketing agencies and CRM Execution & Support includes field marketing, sales support, merchandising and point of sale, as well as other specialized marketing and custom communications services. Public relations services include corporate communications, crisis management, public affairs and media and media relations services. Healthcare includes advertising and media services to global healthcare clients. Our business model was built and continues to evolve around our clients. Our fundamental business principle is that our clients’ specific marketing requirements are the central focus of how we structure our service offerings and allocate our resources. This client-centric business model requires that multiple agencies within Omnicom collaborate in formal and informal virtual client networks utilizing our key client matrix organization structure. This collaboration allows us to cut across our internal organizational structures to execute our clients’ marketing requirements in a consistent and comprehensive manner. We use our client-centric approach to grow our business by expanding our service offerings to existing clients, moving into new markets and obtaining new clients. In addition to collaborating through our client service models, our agencies and networks collaborate across internally developed technology platforms. Annalect, our proprietary data and analytics platform, serves as the strategic resource for all of our agencies and networks to share when developing client service strategies across our virtual networks. Omni, our people-based precision marketing and insights platform, identifies and defines personalized consumer experiences at scale across creative, media and CRM, as well as other disciplines. Driven by our clients’ continuous demand for more effective and efficient marketing activities, we strive to provide an extensive range of advertising, marketing and corporate communications services through various client-centric networks that are organized to meet specific client objectives. A comprehensive listing of our service offerings includes: advertising branding content marketing corporate social responsibility consulting crisis communications custom publishing data analytics database management digital/direct marketing digital transformation entertainment marketing investor relations marketing research media planning and buying merchandising and point of sale mobile marketing multi-cultural marketing non-profit marketing organizational communications package design product placement promotional marketing 1 experiential marketing field marketing financial/corporate business-to-business advertising graphic arts/digital imaging healthcare marketing and communications instore design interactive marketing public affairs public relations retail marketing sales support search engine marketing shopper marketing social media marketing sports and event marketing As clients increase their demands for marketing effectiveness and efficiency, they have made it a practice to consolidate their business within one service provider in the pursuit of a single engagement covering all consumer touch points. We have structured our business around this trend. We believe that our key client matrix organization structure approach to collaboration and integration of our services and solutions has provided a competitive advantage to our business in the past and we expect this to continue over the medium and long term. Our key client matrix organization structure facilitates superior client management and allows for greater integration of the services required by the world’s largest brands. Our over-arching strategy is to continue to use our virtual client networks to grow our business relationships with our largest clients by serving them across our networks, disciplines and geographies. In addition, in 2018, we substantially completed the process of forming practice areas within our global network structure to bring together agencies operating in common disciplines. This action leverages existing resources and, in close coordination with our key client matrix organization, enhances the development of custom client solutions. The various components of our business, including revenue by discipline and geographic area, and material factors that affected us in 2018 are discussed in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” or MD&A, of this report. None of our acquisitions or dispositions, individually or in the aggregate, in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 was material to our results of operations or financial position. For information about our acquisitions, see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. Our Clients Our clients operate in virtually every sector of the global economy. In many cases, multiple agencies or networks serve different brand, product groups or both within the same client. For example, in 2018 our largest client represented 3.0% of revenue and was served by more than 225 of our agencies. Our 100 largest clients, which represent many of the world’s major marketers, comprised approximately 51% of revenue and were each served, on average, by more than 60 of our agencies. Our Employees At December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 70,400 people worldwide. The skill sets of our workforce across our agencies and within each discipline are similar. Common to all is the ability to understand a client’s brand or product and their selling proposition and to develop a unique message to communicate the value of the brand or product to the client’s target audience, whether through traditional channels or emerging digital platforms. Recognizing the importance of this core competency, we have established tailored training and education programs for our client service professionals around this competency. See the MD&A for a discussion of the effect of salary and related costs on our results of operations. Executive Officers of the Registrant At January 31, 2019, our executive officers were: Name Position John D. Wren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Philip J. Angelastro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Michael J. O’Brien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer Andrew L. Castellaneta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter L. Swiecicki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Vice President, Finance and Controller Jonathan B. Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CEO, Omnicom Digital Age 66 54 57 60 60 51 2 Each executive officer has held his present position for at least five years, except: Mr. Wren was named Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in May 2018 and previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to May 2018; Mr. Angelastro was named Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in September 2014 and previously served as Senior Vice President Finance and Controller from 2002 until September 2014; Mr. Castellaneta was named Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer in January 2015 and previously served as Assistant Controller from 2000 until January 2015; and Mr. Swiecicki was named Senior Vice President, Finance and Controller in January 2015 and previously served as Director of Business Operations from 2013 until January 2015 after holding various positions with BBDO Worldwide from 1983 until 2013. Additional information about our directors and executive officers will appear in our definitive proxy statement, which is expected to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, by April 10, 2019. Available Information We file annual, quarterly and current reports and any amendments to those reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Documents we file with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at http://investor.omnicomgroup.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with the SEC. The information included on or available through our website is not part of this or any other report we file with the SEC. Any document that we file with the SEC is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors Adverse economic conditions, a reduction in client spending, a deterioration in the credit markets or a delay in client payments could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Economic conditions have a direct impact on our business, results of operations and financial position. Adverse global or regional economic conditions pose a risk that clients may reduce, postpone or cancel spending on advertising, marketing and corporate communications projects. Such actions would reduce the demand for our services and could result in a reduction in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position. A contraction in the availability of credit may make it more difficult for us to meet our working capital requirements. In addition, a disruption in the credit markets could adversely affect our clients and could cause them to delay payment for our services or take other actions that would negatively affect our working capital. In such circumstances, we may need to obtain additional financing to fund our day-to-day working capital requirements, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Even if we take action to respond to adverse economic conditions, reductions in revenue and disruptions in the credit markets by aligning our cost structure and more efficiently managing our working capital, such actions may not be effective. In an economic downturn, the risk of a material loss related to media purchases and production costs incurred on behalf of our clients could significantly increase and methods for managing or mitigating such risk may be less available or unavailable. In the normal course of business, our agencies enter into contractual commitments with media providers and production companies on behalf of our clients at levels that can substantially exceed the revenue from our services. These commitments are included in accounts payable when the services are delivered by the media providers or production companies. If permitted by local law and the client agreement, many of our agencies purchase media and production services for our clients as an agent for a disclosed principal. In addition, while operating practices vary by country, media type and media vendor, in the United States and certain foreign markets, many of our agencies’ contracts with media and production providers specify that our agencies are not liable to the media and production providers under the theory of sequential liability until and to the extent we have been paid by our client for the media or production services. Where purchases of media and production services are made by our agencies as a principal or are not subject to the theory of sequential liability, the risk of a material loss as a result of payment default by our clients could increase significantly and such a loss could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. In addition, our methods of managing the risk of payment default, including obtaining credit insurance, requiring payment in advance, mitigating the potential loss in the marketplace or negotiating with media providers, may be less available or unavailable during a severe economic downturn. 3 Clients periodically review and change their advertising, marketing and corporate communications requirements and relationships. If we are unable to remain competitive or retain key clients, our business, results of operations and financial position may be adversely affected. We operate in a highly competitive industry. Key competitive considerations for retaining existing clients and winning new clients include our ability to develop solutions that meet client needs in a rapidly changing environment, the quality and effectiveness of our services and our ability to serve clients efficiently, particularly large multinational clients, on a broad geographic basis. While many of our client relationships are long-standing, from time to time clients put their advertising, marketing and corporate communications business up for competitive review. We have won and lost accounts as a result of these reviews. To the extent that we are not able to remain competitive or retain key clients, our revenue may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. The loss of several of our largest clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Our 100 largest clients represent approximately 51% of our revenue. Clients generally are able to reduce or cancel current or future spending on advertising, marketing and corporate communications projects at any time on short notice for any reason. A significant reduction in spending on our services by our largest clients, or the loss of several of our largest clients, if not replaced by new clients or an increase in business from existing clients, would adversely affect our revenue and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Acquiring new clients and retaining existing clients depends on our ability to avoid and manage conflicts of interest arising from other client relationships, retaining key personnel and maintaining a highly skilled workforce. Our ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may, in some cases, be limited by clients’ perceptions of, or policies concerning, conflicts of interest arising from other client relationships. If we are unable to maintain multiple agencies to manage multiple client relationships and avoid potential conflicts of interests, our business, results of operations and financial position may be adversely affected. Our employees are our most important assets and our ability to attract and retain key personnel is an important aspect of our competitiveness. If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our ability to provide our services in the manner clients have come to expect may be adversely affected, which could harm our reputation and result in a loss of clients, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Currency exchange rate fluctuations could impact our business, results of operations and financial position. Our international operations represent approximately 48% of our 2018 revenue. We operate in all major international markets including the Euro Zone, the United Kingdom, or the U.K., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China and Japan. Our agencies transact business in more than 50 different currencies. Substantially all of our foreign operations transact business in their local currency and accordingly, their financial statements are translated into U.S. Dollars. As a result, both adverse and beneficial fluctuations in foreign exchange rates impact our business, results of operations and financial position. In addition, funds transferred to the United States can be adversely or beneficially impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We rely extensively on information technology systems and cybersecurity incidents could adversely affect us. We rely on information technology systems and infrastructure to process, store and transmit data, summarize results, manage our business and maintain client advertising and marketing information. Increased cybersecurity threats and attacks, which are becoming more sophisticated, pose a risk to our systems and networks. Security breaches, improper use of our systems and unauthorized access to our data and information by employees and others may pose a risk that sensitive data may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. We also have access to sensitive or personal data or information that is subject to privacy laws and regulations. Our systems and processes to protect against, detect, prevent, respond to and mitigate cybersecurity incidents and our organizational training for employees to develop an understanding of cybersecurity risks and threats may be unable to prevent material security breaches, theft, modification or loss of data, employee malfeasance and additional known and unknown threats. Such events could adversely affect our business and reputation. In addition, we use third-party service providers, including cloud providers, to store, transmit and process data. Our insurance may not protect us against damages resulting from cybersecurity incidents, which could adversely affect our business and reputation. 4 Government regulation and consumer advocates may limit the scope and content of our services, which could affect our ability to meet our clients’ needs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Government agencies and consumer groups directly or indirectly affect or attempt to affect the scope, content and manner of presentation of advertising, marketing and corporate communications services, through regulation or other governmental action, which could affect our ability to meet our clients’ needs. Such regulation may seek, among other things, to limit the tax deductibility of advertising expenditures by certain industries or for certain products and services. In addition, there has been a tendency on the part of businesses to resort to the judicial system to challenge advertising practices and claims, which could cause our clients affected by such actions to reduce their spending on our services. Any regulatory or judicial action that affects our ability to meet our clients’ needs or reduces client spending on our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Further, laws and regulations, related to user privacy, use of personal information and Internet tracking technologies have been proposed or enacted in the United States and a number of international markets. These laws and regulations could affect the acceptance of new communications technologies and the use of current communications technologies as advertising mediums. These actions could affect our business and reduce demand for certain of our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. As a global business we face certain risks of doing business internationally and we are exposed to risks from operating in high-growth markets and developing countries, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. The operational and financial performance of our international businesses are affected by global and regional economic conditions, competition for new business and staff, currency exchange rate fluctuation, political conditions, regulatory environment and other risks associated with extensive international operations. In addition, we conduct business in numerous high-growth markets and developing countries which tend to have longer billing collection cycles, currency repatriation restrictions and commercial laws that can be undeveloped, vague, inconsistently enforced, retroactively applied or frequently changed. The risks associated with our international operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Additionally, our operations are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are complex and stringent, and any violation could have an adverse effect on our business and reputation. For financial information by geographic region, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. We have substantial operations in the U.K. and the Euro Zone. In June 2016, voters in the U.K. elected to withdraw from the European Union, or E.U. (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). Unless the E.U. agrees to an extension, the U.K. is scheduled to exit the E.U. on March 29, 2019, and it is possible that the U.K. may exit without an agreement in place. The uncertainties related to Brexit have cross-border operational, financial and tax implications, among others, and any economic volatility that may arise in the U.K., the E.U. or elsewhere may adversely affect our business. We may be unsuccessful in evaluating material risks involved in completed and future acquisitions. We regularly evaluate potential acquisitions of businesses that are complementary to our businesses and client needs. As part of the process, we conduct business, legal and financial due diligence with the goal of identifying and evaluating material risks involved in any particular transaction. Despite our efforts, we may be unsuccessful in ascertaining or evaluating all such risks. As a result, the intended advantages of any given acquisition may not be realized. If we fail to identify certain material risks from one or more acquisitions, our business, results of operations and financial position could be adversely affected. Our goodwill is an intangible asset that may become impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP or GAAP, we have recorded a significant amount of goodwill related to our acquisitions; a substantial portion of which represents the intangible specialized know-how of the acquired workforce. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, we review the carrying value of goodwill for impairment annually at the end of the second quarter of the year and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The estimates and assumptions about future results of operations and cash flows made in connection with the impairment testing could differ from future actual results of operations and cash flows. While we have concluded, for each year presented in the financial statements included in this report, that our 5 goodwill is not impaired, future events could cause us to conclude that the intangible asset values associated with a given operation may become impaired. Any resulting non-cash impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. We could be affected by future laws or regulations enacted in response to climate change concerns and other actions. Generally, our businesses are not directly affected by current laws and other regulations aimed at mitigating the impact of climate change by reducing emissions or otherwise, although our businesses could be in the future. However, we could be indirectly affected by increased prices for goods or services provided to us by companies that are directly affected by these laws and regulations and pass their increased costs through to their customers. Further, if our clients are impacted by such laws or requirements, either directly or indirectly, their spending for advertising and marketing services may decline, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial position. Additionally, to comply with potential future changes in environmental laws and regulations, we may need to incur additional costs; therefore, at this time, we cannot estimate what impact such regulations may have on our business, results of operations and financial position. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We conduct business and maintain offices throughout the world. The facility requirements of our businesses are similar across geographic regions and disciplines. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current operations and are well maintained. Our principal corporate offices are located at 437 Madison Avenue, New York, New York; 1055 Washington Boulevard, Stamford, Connecticut and 525 Okeechobee Boulevard, West Palm Beach, Florida. We also maintain executive offices in London, England; Shanghai, China and Singapore. We lease substantially all our office space under operating leases that expire at various dates. Lease obligations of our foreign operations are generally denominated in their local currency. Office base rent expense was $287.8 million, $330.4 million and $334.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, net of rent received from non-cancelable third-party subleases. Future minimum office base rent under non-cancelable operating leases, net of rent receivable from existing non-cancelable third-party subleases, is (in millions): 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Rent $ 308.5 266.3 219.6 183.5 150.3 662.4 $1,790.6 See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our lease commitments, which comprise a significant component of our occupancy and other costs. See Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the impact of the adoption of FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases. Item 3. Legal Proceedings In the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various legal proceedings. We do not presently expect that these proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. In December 2016, two of our subsidiaries received subpoenas from the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division concerning its ongoing investigation of video production and post-production practices in the advertising industry. In November 2018, the Company received confirmation that the investigation of the Company’s subsidiaries had been closed without any action taken against the Company, its subsidiaries or employees. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not Applicable. 6 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “OMC.” As of January 31, 2019, there were 2,014 registered holders of our common stock. Common stock repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2018 were: Period October 1-31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1-30, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1-31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Number of Shares Purchased 504,601 — 260,488 765,089 Average Price Paid Per Share $71.56 — 70.91 $71.34 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs — — — — Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — — — During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we purchased 600,000 shares of our common stock in the open market for general corporate purposes and withheld 165,089 shares from employees to satisfy estimated statutory income tax obligations related to vesting of restricted stock awards and stock option exercises. The value of the common stock withheld was based on the closing price of our common stock on the applicable vesting or exercise date. There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2018. For information on securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters,” which relevant information will be included in our definitive proxy statement, which is expected to be filed with the SEC by April 10, 2019. Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that begin on page F-1 of this report, as well as the MD&A. For the years ended December 31: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income - Omnicom Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Per Common Share - Omnicom Group Inc.: Basic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends Declared Per Common Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.85 5.83 2.40 4.68 4.65 2.25 2018 $15,290.2 2,133.5 1,326.4 (In millions, except per share amounts) 2015 2016 2017 $15,273.6 2,083.8 1,088.4 $15,416.9 2,030.5 1,148.6 $15,134.4 1,920.1 1,093.9 2014 $15,317.8 1,944.1 1,104.0 4.80 4.78 2.15 (In millions) 2016 $ 3,022.8 23,165.4 4,920.6 892.3 2,162.0 4.43 4.41 2.00 4.27 4.24 1.90 2015 2014 $ 2,619.7 22,110.7 4,565.6 800.5 2,452.4 $ 2,390.3 21,428.4 4,542.5 774.3 2,850.0 At December 31: 2018 2017 Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, including current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,657.9 24,617.0 4,883.7 1,197.8 2,547.1 $ 3,796.4 24,931.2 4,912.9 1,091.2 2,615.1 In 2018, we adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606. As a result of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 revenue and operating profit decreased $146.1 million and $6.6 million, respectively. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, reduced net income – Omnicom Group Inc. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the impact of the Tax Act on income tax expense. 7 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We are a strategic holding company providing advertising, marketing and corporate communications services to clients through our branded networks and agencies around the world. On a global, pan-regional and local basis, our networks and agencies provide a comprehensive range of services in the following fundamental disciplines: advertising, CRM, which includes CRM Consumer Experience and CRM Execution & Support, public relations and healthcare. Our business model was built and continues to evolve around our clients. While our networks and agencies operate under different names and frame their ideas in different disciplines, we organize our services around our clients. Our fundamental business principle is that our clients’ specific marketing requirements are the central focus of how we structure our service offerings and allocate our resources. This client-centric business model requires that multiple agencies within Omnicom collaborate in formal and informal virtual client networks utilizing our key client matrix organization structure. This collaboration allows us to cut across our internal organizational structures to execute our clients’ marketing requirements in a consistent and comprehensive manner. We use our client-centric approach to grow our business by expanding our service offerings to existing clients, moving into new markets and obtaining new clients. In addition, we pursue selective acquisitions of complementary companies with strong entrepreneurial management teams that typically currently serve or could serve our existing clients. As a leading global advertising, marketing and corporate communications company, we operate in all major markets and have a large and diverse client base. In 2018, our largest client represented 3.0% of revenue and our 100 largest clients, which represent many of the world’s major marketers, comprised approximately 51% of revenue. Our clients operate in virtually every sector of the global economy with no one industry comprising more than 14% of our revenue in 2018. Although our revenue is generally balanced between the United States and international markets and we have a large and diverse client base, we are not immune to general economic downturns. As described in more detail below, in 2018, revenue increased $16.6 million, or 0.1%, compared to 2017. Changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue $85.1 million, or 0.6%, acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue, reduced revenue $326.6 million, or 2.1%, reflecting the disposition of certain non-strategic businesses, and organic growth increased revenue $404.2 million, or 2.6%. In addition, the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 (see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements) reduced revenue by $146.1 million, or 1.0%. Global economic conditions have a direct impact on our business and financial performance. Adverse global or regional economic conditions pose a risk that our clients may reduce, postpone or cancel spending on advertising, marketing and corporate communications services, which would reduce the demand for our services. Revenue is typically lower in the first and third quarters and higher in the second and fourth quarters, reflecting client spending patterns during the year and additional project work that usually occurs in the fourth quarter. Additionally, certain global events targeted by major marketers for advertising expenditures, such as the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics, and certain national events, such as the U.S. election process, may affect our revenue period-over-period in certain businesses. Typically, these events do not have a significant impact on our revenue in any period. In 2018, our agencies in North America continued their modest growth with uneven performance across our service disciplines. In Europe, while mixed by country, most of our businesses had strong growth, however, the continuing uncertain economic and political conditions in the E.U., have been complicated by the status of Brexit. In Brazil, unstable economic and political conditions contributed to the continuing volatility in the market. Most of our businesses in Asia-Pacific had positive growth consistent with recent periods. The economic and fiscal issues facing the countries we operate in can cause economic uncertainty and volatility; however, the impact on our business varies by country. We monitor economic conditions closely, as well as client revenue levels and other factors and, in response to reductions in our client revenue, if necessary, we will take actions available to us to align our cost structure and manage our working capital. There can be no assurance whether, or to what extent, our efforts to mitigate any impact of future adverse economic conditions, reductions in client revenue, changes in client creditworthiness and other developments will be effective. Certain business trends have had a positive impact on our business and industry. These trends include clients increasingly expanding the focus of their brand strategies from national markets to pan-regional and global markets and integrating traditional and non-traditional marketing channels, as well as utilizing new communications technologies and emerging digital platforms. As clients increase their demands for marketing effectiveness and efficiency, they have made it a practice to consolidate their business within one service provider in the pursuit of a single engagement covering all consumer touch points. We have structured our business around these trends. We believe that our key client matrix organization structure approach to collaboration and integration of our services and solutions have provided a competitive advantage to our business in the past and we expect this to continue over the medium and long term. In addition, in 2018, we completed the 8 process of forming practice areas within our global network structure to bring together agencies operating in common disciplines. This action leverages existing resources and, in close coordination with our key client matrix organization, enhances the development of custom client solutions. Driven by our clients’ continuous demand for more effective and efficient marketing activities, we strive to provide an extensive range of advertising, marketing and corporate communications services through various client-centric networks that are organized to meet specific client objectives. These services include, among others, advertising, branding, content marketing, corporate social responsibility consulting, crisis communications, custom publishing, data analytics, database management, digital/direct marketing, digital transformation, entertainment marketing, experiential marketing, field marketing, financial/ corporate business-to-business advertising, graphic arts/digital imaging, healthcare marketing and communications, in-store design, interactive marketing, investor relations, marketing research, media planning and buying, merchandising and point of sale, mobile marketing, multi-cultural marketing, non-profit marketing, organizational communications, package design, product placement, promotional marketing, public affairs, public relations, retail marketing, sales support, search engine marketing, shopper marketing, social media marketing and sports and event marketing. In the near term, barring unforeseen events and excluding the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates, because of continued improvement in operating performance by many of our agencies and new business activities, we expect our organic revenue to increase modestly for 2019 and over the long term to be in excess of the weighted average nominal GDP growth in our major markets. We expect to continue to identify acquisition opportunities intended to build upon the core capabilities of our strategic disciplines and business platforms, expand our operations in high-growth and emerging markets and enhance our capabilities to leverage new technologies that are being used by marketers today. We continually evaluate our portfolio of businesses to identify areas for investment and acquisition opportunities, as well as to identify non-strategic or underperforming businesses for disposition. During the third quarter of 2018, we disposed of certain businesses, primarily in our CRM Execution & Support discipline, and recorded a net gain of $178.4 million primarily related to the sale of Sellbytel, our European-based outsourced sales, service and support company. Also, during the third quarter, we took certain repositioning actions in an effort to continue to improve our strategic position and achieve operating efficiencies, and we recorded charges of $149.4 million for incremental severance, office lease consolidation and termination, asset write-offs, and other charges. We expect the reduction to our earnings for the disposition activity to be substantially offset by savings achieved from the operating efficiencies and cost reductions, as well as any incremental earnings from new acquisition activity, and we expect a net reduction to revenue of approximately 3% to 3.5% in the first half of 2019 and 2.5% for the full year. Given our size and breadth, we manage our business by monitoring several financial indicators. The key indicators that we focus on are revenue and operating expenses. We analyze revenue growth by reviewing the components and mix of the growth, including growth by principal regional market and marketing discipline, the impact from foreign currency exchange rate changes, growth from acquisitions, net of dispositions and growth from our largest clients. Operating expenses are comprised of cost of services, selling, general and administrative expenses, or SG&A, and depreciation and amortization. In 2018, our revenue increased 0.1% compared to 2017. Changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue 0.6%, acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue, reduced revenue 2.1%, and organic growth increased revenue 2.6%. Across our principal regional markets, the changes in revenue were: North America decreased 2.8%, Europe increased 6.0%, Asia-Pacific increased 3.6% and Latin America decreased 7.5%. In North America, modest growth in the United States was offset by a decrease in revenue primarily resulting from the impact of the adoption of ASC 606, the disposition of our specialty print media business in the second quarter of 2017 and negative performance in Canada. Organic revenue growth in the United States was led by our CRM Consumer Experience, healthcare, advertising and media and public relations businesses, and was partially offset by a decrease in our CRM Execution & Support discipline. The revenue increase in Europe resulted from strong organic revenue in the region, particularly in France, Spain and the Czech Republic, modest organic revenue growth in the U.K., and the strengthening of the Euro and the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar in the first half of the year, which was partially offset by disposition activity and negative performance in Germany. The decrease in revenue in Latin America was primarily a result of the weakening of the Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar. In Asia-Pacific, organic growth in most countries in the region, especially Australia, China, New Zealand and India, was partially offset by disposition activity. The change in revenue in 2018 compared to 2017, in our four fundamental disciplines was: Advertising increased 1.3%, CRM Consumer Experience increased 0.2%, CRM Execution & Support decreased 11.0%, Public Relations increased 1.7% and Healthcare increased 12.7%. 9 We measure cost of services in two distinct categories: salary and service costs and occupancy and other costs. As a service business, salary and service costs make up a significant portion of our operating expenses and substantially all these costs comprise the essential components directly linked to the delivery of our services. Salary and service costs include employee compensation and benefits, freelance labor and direct service costs, which include third-party supplier costs and client-related travel costs. Occupancy and other costs consist of the indirect costs related to the delivery of our services, including office rent and other occupancy costs, equipment rent, technology costs, general office expenses and other expenses. SG&A expenses, which increased slightly year-over-year, primarily consist of third-party marketing costs, professional fees and compensation and benefits and occupancy and other costs of our corporate and executive offices, which includes group-wide finance and accounting, treasury, legal and governance, human resource oversight and similar costs. Operating expenses, which include the net gain from the disposition of subsidiaries and the repositioning charges, as described above (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements), decreased $33.1 million, in 2018 compared to 2017. Salary and service costs, which tend to fluctuate with changes in revenue, increased $78.9 million, or 0.7%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The year-over-year increase primarily reflects the incremental severance and other charges of $73.7 million incurred in connection with the repositioning actions taken in the third quarter of 2018. Occupancy and other costs, which are less directly linked to changes in revenue than salary and service costs, increased $68.8 million, or 5.5%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The year-over-year change reflects a decrease of $4.7 million, which was offset by $73.5 million of repositioning charges primarily related to office lease consolidation and termination actions taken in the third quarter of 2018. Operating margin increased year-over-year to 14.0% from 13.6% and EBITA margin increased year-over-year to 14.6% from 14.4%. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning expenses, increased operating profit and operating margin year-over year by $29.0 million and 0.2%, respectively. Net interest expense increased $10.3 million to $209.2 million in 2018 compared to 2017. Interest expense on debt increased $17.4 million to $241.9 million in 2018. Interest income in 2018 increased $7.5 million, compared to the prior year. Our effective tax rate for 2018, decreased period-over-period to 25.6% from 36.9% in 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the reduction of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35% resulting from the Tax Act which was enacted in December 2017. Additionally, income tax expense for 2018 reflects the following: a reduction of approximately $19 million, primarily as a result of the successful resolution of foreign tax claims, a reduction of $25.0 million related to the net income tax effect of the net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning actions (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements) and additional income tax expense of $28.9 million, reflecting the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements). Net income – Omnicom Group Inc. in 2018 increased, due to the factors described above, $238.0 million, or 21.9%, to $1,326.4 million from $1,088.4 million in 2017. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning actions, after the allocable share of $6.9 million to noncontrolling interests, and the additional income tax expense from the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act, increased net income – Omnicom Group Inc. $18.2 million. Diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. increased 25.4% to $5.83 in 2018, compared to $4.65 in 2017, due to the factors described above, as well as the impact of the reduction in our weighted average common shares outstanding resulting from repurchases of our common stock, net of shares issued for restricted stock awards, stock option exercises and the employee stock purchase plan. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning actions net of the additional income tax expense from the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act, increased diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. $0.08. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES The following summary of our critical accounting policies provides a better understanding of our financial statements and the related discussion in this MD&A. We believe that the following policies may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application than most of our accounting policies and represent the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements. Readers are encouraged to consider this summary together with our financial statements and the related notes, including Note 2, for a more complete understanding of the critical accounting policies discussed below. 10 Estimates We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We use a fair value approach in testing goodwill for impairment and when evaluating our equity method and cost method investments to determine if an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Acquisitions and Goodwill We have made and expect to continue to make selective acquisitions. The evaluation of potential acquisitions is based on various factors, including specialized know-how, reputation, geographic coverage, competitive position and service offerings of the target businesses, as well as our experience and judgment. Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquired business are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. In circumstances where control is obtained and less than 100% of a business is acquired, goodwill is recorded as if 100% were acquired. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other costs are expensed as incurred. Certain acquisitions include an initial payment at closing and provide for future additional contingent purchase price payments (earn-outs), which are recorded as a liability at the acquisition date fair value. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the liability are recorded in results of operations. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in results of operations from the acquisition date. In 2018, we completed six acquisitions of new subsidiaries. Our acquisition strategy is focused on acquiring the expertise of an assembled workforce in order to continue to build upon the core capabilities of our various strategic business platforms and agency brands through the expansion of their geographic reach or their service capabilities to better serve our clients. Additional key factors we consider include the competitive position and specialized know-how of the acquisition targets. Accordingly, as is typical in most service businesses, a substantial portion of the assets we acquire are intangible assets primarily consisting of the know-how of the personnel, which is treated as part of goodwill and under U.S. GAAP is not required to be valued separately. For each acquisition, we undertake a detailed review to identify other intangible assets that are required to be valued separately. A significant portion of the identifiable intangible assets acquired is derived from customer relationships, including the related customer contracts, as well as trade names. In valuing these identified intangible assets, we typically use an income approach and consider comparable market participant measurements. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually at the end of the second quarter of the year and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Under FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, we have the option of either assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of our reporting units exceeds their respective fair value or proceeding directly to the goodwill impairment test. Although not required, we performed the annual impairment test and compared the fair value of each of our reporting units to its respective carrying value, including goodwill. We identified our regional reporting units as components of our operating segments, which are our five global agency networks. The regional reporting units of each agency network are responsible for the agencies in their region. They report to the segment managers and facilitate the administrative and logistical requirements of our key client matrix organization structure for delivering services to clients in their regions. We have concluded that for each of our operating segments, their regional reporting units have similar economic characteristics and should be aggregated for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment at the operating segment level. Our conclusion was based on a detailed analysis of the aggregation criteria set forth in FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, and in FASB ASC Topic 350. Consistent with our fundamental business strategy, the agencies within our regional reporting units serve similar clients in similar industries, and in many cases the same clients. In addition, the agencies within our regional reporting units have similar economic characteristics. The main economic components of each agency are employee compensation and related costs and direct service costs and occupancy and other costs, which include rent and occupancy costs, technology costs that are generally limited to personal computers, servers and off-the-shelf software and other overhead expenses. Finally, the expected benefits of our acquisitions are typically shared by multiple agencies in various regions as they work together to integrate the acquired agency into our virtual client network strategy. 11 Goodwill Impairment Review – Estimates and Assumptions We use the following valuation methodologies to determine the fair value of our reporting units: (1) the income approach, which utilizes discounted expected future cash flows, (2) comparative market participant multiples for EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization), and (3) when available, consideration of recent and similar acquisition transactions. In applying the income approach, we use estimates to derive the discounted expected cash flows (“DCF”) for each reporting unit that serves as the basis of our valuation. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth and operating margin, EBITDA, tax rates, capital expenditures, weighted average cost of capital and related discount rates and expected long-term cash flow growth rates. All of these estimates and assumptions are affected by conditions specific to our businesses, economic conditions related to the industry we operate in, as well as conditions in the global economy. The assumptions that have the most significant effect on our valuations derived using a DCF methodology are: (1) the expected long-term growth rate of our reporting units’ cash flows and (2) the weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) for each reporting unit. The assumptions used for the long-term growth rate and WACC in our evaluations as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 were: June 30, 2018 2017 Long-Term Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4% 10.5% – 11.1% 4% 9.6% – 10.3% Long-term growth rate represents our estimate of the long-term growth rate for our industry and the markets of the global economy we operate in. For the past ten years, the average historical revenue growth rate of our reporting units and the Average Nominal GDP growth of the countries comprising the major markets that account for substantially all of our revenue was approximately 3.2% and 3.4%, respectively. We considered this history when determining the long-term growth rates used in our annual impairment test at June 30, 2018. We believe marketing expenditures over the long term have a high correlation to GDP. Based on our historical performance, we also believe that our long-term growth rate will exceed Average Nominal GDP growth in the markets we operate in, which are similar across our reporting units. For our annual test as of June 30, 2018, we used an estimated long-term growth rate of 4%. When performing the annual impairment test as of June 30, 2018 and estimating the future cash flows of our reporting units, we considered the current macroeconomic environment, as well as industry and market specific conditions at mid-year 2018. In the first half of 2018, our revenue increased 2.2%, which excluded our net disposition activity and the impact from changes in foreign exchange rates. While our businesses in Europe had improved performance, the continuing uncertain economic and political conditions in the E.U. have been further complicated by the United Kingdom’s ongoing negotiations with the European Council to withdraw from the E.U. During the first half of 2018, weakness in certain Latin American economies we operate in has the potential to affect our near-term performance in that region. We considered the effect of these conditions in our annual impairment test. The WACC is comprised of: (1) a risk-free rate of return, (2) a business risk index ascribed to us and to companies in our industry comparable to our reporting units based on a market derived variable that measures the volatility of the share price of equity securities relative to the volatility of the overall equity market, (3) an equity risk premium that is based on the rate of return on equity of publicly traded companies with business characteristics comparable to our reporting units, and (4) a current after-tax market rate of return on debt of companies with business characteristics similar to our reporting units, each weighted by the relative market value percentages of our equity and debt. Our five reporting units vary in size with respect to revenue and the amount of debt allocated to them. These differences drive variations in fair value among our reporting units. In addition, these differences as well as differences in book value, including goodwill, cause variations in the amount by which fair value exceeds book value among the reporting units. The reporting unit goodwill balances and debt vary by reporting unit primarily because our three legacy agency networks were acquired at the formation of Omnicom and were accounted for as a pooling of interests that did not result in any additional debt or goodwill being recorded. The remaining two agency networks were built through a combination of internal growth and acquisitions that were accounted for using the acquisition method and as a result, they have a relatively higher amount of goodwill and debt. 12 Goodwill Impairment Review – Conclusion Based on the results of our impairment test, we concluded that our goodwill at June 30, 2018 was not impaired, because the fair value of each of our reporting units was substantially in excess of its respective net book value. The minimum decline in fair value that one of our reporting units would need to experience in order to fail the goodwill impairment test was approximately 60%. Notwithstanding our belief that the assumptions we used for WACC and long-term growth rate in our impairment testing are reasonable, we performed a sensitivity analysis for each of our reporting units. The results of this sensitivity analysis on our impairment test as of June 30, 2018 revealed that if the WACC increased by 1% and/or the long-term growth rate decreased by 1%, the fair value of each of our reporting units would continue to be substantially in excess of its respective net book value and would pass the impairment test. We will continue to perform our impairment test at the end of the second quarter of each year unless events or circumstances trigger the need for an interim impairment test. The estimates used in our goodwill impairment test do not constitute forecasts or projections of future results of operations, but rather are estimates and assumptions based on historical results and assessments of macroeconomic factors affecting our reporting units as of the valuation date. We believe that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable, but they are subject to change from period to period. Actual results of operations and other factors will likely differ from the estimates used in our discounted cash flow valuation and it is possible that differences could be significant. A change in the estimates we use could result in a decline in the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units from the amounts derived as of our latest valuation and could cause us to fail our goodwill impairment test if the estimated fair value for the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit, including its goodwill. A large decline in estimated fair value of a reporting unit could result in a non-cash impairment charge and may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Subsequent to the annual impairment test at June 30, 2018 and considering our operating performance in the second half of the year, there were no events or circumstances that triggered the need for an interim impairment test. Additional information about acquisitions and goodwill appears in Notes 2, 5 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 (see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements). As described below, in accordance with ASC 606 we changed certain aspects of our revenue recognition accounting policy. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective method, where the cumulative effect of the initial application was recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018. Therefore, comparative prior periods have not been adjusted and continue to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services (the performance obligation) in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services (the transaction price). We measure revenue by estimating the transaction price based on the consideration specified in the client arrangement. Revenue is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. Our revenue is primarily derived from the planning and execution of advertising communications and marketing services in the following fundamental disciplines: Advertising, which includes creative advertising services and strategic media planning and buying services, Customer Relationship Management or CRM, which includes CRM Consumer Experience and CRM Execution & Support, Public Relations and Healthcare Advertising. Our client contracts are primarily fees for service on a rate per hour or per project basis. Revenue is recorded net of sales, use and value added taxes. Performance Obligations In substantially all our disciplines, the performance obligation is to provide advisory and consulting services at an agreed-upon level of effort to accomplish the specified engagement. Our client contracts are comprised of diverse arrangements involving fees based on any one or a combination of the following: an agreed fee or rate per hour for the level of effort expended by our employees; commissions based on the client’s spending for media purchased from third parties; qualitative or quantitative incentive provisions specified in the contract; and reimbursement for third-party costs that we are required to include in revenue when we control the vendor services related to these costs and we act as principal. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on its relative stand-alone selling price and is recognized as revenue when, or as, the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation. Clients typically receive and consume the benefit of our services as they are performed. Substantially all our client contracts provide that we are compensated for services performed to date and allow for cancellation by either party on short notice, typically 90 days, without penalty. 13 Generally, our short-term contracts, which normally take 30 to 90 days to complete, are performed by a single agency and consist of a single performance obligation. As a result, we do not consider the underlying services as separate or distinct performance obligations because our services are highly interrelated, occur in close proximity, and the integration of the various components of a marketing message is essential to overall service. In certain of our long-term client contracts, which have a term of up to one year, the performance obligation is a stand-ready obligation, because we provide a constant level of similar services over the term of the contract. In other long-term contracts, when our services are not a stand-ready obligation, we consider our services distinct performance obligations and allocate the transaction price to each separate performance obligation based on its stand-alone selling price, including contracts for strategic media planning and buying services, which are considered to be multiple performance obligations, and we allocate the transaction price to each distinct service based on the staffing plan and the stand-alone selling price. In substantially all of our creative services contracts we have distinct performance obligations for our services, including certain creative services contracts where we act as an agent and arrange, at the client’s direction, for third-parties to perform studio production efforts. Revenue Recognition Methods A substantial portion of our revenue is recognized over time, as the services are performed, because the client receives and consumes the benefit of our performance throughout the contract period, or we create an asset with no alternative use and are contractually entitled to payment for our performance to date in the event the client terminates the contract for convenience. For these over time client contracts, other than when we have a stand-ready obligation to perform services, revenue is recognized over time using input measures that correspond to the level of staff effort expended to satisfy the performance obligation on a rate per hour or equivalent basis. For client contracts when we have a stand-ready obligation to perform services on an ongoing basis over the life of the contract, typically for periods up to one year, where the scope of these arrangements is broad and there are no significant gaps in performing the services, we recognize revenue using a time- based measure resulting in a straight-line revenue recognition. From time to time, there may be changes in the client service requirements during the term of a contract and the changes could be significant. These changes are typically negotiated as new contracts covering the additional requirements and the associated costs, as well as additional fees for the incremental work to be performed. To a lesser extent, for certain other contracts where our performance obligations are satisfied in phases, we recognize revenue over time using certain output measures based on the measurement of the value transferred to the customer, including milestones achieved. Where the transaction price or a portion of the transaction price is derived from commissions based on a percentage of purchased media from third parties, the performance obligation is not satisfied until the media is run and we have an enforceable contract providing a right to payment. Accordingly, revenue for commissions is recognized at a point in time, typically when the media is run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client or media vendor. Principal vs. Agent In substantially all our businesses, we incur third-party costs on behalf of clients, including direct costs and incidental, or out-of-pocket costs. Third-party direct costs incurred in connection with the creation and delivery of advertising or marketing communication services include, among others: purchased media, studio production services, specialized talent, including artists and other freelance labor, event marketing supplies, materials and services, promotional items, market research and third-party data and other related expenditures. Out-of-pocket costs include, among others: transportation, hotel, meals and telecommunication charges incurred by us in the course of providing our services. Billings related to out-of-pocket costs are included in revenue since we control the goods or services prior to delivery to the client. However, the inclusion of billings related to third-party direct costs in revenue depends on whether we act as a principal or as an agent in the client arrangement. In most of our businesses, including Advertising, which also includes studio production efforts and media planning and buying services, Public Relations, Healthcare Advertising and most of our CRM Consumer Experience businesses, we act as an agent and arrange, at the client’s direction, for third parties to perform certain services. In these cases, we do not control the goods or services prior to the transfer to the client. As a result, revenue is recorded net of these costs, equal to the amount retained for our fee or commission. 14 In certain businesses we may act as principal when contracting for third-party services on behalf of our clients. In our events business and most of our CRM Execution & Support businesses, including field marketing and certain specialty marketing businesses, we act as principal because we control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the client and we are responsible for providing the specified goods or services, or we are responsible for directing and integrating third-party vendors to fulfill our performance obligation at the agreed upon contractual price. In such arrangements, we also take pricing risk under the terms of the client contract. In certain specialty media buying business, we act as principal when we control the buying process for the purchase of the media and contract directly with the media vendor. In these arrangements, we assume the pricing risk under the terms of the client contract. When we act as principal, we include billable amounts related to third-party costs in the transaction price and record revenue over time at the gross amount billed, including out-of-pocket costs, consistent with the manner that we recognize revenue for the underlying services contract. However, in media buying contracts where we act as principal, we recognize revenue at a point in time, typically when the media is run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client or media vendor. Variable Consideration Some of our client arrangements include variable consideration provisions, which include performance incentives, tiered commission structures and vendor rebates in certain markets outside of the United States. Variable consideration is estimated and included in total consideration at contract inception based on either the expected value method or the most likely outcome method. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and other factors known at the time. Performance incentives are typically recognized in revenue over time. Variable consideration for our media businesses in certain international markets includes rebate revenue and is recognized when it is probable that the media will be run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client. In addition, when we receive rebates or credits from vendors for transactions entered into on behalf of clients, they are remitted to the clients in accordance with contractual requirements or retained by us based on the terms of the client contract or local law. Amounts passed on to clients are recorded as a liability and amounts retained by us are recorded as revenue when earned, which is typically when the media is run. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS See Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements for information on the adoption of new accounting standards and accounting standards not yet adopted. 15 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Accounting Changes Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 (see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements). As described below, in accordance with ASC 606 we changed certain aspects of our revenue recognition accounting policy. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective method, where the cumulative effect of the initial application was recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018. Therefore, comparative prior periods have not been adjusted and continue to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, or ASC 605. Upon adoption of ASC 606, our accounting policy for certain third-party out-of-pocket costs, which are incurred in connection with our services and are billed to clients, was required to be changed. In addition, our policy for performance incentives (variable consideration) included in certain client contracts was required to be changed. The inclusion of third-party out-of-pocket costs in revenue depends on whether we act as a principal or agent in the client arrangement. Under ASC 606, the principal versus agent assessment is based on whether we control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. As a result of the adoption of ASC 606, certain third-party costs are no longer included in revenue and cost of services. This change was the principal adjustment to our reported revenue and operating expenses included in the table below. However, the change had no impact on operating profit. In addition, performance incentives included in certain client contracts can increase revenue if we meet certain quantitative or qualitative objectives in delivering our services. Under ASC 606, performance incentives are now treated as variable consideration. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, performance incentives were recognized in revenue under ASC 605 when specific quantitative goals were achieved or when our performance against qualitative goals was acknowledged by the client. Under ASC 606, variable consideration is estimated and included in total consideration at contract inception based on either the expected value method or the most likely outcome method. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. As a result of this change, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018 by $19.5 million, to reflect the transition requirements of ASC 606. The effect of this change on our financial position and cash flows was not material. The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on revenue, operating expenses and operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,290.2 13,156.7 2,133.5 $146.1 139.5 6.6 As Reported Adjustments Amounts without the Adoption of ASC 606 $15,436.3 13,296.2 2,140.1 The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on net income - Omnicom Group Inc., diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. and the consolidated financial statements was not material. 16 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - 2018 Compared to 2017 (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses: Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin – %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Before Income Taxes and Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. 2018 $15,290.2 2017 $15,273.6 11,306.1 1,309.6 (178.4) 12,437.3 455.4 264.0 13,156.7 2,133.5 14.0% 266.4 57.2 1,924.3 492.7 8.9 1,440.5 114.1 $ 1,326.4 11,227.2 1,240.8 — 12,468.0 439.7 282.1 13,189.8 2,083.8 13.6% 248.6 49.7 1,884.9 696.2 3.5 1,192.2 103.8 $ 1,088.4 Non-GAAP Financial Measures We use EBITA and EBITA Margin as additional operating performance measures that exclude the non-cash amortization expense of intangible assets, which primarily consists of amortization of intangible assets arising from acquisitions. We define EBITA as earnings before interest, taxes and amortization of intangible assets, and EBITA Margin as EBITA divided by revenue. EBITA and EBITA Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that EBITA and EBITA Margin are useful measures for investors to evaluate the performance of our business. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. The following table reconciles the U.S. GAAP financial measure of net income - Omnicom Group Inc. to EBITA and EBITA Margin for the for the periods presented (in millions): Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Before Income Taxes and Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add back: Amortization of intangible assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings before interest, taxes and amortization of intangible assets (“EBITA”) . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EBITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EBITA Margin – %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 1,326.4 114.1 1,440.5 8.9 492.7 1,924.3 266.4 57.2 2,133.5 102.5 $ 2,236.0 $15,290.2 $ 2,236.0 2017 $ 1,088.4 103.8 1,192.2 3.5 696.2 1,884.9 248.6 49.7 2,083.8 113.8 $ 2,197.6 $15,273.6 $ 2,197.6 14.6% 14.4% Revenue In 2018, revenue increased $16.6 million, or 0.1%, to $15,290.2 million from $15,273.6 million in 2017. Changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue $85.1 million, acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue, reduced revenue $326.6 million, and organic growth increased revenue $404.2 million. 17 The impact of changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue 0.6%, or $85.1 million, primarily resulting from the strengthening of the Euro and British Pound, against the U.S. Dollar, partially offset by the weakening of the Brazilian Real, Russian Ruble and Australian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar. The components of revenue change in the United States (“Domestic”) and the remainder of the world (“International”) were (in millions): December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of revenue change: Foreign exchange rate impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue . . . . . Organic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of adoption of ASC 606 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Domestic $ % $ % International $ % $15,273.6 $8,196.9 $7,076.7 85.1 (326.6) 404.2 (146.1) $15,290.2 — 0.6% (108.7) (2.1)% 58.0 2.6% (1.0)% (146.4) 0.1% $7,999.8 85.1 —% (217.9) (1.3)% 346.2 0.7% (1.8)% 0.3 (2.4)% $7,290.4 1.2% (3.1)% 4.9% —% 3.0% The components and percentages are calculated as follows: (cid:129) The foreign exchange impact is calculated by translating the current period’s local currency revenue using the prior period average exchange rates to derive current period constant currency revenue (in this case $15,205.1 million for the Total column). The foreign exchange impact is the difference between the current period revenue in U.S. Dollars and the current period constant currency revenue ($15,290.2 million less $15,205.1 million for the Total column). (cid:129) Acquisition revenue is calculated as if the acquisition occurred twelve months prior to the acquisition date by aggregating the comparable prior period revenue of acquisitions through the acquisition date. As a result, acquisition revenue excludes the positive or negative difference between our current period revenue subsequent to the acquisition date and the comparable prior period revenue and the positive or negative growth after the acquisition is attributed to organic growth. Disposition revenue is calculated as if the disposition occurred twelve months prior to the disposition date by aggregating the comparable prior period revenue of dispositions through the disposition date. The acquisition revenue and disposition revenue amounts are netted in the table. (cid:129) Organic growth is calculated by subtracting the foreign exchange rate impact, and the acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue components from total revenue growth, excluding the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. (cid:129) The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 is discussed above in the “Accounting Changes” section. (cid:129) The percentage change is calculated by dividing the individual component amount by the prior period revenue base of that component ($15,273.6 million for the Total column). Changes in the value of foreign currencies against the U.S. Dollar affect our results of operations and financial position. For the most part, because the revenue and expense of our foreign operations are both denominated in the same local currency, the economic impact on operating margin is minimized. Assuming exchange rates at February 11, 2019 remain unchanged, we estimate the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates to reduce revenue in the first half of 2019 by approximately 2.5% to 3% and 1.5% for the full year. Revenue and organic growth, expressed as a percentage and excluding the impact of ASC 606, in our principal regional markets were (in millions): Americas: 2018 2017 $ Change North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,442.5 457.5 $ 8,686.0 494.8 $(243.5) (37.3) EMEA: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,375.4 304.4 1,710.4 4,127.9 314.6 1,650.3 247.5 (10.2) 60.1 $15,290.2 $15,273.6 $ 16.6 % Organic Growth 0.4% 2.0% 5.7% (2.9)% 7.9% 2.6% 18 In Europe, our primary markets are the U.K. and the Euro Zone. Revenue for 2018 in the U.K., which represents 9.5% of total revenue, increased 4.3%, and revenue in the Euro Zone and the other European countries, which together comprised 19.1% of total revenue, increased 6.9%. In North America, modest growth in the United States was offset by a decrease in revenue primarily resulting from the impact of the adoption of ASC 606, the disposition of our specialty print media business in the second quarter of 2017 and negative performance in Canada. Organic revenue growth in the United States was led by our CRM Consumer Experience, healthcare, advertising and media and public relations businesses, and was partially offset by a decrease in our CRM Execution & Support discipline. The revenue increase in Europe resulted from strong organic revenue in the region, particularly in France, Spain and the Czech Republic, modest organic revenue growth in the U.K., and the strengthening of the Euro and the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar in the first half of the year, which was partially offset by disposition activity and negative performance in Germany. The decrease in revenue in Latin America was primarily a result of the weakening of the Brazilian Real against the U.S. Dollar. In Asia-Pacific, organic growth in most countries in the region, especially Australia, China, New Zealand and India, was partially offset by disposition activity. In the normal course of business, our agencies both gain and lose business from clients each year due to a variety of factors. The net change in 2018 was an overall gain in new business. Under our client-centric approach, we seek to broaden our relationships with all of our clients. Our largest client represented 3.0% of revenue in 2018 and 2017. Our ten largest and 100 largest clients represented 19.1% and 50.7% of revenue in 2018, respectively, and 19.6% and 50.5% of revenue in 2017, respectively. In an effort to monitor the changing needs of our clients and to further expand the scope of our services to key clients, we monitor revenue across a broad range of disciplines and group them into the following categories: advertising, CRM, which includes CRM Consumer Experience and CRM Execution & Support, public relations and healthcare. Revenue for 2018 and 2017 and the change in revenue and organic growth from 2017 by discipline were (in millions): Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Consumer Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Execution & Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2018 vs. 2017 $ $ 8,281.0 2,620.7 1,900.5 1,435.1 1,052.9 $15,290.2 % of Revenue $ % of Revenue $ Change 54.2% $ 8,175.9 2,615.9 17.1% 2,135.8 12.4% 1,411.4 9.4% 934.6 6.9% $15,273.6 53.6% $ 105.1 4.8 17.1% (235.3) 14.0% 23.7 9.2% 118.3 6.1% $ 16.6 % Organic Growth 2.9% 5.9% (2.7)% 1.8% 4.5% 2.6% We provide services to clients that operate in various industry sectors. Revenue by sector for 2018 and 2017 was: Food and Beverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmaceuticals and Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel and Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 13% 9% 13% 8% 8% 10% 7% 5% 6% 21% 2017 13% 10% 12% 8% 9% 10% 7% 5% 6% 20% 19 Operating Expenses Operating expenses for 2018 compared to 2017 were (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses: Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2018 vs. 2017 $ $15,290.2 11,306.1 1,309.6 (178.4) 12,437.3 455.4 264.0 13,156.7 $ 2,133.5 % of Revenue $ $15,273.6 % of Revenue $ Change % Change $ 16.6 0.1% 73.9% 11,227.2 1,240.8 8.6% — (1.2)% 12,468.0 3.0% 439.7 282.1 1.7% 86.0% 13,189.8 14.0% $ 2,083.8 73.5% 8.1% —% 78.9 68.8 (178.4) (30.7) 15.7 2.9% (18.1) 1.8% 86.4% (33.1) 13.6% $ 49.7 0.7% 5.5% 3.6% (6.4)% (0.3)% 2.4% In the third quarter of 2018, we disposed of certain businesses, primarily in our CRM Execution & Support discipline, and recorded a net gain of $178.4 million. Also, during the third quarter, we took certain repositioning actions in an effort to continue to improve our strategic position and achieve operating efficiencies, and we recorded charges of $149.4 million for incremental severance, office lease consolidation and termination, asset write-offs and other charges. The impact of the repositioning actions and net gain on sale of subsidiaries on operating expenses for 2018 was (dollars in millions): Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (Decrease) Net Gain on Disposition of Subsidiaries Repositioning Actions $ 73.7 73.5 — 147.2 2.2 — $149.4 $ — — (178.4) (178.4) — — $(178.4) Total $ 73.7 73.5 (178.4) (31.2) 2.2 — $ (29.0) Operating expenses, which include the net gain from the disposition of subsidiaries and the repositioning charges, as described above (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements), decreased $33.1 million, in 2018 compared to 2017. Salary and service costs, which tend to fluctuate with changes in revenue, increased $78.9 million, or 0.7%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The year-over-year increase primarily reflects the incremental severance and other charges of $73.7 million incurred in connection with the repositioning actions taken in the third quarter of 2018. Occupancy and other costs, which are less directly linked to changes in revenue than salary and service costs, increased $68.8 million, or 5.5%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The year-over-year change reflects a decrease of $4.7 million, which was offset by $73.5 million of repositioning charges primarily related to office lease consolidation and termination actions taken in the third quarter of 2018. Operating margin increased year-over-year to 14.0% from 13.6% and EBITA margin increased year-over-year to 14.6% from 14.4%. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning expenses, increased operating profit and operating margin year-over year by $29.0 million and 0.2%, respectively. 20 Net Interest Expense Net interest expense increased $10.3 million year-over-year to $209.2 million in 2018. Interest expense on debt increased $17.4 million to $241.9 million in 2018, primarily due to a reduced benefit from the fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps resulting from higher rates on the floating rate leg. Our long-term debt portfolio at December 31, 2018, after taking into consideration our outstanding interest rate swaps, was approximately 75% fixed rate obligations and 25% floating rate obligations and was unchanged from December 31, 2017. A discussion of our interest rate swaps is included in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements. Interest income in 2018 increased $7.5 million year-over-year to $57.2 million due to higher interest earned on the cash held by our international treasury centers. Income Taxes Our effective tax rate for 2018 decreased year-over-year to 25.6% from 36.9% in 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the reduction of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35% resulting from the Tax Act. Income tax expense in 2018 was reduced by approximately $19 million, primarily as a result of the successful resolution of foreign tax claims and $7.4 million related to the excess tax benefits from share-based compensation. Additionally, income tax expense for 2018 reflects the following items recorded in the third quarter of 2018 (in millions): Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repositioning actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment to provisional effect of the Tax Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (Decrease) Income Before Income Taxes Income Tax Expense $ 178.4 (149.4) — $ 29.0 $ 11.0 (36.0) 28.9 $ 3.9 The net gain resulting from the net disposition of subsidiaries reflects favorable local tax rates applied to certain non-U.S. gains. The tax benefit on the repositioning actions was calculated based on the jurisdictions where the charges were incurred and reflects the likelihood that we will be unable to obtain a tax benefit for all charges incurred. Further, in 2018 we recorded additional income tax expense of $28.9 million reflecting the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements). Net Income Per Share – Omnicom Group Inc. Net income – Omnicom Group Inc. in 2018 increased, due to the factors described above, $238.0 million, or 21.9%, to $1,326.4 million from $1,088.4 million in 2017. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning actions, after the allocable share of $6.9 million to noncontrolling interests, and the additional income tax expense from the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act, increased net income – Omnicom Group Inc. $18.2 million. Diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. increased 25.4% to $5.83 in 2018, compared to $4.65 in 2017, due to the factors described above, as well as the impact of the reduction in our weighted average common shares outstanding resulting from repurchases of our common stock, net of shares issued for restricted stock awards, stock option exercises and the employee stock purchase plan. The net gain on disposition of subsidiaries and repositioning actions net of the additional income tax expense from the finalization of the provisional estimate of the effect of the Tax Act, increased diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. $0.08. 21 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – 2017 Compared to 2016 (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses: Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin – % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Before Income Taxes and Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. 2017 $15,273.6 2016 $15,416.9 11,227.2 1,240.8 12,468.0 439.7 282.1 13,189.8 2,083.8 13.6% 248.6 49.7 1,884.9 696.2 3.5 1,192.2 103.8 $ 1,088.4 11,419.0 1,230.6 12,649.6 443.9 292.9 13,386.4 2,030.5 13.2% 231.3 42.6 1,841.8 600.5 5.4 1,246.7 98.1 $ 1,148.6 As discussed below, in 2017 the Tax Act reduced net income - Omnicom Group Inc. by $106.3 million and diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.45. Non-GAAP Financial Measures We use EBITA and EBITA Margin as additional operating performance measures that exclude the non-cash amortization expense of intangible assets, which primarily consists of amortization of intangible assets arising from acquisitions. We define EBITA as earnings before interest, taxes and amortization of intangible assets, and EBITA Margin as EBITA divided by revenue. EBITA and EBITA Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that EBITA and EBITA Margin are useful measures for investors to evaluate the performance of our business. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. The following table reconciles the U.S. GAAP financial measure of net income – Omnicom Group Inc. to EBITA and EBITA Margin for the for the periods presented (in millions): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. Net Income Attributed To Noncontrolling Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Before Income Taxes and Income From Equity Method Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add back: Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings before interest, taxes and amortization of intangible assets (“EBITA”) . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EBITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EBITA Margin – % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 $ 1,088.4 103.8 1,192.2 3.5 696.2 1,884.9 248.6 49.7 2,083.8 113.8 $ 2,197.6 $15,273.6 $ 2,197.6 2016 $ 1,148.6 98.1 1,246.7 5.4 600.5 1,841.8 231.3 42.6 2,030.5 115.2 $ 2,145.7 $15,416.9 $ 2,145.7 14.4% 13.9% Revenue In 2017, revenue decreased $143.3 million to $15,273.6 million from $15,416.9 million in 2016. Changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue $42.9 million, acquisition revenue net of disposition revenue, decreased revenue $647.3 million and organic growth increased revenue $461.1 million. 22 The components of revenue change in the United States (“Domestic”) and the remainder of the world (“International”) were (in millions): December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of revenue change: Foreign exchange impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue . . . . Organic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Domestic $ % $ % International $ % $15,416.9 $8,627.8 $6,789.1 42.9 (647.3) 461.1 $15,273.6 0.3% (474.4) (4.2)% 43.5 3.0% (0.9)% $8,196.9 42.9 (172.9) (5.5)% 0.5% 417.6 (5.0)% $7,076.7 — —% 0.6% (2.5)% 6.2% 4.2% The components and percentages are calculated as follows: (cid:129) The foreign exchange impact is calculated by translating the current period’s local currency revenue using the prior period average exchange rates to derive current period constant currency revenue (in this case $15,230.7 million for the Total column). The foreign exchange impact is the difference between the current period revenue in U.S. Dollars and the current period constant currency revenue ($15,273.6 million less $15,230.7 million for the Total column). (cid:129) Acquisition revenue is calculated as if the acquisition occurred twelve months prior to the acquisition date by aggregating the comparable prior period revenue of acquisitions through the acquisition date. As a result, acquisition revenue excludes the positive or negative difference between our current period revenue subsequent to the acquisition date and the comparable prior period revenue and the positive or negative growth after the acquisition is attributed to organic growth. Disposition revenue is calculated as if the disposition occurred twelve months prior to the disposition date by aggregating the comparable prior period revenue of dispositions through the disposition date. The acquisition revenue and disposition revenue amounts are netted in the table. (cid:129) Organic growth is calculated by subtracting the foreign exchange rate impact, and the acquisition revenue, net of disposition revenue components from total revenue growth. (cid:129) The percentage change is calculated by dividing the individual component amount by the prior period revenue base of that component ($15,416.9 million for the Total column). In 2017, changes in foreign exchange rates continued to negatively impact revenue but at a more moderate rate as compared to 2016. The impact of foreign exchange rates in 2017 increased revenue by 0.3%, or $42.9 million. While a number of currencies weakened against the U.S. Dollar, including the Australian Dollar, Brazilian Real, Canadian Dollar and Russian Ruble, the most significant impact resulted from the weakening of the British Pound. Revenue and organic growth for 2017 and the change in revenue from 2016 in our principal regional markets were (in millions): Americas: 2017 2016 $ Change North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,686.0 494.8 $ 9,174.0 423.6 $(488.0) 71.2 EMEA: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,127.9 314.6 1,650.3 3,904.2 278.9 1,636.2 223.7 35.7 14.1 $15,273.6 $15,416.9 $(143.3) % Organic Growth 0.6% 0.6% 7.0% 12.5% 5.8% 3.0% In Europe, our primary markets are the U.K. and the Euro Zone. Revenue for 2017 in the U.K., which represents 9.1% of total revenue, decreased 0.9%, and revenue in the Euro Zone and the other European countries, which together represent 17.9% of total revenue, increased 9.4%. 23 In North America, moderate growth in the United States and strong growth in Canada was partially offset by the weakening of the Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar. In Europe, growth in the U.K., Spain, Russia and Italy was offset by the weakening of the British Pound and Russian Ruble against the U.S. Dollar and negative performance in the Netherlands. The increase in revenue in Latin America was a result of our acquisition activity in Brazil, which was partially offset by the weakening of most currencies in the region against the U.S. Dollar, especially the Brazilian Real. The continuing uncertainty in the economic and political climate in Brazil resulted in organic revenue declines that partially offset the growth from our acquisition and also overshadowed strong growth in Mexico. In Asia-Pacific, growth in the major economies in the region was also partially offset by the weakening of most currencies in the region against the U.S. Dollar. In the normal course of business, our agencies both gain and lose business from clients each year due to a variety of factors. The net change in 2017 was an overall gain in new business. Under our client-centric approach, we seek to broaden our relationships with all of our clients. Our largest client represented 3.0% and 3.0% of revenue in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our ten largest and 100 largest clients represented 19.6% and 50.5% of revenue in 2017, respectively, and 18.3% and 52.4% of revenue in 2016, respectively. Revenue for 2017 and 2016 and the change in revenue and organic growth from 2016 by discipline were (in millions): Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Consumer Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Execution & Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2017 vs. 2016 $ $ 8,175.9 2,615.9 2,135.8 1,411.4 934.6 $15,273.6 % of Revenue $ % of Revenue $ Change 53.6% $ 8,233.3 2,698.9 17.1% 2,173.8 14.0% 1,405.8 9.2% 905.1 6.1% $15,416.9 53.4% $ (57.4) (83.0) 17.5% (38.0) 14.1% 5.6 9.1% 29.5 5.9% $(143.3) % Organic Growth 3.9% 0.9% 4.0% 0.5% 2.8% 3.0% We provide services to clients that operate in various industry sectors. Revenue by sector for 2017 and 2016 was: 2017 13% 10% 12% 8% 9% 10% 7% 5% 6% 20% 2016 13% 10% 12% 7% 9% 8% 7% 5% 6% 23% 2017 vs. 2016 $ Change $(143.3) % Change (0.9)% Food and Beverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmaceuticals and Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel and Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses Operating expenses for 2017 compared to 2016 were (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses: Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 $ $15,273.6 11,227.2 1,240.8 12,468.0 439.7 282.1 13,189.8 $ 2,083.8 24 Year Ended December 31, 2016 % of Revenue $ $15,416.9 % of Revenue 73.5% 11,419.0 1,230.6 8.1% 12,649.6 443.9 292.9 86.4% 13,386.4 13.6% $ 2,030.5 2.9% 1.8% 74.1% 8.0% (191.8) 10.2 (1.7)% 0.8% 2.9% (4.2) 1.9% (10.8) (196.6) 86.8% 13.2% $ 53.3 (0.9)% (3.7)% (1.5)% 2.6% Operating expenses decreased $196.6 million, or 1.5% in 2017 compared to 2016. Salary and service costs, which tend to fluctuate with changes in revenue, decreased $191.8 million, or 1.7%, in 2017 compared to 2016. Occupancy and other costs, which are less directly linked to changes in revenue than salary and service costs, increased $10.2 million, or 0.8%, in 2017 compared to 2016, principally resulting from our ongoing efforts to leverage scale and enhance efficiency. SG&A expenses decreased $4.2 million year-over-year primarily related to professional fees incurred in connection with our acquisition activities. As a result, operating margin in 2017 increased to 13.6% from 13.2% in 2016 and EBITA margin increased year-over-year to 14.4% from 13.9%. Net Interest Expense Net interest expense increased $10.2 million year-over-year to $198.9 million in 2017. Interest expense on debt increased $14.8 million to $224.5 million in 2017, primarily due to a reduced benefit from the fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps resulting from higher rates on the floating rate leg and higher interest expense on commercial paper. Our long-term debt portfolio at December 31, 2017, after taking into consideration our outstanding interest rate swaps, was approximately 75% fixed rate obligations and 25% and was unchanged from December 31, 2016. A discussion of our interest rate swaps is included in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements. Interest income in 2017 increased $7.1 million year-over-year to $49.7 million due to higher interest earned on cash held by our international treasury centers. Income Taxes Our effective tax rate for 2017 was 36.9% compared to 32.6% for 2016. The increase is attributable to the estimated impact of the Tax Act of $106.3 million partially offset by the recognition of an excess tax benefit from share-based compensation of $20.8 million resulting from the adoption of FASB ASU 2016-09, which requires that beginning in 2017 excess tax benefits and deficiencies arising from share-based compensation be recognized in results of operations in the period when the restricted stock awards vest or stock options are exercised. In prior years, excess tax benefits and deficiencies from share-based compensation were recorded in additional paid-in capital. Net Income Per Share – Omnicom Group Inc. Net income – Omnicom Group Inc. decreased $60.2 million, or 5.2%, to $1,088.4 million in 2017 from $1,148.6 million in 2016. The year-over-year decrease is due to the impact of the Tax Act of $106.3 million, which is partially offset by the after tax increase from the factors described above. Diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. decreased 2.7% to $4.65 in 2017, compared to $4.78 in 2016. The impact of the Tax Act reduced diluted net income per share − Omnicom Group Inc. $0.45. In addition, the impact of the reduction in our weighted average common shares outstanding resulting from repurchases of our common stock, net of shares issued for restricted stock awards and stock option exercises and shares issued under our employee stock purchase plan improved diluted net income per share - Omnicom Group Inc. in 2017 compared to 2016. Effect of the Tax Act The following table presents the effect of the Tax Act on income tax expense, net income – Omnicom Group Inc. and diluted earnings per share Omnicom Group Inc. (in millions): Income before income taxes and income from equity method investments . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income – Omnicom Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. $1,884.9 $ 696.2 36.9% $1,088.4 4.65 $ $ — $ 106.3 $(106.3) $ (0.45) 2017 As Reported Effect of Tax Act 2017 Excluding Effect of Tax Act $1,884.9 $ 589.9 31.3% $1,194.7 5.10 $ Excluding the effect of the Tax Act from income tax expense, net income Omnicom Group Inc. and diluted net income per share Omnicom Group Inc. are Non-GAAP measures. We believe that these measures help investors understand the effect of the Tax Act on our reported results. 25 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Cash Sources and Requirements Our primary liquidity sources are our operating cash flow, cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. Additional liquidity sources include our credit facilities and commercial paper program, and access to the capital markets. At December 31, 2018, we have a $2.5 billion revolving credit facility, or Credit Facility, expiring on July 31, 2021, uncommitted credit lines aggregating $1.2 billion and the ability to issue up to $2 billion of commercial paper. Borrowings under the Credit Facility may be in U.S. Dollars, British Pounds or Euro. Our liquidity funds our non-discretionary cash requirements and our discretionary spending. Working capital is our principal non-discretionary funding requirement. In addition, we have contractual obligations related to our senior notes, recurring business operations, primarily related to lease obligations, and contingent purchase price obligations (earn-outs) from prior acquisitions. Our principal discretionary cash spending includes dividend payments to common shareholders, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions and repurchases of our common stock. Our short-term borrowing requirements normally peak in the second quarter of the year due to the timing of payments for incentive compensation, income taxes and contingent purchase price obligations. In addition, our $500 million 6.25% Senior Notes due 2019 mature on July 15, 2019 and are classified as current. Based on past performance and current expectations, we believe that our operating cash flow will be sufficient to meet our non-discretionary cash requirements, and our discretionary spending for the next twelve months. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $143.6 million from December 31, 2017. The components of the decrease were: Cash flow from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Increase in operating capital Principal cash sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,722.3 (80.5) 1,641.8 Sources Uses Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition payments, including payment of contingent purchase price obligations and acquisition of additional noncontrolling interests, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock, net of proceeds from stock plans Principal cash uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal cash uses in excess of principal cash sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign exchange rate changes Investing activities and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in operating capital Decrease in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(195.7) (548.5) (134.9) (477.1) (568.3) (1,924.5) (282.7) (203.0) 261.6 80.5 $ (143.6) Principal cash sources and uses amounts are Non-GAAP liquidity measures. These amounts exclude changes in working capital and other investing and financing activities, including commercial paper issuances and redemptions used to fund working capital changes. This presentation reflects the metrics used by us to assess our sources and uses of cash and was derived from our consolidated statement of cash flows. We believe that this presentation is meaningful to understand the primary sources and uses of our cash flow and the effect on our cash and cash equivalents. Non-GAAP liquidity measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP liquidity measures as reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. Additional information regarding our cash flows can be found in our consolidated financial statements. Cash Management Our regional treasury centers in North America, Europe and Asia manage our cash and liquidity. Each day, operations with excess funds invest these funds with their regional treasury center. Likewise, operations that require funds borrow from their regional treasury center. The treasury centers aggregate the net position which is either invested with or borrowed from 26 third parties. To the extent that our treasury centers require liquidity, they have the ability to issue up to a total of $2 billion of U.S. Dollar-denominated commercial paper or borrow under the Credit Facility or the uncommitted credit lines. This process enables us to manage our debt more efficiently and utilize our cash more effectively, as well as manage our risk to foreign exchange rate imbalances. In countries where we either do not conduct treasury operations or it is not feasible for one of our treasury centers to fund net borrowing requirements on an intercompany basis, we arrange for local currency uncommitted credit lines. We have a policy governing counterparty credit risk with financial institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents and we have deposit limits for each institution. In countries where we conduct treasury operations, generally the counterparties are either branches or subsidiaries of institutions that are party to the Credit Facility. These institutions generally have credit ratings equal to or better than our credit ratings. In countries where we do not conduct treasury operations, all cash and cash equivalents are held by counterparties that meet specific minimum credit standards. At December 31, 2018, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $962 million of our total cash and cash equivalents of $3.7 billion. Most of the cash is available to us, net of any foreign withholding taxes payable upon repatriation to the United States. Our net debt position, which we define as total debt, including short-term debt, less cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, at December 31, 2018 increased $105.6 million as compared to December 31, 2017. The increase in net debt is due to a decrease in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $138.5 million primarily arising from the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of $203.0 million, partially offset by an increase in operating capital of $80.5 million. The components of net debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, including current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments Net debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 8.1 4,883.7 4,891.8 3,657.9 $1,233.9 2017 $ 11.8 4,912.9 4,924.7 3,796.4 $1,128.3 Net debt is a Non-GAAP liquidity measure. This presentation, together with the comparable U.S. GAAP liquidity measures, reflects one of the key metrics used by us to assess our cash management. Non-GAAP liquidity measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP liquidity measures as reported by us may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. Debt Instruments and Related Covenants At December 31, 2018, the total principal amount of our fixed rate senior notes was $4.9 billion, and the total notional amount of the outstanding fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps was $1.25 billion. The interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting our long-term debt portfolio to approximately 75% fixed rate obligations and 25% floating rate obligations. A discussion of our interest rate swaps is included in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements. Omnicom Group Inc., or OGI, and its wholly owned finance subsidiary, Omnicom Capital Inc., or OCI, are co-obligors under all the senior notes. The senior notes are a joint and several liability of OGI and OCI, and OGI unconditionally guarantees OCI’s obligations with respect to the senior notes. OCI provides funding for our operations by incurring debt and lending the proceeds to our operating subsidiaries. OCI’s assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and intercompany loans made to our operating subsidiaries and the related interest receivable. There are no restrictions on the ability of OGI or OCI to obtain funds from our subsidiaries through dividends, loans or advances. The senior notes are senior unsecured obligations that rank equal in right of payment with all existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a Leverage Ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA of no more than 3 times for the most recently ended 12-month period (EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) and an Interest Coverage Ratio of consolidated EBITDA to interest expense of at least 5 times for the most recently ended 12-month period. At December 31, 2018, we were 27 in compliance with these covenants as our Leverage Ratio was 2.1 times and our Interest Coverage Ratio was 9.9 times. The Credit Facility does not limit our ability to declare or pay dividends or repurchase our common stock. At December 31, 2018, our long-term and short-term debt was rated BBB+ and A2 by S&P and Baa1 and P2 by Moody’s. Our access to the commercial paper market and the cost of these borrowings are affected by our credit ratings and market conditions. Our senior notes and Credit Facility do not contain provisions that require acceleration of cash payments in the event our credit ratings are downgraded. Credit Markets and Availability of Credit We typically fund our day-to-day liquidity by issuing commercial paper. Additional liquidity sources include our Credit Facility or the uncommitted credit lines. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding commercial paper issuances or borrowings under the Credit Facility or material borrowings under the uncommitted credit lines. Commercial paper activity for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was (dollars in millions): Average amount outstanding during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum amount outstanding during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average days outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 411.7 $1,218.7 5.7 2.19% 2017 $ 902.3 $1,769.8 13.0 1.29% 2016 $ 861.3 $1,608.9 11.2 0.70% While we expect to continue funding our day-to-day liquidity by issuing commercial paper, we may draw on our Credit Facility. However, disruptions in the credit markets may lead to periods of illiquidity in the commercial paper market and higher credit spreads. To mitigate any future disruption in the credit markets and to fund our liquidity, we may borrow under the Credit Facility or access the capital markets if favorable conditions exist. We will continue to monitor closely our liquidity and conditions in the credit markets. We cannot predict with any certainty the impact on us of any future disruptions in the credit markets. In such circumstances, we may need to obtain additional financing to fund our day-to-day working capital requirements. Such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments In the normal course of business, we enter into numerous contractual and commercial undertakings. The following tables should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements. Contractual obligations at December 31, 2018 were (in millions): Long-term debt: Principal Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent purchase price obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transition tax liability on accumulated foreign earnings . . Defined benefit pension plans benefit obligation . . . . . . . . Postemployment arrangements benefit obligation . . . . . . . . Uncertain tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Obligation $4,900.0 767.4 1,953.6 146.5 139.1 258.4 126.5 182.8 Obligation Due 2019 2020 – 2021 2022 – 2023 After 2023 $ 500.0 184.5 364.7 65.4 15.1 8.9 7.8 25.6 $1,000.0 274.0 565.6 72.3 23.6 26.1 14.8 47.2 $2,023.6 $1,250.0 170.7 357.0 8.8 33.9 32.7 15.0 71.9 $1,940.0 $2,150.0 138.2 666.3 — 66.5 190.7 88.9 38.1 $3,338.7 $8,474.3 $1,172.0 Certain acquisitions include an initial payment at closing and provide for future additional contingent purchase price payments (earn-outs) that are recorded as a liability at the acquisition date fair value. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the liability are recorded in results of operations. The Tax Act included a transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings, which is payable through 2025. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. The unfunded benefit obligation for our defined benefit pension plans and liability for our postemployment arrangements was $327.5 million at December 31, 2018. In 2018, we contributed $8.0 million to our defined benefit pension 28 plans and paid $8.1 million in benefits for our postemployment arrangements. We do not expect these payments to increase significantly in 2019. The liability for uncertain tax positions is subject to uncertainty as to when or if the liability will be paid. We have assigned the liability to the periods presented based on our judgment as to when these liabilities will be resolved by the appropriate taxing authorities. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our lease commitments, which comprise a significant component of our occupancy and other costs. See Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the impact of the adoption of FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases. Commercial commitments at December 31, 2018 were (in millions): Standby letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guarantees Commitment Expires Total Commitment $ 4.6 115.3 $119.9 2019 2020 – 2021 2022 – 2023 After 2023 $ 1.0 87.5 $88.5 $ — 16.5 $16.5 $2.5 6.7 $9.2 $1.1 4.6 $5.7 At December 31, 2018, there were no significant off-balance sheet arrangements. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk through various strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments. We use forward foreign exchange contracts as economic hedges to manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. We use interest rate swaps to manage our interest expense and structure our long-term debt portfolio to achieve a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Using derivatives exposes us to the risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. We manage that risk through careful selection and ongoing evaluation of the counterparty financial institutions based on specific minimum credit standards and other factors. We evaluate the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and other relevant market risks on our derivatives. We periodically determine the potential loss from market risk on our derivatives by performing a value-at-risk, or VaR, analysis. VaR is a statistical model that uses historical currency exchange and interest rate data to measure the potential impact on future earnings of our derivative financial instruments assuming normal market conditions. The VaR model is not intended to represent actual losses but is used as a risk estimation and management tool. Based on the results of the model, we estimate with 95% confidence a maximum one-day change in the net fair value of our derivative financial instruments at December 31, 2018 was not significant. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Our international operations represent approximately 48% of our revenue. Changes in the value of foreign currencies against the U.S. Dollar affect our results of operations and financial position. For the most part, because the revenue and expenses of our foreign operations are denominated in the same local currency, the economic impact on operating margin is minimized. The effects of foreign currency exchange transactions on our results of operations are discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. While our major international markets include the Euro Zone, the U.K., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China and Japan, our agencies transact business in more than 50 different currencies. As an integral part of our global treasury operations, we centralize our cash and use multicurrency pools, and to a lesser extent forward foreign exchange contracts, to manage the foreign currency exchange risk that arises from imbalances between subsidiaries and their respective treasury centers from which they borrow or invest funds. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts and at December 31, 2017, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $92.8 million. In addition, there are circumstances where revenue and expense transactions are not denominated in the same currency. In these instances, amounts are either promptly settled or hedged with forward foreign exchange contracts. To manage that risk, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $86.1 million and $136.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net fair value of the forward foreign contracts at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was a current liability of $0.1 million and a current asset of $0.9 million, respectively. 29 Foreign currency derivatives are designated as economic hedges; therefore, any gain or loss in fair value incurred on those instruments is generally offset by decreases or increases in the fair value of the underlying exposures. By using these financial instruments, we reduced financial risk of adverse foreign exchange changes by foregoing any gain which might have occurred if the markets moved favorably. The terms of our forward foreign exchange contracts are generally less than 90 days. Interest Rate Risk We use interest rate swaps to manage our interest cost and structure our long-term debt portfolio to achieve a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt. Based on market conditions, we may terminate the swaps to reduce our exposure to rising interest rates or to monetize any gain and lock in a reduction in interest expense. Gains or losses on termination will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the underlying debt. At December 31, 2018, the total notional amount of the outstanding fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps was $1.25 billion. The interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting our long- term debt portfolio to approximately 75% fixed rate obligations and 25% floating rate obligations. A discussion of our interest rate swaps is included in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements. Credit Risk We provide advertising, marketing and corporate communications services to several thousand clients that operate in nearly every sector of the global economy and we grant credit to qualified clients in the normal course of business. Due to the diversified nature of our client base, we do not believe that we are exposed to a concentration of credit risk as our largest client represented 3.0% of revenue in 2018. However, during periods of economic downturn, the credit profiles of our clients could change. In the normal course of business, our agencies enter into contractual commitments with media providers and production companies on behalf of our clients at levels that can substantially exceed the revenue from our services. These commitments are included in accounts payable when the services are delivered by the media providers or production companies. If permitted by local law and the client agreement, many of our agencies purchase media and production services for our clients as an agent for a disclosed principal. In addition, while operating practices vary by country, media type and media vendor, in the United States and certain foreign markets, many of our agencies’ contracts with media and production providers specify that our agencies are not liable to the media and production providers under the theory of sequential liability until and to the extent we have been paid by our client for the media or production services. Where purchases of media and production services are made by our agencies as a principal or are not subject to the theory of sequential liability, the risk of a material loss as a result of payment default by our clients could increase significantly and such a loss could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. In addition, our methods of managing the risk of payment default, including obtaining credit insurance, requiring payment in advance, mitigating the potential loss in the marketplace or negotiating with media providers, may be less available or unavailable during a severe economic downturn. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data See Item 15, “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.” Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within applicable time periods. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, including our CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that decisions can be made timely with respect to required disclosures, as well as ensuring that the recording, 30 processing, summarization and reporting of information required to be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 are appropriate. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f ). Management, with the participation of our CEO, CFO and our agencies, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting. KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on Omnicom’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, dated February 12, 2019, which is included on page F-2 of this 2018 10-K. Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information regarding Executive Officers of the Registrant is included in Part I, Item 1, “Business.” Additional information called for by this Item, to the extent not included in this document, is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be included under the captions “Item 1 – Election of Directors,” “Stock Ownership Information – Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and “Additional Information – Shareholder Proposals and Director Nominations for the 2020 Annual Meeting” in our definitive proxy statement, or Proxy Statement, which is expected to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be included under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Item 1 – Election of Directors – Directors’ Compensation for Fiscal 2018” and “Item 1 – Election of Directors – Board Policies and Processes – Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be included under the captions “Stock Ownership Information – Beneficial Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Stock Ownership Information – Equity Compensation Plans” in our Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be included under the captions “Item 1 – Election of Directors – Omnicom Board of Directors – Transactions with Related Persons” and “Item 1 – Election of Directors – Omnicom Board of Directors – Director Independence” in our Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information to be included under the caption “Item 3 – Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Auditors – Fees Paid to Independent Auditors” in our Proxy Statement. 31 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a)(1) Financial Statements: PART IV Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-36 (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable. S-1 (a)(3) Exhibits: Exhibit Number Description 3(i) 3(ii) 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Omnicom Group Inc. (Exhibit 3.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-10551) for the quarter ended September 30, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). By-laws of Omnicom Group Inc., as amended and restated on December 11, 2018 (Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated December 14, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference). Indenture, dated as of July 1, 2009, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc., Omnicom Finance Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (“2009 Base Indenture”) (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated July 1, 2009 (“July 1, 2009 8-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). First Supplemental Indenture to the 2009 Base Indenture, dated as of July 1, 2009, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc., Omnicom Finance Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with our issuance of $500 million 6.25% Senior Notes due 2019 (Exhibit 4.2 to the July 1, 2009 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Second Supplemental Indenture to the 2009 Base Indenture, dated as of August 5, 2010, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc., Omnicom Finance Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with our issuance of $1 billion 4.45% Senior Notes due 2020 (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated August 5, 2010 (“August 5, 2010 8-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). Third Supplemental Indenture to the 2009 Base Indenture, dated as of April 23, 2012, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc., Omnicom Finance Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with our issuance of $750 million 3.625% Senior Notes due 2022 (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated April 23, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference). Fourth Supplemental Indenture to the 2009 Base Indenture, dated as of July 20, 2012, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, (Exhibit 4.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated July 20, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference). Fifth Supplemental Indenture to the 2009 Base Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2012, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with our issuance of $500 million 3.625% Senior Notes due 2022 (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated August 9, 2012 (“August 9, 2012 8-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). Form of 6.25% Notes due 2019 (Exhibit 4.3 to the July 1, 2009 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of 4.45% Notes due 2020 (Exhibit 4.2 to the August 5, 2010 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of 3.625% Notes due 2022 (Exhibit 4.2 to the August 9, 2012 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Base Indenture, dated as of October 29, 2014, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (“2014 Base Indenture”), (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated October 29, 2014 (“October 29, 2014 8-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). 32 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 First Supplemental Indenture to the 2014 Base Indenture, dated as of October 29, 2014, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with our issuance of $750 million 3.65% Senior Notes due 2024 (Exhibit 4.2 to the October 29, 2014 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of 3.65% Notes due 2024 (included in Exhibit 4.2 to the October 29, 2014 8-K and incorporated herein by reference). Second Supplemental Indenture to the 2014 Base Indenture, dated as of April 6, 2016, among Omnicom Group Inc., Omnicom Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, in connection with the issuance of $1.4 billion 3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated April 6, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of 3.60% Notes due 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated April 6, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Five Year Credit Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and among Omnicom Capital Inc., Omnicom Finance plc, Omnicom Group Inc., the banks, financial institutions and other institutional lenders and initial issuing banks listed on the signature pages thereof, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as lead arrangers and book managers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as syndication agents, BNP Paribas and U.S. Bank National Association, as documentation agents, and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) filed on August 1, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Director Equity Plan for Non-employee Directors (Appendix B to our Proxy Statement (File No. 1-10551) filed on April 23, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference). Standard form of our Executive Salary Continuation Plan Agreement (Exhibit 10.5 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference). Standard form of the Director Indemnification Agreement (Exhibit 10.25 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 1989 and incorporated herein by reference). Senior Management Incentive Plan as amended and restated on December 4, 2008 (Exhibit 10.9 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 2008 (“2008 10-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). Omnicom Group Inc. SERCR Plan (Exhibit 10.10 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Award Agreement under the Omnicom Group Inc. SERCR Plan (Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) dated December 13, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference). Omnicom Group Inc. Amended and Restated 2007 Incentive Award Plan (Appendix A to our Proxy Statement (File No. 1-10551) filed on April 15, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Indemnification Agreement (Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-10551) for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference). Restricted Stock Unit Deferred Compensation Plan (Exhibit 10.16 to the 2008 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Restricted Stock Deferred Compensation Plan (Exhibit 10.17 to the 2008 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 1 to the Restricted Stock Deferred Compensation Plan (Exhibit 10.18 to the 2008 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 2 to the Restricted Stock Deferred Compensation Plan (Exhibit 10.19 to the 2008 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Grant Notice and Option Agreement (Exhibit 10.20 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 2010 (“2010 10-K”) and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Agreement (Exhibit 10.21 to 2010 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Exhibit 10.22 to 2010 10-K and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Grant Notice and Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-10551) for the quarter ended June 30, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Omnicom Group Inc. 2013 Incentive Award Plan (Appendix A to our Proxy Statement (File No. 1-10551) filed on April 11, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 33 10.19 10.20 21 23 31.1 31.2 32 101 Director Compensation and Deferred Stock Program (Exhibit 10.19 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10551) for the year ended December 31, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference). Separation Agreement dated October 12, 2018, by and between Omnicom Capital Inc. and Dennis Hewitt (Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10551) filed on October 18, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference). Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of KPMG LLP. Certification of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and President and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. Interactive Data Files. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 34 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES February 12, 2019 OMNICOM GROUP INC. BY: /S/ PHILIP J. ANGELASTRO Philip J. Angelastro Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /S/ JOHN D. WREN John D. Wren /S/ PHILIP J. ANGELASTRO Philip J. Angelastro /S/ ANDREW L. CASTELLANETA Andrew L. Castellaneta /S/ ALAN R. BATKIN Alan R. Batkin /S/ MARY C. CHOKSI Mary C. Choksi /S/ ROBERT CHARLES CLARK Robert Charles Clark /S/ LEONARD S. COLEMAN, JR. Leonard S. Coleman, Jr. /S/ SUSAN S. DENISON Susan S. Denison /S/ RONNIE S. HAWKINS Ronnie S. Hawkins /S/ DEBORAH J. KISSIRE Deborah J. Kissire /S/ GRACIA C. MARTORE Gracia C. Martore /S/ LINDA JOHNSON RICE Linda Johnson Rice /S/ VALERIE M. WILLIAMS Valerie M. Williams Title Date February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 February 12, 2019 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 35 MANAGEMENT REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management is responsible for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and related information of Omnicom Group Inc., or Omnicom. Management uses its best judgment to ensure that the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, Omnicom’s consolidated financial position and results of operations in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The financial statements have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Their report expresses the independent accountant’s judgment as to the fairness of management’s reported financial position, results of operations and cash flows. This judgment is based on the procedures described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs of their report. Omnicom management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f ). Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, and our agencies, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our fourth fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to affect our internal control over financial reporting. KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on Omnicom’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, dated February 12, 2019. The Board of Directors of Omnicom has an Audit Committee comprised of five independent directors. The Audit Committee meets periodically with financial management, Internal Audit and the independent auditors to review accounting, control, audit and financial reporting matters. F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Shareholders and Board of Directors of Omnicom Group Inc.: Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Omnicom Group Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Omnicom Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. New York, New York February 12, 2019 F-2 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In millions, except per share amounts) December 31, 2018 2017 $ 3,796.0 0.4 8,083.8 1,110.6 1,125.2 14,116.0 690.9 120.3 9,337.5 368.4 298.1 $24,931.2 $11,574.6 1,266.7 — 11.8 330.0 1,925.8 15,108.9 4,912.9 1,091.2 483.6 A S S E T S CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments, at cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $26.8 and $32.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work in process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,652.4 5.5 7,666.1 1,161.5 1,241.4 Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,726.9 PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT at cost, less accumulated depreciation of $1,185.0 and $1,279.2 . . . . . EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GOODWILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTANGIBLE ASSETS, net of accumulated amortization of $737.4 and $879.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER ASSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TOTAL ASSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.4 120.9 9,384.3 382.8 307.7 $24,617.0 L I A B I L I T I E S A N D E Q U I T Y CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Liabilities LONG-TERM DEBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LONG-TERM LIABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (NOTE 18) TEMPORARY EQUITY – REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EQUITY: Shareholders’ Equity: Preferred stock, $1.00 par value, 7.5 million shares authorized, none issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock, $0.15 par value, 1.0 billion shares authorized, 297.2 million shares issued, 223.9 million and 230.1 million shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost, 73.3 million and 67.1 million shares Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,464.3 1,159.0 499.6 8.1 180.6 1,958.6 15,270.2 4,384.1 1,197.8 413.7 244.3 182.4 — — 44.6 728.8 7,016.1 (1,228.5) (4,013.9) 2,547.1 559.8 3,106.9 44.6 828.3 6,210.6 (963.0) (3,505.4) 2,615.1 537.1 3,152.2 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,617.0 $24,931.2 The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. F-3 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In millions, except per share amounts) Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 REVENUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,290.2 $15,273.6 $15,416.9 OPERATING EXPENSES: Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,306.1 1,309.6 (178.4) 12,437.3 455.4 264.0 13,156.7 11,227.2 1,240.8 — 12,468.0 439.7 282.1 13,189.8 11,419.0 1,230.6 — 12,649.6 443.9 292.9 13,386.4 OPERATING PROFIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,133.5 2,083.8 2,030.5 INTEREST EXPENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTEREST INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.4 57.2 248.6 49.7 231.3 42.6 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND INCOME FROM EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,924.3 1,884.9 1,841.8 INCOME TAX EXPENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INCOME FROM EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.7 8.9 NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,440.5 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTED TO NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 696.2 3.5 1,192.2 103.8 600.5 5.4 1,246.7 98.1 NET INCOME – OMNICOM GROUP INC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,326.4 $ 1,088.4 $ 1,148.6 NET INCOME PER SHARE – OMNICOM GROUP INC.: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 5.85 5.83 2.40 $ $ $ 4.68 4.65 2.25 $ $ $ 4.80 4.78 2.15 The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. F-4 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In millions) NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS): Cash flow hedge: Amortization of loss included in interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit pension plans and postemployment arrangements: Unrecognized actuarial gains (losses) and prior service cost for the period . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale securities: Unrealized gain for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPREHENSIVE INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTED TO NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPREHENSIVE INCOME – OMNICOM GROUP INC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 $1,440.5 2017 $1,192.2 2016 $1,246.7 5.6 — (1.6) 4.0 10.4 16.6 (7.9) 19.1 — — 0.3 0.3 (319.1) (295.7) 1,144.8 83.9 $1,060.9 5.3 — (2.1) 3.2 (12.2) 16.1 (1.7) 2.2 0.8 (0.3) — 0.5 412.7 418.6 4.0 (48.9) 18.7 (26.2) (18.3) 14.0 1.6 (2.7) 0.2 (0.1) — 0.1 (319.4) (348.2) 1,610.8 129.4 $1,481.4 898.5 90.5 $ 808.0 The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. F-5 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 (In millions, except per share amounts) Omnicom Group Inc. Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . Acquisition of noncontrolling interests . . . . . . Increase in noncontrolling interests from business combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in temporary equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock dividends declared ($2.15 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock issued, share-based compensation . . . . . Common stock repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock retired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . Acquisition of noncontrolling interests . . . . . . Increase in noncontrolling interests from business combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in temporary equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock dividends declared ($2.25 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock issued, share-based compensation . . . . . Common stock repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of accounting changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . Dividends to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . Acquisition of noncontrolling interests . . . . . . Increase in noncontrolling interests from business combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in temporary equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock dividends declared ($2.40 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock issued, share-based compensation . . . . . Common stock repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital $ 59.6 $859.9 Shares 397.2 (100.0) 297.2 (15.0) 44.6 (87.7) (33.0) 93.4 (34.3) 798.3 4.5 (25.7) 27.1 80.2 (56.1) 297.2 44.6 828.3 (39.7) (71.1) 70.5 (59.2) Retained Earnings $10,178.2 1,148.6 (513.9) (5,135.7) 5,677.2 (31.6) 1,088.4 (523.4) 6,210.6 23.6 1,326.4 (544.5) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity $(1,015.4) $(7,629.9) (340.6) 79.3 (602.2) 5,150.7 (1,356.0) (3,002.1) 393.0 65.1 (568.4) (963.0) (3,505.4) (265.5) 72.8 (581.3) $2,452.4 1,148.6 (340.6) (87.7) (33.0) (513.9) 93.4 45.0 (602.2) — 2,162.0 (27.1) 1,088.4 393.0 (25.7) 27.1 (523.4) 80.2 9.0 (568.4) 2,615.1 23.6 1,326.4 (265.5) (39.7) (71.1) (544.5) 70.5 13.6 (581.3) $ 437.0 98.1 (7.6) (87.2) (16.0) 73.3 497.6 — 103.8 25.6 (101.7) (8.2) 20.0 537.1 0.4 114.1 (30.2) (134.9) (42.3) 115.6 $2,889.4 1,246.7 (348.2) (87.2) (103.7) 73.3 (33.0) (513.9) 93.4 45.0 (602.2) — 2,659.6 (27.1) 1,192.2 418.6 (101.7) (33.9) 20.0 27.1 (523.4) 80.2 9.0 (568.4) 3,152.2 24.0 1,440.5 (295.7) (134.9) (82.0) 115.6 (71.1) (544.5) 70.5 13.6 (581.3) Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . 297.2 $ 44.6 $728.8 $ 7,016.1 $(1,228.5) $(4,013.9) $2,547.1 $ 559.8 $3,106.9 The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. F-6 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In millions) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred gain on interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain from disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of Tax Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net Increase in operating capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 1,440.5 $ 1,192.2 $ 1,246.7 161.5 102.5 (12.9) 70.5 (178.4) 28.9 29.2 80.5 168.3 113.8 (12.9) 80.2 — 106.3 27.5 348.5 177.7 115.2 (15.4) 93.4 — — 32.0 302.8 Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,722.3 2,023.9 1,952.4 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of businesses and interests in affiliates, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of investments and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Cash Used In Investing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Dividends paid to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from stock plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of additional noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of contingent purchase price obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net (195.7) (350.4) 308.4 15.9 (221.8) (548.5) (581.3) 13.0 (43.6) (134.9) (99.0) — — — (46.8) (156.0) (26.3) — 66.9 (115.4) (515.2) (568.4) 10.7 (17.0) (101.7) (108.4) (18.1) — — (24.5) Net Cash Used In Financing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,441.1) (1,342.6) Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and Cash Equivalents at the Beginning of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (203.0) (143.6) 3,796.0 227.9 793.8 3,002.2 (165.5) (308.8) — (7.3) (481.6) (505.4) (602.2) 26.8 (72.7) (87.2) (110.5) (1.2) 1,389.6 (1,000.0) (35.5) (998.3) (75.5) 397.0 2,605.2 Cash and Cash Equivalents at the End of Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,652.4 $ 3,796.0 $ 3,002.2 The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements. F-7 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Presentation of Financial Statements The terms “Omnicom,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” each refer to Omnicom Group Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP or GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Accounting Changes Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606. In accordance with ASC 606, we changed certain aspects of our revenue recognition accounting policy as described below. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective method, where the cumulative effect of the initial application was recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018. Therefore, comparative prior periods have not been adjusted and continue to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, or ASC 605. Upon adoption of ASC 606, our accounting policy for certain third-party out-of-pocket costs, which are incurred in connection with our services and are billed to clients, was required to be changed. Our policy for performance incentives (variable consideration) included in certain client contracts was required to be changed. The inclusion of third-party out-of-pocket costs in revenue depends on whether we act as a principal or agent in the client arrangement. Under ASC 606, the principal versus agent assessment is based on whether we control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. As a result of the adoption of ASC 606, certain third-party costs are no longer included in revenue and cost of services. This change was the principal adjustment to our reported revenue and operating expenses included in the table below. However, the change had no impact on operating profit. In addition, performance incentives included in certain client contracts can increase revenue if we meet certain quantitative or qualitative objectives in delivering our services. Under ASC 606, performance incentives are now treated as variable consideration. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, performance incentives were recognized in revenue under ASC 605 when specific quantitative goals were achieved or when our performance against qualitative goals was acknowledged by the client. Under ASC 606, variable consideration is estimated and included in total consideration at contract inception based on either the expected value method or the most likely outcome method. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. As a result of this change, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018 by $19.5 million, to reflect the transition requirements of ASC 606. The effect of this change on our financial position and cash flows was not material. The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on revenue, operating expenses and operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Profit $15,290.2 13,156.7 2,133.5 $146.1 139.5 6.6 The impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on net income – Omnicom Group Inc., diluted net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. and the unaudited consolidated financial statements was not material. As Reported Adjustments Excluding Impact of Adoption of ASC 606 $15,436.3 13,296.2 2,140.1 F-8 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, or ASU 2016-01, which revised the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities. ASU 2016-01 requires that equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, be measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in net income, and provides a new measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value (cost method investments). These investments are measured at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for observable price changes and, upon adoption, we elected to record our equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value using the alternative measurement method. We adopted ASU 2016-01 using the modified retrospective method and, accordingly, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018 by $4.1 million. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits, or ASU 2017-07. ASU 2017-07 requires that only the service cost component of periodic benefit cost is recorded in salary and service cost. All other components of net periodic benefit cost are excluded from operating profit. ASU 2017-07 is applied retrospectively, and accordingly, for 2018, 2017 and 2016 we reclassified $24.5 million, $24.1 million and $21.6 million, respectively, from salary and service costs to interest expense, which increased operating profit, but had no effect on income before income taxes and income from equity method investments, net income – Omnicom Group Inc. or net income per share – Omnicom Group Inc. 2. Significant Accounting Policies Revenue Recognition. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services (the performance obligation) in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services (the transaction price). We measure revenue by estimating the transaction price based on the consideration specified in the client arrangement. Revenue is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. Our revenue is primarily derived from the planning and execution of advertising communications and marketing services in the following fundamental disciplines: Advertising, which includes creative advertising services and strategic media planning and buying services, Customer Relationship Management or CRM, which includes CRM Consumer Experience and CRM Execution & Support, Public Relations and Healthcare Advertising. Our client contracts are primarily fees for service on a rate per hour or per project basis. Revenue is recorded net of sales, use and value added taxes. Performance Obligations In substantially all our disciplines, the performance obligation is to provide advisory and consulting services at an agreed-upon level of effort to accomplish the specified engagement. Our client contracts are comprised of diverse arrangements involving fees based on any one or a combination of the following: an agreed fee or rate per hour for the level of effort expended by our employees; commissions based on the client’s spending for media purchased from third parties; qualitative or quantitative incentive provisions specified in the contract; and reimbursement for third-party costs that we are required to include in revenue when we control the vendor services related to these costs and we act as principal. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on its relative stand-alone selling price and is recognized as revenue when, or as, the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation. Clients typically receive and consume the benefit of our services as they are performed. Substantially all our client contracts provide that we are compensated for services performed to date and allow for cancellation by either party on short notice, typically 90 days, without penalty. Generally, our short-term contracts, which normally take 30 to 90 days to complete, are performed by a single agency and consist of a single performance obligation. As a result, we do not consider the underlying services as separate or distinct performance obligations because our services are highly interrelated, occur in close proximity, and the integration of the various components of a marketing message is essential to overall service. In certain of our long-term client contracts, which have a term of up to one year, the performance obligation is a stand-ready obligation, because we provide a constant level of similar services over the term of the contract. In other long-term contracts, when our services are not a stand-ready obligation, we consider our services distinct performance obligations and allocate the transaction price to each separate performance obligation based on its stand-alone selling price, including contracts for strategic media planning and buying services, which are considered to be multiple performance obligations, and we allocate the transaction price to each distinct service based on the staffing plan and the stand-alone selling price. In substantially all of our creative services contracts we have distinct performance obligations for our services, including certain creative services contracts where we act as an agent and arrange, at the client’s direction, for third-parties to perform studio production efforts. F-9 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Revenue Recognition Methods A substantial portion of our revenue is recognized over time, as the services are performed, because the client receives and consumes the benefit of our performance throughout the contract period, or we create an asset with no alternative use and are contractually entitled to payment for our performance to date in the event the client terminates the contract for convenience. For these over time client contracts, other than when we have a stand-ready obligation to perform services, revenue is recognized over time using input measures that correspond to the level of staff effort expended to satisfy the performance obligation on a rate per hour or equivalent basis. For client contracts when we have a stand-ready obligation to perform services on an ongoing basis over the life of the contract, typically for periods up to one year, where the scope of these arrangements is broad and there are no significant gaps in performing the services, we recognize revenue using a time-based measure resulting in a straight-line revenue recognition. From time to time, there may be changes in the client service requirements during the term of a contract and the changes could be significant. These changes are typically negotiated as new contracts covering the additional requirements and the associated costs, as well as additional fees for the incremental work to be performed. To a lesser extent, for certain other contracts where our performance obligations are satisfied in phases, we recognize revenue over time using certain output measures based on the measurement of the value transferred to the customer, including milestones achieved. Where the transaction price or a portion of the transaction price is derived from commissions based on a percentage of purchased media from third parties, the performance obligation is not satisfied until the media is run and we have an enforceable contract providing a right to payment. Accordingly, revenue for commissions is recognized at a point in time, typically when the media is run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client or media vendor. Principal vs. Agent In substantially all our businesses, we incur third-party costs on behalf of clients, including direct costs and incidental, or out-of-pocket costs. Third-party direct costs incurred in connection with the creation and delivery of advertising or marketing communication services include, among others: purchased media, studio production services, specialized talent, including artists and other freelance labor, event marketing supplies, materials and services, promotional items, market research and third-party data and other related expenditures. Out-of-pocket costs include, among others: transportation, hotel, meals and telecommunication charges incurred by us in the course of providing our services. Billings related to out-of-pocket costs are included in revenue since we control the goods or services prior to delivery to the client. However, the inclusion of billings related to third-party direct costs in revenue depends on whether we act as a principal or as an agent in the client arrangement. In most of our businesses, including Advertising, which also includes studio production efforts and media planning and buying services, Public Relations, Healthcare Advertising and most of our CRM Consumer Experience businesses, we act as an agent and arrange, at the client’s direction, for third parties to perform certain services. In these cases, we do not control the goods or services prior to the transfer to the client. As a result, revenue is recorded net of these costs, equal to the amount retained for our fee or commission. In certain businesses we may act as principal when contracting for third-party services on behalf of our clients. In our events business and most of our CRM Execution & Support businesses, including field marketing and certain specialty marketing businesses, we act as principal because we control the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the client and we are responsible for providing the specified goods or services, or we are responsible for directing and integrating third-party vendors to fulfill our performance obligation at the agreed upon contractual price. In such arrangements, we also take pricing risk under the terms of the client contract. In certain specialty media buying business, we act as principal when we control the buying process for the purchase of the media and contract directly with the media vendor. In these arrangements, we assume the pricing risk under the terms of the client contract. When we act as principal, we include billable amounts related to third-party costs in the transaction price and record revenue over time at the gross amount billed, including out-of-pocket costs, consistent with the manner that we recognize revenue for the underlying services contract. However, in media buying contracts where we act as principal, we recognize revenue at a point in time, typically when the media is run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client or media vendor. F-10 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Variable Consideration Some of our client arrangements include variable consideration provisions, which include performance incentives, tiered commission structures and vendor rebates in certain markets outside of the United States. Variable consideration is estimated and included in total consideration at contract inception based on either the expected value method or the most likely outcome method. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and other factors known at the time. Performance incentives are typically recognized in revenue over time. Variable consideration for our media businesses in certain international markets includes rebate revenue and is recognized when it is probable that the media will be run, including when it is not subject to cancellation by the client. In addition, when we receive rebates or credits from vendors for transactions entered into on behalf of clients, they are remitted to the clients in accordance with contractual requirements or retained by us based on the terms of the client contract or local law. Amounts passed on to clients are recorded as a liability and amounts retained by us are recorded as revenue when earned, which is typically when the media is run. Operating Expenses. Operating expenses are comprised of cost of services, selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses and depreciation and amortization. We measure cost of services in two distinct categories: salary and service costs and occupancy and other costs. As a service business, salary and service costs make up the vast majority of our operating expenses and substantially all these costs comprise the essential components directly linked to the delivery of our services. Salary and service costs include employee compensation and benefits, freelance labor and direct service costs, which include third-party supplier costs and client-related travel costs. Occupancy and other costs consist of the indirect costs related to the delivery of our services, including office rent and other occupancy costs, equipment rent, technology costs, general office expenses and other expenses. SG&A expenses primarily consist of third-party marketing costs, professional fees and compensation and benefits and occupancy and other costs of our corporate and executive offices, which includes group-wide finance and accounting, treasury, legal and governance, human resource oversight and similar costs. Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid interest-bearing time deposits with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, carrying value approximates fair value. We have a policy governing counterparty credit risk for financial institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents and we have deposit limits for each institution. Short-Term Investments. Short-term investments consist of interest-bearing time deposits with maturities of less than twelve months. Short-term investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Work in Process. Work in process consists of accrued costs incurred on behalf of customers, including media and production costs, and fees and other third-party costs that have not yet been billed. Media and production costs are billed during the production process. Unbilled fees and costs are in the process of being billed to clients, typically within the next 30 days. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives range from seven to ten years for furniture and three to five years for equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the related lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Assets under capital lease are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Equity Method Investments. Investments in companies where we exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee and own less than 50% of the equity are accounted for using the equity method. Our proportionate share of the net income or loss of equity method investments is included in results of operations and any dividends received reduce the carrying value of the investment. The excess of the cost of our investment over our proportionate share of the fair value of the net assets of the investee at the acquisition date is recognized as goodwill and included in the carrying amount of the investment. Goodwill in the equity method investments is not amortized. Gains and losses from changes in our ownership interests are recorded in results of operations until control is achieved. Where a change in our ownership interest results in obtaining control, the existing carrying value of the investment is remeasured to the acquisition date fair value and any gain or loss is recognized in results of operations. We periodically review the carrying value of the equity method investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in carrying value. A variety of factors are considered when determining if a decline in carrying value is other-than-temporary, including the financial condition and business prospects of the investee, as well as our investment intent. F-11 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Equity Investments. Equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, are measured at fair value at each reporting period and changes in fair value are recognized in results of operations. Our equity investments are accounted for as follows: Marketable equity investments have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at fair value. The carrying value of these investments was $1.5 million and $1.4 million December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Non-marketable equity investments (cost method investments) do not have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for qualifying observable price changes. The carrying value of these investments was $11.8 million and $14.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition cost over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is periodically reviewed for impairment. Intangible assets comprise customer relationships, including the related customer contracts and trade names, and purchased and internally developed software and are amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from five to twelve years. We consider a number of factors in determining the useful lives and amortization method, including the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed, as well as trade name recognition and customer attrition. There is no estimated residual value for the intangible assets. We review the carrying value of goodwill for impairment annually at the end of the second quarter of the year and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The impairment evaluation compares the fair value of each reporting unit, which we identified as our five agency networks, to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is equal to or greater than its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired. Goodwill is impaired when the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Goodwill is written down to its fair value through a non-cash expense recorded in results of operations in the period the impairment is identified. We identified our regional reporting units as components of our operating segments, which are our five agency networks. The regional reporting units and practice areas of each agency network monitor the performance and are responsible for the agencies in their region. They report to the segment managers and facilitate the administrative and logistical requirements of our client-centric strategy for delivering services to clients in their regions. We have concluded that, for each of our operating segments, their regional reporting units had similar economic characteristics and should be aggregated for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment at the operating segment level. Our conclusion was based on a detailed analysis of the aggregation criteria set forth in FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, and the guidance set forth in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Consistent with our fundamental business strategy, the agencies within our regional reporting units serve similar clients in similar industries, and in many cases the same clients. The main economic components of each agency are employee compensation and related costs and direct service costs and occupancy and other costs, which include rent and occupancy costs, technology costs that are generally limited to personal computers, servers and off-the-shelf software and other overhead costs. Finally, the expected benefits of our acquisitions are typically shared by multiple agencies in various regions as they work together to integrate the acquired agency into our client service strategy. We use the following valuation methodologies to determine the fair value of our reporting units: (1) the income approach, which utilizes discounted expected future cash flows, (2) comparative market participant multiples of EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) and (3) when available, consideration of recent and similar acquisition transactions. Based on the results of the annual impairment test, we concluded that at June 30, 2018 and 2017 our goodwill was not impaired because the fair value of each reporting unit was substantially in excess of its respective net book value. Subsequent to the annual impairment test of goodwill at June 30, 2018, there were no events or circumstances that triggered the need for an interim impairment test. Debt Issuance Costs. Debt issuance costs are capitalized and amortized in interest expense over the life of the related debt and are presented as a reduction to the carrying amount of debt. F-12 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Temporary Equity – Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests. Owners of noncontrolling equity interests in some of our subsidiaries have the right in certain circumstances to require us to purchase all or a portion of their equity interests at fair value as defined in the applicable agreements. The intent of the parties is to approximate fair value at the time of redemption by using a multiple of earnings that is consistent with generally accepted valuation practices used by market participants in our industry. These contingent redemption rights are embedded in the equity security at issuance, are not free-standing instruments, do not represent a de facto financing and are not under our control. Treasury Stock. Repurchases of our common stock are accounted for at cost and are recorded as treasury stock. Reissued treasury stock, primarily in connection with share-based compensation plans, is accounted for at average cost. Gains or losses on reissued treasury stock arising from the difference between the average cost and the fair value of the award are recorded in additional paid-in capital and do not affect results of operations. Business Combinations. Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method and accordingly, the assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquired business are recorded at acquisition date fair value. In circumstances where control is obtained and less than 100% of a business is acquired, goodwill is recorded as if 100% were acquired. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other costs are expensed as incurred. Certain acquisitions include an initial payment at closing and provide for future additional contingent purchase price payments (earn-outs), which are recorded as a liability at the acquisition date fair value using the discount rate in effect on the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the liability are recorded in results of operations. Amounts earned under the contingent purchase price arrangements may be subject to a maximum and payment is not contingent upon future employment. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in results of operations from the acquisition date. Noncontrolling Interests. Noncontrolling interests represent equity interests in certain subsidiaries held by third-parties. Noncontrolling interests are presented as a component of equity and the proportionate share of net income attributed to the noncontrolling interests is recorded in results of operations. Changes in noncontrolling interests that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for in equity. Gains and losses resulting from a loss of control are recorded in results of operations. Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions. Substantially all of our foreign subsidiaries use their local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date and revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the period. Translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. Net foreign currency transaction gains and (losses) recorded in results of operations were $2.1 million, $(7.8) million and $12.7 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Share-Based Compensation. Share-based compensation for restricted stock and stock option awards is measured at the grant date fair value. The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined and fixed using the closing price of our common stock on the grant date and is recorded in additional paid-in capital. The fair value of stock option awards is determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. For awards that have a service only vesting condition, compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards with a performance vesting condition, compensation expense is recognized on a graded-vesting basis. Typically, all share-based awards are settled with treasury stock. See Note 10 for additional information regarding our specific award plans. Salary Continuation Agreements. Arrangements with certain present and former employees provide for continuing payments for periods up to ten years after cessation of full-time employment in consideration for agreement by the employees not to compete with us and to render consulting services during the postemployment period. Such payments, which are subject to certain limitations, including our operating performance during the postemployment period, represent the fair value of the services rendered and are expensed in such periods. Severance. The liability for one-time termination benefits, such as severance pay or benefit payouts, is measured and recognized at fair value in the period the liability is incurred. Subsequent changes to the liability are recognized in results of operations in the period of change. F-13 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Postemployment Arrangements. The funded status of our defined benefit plans is recorded as an asset or liability. Funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date, determined on a plan-by-plan basis. The benefit obligation for the defined benefit plans is the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”), which represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value. Overfunded plans where the fair value of plan assets exceeds the benefit obligation are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to the excess. Underfunded plans where the benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets are aggregated and recorded as a liability equal to the excess. We record the liability for our postemployment arrangements. The benefit obligation of our postemployment arrangements is the PBO and these arrangements are not funded. The current portion of the benefit obligation for the defined benefit plans and postemployment arrangements, which represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable in the next twelve months that exceed the fair value of plan assets, is recorded in other current liabilities and the long-term portion is recorded in long-term liabilities. Deferred Compensation. Some of our subsidiaries have individual deferred compensation arrangements with certain executives that provide for payments over varying terms upon retirement, cessation of employment or death. The cost of these arrangements is accrued during the employee’s service period. Income Taxes. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable for the current period and the deferred taxes recognized during the period. Deferred income taxes reflect the temporary difference between assets and liabilities that are recognized for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes and are recorded as noncurrent. Deferred income taxes are measured using the enacted tax rates that are assumed to be in effect when the differences reverse. Valuation allowances are recorded where it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we evaluate factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carry-back and carry-forward periods and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset. Interest and penalties related to tax positions taken in our tax returns are recorded in income tax expense. We record a liability for uncertain tax positions that reflects the treatment of certain tax positions taken in our tax returns, or planned to be taken in a future tax return, which have not been reflected in income tax expense. Until these positions are sustained by the taxing authorities or the statute of limitations concerning such issues lapses, we do not generally recognize the tax benefits resulting from such positions. Net Income Per Share. Basic net income per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, plus, the dilutive effect of common share equivalents, which include outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards. Net income per share is computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation method for computing net income per share when a company’s capital structure includes common stock and participating securities. Certain of the unvested restricted stock awards receive non-forfeitable dividends at the same rate as the common stock and therefore are considered participating securities. Under the two-class method, basic and diluted net income per share is reduced for a presumed hypothetical distribution of earnings to holders of the unvested restricted stock awards receiving non-forfeitable dividends. Concentration of Credit Risk. We provide advertising, marketing and corporate communications services to several thousand clients that operate in nearly every industry sector of the global economy and we grant credit to qualified clients in the normal course of business. Due to the diversified nature of our client base, we do not believe that we are exposed to a concentration of credit risk as our largest client accounted for 3.0% of revenue in 2018. Derivative Financial Instruments. All derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, are recorded at fair value. Derivatives qualify for hedge accounting if: the hedging instrument is designated as a hedge, the hedged exposure is specifically identifiable, and exposes us to risk and a change in fair value of the derivative financial instrument and an opposite change in the fair value of the hedged exposure have a high degree of correlation. The method of assessing hedge effectiveness and measuring hedge ineffectiveness is formally documented. Hedge effectiveness is assessed, and hedge ineffectiveness is measured at least quarterly throughout the designated hedge period. If the derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged asset, liability or firm commitment through results of operations or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in results of operations. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Using derivatives exposes us to the risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. We manage that risk through careful selection and ongoing evaluation of the counterparty financial institutions based on specific minimum credit standards and other factors. F-14 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Fair Value. We apply the fair value measurement guidance in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, for our financial assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value and for our nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which includes goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The measurement of fair value requires the use of techniques based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. The inputs create the following fair value hierarchy: (cid:129) Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. (cid:129) Level 2 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations with observable inputs. (cid:129) Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. We use unadjusted quoted market prices to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities and classify such items in Level 1. We use unadjusted quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and model-derived valuations and classify such items in Level 2. In determining the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, we consider certain market valuation adjustments that market participants would consider in determining fair value, including: counterparty credit risk adjustments applied to financial assets and liabilities, taking into account the actual credit risk of the counterparty when valuing assets measured at fair value and credit risk adjustments applied to reflect our credit risk when valuing liabilities measured at fair value. Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year financial information to conform to the current year presentation. 3. Revenue Nature of our services We provide an extensive range of advertising, marketing and corporate communications services through various client-centric networks that are organized to meet specific client objectives. Our branded networks and agencies operate in all major markets and provide services in the following fundamental disciplines: advertising, CRM, public relations, and healthcare. Advertising includes creative services, as well as strategic media planning and buying and data analytics services. CRM Consumer Experience includes Omnicom’s Precision Marketing Group and digital/direct agencies, as well as our branding, shopper marketing and experiential marketing agencies, and CRM Execution & Support includes field marketing, sales support, merchandising and point of sale, as well as other specialized marketing and custom communications services. Public relations services include corporate communications, crisis management, public affairs and media and media relations services. Healthcare includes advertising and media services to global healthcare clients. At the core of all our services is the ability to create or develop a client’s marketing or corporate communications message into content that can be delivered to a target audience across different communications mediums. Our client-centric business model requires that multiple agencies within Omnicom collaborate in formal and informal virtual client networks utilizing our key client matrix organization structure. This collaboration allows us to cut across our internal organizational structures to execute our clients’ marketing requirements in a consistent and comprehensive manner. In addition to collaborating through our client service models, our agencies and networks collaborate across internally developed technology platforms. Annalect, our proprietary data and analytics platform, serves as the strategic resource for all of our agencies and networks to share when developing client service strategies across our virtual networks. Omni, our people-based precision marketing and insights platform, identifies and defines personalized consumer experiences at scale across creative, media and CRM, as well as other disciplines. Revenue by discipline for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was (in millions): Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Consumer Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CRM Execution & Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 8,281.0 2,620.7 1,900.5 1,435.1 1,052.9 $15,290.2 2018 Excluding Impact of Adoption of ASC 606 $ 8,289.1 2,758.3 1,900.4 1,435.5 1,053.0 $15,436.3 2017 $ 8,175.9 2,615.9 2,135.8 1,411.4 934.6 $15,273.6 F-15 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Economic factors affecting our revenue Global economic conditions have a direct impact on our revenue. Adverse economic conditions pose a risk that our clients may reduce, postpone or cancel spending for our services, which would impact our revenue. Revenue in our principal geographic markets for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was (in millions): 2018 2018 Excluding Impact of Adoption of ASC 606 2017 Americas: North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,442.5 457.5 EMEA: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,375.4 304.4 1,710.4 $15,290.2 $ 8,589.4 456.2 4,377.2 304.4 1,709.1 $15,436.3 $ 8,686.0 494.8 4,127.9 314.6 1,650.3 $15,273.6 The Americas comprises North America, which includes the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, and Latin America, which includes South America and Mexico. EMEA comprises Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Asia-Pacific comprises Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Singapore and other Asian countries. The reduction in revenue in 2018 for North America primarily reflects the sale of our specialty print media business in the second quarter of 2017. Contract assets and liabilities Work in process includes contract assets, unbilled fees and costs, and media and production costs. Contract liabilities primarily consist of customer advances. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, work in process and contract liabilities were (in millions): 2018 Work in process: Contract assets and unbilled fees and costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Media and production costs $ 540.1 621.4 $1,161.5 2017 $ 546.3 564.3 $1,110.6 Contract liabilities: Customer advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,159.0 $1,266.7 Work in process consists of accrued costs incurred on behalf of customers, including media and production costs, and fees and other third-party costs that have not yet been billed. Media and production costs are billed during the production process in accordance with the terms of the client contract. Contract assets, which primarily include incentive fees, are not material and will be billed to clients in accordance with the terms of the client contract. Substantially all unbilled fees and costs will be billed within the next 30 days. The contract liability primarily represents advance billings to customers in accordance with the terms of the client contracts, primarily for the reimbursement of third-party costs that are generally incurred in the near term. There were no impairment losses to the contract assets recorded in 2018. F-16 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 4. Net Income per Share The computations of basic and diluted net income per share for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions, except per share amounts): Net Income Available for Common Shares: Net income – Omnicom Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income allocated to participating securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Shares: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive stock options and restricted shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anti-dilutive stock options and restricted shares Net Income per Share – Omnicom Group Inc.: 2018 2017 2016 $1,326.4 (0.1) $1,088.4 (1.6) $1,148.6 (6.5) $1,326.3 $1,086.8 $1,142.1 226.6 1.0 227.6 1.0 232.3 1.6 233.9 1.0 237.9 1.3 239.2 — Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 5.85 5.83 $ $ 4.68 4.65 $ $ 4.80 4.78 5. Business Combinations In 2018, we completed six acquisitions, which increased goodwill $422.6 million. Also, we acquired additional equity interests in certain majority owned subsidiaries in 2018, which are accounted for as equity transactions and no additional goodwill was recorded. None of these acquisitions, either individually or in the aggregate, was material to our results of operations or financial position. The evaluation of potential acquisitions is based on various factors, including specialized know-how, reputation, geographic coverage, competitive position and service offerings, as well as our experience and judgment. Our acquisition strategy is focused on acquiring the expertise of an assembled workforce in order to continue to build upon the core capabilities of our strategic business platforms and agency brands, through the expansion of their geographic area or their service capabilities to better serve our clients. Certain acquisitions include an initial payment at closing and provide for future additional contingent purchase price payments (earn-outs), which are derived using the performance of the acquired entity and are based on predetermined formulas. Contingent purchase price obligations at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $146.5 million and $215.6 million, respectively, of which $65.4 million and $92.6 million, respectively, are included in other current liabilities. For each acquisition, we undertake a detailed review to identify other intangible assets that are required to be valued separately. We use several market participant measurements to determine fair value. This approach includes consideration of similar and recent transactions, as well as utilizing discounted expected cash flow methodologies and when available and as appropriate, we use comparative market multiples to supplement our analysis. As is typical for most service businesses, a substantial portion of the intangible asset value we acquire is the specialized know-how of the workforce, which is treated as part of goodwill and is not valued separately. A significant portion of the identifiable intangible assets acquired is derived from customer relationships, including the related customer contracts, as well as trade names. One of the primary drivers in executing our acquisition strategy is the existence of, or the ability to, expand our existing client relationships. The expected benefits of our acquisitions are typically shared across multiple agencies and regions. F-17 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and intangible assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets: Purchased and internally developed software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer related and other Gross Carrying Value $9,898.6 2018 Accumulated Amortization $(514.3) Net Carrying Value $9,384.3 Gross Carrying Value $9,871.8 2017 Accumulated Amortization $(534.3) Net Carrying Value $9,337.5 $ 356.4 763.8 $1,120.2 $(302.2) (435.2) $(737.4) $ 54.2 328.6 $ 382.8 $ 368.2 880.1 $1,248.3 $(303.0) (576.9) $(879.9) $ 65.2 303.2 $ 368.4 Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): 2018 2017 January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests in acquired businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent purchase price obligations of acquired businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,337.5 250.6 112.0 60.0 (143.6) (232.2) $9,384.3 $8,976.1 19.3 18.9 27.1 (4.6) 300.7 $9,337.5 There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded in 2018 or 2017 and there are no accumulated goodwill impairment losses. 7. Debt Credit Facilities At December 31, 2018, our short-term liquidity sources include a $2.5 billion revolving credit facility, or Credit Facility, expiring on July 31, 2021, uncommitted credit lines aggregating $1.2 billion and the ability to issue up to $2 billion of commercial paper. There were no outstanding commercial paper issuances or borrowings under the Credit Facility or material borrowings under the uncommitted credit lines at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Available and unused credit lines at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): 2018 2017 Credit Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncommitted credit lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,500.0 1,231.6 $2,500.0 1,181.0 Available and unused credit lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,731.6 $3,681.0 The Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a Leverage Ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA of no more than 3 times for the most recently ended 12-month period (EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) and an Interest Coverage Ratio of consolidated EBITDA to interest expense of at least 5 times for the most recently ended 12-month period. At December 31, 2018 we were in compliance with these covenants as our Leverage Ratio was 2.1 times and our Interest Coverage Ratio was 9.9 times. The Credit Facility does not limit our ability to declare or pay dividends or repurchase our common stock. F-18 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Short-Term Debt Short-term debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 of $8.1 million and $11.8 million, respectively, consists of bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings primarily of our international subsidiaries. The weighted average interest rate was 4.2% and 2.6%, respectively. Due to the short-term nature of this debt, carrying value approximates fair value. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was (in millions): 6.25% Senior Notes due 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.45% Senior Notes due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.625% Senior Notes due 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.65% Senior Notes due 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized premium (discount), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized deferred gain from settlement of interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value adjustment attributed to outstanding interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt 2018 2017 $ 500.0 1,000.0 1,250.0 750.0 1,400.0 4,900.0 4.9 (16.4) 48.0 (52.8) $ 500.0 1,000.0 1,250.0 750.0 1,400.0 4,900.0 6.2 (20.3) 66.4 (39.4) 4,883.7 (499.6) $4,384.1 4,912.9 — $4,912.9 Omnicom Group Inc., or OGI, and its wholly owned finance subsidiary, Omnicom Capital Inc., or OCI, are co-obligors under all the senior notes. The senior notes are a joint and several liability of OGI and OCI, and OGI unconditionally guarantees OCI’s obligations with respect to the senior notes. OCI provides funding for our operations by incurring debt and lending the proceeds to our operating subsidiaries. OCI’s assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and intercompany loans made to our operating subsidiaries and the related interest receivable. There are no restrictions on the ability of OGI or OCI to obtain funds from our subsidiaries through dividends, loans or advances. The senior notes are senior unsecured obligations that rank equal in right of payment with all existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness. The contractual maturities of our long-term debt at December 31, 2018 are (in millions): 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 500.0 1,000.0 — 1,250.0 — 2,150.0 $4,900.0 We use fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps to manage our interest cost and structure our long-term debt portfolio to achieve a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt. Interest rate swaps hedge the risk of changes in fair value of the underlying senior notes attributable to changes in the benchmark LIBOR interest rate. The interest rate swaps qualify and are designated as fair value hedges on the underlying senior notes and have the economic effect of converting the underlying fixed rate senior notes to floating rate obligations. Gains and losses attributed to changes in the fair value of the swaps substantially offset changes in the fair value of the underlying senior notes attributed to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have a $750 million interest rate swap on our 3.65% Senior Notes due 2024, or 2024 Notes and a $500 million interest rate swap on our 3.60% Senior Notes due 2026, or 2026 Notes. Under the swap agreement for the 2024 Notes, we receive fixed interest payments of 3.65% and pay a variable interest equal to three-month LIBOR, plus a spread of 1.72%. Under the swap agreement for the 2026 Notes, we receive fixed interest payments of 3.60% and pay a variable interest equal to three-month LIBOR, plus a spread of 1.982%. F-19 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) At December 31, 2018, we recorded long-term liabilities of $21.8 million and $31.0 million representing the fair value of the swaps on the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, respectively, and at December 31, 2017, we recorded long-term liabilities of $14.7 million and $24.7 million, respectively. The interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting our long-term debt portfolio to approximately 75% fixed rate obligations and 25% floating rate obligations. Interest Expense Interest expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 is composed of (in millions): 2018 2017 2016 Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred gain on interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension and other interest $201.6 5.2 (12.9) 9.6 5.6 57.3 $266.4 $201.6 (7.2) (12.9) 12.5 5.6 49.0 $248.6 $205.5 (13.1) (15.4) 6.8 5.6 41.9 $231.3 8. Segment Reporting Our five branded agency networks operate in the advertising, marketing and corporate communications services industry, and are organized into agency networks, virtual client networks, regional reporting units and operating groups or practice areas. Our networks, virtual client networks and agencies increasingly share clients and provide clients with integrated services. The main economic components of each agency are employee compensation and related costs and direct service costs and occupancy and other costs which include rent and occupancy costs, technology costs and other overhead expenses. Therefore, given these similarities, we aggregate our operating segments, which are our five agency networks, into one reporting segment. The agency networks’ regional reporting units comprise three principal regions: the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific. The regional reporting units monitor the performance and are responsible for the agencies in their region. Agencies within the regional reporting units serve similar clients in similar industries and in many cases the same clients and have similar economic characteristics. Revenue and long-lived assets and goodwill by geographic region at and for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions): 2018 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived assets and goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived assets and goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific $8,900.0 6,946.1 $4,679.8 2,578.9 $1,710.4 553.7 $9,180.8 6,633.8 $4,442.5 2,840.8 $1,650.3 553.8 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived assets and goodwill $9,597.6 6,662.7 $4,183.1 2,469.1 $1,636.2 519.1 The Americas comprises North America, which includes the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, and Latin America, which includes South America and Mexico. EMEA comprises Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Asia-Pacific comprises Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Singapore and other Asian countries. Revenue in the United States for 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $7,999.8 million, $8,196.9 million and $8,627.8 million, respectively. The reduction in revenue in 2018 and 2017 for North America and the United States primarily reflects the sale of our specialty print media business in the second quarter of 2017. F-20 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 9. Equity Method Investments Income from our equity method investments was $8.9 million, $3.5 million and $5.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our proportionate share in their net assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $42.9 million and $40.7 million, respectively. Our equity method investments are not material to our results of operations or financial position; therefore, summarized financial information is not required to be presented. 10. Share-Based Compensation Plans Share-based incentive awards are granted to employees under the 2013 Incentive Award Plan, or the 2013 Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, or Compensation Committee. Awards include stock options, restricted stock and other stock awards. The maximum number of shares of common stock that can be granted under the 2013 Plan is 33 million shares plus any shares awarded under the 2013 Plan and any prior plan that have been forfeited or have expired. Stock option awards reduce the number of shares available for grant on a one-for-one basis and all other awards reduce the number of shares available for grant by 3.5 shares for each share awarded. The terms of each award and the exercise date are determined by the Compensation Committee. The 2013 Plan does not permit the holder of an award to elect cash settlement under any circumstances. At December 31, 2018, there were 26,731,624 shares available for grant under the 2013 Plan. If all shares available for grant were for awards other than stock options, shares available for grant would be 7,637,607. Share-based compensation expense was $70.5 million, $80.2 million and $93.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, unamortized share-based compensation that will be expensed over the next five years is $160.7 million. We record a deferred tax asset for the share-based compensation expense recognized for financial reporting purposes that has not been deducted on our income tax return. Beginning in 2017, excess tax benefits and deficiencies related to share-based compensation are recorded as compensation expense in results of operations upon vesting of restricted stock awards or exercise of stock options. Excess tax benefits and deficiencies represent the difference between the actual compensation deduction for tax purposes, which is calculated as the difference between the grant date price of the award and the price of our common stock on the vesting or exercise date. In 2018 and 2017 we recognized excess tax benefits of $7.4 million and $20.8 million, respectively. Stock Options The exercise price of stock option awards cannot be less than 100% of the market price of our common stock on the grant date. The 2017 option awards vest 100% three years from grant date and have a maximum contractual life of six years. All prior option awards have a maximum contractual life of 10 years. Stock option activity for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was: January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 Weighted Average Exercise Price $63.11 $24.43 $84.94 $80.37 Shares 1,593,422 — (500,122) (105,250) 988,050 Weighted Average Exercise Price $27.88 $84.94 $23.40 $84.94 $63.11 Shares 719,757 1,000,000 (102,335) (24,000) 1,593,422 Weighted Average Exercise Price $28.86 $30.56 $27.88 Shares 1,140,547 — (420,790) — 719,757 Exercisable December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,300 $46.43 617,422 $28.61 695,757 $26.54 F-21 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018 were: Exercise Price Range $23.00 to $24.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $66.00 to $71.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $84.00 to $85.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life 0.2 years 5.4 years 4.2 years Weighted Average Exercise Price $23.40 $68.42 $84.94 Shares 57,300 60,000 870,750 988,050 Weighted Average Exercise Price $23.40 $68.42 $84.94 Shares 57,300 60,000 — 117,300 The 2017 option award grant date fair value of $9.87 was determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The assumptions for the model, without adjusting for the risk of forfeiture and lack of liquidity, were: expected life 4.5 years, risk free interest rate 2.0%, expected volatility 16.3% and dividend yield 2.6%. Restricted Stock Restricted stock activity for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was: January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average grant date fair value of shares granted in the period . . . . Weighted average grant date fair value at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2,859,373 815,810 (944,048) (177,233) 2,553,902 $67.62 $69.77 2017 2016 3,802,105 966,919 (1,757,269) (152,382) 2,859,373 $74.10 $68.85 4,349,105 1,100,396 (1,438,386) (209,010) 3,802,105 $73.16 $61.72 Generally, restricted shares vest ratably over five years from the grant date provided the employee remains employed by us. Restricted shares may not be sold, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered until the forfeiture restrictions lapse. Under most circumstances, the employee forfeits the shares if employment ceases prior to the end of the restriction period. Performance Restricted Stock Units The Compensation Committee grants certain employees performance restricted stock units, or PRSU. Each PRSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock on vesting. The ultimate number of PRSUs received by the employee depends on the Company’s average return on equity over a three-year period compared to the average return on equity of a peer group of principal competitors over the same period. The PRSUs vest three years from the grant date. The PRSUs have a service and performance vesting condition and compensation expense is recognized on a graded-vesting basis. Over the performance period, compensation expense is adjusted upward or downward based on our estimate of the probability of achieving the performance target for the portion of the awards subject to the performance vesting condition. We have assumed that all the PRSUs will vest. PRSU activity for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was: January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $82.01 73.72 77.68 $80.41 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $77.05 84.94 69.89 $82.01 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $66.05 83.23 55.20 $77.05 Shares 534,456 153,492 (225,567) 462,381 Shares 462,381 173,770 (147,264) 488,887 Shares 488,887 182,582 (161,625) 509,844 F-22 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Employee Stock Purchase Plan The employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, enables employees to purchase our common stock through payroll deductions over each plan quarter at 95% of the market price on the last trading day of the plan quarter. Purchases are limited to 10% of eligible compensation as defined by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or ERISA. Our employees purchased 91,086 shares, 101,862 shares and 97,935 shares in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. All shares purchased were treasury stock, for which we received $6.5 million, $7.6 million and $7.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, there were 8,675,351 shares available under the ESPP. 11. Income Taxes We file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and income tax returns in various state and local jurisdictions. Our subsidiaries file tax returns in various foreign jurisdictions. Our principal foreign jurisdictions include the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The Internal Revenue Service has completed its examination of our federal tax returns through 2012. Tax returns in the United Kingdom, France and Germany have been examined through 2013, 2014 and 2009, respectively. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted into law. The Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and made several changes to existing tax law that affect our tax assets and liabilities related to previously reported taxable income. The significant changes required that we record tax expense on the accumulated earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and adjust our previously reported deferred tax positions to reflect the impact of the revised statutory federal rate as of the enactment date. In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118, or SAB 118, which provided guidance on accounting for the impact of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides that provisional amounts should be recognized in our financial statements where accounting for certain effects of the Tax Act are not complete and a reasonable estimate of the effects of the Tax Act can be made. Accordingly, at December 31, 2017, we estimated the effect of the Tax Act and recorded a net increase to income tax expense of $106.3 million. Our estimate was based on our understanding of the Tax Act and currently available guidance. In 2018, we finalized the provisional amounts based on additional information regarding the tax on our accumulated foreign earnings. As a result, we recorded additional income tax expense of $28.9 million. We were required to account for effect of U.S. federal tax rate changes on our deferred tax balances by measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities at the rate at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which as a result of the Tax Act is 21%. At December 31, 2017, the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities reduced income tax expense by $173.3 million. The territorial tax system will allow us to repatriate future earnings of our foreign subsidiaries without incurring additional U.S. tax by providing a 100% dividend exemption. However, while the change to a territorial system limits U.S. federal income tax to domestic earnings, foreign source income is subject to tax in the appropriate foreign jurisdiction at the local rate, which, in certain jurisdictions, may be higher than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%. As a result, the foreign tax rate differential will cause our effective tax rate to be higher than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate. The Tax Act imposed a one-time transition tax on our accumulated foreign earnings at December 31, 2017. The portion of the foreign earnings comprising cash and other specified assets is taxed at a 15.5% rate and any remaining amount is taxed at an 8% rate. In 2017, we recorded a provisional amount of $192.1 million in income tax expense for the transition tax. After taking into consideration available foreign tax credits and other items, at December 31, 2017, we recorded a net cash liability of $102.9 million, which we elected to pay over an eight-year period. In 2018, we finalized the provisional amount. At December 31, 2018 the cash liability, which reflects the finalization of the provisional amount and payments, was $139.1 million. Although the adoption of a territorial tax system allows for the repatriation of foreign earnings after December 31, 2017 without incurring U.S. income tax, withholding taxes by the foreign jurisdictions will be applied to any dividends remitted to the U.S. As a result, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded a charge of $3.0 million and $87.5 million, respectively, related to these withholding taxes. F-23 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) We elected to account for any tax on the global intangible low-taxed income, or GILTI, in the period in which it is incurred. At December 31, 2018, we provided $12.9 million for tax impacts of GILTI. Income before income taxes for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): 2018 2017 2016 Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International $ 643.7 1,280.6 $ 832.4 1,052.5 $ 805.2 1,036.6 $1,924.3 $1,884.9 $1,841.8 Income tax expense (benefit) for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): 2018 2017 2016 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International $ 273.8 35.5 305.2 614.5 (104.2) 2.8 (20.4) (121.8) $ 458.8 36.5 280.2 775.5 (205.5) 11.1 115.1 (79.3) $ 381.8 12.6 332.1 726.5 (88.2) 12.0 (49.8) (126.0) $ 492.7 $ 696.2 $ 600.5 The reconciliation from the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate is: 2018 Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Tax Act International tax rate differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0% 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.4 25.6% 2017 35.0% 1.3 5.6 (3.8) (1.2) 36.9% 2016 35.0% 0.9 — (4.0) 0.7 32.6% The international tax rate differentials in 2018 are primarily attributed to our earnings in Canada, Australia, Japan, Colombia and Hong Kong being taxed at higher rates than the U.S. statutory tax rate, reduced by approximately $19 million resulting from the successful resolution of foreign tax claims. Income tax expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016 includes $3.6 million, $2.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of interest, net of tax benefit, and penalties related to tax positions taken on our tax returns. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, accrued interest and penalties were $21.1 million and $16.1 million, respectively. F-24 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): Deferred tax assets: Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax loss and credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis differences from acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis differences from short-term assets and liabilities Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $209.7 38.1 13.9 35.7 10.8 308.2 (3.0) $173.7 40.3 18.0 39.5 17.8 289.3 (3.3) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $305.2 $286.0 Deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unremitted foreign earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis differences from investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $577.5 69.2 9.6 0.8 $657.1 $562.2 94.9 9.8 41.4 $708.3 Long-term deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 61.8 $ 61.3 Long-term deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $413.7 $483.6 We have concluded that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize our net deferred tax assets in future periods because results of future operations are expected to generate sufficient taxable income. The valuation allowance of $3.0 million and $3.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, relates to tax losses in international jurisdictions. Tax loss and credit carryforwards for which there is no valuation allowance are available for periods ranging from 2019 to 2038, which is longer than the forecasted utilization of such carryforwards. A reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 and 2017 is (in millions): January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions: Current year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction of prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $173.7 $116.9 30.1 5.2 (25.4) (0.8) 67.1 5.5 (16.5) 0.7 December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $182.8 $173.7 The majority of the liability for uncertain tax positions is recorded in long-term liabilities. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately $174.0 million and $142.8 million, respectively, of the liability for uncertain tax positions would affect our effective tax rate upon resolution of the uncertain tax positions. 12. Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits Defined Contribution Plans Our domestic and international subsidiaries provide retirement benefits for their employees primarily through defined contribution profit sharing and savings plans. Contributions to the plans vary by subsidiary and have generally been in amounts up to the maximum percentage of total eligible compensation of participating employees that is deductible for income tax purposes. Contribution expense was $118.8 million, $112.9 million and $108.5 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. F-25 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Defined Benefit Pension Plans Two of our U.S. businesses and several of our non-U.S. businesses sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans. These plans provide benefits to employees based on formulas recognizing length of service and earnings. The U.S. plans cover approximately 900 participants, are closed to new participants and do not accrue future benefit credits. The non-U.S. plans, which include plans required by local law, cover approximately 6,000 participants and are not subject to ERISA. We have a Senior Executive Restrictive Covenant and Retention Plan, or Retention Plan, for certain executive officers selected by the Compensation Committee. The Retention Plan is a non-qualified deferred compensation severance plan that was adopted to secure non-competition, non-solicitation, non-disparagement and ongoing consulting services from such executive officers and to strengthen the retention aspect of executive officer compensation. The Retention Plan provides annual payments upon termination following at least seven years of service with Omnicom or its subsidiaries to the participants or to their beneficiaries. A participant’s annual benefit is payable for 15 consecutive calendar years following termination, but in no event prior to age 55. The annual benefit is equal to the lesser of (i) the participant’s final average pay times an applicable percentage, which is based upon the executive’s years of service as an executive officer, not to exceed 35% or (ii) $1.5 million adjusted for cost-of-living, beginning with the second annual payment, not to exceed 2.5% per year. The Retention Plan is not funded, and benefits are paid when due. The components of net periodic benefit expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions) Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 7.7 7.9 (2.8) 4.4 6.9 $24.1 2017 $10.1 7.9 (3.6) 4.6 7.0 $26.0 2016 $ 7.8 7.8 (3.7) 4.5 5.3 $21.7 Included in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were unrecognized actuarial losses and unrecognized prior service cost of $70.0 million ($42.0 million net of income taxes) and $90.0 million ($56.0 million net of income taxes), respectively, that have not yet been recognized in net periodic benefit cost. The unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized prior service cost included in accumulated other comprehensive income and expected to be recognized in net periodic benefit cost in 2019 is $11.7 million. The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 3.6% 2.5% 5.8% 2017 3.5% 2.0% 5.3% 2016 3.7% 2.0% 4.8% The expected long-term rate of return for plan assets for the U.S. plans is based on several factors, including current and expected asset allocations, historical and expected returns on various asset classes and current and future market conditions. A total return investment approach using a mix of equities and fixed income investments maximizes the long-term return. This strategy is intended to minimize plan expense by achieving long-term returns in excess of the growth in plan liabilities over time. The discount rate used to compute net periodic benefit cost is based on yields of available high-quality bonds and reflects the expected cash flow as of the measurement date. The expected returns on plan assets and discount rates for the non-U.S. plans are based on local factors, including each plan’s investment approach, local interest rates and plan participant profiles. Experience gains and losses and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions are generally amortized over a period no longer than the expected average future service of active employees. F-26 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Our funding policy is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet minimum funding requirements in accordance with the applicable employee benefit and tax laws that the plans are subject to, plus such additional amounts as we may determine to be appropriate. We contributed $8.0 million, $8.3 million and $6.6 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, to our defined benefit pension plans. We do not expect our contributions for 2019 to differ materially from our 2018 contributions. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets and funded status of our defined benefit pension plans were (in millions): Benefit Obligation: January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amendments, curtailments and settlements Actuarial losses (gains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair Value of Plan Assets: January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $ 277.0 7.7 7.9 0.1 (16.0) (23.1) 4.8 $ 258.4 $ 80.3 (4.7) 8.0 (23.1) (3.1) $ 251.1 10.1 7.9 0.3 6.8 (9.1) 9.9 $ 277.0 $ 68.6 6.3 8.3 (9.1) 6.2 December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 57.4 $ 80.3 Funded Status December 31 At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the funded status was classified as follows (in millions): Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities $(201.0) $(196.7) 2018 2017 $ 2.5 (5.1) (198.4) $(201.0) $ 6.0 (5.1) (197.6) $(196.7) The accumulated benefit obligation for our defined benefit pension plans at December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $219.9 million and $264.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, plans with benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were (in millions): Benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $(247.0) 43.5 $(203.5) $(253.8) 51.1 $(202.7) The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 and 2017, were: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 3.6% 2.7% 2017 3.1% 2.0% F-27 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) At December 31, 2018, the estimated benefits expected to be paid over the next 10 years are (in millions): 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8.9 12.0 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 2024 – 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postemployment Arrangements We have executive retirement agreements under which benefits will be paid to participants or to their beneficiaries over periods up to ten years beginning after cessation of full-time employment. Our postemployment arrangements are unfunded, and benefits are paid when due. The components of net periodic benefit expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions): Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 4.7 3.6 3.5 1.8 $13.6 2017 $ 4.4 3.7 3.5 1.0 $12.6 2016 $ 3.9 3.5 3.1 1.1 $11.6 Included in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were unrecognized actuarial losses and unrecognized prior service cost of $48.0 million ($28.0 million net of income taxes) and $54.0 million ($33.0 million net of income taxes), respectively, that have not yet been recognized in the net periodic benefit cost. The unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized prior service cost included in accumulated other comprehensive income and expected to be recognized in net periodic benefit cost in 2019 is $5.4 million. The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 3.4% 3.5% 2017 3.9% 3.5% 2016 4.1% 3.5% Experience gains and losses and effects of changes in actuarial assumptions are amortized over a period no longer than the expected average future service of active employees. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the benefit obligation was (in millions): January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $127.7 4.7 3.6 6.5 (7.9) (8.1) $126.5 2017 $120.3 4.4 3.7 — 8.1 (8.8) $127.7 F-28 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the liability was classified as follows (in millions): Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 7.7 118.8 $126.5 2017 $ 9.3 118.4 $127.7 The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 4.0% 3.5% 2017 3.4% 3.5% At December 31, 2018, the estimated benefits expected to be paid over the next 10 years are (in millions): 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7.8 7.6 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 2024 – 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Dispositions of Subsidiaries and Repositioning Actions In the third quarter of 2018, we disposed of certain businesses and recorded a net gain of $178.4 million primarily related to the sale of Sellbytel, our European-based outsourced sales, service and support company. Additionally, during the third quarter, we took certain repositioning actions in an effort to continue to improve our strategic position and achieve operating efficiencies and recognized charges of $149.4 million. A summary of our repositioning actions for the year ended December 31, 2018 is (dollars in millions): Severance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 68.4 73.5 Office lease consolidation and termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Asset write-offs related to disposals and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $149.4 At December 31, 2018, the liability for the incremental severance charge was $25.9 million and the liability for office lease consolidation and termination was $53.0 million. We expect that the remaining severance liability will be paid in the first quarter of 2019 and the remaining office lease consolidation and termination liability will be paid over the next two years. The $7.5 million of other charges is primarily comprised of non-cash items. The impact of the repositioning actions and net gain on disposition of subsidiaries on operating expenses, income tax expense and noncontrolling interests for 2018 was (dollars in millions): Increase (Decrease) Net Gain on Disposition of Subsidiaries Repositioning Actions Salary and service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on disposition of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 73.7 73.5 — 147.2 2.2 — $149.4 $ (36.0) $ — $ — — (178.4) (178.4) — — $(178.4) $ 11.0 $ 6.9 F-29 Total $ 73.7 73.5 (178.4) (31.2) 2.2 — $ (29.0) $ (25.0) $ 6.9 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 14. Supplemental Cash Flow Data The increase in operating capital for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) decrease in work in process and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) in accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) in customer advances, taxes payable and other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in other assets and liabilities, net $ 88.3 (269.3) 242.9 54.3 (35.7) $(341.6) 5.4 763.2 4.8 (83.3) $ 80.5 $ 348.5 Income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 590.9 $ 243.2 $ 566.0 $ 226.2 $(376.5) (89.7) 741.9 31.6 (4.5) $ 302.8 $ 570.4 $ 216.7 2018 2017 2016 15. Noncontrolling Interests Changes in the ownership interests in our less than 100% owned subsidiaries for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions): 2018 2017 2016 Net income attributed to Omnicom Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,326.4 $1,088.4 $1,148.6 Transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests: Increase in additional paid-in capital from sale of shares in noncontrolling interests . . . Decrease in additional paid-in capital from purchase of shares in noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 1.8 2.0 (44.1) (39.7) (27.5) (25.7) (89.7) (87.7) Change from net income attributed to Omnicom Group Inc. and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,286.7 $1,062.7 $1,060.9 16. Leases We lease substantially all our office space under operating leases and our equipment under operating and capital leases. Office leases may include renewal options. In circumstances where the exercise of a renewal option is reasonably assured at the inception of the lease, the renewal period is included in the determination of the lease term. Office leases may also include scheduled rent increases and concessions, such as rent abatements and landlord incentives and tenant improvement allowances. Scheduled rent increases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and concessions are recorded as deferred rent and are amortized in rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Certain office leases require payment of real estate taxes and other occupancy costs and these costs are not included in rent expense. Leasehold improvements made at inception or during the lease term are amortized over the shorter of the asset life or the lease term, which may include renewal periods where the renewal is reasonably assured. Rent expense for the three years ended December 31, 2018 was (in millions): Office base rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third-party sublease rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $295.0 (7.2) Net office rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.8 16.6 $336.7 (6.3) 330.4 20.1 $339.7 (5.6) 334.1 21.0 2018 2017 2016 $304.4 $350.5 $355.1 F-30 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases, reduced by third-party sublease rent receivable from existing non-cancelable subleases, and capital leases are (in millions): 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Leases $ 327.3 278.2 226.2 186.1 150.9 663.6 Total Sublease rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,832.3 (14.1) Net operating lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,818.2 Interest component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value of minimum capital lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Leases $ 41.8 38.2 29.3 15.6 6.6 3.9 135.4 (7.9) $127.5 Assets under capital lease and capital lease obligations at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): Assets under capital lease: Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 258.2 (133.8) $ 229.3 (121.0) 2018 2017 Capital lease obligations: Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 124.4 $ 108.3 $ 38.6 88.9 $ 127.5 $ 31.6 78.9 $ 110.5 Depreciation expense for assets under capital lease was $36.7 million, $31.1 million and $27.2 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As described in Note 22, on January 1, 2019, we will adopt FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 842, Leases, or ASC 842, which requires that right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for all operating leases be recognized on the balance sheet. 17. Temporary Equity – Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Owners of noncontrolling equity interests in some of our subsidiaries have the right in certain circumstances to require us to purchase all or a portion of their equity interest at fair value as defined in the applicable agreements. Assuming that the subsidiaries perform over the relevant periods at their current profit levels, at December 31, 2018 the aggregate estimated maximum amount we could be required to pay in future periods is $244.3 million, of which $140.6 million is currently exercisable by the holders. If these rights are exercised, there would be an increase in net income attributable to Omnicom as a result of our increased ownership interest and the reduction of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. The ultimate amount paid could be significantly different because the redemption amount depends on the future results of operations of the subject businesses, the timing of the exercise of these rights and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. 18. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities In the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various legal proceedings. We do not presently expect that these proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. F-31 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) In December 2016, two of our subsidiaries received subpoenas from the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division concerning its ongoing investigation of video production and post-production practices in the advertising industry. In November 2018, the Company received confirmation that the investigation of the Company’s subsidiaries had been closed without any action taken against the Company, its subsidiaries or employees. 19. Equity Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) before Cash Flow Hedge $(29.5) Available- for-Sale Securities $(0.8) Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Postemployment Arrangements $(90.6) Foreign Currency Translation (1,235.1) $(1,356.0) Total reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 0.5 Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) before 3.2 (26.3) — (0.3) (7.2) 9.4 (88.4) 387.1 380.4 — (848.0) 12.6 (963.0) reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 7.3 (288.9) (281.6) Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 $(22.3) 0.3 $ — 11.8 $(69.3) — 16.1 $(1,136.9) $(1,228.5) In December 2016, we retired 100 million shares of our treasury stock, which reduced the number of common shares issued and treasury shares held. Upon retirement, the excess of the average cost of the treasury stock over the par value of the common stock was charged to retained earnings. The retirement of the treasury stock had no impact on shareholders’ equity or common stock outstanding. The retired treasury shares are included in the authorized but unissued common shares. 20. Fair Value Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): 2018 Assets: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable equity investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,652.4 5.5 1.5 Liabilities: Interest rate and foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent purchase price obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52.9 $146.5 2017 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable equity investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,796.0 0.4 1.4 Liabilities: Interest rate and foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent purchase price obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.0 $39.5 $215.6 $3,652.4 5.5 1.5 $ 52.9 146.5 $3,796.0 0.4 1.4 1.0 $ 39.5 215.6 F-32 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Changes in contingent purchase price obligations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revaluation and interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 215.6 85.8 (30.1) (100.3) (24.5) December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 146.5 2017 $ 386.1 31.9 (27.4) (187.0) 12.0 $ 215.6 The carrying amount and fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions): Assets: 2018 2017 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable equity investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-marketable equity investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate and foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent purchase price obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, including current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,652.4 5.5 1.5 11.8 — $ 8.1 52.9 146.5 4,883.7 $3,652.4 5.5 1.5 11.8 — $ 8.1 52.9 146.5 4,821.3 $3,796.0 0.4 1.4 14.4 1.0 $ 11.8 39.5 215.6 4,912.9 $3,796.0 0.4 1.4 14.4 1.0 $ 11.8 39.5 215.6 5,056.9 The estimated fair value of the foreign currency and interest rate derivative instruments is determined using model-derived valuations, taking into consideration foreign currency rates for the foreign currency derivatives and readily observable inputs for LIBOR interest rates and yield curves to derive the present value of the future cash flows for the interest rate derivatives and counterparty credit risk for each. The estimated fair value of the contingent purchase price obligations is calculated in accordance with the terms of each acquisition agreement and is discounted. The fair value of long-term debt is based on quoted market prices. 21. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk through various strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments. We use forward foreign exchange contracts as economic hedges to manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. We use interest rate swaps to manage our interest expense and structure our long-term debt portfolio to achieve a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Using derivatives exposes us to the risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. We manage that risk through careful selection and ongoing evaluation of the counterparty financial institutions based on specific minimum credit standards and other factors. We evaluate the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and other relevant market risks on our derivatives. We periodically determine the potential loss from market risk on our derivatives by performing a value-at-risk, or VaR, analysis. VaR is a statistical model that uses historical currency exchange and interest rate data to measure the potential impact on future earnings of our derivative financial instruments assuming normal market conditions. The VaR model is not intended to represent actual losses but is used as a risk estimation and management tool. Based on the results of the model, we estimate with 95% confidence a maximum one-day change in the net fair value of our derivative financial instruments at December 31, 2018 was not significant. F-33 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Foreign Currency Exchange Risk As an integral part of our global treasury operations, we centralize our cash and use multicurrency pools, and to a lesser extent forward foreign exchange contracts, to manage the foreign currency exchange risk that arises from imbalances between subsidiaries and their respective treasury centers from which they borrow or invest funds. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts and at December 31, 2017, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $92.8 million. In addition, there are circumstances where revenue and expense transactions are not denominated in the same currency. In these instances, amounts are either promptly settled or hedged with forward foreign exchange contracts. To manage that risk, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $86.1 million and $136.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net fair value of the forward foreign contracts at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was a current liability of $0.1 million and a current asset of $0.9 million, respectively. Foreign currency derivatives are designated as fair value hedges; therefore, any gain or loss in fair value incurred on those instruments is recorded in results of operations and is generally offset by decreases or increases in the fair value of the underlying exposures. By using these financial instruments, we reduced financial risk of adverse foreign exchange changes by foregoing any gain which might have occurred if the markets moved favorably. The terms of our forward foreign exchange contracts are generally less than 90 days. Interest Rate Risk We use interest rate swaps to manage our interest cost and structure our long-term debt portfolio to achieve a mix of fixed rate and floating rate debt. Based on market conditions, we may terminate the swaps to reduce our exposure to rising interest rates or to monetize any gain and lock in a reduction in interest expense. Gains or losses on termination will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the underlying debt. The total notional amount of the outstanding fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps at December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $1.25 billion. See Note 7 for a discussion of our interest rate swaps. 22. New Accounting Standards On January 1, 2019, we will adopt ASC 842, which requires that all right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet. As permitted by ASC 842, we elected the adoption date of January 1, 2019, which is the date of initial application. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2019 will not be restated and will continue to be reported under ASC Topic 840, Leases, or ASC 840. Under ASC 842, all leases are classified as either operating leases or finance leases. The lease classification affects the expense recognition in the income statement. Operating lease expense is recorded in operating expenses and finance lease expense is recorded as amortization of the right-of-use asset and interest expense. We will adopt ASC 842 using a modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at January 1, 2019. Substantially all our real estate leases are operating leases. Accordingly, the adoption of ASC 842 will have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet, but will not have any impact on our consolidated income statement. The most significant impact will be the recognition of the right-of-use asset and the lease liability for operating leases. The accounting for finance leases (capital leases) is substantially unchanged. Upon adoption, leases that were classified as operating leases under ASC 840 will be classified as operating leases under ASC 842 and we will record right-of-use assets and the related lease liability. The lease liability will be based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments discounted using our secured incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of January 1, 2019 using the original lease term as the tenor. Based on current foreign exchange rates, the lease liability will be approximately $1.6 billion. As permitted under ASC 842, upon adoption we will elect a package of practical expedients that allows us not to reassess (1) whether a contract is or contains a lease, (2) the lease classification and (3) whether previously capitalized costs continue to qualify as initial indirect costs. The use of the package of practical expedients will not have a significant impact on the measurement of the operating lease liability. F-34 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, or ASU 2016-13, which changes the impairment model for most financial assets. The new model uses a forward-looking expected loss method, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. However, we are not yet in a position to assess the impact of the new standard on our results of operations or financial position. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, or ASU 2018-02, which requires the reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects arising from the change in the reduction of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35%. The tax effects of items included in accumulated comprehensive income at December 31, 2017 do not reflect the appropriate tax rate. ASU 2018-02 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt ASU 2018-02 on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 will result in an immaterial reclassification between accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings, and will have no impact on our results of operations or financial position. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, Internal-Use Software, or ASU 2018- 15, which aligns the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. ASU 2018-15 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted at any interim period. ASU 2018-15 may be adopted either on a prospective basis upon early adoption or the effective date for implementation costs for new or existing arrangements incurred on or after the adoption date, or on a full retrospective basis to the earliest period presented. We are not yet in a position to assess the adoption date or the adoption method or to assess impact of the new standard on our results of operations or financial position. 23. Subsequent Events We have evaluated events subsequent to the balance sheet date and determined there have not been any events that have occurred that would require adjustment to or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements. F-35 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (In millions, except per share amounts) The unaudited selected quarterly financial data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were: First Second Third Fourth Quarter Revenue 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,629.6 3,587.4 $3,859.6 3,790.1 $3,714.3 3,719.5 $4,086.7 4,176.6 Operating Expenses 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,207.9 3,171.7 3,277.3 3,218.6 3,212.0 3,249.3 3,459.5 3,550.1 Operating Profit 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Per Share Omnicom Group Inc. – Basic 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income Per Share Omnicom Group Inc. – Diluted 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.7 415.7 264.1 241.8 1.15 1.03 1.14 1.02 582.3 571.5 364.2 328.6 1.61 1.41 1.60 1.40 502.3 470.2 298.9 263.6 1.33 1.14 1.32 1.13 627.2 626.5 399.2 254.4 1.78 1.10 1.77 1.09 F-36 OMNICOM GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 (In millions) Description Valuation accounts deducted from assets: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Balance Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Removal of Uncollectible Receivables Translation Adjustment Increase (Decrease) Balance End of Period December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.1 24.9 22.5 $11.8 15.1 10.2 $(16.8) (8.2) (7.4) $(0.3) 0.3 (0.4) $26.8 32.1 24.9 S-1 Omnicom Financial Performance Return On Equity 2009 to 2018 — 10 Year Average 34.8% 60% 40% 20% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cumulative Percentage of Net Income Returned to Shareholders — 2009 to 2018 ($in billions) $12 $9 $6 $3 98% $1.6 101% $2.6 1.9 0.7 2010 2011 23% $0.8 2009 109% $3.6 2.8 1.1 2012 104% $10.3 6.8 107% $9.0 6.2 108% $7.9 5.6 110% $6.8 5.1 110% $5.7 4.4 104% $4.6 3.3 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Percentage of Cumulative Net Income Returned to Shareholders – Cumulative Dividends Paid plus Cumulative Cost of Net Shares Repurchased divided by Cumulative Net Income. Cumulative Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. Cumulative Cost of Net Shares Repurchased – Repurchases of common stock less proceeds from stock plans. Cumulative Dividends Paid. Past performance does not guarantee future results. This Annual Report to Shareholders contains forward-looking statements, and actual results could differ materially. Risk factors that could cause actual results to differ are set forth in the “Risk Factors” section and throughout our 2018 Form 10-K, which is included in this Annual Report. Omnicom Financial Highlights (In millions, except per share amounts) Operating Data: Revenue Operating Profit Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. Net Income Per Share – Omnicom Group Inc.: Basic Diluted Dividends Per Share 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 $15,290.2 2,133.5 1,326.4 $15,273.6 2,083.8 1,088.4 $15,416.9 2,030.5 1,148.6 $15,134.4 1,920.1 1,093.9 $15,317.8 1,944.1 1,104.0 $5.95 5.83 $2.40 $4.68 4.65 $2.25 $4.80 4.78 $2.15 $4.43 4.41 $2.00 $4.27 4.24 $1.90 In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced Net Income – Omnicom Group Inc. by $106.3 million and Diluted Net Income Per Share – Omnicom Group Inc. by $0.45. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. PERFORMANCE GRAPH The graph below compares the cumulative total return on our common stock during the last five fiscal years with the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Index and a peer group of publicly held corporate communications and marketing holding companies. The peer group consists of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc., WPP plc and Publicis Groupe SA. The graph shows the value at the end of each year of each $100 invested in our common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the peer group. The graph assumes the reinvestment of dividends. Returns depicted in the graph are not indicative of future performance. Comparison of Cumulative Five Year Return $200 $150 $100 $50 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Omnicom Group, Inc. S&P 500 Index Peer Group Board Of Directors Officers Omnicom JOHN D. WREN Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Omnicom Group Inc. LEONARD S. COLEMAN, JR.‡ Former Senior Advisor, Major League Baseball, Former Chairman, Arena Co. ALAN R. BATKIN Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Converse Associates, Inc. MARY C. CHOKSI Former Founding Partner and Senior Manager, Strategic Investment Group ROBERT CHARLES CLARK Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Law School SUSAN S. DENISON Former Partner, Cook Associates RONNIE S. HAWKINS Managing Director, Global Infrastructure Partners DEBORAH J. KISSIRE Former Vice Chair and Regional Managing Partner, EY GRACIA C. MARTORE Former President and Chief Executive Officer, TEGNA Inc. LINDA JOHNSON RICE Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Johnson Publishing Company LLC and Fashion Fair Cosmetics VALERIE M. WILLIAMS Former Southwest Assurance Managing Partner, EY ‡ Lead Independent Director JOHN D. WREN Chairman and Chief Executive Officer PHILIP J. ANGELASTRO Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer ASIT MEHRA Executive Vice President JONATHAN B. NELSON Chief Executive Officer, Omnicom Digital JANET RICCIO Executive Vice President RITA E. RODRIGUEZ Executive Vice President PETER K. SHERMAN Executive Vice President ANDREW L. CASTELLANETA Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer CRAIG CUYAR Senior Vice President and Global Chief Information Officer ERIC HUTTNER Senior Vice President - Finance and Assistant Treasurer STEPHEN MEDHURST Senior Vice President of Treasury – Europe and Asia MICHAEL J. O’BRIEN Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary MAEVE C. ROBINSON Senior Vice President - Finance and Assistant Treasurer PETER L. SWIECICKI Senior Vice President, Finance and Controller TIFFANY R. WARREN Senior Vice President and Chief Diversity Officer JOHN C. WYNNE Senior Vice President – Tax Committees Of The Board AUDIT Mary C. Choksi, Chair Robert Charles Clark Deborah J. Kissire Gracia C. Martone Valerie M. Williams COMPENSATION Susan S. Denison, Chair Alan R. Batkin Mary C. Choksi Leonard S. Coleman, Jr. Linda Johnson Rice FINANCE Leonard S. Coleman, Jr., Chair Alan R. Batkin Ronnie S. Hawkins Deborah J. Kissire Valerie M. Williams GOVERNANCE Robert Charles Clark, Chair Leonard S. Coleman, Jr. Susan S. Denison Ronnie S. Hawkins Gracia C. Martore Linda Johnson Rice Omnicom Corporate Information PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICES OMNICOM GROUP INC. 437 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 Tel: (212) 415-3600 OMNICOM GROUP INC. 1055 Washington Boulevard Stamford, Connecticut 06901 Tel: (203) 618-1500 OMNICOM GROUP INC. 525 Okeechobee Boulevard Suite 870 West Palm Beach, Florida 33411 Tel: (561) 207-2200 OMNICOM EUROPE LIMITED Bankside 3 90-100 Southwark Street London, SE1 0SW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7298 7007 OMNICOM ASIA PACIFIC – SINGAPORE Creative Centre at Pico Lobby B Level 8 20 Kallang Avenue Singapore 339411 Tel: +65 6671 4417 OMNICOM ASIA PACIFIC – BEIJING Unit 1552 Yintai Office Tower No. 2 Jianguomenwai Avenue Chaoyang, Beijing 100022 P.R. China Tel: +86 10 6563 7953 www.omnicomgroup.com Printed on Recycled Paper ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held on Monday, May 20, 2019, at 10 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time at C Space 290 Congress Street 7th Floor Boston, Massachusetts 02210 SEC CERTIFICATIONS The certifications by the Chief Executive Officer and President and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Omnicom Group Inc., required under Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, have been filed as exhibits to the company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. NYSE CERTIFICATION After the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, Omnicom intends to file with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) the CEO certification regarding Omnicom’s compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards as required by NYSE rule 303A.12. Last year, the Chief Executive Officer and President of Omnicom submitted this certification to the NYSE on June 21, 2018 STOCK LISTING Omnicom common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The ticker symbol is OMC. TRANSFER AGENT & REGISTRAR Equiniti Trust Company EQ Shareowner Services PO Box 64854, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0854 www.shareowneronline.com INVESTOR SERVICES PROGRAM An Investor Services Program, which includes direct stock purchase and dividend reinvestment features, is available to shareholders of record and other interested investors. For further information, please contact EQ Shareowner Services at 800.468.9716 or go to www.shareowneronline.com. STOCK TRANSFER MATTERS/CHANGE OF ADDRESS To assist you in handling matters relating to stock transfer or change of address, please write to or call our transfer agent: EQ Shareowner Services PO Box 64854, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0854 800.468.9716 Or, by courier to: EQ Shareowner Services 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101 Mendota Heights, Minnesota 55120-4100 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS KPMG LLP 345 Park Avenue New York, New York 10154 

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