PepsiCo
Annual Report 2008

Plain-text annual report

Corporate Headquarters PepsiCo, Inc. 700 Anderson Hill Road Purchase, NY 10577 www.pepsico.com WE ARE Performance WITH Purpose. P e p s i C o , I n c . 2 0 0 8 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2008 Annual Report EvEry GEnEration rEfrEshEs thE world As PepsiCo refreshes its beverages, snacks and foods for new generations, we dem- onstrate in many ways that “We are Performance with Purpose.” This year’s report features employees, customers and business partners around the world who helped PepsiCo grow under adverse conditions—and stay focused on future opportunities. To represent this perspective, we invited children of PepsiCo associates across our global operations to show us how our products look through the eyes of future consumers. We’re proud to feature some of these drawings on our annual report cover. To view more of these drawings, please go to www.pepsico.com. There’s much more to PepsiCo’s great-tasting beverages, snacks and foods than meets the eye. Around the world, our people come to work each day ready to perform with purpose. Together, we create the fun, refreshing and nourishing experiences consumers enjoy. In 2008 we faced market pressures that demonstrated the strength of our Performance with Purpose mission—and the power of our people. As costs increased and local economies weakened, customers and consumers held their breath. We met these challenges head-on. By channeling our knowledge, creativity and determination, we continued our legacy of growth and gave consumers powerful new reasons to choose our beverages, snacks and foods. CONTENTS 2 Financial Highlights 8 North America 4 Letter to Shareholders 18 Latin America 24 Europe 30 India 36 China 41 Financial Contents 97 PepsiCo Board of Directors 98 PepsiCo Executive Committee PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report  Core Earnings Per Share* $3.68 $3.37 $3.01 Management Operating Cash Flow** (in millions) $4,551 $4,651 $4,065 06 07 08 06 07 08 *See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. **See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. Cumulative Total Shareholder Return Return on PepsiCo stock investment (including dividends), the S&P 500 and the S&P Average of Industry Groups.*** PepsiCo, Inc. S&P 500® S&P® Average of Industry Groups*** 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ***The S&P Average of Industry Groups is derived by weighting the returns of two applicable S&P Industry Groups (Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Food) by PepsiCo’s sales in its beverage and foods businesses. The returns for PepsiCo, the S&P 500, and the S&P Average indices are calculated through December 31, 2008. $100 PepsiCo, Inc. $100 S&P 500® S&P® Avg. of Industry Groups*** $100 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 $130 $ 90 $113 $175 $142 $138 $141 $135 $124 $131 $116 $107 $114 $111 $110 6% 8% 5% 9% 2% 1% 1% 10% 15% 87% $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Financial Highlights PepsiCo, Inc. and subsidiaries (in millions except per share data; all per share amounts assume dilution) Summary of Operations Total net revenue Core division operating profit (b) Core total operating profit (c) Core net income (d) Core earnings per share (d) Other Data 2008 2007 Chg(a) $43,251 $39,474 10% «$««8,475 $««8,025 $««7,824 $««7,253 $««5,887 $««5,587 $««÷3.68 $««÷3.37 Management operating cash flow (e) $««4,651 $««4,551 Net cash provided by operating activities $««6,999 $««6,934 Capital spending Common share repurchases Dividends paid Long-term debt $««2,446 $««2,430 $««4,720 $««4,300 $««2,541 $««2,204 $««7,858 $««4,203 (a) Percentage changes are based on unrounded amounts. (b) Excludes corporate unallocated expenses and restructuring and impairment charges. See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. (c) Excludes restructuring and impairment charges and the net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges. See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. (d) Excludes restructuring and impairment charges, our share of The Pepsi Bottling Group’s restructuring and impairment charge, the net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges and certain tax items. See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. (e) Includes the impact of net capital spending. Also, see “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis.  PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Management Operating Cash Flow** (in millions) PepsiCo Estimated Worldwide Retail Sales: $107 Billion IncludesestimatedretailsalesofallPepsiCoproducts, includingthosesoldbyourpartnersandfranchisedbottlers. PepsiCo Mega-Brands PepsiCo, Inc. has 18 mega-brands that generate $1 billion or more each in annual retail sales (estimated worldwide retail sales in billions). Mtn Dew Gatorade (Thirst Quencher, Tiger, G2, Propel) Pepsi-Cola 2008 Scorecard 3% Volume 10% Net Revenue 6% Core Division Operating Profit* 29% Lay’s Potato Chips Diet Pepsi Tropicana Beverages Doritos Tortilla Chips Lipton Teas (PepsiCo/Unilever Partnership) Quaker Foods and Snacks Cheetos Cheese Flavored Snacks PepsiCo, Inc. S&P 500® S&P® Average of Industry Groups*** 9% 12% Core Earnings Per Share* Total Return to Shareholders Core Return on Invested Capital* *See page 95 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP. 7UP (outside U.S.) Ruffles Potato Chips Aquafina Bottled Water Mirinda Tostitos Tortilla Chips Sierra Mist Walkers Potato Crisps Fritos Corn Chips $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report  Indra K. Nooyi Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Dear Fellow Shareholders, It is now two years since we introduced a new strategic mission to try to capture the heart and soul of PepsiCo. The simple but powerful idea of Performance with Purpose combines the two things that define what we do—growing the business, and acting as ethical and responsible citizens of the world. As I look back on 2008, I’m proud to report that Performance with Purpose is woven into the fabric of our company. Wherever we see success, we see both parts of our mission in action.  PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report All over the world, whether it’s Cedar Rapids or Calgary, Shanghai or São Paulo, Mexico City, Moscow or Mumbai, our associates draw strength and inspiration from this shared mission. This year’s annual report brings some of their stories to life. It shows how performance and purpose combine to great effect in everything we do. When times are tough it is especially important to be clear about your mission. By any measure, 2008 was a year of extremes, an incredibly volatile year. Easy credit turned into a credit crunch that left many businesses and consumers strapped for cash. The global economy lurched rapidly into recession. Oil prices approached $150 a barrel before returning back below $40. Corn, sugar, oats and other key commod­ ities saw significant price swings throughout the year. Global business was made harder by foreign exchange rates that fluctuated, at times wildly. The Dow Jones Index began 2008 above 13,000 and ended the year below 9,000. That dragged down even the strongest companies’ stock—including PepsiCo shares. All told, I can’t recall a more eventful or trying year. Not that I think pessimism is in order. The ingenuity of our company showed through again. All our teams of extraordinary people applied their can­do spirit and must­do sense of responsibility to meet the economic and market challenges head on. As a result, PepsiCo performed slightly better for the year than both the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500. I believe that’s because, while we can’t control market volatility, we remained focused on our strategies for growth, and that is why our underlying businesses continued to perform very well in 2008. We increased our dividend, continued our share repurchase program and positioned ourselves for even stronger performance as economic conditions improve. • Net revenue grew 10%. • Core division operating profit grew 6%.* • Cash flow from operations was $7 billion. • Core return on invested capital was 29%. • Core EPS grew 9%.* In PepsiCo Americas Foods we had another year of strong growth to both the top and the bottom lines. That is testament to our strong brands and our efficient go­to­market systems. This year brought unprece­ dented cost inflation, but we carefully adjusted our pricing and the weights and package formats across our brands to find the right solution for each channel, each market, each customer and each consumer. The year presented some other unexpected problems that we coped with well. Our flagship Quaker plant in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, experienced a major flood but returned to normal production levels by year­end. In Latin America, our Brazil snacks business overcame a fire at one of our major plants to perform really well. We also refreshed the product portfolio. Frito­Lay North America introduced TrueNorth nut snacks and entered a joint venture that offers Sabra refrigerated dips. Some of our established products powered on. The Quaker business and our market-leading Sabritas and Gamesa brands helped us generate tremendous growth. On these strengths, PepsiCo Americas Foods increased revenues by 11 percent and core operating profit by 10 percent.* PepsiCo Americas Beverages had a difficult year. In North America, our beverage volume was not immune to the overall category weakness triggered by the weak U.S. economy. As a result, PepsiCo Americas Beverages revenues declined by 1 percent and core operating profit fell by 7 percent.* But PepsiCo has proved time and again our skill in anticipating and responding to market changes and consumer preferences. Liquid refreshment beverages in the United States declined in 2008 for the first time in more than 50 years. We acted quickly and decisively to refresh the category. We refreshed the look of our iconic brands Pepsi-Cola, Mtn Dew, Sierra Mist and Gatorade. In Latin America, where we achieved strong results, we introduced SoBe Life, the world’s first beverage made with PureViaTM, an all­natural, zero­calorie sweetener; and early in 2009, we launched SoBe Lifewater with PureVia in the United States. *For a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP, see page 95. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report   We are investing aggressively to keep our total beverage portfolio relevant to consumers of all ages. In non-carbonated beverages, we are working to deliver the right value for the money, to identify untapped thirst occasions and to deliver even more health benefits. We added vitamins to our Gatorade sublines; and this year we will introduce a new Trop50 orange juice beverage, with half the calories of orange juice, great nutritional benefits and the natural sweetness of PureVia. We have a great portfolio that gives us all confi- dence. And we have reexamined how that portfolio connects with today’s world. We have brought two things together—the fun and bubbles of our car- bonated beverages that people really love, and the symbols and experiences of today’s online world. Our re-branding strategy sets an irresistible tone of joy, optimism and energy. Those are three words that I always want to be associated with PepsiCo. PepsiCo International’s balanced and diverse snack and beverage portfolio had a good year. It delivered strong growth from treats to healthy eats. This thriving business spans Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Australia, serving 86 percent of the world’s population. With per-capita consumption still relatively low in many of these markets, we have a strong opportunity to drive sales ahead of GDP growth. This year we broadened our beverage portfolio by partnering with The Pepsi Bottling Group to acquire Russia’s leading juice company, Lebedyansky, by acquiring V Water in the United Kingdom and by expanding our successful Lipton Tea partnership with Unilever. In the snack business, we acquired Bulgaria’s leading nuts and seeds producer, and we introduced a variety of local flavors, including Lay’s Shashlyk in Russia and Lay’s Cool Blueberry in China. In India, we introduced Kurkure Naughty Tomato and Lay’s Balsamic Blast and Spunky Pimento flavors; and our Doritos brand helped drive volume in the Middle East and South Africa. Together, these initiatives helped PepsiCo International revenues grow by 19 percent and core operating profit by 16 percent.* To sustain our worldwide growth, we announced significant investments in key countries like Brazil, India, Mexico and China. In India and Brazil, we are combining capacity expansion and research and development (R&D) with sustainability efforts as we grow in those regions. Building on a brand history of more than 100 years in Mexico, we are invest- ing over the next five years in R&D, manufacturing and distribution, marketing and advertising. And in China—one of our fastest-growing markets—we are funding capacity expansion, R&D, increased distribu- tion, brand building, agricultural sustainability and resource conservation. All over the company, we have Performance with Purpose as our mission. And the way we achieve it, all over the world, is always to encourage new ways of working. Innovation is our lifeblood—it drives success in all our businesses. That is why we implemented a Productivity for Growth initiative across all sections of our business. Over the next three years, our productivity measures are expected to cumulatively free up more than $1.2 billion. That money will allow us to step up invest- ments in long-term product development, innovation and brand building. Our productivity savings will also enhance our operating agility and create some breathing room to respond to the changing economic environment. And, as long as that innovation is driven through the company, we will deliver the demands of Performance with Purpose. 2008 was a year in which our mission could easily have been abandoned. The extraordinary circum- stances would have resulted in it being abandoned if it were not already embedded into our culture. So, during 2008 we stayed true to our beliefs, even as the backdrop got tougher. For example, we never took our eyes off the sustainability agenda that underpins our commercial success. We have now driven sustainability all the way through the business. It is a part of what we do, not an addition to what we do. To promote human sustainability, we worked within World Health Organization policies to teach  PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report *For a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure in accordance with GAAP, see page 95.  And we are always facing the future, looking for new ways of working, new ways of making good on the promise of Performance with Purpose. What you see in these pages is an account of the immediate past with some sense of how it brought us to the present. But the essential point about our company, the thing that makes us successful year in, year out, is that we are always thinking about the future. To celebrate the future generation, we asked the children of our associates around the world to draw their favorite PepsiCo products. Some of these drawings are featured on this annual report’s cover, demonstrating that we’re growing in ways that nurture, sustain and inspire people. A great company is a place where people come together, with a purpose in common. By defining that purpose, by trying to bottle it, we are bound together. That is the message you see on every page of this report. It is full of stories and portraits that truly demonstrate the deeply personal, emotional connection our associates have made to Performance with Purpose. In any language, our associates will tell you, “We are Performance with Purpose.” Please join us on this trip around the globe, and see for yourself why I’m so inspired by the great things we’ve accomplished together—and so excited about the many opportunities that still lie ahead. Indra K. Nooyi Chairman and Chief Executive Officer children the benefits of nutrition and inspire them to be more active. This work complements and extends our success in transforming our broad portfolio of beverages, snacks and foods, to ensure it delivers everything from treats to healthy eats. To sustain the environment for future generations, we stepped up our global efforts to conserve water and energy and worked on lightweighting our pack- ages, starting with new packaging for Aquafina that contains 35 percent less plastic. To sustain our world-class talent, we’re developing “PepsiCo University,” a new learning management system that brings together functional and leadership training for associates around the world. Our Performance with Purpose mission is not confined to PepsiCo associates alone. Even retired members of the PepsiCo family have joined our purpose movement, banding together as the PepsiCo Service Corps to further our goals and ideals in the communities we serve. Such a resolute performance and such a focus on our purpose is why I have such confidence in this company for the future. Nobody can predict exactly how the global economic slowdown will affect specific markets in 2009, or how consumers will respond to the pressures they face. But we’ve shown we have the competitive strengths, the right strategies and the tenacity to maintain our competitive edge. We have to remember the deep brand value we have. In good times and bad, people view our prod- ucts as simple, affordable pleasures that keep them nourished and refreshed. Worldwide, our retail part- ners consider us a strategic partner whose powerful go-to-market systems deliver strong brands and fast-selling products that help them generate healthy cash flow. We’re led by an experienced management team that has proven it can address hyperinflation, currency devaluation and political turmoil as it keeps us growing. We’re sustained by the associates, customers and business partners who help us deliver fun, nourishment and refreshment each day. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report  We are Performance with Purpose.  PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report  Pepsi’s marketing team puts the spotlight on the brand’s new logo. We’re giving consumers more to smile about. Today, people want beverages to deliver more than great taste. They seek an experience that refreshes their outlook, stimulates their senses and inspires hope and optimism. Our North America Beverages team is meeting the chal- lenge. We’ve introduced a new look, refreshed packaging and campaigns that put the romance back in our ice-cold, bubbly Pepsi, Mtn Dew and Sierra Mist. Together, we’re revitalizing our carbonated beverage brands and inspiring people of all generations to return to this simple pleasure. Pepsi-Cola is returning to the center of popular culture, where it has energized new generations for years. Our new logo reinterprets the core Pepsi experience for today’s social networking and text message enthusiasts, with smiles, winks and laughs that convey the essence of refreshment. A new marketing campaign connects millennials with boomers through a call for positive change that invites every genera- tion to go out and refresh the world. And our new packaging sets the standard for simplicity on the street and on the store shelf, where our products truly come to life. 10 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our new store shelf lineup brings your favorite PepsiCo soft drinks to life. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 11 We’re taking sports drinks to more playing fields. For years, Gatorade Thirst Quencher has led the performance drink category by helping elite football, baseball and basket- ball players keep their competitive edge. These days, a new sport and exercise culture is emerging. Active people of all shapes and sizes are challenging themselves on their own terms to reach their own goals. In 2008, Gatorade changed the game we invented by redefining what it means to be an athlete. We asked ourselves how a sports drink can become a catalyst for better minds and bodies, and we launched Gatorade Tiger and G2, a low- calorie sports beverage. But our innovation didn’t stop there. Building on our record of improving the nutritional profile of our products, we’ve enhanced our newest product identities like “Bring It” by adding B vitamins and “Be Tough” by adding vitamin E. Then we reenergized our entire Gatorade portfolio by combining new branding, marketing and package design. The new campaign encourages sports enthusiasts to tap into their G—the heart, hustle and soul of the athlete. Our newest product identities will help differ- entiate this mega-brand in today’s marketplace and inspire sports enthusiasts to keep pushing beyond their comfort zone to achieve their full potential. 12 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Gatorade’s new ad campaign inspires sports enthusiasts to tap into their “G.” Tropicana’s experienced fruit inspectors have a discriminating eye for freshness and quality. We’re bringing the grove to your breakfast table. People trust the Tropicana brand to bring them nutritious, all-natural, great-tasting products. As the category leader, we’re taking bold steps to “re-present” Tropicana juices in a refreshing new way. Our “Squeeze, it’s a natural” campaign builds an emotional connection by reminding people of the goodness we bring by hand selecting the highest-quality oranges and squeezing them into every carton. Each time consumers pour an eight-ounce glass of Tropicana Pure Premium, they receive two full servings of fruit and a full-day supply of vitamin C, and it’s a good source of folate and potassium. Tropicana Pure Premium is 100 percent orange, squeezed from fresh oranges with no added sugar. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 13 We brought the world the first naturally sweetened, zero- calorie beverage. For years, we’ve searched for a natural sweetener that would help consumers cut back on calories without giving up on flavor. The quest is over. This year, we introduced SoBe Lifewater with PureVia, a new zero-calorie, enhanced water beverage that doesn’t compromise on taste. Derived from the leaf of the stevia plant, PureVia yields a clean, consistent taste that purists love. The three new zero-calorie SoBe Lifewater flavors—Fuji Apple Pear, Black and Blue Berry and Yumberry Pomegranate—also boast a unique mix of antioxidant vitamins C and E, essential B vitamins and herbal ingredients. Following our successful launch of SoBe Life in Peru, the new line of zero-calorie SoBe Lifewater is break- ing ground as the first PepsiCo product in the U.S. market to feature PureVia sweetener. It’s the latest example of product innovation from a brand that continues to redefine the water beverage category. 14 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report The SoBe team hit the mark with a new great-tasting, zero-calorie naturally sweetened beverage. Our Frito-Lay marketing and research teams found their true north—and broadened our snack portfolio. We shook up the nut aisle. As a world leader in snacks, we wanted people to enjoy the health benefits of traditional nuts in new ways. Our Frito-Lay marketing and research teams turned this passion for nuts into an innovative new snack with great taste and nutrition. We started by asking, “Why can’t a nut be crunchier, crispier and tastier, without sacrificing any of its simple, natural qualities?” And we combined great-tasting, nutritious almonds, peanuts, pistachios, pecans or walnuts with unique shapes, textures and tastes to create totally new snacking experiences, all with 100 percent natural ingredients. With TrueNorth, we elevated the simple nut into surprising snacks—nut clusters and nut crisps. Since the product launched in early 2008, millions of health nuts have found their own all- consuming passion—their true north—in nut snacks that are delightfully crunchy, crispy, tasty and satisfying. TrueNorth joins a family of nut and seed brands that gives PepsiCo a sizable share of a $2.4 billion packaged nut and seed category that is growing by 4 percent a year. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 15 We’re investing in a healthier future. As we broaden the PepsiCo portfolio, we are tapping into Americans’ growing appetite for healthier foods and snacks. They want snacks that satisfy them on a variety of occasions— whether they’re entertaining friends, serving their families or enjoying a healthier indulgence. We seized this opportunity through an independent joint venture with the Strauss Group to operate Sabra Dipping Company, LLC. Now Sabra is bringing consumers a variety of delightfully smooth Mediterranean dips and spreads. Sabra hummus tastes great with Stacy’s Pita Chips and complements our Frito-Lay snack lineup by providing a healthier snack with zero trans fat and zero cholesterol per serving. Sabra is leading the refrigerated dips category—and has plenty of room to grow. We are investing in a new, state-of-the- art production plant that seeks to bring more than 200 new jobs to Virginia. Sabra will use today’s most advanced technologies to develop innovative new products that satisfy growing demand for these top-selling hummus dips. Busy moms can serve their children a healthier afternoon snack of fresh-tasting Sabra with Stacy’s Pita Chips. 16 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our 1,100 associates in Cedar Rapids worked heroically to bring their flooded plant back on line. We were a beacon of hope in a time of adversity. In June, the river near our Quaker plant in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, reached its highest point in a century, and a devastating flood ravaged the community and temporarily closed our flagship plant. Six days after evacuation, we lit the iconic Quaker Oats sign atop our plant to provide a beacon of hope for our team and a light of optimism for our local community. With the hard work and dedication of all 1,100 employees at the plant, we began cleanup efforts and started limited production just a few weeks later. The entire Quaker team worked tirelessly, temporarily moving some production to other Quaker-owned facilities or contract manufacturing operations. By the fall we were back to full production at home in Cedar Rapids. Through this challenging year, we did not take our eye off opportunities for new, innovative products, such as Quaker High Fiber Oatmeal. Not only is it a great addition to our oatmeal line, it also has the added benefit of fiber, supplying 40 percent of the daily value to help Americans meet their dietary fiber requirements. This new product is really catching on, with consumers trying it and coming back for more. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 17 Somos Desempeño con Sentido.* 18 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report *We are Performance with Purpose. Somos Desempeño con Sentido.* PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 19 Our team in Curitiba, Brazil, planted the seeds for greener growth. 20 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report We turned crisis into opportunity. On the last day of 2007, a fire destroyed our major snack facility in Curitiba, wiping out about 35 percent of our snack capacity in Brazil. With no time to spare, we assembled a team of experts from across our organization and challenged them to take care of our people, restore our capacity and preserve market share. Very quickly, we increased production at our remaining Brazilian plants by running them around the clock. We also stepped up production of our best-selling Elma Chips, and focused promotions exclusively on our best innovation bet— our new baked Sensações ao Forno brand. Within 45 days, we secured capacity from another facility that could make up for some of the lost capacity. A dedicated team from Curitiba then left their homes and families and traveled 396 km (246 miles) to get the newly acquired plant up and running. Thanks to the can-do spirit and responsibility of our 9,000 employees across Brazil, our volume for the total region actually increased. And today we’re ready to grow even more, and to grow responsibly as we rebuild the Curitiba plant. We planted a tree to symbolize the environmental sustainability attributes of the new plant. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 21 We’re driving less and selling more. When you reach for a PepsiCo product, you probably don’t think about everything we do to move snacks efficiently from the manufacturing plant to the point of sale. At our Sabritas business in Mexico, that’s a priority. We’re working at every link of the supply chain to get more from our equipment, reduce our deliv- ery costs and save fuel. We’re bundling products at our plants to reduce handling. And at our distribution center, our new multi-bag handling process ensures that our large-capacity vans are always loaded with pre-filled racks containing a full variety of our snack products. Our new system now spans seven production plants, more than 180 distribution centers and over 6,500 routes in Mexico. And our route sales represen- tatives are seeing the difference. By reducing time per call and loading time at the distribution centers, we now have the time to visit four more customers daily on each route. As a result, we’ve seen sales per route increase by 29 percent and route efficiency improve by 34 percent. Less driving also means lower fuel costs, less energy consumption and a greener environment. With this much success, it’s no wonder multi-bag handling is catching on across our entire company. Our Sabritas route sales representatives make fuel efficiency their calling card. 22 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our multicultural marketing team works with our ethnic advisory boards to extend our brands to a diverse range of consumers. P h o t o N o t F I N A L We’re sharing cultural insights to deliver authentic products. A decade ago, PepsiCo’s multicultural marketing team tapped the expertise of our ethnic advisory boards to provide valuable external viewpoints that bring greater diversity to our products, our supplier base and our workforce. When the Latino/hispanic Advisory Board in the United States visited Mexico for a board meeting, they saw that the popular Sabritones snacks would hit home with the grow­ ing number of Latinos/hispanics living north of the U.S. border. they shared their product, market and cultural insights with the Sabritones team in Mexico. then they visited restaurants and small retail outlets in Latino/hispanic communities to uncover the authentic flavors that would connect consumers to their homeland. They also tasted newly developed flavors, identified community influencers and guided the team toward greater authenticity in everything from advertising to packaging. In the process, they created a template for multicultural outreach that has become an industry best practice. this year we expanded the program by targeting the conven­ ience stores that anchor many Latino/hispanic communities. We worked with a large chain to introduce special point­of­purchase displays that position our products for Latino/hispanic consum­ ers. In 2008, the program reached more than 50 percent of the chain’s regional stores, driving sales of Sabritones up 11 percent. These strong results reflect the product’s popularity with Latinos/ hispanics—and also with a diverse range of people whose tastes extend across different cultures. And early in 2009, we are launch­ ing a whole new line of Sabritas chips in the United States, with authentic flavors that include Chile Piquín and Habanero Limón. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 23 * 24 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report *We are Performance with Purpose. * PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 25 26 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report We welcomed the Lebedyansky family of juices and nectars to our expanding beverage portfolio. We found a natural fit in Russia. As Russia’s middle class expands, more families are discovering the good taste and health benefits of natural juices and nectars. And over the last decade, the juice segment has grown by double digits in this important emerging market. Last year, PepsiCo and The Pepsi Bottling Group turned this market trend into opportunity when we welcomed Lebedyansky, Russia’s leading producer of branded juices, to our fast-growing interna- tional system. With Lebedyansky, 6,000 dedicated associates joined the PepsiCo family, bringing their commitment to innova- tion, sustainability and a results-driven entrepreneurial culture that is a natural fit with the PepsiCo system. While Russians have enjoyed Pepsi-Cola for nearly 35 years, Lebedyansky transformed our beverage system by adding its market leadership in natural juices and nectars to our full lineup of carbonated and non- carbonated mega-brands. Together with The Pepsi Bottling Group, we increased our market position in juices from sixth to first in Russia, and from fourth to first in Europe. And as Russia’s new leader in the liquid refreshment beverage category, we’ll continue to expand our portfolio. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 27 Associates in the Pepsi Lipton International partnership are taking worldwide distribution to new heights. We joined forces to attract more customers. Ready-to-drink tea is a fast-growing beverage category, and our partnership with Unilever combines the best-selling Lipton tea brand with PepsiCo’s strength in product development, bottling, distribution and marketing. Last year we expanded our relationship by adding 11 countries—including eight in Europe—to the Pepsi Lipton International network. When the team joined together in France, we welcomed 30 new associates from Unilever. Even with our market-leading position in ready-to-drink teas in France, we asked ourselves how we could jump-start the category’s growth. We applied our marketing know-how to reposition the brand, by reminding people of the refreshment, great taste and natural ingredients that make Lipton a great on-the-go beverage. During our initial year, 23 million cases of our Lipton ready-to-drink tea passed through the PepsiCo France system. Working together, we grew volume and returned Lipton ready- to-drink tea to a growth business in France. We also improved customer service and consolidated our ware- house system to reduce costs. While we were extending the partnership in Europe and beyond, we’ve been innovating in the United States to bring new beverage offerings to consumers. This year we’ll introduce a new Lipton Sparkling Green Tea that brings together the goodness of green tea and the joy of bubbles; and we’ll launch a Lipton tea product that helps improve focus and concentration. 28 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report We’re connecting to consumers in new ways. How do you capture the attention of four generations of consumers—each with its own ideas about thirst, hydration and taste, and even communication? In the United Kingdom, Walkers’ marketing team launched a promotion that raised the bar for in-store and online marketing. Our highly engaging Brit Trips campaign used a full 360-degree approach—with on-pack and in-store customer overlays, TV, radio and online advertising, and media partnerships—to attract more than four million visits to the Brit Trips website. As many as 600,000 consumers registered, earned points by buying Walkers crisps and redeemed them against offers for 10,000 trips—from hotels and historic houses to theme parks and restaurant lunches. The cam- paign helped Walkers deliver measurable gains in revenue, volume and share. And we deepened our relationship with consumers. More than 60 per- cent of participants opted to keep in touch with Walkers news through a digital newsletter. The Walkers ad campaign used digital communications to connect the British landscape with today’s online landscape. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 29 * 30 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report *We are Performance with Purpose. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 31 Several PepsiCo plants worldwide are using a mix of biofuels to make beverages and snacks from cleaner energy sources. 32 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report To increase our reliance on renewable energy sources, we built a wind turbine in India and are using solar power at several U.S. facilities. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 33 We’re making clean, renewable energy our future. At PepsiCo, performance meets purpose through sustainable practices that are good for business—and good for the envi- ronment. We’re investing in the future through programs that help us reduce energy costs, conserve more energy and use clean energy sources. Our India business built PepsiCo’s first remote wind turbine and connected it to the region’s electricity grid to make our operations more sustainable—and reduce our environmental footprint. Today, our wind turbine supplies more than two- thirds of the power our Mamandur beverage plant uses. It also has the potential to offset up to 5 percent of the electricity PepsiCo India uses in its company-owned bottling operations. And importantly, last year it reduced annual carbon emissions by an estimated 3,000 tons. It has the potential to save more than $200,000 per year. With our wind energy program, and investments in solar lighting and biomass boilers, more than 16 percent of the energy PepsiCo India used in company-owned plants during 2008 was derived from renewable sources. Water conservation is giving communities worldwide greater access to clean, safe drinking water. We’re conserving today for a better tomorrow. In 2003, we asked ourselves how our beverage manufacturing plants in India could achieve our goal of conserving more water than we use. By measuring and mapping water flows, we found new opportunities to recycle. We also began harvesting rain- water in most plants and worked with local farmers to develop far-reaching watershed management programs. Five years later, we’re using 55 percent less water in India, making a difference in a country where water is a scarce resource. The PepsiCo Foundation continues to develop sustainable partnerships and programs in the most underserved areas of the world to allow for access to secure, safe water. The Foundation has invested approximately $15 million in multiyear commitments to support key partners and programs focused on eliminating the water crisis. This work not only will provide safe water for people today, but also create sustainable and scalable models that will accelerate access to safe water and sanitation for hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. 34 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report We’re making Slim Cans to build personal connections. What does it take to bring a familiar favorite to life in refreshing new ways? In India, we began with a new “Slim Can” that stands out from the crowd—and embodies the individual spirit that drives today’s young adults. Then, we used the digital media to build connections and sustain the buzz. With the My Can My Style campaign, millennials could visit an online community and win prizes by express- ing their hopes, dreams, quirks, jokes, style and other personal details. And on college campuses across India, our Face for My Can promotion let students appear in and view videos and vote online for the person they wanted to see on the new Pepsi My Can. Today, young adults find new relevance in a stylish, affordable, on-the-go Pepsi-Cola they can call their own. The My Can My Style campaign attracted more than 500,000 online interactions, reintroduced Pepsi-Cola to a new genera- tion and helped increase local Pepsi volume by 5 percent. Teens in India are finding personal ways to connect with our brands. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 35 * 36 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report *We are Performance with Purpose. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 37 38 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our R&D team in Shanghai infuses our mega-brands with local flavors. We help create the flavors you can’t resist. In markets around the world, our research and development teams support our growth by turning our global brands into local favorites. We work closely with local master chefs who understand the preferred tastes and consumption patterns of people in specific regions and cultures. These insights then inspire us to extend our existing brands and invent new categories and flavors. Here’s how it works. In Asia, we learned that people strongly prefer beverages that contain natural ingredients. We responded by introducing Pepsi Raw with pure sugar cane. We also experimented with local flavor combinations to create Tropicana GuoBinFen, a new category of exotic mixed juices. This breakthrough non-carbonated beverage, available in Honey Melon & Jasmine and Orange & Honeysuckle, became PepsiCo International’s largest and most successful new product this year and helped us grow our market share in China’s major cities. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 39 Our China agriculture team teaches valuable lessons in water-efficient growth. We’re growing more crop per drop. We depend on a reliable flow of high-quality raw materials to keep products moving from the seed to the shelf. With fluctu- ating prices, weather conditions and other variables at play, we leverage our global scale and purchasing power to make smart buying and operating decisions. By developing regional procurement strategies, we can protect our supply chain and margins and support the growth of local economies. In the United States and many other regions, we contract with local growers to secure high-quality raw materials such as potatoes for our popular chip brands. But in China, we rent large land parcels and grow our own crops from the ground up. Our China strategy ensures quality and makes us less vulnerable to fluctuating commodities prices. It also opens many avenues to improve quality of life in local communities. Across the world, agriculture is responsible for more than 70 percent of water consumed, and this can be as high as 90 percent in developing economies like India and China. We’re introducing pivot and drip irrigation systems that reduce agricultural water consumption by up to 50 percent. And our agronomists are teaching more than 5,000 local farmers and university students the benefits of sustainable agriculture and advanced techniques they can use to manage our crops and build their own careers. 40 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Financial Contents Management’s Discussion and Analysis Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements OUR BUSINESS Executive Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Our Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Our Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Our Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Our Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Other Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Our Business Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 OUR CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES Revenue Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Brand and Goodwill Valuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Income Tax Expense and Accruals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Pension and Retiree Medical Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Recent Accounting Pronouncements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS Items Affecting Comparability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Results of Operations – Consolidated Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Results of Operations – Division Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Frito-Lay North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Quaker Foods North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Latin America Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 PepsiCo Americas Beverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 United Kingdom & Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Middle East, Africa & Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Our Liquidity and Capital Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Note 1 Basis of Presentation and Our Divisions . . . . . . . . . .70 Note 2 Our Significant Accounting Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Note 3 Restructuring and Impairment Charges . . . . . . . . . . .74 Note 4 Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Note 5 Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Note 6 Stock-Based Compensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans . . . . . . .80 Note 7 Note 8 Noncontrolled Bottling Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Note 9 Debt Obligations and Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Note 10 Financial Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Note 11 Net Income per Common Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Note 12 Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Note 13 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss . . . . . . . . .90 Note 14 Supplemental Financial Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Consolidated Statement of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. . . . . . . . . . .67 Consolidated Balance Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Consolidated Statement of Common Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 41 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Our Business Our discussion and analysis is an integral part of understanding our financial results. Definitions of key terms can be found in the glossary on page 96. Tabular dollars are presented in millions, except per share amounts. All per share amounts reflect common per share amounts, assume dilution unless noted, and are based on unrounded amounts. Percentage changes are based on unrounded amounts. executive Overview We are a leading global beverage, snack and food company. We manufacture or use contract manufacturers, market and sell a variety of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods in approxi- mately 200 countries, with our largest operations in North America (United States and Canada), Mexico and the United Kingdom. Additional information concerning our divisions and geographic areas is presented in Note 1. Our commitment to sustainable growth, defined as Performance with Purpose, is focused on generating healthy financial returns while giving back to the communities we serve. This includes meeting consumer needs for a spectrum of conve- nient foods and beverages, reducing our impact on the environ- ment through water, energy and packaging initiatives, and supporting our employees through a diverse and inclusive culture that recruits and retains world-class talent. In September 2008, we were again included on the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index and the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. These indices are compiled annually. we were again included on the Dow Jones sustainability north America index and the Dow Jones sustainability world index. Our management monitors a variety of key indicators to evalu- ate our business results and financial conditions. These indicators include market share, volume, net revenue, operating profit, man- agement operating cash flow, earnings per share and return on invested capital. Key challenges and strategies for Growth To achieve our financial objectives, we consistently focus on initiatives to improve our results and increase returns for our shareholders. For 2009, we have identified the following key challenges and related competitive strategies for growth that we believe will enable us to achieve our financial objectives: Revitalizing our North American Beverage Business In 2008, the U.S. liquid refreshment beverage category declined on a year-over-year basis. During 2009, we intend to invest to keep our total beverage portfolio relevant to consumers of all ages. We plan to capitalize on our new “Refresh Everything” campaign, which features new brand identities for trademarks Gatorade, Pepsi, Sierra Mist and Mountain Dew, as well as key product innovations like new SoBe Lifewater, sweetened with PureVia™, an all-natural, zero-calorie sweetener recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In non-carbonated beverages, we will work to identify untapped thirst occasions and to deliver even more functional benefits. Broadening our Diverse Portfolio of Global Products Consumer tastes and preferences are constantly changing. The increasingly on-the-go lifestyles of consumers and their desire for healthier choices means that it is more important than ever for us to continue to broaden our diverse portfolio of global products. We remain committed to offering consumers a broad range of choices to satisfy their diverse lifestyles and desires. For example, in 2008, we broadened the beverage portfolio by partnering with The Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) to acquire JSC Lebedyansky (Lebedyansky), Russia’s leading juice company, by acquiring V Water in the United Kingdom and by expanding our successful Lipton Tea partnership with Unilever. We expanded into adjacent snack categories by introducing TrueNorth nut snacks and forming a joint venture that offers Sabra refrigerated dips. During 2009, through a combination of tuck-in acquisitions and innovation, we plan to continue to broaden the range of products we offer in our existing categories and expand into adjacent ones. We are also committed to securing our innovation pipeline, and have coordinated our research and development departments across the Company into one global innovation team. Successfully Navigating the Global Economic Crisis We and our customers, suppliers and distributors have all been impacted by the continuing global economic crisis. Global eco- nomic conditions have resulted in decreased consumer purchas- ing power, volatile fluctuations in the prices of key commodities such as oil, corn, sugar and oats and adverse foreign currency exchange rates. To navigate through these conditions we plan to continue to focus on fundamentals, such as ensuring that we offer products with the right price to value proposition and man- aging cash flow, interest expense and commodity costs. We have also implemented our Productivity for Growth program which is 42 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report expected to cumulatively generate more than $1.2 billion in pre- tax savings over the next three years and that will also allow us to increase investments in long-term research and development, innovation, brand building and market-specific growth initiatives. We have also implemented our Productivity for Growth program which is expected to cumulatively generate more than $1.2 billion in pre-tax savings over the next three years. Expanding in International Markets Our operations outside of the United States contribute signifi- cantly to our revenue and profitability. Because per capita con- sumption of our products is still relatively low in many of these markets, we believe there is a significant opportunity to grow internationally by expanding our existing businesses and through acquisitions, particularly in emerging markets. During 2008, we announced significant capital investments in Brazil, India, Mexico and China. We also strengthened our international presence through acquisitions such as Marbo, a snacks company in Serbia, by expanding our successful Lipton Tea partnership with Unilever, and by partnering with PBG to acquire Russia’s largest juice com- pany. We plan to seek opportunities to make similar investments to drive international growth in 2009 and beyond. We also plan to continue developing products that leverage our existing brands but appeal to local tastes. Maintaining our Commitment to Sustainable Growth Consumers and government officials are increasingly focused on the impact companies have on the environment. We are commit- ted to maintaining high standards for product quality, safety and integrity and to reducing our impact on the environment through water, energy and packaging initiatives. We plan to continue to invest in programs that help us reduce energy costs, conserve more energy and use clean energy sources, such as our wind turbine project in India which supplies more than two-thirds of the power used by our Mamandur beverage plant each year. We are also actively working on new packaging initiatives to further reduce the amount of plastic used in our beverage containers, and we continue to partner with community organizations to increase recycling efforts. We are committed to maintaining high standards for product quality, safety and integrity and to reducing our impact on the environment through water, energy and packaging initiatives. Our OPeratiOns We are organized into three business units, as follows: (1) PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF), which includes Frito-Lay North America (FLNA), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) and all of our Latin American food and snack businesses (LAF), includ- ing our Sabritas and Gamesa businesses in Mexico; (2) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB), which includes PepsiCo Beverages North America and all of our Latin American bever- age businesses; and (3) PepsiCo International (PI), which includes all PepsiCo businesses in the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa. Our three business units are comprised of six reportable seg- ments (referred to as divisions), as follows: • FLNA, • QFNA, • LAF, • PAB, • United Kingdom & Europe (UKEU), and • Middle East, Africa & Asia (MEAA). Frito-Lay north america FLNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets, sells and distributes branded snacks. These snacks include Lay’s potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, branded dips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Quaker Chewy granola bars, SunChips multi- grain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas tortilla chips, Frito-Lay nuts, Grandma’s cookies, Gamesa cookies, Munchies snack mix, Funyuns onion flavored rings, Quaker Quakes corn and rice snacks, Miss Vickie’s potato chips, Stacy’s pita chips, Smartfood popcorn, Chester’s fries and branded crackers. FLNA branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. In addition, FLNA’s joint venture with Strauss Group manufactures, markets, sells and distributes Sabra refrigerated dips. Quaker Foods north america QFNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells cereals, rice, pasta and other branded products. QFNA’s products include Quaker oatmeal, Aunt Jemima mixes and syrups, Quaker grits, Cap’n Crunch cereal, Life cereal, Rice-A-Roni, Pasta Roni and Near East side dishes. These branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 43 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Latin America Foods LAF manufactures, markets and sells a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Gamesa, Doritos, Cheetos, Ruffles, Sabritas and Lay’s. Further, LAF manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. These branded products are sold to indepen- dent distributors and retailers. PepsiCo Americas Beverages PAB manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, 7UP (outside the U.S.), Tropicana Pure Premium, Sierra Mist, Mirinda, Tropicana juice drinks, Propel, Dole, Amp Energy, SoBe Lifewater, Naked juice and Izze. PAB also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea, coffee and water products through joint ventures with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name) and Starbucks. In addition, PAB licenses the Aquafina water brand to its bottlers and markets this brand. PAB sells concentrate and finished goods for some of these brands to authorized bottlers, and some of these branded finished goods are sold directly by us to independent distributors and retailers. The bottlers sell our brands as finished goods to independent distributors and retailers. PAB’s volume reflects sales to its independent distributors and retailers, as well as the sales of beverages bearing our trademarks that bottlers have reported as sold to independent distributors and retailers. Bottler case sales (BCS) and concentrate shipments and equivalents (CSE) are not necessarily equal during any given period due to seasonality, timing of product launches, product mix, bottler inventory prac- tices and other factors. While our revenues are not based on BCS volume, we believe that BCS is a valuable measure as it quanti- fies the sell-through of our products at the consumer level. United Kingdom & Europe UKEU manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Walkers, Doritos, Cheetos and Ruffles. Further, UKEU manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. UKEU also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, 7UP and Tropicana. In addition, through our acquisition of Lebedyansky, we acquired Russia’s leading juice brands. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, independent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, UKEU operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, UKEU licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. UKEU also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name). UKEU reports two measures of volume. Snack volume is reported on a system-wide basis, which includes our own sales and the sales by our noncontrolled affiliates of snacks bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks. Beverage volume reflects Company-owned or authorized bottler sales of beverages bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks to independent distributors and retailers (see PepsiCo Americas Beverages above). Middle East, Africa & Asia MEAA manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Doritos, Cheetos, Smith’s and Ruffles. Further, MEAA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. MEAA also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mirinda, 7UP and Mountain Dew. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, inde- pendent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, MEAA operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, MEAA licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. MEAA also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever. MEAA reports two measures of volume (see United Kingdom & Europe above). New Organizational Structure Beginning in the first quarter of 2009, we realigned certain countries within PI to be consistent with changes in geographic responsibility. As a result, our businesses in Turkey and certain Central Asia markets will become part of UKEU, which was renamed the Europe division. These countries were formerly part of MEAA, which was renamed the Asia, Middle East & Africa division. The changes did not impact the other existing reportable segments. Our historical segment reporting will be restated in 2009 to reflect the new structure. The division amounts and discussions reflected in this Annual Report reflect the manage- ment reporting that existed through 2008. 44 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our CustOmers Our customers include authorized bottlers and independent distributors, including foodservice distributors and retailers. We normally grant our bottlers exclusive contracts to sell and manu- facture certain beverage products bearing our trademarks within a specific geographic area. These arrangements provide us with the right to charge our bottlers for concentrate, finished goods and Aquafina royalties and specify the manufacturing process required for product quality. Since we do not sell directly to the consumer, we rely on and provide financial incentives to our customers to assist in the distribution and promotion of our products. For our independent distributors and retailers, these incentives include volume-based rebates, product placement fees, promotions and displays. For our bottlers, these incentives are referred to as bottler funding and are negotiated annually with each bottler to support a variety of trade and consumer programs, such as consumer incentives, advertising support, new product support, and vending and cooler equipment placement. Consumer incentives include cou- pons, pricing discounts and promotions, and other promotional offers. Advertising support is directed at advertising programs and supporting bottler media. New product support includes targeted consumer and retailer incentives and direct marketplace support, such as point-of-purchase materials, product placement fees, media and advertising. Vending and cooler equipment place- ment programs support the acquisition and placement of vending machines and cooler equipment. The nature and type of programs vary annually. Retail consolidation and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers. In 2008, sales to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart), including Sam’s Club (Sam’s), represented approximately 12% of our total net revenue. Our top five retail customers represented approximately 32% of our 2008 North American net revenue, with Wal-Mart (includ- ing Sam’s) representing approximately 18%. These percentages include concentrate sales to our bottlers which are used in finished goods sold by them to these retailers. In addition, sales to PBG represented approximately 8% of our total net revenue in 2008. See “Our Related Party Bottlers” and Note 8 for more information on our anchor bottlers. retail consolidation and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers. Our related Party Bottlers We have ownership interests in certain of our bottlers. Our ownership is less than 50%, and since we do not control these bottlers, we do not consolidate their results. We have designated three related party bottlers, PBG, PepsiAmericas, Inc. (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC (PBV), as our anchor bottlers. We include our share of their net income based on our percentage of economic ownership in our income statement as bottling equity income. Our anchor bottlers distribute approximately 60% of our North American beverage volume and approximately 17% of our beverage volume outside of North America. Our anchor bottlers participate in the bottler funding programs described above. Approximately 6% of our total 2008 sales incentives were related to these bottlers. See Note 8 for additional information on these related parties and related party commitments and guarantees. Our share of net income from other noncontrolled affiliates is recorded as a component of selling, general and administra- tive expenses. Our DistriButiOn netwOrk Our products are brought to market through direct-store-delivery (DSD), customer warehouse and foodservice and vending distri- bution networks. The distribution system used depends on cus- tomer needs, product characteristics and local trade practices. Direct-store-Delivery We, our bottlers and our distributors operate DSD systems that deliver snacks and beverages directly to retail stores where the products are merchandised by our employees or our bottlers. DSD enables us to merchandise with maximum visibility and appeal. DSD is especially well-suited to products that are restocked often and respond to in-store promotion and merchandising. Customer warehouse Some of our products are delivered from our manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores. These less costly systems generally work best for products that are less fragile and perishable, have lower turnover, and are less likely to be impulse purchases. Foodservice and Vending Our foodservice and vending sales force distributes snacks, foods and beverages to third-party foodservice and vending distributors and operators. Our foodservice and vending sales force also dis- tributes certain beverages through our bottlers. This distribution system supplies our products to schools, businesses, stadiums, restaurants and similar locations. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 45 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Our COMpetitiOn Our businesses operate in highly competitive markets. We com- pete against global, regional, local and private label manufacturers on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. In U.S. measured channels, our chief beverage competitor, The Coca-Cola Company, has a larger share of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) consumption, while we have a larger share of liquid refreshment beverages consumption. In addition, The Coca-Cola Company has a significant CSD share advantage in many markets outside the United States. Further, our snack brands hold signifi- cant leadership positions in the snack industry worldwide. Our snack brands face local and regional competitors, as well as national and global snack competitors, and compete on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. Success in this competitive environment is dependent on effective promotion of existing products and the introduction of new products. We believe that the strength of our brands, innovation and marketing, coupled with the quality of our products and flexibility of our dis- tribution network, allow us to compete effectively. Other relAtiOnships Certain members of our Board of Directors also serve on the boards of certain vendors and customers. Those Board members do not participate in our vendor selection and negotiations nor in our customer negotiations. Our transactions with these vendors and customers are in the normal course of business and are con- sistent with terms negotiated with other vendors and customers. In addition, certain of our employees serve on the boards of our anchor bottlers and other affiliated companies and do not receive incremental compensation for their Board services. Our Business risks Demand for our products may be adversely affected by changes in consumer preferences and tastes or if we are unable to innovate or market our products effectively. We are a consumer products company operating in highly competitive markets and rely on continued demand for our products. To generate revenues and profits, we must sell products that appeal to our customers and to consumers. Any significant changes in consumer preferences or any inability on our part to anticipate or react to such changes could result in reduced demand for our products and erosion of our competitive and financial position. Our success depends on our ability to respond to consumer trends, including concerns of consumers regarding obesity, product attributes and ingredients. In addition, changes in product category consumption or consumer demographics could result in reduced demand for our products. Consumer preferences may shift due to a variety of factors, including the aging of the general population, changes in social trends, changes in travel, vacation or leisure activity patterns, weather, negative publicity resulting from regulatory action or litigation against companies in our industry, a downturn in economic conditions or taxes specifically targeting the consumption of our products. Any of these changes may reduce consumers’ willingness to purchase our products. See also the discussions under “The global economic crisis has resulted in unfavorable economic conditions and increased volatility in foreign exchange rates and may have an adverse impact on our business results or financial condition.” and “Changes in the legal and regulatory environment could limit our business activities, increase our operating costs, reduce demand for our products or result in litigation.” Our continued success is also dependent on our product inno- vation, including maintaining a robust pipeline of new products, and the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns and marketing programs. Although we devote significant resources to meet this goal, there can be no assurance as to our continued ability either to develop and launch successful new products or variants of existing products, or to effectively execute advertising campaigns and marketing programs. In addition, both the launch and ongo- ing success of new products and advertising campaigns are inher- ently uncertain, especially as to their appeal to consumers. Our failure to successfully launch new products could decrease demand for our existing products by negatively affecting con- sumer perception of existing brands, as well as result in inventory write-offs and other costs. Our continued success is also dependent on our product innovation, including maintaining a robust pipeline of new products, and the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns and marketing programs. Our operating results may be adversely affected by increased costs, disruption of supply or shortages of raw materials and other supplies. We and our business partners use various raw materials and other supplies in our business, including aspartame, cocoa, corn, corn sweeteners, flavorings, flour, grapefruits and other fruits, juice and juice concentrates, oats, oranges, potatoes, rice, sea- sonings, sucralose, sugar, vegetable and essential oils, and wheat. Our key packaging materials include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin used for plastic bottles, film packaging used for snack 46 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report foods, aluminum used for cans, glass bottles and cardboard. Fuel and natural gas are also important commodities due to their use in our plants and in the trucks delivering our products. Some of these raw materials and supplies are available from a limited number of suppliers. We are exposed to the market risks arising from adverse changes in commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy. The raw materials and energy which we use for the production of our products are largely com- modities that are subject to price volatility and fluctuations in availability caused by changes in global supply and demand, weather conditions, agricultural uncertainty or governmental con- trols. We purchase these materials and energy mainly in the open market. If commodity price changes result in unexpected increases in raw materials and energy costs, we may not be able to increase our prices to offset these increased costs without suf- fering reduced volume, revenue and operating income. See also the discussion under “The global economic crisis has resulted in unfavorable economic conditions and increased volatility in for- eign exchange rates and may have an adverse impact on our business results or financial condition.” The global economic crisis has resulted in unfavorable economic conditions and increased volatility in foreign exchange rates and may have an adverse impact on our business results or financial condition. The global economic crisis has resulted in unfavorable economic conditions in many of the countries in which we operate. Our business or financial results may be adversely impacted by these unfavorable economic conditions, including: adverse changes in interest rates or tax rates; volatile commodity markets; contrac- tion in the availability of credit in the marketplace potentially impairing our ability to access the capital markets on terms commercially acceptable to us, or at all; the effects of govern- ment initiatives to manage economic conditions; reduced demand for our products resulting from a slow-down in the general global economy or a shift in consumer preferences to private label prod- ucts for economic reasons; or a further decrease in the fair value of pension assets that could increase future employee benefit costs and/or funding requirements of our pension plans. The global economic crisis has also resulted in increased foreign exchange rate volatility. We hold assets and incur liabilities, earn revenues and pay expenses in a variety of currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars. As a result, our profitability may be adversely impacted by an adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, we cannot predict how current or worsening economic conditions will affect our critical customers, suppliers and distributors and any negative impact on our critical customers, suppliers or distributors may also have an adverse impact on our business results or financial condition. If we are not able to build and sustain proper information technology infrastructure, successfully implement our ongoing business transformation initiative or outsource certain functions effectively our business could suffer. We depend on information technology as an enabler to improve the effectiveness of our operations and to interface with our customers, as well as to maintain financial accuracy and efficiency. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources neces- sary to build and sustain the proper technology infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, business disruptions, or the loss of or damage to intellectual property through security breach. We have embarked on a multi-year business transformation initiative that includes the delivery of an SAP enterprise resource planning application, as well as the migration to common business processes across our operations. There can be no certainty that these programs will deliver the expected benefits. The failure to deliver our goals may impact our ability to (1) process transactions accurately and efficiently and (2) remain in step with the changing needs of the trade, which could result in the loss of customers. In addition, the failure to either deliver the application on time, or anticipate the necessary readiness and training needs, could lead to business disruption and loss of customers and revenue. In addition, we have outsourced certain information technology support services and administrative functions, such as payroll processing and benefit plan administration, to third-party service providers and may outsource other functions in the future to achieve cost savings and efficiencies. If the service providers that we outsource these functions to do not perform effectively, we may not be able to achieve the expected cost savings and may have to incur additional costs to correct errors made by such service providers. Depending on the function involved, such errors may also lead to business disruption, processing inefficien- cies or the loss of or damage to intellectual property through security breach, or harm employee morale. Our information systems could also be penetrated by outside parties intent on extracting information, corrupting information or disrupting business processes. Such unauthorized access could disrupt our business and could result in the loss of assets. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 47 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Any damage to our reputation could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Maintaining a good reputation globally is critical to selling our branded products. If we fail to maintain high standards for prod- uct quality, safety and integrity, our reputation could be jeopar- dized. Adverse publicity about these types of concerns or the incidence of product contamination or tampering, whether or not valid, may reduce demand for our products or cause production and delivery disruptions. If any of our products becomes unfit for consumption, misbranded or causes injury, we may have to engage in a product recall and/or be subject to liability. A wide- spread product recall or a significant product liability judgment could cause our products to be unavailable for a period of time, which could further reduce consumer demand and brand equity. Failure to maintain high ethical, social and environmental stan- dards for all of our operations and activities or adverse publicity regarding our responses to health concerns, our environmental impacts, including agricultural materials, packaging, energy use and waste management, or other sustainability issues, could jeopardize our reputation. In addition, water is a limited resource in many parts of the world. Our reputation could be damaged if we do not act responsibly with respect to water use. Failure to comply with local laws and regulations, to maintain an effective system of internal controls or to provide accurate and timely financial statement information could also hurt our reputation. Damage to our reputation or loss of consumer confidence in our products for any of these reasons could result in decreased demand for our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation. Trade consolidation, the loss of any key customer, or failure to maintain good relationships with our bottling partners could adversely affect our financial performance. We must maintain mutually beneficial relationships with our key customers, including our retailers and bottling partners, to effectively compete. There is a greater concentration of our customer base around the world generally due to the continued consolidation of retail trade. As retail ownership becomes more concentrated, retailers demand lower pricing and increased pro- motional programs. Further, as larger retailers increase utilization of their own distribution networks and private label brands, the competitive advantages we derive from our go-to-market systems and brand equity may be eroded. Failure to appropriately respond to these trends or to offer effective sales incentives and market- ing programs to our customers could reduce our ability to secure adequate shelf space at our retailers and adversely affect our financial performance. Retail consolidation and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers. Loss of any of our key customers could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if we are unable to provide an appropriate mix of incentives to our bottlers through a combination of advertising and marketing support, they may take actions that, while maxi- mizing their own short-term profit, may be detrimental to us or our brands. Such actions could have an adverse effect on our profitability. In addition, any deterioration of our relationships with our bottlers could adversely affect our business or financial performance. See “Our Customers,” “Our Related Party Bottlers” and Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our customers, including our anchor bottlers. If we are unable to hire or retain key employees or a highly skilled and diverse workforce, it could have a negative impact on our business. Our continued growth requires us to hire, retain and develop our leadership bench and a highly skilled and diverse workforce. We compete to hire new employees and then must train them and develop their skills and competencies. Any unplanned turnover or our failure to develop an adequate succession plan to backfill current leadership positions or to hire and retain a diverse work- force could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitive advantage. In addition, our operating results could be adversely affected by increased costs due to increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover or increased employee benefit costs. Our continued growth requires us to hire, retain and develop our leadership bench and a highly skilled and diverse workforce. Changes in the legal and regulatory environment could limit our business activities, increase our operating costs, reduce demand for our products or result in litigation. The conduct of our businesses, and the production, distribution, sale, advertising, labeling, safety, transportation and use of many of our products, are subject to various laws and regulations administered by federal, state and local governmental agencies 48 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report in the United States, as well as to foreign laws and regulations administered by government entities and agencies in markets in which we operate. These laws and regulations may change, sometimes dramatically, as a result of political, economic or social events. Such regulatory environment changes may include changes in: food and drug laws; laws related to advertising and deceptive marketing practices; accounting standards; taxation requirements, including taxes specifically targeting the consumption of our prod- ucts; competition laws; and environmental laws, including laws relating to the regulation of water rights and treatment. Changes in laws, regulations or governmental policy and the related interpreta- tions may alter the environment in which we do business and, therefore, may impact our results or increase our costs or liabilities. In particular, governmental entities or agencies in jurisdictions where we operate may impose new labeling, product or production requirements, or other restrictions. For example, studies are under- way by various regulatory authorities and others to assess the effect on humans due to acrylamide in the diet. Acrylamide is a chemical compound naturally formed in a wide variety of foods when they are cooked (whether commercially or at home), including french fries, potato chips, cereal, bread and coffee. It is believed that acrylamide may cause cancer in laboratory animals when consumed in significant amounts. If consumer concerns about acrylamide increase as a result of these studies, other new scientific evidence, or for any other reason, whether or not valid, demand for our products could decline and we could be subject to lawsuits or new regulations that could affect sales of our products, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We are also subject to Proposition 65 in California, a law which requires that a specific warning appear on any product sold in California that contains a substance listed by that State as having been found to cause cancer or birth defects. If we were required to add warning labels to any of our products or place warnings in certain locations where our products are sold, sales of those products could suffer not only in those locations but elsewhere. In many jurisdictions, compliance with competition laws is of special importance to us due to our competitive position in those jurisdictions. Regulatory authorities under whose laws we operate may also have enforcement powers that can subject us to actions such as product recall, seizure of products or other sanctions, which could have an adverse effect on our sales or damage our reputation. See also “Regulatory Environment and Environmental Compliance.” Disruption of our supply chain could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability and that of our suppliers, business partners, including bottlers, contract manufacturers, independent distributors and retailers, to make, move and sell products is critical to our success. Damage or disruption to our or their manufacturing or distribution capabilities due to adverse weather conditions, natural disaster, fire, terrorism, the outbreak or escalation of armed hostilities, pandemic, strikes and other labor disputes or other reasons beyond our or their control, could impair our ability to manufacture or sell our products. Failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as require additional resources to restore our supply chain. Unstable political conditions, civil unrest or other developments and risks in the countries where we operate may adversely impact our business. Our operations outside of the United States contribute significantly to our revenue and profitability. Unstable political conditions, civil unrest or other developments and risks in the countries where we operate could have an adverse impact on our business results or financial condition. Factors that could adversely affect our business results in these countries include: import and export restrictions; foreign ownership restrictions; nationalization of our assets; regula- tions on the repatriation of funds; and currency hyperinflation or devaluation. In addition, disruption in these markets due to political instability or civil unrest could result in a decline in consumer purchasing power, thereby reducing demand for our products. Risk Management Framework The achievement of our strategic and operating objectives will necessarily involve taking risks. Our risk management process is intended to ensure that risks are taken knowingly and purposefully. As such, we leverage an integrated risk management framework to identify, assess, prioritize, manage, monitor and communicate risks across the Company. This framework includes: • The PepsiCo Executive Committee (PEC), comprised of a cross-functional, geographically diverse, senior management group which meets regularly to identify, assess, prioritize and address strategic and reputational risks; PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 49 Management’s Discussion and Analysis • Division Risk Committees (DRCs), comprised of cross-functional senior management teams which meet regularly each year to identify, assess, prioritize and address division-specific operat- ing risks; • PepsiCo’s Risk Management Office, which manages the overall risk management process, provides ongoing guidance, tools and analytical support to the PEC and the DRCs, identifies and assesses potential risks, and facilitates ongoing communication between the parties, as well as to PepsiCo’s Audit Committee and Board of Directors; this risk to be low, because we limit our exposure to individual, strong creditworthy counterparties and generally settle on a net basis. The fair value of our derivatives fluctuates based on market rates and prices. The sensitivity of our derivatives to these market fluctuations is discussed below. See Note 10 for further discussion of these derivatives and our hedging policies. See “Our Critical Accounting Policies” for a discussion of the exposure of our pen- sion plan assets and pension and retiree medical liabilities to risks related to stock prices and discount rates. • PepsiCo Corporate Audit, which evaluates the ongoing effective- ness of our key internal controls through periodic audit and review procedures; and Inflationary, deflationary and recessionary conditions impact- ing these market risks also impact the demand for and pricing of our products. • PepsiCo’s Compliance Office, which leads and coordinates our compliance policies and practices. Market Risks We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in: • commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy, foreign exchange rates, and interest rates. • • In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging strategies. In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging strategies. Ongoing productivity initiatives involve the identification and effective implementation of meaningful cost saving opportunities or effi- ciencies. Our global purchasing programs include fixed-price purchase orders and pricing agreements. See Note 9 for further information on our noncancelable purchasing commitments. Our hedging strategies include the use of derivatives. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform a quarterly assessment of our counterparty credit risk, including a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. We consider Commodity Prices We expect to be able to reduce the impact of volatility in our raw material and energy costs through our hedging strategies and ongoing sourcing initiatives. Our open commodity derivative contracts that qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $303 million at December 27, 2008 and $5 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net unrealized losses of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized gains of less than $1 million at December 29, 2007. At the end of 2008, the potential change in fair value of com- modity derivative instruments, assuming a 10% decrease in the underlying commodity price, would have increased our net unre- alized losses in 2008 by $19 million. Our open commodity derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $626 million at December 27, 2008 and $105 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net losses of $343 million in 2008 and net gains of $3 million in 2007. At the end of 2008, the potential change in fair value of commodity derivative instruments, assuming a 10% decrease in the underlying commodity price, would have increased our net losses in 2008 by $34 million. Foreign Exchange Financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Adjustments resulting from translating net assets are reported as a separate component of accumulated other compre- hensive loss within shareholders’ equity under the caption cur- rency translation adjustment. 50 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Our operations outside of the U.S. generate 48% of our net revenue, with Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom compris- ing 19% of our net revenue. As a result, we are exposed to for- eign currency risks. During 2008, net favorable foreign currency, primarily due to appreciation in the euro and Chinese yuan, partially offset by depreciation in the British pound, contributed 1 percentage point to net revenue growth. Currency declines against the U.S. dollar which are not offset could adversely impact our future results. Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses in our income statement as incurred. We may enter into derivatives to manage our exposure to foreign currency transaction risk. Our foreign currency derivatives had a total face value of $1.4 billion at December 27, 2008 and $1.6 billion at December 29, 2007. The contracts that qualify for hedge accounting resulted in net unrealized gains of $111 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized losses of $44 million at December 29, 2007. At the end of 2008, we estimate that an unfavorable 10% change in the exchange rates would have decreased our net unrealized gains by $70 million. The contracts that do not qualify for hedge account- ing resulted in a net loss of $28 million in 2008 and a net gain of $15 million in 2007. All losses and gains were offset by changes in the underlying hedged items, resulting in no net material impact on earnings. Interest Rates We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios consider- ing investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We may use interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Our 2008 and 2007 interest rate swaps were entered into concurrently with the issuance of the debt that they modified. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt. Assuming year-end 2008 variable rate debt and investment levels, a 1-percentage-point increase in interest rates would have increased net interest expense by $21 million in 2008. Our CritiCal aCCOunting POliCies An appreciation of our critical accounting policies is necessary to understand our financial results. These policies may require man- agement to make difficult and subjective judgments regarding uncertainties, and as a result, such estimates may significantly impact our financial results. The precision of these estimates and the likelihood of future changes depend on a number of underly- ing variables and a range of possible outcomes. Other than our accounting for pension plans, our critical accounting policies do not involve the choice between alternative methods of account- ing. We applied our critical accounting policies and estimation methods consistently in all material respects, and for all periods presented, and have discussed these policies with our Audit Committee. Our critical accounting policies arise in conjunction with the following: • • • • revenue recognition, brand and goodwill valuations, income tax expense and accruals, and pension and retiree medical plans. revenue reCOgnitiOn Our products are sold for cash or on credit terms. Our credit terms, which are established in accordance with local and indus- try practices, typically require payment within 30 days of delivery in the U.S., and generally within 30 to 90 days internationally, and may allow discounts for early payment. We recognize revenue upon shipment or delivery to our customers based on written sales terms that do not allow for a right of return. However, our policy for DSD and chilled products is to remove and replace damaged and out-of-date products from store shelves to ensure that consumers receive the product quality and freshness they expect. Similarly, our policy for certain warehouse-distributed products is to replace damaged and out-of-date products. Based on our experience with this practice, we have reserved for antici- pated damaged and out-of-date products. Our bottlers have a similar replacement policy and are responsible for the products they distribute. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 51 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Our policy is to provide customers with product when needed. In fact, our commitment to freshness and product dating serves to regulate the quantity of product shipped or delivered. In addi- tion, DSD products are placed on the shelf by our employees with customer shelf space limiting the quantity of product. For product delivered through our other distribution networks, we monitor customer inventory levels. As discussed in “Our Customers,” we offer sales incentives and discounts through various programs to customers and consumers. Sales incentives and discounts are accounted for as a reduction of revenue and totaled $12.5 billion in 2008, $11.3 billion in 2007 and $10.1 billion in 2006. Sales incentives include payments to customers for performing merchandising activities on our behalf, such as payments for in-store displays, payments to gain distribu- tion of new products, payments for shelf space and discounts to promote lower retail prices. A number of our sales incentives, such as bottler funding and customer volume rebates, are based on annual targets, and accruals are established during the year for the expected payout. These accruals are based on contract terms and our historical experience with similar programs and require management judgment with respect to estimating customer par- ticipation and performance levels. Differences between estimated expense and actual incentive costs are normally insignificant and are recognized in earnings in the period such differences are determined. The terms of most of our incentive arrangements do not exceed a year, and therefore do not require highly uncertain long-term estimates. For interim reporting, we estimate total annual sales incentives for most of our programs and record a pro rata share in proportion to revenue. Certain arrangements, such as fountain pouring rights, may extend beyond one year. The costs incurred to obtain these incentive arrangements are recog- nized over the shorter of the economic or contractual life, as a reduction of revenue, and the remaining balances of $333 million at year-end 2008 and $314 million at year-end 2007 are included in current assets and other assets on our balance sheet. We estimate and reserve for our bad debt exposure based on our experience with past due accounts and collectibility, the aging of accounts receivable and our analysis of customer data. Bad debt expense is classified within selling, general and administra- tive expenses in our income statement. BrAnD AnD GooDwill VAluAtions We sell products under a number of brand names, many of which were developed by us. The brand development costs are expensed as incurred. We also purchase brands in acquisitions. Upon acquisition, the purchase price is first allocated to identifi- able assets and liabilities, including brands, based on estimated fair value, with any remaining purchase price recorded as good- will. Determining fair value requires significant estimates and assumptions based on an evaluation of a number of factors, such as marketplace participants, product life cycles, market share, consumer awareness, brand history and future expansion expec- tations, amount and timing of future cash flows and the discount rate applied to the cash flows. We believe that a brand has an indefinite life if it has a history of strong revenue and cash flow performance, and we have the intent and ability to support the brand with marketplace spending for the foreseeable future. If these perpetual brand criteria are not met, brands are amortized over their expected useful lives, which generally range from five to 40 years. Determining the expected life of a brand requires management judgment and is based on an evaluation of a number of factors, including market share, consumer awareness, brand history and future expansion expectations, as well as the macroeconomic environment of the countries in which the brand is sold. Perpetual brands and goodwill, including the goodwill that is part of our noncontrolled bottling investment balances, are not amortized. Perpetual brands and goodwill are assessed for impairment at least annually. If the carrying amount of a perpet- ual brand exceeds its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Goodwill is evaluated using a two-step impairment test at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit can be a division or business within a division. The first step compares the book value of a reporting unit, including goodwill, with its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows. If the book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we complete the second step to determine the amount of goodwill impairment loss that we should record. In the second step, we determine an implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities other than goodwill (including any unrecognized intangible assets). The amount of impairment loss is equal to the excess of the book value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. 52 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Amortizable brands are only evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macroeconomic environment. If an evaluation of the undiscounted future cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is based on its discounted future cash flows. Management judgment is necessary to evaluate the impact of operating and macroeconomic changes and to estimate future cash flows. Assumptions used in our impairment evaluations, such as forecasted growth rates and our cost of capital, are based on the best available market information and are consistent with our internal forecasts and operating plans. These assumptions could be adversely impacted by certain of the risks discussed in “Our Business Risks.” We did not recognize any impairment charges for perpetual brands or goodwill in the years presented. We did not recognize any impairment charges for perpetual brands or goodwill in the years presented. As of December 27, 2008, we had $6.3 billion of perpetual brands and goodwill, of which approximately 55% related to Tropicana and Walkers. Income Tax expense and accruals Our annual tax rate is based on our income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various juris- dictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax posi- tions. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are fully supportable, we believe that certain positions are subject to challenge and that we may not succeed. We adjust these reserves, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit. An estimated effective tax rate for a year is applied to our quarterly operating results. In the event there is a significant or unusual item recognized in our quarterly operating results, the tax attributable to that item is separately calculated and recorded at the same time as that item. We consider the tax adjustments from the resolution of prior year tax matters to be such items. Tax law requires items to be included in our tax returns at different times than the items are reflected in our financial state- ments. As a result, our annual tax rate reflected in our financial statements is different than that reported in our tax returns (our cash tax rate). Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax return, and some differences reverse over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax returns in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in our income statement. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent tax expense recognized in our financial statements for which payment has been deferred, or expense for which we have already taken a deduction in our tax return but have not yet recognized as expense in our financial statements. In 2008, our annual tax rate was 26.8% compared to 25.9% in 2007 as discussed in “Other Consolidated Results.” The tax rate in 2008 increased 0.9 percentage points primarily due to the absence of the tax benefits recognized in the prior year related to the favor- able resolution of certain foreign tax matters, partially offset by lower taxes on foreign results in the current year. In 2009, our annual tax rate is expected to be approximately the same as 2008. pensIon and reTIree medIcal plans Our pension plans cover full-time employees in the U.S. and certain international employees. Benefits are determined based on either years of service or a combination of years of service and earnings. U.S. and Canada retirees are also eligible for medical and life insurance benefits (retiree medical) if they meet age and service requirements. Generally, our share of retiree medical costs is capped at specified dollar amounts which vary based upon years of service, with retirees contributing the remainder of the cost. our assumptions The determination of pension and retiree medical plan obligations and related expenses requires the use of assumptions to estimate the amount of the benefits that employees earn while working, as well as the present value of those benefits. Annual pension and retiree medical expense amounts are principally based on four components: (1) the value of benefits earned by employees for working during the year (service cost), (2) increase in the liability due to the passage of time (interest cost), and (3) other gains and losses as discussed below, reduced by (4) expected return on plan assets for our funded plans. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 53 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Significant assumptions used to measure our annual pension and retiree medical expense include: • the interest rate used to determine the present value of liabili- ties (discount rate); • certain employee-related factors, such as turnover, retirement age and mortality; for pension expense, the expected return on assets in our funded plans and the rate of salary increases for plans where benefits are based on earnings; and for retiree medical expense, health care cost trend rates. • • Our assumptions reflect our experience and management’s best judgment regarding future expectations. Due to the signifi- cant management judgment involved, our assumptions could have a material impact on the measurement of our pension and retiree medical benefit expenses and obligations. At each measurement date, the discount rate is based on interest rates for high-quality, long-term corporate debt securities with maturities comparable to those of our liabilities. Prior to 2008, we used the Moody’s Aa Corporate Bond Index yield (Moody’s Aa Index) in the U.S. and adjusted for differences between the average duration of the bonds in this Index and the average duration of our benefit liabilities, based upon a published index. As of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, our U.S. dis- count rate is determined using the Mercer Pension Discount Yield Curve (Mercer Yield Curve). The Mercer Yield Curve uses a portfolio of high-quality bonds rated Aa or higher by Moody’s. We believe the Mercer Yield Curve includes bonds that provide a better match to the timing and amount of our expected benefit payments than the Moody’s Aa Index. The expected return on pension plan assets is based on our pension plan investment strategy, our expectations for long-term rates of return and our historical experience. We also review current levels of interest rates and inflation to assess the reason- ableness of the long-term rates. Our pension plan investment strategy includes the use of actively-managed securities and is reviewed annually based upon plan liabilities, an evaluation of market conditions, tolerance for risk and cash requirements for benefit payments. Our investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans’ benefit obligations when they become due. Our overall investment strategy is to prudently invest plan assets in high-quality and diversified equity and debt securities to achieve our long-term return expectations. We employ certain equity strategies which, in addition to investments in U.S. and international common and preferred stock, include investments in certain equity- and debt-based securities used collectively to generate returns in excess of certain equity-based indices. Debt-based securities represent approximately 3% and 30% of our equity strategy portfolio as of year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Our investment policy also permits the use of derivative instruments which are primarily used to reduce risk. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 7.8%, reflecting estimated long-term rates of return of 8.9% from our equity strategies, and 6.3% from our fixed income strategies. Our target investment allocation is 60% for equity strategies and 40% for fixed income strategies. Actual investment allocations may vary from our target investment allocations due to prevailing market conditions. We regularly review our actual investment allocations and periodically rebalance our investments to our target allocations. To calculate the expected return on pension plan assets, we use a market-related valuation method that recognizes investment gains or losses (the difference between the expected and actual return based on the market-related value of assets) for securities included in our equity strategies over a five-year period. This has the effect of reducing year-to- year volatility. For all other asset categories, the actual fair value is used for the market-related value of assets. The difference between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets is added to, or subtracted from, other gains and losses resulting from actual experience dif- fering from our assumptions and from changes in our assumptions determined at each measurement date. If this net accumulated gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the market-related value of plan assets or plan liabilities, a portion of the net gain or loss is included in expense for the following year. The cost or benefit of plan changes that increase or decrease benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost/(credit)) is included in earnings on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active plan participants, which is approximately 10 years for pension expense and approximately 12 years for retiree medical expense. 54 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Effective as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, we amended our U.S. hourly pension plan to increase the amount of participant earnings recognized in determining pension benefits. Additional pension plan amendments were also made as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year to comply with legislative and regulatory changes. The health care trend rate used to determine our retiree medical plan’s liability and expense is reviewed annually. Our review is based on our claim experience, information provided by our health plans and actuaries, and our knowledge of the health care industry. Our review of the trend rate considers factors such as demographics, plan design, new medical technologies and changes in medical carriers. Weighted-average assumptions for pension and retiree medical expense are as follows: Pension Expense discount rate Expected rate of return on plan assets Expected rate of salary increases Retiree medical Expense discount rate Current health care cost trend rate 2009 2008 2007 6.2% 7.6% 4.4% 6.2% 8.0% 6.3% 7.6% 4.4% 6.4% 8.5% 5.7% 7.7% 4.5% 5.8% 9.0% Based on our assumptions, we expect our pension expense to decrease in 2009, as expected asset returns on 2009 contributions and costs associated with our Productivity for Growth program recognized in 2008 are partially offset by an increase in experi- ence loss amortization. The increase in experience loss amortiza- tion is due primarily to pension plan asset losses in 2008 and a slight decline in discount rates. Sensitivity of Assumptions A decrease in the discount rate or in the expected rate of return assumptions would increase pension expense. The estimated impact of a 25-basis-point decrease in the discount rate on 2009 pension expense is an increase of approximately $31 million. The estimated impact on 2009 pension expense of a 25-basis-point decrease in the expected rate of return is an increase of approxi- mately $18 million. See Note 7 regarding the sensitivity of our retiree medical cost assumptions. Future Funding We make contributions to pension trusts maintained to provide plan benefits for certain pension plans. These contributions are made in accordance with applicable tax regulations that provide for current tax deductions for our contributions, and taxation to the employee only upon receipt of plan benefits. Generally, we do not fund our pension plans when our contributions would not be currently tax deductible. Our pension contributions for 2008 were $149 million, of which $23 million was discretionary. In 2009, we will make con- tributions of $1.1 billion with up to $1 billion being discretionary. Our cash payments for retiree medical benefits are estimated to be approximately $100 million in 2009. As our retiree medical plans are not subject to regulatory funding requirements, we fund these plans on a pay-as-you-go basis. Our pension and retiree medical contributions are subject to change as a result of many factors, such as changes in interest rates, deviations between actual and expected asset returns, and changes in tax or other benefit laws. For estimated future benefit payments, including our pay-as-you-go payments as well as those from trusts, see Note 7. In 2009, we will make pension contributions of $1.1 billion with up to $1 billion being discretionary. Recent AccountIng PRonouncementS In February 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (SFAS 159), which permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. We adopted SFAS 159 as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not impact our financial statements. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS 141R), to improve, simplify and converge internationally the accounting for business combina- tions. SFAS 141R continues the movement toward the greater use of fair value in financial reporting and increased transparency through expanded disclosures. It changes how business acquisi- tions are accounted for and will impact financial statements both PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 55 Management’s Discussion and Analysis on the acquisition date and in subsequent periods. The provisions of SFAS 141R are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, with the exception of adjustments made to valuation allow- ances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies. Future adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R and will be evaluated based on the outcome of these matters. We do not expect the adoption of SFAS 141R to have a material impact on our financial statements. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, an Amendment of ARB 51 (SFAS 160). SFAS 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) 51 to establish new standards that will govern the accounting for and reporting of (1) noncontrolling interests in par- tially owned consolidated subsidiaries and (2) the loss of control of subsidiaries. The provisions of SFAS 160 are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year on a prospective basis. We do not expect our adoption of SFAS 160 to have a significant impact on our financial statements. In the first quarter of 2009, we will include the required disclosures for all periods presented. In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS 161), which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS 133), to provide an enhanced understanding of the use of derivative instruments, how they are accounted for under SFAS 133 and their effect on financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The disclosure provisions of SFAS 161 are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year. Our FinAnciAl results iteMs AFFecting cOMpArAbility The year-over-year comparisons of our financial results are affected by the following items: Operating profit Mark-to-market net impact Restructuring and impairment charges net income Mark-to-market net impact Restructuring and impairment charges Tax benefits PepsiCo share of PBG restructuring and impairment charges PepsiCo share of PBG tax settlement net income per common share – diluted Mark-to-market net impact Restructuring and impairment charges Tax benefits PepsiCo share of PBG restructuring and impairment charges PepsiCo share of PBG tax settlement 2008 2007 2006 $(346) $(543) $(223) $(408) – $(114) – $(0.14) $(0.25) – $(0.07) – $÷÷19 $«(102) $÷÷12 $÷«(70) $÷129 – – $«0.01 $(0.04) $«0.08 – – $÷«(18) $÷«(67) $÷«(12) $÷«(43) $÷602 – $÷÷18 $(0.01) $(0.03) $«0.36 – $«0.01 Mark-to-Market net impact We centrally manage commodity derivatives on behalf of our divisions. These commodity derivatives include energy, fruit and other raw materials. Certain of these commodity derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corpo- rate unallocated expenses. These gains and losses are subse- quently reflected in division results when the divisions take delivery of the underlying commodity. In 2008, we recognized $346 million ($223 million after-tax or $0.14 per share) of mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. In 2007, we recognized $19 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net gains on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. In 2006, we recognized $18 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. restructuring and impairment charges In 2008, we incurred a charge of $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share) in conjunction with our Productivity for Growth program. The program includes actions in all divisions of the business, including the closure of six plants that we believe 56 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report will increase cost competitiveness across the supply chain, upgrade and streamline our product portfolio, and simplify the organization for more effective and timely decision-making. In connection with this program, we expect to incur an additional pre-tax charge of approximately $30 million to $60 million in 2009. In 2007, we incurred a charge of $102 million ($70 million after-tax or $0.04 per share) in conjunction with restructuring actions primarily to close certain plants and rationalize other production lines. In 2006, we incurred a charge of $67 million ($43 million after-tax or $0.03 per share) in conjunction with consolidating the manufacturing network at FLNA by closing two plants in the U.S., and rationalizing other assets, to increase manufacturing productivity and supply chain efficiencies. Tax Benefits In 2007, we recognized $129 million ($0.08 per share) of non- cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters. In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million ($0.36 per share), substantially all of which related to the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) examination of our consolidated tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002. PepsiCo Share of PBG’s Restructuring and Impairment Charges In 2008, PBG implemented a restructuring initiative across all of its geographic segments. In addition, PBG recognized an asset impairment charge related to its business in Mexico. Consequently, a non-cash charge of $138 million was included in bottling equity income ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results. PepsiCo Share of PBG Tax Settlement In 2006, the IRS concluded its examination of PBG’s consolidated income tax returns for the years 1999 through 2000. Consequently, a non-cash benefit of $21 million was included in bottling equity income ($18 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results. ReSulTS of oPeRaTIonS − ConSolIdaTed RevIew In the discussions of net revenue and operating profit below, effective net pricing reflects the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries. Additionally, acquisitions reflect all mergers and acqui- sitions activity, including the impact of acquisitions, divestitures and changes in ownership or control in consolidated subsidiaries. The impact of acquisitions related to our non-consolidated equity investees is reflected in our volume and, excluding our anchor bottlers, in our operating profit. Servings Since our divisions each use different measures of physical unit volume (i.e., kilos, gallons, pounds and case sales), a common servings metric is necessary to reflect our consolidated physical unit volume. Our divisions’ physical volume measures are con- verted into servings based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for single-serving sizes of our products. In 2008, total servings increased 3% compared to 2007, as servings for both beverages and snacks worldwide grew 3%. In 2007, total servings increased over 4% compared to 2006, as servings for beverages worldwide grew 4% and servings for snacks worldwide grew 6%. net Revenue and operating Profit 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 Change $43,251 $39,474 $35,137 10% Total net revenue Operating profit FLNA QFNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Corporate – net impact of mark-to-market on commodity hedges Corporate – other $÷2,959 582 897 2,026 811 667 $÷2,845 568 714 2,487 774 535 $÷2,615 554 655 2,315 700 401 (346) (661) 19 (772) (18) (720) 4% 2.5% 26% (19)«% 5% 25% n/m (14)«% (3)«% 12% 9% 2.5% 9% 7% 11% 34% n/m 7% 10% (0.3) Total operating profit $÷6,935 $÷7,170 $÷6,502 Total operating profit margin 16.0% 18.2% 18.5% (2.2)« n/m represents year-over-year changes that are not meaningful. 2008 Total operating profit decreased 3% and margin decreased 2.2 percentage points. The unfavorable net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges and increased restructuring and impairment charges contributed 11 percentage points to the operating profit decline and 1.9 percentage points to the margin decline. Leverage from the revenue growth was offset by the impact of higher commodity costs. Acquisitions and foreign currency each positively contributed 1 percentage point to operating profit performance. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 57 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Other corporate unallocated expenses decreased 14%. The favorable impact of certain employee-related items, including lower deferred compensation and pension costs were partially offset by higher costs associated with our global SAP implemen- tation and increased research and development costs. The decrease in deferred compensation costs are offset by a decrease in interest income from losses on investments used to economi- cally hedge these costs. 2007 Total operating profit increased 10% and margin decreased 0.3 percentage points. The operating profit growth reflects leverage from the revenue growth, offset by increased cost of sales, largely due to higher raw material costs. The impact of foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points to operating profit growth. There was no net impact of acquisitions on operating profit growth. Other corporate unallocated expenses increased 7%, primarily reflecting increased research and development costs and the absence of certain other favorable corporate items in 2006, partially offset by lower pension costs. Other Consolidated Results Bottling equity income Interest expense, net Annual tax rate Net income Net income per common share – diluted Change 2008 2007 2006 2008 $÷«374 $÷(288) 26.8% $5,142 $÷«560 $÷÷(99) 25.9% $5,658 $÷«553 $÷÷(66) 19.3% $5,642 $÷3.21 $÷3.41 $÷3.34 (33)«% $(189)« (9)«% (6)«% 2007 1% $(33) – 2% Bottling equity income includes our share of the net income or loss of our anchor bottlers as described in “Our Customers.” Our interest in these bottling investments may change from time to time. Any gains or losses from these changes, as well as other transactions related to our bottling investments, are also included on a pre-tax basis. In November 2007, our Board of Directors approved the sale of additional PBG stock to an economic owner- ship level of 35%, as well as the sale of PAS stock to the owner- ship level at the time of the merger with Whitman Corporation in 2000 of about 37%. We sold 8.8 million and 9.5 million shares of PBG stock in 2008 and 2007, respectively. In addition, in 2008, we sold 3.3 million shares of PAS stock. The resulting lower own- ership percentages reduce the equity income from PBG and PAS that we recognize. See “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources – Investing Activities” for further information with respect to planned sales of PBG and PAS stock in 2009. 2008 Bottling equity income decreased 33%, primarily reflecting a non-cash charge of $138 million related to our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges. Additionally, lower pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG stock contributed to the decline. Net interest expense increased $189 million, primarily reflect- ing higher average debt balances and losses on investments used to economically hedge our deferred compensation costs, partially offset by lower average rates on our borrowings. The tax rate increased 0.9 percentage points compared to the prior year, primarily due to $129 million of tax benefits recog- nized in the prior year related to the favorable resolution of cer- tain foreign tax matters, partially offset by lower taxes on foreign results in the current year. Net income decreased 9% and the related net income per share decreased 6%. The unfavorable net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges, the absence of the tax benefits recognized in the prior year, our increased restructuring and impairment charges and our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges collectively contributed 15 percentage points to both the decline in net income and net income per share. Additionally, net income per share was favorably impacted by our share repurchases. 2007 Bottling equity income increased 1%, reflecting higher earnings from our anchor bottlers, partially offset by the impact of our reduced ownership level in 2007 and lower pre-tax gains on our sale of PBG stock. Net interest expense increased $33 million, primarily reflecting the impact of lower investment balances and higher average rates on our debt, partially offset by higher average interest rates on our investments and lower average debt balances. The tax rate increased 6.6 percentage points compared to the prior year, primarily reflecting an unfavorable comparison to the prior year’s non-cash tax benefits. Net income remained flat and the related net income per share increased 2%. Our solid operating profit growth and favorable net mark-to-market impact were offset by unfavorable comparisons to the non-cash tax benefits and restructuring and impairment charges in the prior year. These items affecting com- parability reduced both net income performance and related net income per share growth by 10 percentage points. Additionally, net income per share was favorably impacted by our share repurchases. 58 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Results of opeRations – Division Review The results and discussions below are based on how our Chief Executive Officer monitors the performance of our divisions. In addition, our operating profit and growth, excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges, are not measures defined by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. However, we believe investors should consider these measures as they are more indicative   of our ongoing performance and with how management evaluates our operating results and trends. For additional information on our divisions, see Note 1 and for additional information on our restructuring and impairment charges, see Note 3. net Revenue, 2008 Net Revenue, 2007 % Impact of: Volume (a) Effective net pricing (b) Foreign exchange Acquisitions % Change (c) Net Revenue, 2007 Net Revenue, 2006 % Impact of: Volume (a) Effective net pricing (b) Foreign exchange Acquisitions % Change (c) flna $12,507 $11,586 –% 7 – – 8% $11,586 $10,844 3% 4 0.5 – 7% Qfna $1,902 $1,860 (1.5)«% 4 – – 2% $1,860 $1,769 2% 3 1 – 5% laf $5,895 $4,872 –% 11 – 9 21% paB $10,937 $11,090 (4.5)«% 3 – – (1)«% uKeu $6,435 $5,492 4% 4 2 8 17% Meaa $5,575 $4,574 total $43,251 $39,474 13% 6 1 2 22% 1% 6 1 2 10% $4,872 $3,972 $11,090 $10,362 $5,492 $4,750 $4,574 $3,440 $39,474 $35,137 5% 5 2 11 23% (1)«% 5 0.5 2 7% 4% 3 9 – 16% 12% 5 5.5 11 33% 3% 4 2 3 12% (a) Excludes the impact of acquisitions. In certain instances, volume growth varies from the amounts disclosed in the following divisional discussions due to non-consolidated joint venture volume, and, for our beverage businesses, temporary timing differences between BCS and CSE. Our net revenue excludes non-consolidated joint venture volume, and, for our beverage businesses, is based on CSE. Includes the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries. (b) (c) Amounts may not sum due to rounding. frito-lay north america 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 % Change Net revenue $12,507 $11,586 $10,844 Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and   impairment charges $÷2,959 $÷2,845 $÷2,615 108 28 67 $÷3,067 $÷2,873 $÷2,682 8 4 7 7 9 7 Operating profit grew 4%, reflecting the net revenue growth. This growth was partially offset by higher commodity costs,   primarily cooking oil and fuel. Operating profit growth was   negatively impacted by 3 percentage points, resulting from   higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program. Foreign   currency and acquisitions each had a nominal impact on operat- ing profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 7%. 2008 Net revenue grew 8% and pound volume grew 1%. The volume growth reflects our 2008 Sabra joint venture and mid-single-digit growth in trademark Cheetos, Ruffles and dips. These volume gains were largely offset by mid-single-digit declines in trademark Lay’s and Doritos. Net revenue growth benefited from pricing actions. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth. 2007 Net revenue grew 7%, reflecting volume growth of 3% and posi- tive effective net pricing due to pricing actions and favorable mix. Pound volume grew primarily due to high-single-digit growth in trademark Doritos and double-digit growth in dips, SunChips   and multipack. These volume gains were partially offset by a   mid-single-digit decline in trademark Lay’s. flna’s net revenue grew 8% and 7% in 2008 and 2007, respectively. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 59 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Operating profit grew 9%, primarily reflecting the net revenue growth, as well as a favorable casualty insurance actuarial adjust- ment reflecting improved safety performance. This growth was partially offset by higher commodity costs, as well as increased advertising and marketing expenses. Operating profit benefited almost 2 percentage points from the impact of lower restructur- ing and impairment charges in 2007 related to the continued consolidation of the manufacturing network. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 7%. Quaker Foods North America Net revenue Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges % Change 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 $1,902 $1,860 $1,769 $÷«582 $÷«568 $÷«554 2 2.5 5 2.5 31 – – $÷«613 $÷«568 $÷«554 8 2.5 2008 Net revenue increased 2% and volume declined 1.5%, partially reflecting the negative impact of the Cedar Rapids flood that occurred at the end of the second quarter. The volume decrease reflects a low-single-digit decline in Quaker Oatmeal and ready- to-eat cereals. The net revenue growth reflects favorable effective net pricing, due primarily to price increases, partially offset by the volume decline. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth. 2007 Net revenue increased 5% and volume increased 2%. The volume increase reflects mid-single-digit growth in Oatmeal and Life cereal, as well as low-single-digit growth in Cap’n Crunch cereal. These increases were partially offset by a double-digit decline in Rice-A-Roni. The increase in net revenue primarily reflects price increases taken earlier in 2007, as well as the volume growth. Favorable Canadian exchange rates contributed nearly 1 percent- age point to net revenue growth. Operating profit increased 2.5%, primarily reflecting the net revenue growth partially offset by increased raw material costs. Latin America Foods Net revenue Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges % Change 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 $5,895 $4,872 $3,972 $÷«897 $÷«714 $÷«655 21 26 23 9 40 39 – $÷«937 $÷«753 $÷«655 24 15 2008 Snacks volume grew 3%, primarily reflecting the acquisition in Brazil, which contributed nearly 3 percentage points to the volume growth. A mid-single-digit decline at Sabritas in Mexico, largely resulting from weight-outs, was offset by mid-single digit growth at Gamesa in Mexico and double-digit growth in certain other markets. In 2008, QFNA’s net revenue grew 2% and volume declined 1.5%, partially reflecting the impact of the Cedar Rapids flood. In 2008, LAF’s net revenue and operating profit grew 21% and 26%, respectively. Operating profit increased 2.5%, reflecting the net revenue growth and lower advertising and marketing costs, partially offset by increased commodity costs. The negative impact of the flood was mitigated by related business disruption insurance recover- ies, which contributed 5 percentage points to operating profit. The fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges related to the Productivity for Growth program reduced operating profit growth by 5 percentage points. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on operating profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 8%. Net revenue grew 21%, primarily reflecting favorable effective net pricing. Gamesa experienced double-digit growth due to favorable pricing actions. Acquisitions contributed 9 percentage points to the net revenue growth, while foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth. Operating profit grew 26%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. An insurance recov- ery contributed 3 percentage points to the operating profit growth. The impact of the fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program was offset by the prior year restructuring charges. Acquisitions contributed 4 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 1 percentage point to the operating profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 24%. 60 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 2007 Snacks volume grew 6%, reflecting double-digit growth at Gamesa and in Argentina and high-single-digit growth in Brazil, partially offset by a low-single-digit decline at Sabritas. An acquisition in Brazil in the third quarter of 2007 contributed 0.5 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate. Net revenue grew 23%, reflecting favorable effective net pric- ing and volume growth. Acquisitions contributed 11 percentage points to the net revenue growth. Foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable Brazilian real. Operating profit grew 9%, driven by the favorable effective net pricing and volume growth, partially offset by increased raw material costs. Acquisitions contributed 3 percentage points to the operating profit growth. Foreign currency contributed 2 percent- age points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable Brazilian real. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter to reduce costs in our operations, rationalize capacity and realign our organizational structure reduced operating profit growth by 6 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 15%. PepsiCo Americas Beverages 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 % Change Net revenue $10,937 $11,090 $10,362 Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges $÷2,026 $÷2,487 $÷2,315 289 12 – (1) (19) $÷2,315 $÷2,499 $÷2,315 (7) 7 7 8 2008 BCS volume declined 3%, reflecting a 5% decline in North America, partially offset by a 4% increase in Latin America. Our North American business navigated a challenging year in the U.S., where the liquid refreshment beverage category declined on a year-over-year basis. In North America, CSD volume declined 4%, driven by a mid-single-digit decline in trademark Pepsi and a low-single-digit decline in trademark Sierra Mist, offset in part by a slight increase in trademark Mountain Dew. Non-carbonated beverage volume declined 6%. Our North American business navigated a challenging year in the U.S., where the liquid refreshment beverage category declined on a year-over-year basis. Net revenue declined 1 percent, reflecting the volume declines in North America, partially offset by favorable effective net pricing. The effective net pricing reflects positive mix and price increases taken primarily on concentrate and fountain products this year. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on the net revenue decline. Operating profit declined 19%, primarily reflecting higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program, which contrib- uted 11 percentage points to the operating profit decline. In addition, higher product costs and higher selling and delivery costs, primarily due to higher fuel costs, contributed to the decline. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on the operating profit decline. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, declined 7%. 2007 BCS volume grew 1%, driven by a 4% increase in our Latin America businesses. BCS volume was flat in North America. In North America, BCS volume was flat due to a 3% decline in CSDs, entirely offset by a 5% increase in non-carbonated bever- ages. The decline in the CSD portfolio reflects a mid-single-digit decline in trademark Pepsi offset slightly by a low-single-digit increase in trademark Sierra Mist. Trademark Mountain Dew volume was flat. Across the brands, regular CSDs experienced a mid-single-digit decline and diet CSDs experienced a low- single-digit decline. The non-carbonated portfolio performance was driven by double-digit growth in Lipton ready-to-drink teas, double-digit growth in waters and enhanced waters under the Aquafina, Propel and SoBe Lifewater trademarks and low-single- digit growth in Gatorade, partially offset by a mid-single-digit decline in our juice and juice drinks portfolio as a result of previous price increases. In our Latin America businesses, volume growth reflected double-digit increases in Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela, partially offset by a low-single-digit decline in Mexico. Both CSDs and non-carbonated beverages grew at mid-single-digit rates. Net revenue grew 7%, driven by effective net pricing, primarily reflecting price increases on Tropicana Pure Premium and CSD concentrate and growth in finished goods beverages. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points to net revenue growth. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 61 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Operating profit increased 7%, reflecting the net revenue growth, partially offset by higher cost of sales, mainly due to increased fruit costs, as well as higher general and administrative costs. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter was fully offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates during the year. Operating profit was also positively impacted by the absence of amortization expense related to a prior acquisition, partially offset by the absence of a $29 million favorable insurance settlement, both recorded in 2006. The impact of acquisitions reduced operating profit by less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, increased 8%. United Kingdom & Europe Net revenue Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges % Change 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 $6,435 $5,492 $4,750 $÷«811 $÷«774 $÷«700 17 5 16 11 50 9 – $÷«861 $÷«783 $÷«700 10 12 2008 Snacks volume grew 6%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia. Additionally, Walkers in the United Kingdom, as well as the Netherlands, grew at low-single-digit rates and Spain increased slightly. Acquisitions contributed 2 percent- age points to the volume growth. Beverage volume grew 17%, primarily reflecting the expansion of the Pepsi Lipton Joint Venture and the Sandora and Lebedyansky acquisitions, which contributed 16 percentage points to the growth. CSDs increased at a low-single-digit rate and non-carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate. In 2008, UKEU net revenue grew 17%, reflecting favorable effective net pricing and volume growth. Net revenue grew 17%, reflecting favorable effective net pricing and volume growth. Acquisitions contributed 8 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points to the net revenue growth. Operating profit grew 5%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. Acquisitions contrib- uted 5.5 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 3.5 percentage points to the operating profit growth. Operating profit growth was negatively impacted by 5 percentage points, resulting from higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 10%. 2007 Snacks volume grew 6%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia and Romania, partially offset by low-single-digit declines at Walkers in the United Kingdom and in France. The acquisition of a business in Europe in the third quarter of 2006 contributed nearly 2 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate. Beverage volume grew 8%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia and Poland, partially offset by a high-single-digit decline in Spain. The acquisition of a non- controlling interest in a business in the Ukraine in the fourth quarter of 2007 contributed 3 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate. CSDs grew at a low-single-digit rate while non-carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate. Net revenue grew 16%, primarily reflecting volume growth and favorable effective net pricing. Foreign currency contributed 9 percentage points to net revenue growth, primarily reflecting the favorable euro and British pound. The net impact of acquisi- tions reduced net revenue growth slightly. Operating profit grew 11%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased raw material costs and less-favorable settlements of promotional spending accruals in 2007. Foreign currency contributed 10 percentage points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable British pound and euro. The net impact of acquisitions reduced operating profit growth by 4 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 12%. 62 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Middle East, Africa & Asia Net revenue Operating profit Impact of restructuring and impairment charges Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges % Change 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 $5,575 $4,574 $3,440 $÷«667 $÷«535 $÷«401 22 25 33 34 15 14 – $÷«682 $÷«549 $÷«401 24 37 2008 Snacks volume grew 10%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in China, the Middle East and South Africa. Additionally, Australia experienced low-single-digit growth and India grew at mid-single-digit rates. Beverage volume grew 11%, reflecting broad-based increases driven by double-digit growth in China, the Middle East and India, partially offset by low-single-digit declines in Thailand and the Philippines. Acquisitions had a nominal impact on beverage volume growth. CSDs grew at a high-single-digit rate and non- carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate. MEAA experienced double-digit volume growth in both 2008 and 2007. Net revenue grew 22%, reflecting volume growth and favor- able effective net pricing. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 1 percentage point to the net revenue growth. Operating profit grew 25%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. Foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points and acquisitions contributed 1 percentage point to the operating profit growth. The impact of the fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program was offset by the prior year restructuring charges. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 24%. 2007 Snacks volume grew 19%, reflecting broad-based growth. The Middle East, Turkey, India, South Africa and China all grew at double-digit rates, and Australia grew at a high-single-digit rate. Acquisitions contributed 4 percentage points to volume growth. Beverage volume grew 11%, reflecting broad-based growth led by double-digit growth in the Middle East, Pakistan and China, partially offset by a high-single-digit decline in Thailand and a low-single-digit-decline in Turkey. Acquisitions had no impact on the growth rates. Both CSDs and non-carbonated beverages grew at double-digit rates. Net revenue grew 33%, reflecting volume growth and favor- able effective net pricing. Foreign currency contributed 5.5 per- centage points to net revenue growth. Acquisitions contributed 11 percentage points to net revenue growth. Operating profit grew 34%, driven by volume growth and favorable effective net pricing, partially offset by increased raw material costs. Foreign currency contributed 7 percentage points to operating profit growth. Acquisitions contributed 1 percentage point to the operating profit growth rate. The absence of amorti- zation expense recorded in 2006 related to prior acquisitions contributed 11 percentage points to operating profit growth. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2007 to reduce costs in our operations, rationalize capacity and realign our organizational structure reduced operating profit growth by 3.5 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 37%. Our Liquidity And CApitAL rEsOurCEs Global capital and credit markets, including the commercial paper markets, experienced in 2008 and continue to experience considerable volatility. Despite this volatility, we continue to have access to the capital and credit markets. In addition, we have revolving credit facilities that are discussed in Note 9. We believe that our cash generating capability and financial condition, together with our revolving credit facilities and other available methods of debt financing (including long-term debt financing which, depending upon market conditions, we intend to use to replace a portion of our commercial paper borrowings), will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs. However, there can be no assurance that continued or increased volatility in the global capital and credit markets will not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. In addition, our cash provided from operating activities is somewhat impacted by seasonality. Working capital needs are impacted by weekly sales, which are generally highest in the third quarter due to seasonal and holiday-related sales patterns, and generally lowest in the first quarter. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 63 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Operating Activities In 2008, our operations provided $7.0 billion of cash, compared to $6.9 billion in the prior year, primarily reflecting our solid busi- ness results. Our operating cash flow in 2008 reflects restructur- ing payments of $180 million, including $159 million related to our Productivity for Growth program, and pension and retiree medical contributions of $219 million, of which $23 million were discretionary. In 2007, our operations provided $6.9 billion of cash, compared to $6.1 billion in 2006, primarily reflecting solid business results. Substantially all cash payments related to the Productivity for Growth program are expected to be paid by the end of 2009. In addition, in 2009, we will make a $640 million after-tax discretionary contribution to our U.S. pension plans. Investing Activities In 2008, we used $2.7 billion for our investing activities, primarily reflecting $2.4 billion for capital spending and $1.9 billion for acquisitions. Significant acquisitions included our joint acquisition with PBG of Lebedyansky in Russia and the acquisition of a snacks company in Serbia. The use of cash was partially offset by net proceeds from sales of short-term investments of $1.3 billion and proceeds from sales of PBG and PAS stock of $358 million. In 2007, we used $3.7 billion for our investing activities, reflecting capital spending of $2.4 billion and acquisitions of $1.3 billion. Acquisitions included the remaining interest in a snacks joint venture in Latin America, Naked Juice Company and Bluebird Foods, and the acquisition of a minority interest in a juice company in the Ukraine through a joint venture with PAS. Proceeds from our sale of PBG stock of $315 million were offset by net purchases of short-term investments of $383 million. We expect a high-single-digit decrease in net capital spending in 2009. In addition, we do not anticipate cash proceeds in 2009 from sales of PBG and PAS stock due to the current capital market conditions. Financing Activities In 2008, we used $3.0 billion for our financing activities, primarily reflecting the return of operating cash flow to our shareholders through common share repurchases of $4.7 billion and dividend payments of $2.5 billion. The use of cash was partially offset by proceeds from issuances of long-term debt, net of payments, of $3.1 billion, stock option proceeds of $620 million and net pro- ceeds from short-term borrowings of $445 million. 64 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 2008 Cash Utilization Other, net $18 Stock option exercises $620 Short-term debt $445 Long-term debt $3,070 Short-term investments $1,282 Cash proceeds from sale of PBG and PAS stock $358 Operating activities $6,999 Share repurchases $4,726 Dividends $2,541 Acquisitions $1,925 Capital spending $2,446 Source of Cash Use of Cash In 2007, we used $4.0 billion for our financing activities, primarily reflecting the return of operating cash flow to our share- holders through common share repurchases of $4.3 billion and dividend payments of $2.2 billion, as well as net repayments of short-term borrowings of $395 million. The use of cash was partially offset by stock option proceeds of $1.1 billion and net proceeds from issuances of long-term debt of $1.6 billion. We annually review our capital structure with our Board, including our dividend policy and share repurchase activity. In the second quarter of 2008, our Board of Directors approved a 13% dividend increase from $1.50 to $1.70 per share. During the third quarter of 2008, we completed our $8.5 billion repurchase program publicly announced on May 3, 2006 and expiring on June 30, 2009 and began repurchasing shares under our $8.0 billion repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors in the second quarter of 2007 and expiring on June 30, 2010. The current $8.0 billion authorization has approximately $6.4 billion remaining for repurchase. We have historically repurchased significantly more shares each year than we have issued under our stock-based compensation plans, with average net annual repurchases of 1.8% of outstanding shares for the last five years. In 2009, we intend, subject to market conditions, to spend up to $2.5 billion repurchasing shares. 2007 Cash Utilization 2006 Cash Utilization Other, net $357 Long-term debt $1,589 Cash proceeds from sale of PBG stock $315 Stock option exercises $1,108 Operating activities $6,934 Other, net $223 Short-term investments $2,017 Cash proceeds from sale of PBG stock $318 Stock option exercises $1,194 Operating activities $6,084 Short-term investments $383 Acquisitions $1,320 Dividends $2,204 Capital spending $2,430 Share repurchases $4,312 Short-term borrowings $395 Source of Cash Use of Cash Long-term debt $106 Acquisitions $522 Dividends $1,854 Capital spending $2,068 Share repurchases $3,010 Short-term borrowings $2,341 Source of Cash Use of Cash Management Operating Cash Flow We focus on management operating cash flow as a key element in achieving maximum shareholder value, and it is the primary measure we use to monitor cash flow performance. However, it is not a measure provided by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Since net capital spending is essential to our product innovation initiatives and maintaining our operational capabilities, we believe that it is a recurring and necessary use of cash. As such, we believe investors should also consider net capital spending when evaluating our cash from operating activi- ties. The table below reconciles the net cash provided by operat- ing activities, as reflected in our cash flow statement, to our management operating cash flow. Net cash provided by operating activities (a) Capital spending Sales of property, plant and equipment Management operating cash flow 2008 $«6,999 (2,446) 98 $«4,651 2007 2006 $«6,934 (2,430) 47 $«4,551 $«6,084 (2,068) 49 $«4,065 (a) Includes restructuring payments of $180 million in 2008, $22 million in 2007 and $56 million in 2006. Management operating cash flow was used primarily to repur- chase shares and pay dividends. We expect to continue to return approximately all of our management operating cash flow to our shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. However, see “Our Business Risks” for certain factors that may impact our operating cash flows. Credit Ratings Our debt ratings of Aa2 from Moody’s and A+ from Standard & Poor’s contribute to our ability to access global capital and credit markets. We have maintained strong investment grade ratings for over a decade. Each rating is considered strong investment grade and is in the first quartile of its respective ranking system. These ratings also reflect the impact of our anchor bottlers’ cash flows and debt. Credit Facilities and Long-Term Contractual Commitments See Note 9 for a description of our credit facilities and long-term contractual commitments. Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements It is not our business practice to enter into off-balance-sheet arrangements, other than in the normal course of business. However, at the time of the separation of our bottling operations from us various guarantees were necessary to facilitate the transac- tions. In 2008, we extended our guarantee of a portion of Bottling Group LLC’s long-term debt in connection with the refinancing of a corresponding portion of the underlying debt. At December 27, 2008, we believe it is remote that these guarantees would require any cash payment. We do not enter into off-balance-sheet transac- tions specifically structured to provide income or tax benefits or to avoid recognizing or disclosing assets or liabilities. See Note 9 for a description of our off-balance-sheet arrangements. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 65 Consolidated Statement of Income PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries (in millions except per share amounts) Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006 Net Revenue Cost of sales Selling, general and administrative expenses Amortization of intangible assets Operating Profit Bottling equity income Interest expense Interest income Income before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Net Income Net Income per Common Share Basic Diluted See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 2008 $43,251 20,351 15,901 64 6,935 374 (329) 41 7,021 1,879 2007 $39,474 18,038 14,208 58 7,170 560 (224) 125 7,631 1,973 2006 $35,137 15,762 12,711 162 6,502 553 (239) 173 6,989 1,347 $÷5,142 $÷5,658 $÷5,642 $÷÷3.26 $÷÷3.21 $÷÷3.48 $÷÷3.41 $÷÷3.42 $÷÷3.34 66 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries (in millions) Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006 2008 2007 2006 Operating Activities Net income Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation expense Restructuring and impairment charges Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements Cash payments for restructuring charges Pension and retiree medical plan contributions Pension and retiree medical plan expenses Bottling equity income, net of dividends Deferred income taxes and other tax charges and credits Change in accounts and notes receivable Change in inventories Change in prepaid expenses and other current assets Change in accounts payable and other current liabilities Change in income taxes payable Other, net Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Investing Activities Capital spending Sales of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from (Investment in) finance assets Acquisitions and investments in noncontrolled affiliates Cash restricted for pending acquisitions Cash proceeds from sale of PBG and PAS stock Divestitures Short-term investments, by original maturity More than three months – purchases More than three months – maturities Three months or less, net Net Cash Used for Investing Activities Financing Activities Proceeds from issuances of long-term debt Payments of long-term debt Short-term borrowings, by original maturity More than three months – proceeds More than three months – payments Three months or less, net Cash dividends paid Share repurchases – common Share repurchases – preferred Proceeds from exercises of stock options Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements Net Cash Used for Financing Activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net Increase/(Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $«5,142 1,543 238 543 (107) (180) (219) 459 (202) 573 (549) (345) (68) 718 (180) (367) 6,999 (2,446) 98 – (1,925) (40) 358 6 (156) 62 1,376 (2,667) 3,719 (649) 89 (269) 625 (2,541) (4,720) (6) 620 107 (3,025) (153) 1,154 910 $«5,658 1,426 260 102 (208) (22) (310) 535 (441) 118 (405) (204) (16) 522 128 (209) 6,934 (2,430) 47 27 (1,320) – 315 – (83) 113 (413) (3,744) 2,168 (579) 83 (133) (345) (2,204) (4,300) (12) 1,108 208 (4,006) 75 (741) 1,651 $«5,642 1,406 270 67 (134) (56) (131) 544 (442) (510) (330) (186) (37) 279 (295) (3) 6,084 (2,068) 49 (25) (522) – 318 37 (29) 25 2,021 (194) 51 (157) 185 (358) (2,168) (1,854) (3,000) (10) 1,194 134 (5,983) 28 (65) 1,716 $«2,064 $÷«910 $«1,651 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 67 2008 2007 $÷«2,064 213 4,683 2,522 1,324 10,806 11,663 732 5,124 1,128 6,252 3,883 2,658 $÷÷÷910 1,571 4,389 2,290 991 10,151 11,228 796 5,169 1,248 6,417 4,354 1,682 $«35,994 $«34,628 $÷÷÷369 8,273 145 8,787 7,858 7,017 226 23,888 41 (138) 30 351 30,638 (4,694) (14,122) 12,203 $÷÷÷÷÷– 7,602 151 7,753 4,203 4,792 646 17,394 41 (132) 30 450 28,184 (952) (10,387) 17,325 $«35,994 $«34,628 Consolidated Balance Sheet PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries (in millions except per share amounts) December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007 ASSETS Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Accounts and notes receivable, net Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total Current Assets Property, Plant and Equipment, net Amortizable Intangible Assets, net Goodwill Other nonamortizable intangible assets Nonamortizable Intangible Assets Investments in Noncontrolled Affiliates Other Assets Total Assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current Liabilities Short-term obligations Accounts payable and other current liabilities Income taxes payable Total Current Liabilities Long-Term Debt Obligations Other Liabilities Deferred Income Taxes Total Liabilities Commitments and Contingencies Preferred Stock, no par value Repurchased Preferred Stock Common Shareholders’ Equity Common stock, par value 1 2/3¢ per share (authorized 3,600 shares, issued 1,782 shares) Capital in excess of par value Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Repurchased common stock, at cost (229 and 177 shares, respectively) Total Common Shareholders’ Equity Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 68 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Consolidated Statement of Common Shareholders’ Equity PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries (in millions) 2008 2007 2006 Shares 1,782 Amount $«÷÷÷«30 Shares 1,782 Amount $÷÷÷÷30 Shares 1,782 Amount $÷÷÷«30 Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006 Common Stock Capital in Excess of Par Value Balance, beginning of year Stock-based compensation expense Stock option exercises/RSUs converted (a) Withholding tax on RSUs converted Balance, end of year Retained Earnings Balance, beginning of year Adoption of FIN 48 SFAS 158 measurement date change Adjusted balance, beginning of year Net income Cash dividends declared – common Cash dividends declared – preferred Cash dividends declared – RSUs Balance, end of year Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balance, beginning of year SFAS 158 measurement date change Adjusted balance, beginning of year Currency translation adjustment Cash flow hedges, net of tax: Net derivative gains/(losses) Reclassification of losses/(gains) to net income Adoption of SFAS 158 Pension and retiree medical, net of tax: Net pension and retiree medical (losses)/gains Reclassification of net losses to net income Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax Unrealized (losses)/gains on securities, net of tax Other Balance, end of year Repurchased Common Stock Balance, beginning of year Share repurchases Stock option exercises Other, primarily RSUs converted Balance, end of year Total Common Shareholders’ Equity Comprehensive Income Net income Currency translation adjustment Cash flow hedges, net of tax Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax Pension and retiree medical, net of tax Net prior service cost Net (losses)/gains Unrealized (losses)/gains on securities, net of tax Other Total Comprehensive Income 450 238 (280) (57) 351 28,184 (89) 28,095 5,142 (2,589) (2) (8) 30,638 (952) 51 (901) (2,484) 16 5 – (1,376) 73 – (21) (6) (4,694) (10,387) (4,720) 883 102 (14,122) $«12,203 2008 $÷«5,142 (2,484) 21 – 55 (1,358) (21) (6) $÷«1,349 (177) (68) 15 1 (229) (a) Includes total tax benefits of $95 million in 2008, $216 million in 2007 and $130 million in 2006. See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 584 260 (347) (47) 450 24,837 7 24,844 5,658 (2,306) (2) (10) 28,184 (2,246) 719 (60) 21 – 464 135 – 9 6 (952) (7,758) (4,300) 1,582 89 (10,387) $«17,325 2007 $÷«5,658 719 (39) – (105) 704 9 6 (144) (64) 28 3 (177) 614 270 (300) – 584 21,116 5,642 (1,912) (1) (8) 24,837 (1,053) 465 (18) (5) (1,782) – – 138 9 – (2,246) (6,387) (3,000) 1,619 10 (7,758) $15,447 2006 $÷5,642 465 (23) 5 – – 9 – (126) (49) 31 – (144) $÷«6,952 $÷6,098 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 69 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1 Basis of Presentation and Our Divisions BaSiS OF PrESENtatiON Our financial statements include the consolidated accounts of PepsiCo, Inc. and the affiliates that we control. In addition, we include our share of the results of certain other affiliates based on our economic ownership interest. We do not control these other affiliates, as our ownership in these other affiliates is generally less than 50%. Equity income or loss from our anchor bottlers is recorded as bottling equity income in our income statement. Bottling equity income also includes any changes in our ownership interests of our anchor bottlers. Bottling equity income includes $147 million of pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG and PAS stock in 2008 and $174 million and $186 million of pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG stock in 2007 and 2006, respectively. See Note 8 for additional information on our significant noncontrolled bottling affiliates. Income or loss from other noncontrolled affili- ates is recorded as a component of selling, general and adminis- trative expenses. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Our fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of each December, resulting in an additional week of results every five or six years. Raw materials, direct labor and plant overhead, as well as purchasing and receiving costs, costs directly related to produc- tion planning, inspection costs and raw material handling facilities, are included in cost of sales. The costs of moving, storing and delivering finished product are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in determining, among other items, sales incentives accruals, tax reserves, stock-based compensation, pension and retiree medical accruals, useful lives for intangible assets, and future cash flows associated with impairment testing for perpetual brands, goodwill and other long-lived assets. We evaluate our estimates on an on-going basis using our historical experience, as well as other factors we believe appropriate under the circumstances, such as current economic conditions, and adjust or revise our estimates as circumstances change. As future events and their effect cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ signifi- cantly from these estimates. 70 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report See “Our Divisions” below and for additional unaudited infor- mation on items affecting the comparability of our consolidated results, see “Items Affecting Comparability” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Tabular dollars are in millions, except per share amounts. All per share amounts reflect common per share amounts, assume dilution unless noted, and are based on unrounded amounts. Certain reclassifications were made to prior years’ amounts to conform to the 2008 presentation. Our DiviSiONS We manufacture or use contract manufacturers, market and sell a variety of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, and foods in approxi- mately 200 countries with our largest operations in North America (United States and Canada), Mexico and the United Kingdom. Division results are based on how our Chief Executive Officer assesses the performance of and allocates resources to our divisions. For additional unaudited information on our divisions, see “Our Operations” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. The accounting policies for the divisions are the same as those described in Note 2, except for the following allocation methodologies: • stock-based compensation expense, • pension and retiree medical expense, and • derivatives. Stock-Based Compensation Expense Our divisions are held accountable for stock-based compensation expense and, therefore, this expense is allocated to our divisions as an incremental employee compensation cost. The allocation of stock-based compensation expense in 2008 was approximately 29% to FLNA, 4% to QFNA, 7% to LAF, 23% to PAB, 13% to UKEU, 13% to MEAA and 11% to corporate unallocated expenses. We had similar allocations of stock-based compensation expense to our divisions in 2007 and 2006. The expense allocated to our divisions excludes any impact of changes in our assumptions during the year which reflect market conditions over which division management has no control. Therefore, any variances between allocated expense and our actual expense are recog- nized in corporate unallocated expenses. Pension and retiree Medical Expense Pension and retiree medical service costs measured at a fixed discount rate, as well as amortization of gains and losses due to demographics, including salary experience, are reflected in division results for North American employees. Division results also include interest costs, measured at a fixed discount rate, for retiree medical plans. Interest costs for the pension plans, pension asset returns and the impact of pension funding, and gains and losses other than those due to demographics, are all reflected in corporate unallocated expenses. In addition, corporate unallocated expenses include the difference between the service costs measured at a fixed discount rate (included in division results as noted above) and the total service costs determined using the Plans’ discount rates as disclosed in Note 7. Derivatives We centrally manage commodity derivatives on behalf of our divisions. These commodity derivatives include energy, fruit and other raw materials. Certain of these commodity derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses reflected in corporate unallocated expenses. These derivatives hedge underlying commodity price risk and were not entered into for speculative purposes. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in division results when the divisions take delivery of the under- lying commodity. Therefore, division results reflect the contract purchase price of these commodities. In 2007, we expanded our commodity hedging program to include derivative contracts used to mitigate our exposure to price changes associated with our purchases of fruit. In addition, in 2008, we entered into additional contracts to further reduce our exposure to price fluctuations in our raw material and energy costs. The majority of these contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corporate unallocated expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in divisional results. PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB) PepsiCo International (PI) PepsiCo Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) Latin America Foods (LAF) United Kingdom & Europe (UKEU) Middle East, Africa & Asia (MEAA) FLNA QFNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Total division Corporate – net impact of mark-to-market on commodity hedges Corporate – other 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006 Net Revenue Operating Profit (a) $12,507 1,902 5,895 10,937 6,435 5,575 43,251 – – $11,586 1,860 4,872 11,090 5,492 4,574 39,474 – – $10,844 1,769 3,972 10,362 4,750 3,440 35,137 – – $43,251 $39,474 $35,137 $2,959 582 897 2,026 811 667 7,942 (346) (661) $6,935 $2,845 568 714 2,487 774 535 7,923 19 (772) $7,170 $2,615 554 655 2,315 700 401 7,240 (18) (720) $6,502 (a) For information on the impact of restructuring and impairment charges on our divisions, see Note 3. Net Revenue Division Operating Profit MEAA 13% UKEU 15% PAB 25% FLNA 29% QFNA 4% LAF 14% MEAA 9% UKEU 10% PAB 26% FLNA 37% QFNA 7% LAF 11% PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 71 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Corporate Corporate includes costs of our corporate headquarters, centrally managed initiatives, such as our ongoing business transformation initiative and research and development projects, unallocated insurance and benefit programs, foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, certain commodity derivative gains and losses and certain other items. other DiviSioN iNFormatioN FLNA QFNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Total division Corporate (a) Investments in bottling affiliates 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006 Total Assets Capital Spending $÷6,284 1,035 3,023 7,673 8,635 3,961 30,611 2,729 2,654 $÷6,270 1,002 3,084 7,780 7,102 3,911 29,149 2,124 3,355 $÷5,969 1,003 2,169 7,129 5,865 2,975 25,110 1,739 3,081 $35,994 $34,628 $29,930 $÷«553 43 351 344 377 503 2,171 275 – $2,446 $÷«624 41 326 450 349 413 2,203 227 – $2,430 $÷«499 31 235 516 277 299 1,857 211 – $2,068 (a) Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, derivative instruments and property, plant and equipment. FLNA QFNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Total division Corporate U.S. Mexico Canada United Kingdom All other countries 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006 Amortization of Intangible Assets Depreciation and Other Amortization $÷9 – 6 16 22 11 64 – $64 $÷9 – 4 16 18 11 58 – $58 2008 2007 Net Revenue (a) $22,525 3,714 2,107 2,099 12,806 $43,251 $21,978 3,498 1,961 1,987 10,050 $39,474 $÷÷9 – 1 83 17 52 162 – $162 2006 $20,788 3,228 1,702 1,839 7,580 $35,137 $÷«441 34 194 334 199 224 1,426 53 $1,479 $÷«437 34 166 321 181 198 1,337 31 $1,368 $÷«432 33 140 298 167 155 1,225 19 $1,244 2008 2007 2006 Long-Lived Assets (b) $12,095 904 556 1,509 7,466 $22,530 $12,498 1,067 699 2,090 6,441 $22,795 $11,515 996 589 1,995 4,725 $19,820 (a) Represents net revenue from businesses operating in these countries. (b) Long-lived assets represent property, plant and equipment, nonamortizable intangible assets, amortizable intangible assets, and investments in noncontrolled affiliates. These assets are reported in the country where they are primarily used. total assets Capital Spending Net revenue Long-Lived assets Other 16% FLNA 17% Corporate 11% MEAA 11% QFNA 3% LAF 8% MEAA 21% FLNA 23% Other 29% QFNA 2% LAF 14% United Kingdom 5% UKEU 24% PAB 21% UKEU 15% PAB 14% Canada 5% Mexico 9% Other 33% United States 52% United Kingdom 7% Canada 2% Mexico 4% United States 54% 72 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Note 2 Our Significant Accounting Policies rEvEnuE rECognition We recognize revenue upon shipment or delivery to our customers based on written sales terms that do not allow for a right of return. However, our policy for DSD and chilled products is to remove and replace damaged and out-of-date products from store shelves to ensure that our consumers receive the product quality and freshness that they expect. Similarly, our policy for certain warehouse-distributed products is to replace damaged and out- of-date products. Based on our experience with this practice, we have reserved for anticipated damaged and out-of-date products. For additional unaudited information on our revenue recognition and related policies, including our policy on bad debts, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. We are exposed to concentration of credit risk by our customers, Wal-Mart and PBG. In 2008, Wal-Mart (including Sam’s) represented approximately 12% of our total net revenue, including concentrate sales to our bottlers which are used in finished goods sold by them to Wal-Mart; and PBG represented approximately 8%. We have not experienced credit issues with these customers. salEs inCEntivEs anD othEr markEtplaCE spEnDing We offer sales incentives and discounts through various programs to our customers and consumers. Sales incentives and discounts are accounted for as a reduction of revenue and totaled $12.5 bil- lion in 2008, $11.3 billion in 2007 and $10.1 billion in 2006. While most of these incentive arrangements have terms of no more than one year, certain arrangements, such as fountain pouring rights, may extend beyond one year. Costs incurred to obtain these arrangements are recognized over the shorter of the economic or contractual life, as a reduction of revenue, and the remaining balances of $333 million at December 27, 2008 and $314 million at December 29, 2007 are included in current assets and other assets on our balance sheet. For additional unaudited information on our sales incentives, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Other marketplace spending, which includes the costs of advertising and other marketing activities, totaled $2.9 billion in 2008, $2.9 billion in 2007 and $2.7 billion in 2006 and is reported as selling, general and administrative expenses. Included in these amounts were advertising expenses of $1.8 billion in both 2008 and 2007 and $1.6 billion in 2006. Deferred advertising costs are not expensed until the year first used and consist of: • media and personal service prepayments, • promotional materials in inventory, and • production costs of future media advertising. Deferred advertising costs of $172 million and $160 million at year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively, are classified as prepaid expenses on our balance sheet. Distribution Costs Distribution costs, including the costs of shipping and handling activities, are reported as selling, general and administrative expenses. Shipping and handling expenses were $5.3 billion in 2008, $5.1 billion in 2007 and $4.6 billion in 2006. Cash EquivalEnts Cash equivalents are investments with original maturities of three months or less which we do not intend to rollover beyond three months. softwarE Costs We capitalize certain computer software and software develop- ment costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and it is probable that the software will be used as intended. Capitalized software costs include only (i) external direct costs of materials and services utilized in developing or obtaining computer software, (ii) compensation and related benefits for employees who are directly associated with the software project and (iii) interest costs incurred while develop- ing internal-use computer software. Capitalized software costs are included in property, plant and equipment on our balance sheet and amortized on a straight-line basis when placed into service over the estimated useful lives of the software, which approxi- mate five to ten years. Net capitalized software and development costs were $940 million at December 27, 2008 and $761 million at December 29, 2007. CommitmEnts anD ContingEnCiEs We are subject to various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, certain taxes and environmental matters, as well as commitments under contractual and other commercial obligations. We recognize liabilities for contingencies and commitments when a loss is probable and estimable. For additional information on our commitments, see Note 9. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 73 Other 33% United Kingdom 7% Canada 2% Mexico 4% United States 54% Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ReSeaRCh aNd developmeNt We engage in a variety of research and development activities. These activities principally involve the development of new products, improvement in the quality of existing products, improvement and modernization of production processes, and the development and implementation of new technologies to enhance the quality and value of both current and proposed product lines. Consumer research is excluded from research and development costs and included in other marketing costs. Research and development costs were $388 million in 2008, $364 million in 2007 and $282 million in 2006 and are reported within selling, general and administrative expenses. otheR SigNiFiCaNt aCCouNtiNg poliCieS Our other significant accounting policies are disclosed as follows: • Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets – Note 4, and for additional unaudited information on brands and good- will, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Income Taxes – Note 5, and for additional unaudited informa- tion, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. • • Stock-Based Compensation – Note 6. • Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans – Note 7, and for additional unaudited information, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. • Financial Instruments – Note 10, and for additional unaudited information, see “Our Business Risks” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. ReCeNt aCCouNtiNg pRoNouNCemeNtS In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 159 which permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. We adopted SFAS 159 as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not impact our financial statements. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141R, to improve, simplify and converge internationally the accounting for business combinations. SFAS 141R continues the movement toward the greater use of fair value in financial reporting and increased trans- parency through expanded disclosures. It changes how business acquisitions are accounted for and will impact financial statements both on the acquisition date and in subsequent periods. The provisions of SFAS 141R are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, with the exception of adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contin- gencies. Adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R. Future adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contin- gencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R and will be evaluated based on the outcome of these matters. We do not expect the adoption of SFAS 141R to have a material impact on our financial statements. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 160. SFAS 160 amends ARB 51 to establish new standards that will govern the accounting for and reporting of (1) noncontrolling interests in par- tially owned consolidated subsidiaries and (2) the loss of control of subsidiaries. The provisions of SFAS 160 are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year on a prospective basis. We do not expect our adoption of SFAS 160 to have a significant impact on our financial statements. In the first quarter of 2009, we will include the required disclosures for all periods presented. In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161 which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133 to provide an enhanced understanding of the use of derivative instruments, how they are accounted for under SFAS 133 and their effect on financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The disclosure provisions of SFAS 161 are effective as of the begin- ning of our 2009 fiscal year. Note 3 Restructuring and Impairment Charges 2008 ReStRuCtuRiNg aNd impaiRmeNt ChaRge In 2008, we incurred a charge of $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share) in conjunction with our Productivity for Growth program. The program includes actions in all divisions of the business that we believe will increase cost competitiveness across the supply chain, upgrade and streamline our product portfolio, and simplify the organization for more effective and timely decision-making. Approximately $455 million of the charge was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses, with the remainder recorded in cost of sales. Substantially all cash payments related to this charge are expected to be paid by the end of 2009. 74 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report A summary of the restructuring and impairment charge is Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect termina- as follows: tion costs for approximately 1,100 employees. FLNA QFNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Corporate Severance and Other Employee Costs $÷48 14 30 68 39 11 2 $212 Asset Impairments Other Costs $÷38 3 8 92 6 2 – $149 $÷22 14 2 129 5 2 8 $182 Total $108 31 40 289 50 15 10 $543 Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect termina- tion costs for approximately 3,500 employees. Asset impairments relate to the closure of 6 plants and changes to our beverage product portfolio. Other costs include contract exit costs and third- party incremental costs associated with upgrading our product portfolio and our supply chain. A summary of our Productivity for Growth program activity is as follows: Severance and Other Employee Costs $212 (50) (27) (1) Asset Impairments Other Costs $«149 – (149) – $«182 (109) (9) – Total $«543 (159) (185) (1) 2008 restructuring and impairment charge Cash payments Non-cash charge Currency translation Liability at December 27, 2008 $134 $÷÷«– $÷«64 $«198 2007 RestRuctuRing and impaiRment chaRge In 2007, we incurred a charge of $102 million ($70 million after- tax or $0.04 per share) in conjunction with restructuring actions primarily to close certain plants and rationalize other production lines across FLNA, LAF, PAB, UKEU and MEAA. The charge was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. All cash payments related to this charge were paid by the end of 2008. A summary of the restructuring and impairment charge is as follows: FLNA LAF PAB UKEU MEAA Severance and Other Employee Costs Asset Impairments $÷– 14 12 2 5 $33 $19 25 – 4 9 $57 Other Costs $÷9 – – 3 – $12 Total $÷28 39 12 9 14 $102 2006 RestRuctuRing and impaiRment chaRge In 2006, we incurred a charge of $67 million ($43 million after- tax or $0.03 per share) in conjunction with consolidating the manufacturing network at FLNA by closing two plants in the U.S., and rationalizing other assets, to increase manufacturing produc- tivity and supply chain efficiencies. The charge was comprised of $43 million of asset impairments, $14 million of severance and other employee costs and $10 million of other costs. Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect the termination costs for approximately 380 employees. All cash payments related to this charge were paid by the end of 2007. Note 4 Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets Average Useful Life 2008 2007 2006 property, plant and equipment, net Land and improvements Buildings and improvements Machinery and equipment, including fleet and software Construction in progress Accumulated depreciation 10–34 yrs. $÷÷÷868 $÷÷÷864 20–44 4,738 4,577 5–14 15,173 1,773 22,552 (10,889) 14,471 1,984 21,896 (10,668) $«11,663 $«11,228 Depreciation expense $÷«1,422 $÷«1,304 $1,182 amortizable intangible assets, net Brands Other identifiable intangibles Accumulated amortization 5–40 $÷«1,411 $÷«1,476 10–24 360 1,771 (1,039) 344 1,820 (1,024) $÷÷÷732 $÷÷÷796 Amortization expense $÷÷÷÷64 $÷÷÷÷58 $÷«162 Property, plant and equipment is recorded at historical cost. Depreciation and amortization are recognized on a straight-line basis over an asset’s estimated useful life. Land is not depreci- ated and construction in progress is not depreciated until ready for service. Amortization of intangible assets for each of the next five years, based on average 2008 foreign exchange rates, is expected to be $64 million in 2009, $63 million in 2010, $62 mil- lion in 2011, $60 million in 2012 and $56 million in 2013. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 75 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Depreciable and amortizable assets are only evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macro- economic environment. In these circumstances, if an evaluation of the undiscounted cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is based on dis- counted future cash flows. Useful lives are periodically evaluated to determine whether events or circumstances have occurred which indicate the need for revision. For additional unaudited information on our amortizable brand policies, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. NoNamortizable iNtaNgible aSSetS Perpetual brands and goodwill are assessed for impairment at least annually. If the carrying amount of a perpetual brand exceeds its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. No impair- ment charges resulted from the required impairment evaluations. The change in the book value of nonamortizable intangible assets is as follows: FlNa Goodwill QFNa Goodwill laF Goodwill Brands Pab Goodwill Brands UKeU Goodwill Brands meaa Goodwill Brands Total goodwill Total brands Balance, Beginning 2007 Acquisitions Translation and Other Balance, End of 2007 Acquisitions Translation and Other balance, end of 2008 $÷«284 $÷÷– $÷27 $÷«311 $÷÷– $÷(34) $÷«277 175 144 22 166 2,203 59 2,262 1,412 1,018 2,430 376 113 489 4,594 1,212 $5,806 – – – – 146 – 146 122 – 122 114 – 114 382 – $382 – 3 – 3 20 – 20 92 23 115 51 13 64 193 36 $229 175 147 22 169 2,369 59 2,428 1,626 1,041 2,667 541 126 667 5,169 1,248 $6,417 – 338 118 456 – – – 45 14 59 1 – 1 384 132 $516 – (61) (13) (74) (14) – (14) (215) (211) (426) (105) (28) (133) (429) (252) $(681) 175 424 127 551 2,355 59 2,414 1,456 844 2,300 437 98 535 5,124 1,128 $6,252 76 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Note 5   Income Taxes Income before income taxes U.S. Foreign Provision for income taxes Current:  U.S. Federal Foreign State Deferred: U.S. Federal Foreign State Tax rate reconciliation U.S. Federal statutory tax rate State income tax, net of   U.S. Federal tax benefit Lower taxes on foreign results Tax settlements Other, net Annual tax rate  Deferred tax liabilities Investments in noncontrolled affiliates Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets other than   nondeductible goodwill Pension benefits Other 2008 2007 2006 $3,274 3,747 $7,021 $÷«815 732 87 1,634 313 (69) 1 245 $4,085 3,546 $7,631 $1,422 489 104 2,015 22 (66) 2 (42) $3,844 3,145 $6,989 $÷«776 569 56 1,401 (31) (16) (7) (54) $1,879 $1,973 $1,347 35.0% 0.5 (6.5) (8.6) (1.1) 19.3% 35.0% 0.8 (7.9) – (1.1) 26.8% 35.0% 0.9 (6.5) (1.7) (1.8) 25.9% $1,193 881 $1,163 828 295 – 73 280 148 136 Gross deferred tax liabilities 2,442 2,555 Deferred tax assets Net carryforwards Stock-based compensation Retiree medical benefits Other employee-related benefits Pension benefits Deductible state tax and interest benefits Other Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowances Deferred tax assets, net 682 410 495 428 345 230 677 3,267 (657) 2,610 722 425 528 447 – 189 618 2,929 (695) 2,234 Net deferred tax (assets)/liabilities $÷(168) $÷«321 Deferred taxes included within: Assets: Prepaid expenses and other current  assets Other assets Liabilities: Deferred income taxes Analysis of valuation allowances Balance, beginning of year (Benefit)/provision Other (deductions)/additions Balance, end of year 2008 2007 2006 $372 $÷22 $226 $695 (5) (33) $657 $325 – $646 $624 39 32 $695 $223 – $528 $532 71 21 $624 For additional unaudited information on our income tax poli- cies, including our reserves for income taxes, see “Our Critical  Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. In 2007, we recognized $129 million of non-cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters.  In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million, substantially all of which related to the IRS’s examination of our  consolidated income tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002. ReseRves A number of years may elapse before a particular matter, for  which we have established a reserve, is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies  depending on the tax jurisdiction. Our major taxing jurisdictions  and the related open tax audits are as follows: •  U.S. – continue to dispute one matter related to tax years  1998 through 2002. Our U.S. tax returns for the years 2003  through 2005 are currently under audit. In 2008, the IRS   initiated its audit of our U.S. tax returns for the years 2006  through 2007; •  Mexico – audits have been substantially completed for all   taxable years through 2005; •  United Kingdom – audits have been completed for all taxable  years prior to 2004; and •  Canada – audits have been completed for all taxable years  through 2005. We are in agreement with the conclusions,  except for one matter which we continue to dispute. The  Canadian tax return for 2006 is currently under audit. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 77                 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular tax matter, we believe that our reserves reflect the probable outcome of known tax contin- gencies. We adjust these reserves, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement of any particular issue would usually require the use of cash. Favorable resolution would be recognized as a reduction to our annual tax rate in the year of resolution. For further unaudited information on the impact of the resolu- tion of open tax issues, see “Other Consolidated Results.” In 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes – an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, (FIN 48), which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. FIN 48 requires that we recognize in our financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. We adopted the provisions of FIN 48 as of the beginning of our 2007 fiscal year. As of December 27, 2008, the total gross amount of reserves for income taxes, reported in other liabilities, was $1.7 billion. Any prospective adjustments to these reserves will be recorded as an increase or decrease to our provision for income taxes and would impact our effective tax rate. In addition, we accrue interest related to reserves for income taxes in our provision for income taxes and any associated penalties are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. The gross amount of interest accrued, reported in other liabilities, was $427 million as of December 27, 2008, of which $95 million was recognized in 2008. The gross amount of interest accrued was $338 million as of December 29, 2007, of which $34 million was recognized in 2007. A rollforward of our reserves for all federal, state and foreign tax jurisdictions, is as follows: Balance, beginning of year FIN 48 adoption adjustment to retained earnings Reclassification of deductible state tax and interest benefits to other balance sheet accounts Adjusted balance, beginning of year Additions for tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions from prior years Reductions for tax positions from prior years Settlement payments Statute of limitations expiration Translation and other 2008 $1,461 – – 1,461 272 76 (14) (30) (20) (34) 2007 $1,435 (7) (144) 1,284 264 151 (73) (174) (7) 16 Balance, end of year $1,711 $1,461 CarryForwardS aNd allowaNCeS Operating loss carryforwards totaling $7.2 billion at year-end 2008 are being carried forward in a number of foreign and state jurisdictions where we are permitted to use tax operating losses from prior periods to reduce future taxable income. These operat- ing losses will expire as follows: $0.3 billion in 2009, $6.2 billion between 2010 and 2028 and $0.7 billion may be carried forward indefinitely. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. UNdiStribUted iNterNatioNal earNiNgS At December 27, 2008, we had approximately $17.1 billion of undistributed international earnings. We intend to continue to reinvest earnings outside the U.S. for the foreseeable future and, therefore, have not recognized any U.S. tax expense on these earnings. Note 6 Stock-Based Compensation Our stock-based compensation program is a broad-based program designed to attract and retain employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of our shareholders. A majority of our employees participate in our stock-based com- pensation program. This program includes both our broad-based SharePower program which was established in 1989 to grant an annual award of stock options to eligible employees, based upon job level or classification and tenure (internationally), as well as our executive long-term awards program. Stock options and restricted stock units (RSU) are granted to employees under the shareholder-approved 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP), our only active stock-based plan. Stock-based compensation expense was $238 million in 2008, $260 million in 2007 and $270 million in 2006. Related income tax benefits recognized in earnings were $71 million in 2008, $77 million in 2007 and $80 million in 2006. Stock-based compensation cost capitalized in connection with our ongoing business transformation initiative was $4 million in 2008, $3 million in 2007 and $3 million in 2006. At year-end 2008, 57 million shares were available for future stock-based compensation grants. 78 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Method of Accounting And our AssuMptions We account for our employee stock options, which include grants under our executive program and our broad-based SharePower program, under the fair value method of accounting using a Black-Scholes valuation model to measure stock option expense at the date of grant. All stock option grants have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and generally have a 10-year term. We do not backdate, reprice or grant stock-based compensation awards retroactively. Repricing of awards would require shareholder approval under the LTIP. The fair value of stock option grants is amortized to expense over the vesting period, generally three years. Executives who are awarded long-term incentives based on their performance are offered the choice of stock options or RSUs. Executives who elect RSUs receive one RSU for every four stock options that would have otherwise been granted. Senior officers do not have a choice and are granted 50% stock options and 50% performance- based RSUs. Vesting of RSU awards for senior officers is contin- gent upon the achievement of pre-established performance targets approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. RSU expense is based on the fair value of PepsiCo stock on the date of grant and is amortized over the vesting period, generally three years. Each RSU is settled in a share of our stock after the vesting period. Our weighted-average Black-Scholes fair value assumptions are as follows: Expected life Risk free interest rate Expected volatility Expected dividend yield 2008 6 yrs. 3.0% 16% 1.9% 2007 6 yrs. 4.8% 15% 1.9% 2006 6 yrs. 4.5% 18% 1.9% The expected life is the period over which our employee groups are expected to hold their options. It is based on our historical experience with similar grants. The risk free interest rate is based on the expected U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life. Volatility reflects movements in our stock price over the most recent historical period equivalent to the expected life. Dividend yield is estimated over the expected life based on our stated dividend policy and forecasts of net income, share repurchases and stock price. A summary of our stock-based compensation activity for the year ended December 27, 2008 is presented below: our stock option Activity Options(a) Average Price(b) Average Life (years)(c) Aggregate Intrinsic Value(d) Outstanding at December 29, 2007 Granted Exercised Forfeited/expired 108,808 12,512 (14,651) (2,997) Outstanding at December 27, 2008 103,672 $47.47 68.74 42.19 60.13 $50.42 4.93 $736,438 Exercisable at December 27, 2008 61,085 $43.41 3.16 $683,983 (a) Options are in thousands and include options previously granted under Quaker plans. No additional options or shares may be granted under the Quaker plans. (b) Weighted-average exercise price. (c) Weighted-average contractual life remaining. (d) In thousands. our rsu Activity Average Intrinsic RSUs(a) Value(b) Average Life (years)(c) Aggregate Intrinsic Value(d) Outstanding at December 29, 2007 Granted Converted Forfeited/expired Outstanding at December 27, 2008 7,370 2,135 (2,500) (854) 6,151 $58.63 68.73 54.59 62.90 $63.18 (a) RSUs are in thousands. (b) Weighted-average intrinsic value at grant date. (c) Weighted-average contractual life remaining. (d) In thousands. other stock-BAsed coMpensAtion dAtA 1.20 $335,583 stock options Weighted-average fair value of options granted Total intrinsic value of options exercised(a) rsus Total number of RSUs granted(a) Weighted-average intrinsic value of RSUs granted Total intrinsic value of RSUs converted(a) (a) In thousands. 2008 2007 2006 $÷÷11.24 $410,152 $÷÷13.56 $826,913 $÷÷12.81 $686,242 2,135 2,342 2,992 $÷÷68.73 $180,563 $÷÷65.21 $125,514 $÷÷58.22 $÷10,934 At December 27, 2008, there was $243 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share- based compensation grants. This unrecognized compensation is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 79 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 7   Pension, Retiree Medical and  Savings Plans Our pension plans cover full-time employees in the U.S. and   certain international employees. Benefits are determined based on either years of service or a combination of years of service and earnings. U.S. and Canada retirees are also eligible for medi- cal and life insurance benefits (retiree medical) if they meet age and service requirements. Generally, our share of retiree medical  costs is capped at specified dollar amounts, which vary based upon years of service, with retirees contributing the remainder   of the costs. Gains and losses resulting from actual experience differing  from our assumptions, including the difference between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan  assets, and from changes in our assumptions are also determined  at each measurement date. If this net accumulated gain or loss  exceeds 10% of the greater of the market-related value of plan  assets or plan liabilities, a portion of the net gain or loss is included in expense for the following year. The cost or benefit   of plan changes that increase or decrease benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost/(credit)) is included in   earnings on a straight-line basis over the average remaining   service period of active plan participants, which is approximately 10 years for pension expense and approximately 12 years for  retiree medical expense. On December 30, 2006, we adopted SFAS 158. In connection with our adoption, we recognized the funded status of our Plans on our balance sheet as of December 30, 2006 with subsequent changes in the funded status recognized in comprehensive income in the years in which they occur. In accordance with SFAS 158, amounts prior to the year of adoption have not been adjusted. SFAS 158 also required that, no later than 2008, our assumptions used to measure our annual pension and retiree medical expense  be determined as of the balance sheet date, and all plan assets and liabilities be reported as of that date. Accordingly, as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, we changed the measurement date for our annual pension and retiree medical expense and all  plan assets and liabilities from September 30 to our year-end   balance sheet date. As a result of this change in measurement date, we recorded an after-tax $39 million decrease to 2008 opening shareholders’ equity, as follows: Retained earnings  Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total Pension $(63) 12 $(51) Retiree Medical $(20) 32 $«12 Total $(83) 44 $(39) 80 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report  Selected financial information for our pension and retiree medical plans is as follows: Pension Retiree Medical 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 U.S. International Change in projected benefit liability Liability at beginning of year SFAS 158 measurement date change Service cost Interest cost Plan amendments Participant contributions Experience loss/(gain) Benefit payments Settlement/curtailment loss Special termination benefits Foreign currency adjustment Other Liability at end of year Change in fair value of plan assets Fair value at beginning of year SFAS 158 measurement date change Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions/funding Participant contributions Benefit payments Settlement/curtailment loss Foreign currency adjustment Other Fair value at end of year Reconciliation of funded status Funded status Adjustment for fourth quarter contributions Adjustment for fourth quarter special termination benefits Net amount recognized Amounts recognized Other assets Other current liabilities Other liabilities Net amount recognized Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss/(credit) (pre-tax) Net loss Prior service cost/(credit) Total Components of the increase/(decrease) in net loss SFAS 158 measurement date change Change in discount rate Employee-related assumption changes Liability-related experience different from assumptions Actual asset return different from expected return Amortization of losses Other, including foreign currency adjustments and 2003 Medicare Act Total Liability at end of year for service to date $«6,048 (199) 244 371 (20) – 28 (277) (9) 31 – – $«6,217 $«5,782 (136) (1,434) 48 – (277) (9) – – $«3,974 $(2,243) – – $(2,243) $÷÷÷÷– (60) (2,183) $(2,243) $«2,826 112 $«2,938 $÷«(130) 247 (194) (25) 1,850 (58) – $«1,690 $«5,413 $5,947 – 244 338 147 – (309) (319) – – – – $6,048 $5,378 – 654 69 – (319) – – – $5,782 $÷(266) 15 (5) $÷(256) $÷«440 (24) (672) $÷(256) $1,136 156 $1,292 $÷÷÷«– (292) – (17) (255) (136) – $÷(700) $5,026 $1,595 113 61 88 2 17 (165) (51) (15) 2 (376) (1) $1,270 $1,595 97 (241) 101 17 (51) (11) (341) (1) $1,165 $÷(105) – – $÷(105) $÷÷«28 (1) (132) $÷(105) $÷«421 20 $÷«441 $÷«105 (219) 52 (4) 354 (19) (135) $÷«134 $1,013 $«1,354 (37) 45 82 (47) – 58 (70) (2) 3 (10) (6) $«1,370 $÷«÷÷«– – – 70 – (70) – – – $÷÷÷«– $(1,370) – – $(1,370) $÷÷«÷«– (102) (1,268) $(1,370) $÷««266 (119) $÷««147 $÷«÷(53) 36 6 10 – (8) (1) $÷«÷(10) $1,511 – 59 81 4 14 (155) (46) – – 96 31 $1,595 $1,330 – 122 58 14 (46) – 91 26 $1,595 $«÷÷÷– 107 – $«÷107 $«÷187 (3) (77) $÷«107 $«÷287 28 $÷«315 $÷÷÷«– (224) 61 7 (25) (30) 23 $÷(188) $1,324 $«1,370 – 48 77 – – (80) (77) – – 9 7 $«1,354 $÷÷÷÷– – – 77 – (77) – – – $÷÷÷÷– $(1,354) 19 – $(1,335) $÷÷÷÷– (88) (1,247) $(1,335) $÷÷276 (88) $÷÷188 $÷÷÷÷– (50) (9) (21) – (18) 10 $÷÷«(88) PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 81 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Components of benefit expense are as follows: Components of benefit expense Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service cost/(credit) Amortization of net loss Settlement/curtailment loss Special termination benefits Total 2008 $«244 371 (416) 19 55 273 3 31 2007 U.S. $«244 338 (399) 5 136 324 – 5 Pension Retiree Medical 2006 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006 International $÷«61 88 (112) 3 19 59 3 2 $«59 81 (97) 3 30 76 – – $«52 68 (81) 2 29 70 – – $«245 319 (391) 3 164 340 3 4 $÷45 82 – (13) 7 121 – 3 $÷48 77 – (13) 18 130 – – $÷46 72 – (13) 21 126 – 1 $«307 $«329 $«347 $÷«64 $«76 $«70 $124 $130 $127 The estimated amounts to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into benefit expense in 2009 for our pension and retiree medical plans are as follows: Net loss Prior service cost/(credit) Total Pension U.S. International Retiree Medical $÷98 11 $109 $10 2 $12 $«11 (17) $÷(6) The following table provides the weighted-average assumptions used to determine projected benefit liability and benefit expense for our pension and retiree medical plans: Weighted average assumptions Liability discount rate Expense discount rate Expected return on plan assets Rate of salary increases 2008 6.2% 6.5% 7.8% 4.6% 2007 U.S. 6.2% 5.8% 7.8% 4.7% Pension Retiree Medical 2006 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006 International 6.3% 5.6% 7.2% 3.9% 5.8% 5.2% 7.3% 3.9% 5.2% 5.1% 7.3% 3.9% 5.8% 5.7% 7.8% 4.5% 6.2% 6.5% 6.1% 5.8% 5.8% 5.7% The following table provides selected information about plans with liability for service to date and total benefit liability in excess of plan assets: Selected information for plans with liability for service to date in excess of plan assets Liability for service to date Fair value of plan assets Selected information for plans with benefit liability in excess of plan assets Benefit liability Fair value of plan assets Pension Retiree Medical 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 U.S. International $(5,411) $«3,971 $(6,217) $«3,974 $(364) $÷÷«– $(707) $÷÷«– $÷«÷(49) $÷«÷«30 $(1,049) $÷÷916 $÷(72) $÷«13 $(384) $«278 $(1,370) $(1,354) Of the total projected pension benefit liability at year-end 2008, $587 million relates to plans that we do not fund because the funding of such plans does not receive favorable tax treatment. 82 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Future BeneFit Payments and Funding Our estimated future benefit payments are as follows: Pension Retiree medical (a) 2009 $350 $110 2010 $335 $115 2011 $370 $120 2012 $400 $125 2013 2014–18 $425 $130 $2,645 $÷«580 (a) Expected future benefit payments for our retiree medical plans do not reflect any estimated subsidies expected to be received under the 2003 Medicare Act. Subsidies are expected to be approximately $10 million for each of the years from 2009 through 2013 and approximately $70 million in total for 2014 through 2018. These future benefits to beneficiaries include payments from both funded and unfunded pension plans. In 2009, we will make pension contributions of up to $1.1 bil- lion, with up to $1 billion being discretionary. Our net cash pay- ments for retiree medical are estimated to be approximately $100 million in 2009. Pension assets Our pension plan investment strategy includes the use of actively- managed securities and is reviewed annually based upon plan liabilities, an evaluation of market conditions, tolerance for risk and cash requirements for benefit payments. Our investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans’ benefit obligations when they become due. Our overall investment strategy is to prudently invest plan assets in high-quality and diversified equity and debt securities to achieve our long-term return expecta- tions. We employ certain equity strategies which, in addition to investments in U.S. and international common and preferred stock, include investments in certain equity- and debt-based securities used collectively to generate returns in excess of certain equity- based indices. Debt-based securities represent approximately 3% and 30% of our equity strategy portfolio as of year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Our investment policy also permits the use of derivative instruments which are primarily used to reduce risk. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 7.8%, reflecting estimated long-term rates of return of 8.9% from our equity strategies, and 6.3% from our fixed income strategies. Our target investment allocation is 60% for equity strategies and 40% for fixed income strategies. Actual investment allocations may vary from our target investment allocations due to prevailing market conditions. We regularly review our actual investment allocations and periodically rebalance our investments to our target allocations. Our actual pension plan asset allocations are as follows: Asset Category Equity strategies Fixed income strategies Other, primarily cash Total Actual Allocation 2008 38% 61% 1% 100% 2007 61% 38% 1% 100% The expected return on pension plan assets is based on our pension plan investment strategy, our expectations for long-term rates of return and our historical experience. We also review cur- rent levels of interest rates and inflation to assess the reasonable- ness of the long-term rates. To calculate the expected return on pension plan assets, we use a market-related valuation method that recognizes investment gains or losses (the difference between the expected and actual return based on the market- related value of assets) for securities included in our equity strategies over a five-year period. This has the effect of reducing year-to-year volatility. For all other asset categories, the actual fair value is used for the market-related value of assets. Pension assets include 5.5 million shares of PepsiCo common stock with a market value of $302 million in 2008, and 5.5 mil- lion shares with a market value of $401 million in 2007. Our investment policy limits the investment in PepsiCo stock at the time of investment to 10% of the fair value of plan assets. retiree medical cost trend rates An average increase of 8.0% in the cost of covered retiree medical benefits is assumed for 2009. This average increase is then projected to decline gradually to 5% in 2014 and thereafter. These assumed health care cost trend rates have an impact on the retiree medical plan expense and liability. However, the cap on our share of retiree medical costs limits the impact. A 1-percentage-point change in the assumed health care trend rate would have the following effects: 2008 service and interest cost components 2008 benefit liability 1% Increase 1% Decrease $÷6 $33 $÷(5) $(29) savings Plan Our U.S. employees are eligible to participate in 401(k) savings plans, which are voluntary defined contribution plans. The plans are designed to help employees accumulate additional savings for retirement. We make matching contributions on a portion of eligible pay based on years of service. In 2008 and 2007, our matching contributions were $70 million and $62 million, respectively. For additional unaudited information on our pension and retiree medical plans and related accounting policies and assump- tions, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 83 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 8   Noncontrolled Bottling Affiliates Our most significant noncontrolled bottling affiliates are PBG  and PAS. Sales to PBG reflected approximately 8%, 9% and 10%  of our total net revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The PePSi BoTTliNg grouP In addition to approximately 33% and 35% of PBG’s outstanding  common stock that we owned at year-end 2008 and 2007,  respectively, we owned 100% of PBG’s class B common stock  and approximately 7% of the equity of Bottling Group, LLC,  PBG’s principal operating subsidiary. PBG’s summarized financial information is as follows: 2008 2007 2006 Current assets Noncurrent assets  Total assets  Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities  Minority interest Total liabilities  Our investment Net revenue Gross profit Operating profit Net income $÷3,141 9,841 $÷3,086 10,029 $12,982 $13,115 $÷3,083 7,408 1,148 $÷2,215 7,312 973 $11,639 $10,500 $÷1,457 $÷2,022 $13,796 $÷6,210 $÷÷«649 $÷÷«162 $13,591 $÷6,221 $÷1,071 $÷÷«532 $12,730 $÷5,830 $÷1,017 $÷÷«522 Our investment in PBG, which includes the related goodwill,  was $536 million and $507 million higher than our ownership  interest in their net assets at year-end 2008 and 2007, respec- tively. Based upon the quoted closing price of PBG shares at  year-end 2008, the calculated market value of our shares in PBG  exceeded our investment balance, excluding our investment in  Bottling Group, LLC, by approximately $567 million. Additionally, in 2007, we formed a joint venture with PBG,  comprising our concentrate and PBG’s bottling businesses in  Russia. PBG holds a 60% majority interest in the joint venture  and consolidates the entity. We account for our interest of 40%  under the equity method of accounting. During 2008, together with PBG, we jointly acquired Russia’s  leading branded juice company, Lebedyansky. Lebedyansky is  owned 25% and 75% by PBG and us, respectively. See Note 14  for further information on this acquisition. PePSiAmeriCAS At year-end 2008 and 2007, we owned approximately 43% and  44%, respectively, of the outstanding common stock of PAS. PAS summarized financial information is as follows: Current assets Noncurrent assets  Total assets  Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities  Minority interest Total liabilities  Our investment Net revenue Gross profit Operating profit Net income 2008 $÷«906 4,148 $5,054 $1,048 2,175 307 $3,530 $÷«972 $4,937 $1,982 $÷«473 $÷«226 2007 $÷«922 4,386 $5,308 $÷«903 2,274 273 $3,450 $1,118 $4,480 $1,823 $÷«436 $÷«212 2006 $3,972 $1,608 $÷«356 $÷«158 Our investment in PAS, which includes the related goodwill,  was $318 million and $303 million higher than our ownership  interest in their net assets at year-end 2008 and 2007, respec- tively. Based upon the quoted closing price of PAS shares at  year-end 2008, the calculated market value of our shares in PAS  exceeded our investment balance by approximately $143 million. Additionally, in 2007, we completed the joint purchase of  Sandora, LLC, a juice company in the Ukraine, with PAS. PAS  holds a 60% majority interest in the joint venture and consolidates  the entity. We account for our interest of 40% under the equity  method of accounting. relATed PArTy TrANSACTioNS Our significant related party transactions include our noncon- trolled bottling affiliates. We sell concentrate to these affiliates,  which they use in the production of CSDs and non-carbonated  beverages. We also sell certain finished goods to these affiliates,  and we receive royalties for the use of our trademarks for certain  products. Sales of concentrate and finished goods are reported  net of bottler funding. For further unaudited information on these  bottlers, see “Our Customers” in Management’s Discussion and  Analysis. These transactions with our bottling affiliates are  reflected in our consolidated financial statements as follows: Net revenue Selling, general and administrative  expenses Accounts and notes receivable Accounts payable and other current  liabilities 2008 2007 2006 $4,919 $4,874 $4,837 $÷«131 $÷«153 $÷÷«91 $÷«163 $÷÷«87 $÷«104 $÷«106 84 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Such amounts are settled on terms consistent with other trade receivables and payables. See Note 9 regarding our guarantee of certain PBG debt. In addition, we coordinate, on an aggregate basis, the contract negotiations of sweeteners and other raw material requirements for certain of our bottlers. Once we have negotiated the con- tracts, the bottlers order and take delivery directly from the sup- plier and pay the suppliers directly. Consequently, these transactions are not reflected in our consolidated financial state- ments. As the contracting party, we could be liable to these sup- pliers in the event of any nonpayment by our bottlers, but we consider this exposure to be remote. Note 9 Debt Obligations and Commitments Short-term debt obligations Current maturities of long-term debt Commercial paper (0.7% and 4.3%) Other borrowings (10.0% and 7.2%) Amounts reclassified to long-term debt Long-term debt obligations Short-term borrowings, reclassified Notes due 2009-2026 (5.8% and 5.3%) Zero coupon notes, $300 million due 2009-2012 (13.3%) Other, due 2009-2016 (5.3% and 6.1%) Less: current maturities of long-term debt obligations 2008 2007 $÷÷273 846 509 (1,259) $÷÷369 $«1,259 6,382 242 248 8,131 (273) $÷÷526 361 489 (1,376) $÷÷÷÷– $«1,376 2,673 285 395 4,729 (526) $«7,858 $«4,203 The interest rates in the above table reflect weighted-average rates at year-end. In the second quarter of 2008, we issued $1.75 billion of senior unsecured notes, maturing in 2018. We entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2018, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. The proceeds from the issuance of these notes were used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of out- standing short-term indebtedness. In the third quarter of 2008, we updated our U.S. $2.5 billion euro medium term note program following the expiration of the existing program. Under the program, we may issue unsecured notes under mutually agreed upon terms with the purchasers of the notes. Proceeds from any issuance of notes may be used for general corporate purposes, except as otherwise specified in the related prospectus. As of December 27, 2008, we had no out- standing notes under the program. In the fourth quarter of 2008, we issued $2 billion of senior unsecured notes, bearing interest at 7.90% per year and maturing in 2018. We used the proceeds from the issuance of these notes for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of out- standing short-term indebtedness. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2008, we entered into a new 364-day unsecured revolving credit agreement which enables us to borrow up to $1.8 billion, subject to customary terms and conditions, and expires in December 2009. This agree- ment replaced a $1 billion 364-day unsecured revolving credit agreement we entered into during the third quarter of 2008. Funds borrowed under this agreement may be used to repay outstanding commercial paper issued by us or our subsidiaries and for other general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital investments and acquisitions. This line of credit remained unused as of December 27, 2008. This 364-day credit agreement is in addition to our $2 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement. Funds borrowed under this agreement may be used for general corporate purposes, including supporting our outstanding commercial paper issuances. This agreement expires in 2012. This line of credit remains unused as of December 27, 2008. As of December 27, 2008, we have reclassified $1.3 billion of short-term debt to long-term based on our intent and ability to refinance on a long-term basis. In addition, as of December 27, 2008, $844 million of our debt related to borrowings from various lines of credit that are maintained for our international divisions. These lines of credit are subject to normal banking terms and conditions and are fully committed to the extent of our borrowings. IntereSt rate SwapS In connection with the issuance of the $1.75 billion notes in the second quarter of 2008, we entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2018, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. In addition, in connection with the issuance of the $1 billion senior unsecured notes in the second quarter of 2007, we entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2012, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5.15% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. The terms of the swaps match the terms of the debt they modify. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps outstanding at December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007 were $2.75 billion and $1 billion, respectively. PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 85 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements At December 27, 2008, approximately 58% of total debt, after the impact of the related interest rate swaps, was exposed to variable interest rates, compared to 56% at December 29, 2007. In addition to variable rate long-term debt, all debt with maturities of less than one year is categorized as variable for purposes of this measure. LoNg-Term CoNTraCTuaL CommiTmeNTS (a) Long-term debt obligations (b) Interest on debt obligations (c) Operating leases Purchasing commitments Marketing commitments Other commitments Payments Due by Period Total 2009 $÷6,599 2,647 1,088 3,273 975 46 $÷÷÷«– 388 262 1,441 252 46 2010– 2011 $÷«184 605 359 1,325 462 – 2012– 2013 2014 and beyond $2,198 522 199 431 119 – $4,217 1,132 268 76 142 – $14,628 $2,389 $2,935 $3,469 $5,835 (a) Reflects non-cancelable commitments as of December 27, 2008 based on year-end foreign exchange rates and excludes any reserves for income taxes under FIN 48 as we are unable to reasonably predict the ultimate amount or timing of settlement of our reserves for income taxes. (b) Excludes short-term obligations of $369 million and short-term borrowings reclassified as long-term debt of $1,259 million. Includes $197 million of principal and accrued interest related to our zero coupon notes. Interest payments on floating-rate debt are estimated using interest rates effective as of December 27, 2008. (c) Most long-term contractual commitments, except for our long-term debt obligations, are not recorded on our balance sheet. Non-cancelable operating leases primarily represent building leases. Non-cancelable purchasing commitments are primarily for oranges and orange juice, cooking oil and packaging materials. Non-cancelable marketing commitments are primarily for sports marketing. Bottler funding is not reflected in our long-term con- tractual commitments as it is negotiated on an annual basis. See Note 7 regarding our pension and retiree medical obligations and discussion below regarding our commitments to noncontrolled bottling affiliates. oFF-BaLaNCe-SheeT arraNgemeNTS It is not our business practice to enter into off-balance-sheet arrangements, other than in the normal course of business. However, at the time of the separation of our bottling operations from us various guarantees were necessary to facilitate the transactions. We have guaranteed an aggregate of $2.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt ($1.0 billion of which matures in 2012 and $1.3 billion of which matures in 2014). In the fourth quarter of 2008, we extended our guarantee of $1.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt in connection with the refinancing of a corresponding portion of the underlying debt. The terms of our Bottling Group, LLC debt guarantee are intended to preserve the structure of PBG’s separation from us and our payment obligation would be triggered if Bottling Group, LLC failed to perform under these debt obligations or the struc- ture significantly changed. At December 27, 2008, we believe it is remote that these guarantees would require any cash payment. See Note 8 regarding contracts related to certain of our bottlers. See “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further unaudited information on our borrowings. Note 10 Financial Instruments We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in: • commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy, foreign exchange risks, and interest rates. • • In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including the use of derivatives. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. Cash flows from derivatives used to manage commodity, foreign exchange or interest risks are classified as operating activities. See “Our Business Risks” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further unaudited information on our business risks. For cash flow hedges, changes in fair value are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ equity until the underlying hedged item is recognized in net income. For fair value hedges, changes in fair value are recog- nized immediately in earnings, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Hedging transactions are limited to an underlying exposure. As a result, any change in the value of our derivative instruments would be substantially offset by an opposite change in the value of the underlying hedged items. Hedging ineffective- ness and a net earnings impact occur when the change in the value of the hedge does not offset the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. If the derivative instrument is termi- nated, we continue to defer the related gain or loss and include it as a component of the cost of the underlying hedged item. Upon determination that the underlying hedged item will not be part of an actual transaction, we recognize the related gain or loss in net income in that period. 86 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report We also use derivatives that do not qualify for hedge Our open commodity derivative contracts that do not qualify accounting treatment. We account for such derivatives at market value with the resulting gains and losses reflected in our income statement. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform a quarterly assessment of our counterparty credit risk, including a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. We consider this risk to be low, because we limit our exposure to individual, strong creditworthy counterparties and generally settle on a net basis. Commodity PriCes We are subject to commodity price risk because our ability to recover increased costs through higher pricing may be limited in the competitive environment in which we operate. This risk is managed through the use of fixed-price purchase orders, pricing agreements, geographic diversity and derivatives. We use deriva- tives, with terms of no more than three years, to economically hedge price fluctuations related to a portion of our anticipated commodity purchases, primarily for natural gas and diesel fuel. For those derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, any inef- fectiveness is recorded immediately. However, such commodity cash flow hedges have not had any significant ineffectiveness for all periods presented. We classify both the earnings and cash flow impact from these derivatives consistent with the underlying hedged item. During the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify net losses of $64 million related to cash flow hedges from accu- mulated other comprehensive loss into net income. Derivatives used to hedge commodity price risks that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market each period and reflected in our income statement. In 2007, we expanded our commodity hedging program to include derivative contracts used to mitigate our exposure to price changes associated with our purchases of fruit. In addition, in 2008, we entered into additional contracts to further reduce our exposure to price fluctuations in our raw material and energy costs. The majority of these contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corporate unallocated expenses. These gains and losses are then subsequently reflected in divisional results. Our open commodity derivative contracts that qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $303 million at December 27, 2008 and $5 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net unrealized losses of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized gains of less than $1 million at December 29, 2007. for hedge accounting had a face value of $626 million at December 27, 2008 and $105 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net losses of $343 million in 2008 and net gains of $3 million in 2007. Foreign exChange Our operations outside of the U.S. generate 48% of our net rev- enue, with Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom comprising 19% of our net revenue. As a result, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. On occasion, we enter into hedges, primarily forward contracts with terms of no more than two years, to reduce the effect of foreign exchange rates. Ineffectiveness of these hedges has not been material. interest rates We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios consider- ing investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We may use interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Our 2008 and 2007 interest rate swaps were entered into con- currently with the issuance of the debt that they modified. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt. Fair Value In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS 157, Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 were effective as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year. However, the FASB deferred the effective date of SFAS 157, until the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, as it relates to fair value measurement requirements for nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis. These include goodwill, other nonamortizable intangible assets and unallocated purchase price for recent acquisitions which are included within other assets. We adopted SFAS 157 at the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. The fair value framework requires the categorization of assets and liabilities into three levels based upon the assumptions (inputs) used to price the assets or liabilities. Level 1 provides PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 87 Derivative instruments are recognized on our balance sheet in current assets, current liabilities, other assets or other liabilities at fair value. The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair value due to the short term maturity. Short-term investments consist principally of short-term time deposits and index funds of $98 million at December 27, 2008 and $189 million at December 29, 2007 used to manage a portion of market risk arising from our deferred compensation liability. Under SFAS 157, the fair value of our debt obligations as of December 27, 2008 was $8.8 billion, based upon prices of similar instruments in the market place. The fair value of our debt obligations as of December 29, 2007 was $4.4 billion. The table above excludes guarantees, including our guarantee aggregating $2.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt. The guarantee had a fair value of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and $35 million at December 29, 2007 based on our estimate of the cost to us of transferring the liability to an inde- pendent financial institution. See Note 9 for additional information on our guarantees. Note 11 Net Income per Common Share Basic net income per common share is net income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average of com- mon shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is calculated using the weighted average of common shares outstanding adjusted to include the effect that would occur if in-the-money employee stock options were exercised and RSUs and preferred shares were converted into common shares. Options to purchase 9.8 million shares in 2008, 2.7 million shares in 2007 and 0.1 million shares in 2006 were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share because these options were out-of-the-money. Out-of-the- money options had average exercise prices of $67.59 in 2008, $65.18 in 2007 and $65.24 in 2006. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements the most reliable measure of fair value, whereas Level 3 generally requires significant management judgment. The three levels are defined as follows: • Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. • Level 2: Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1. For example, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets. • Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values of our financial assets and liabilities are categorized as follows: 2008 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 2007 Total Assets Short-term investments – index funds (a) Available-for-sale securities (b) Forward exchange contracts (c) Commodity contracts – other (d) Interest rate swaps (e) Prepaid forward contracts (f) Total assets at fair value Liabilities Forward exchange contracts (c) Commodity contracts – futures (g) Commodity contracts – other (d) Cross currency interest rate swaps (h) Deferred compensation (i) $÷98 41 139 – 372 41 $691 $÷56 115 345 – 447 $÷98 41 – – – – $139 $÷÷– 115 – – 99 $÷÷– – 139 – 372 41 $552 $÷56 – 345 – 348 Total liabilities at fair value $963 $214 $749 $– – – – – – $– $– – – – – $– $189 74 32 10 36 74 $415 $÷61 – 7 8 564 $640 The above items are included on our balance sheet under the captions noted or as indicated below. In addition, derivatives qualify for hedge accounting unless otherwise noted below. (a)  Based on price changes in index funds used to manage a portion of market risk arising from  our deferred compensation liability. (b)  Based on the price of common stock. (c)  Based on observable market transactions of spot and forward rates. The 2008 asset includes  $27 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting and the 2008  liability includes $55 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting.  The 2007 asset includes $20 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge  accounting and the 2007 liability includes $5 million related to derivatives that do not qualify  for hedge accounting. (d)  Based on recently reported transactions in the marketplace, primarily swap arrangements.  The 2008 liability includes $292 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge  accounting. Our commodity contracts in 2007 did not qualify for hedge accounting. (e)  Based on the LIBOR index. (f)  Based primarily on the price of our common stock. (g)  Based on average prices on futures exchanges. The 2008 liability includes $51 million related  to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting. (h)  Based on observable local benchmarks for currency and interest rates. Our cross currency  interest rate swaps matured in 2008. (i)  Based on the fair value of investments corresponding to employees’ investment elections. 88 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report The computations of basic and diluted net income per common share are as follows: Net income Preferred shares: Dividends Redemption premium Net income available for common shareholders Basic net income per common share Net income available for common shareholders Dilutive securities: Stock options and RSUs ESOP convertible preferred stock Diluted Diluted net income per common share (a) Weighted-average common shares outstanding. 2008 2007 2006 Income $5,142 (2) (6) $5,134 $÷3.26 $5,134 – 8 $5,142 $÷3.21 Shares(a) 1,573 1,573 27 2 1,602 Income $5,658 (2) (10) $5,646 $÷3.48 $5,646 – 12 $5,658 $÷3.41 Shares(a) 1,621 1,621 35 2 1,658 Income $5,642 (2) (9) $5,631 $÷3.42 $5,631 – 11 $5,642 $÷3.34 Shares(a) 1,649 1,649 36 2 1,687 Note 12 Preferred Stock As of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, there were 3 million shares of convertible preferred stock authorized. The preferred stock was issued only for an ESOP established by Quaker and these shares are redeemable for common stock by the ESOP participants. The preferred stock accrues dividends at an annual rate of $5.46 per share. At year-end 2008 and 2007, there were 803,953 preferred shares issued and 266,253 and 287,553 shares outstanding, respectively. The outstanding pre- ferred shares had a fair value of $72 million as of December 27, 2008 and $108 million as of December 29, 2007. Each share is convertible at the option of the holder into 4.9625 shares of com- mon stock. The preferred shares may be called by us upon written notice at $78 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends. Quaker made the final award to its ESOP plan in June 2001. Preferred stock Repurchased preferred stock Balance, beginning of year Redemptions Balance, end of year 2008 Shares 0.8 0.5 – 0.5 Amount $÷41 $132 6 $138 2007 2006 Shares 0.8 0.5 – 0.5 Amount $÷41 $120 12 $132 Shares 0.8 0.5 – 0.5 Amount $÷41 $110 10 $120 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 89 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 13   Accumulated Other   Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive income is a measure of income which includes  both net income and other comprehensive income or loss. Other  comprehensive income or loss results from items deferred from  recognition into our income statement. Accumulated other com- prehensive loss is separately presented on our balance sheet   as part of common shareholders’ equity. Other comprehensive  (loss)/income was $(3,793) million in 2008, $1,294 million in  2007 and $456 million in 2006. The accumulated balances for  each component of other comprehensive loss were as follows: Currency translation adjustment Cash flow hedges, net of tax (a) Unamortized pension and retiree medical,  net of tax (b) Unrealized gain on securities, net of tax Other 2008 $(2,271) (14) (2,435) 28 (2) 2007 2006 $÷÷213 (35) $÷«(506) 4 (1,183) 49 4 (1,782) 40 (2) Accumulated other comprehensive loss $(4,694) $÷«(952) $(2,246) (a) Includes $17 million after-tax loss in 2008 and $3 million after-tax gain in 2007 and 2006 for our share of our equity investees’ accumulated derivative activity. (b) Net of taxes of $1,288 million in 2008, $645 million in 2007 and $919 million in 2006. Includes $51 million decrease to the opening balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss in 2008 due to the change in measurement date. See Note 7. Note 14   Supplemental Financial Information Accounts receivable Trade receivables Other receivables Allowance, beginning of year Net amounts charged to expense Deductions (a) Other (b) Allowance, end of year Net receivables Inventories (c) Raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods 2008 2007 2006 $3,784 969 4,753 $3,670 788 4,458 69 21 (16) (4) 70 64 5 (7) 7 69 $«75 10 (27) 6 $«64 $4,683 $4,389 $1,228 169 1,125 $2,522 $1,056 157 1,077 $2,290 (a) (b) (c) Includes accounts written off. Includes currency translation effects and other adjustments. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the average, first-in, first-out (FIFO) or last-in, first-out (LIFO) methods. Approximately 14% in 2008 and 2007 of the inventory cost was computed using the LIFO method. The differences between LIFO and FIFO methods of valuing these inventories were not material. Other assets Noncurrent notes and accounts receivable Deferred marketplace spending Unallocated purchase price for recent acquisitions Pension plans Other Accounts payable and other current liabilities Accounts payable Accrued marketplace spending Accrued compensation and benefits Dividends payable Other current liabilities 2008 2007 $÷«115 219 1,594 28 702 $2,658 $2,846 1,574 1,269 660 1,924 $8,273 $÷«121 205 451 635 270 $1,682 $2,562 1,607 1,287 602 1,544 $7,602 Other supplemental information Rent expense Interest paid Income taxes paid, net of refunds Acquisitions (a) Fair value of assets acquired Cash paid and debt issued Liabilities assumed 2008 2007 2006 $÷÷357 $÷÷359 $«1,477 $«2,907 (1,925) $÷÷982 $«÷«303 $«÷«251 $«1,731 $«1,611 (1,320) $÷÷291 $÷«291 $÷«215 $2,155 $÷«678 (522) $÷«156 (a) During 2008, together with PBG, we jointly acquired Lebedyansky, for a total purchase price of $1.8 billion. Lebedyansky is owned 25% and 75% by PBG and us, respectively. The unal- located purchase price is included in other assets on our balance sheet and Lebedyansky’s financial results subsequent to the acquisition are reflected in our income statement. 90 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting To Our Shareholders: At PepsiCo, our actions – the actions of all our associates – are governed by our Worldwide Code of Conduct. This Code is clearly aligned with our stated values – a commitment to sustained growth, through empowered people, operating with responsibility and building trust. Both the Code and our core values enable us to operate with integrity – both within the letter and the spirit of the law. Our Code of Conduct is reinforced consistently at all levels and in all countries. We have maintained strong governance policies and practices for many years. The management of PepsiCo is responsible for the objectivity and integrity of our consolidated financial statements. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has engaged independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to audit our consolidated financial statements and they have expressed an unqualified opinion. We are committed to providing timely, accurate and under- standable information to investors. Our commitment encom- passes the following: Maintaining strong controls over financial reporting. Our sys- tem of internal control is based on the control criteria framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission published in their report titled Internal Control – Integrated Framework. The system is designed to provide reason- able assurance that transactions are executed as authorized and accurately recorded; that assets are safeguarded; and that accounting records are sufficiently reliable to permit the prepara- tion of financial statements that conform in all material respects with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summa- rized and reported within the specified time periods. We monitor these internal controls through self-assessments and an ongoing program of internal audits. Our internal controls are reinforced through our Worldwide Code of Conduct, which sets forth our commitment to conduct business with integrity, and within both the letter and the spirit of the law. Exerting rigorous oversight of the business. We continuously review our business results and strategies. This encompasses financial discipline in our strategic and daily business decisions. Our Executive Committee is actively involved – from understand- ing strategies and alternatives to reviewing key initiatives and financial performance. The intent is to ensure we remain objective in our assessments, constructively challenge our approach to potential business opportunities and issues, and monitor results and controls. Engaging strong and effective Corporate Governance from our Board of Directors. We have an active, capable and diligent Board that meets the required standards for independence, and we welcome the Board’s oversight as a representative of our shareholders. Our Audit Committee is comprised of independent directors with the financial literacy, knowledge and experience to provide appropriate oversight. We review our critical accounting policies, financial reporting and internal control matters with them and encourage their direct communication with KPMG LLP, with our General Auditor, and with our General Counsel. We also have a compliance team to coordinate our compliance policies and practices. Providing investors with financial results that are complete, transparent and understandable. The consolidated financial statements and financial information included in this report are the responsibility of management. This includes preparing the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., which require estimates based on management’s best judgment. PepsiCo has a strong history of doing what’s right. We realize that great companies are built on trust, strong ethical standards and principles. Our financial results are delivered from that culture of accountability, and we take responsibility for the quality and accuracy of our financial reporting. Peter A. Bridgman Senior Vice President and Controller Richard Goodman Chief Financial Officer Indra K. Nooyi Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 91 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting To Our Shareholders: Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervi- sion and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evalu- ation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 27, 2008. KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report and, as part of their audit, has issued their report, included herein, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. During our fourth fiscal quarter of 2008, we continued migrat- ing certain of our financial processing systems to SAP software. This software implementation is part of our ongoing global busi- ness transformation initiative, and we plan to continue imple- menting such software throughout other parts of our businesses over the course of the next few years. In connection with the SAP implementation and resulting business process changes, we continue to enhance the design and documentation of our internal control processes to ensure suitable controls over our financial reporting. Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our fourth fiscal quarter of 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Peter A. Bridgman Senior Vice President and Controller Richard Goodman Chief Financial Officer Indra K. Nooyi Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer 92 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders PepsiCo, Inc.: We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of PepsiCo, Inc. and subsidiaries (“PepsiCo, Inc.” or “the Company”) as of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, and the related Consolidated Statements of Income, Cash Flows, and Common Shareholders’ Equity for each of the fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2008. We also have audited PepsiCo, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). PepsiCo, Inc.’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompa- nying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial report- ing included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effec- tiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and disposi- tions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assur- ance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expendi- tures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over finan- cial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial posi- tion of PepsiCo, Inc. as of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting prin- ciples. Also in our opinion, PepsiCo, Inc. maintained, in all mate- rial respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by COSO. New York, New York February 19, 2009 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 93 Selected Financial Data (in millions except per share amounts, unaudited) Quarterly Net revenue 2008 2007 Gross profit 2008 2007 Restructuring and impairment charges (a) 2008 2007 Tax benefits (b) 2007 Mark-to-market net impact (c) 2008 2007 PepsiCo portion of PBG restructuring and impairment charge (d) 2008 Net income 2008 2007 Net income per common share − basic 2008 2007 Net income per common share − diluted 2008 2007 Cash dividends declared per common share 2008 2007 2008 stock price per share (e) High Low Close 2007 stock price per share (e) High Low Close First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $8,333 $7,350 $10,945 $÷9,607 $11,244 $10,171 $12,729 $12,346 $4,499 $4,065 $÷5,867 $÷5,265 $÷5,976 $÷5,544 $÷6,558 $÷6,562 – – – – – – – – $÷÷«543 $÷÷«102 $÷÷(115) $÷÷÷(14) $÷÷«÷4 $÷÷(17) $÷÷÷(61) $÷÷÷(13) $÷÷«176 $÷÷÷«29 $÷÷«227 $÷÷««(18) – – – $÷÷«138 $1,148 $1,096 $÷1,699 $÷1,557 $÷1,576 $÷1,743 $÷÷«719 $÷1,262 Five–Year Summary 2008 2007 2006 Net revenue Net income Income per common share – basic Income per common share – diluted Cash dividends declared per common share Total assets Long-term debt Return on invested capital (a) $43,251 $÷5,142 $÷÷3.26 $÷÷3.21 $÷÷1.65 $35,994 $÷7,858 25.5% Five–Year Summary (continued) Net revenue Income from continuing operations Net income Income per common share – basic, continuing operations Income per common share – diluted, continuing operations Cash dividends declared per common share Total assets Long-term debt Return on invested capital (a) $39,474 $÷5,658 $÷÷3.48 $÷÷3.41 $÷1.425 $34,628 $÷4,203 28.9% $35,137 $÷5,642 $÷÷3.42 $÷÷3.34 $÷÷1.16 $29,930 $÷2,550 30.4% 2005 2004 $32,562 $÷4,078 $÷4,078 $29,261 $÷4,174 $÷4,212 $÷÷2.43 $÷÷2.45 $÷÷2.39 $÷÷1.01 $31,727 $÷2,313 22.7% $÷÷2.41 $÷÷0.85 $27,987 $÷2,397 27.4% (a) Return on invested capital is defined as adjusted net income divided by the sum of average shareholders’ equity and average total debt. Adjusted net income is defined as net income plus net interest expense after-tax. Net interest expense after-tax was $184 million in 2008, $63 million in 2007, $72 million in 2006, $62 million in 2005 and $60 million in 2004. $÷0.72 $÷0.67 $÷÷1.07 $÷÷0.96 $÷÷1.01 $÷÷1.08 $÷÷0.46 $÷÷0.78 $÷0.70 $÷0.65 $÷÷1.05 $÷÷0.94 $÷÷0.99 $÷÷1.06 $÷÷0.46 $÷÷0.77 • Includes restructuring and impairment charges of: Pre-tax After-tax Per share 2008 $«543 $«408 $0.25 2007 $«102 $÷«70 $0.04 2006 $÷«67 $÷«43 $0.03 • Includes mark-to-market net expense (income) of: 2005 $÷«83 $÷«55 $0.03 2007 $÷«(19) $÷«(12) $(0.01) 2004 $«150 $÷«96 $0.06 2006 $÷«18 $÷«12 $0.01 Pre-tax After-tax Per share 2008 $«346 $«223 $0.14 • In 2008, we recognized $138 million ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) of our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges. • In 2007, we recognized $129 million ($0.08 per share) of non-cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters. In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million ($0.36 per share) primarily in connection with the IRS’s examination of our consolidated income tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002. In 2005, we recorded income tax expense of $460 million ($0.27 per share) related to our repatriation of earnings in connection with the American Job Creation Act of 2004. In 2004, we reached agreement with the IRS for an open issue related to our discontinued restaurant operations which resulted in a tax benefit of $38 million ($0.02 per share). • On December 30, 2006, we adopted SFAS 158 which reduced total assets by $2,016 million, total common shareholders’ equity by $1,643 million and total liabilities by $373 million. • The 2005 fiscal year consisted of 53 weeks compared to 52 weeks in our normal fiscal year. The 53rd week increased 2005 net revenue by an estimated $418 million and net income by an estimated $57 million ($0.03 per share). $0.375 $÷0.30 $÷0.425 $÷0.375 $÷0.425 $÷0.375 $÷0.425 $÷0.375 $79.79 $66.30 $71.19 $÷72.35 $÷64.69 $÷67.54 $÷70.83 $÷63.28 $÷68.92 $÷75.25 $÷49.74 $÷54.56 $65.54 $61.89 $64.09 $÷69.64 $÷62.57 $÷66.68 $÷70.25 $÷64.25 $÷67.98 $÷79.00 $÷68.02 $÷77.03 2008 results reflect our change in reporting calendars of Spain and Portugal. (a) The restructuring and impairment charge in 2008 was $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share). The restructuring and impairment charge in 2007 was $102 million ($70 million after-tax or $0.04 per share). See Note 3. (b) The non-cash tax benefits in 2007 of $129 million ($0.08 per share) relate to the favorable (c) (d) resolution of certain foreign tax matters. See Note 5. In 2008, we recognized $346 million ($223 million after-tax or $0.14 per share) of mark- to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. In 2007, we recognized $19 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net gains on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. In 2008, we recognized a non-cash charge of $138 million ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) included in bottling equity income as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results. (e) Represents the composite high and low sales price and quarterly closing prices for one share of PepsiCo common stock. 94 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Information The financial measures listed below are not measures defined by generally accepted accounting principles. However, we believe investors should consider these measures as they are more indic- ative of our ongoing performance and with how management evaluates our operational results and trends. Specifically, inves- tors should consider the following: • Our 2008 and 2007 division operating profit and total operat- ing profit excluding the impact of restructuring and impair- ment charges (including, for 2008, charges associated with our Productivity for Growth initiatives); 2008 and 2007 total operating profit excluding the mark-to-market net impact on commodity hedges; and our 2008 division operating growth and total operating profit growth excluding the impact of the aforementioned items; • Our 2008 net income and diluted EPS excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges (including, for 2008, charges associated with our Productivity for Growth initia- tives), mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges, and our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges; our 2007 net income and diluted EPS excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges, mark-to-market net gains on commodity hedges and certain tax benefits; our 2008 net income and diluted EPS growth excluding the impact of the aforementioned items; and our 2006 diluted EPS excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges, mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges and certain tax benefits; and • Our 2008 return on invested capital (ROIC) excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges (including, for 2008, charges associated with our Productivity for Growth initiatives), mark-to-market net impact on commodity hedges, our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges and certain tax benefits. Operating Profit Reconciliation Total PepsiCo Reported Operating Profit Impact of Mark-to-Market Net Losses/ (Gains) on Commodity Hedges Impact of Restructuring and Impairment Charges Total Operating Profit Excluding above Items Impact of Other Corporate Unallocated PepsiCo Total Division Operating Profit Excluding above Items 2008 2007 Growth $6,935 $7,170 (3)«% 346 543 7,824 651 (19) 102 7,253 772 $8,475 $8,025 8% 6% Net Income Reconciliation Reported Net Income Impact of Mark-to-Market Net Losses/ (Gains) on Commodity Hedges Impact of Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of PBG Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of Tax Benefits 2008 2007 Growth $5,142 $5,658 (9)«% 223 408 114 – (12) 70 – (129) Net Income Excluding above Items $5,887 $5,587 5% Diluted EPS Reconciliation Reported Diluted EPS Impact of Mark-to-Market Net Losses/(Gains) on Commodity Hedges Impact of Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of PBG’s Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of Tax Benefits 2008 $3.21 2007 $«3.41 2008 Growth 2006 (6)«% $«3.34 0.14 0.25 0.07 – (0.01) 0.04 – (0.08) 0.01 0.03 – (0.37) Diluted EPS Excluding above Items $3.68* $«3.37* 9% $«3.01 * Does not sum due to rounding 2008 Operating Profit Growth Reconciliation PepsiCo Americas Foods PepsiCo Americas Beverages PepsiCo International Reported Operating Profit Growth Impact of Restructuring and Impairment Charges Operating Profit Growth Excluding above Items * Does not sum due to rounding ROIC Reconciliation 8% 3 10% (19)«% 11 (7)«% Reported ROIC Impact of Mark-to-Market Net Impact on Commodity Hedges Impact of Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of PBG’s Restructuring and Impairment Charges Impact of Tax Benefits ROIC Excluding above Items * Does not sum due to rounding 13% 3 16% 2008 26% 1 2 1 (0.5) 29% PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 95 * * * Glossary Acquisitions: reflect all mergers and acquisitions activity, including the impact of acquisitions, divestitures and changes in ownership or control in consolidated subsidiaries. The impact of acquisitions related to our non-consolidated equity investees is reflected in our volume and, excluding our anchor bottlers, in our operating profit. Anchor bottlers: The Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG), PepsiAmericas (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Ventures (PBV). Bottlers: customers to whom we have granted exclusive con- tracts to sell and manufacture certain beverage products bearing our trademarks within a specific geographical area. Bottler Case Sales (BCS): measure of physical beverage volume shipped to retailers and independent distributors from both PepsiCo and our bottlers. Bottler funding: financial incentives we give to our bottlers to assist in the distribution and promotion of our beverage products. Concentrate Shipments and Equivalents (CSE): measure of our physical beverage volume shipments to bottlers, retailers and independent distributors. This measure is reported on our fiscal year basis. Consumers: people who eat and drink our products. CSD: carbonated soft drinks. Customers: authorized bottlers and independent distributors and retailers. Derivatives: financial instruments that we use to manage our risk arising from changes in commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and stock prices. Direct-Store-Delivery (DSD): delivery system used by us and our bottlers to deliver snacks and beverages directly to retail stores where our products are merchandised. Effective net pricing: reflects the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix result- ing from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries. Management operating cash flow: net cash provided by operating activities less capital spending plus sales of property, plant and equipment. It is our primary measure used to monitor cash flow performance. Mark-to-market net gain or loss or impact: the change in market value for commodity contracts, that we purchase to mitigate the volatility in costs of energy and raw materials that we consume. The market value is determined based on average prices on national exchanges and recently reported transactions in the market place. Marketplace spending: sales incentives offered through various programs to our customers and consumers (trade spending), as well as advertising and other marketing activities. Servings: common metric reflecting our consolidated physical unit volume. Our divisions’ physical unit measures are converted into servings based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration guide- lines for single-serving sizes of our products. Transaction gains and losses: the impact on our consolidated financial statements of exchange rate changes arising from spe- cific transactions. Translation adjustment: the impact of converting our foreign affiliates’ financial statements into U.S. dollars for the purpose of consolidating our financial statements. 96 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report PepsiCo Board of Directors Ian M. Cook Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Colgate-Palmolive Company 56. Elected 2008. Dina Dublon Consultant, Former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer JPMorgan Chase & Co. 55. Elected 2005. Victor J. Dzau, M.D. Chancellor for Health Affairs Duke University and President and Chief Executive Officer Duke University Health Systems 63. Elected 2005. Ray L. Hunt Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Hunt Oil Company and Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President Hunt Consolidated, Inc. 65. Elected 1996. Alberto Ibargüen President and Chief Executive Officer John S. and James L. Knight Foundation 65. Elected 2005. Arthur C. Martinez Former Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer Sears, Roebuck and Co. 69. Elected 1999. Indra K. Nooyi Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer PepsiCo 53. Elected 2001. Sharon Percy Rockefeller President and Chief Executive Officer WETA Public Stations 64. Elected 1986. James J. Schiro Chief Executive Officer Zurich Financial Services 63. Elected 2003. Lloyd G. Trotter Partner GenNx360 Capital Partners 62. Elected 2008. Daniel Vasella Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Novartis AG 55. Elected 2002. Michael D. White Chief Executive Officer PepsiCo International and Vice Chairman PepsiCo 57. Elected 2006. List includes PepsiCo directors as of December 31, 2008 and references age and year elected as a PepsiCo director. Board of Directors (left to right): Victor J. Dzau, Arthur C. Martinez, Sharon Percy Rockefeller, Daniel Vasella, Alberto Ibargüen, Lloyd G. Trotter, Dina Dublon, Michael D. White, Ray L. Hunt, Indra K. Nooyi, Ian M. Cook, James J. Schiro PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 97 PepsiCo Executive Committee PepsiCo’s worldwide team of experienced leaders brings diverse thoughts and experiences that focus our Performance with Purpose agenda and help deliver on our strategies for growth. CorPoratE Indra K. Nooyi* Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Mitch adamek Senior Vice President and Chief Procurement Officer, PepsiCo Jill Beraud Global Chief Marketing Officer robert Dixon Senior Vice President, Global Chief Information Officer, PBSG richard Goodman* Chief Financial Officer Julie Hamp Senior Vice President, PepsiCo Communications Mehmood Khan Chief Scientific Officer PEPSICo aMErICaS FooDS John C. Compton* Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo Americas Foods ronald C. Parker Senior Vice President, Chief Global Diversity and Inclusion Officer albert P. Carey* President and Chief Executive Officer, Frito-Lay North America Vivek Sankaran Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Development Larry D. thompson* Senior Vice President, Government Affairs, General Counsel and Secretary Cynthia M. trudell* Senior Vice President, PepsiCo Human Resources tom Greco President, PepsiCo Sales Pedro Padierna President, Sabritas Region Jose Luis Prado President, Gamesa-Quaker Mark Schiller President, Quaker Foods and Snacks North America olivier Weber President, South America Foods Page 98 (left to right): Richard Goodman, Mehmood Khan, Jill Beraud, Robert Dixon, Chris Furman, Tim Minges, Mark Schiller, Tom Greco, Cynthia M. Trudell, John C. Compton, Michael D. White, Zein Abdalla, Larry D. Thompson, Pedro Padierna, Rich Beck 98 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Diversity and Inclusion Statistics Board of Directors (a) Senior Executives (b) Executives (U.S.) All Managers (U.S.) All Employees (U.S.) (c) Total 12 30 2,240 10,645 57,080 Women % People of Color 3 4 735 3,945 14,350 25 13 33 37 25 4 12 460 3,025 17,015 % 33 40 21 28 30 At year-end we had approximately 198,000 associates worldwide. (a)  Our Board of Directors is pictured on page 97. (b)  Includes PepsiCo Executive Committee members listed on pages 98 and 99.  (c)  Includes full-time employees only.  Executives, all managers and all employees are approximate numbers as of 12/31/08. PePSICo AmerICAS BeverAgeS massimo F. d’Amore* Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo Americas Beverages PePSICo INTerNATIoNAL michael D. White* Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo International and Vice Chairman, PepsiCo rich Beck President, North America Functional Beverages Zein Abdalla President, Europe Division *PepsiCoofficerssubjecttoSection16of theSecuritiesandExchangeActof1934. PepsiCoofficersalsoinclude: Peter A. Bridgman, SeniorVicePresident andControllerandLionel L. Nowell III, SeniorVicePresidentandTreasurer Saad Abdul-Latif President, AMEA Division Salman Amin President, PepsiCo UK and Ireland Tim minges President, Asia Pacific Don m. Kendall Co-founder of PepsiCo Dave Burwick Chief Marketing Officer, North America Beverages Neil Campbell President, Tropicana Chris Furman President, PepsiCo Foodservice Hugh Johnston* President, Pepsi-Cola North America Beverages Luis montoya President, Latin America Beverages Page99(lefttoright):SaadAbdul-Latif,MitchAdamek,JulieHamp,SalmanAmin,HughJohnston,LuisMontoya,VivekSankaran,DaveBurwick,IndraK.Nooyi,MassimoF.d’Amore, NeilCampbell,OlivierWeber,AlbertP.Carey,JoseLuisPrado,RonaldC.Parker PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report 99 Common Stock Information Stock trading Symbol – PEP Stock ExchangE liStingS The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the principal market for PepsiCo common stock, which is also listed on the Chicago and Swiss Stock Exchanges. SharEholdErS As of February 12, 2009, there were approximately 180,500 shareholders of record. dividEnd Policy Dividends are usually declared in late January or early February, May, July and November and paid at the end of March, June and September and the beginning of January. The dividend record dates for these payments are, subject to approval of the Board of Directors, expected to be March 6, June 5, September 4 and December 4, 2009. We have paid consecutive quarterly cash dividends since 1965. Stock PErformancE PepsiCo was formed through the 1965 merger of Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. A $1,000 investment in our stock made on December 31, 2003 was worth about $1,298 on December 31, 2008, assuming the reinvestment of dividends into PepsiCo stock. This performance represents a compounded annual growth rate of 5.3%. inquiriES rEgarding your Stock holdingS Registered Shareholders (shares held by you in your name) should address communications concerning transfers, statements, dividend payments, address changes, lost certificates and other administrative matters to: PepsiCo, Inc. c/o BNY Mellon Shareowner Services P.O. Box 358015 Pittsburgh, PA 15252-8015 Telephone: 800-226-0083 201-680-6685 (Outside the U.S.) E-mail: shrrelations@bnymellon.com Website: www.bnymellon.com/shareowner/isd or Manager Shareholder Relations PepsiCo, Inc. 700 Anderson Hill Road Purchase, NY 10577 Telephone: 914-253-3055 In all correspondence or telephone inquiries, please mention PepsiCo, your name as printed on your stock certificate, your Investor ID (IID), your address and telephone number. SharEPowEr ParticiPantS (employees with SharePower Options) should address all questions regarding your account, outstanding options or shares received through option exercises to: Merrill Lynch Processing Center 1.65 1400 Merrill Lynch Drive MSC: 04-BS-PRO caSh dividEndS dEclarEd Per share (in $) 1.425 1.16 1.01 .850 Pennington, NJ 08534 Telephone: 800-637-6713 (U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada) 609-818-8800 (all other locations) In all correspondence, please provide your account number (for U.S. citizens, this is your Social Security number), your address, your telephone number and mention PepsiCo SharePower. For telephone inquiries, please have a copy of your most recent statement available. EmPloyEE bEnEfit Plan ParticiPantS PepsiCo 401(K) Plan and PepsiCo Stock Purchase Program should contact: The PepsiCo Savings & Retirement Center at Fidelity P.O. Box 770003 Cincinnati, OH 45277-0065 Telephone: 800-632-2014 (Overseas: Dial your country’s AT&T Access Number +800-632-2014. In the U.S., access numbers are available by calling 800-331-1140. From anywhere in the world, access numbers are available online at www.att.com/traveler.) Website: www.netbenefits.fidelity.com PepsiCo Stock Purchase Program—for Canadian employees: Fidelity Investments Attn: Client Services P.O. Box 770001 Cincinnati, OH 45277-0045 Telephone: 800-544-0275 Website: www.netbenefits.com (select NetBenefits Worldwide Link) Please have a copy of your most recent statement available when calling with inquiries. Overnight/Certified Mailing Address: Fidelity Investments Attn: Client Services 100 Crosby Parkway Mailzone-KCK-PR Covington, KY 41015 04 05 06 07 08 The closing price for a share of PepsiCo common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was the price as reported by Bloomberg for the years ending 2004–2008. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future returns on investments in PepsiCo common stock. yEar-End markEt PricE of Stock Based on calendar year-end (in $) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 04 05 06 07 08 0 Shareholder Information annual mEEting The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held at Frito-Lay corporate headquarters, 7701 Legacy Drive, Plano, Texas, on Wednesday, May 6, 2009, at 9:00 a.m. local time. Proxies for the meeting will be solicited by an independent proxy solicitor. This Annual Report is not part of the proxy solicitation. 100 PepsiCo, Inc. 2008 Annual Report Shareholder Services buydirEct Plan Interested investors can make their initial purchase directly through BNY Mellon Shareowner Services, transfer agent for PepsiCo, and Administrator for the Plan. A brochure detailing the BuyDirect Plan is available on our website www.pepsico.com or from our transfer agent: PepsiCo, Inc. c/o BNY Mellon Shareowner Services P.O. Box 358015 Pittsburgh, PA 15252-8015 Telephone: 800-226-0083 201-680-6685 (Outside the U.S.) E-mail: shrrelations@bnymellon.com Website: www.bnymellon.com/shareowner/isd Other services include dividend reinvestment, optional cash investments by electronic funds transfer or check drawn on a U.S. bank, sale of shares, online account access, and electronic delivery of shareholder materials. financial and othEr information PepsiCo’s 2009 quarterly earnings releases are expected to be issued the weeks of April 20, July 20, and October 5, 2009 and February 8, 2010. Copies of PepsiCo’s SEC reports, earnings and other financial releases, corporate news and additional company information are available on our website www.pepsico.com. PepsiCo’s CEO and CFO Certifications required under Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 were filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 19, 2009. PepsiCo’s 2008 Domestic Company Section 303A CEO Certification was filed with the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, we have a written statement of Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting on page 92 of this annual report. If you have questions regarding PepsiCo’s financial performance, contact: Mike Nathenson Senior Vice President, Investor Relations PepsiCo, Inc. Purchase, NY 10577 Telephone: 914-253-3035 indEPEndEnt auditorS KPMG LLP 345 Park Avenue New York, NY 10154-1002 Telephone: 212-758-9700 corPoratE hEadquartErS PepsiCo, Inc. 700 Anderson Hill Road Purchase, NY 10577 Telephone: 914-253-2000 PEPSico wEbSitE: www.PEPSico.com © 2009 PepsiCo, Inc. PepsiCo’s annual report contains many of the valu- able trademarks owned and/or used by PepsiCo and its subsidiaries and affiliates in the United States and internationally to distinguish products and services of outstanding quality. Design: BCN Communications. Illustration: Nelle Davis. Printing: Cenveo Anderson Lithograph. Photography: David Darling, Greg Kinch, Ben Rosenthal, James Schnepf Photography. featured associates acknowledgments The featured associates pictured in this year’s annual report represent the contributions of their local teams and all PepsiCo associates across the world who supported our growth in 2008: Satendra Aggarwal, Denis Alyoshin, José Chaves de Souza, Isabel Carbajal Colin, Frank Cooper, Giselle Correa, Scott Davies, Rene Fernandez, Marcos Fernandes dos Santos, Sebastien Gelsomino, Jay Hardeman, Brian Jacoby, Wayne Jistel, Rick Langford, Jie Liu, Carol McCall, Alvaro A. Muñoz Navarro, Marcela Castellanos Peña, Charming Peng, Marie Quintana, José Alfonso Ruano Salinas, Eric Santos, Aryelle Schlusselhuber, Ravindra Sewak, Antonia Siedekum, Gagan Sikand, Gary So, Barbara Vazquez del Mercado, David Xia. PepsiCo’s ethnic advisory board members featured in this report include Deborah Rosado Shaw and Raúl Yzaguirre, representing the combined contributions from our African American Advisory Board and our Latino/Hispanic Advisory Board over the last decade. values Our commitment is to deliver sustained growth, through empowered people, acting with responsibility and building trust. Mission We aspire to make PepsiCo the world’s premier consumer products company, focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to pro- duce healthy financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive to act with honesty, openness, fairness and integrity. Contribution summary (in millions) PepsiCo Foundation Corporate Contributions Division Contributions Estimated In-Kind Donations total Environmental Profile 2008 $30 $««3 $««9 $45 $87 All of this annual report paper is Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified, which promotes environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable management of the world’s forests. Greenhouse gas emissions generated by the printing of this report were captured and reused to power an on-site cogeneration plant, preventing 53,845 pounds of fugitive emissions from reaching the environment. Waste generated by the printing of this report was recycled and reused under a zero landfill policy. This year, PepsiCo intends to reduce the costs and environmental impact of annual report printing and mailing by moving to a new distribution model that drives increased online readership and fewer printed copies. We hope you will agree this is truly Performance with Purpose in action. You can learn more about our environmental efforts at www.pepsico.com. Young relatives of PepsiCo associates have a unique perspective on PepsiCo and its products. And every day, associates around the world make exceptional contributions to our performance. We’re proud to recognize the following members of the extended PepsiCo family whose artwork appears in this year’s annual report. young artist K. Aditya Devlin Avillaneda Syed Abul Basar Sümran Tuğana Biçakci Maggie Boardman Subhankar Bose Maria Chamieh Frankie Charbonier Antonia Cosmo Katie Donavon Leah D’Souza Brayden Elliott Yavisha Govender Lily Hurley Akshay Jadhav Liu Jia Yi Grace Kiernan Daniel Kohen Katherine Lacy PepsiCo relative K.T. Rao Sarah Eachus Syed Jahur Hossain Ozkan Biçakci Jenny Schiavone Pratap Bose Carla Eid Frank J. Charbonier Gina Pennetta Tom Donavon Francesca D’Souza Blake Elliott Vasan Govender Megan Hurley Kamalakar R. Jadhav Chang RenLing Susie Kiernan Albert Kohen Butch Lacy Cameron Pearce Lapadula Mary Jane Pearce Catherine Mazza Benjamin Milintacupt Allison Moore Avery Oh Stephanie Olivieri Devika Pradhan Matthew Reitzel Daniel Rude Isabella Sardi Barreto Rebecca Schelling Bridget Schill Taranjit Singh Ezequiel Soria Sandy Spicer Rachel Suggs Timothy Tareque Rittika Thakur Paras Vig K. Vigneshwar Nick Walters Meghan Zigmond Yvonne Mazza Saravut Chaisati Theresa Moore Thomas Oh April Colon-Olivieri Sudhir Pradhan Kathy Reitzel Derek Rude Néstor Sardi Pardo Margery Schelling David Schill Malvinder Singh José Soria Fran Spicer Tim Johnson Nary Kim-Tareque Ashit Thakur Sanjay Vig S. Kannan Daphne Hood Anthony Zigmond Additional photography on page 12 is courtesy of: Andrew Cutler (Jimmie Johnson), Stephen Green (Michael Jordan, Chaz Ortiz, Picabo Street), Susan Goldman (Misty May-Treanor, Kerri Walsh, Candace Parker, Serena Williams), Gary Newkirk/Tiger Woods Foundation (Tiger Woods) and Brian Spurlock (Derek Jeter and Peyton Manning). EvEry GEnEration rEfrEshEs thE world As PepsiCo refreshes its beverages, snacks and foods for new generations, we dem- onstrate in many ways that “We are Performance with Purpose.” This year’s report features employees, customers and business partners around the world who helped PepsiCo grow under adverse conditions—and stay focused on future opportunities. To represent this perspective, we invited children of PepsiCo associates across our global operations to show us how our products look through the eyes of future consumers. We’re proud to feature some of these drawings on our annual report cover. To view more of these drawings, please go to www.pepsico.com. Corporate Headquarters PepsiCo, Inc. 700 Anderson Hill Road Purchase, NY 10577 www.pepsico.com WE ARE Performance WITH Purpose. P e p s i C o , I n c . 2 0 0 8 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2008 Annual Report 

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