Performant Financial
Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One)  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 or (cid:1) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-35628 PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 333 North Canyons Parkway, Livermore, CA (Address of principal executive offices) 20-0484934 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 94551 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (925) 960-4800 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class: Common Stock, par value $.0001 per share Name of each exchange on which registered: NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $.0001 per share (Title of class) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer (cid:1) Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes (cid:1) No   (cid:1) As of June 28, 2013 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter), the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $328,500,099 . Shares of common stock beneficially held by each officer and director and by each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of March 11, 2014, 48,433,887 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding. All or a portion of Items 10 through 14 in Part III of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if the Registrant’s Schedule 14A is not filed within such period, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K which will be filed within such 120 day period. Documents Incorporated By Reference Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I ITEM 1. Business ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Properties Legal Proceedings PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures ITEM 9B. Other Information PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules i Page 1 14 24 24 24 25 25 25 27 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 Table of Contents PART I Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains, in addition to historical information, certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “design,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: • our opportunities and expectations for growth in the student lending, healthcare and other markets; • anticipated trends and challenges in our business and competition in the markets in which we operate; • our client relationships and future growth opportunities; • the adaptability of our technology platform to new markets and processes; • our ability to invest in and utilize our data and analytics capabilities to expand our capabilities; • our growth strategy of expanding in our existing markets and considering strategic alliances or acquisitions; • our ability to meet our liquidity and working capital needs; • maintaining, protecting and enhancing our intellectual property; • our expectations regarding future expenses; • expected future financial performance; and • our ability to comply with and adapt to industry regulations and compliance demands. These statements reflect current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. There are a variety of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or expectations expressed in our forward- looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in Item 1A of this report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this report present management’s views only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. ITEM 1. Business Overview We provide technology-enabled recovery and related analytics services in the United States. Our services help identify and recover delinquent or defaulted assets and improper payments for both government and private clients in a broad range of markets. Our clients typically operate in complex and regulated environments and outsource their recovery needs in order to reduce losses on billions of dollars of defaulted student loans, improper healthcare payments and delinquent state tax and federal treasury receivables. We generally provide our services on an outsourced basis, where we handle many or all aspects of our clients’ recovery processes. We believe we have a leading position in our markets based on our proprietary technology-enabled services platform, long-standing client relationships and the large volume of funds we have recovered for our clients. In 2013, we provided recovery services on approximately $11.0 billion of combined student loans and other delinquent federal and state receivables and recovered approximately $598 million in improper Medicare payments. Our clients include 11 of the 30 public sector participants in the student loan industry and these relationships average more than 10 years in length, including a 23-year relationship with the Department of Education. As of September 30, 2013, approximately $91 billion of government-supported student loans were in default. In the healthcare market, we are currently one of four prime Medicare Recovery Audit Contractors, or RACs, in the United States for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS. According to the 1 Table of Contents Government Accountability Office, Medicare paid $573 billion of claims in 2012, of which approximately $44 billion were estimated to be improper payments. We utilize our technology platform to efficiently provide recovery and analytics services in the markets we serve. We have continuously developed and refined our technology platform for almost two decades by using our extensive domain and data processing expertise. Our technology platform allows us to disaggregate otherwise complex recovery processes into a series of simple, efficient and consistent component steps, which we refer to as workflows, for our recovery and healthcare claims review specialists. This approach enables us to continuously refine our recovery processes to achieve higher rates of recovery with greater efficiency. By optimizing what traditionally have been manually-intensive processes, we believe we achieve higher workforce productivity versus more traditional labor-intensive outsourcing business models. For example, we generated in excess of $170,000 of revenues per employee during 2013, based on the average number of employees during the year. We believe that our platform is easily adaptable to new markets and processes. Over the past several years, we have successfully extended our platform into additional markets with significant recovery opportunities. For example, we utilized the same basic platform previously used primarily for student loan recovery activities to enter the healthcare market. We have enhanced our platform through investment in new data and analytics capabilities, which we believe will enable us to provide additional services such as services relating to the detection of fraud, waste and abuse. Our revenue model is generally success-based as we earn fees based on a percentage of the aggregate amount of funds that we enable our clients to recover. Our services do not require any significant upfront investments by our clients and we offer our clients the opportunity to recover significant funds otherwise lost. Because our model is based upon the success of our efforts and the dollars we enable our clients to recover, our business objectives are aligned with those of our clients and we are generally not reliant on their spending budgets. Further, our business model does not require significant capital expenditures and we do not purchase loans or obligations. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we generated approximately $255.3 million in revenues, $36.3 million in net income, $89.4 million in adjusted EBITDA and $42.8 million in adjusted net income. See “Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income” in Item 7 below for a definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income and reconciliations of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income to net income determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We commenced our operations in 1976 under the corporate name Diversified Collection Services, Inc., or DCS. We were incorporated in Delaware on October 8, 2003 under the name DCS Holdings, Inc. and subsequently changed our name to Performant Financial Corporation in 2005. Our website address is www.performantcorp.com. Our Markets We operate in markets characterized by strong growth, a complex regulatory environment and a significant amount of delinquent, defaulted or improperly paid assets. Student Lending Government-supported student loans are authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965. Historically, there have been two distribution channels for student loans: (i) the Federal Direct Student Loan Program, or FDSLP, which represents loans made and managed directly by the Department of Education; and (ii) the Federal Family Education Loan Program, or FFELP, which represents loans made by private institutions and currently backed by any of the 31 Guaranty Agencies, or "GAs". In July 2010, the government-supported student loan sector underwent a structural change with the passage of SAFRA. This legislation transitioned all new government-supported student loan originations to the FDSLP, and away from originations made by private institutions within the FFELP that had previously utilized the GAs to guarantee, manage and service loans. The GAs are non-profit 501(c)(3) public benefit corporations operating under contract with the U.S. Secretary of Education, pursuant to the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, solely for the purpose of guaranteeing and managing student loans originated by lenders participating in the FFELP. Consequently, while the original distribution channels for student loans have been consolidated into one channel, the Department of Education, this does not impact the volume of government-supported student loan origination, which is a key driver of the volume of defaulted student loan inventory. In addition, despite this transition of all new loan originations to the FDSLP, GAs will continue to manage a significant amount of defaulted student loans for some period of time, due to their large outstanding portfolios of loans originated prior to July 2010. The outstanding portfolios of defaulted FFELP loans will, therefore, require recovery for the foreseeable future. 2 Table of Contents The Department of Education estimates that the balance of defaulted loans was approximately $55.9 billion in the FDSLP and approximately $34.5 billion in the FFELP as of September 30, 2013. These programs collectively guaranteed approximately $896 billion of federal government-supported student loans according to the Congressional Budget Office as of September 30, 2012. Given the operational and logistical complexity involved in managing the recovery of defaulted student loans, the Department of Education and the GAs generally choose to outsource these services to third parties. Healthcare The healthcare industry represents a significant portion of the U.S. GDP. According to CMS, U.S. healthcare spending reached $2.8 trillion in 2012 and is forecast to grow at a 6% annual rate through 2022. In particular, CMS indicates that federal government-related healthcare spending for 2012 totaled approximately $1.2 trillion. This federal government-related spending included approximately $573 billion for Medicare, which provides a range of healthcare coverage primarily to elderly and disabled Americans, and $421 billion for Medicaid, which provides federal matching funds for states to finance healthcare for individuals at or below the public assistance level. Medicare was initially established as part of the Social Security Act of 1965 and consists of four parts: Part A covers hospital and other inpatient stays; Part B covers hospital outpatient, physician and other services; Part C is known as Medicare Advantage, under which beneficiaries receive benefits through private health plans; and Part D is the Medicare outpatient prescription drug benefit. Of the $573 billion of 2012 Medicare spending, the Department of Health and Human Services estimated that approximately $44 billion, or approximately 8%, was improper, and that Medicare is the federal program with the largest amount of improper payments. Medicare improper payments generally involve incorrect coding, procedures performed which were not medically necessary, and incomplete documentation or claims submitted based on outdated fee schedules, among other issues. Likewise, Medicaid improper payments were estimated to be $19 billion, or 5%, of total Medicaid payments for 2012. In accordance with the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, a demonstration program was conducted from March 2005 to March 2008 in six states to determine if the RAC program could be effectively used to identify improper payments for claims paid under Medicare Part A and Part B. Due to the success of this demonstration, under The Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, the U.S. Congress authorized the expansion of the RAC program nationwide. CMS relies on third-party contractors to execute the RAC program to analyze millions of Medicare claims annually for improper payments to healthcare providers. The program was implemented by designating one prime contractor in each of the four major regions in the United States: West, Midwest, South, and Northeast. In addition to government-related healthcare spending, significant growth in spending is expected in the private healthcare market. According to CMS’ National Health Expenditures Projections, the private healthcare market accounted for approximately $1.6 trillion in spending in 2012 and private expenditures are projected to grow more than 5% annually through 2022. Other Markets State Tax Market As state governments struggle with revenue generation and face significant budget deficits, many states have focused on recovery of delinquent state taxes. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, an independent think tank, 31 U.S. states faced projected budget shortfalls totaling $55 billion in the year ended September 30, 2013. The economic recession beginning in 2008 led to lower income and sales taxes from both individuals and corporations, reducing overall tax revenues and leading to large budget deficits at the state government level. While many states have received federal aid, most have cut services and increased taxes to help close the budget shortfall and have evaluated outsourcing at least some aspect of delinquent tax recovery. Federal Agency Market The federal agency market consists of government debt subrogated to the Department of the Treasury by numerous different federal agencies, comprising a mix of commercial and individual obligations and a diverse range of receivables. These debts are managed by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (formerly the Department of Financial Management Service), a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, or FS. Since 1997, the FS has recovered more than $62 billion in delinquent federal debt. For the year ended September 30, 2013, federal agency recoveries in this market totaled more than $7 billion, an increase of more than $800 million over 2012. A significant portion of these collections are processed by private collection firms on behalf of the FS. 3 Table of Contents Our Competitive Strengths We believe that our business is difficult to replicate, as it incorporates a combination of several important and differentiated elements, including: • Scalable and flexible technology-enabled services platform. We have built a proprietary technology platform that is highly flexible, intuitive and easy to use for our recovery and claims specialists. Our platform is easily configurable and deployable across multiple markets and processes. For example, we have successfully extended our platform from the student loan market to the state tax, federal treasury receivables and the healthcare recovery markets, each having its own industry complexities and specific regulations. • Advanced, technology-enabled workflow processes. Our technology-enabled workflow processes, developed over many years of operational experience in recovery services, disaggregate otherwise complex recovery processes into a series of simple, efficient and consistent steps that are easily configurable and applicable to different types of recovery-related applications. We believe our workflow software is highly intuitive and helps our recovery and claims specialists manage each step of the recovery process, while automating a series of otherwise manually-intensive and document-intensive steps in the recovery process. We believe our streamlined workflow technology drives higher efficiencies in our operations, as illustrated by our ability to generate in excess of $170,000 of revenues per employee during 2013, based on the average number of employees during the year. We believe our streamlined workflow technology also improves recovery results relative to more labor-intensive outsourcing models. • Enhanced data and analytics capabilities. Our data and analytics capabilities allow us to achieve strong recovery rates for our clients. We have collected recovery-related data for over two decades, which we combine with large volumes of client and third- party data to effectively analyze our clients’ delinquent or defaulted assets and improper payments. We have also developed a number of analytics tools that we use to score our clients’ recovery inventory, determine the optimal recovery process and allocation of resources, and achieve higher levels of recovery results for our clients. In addition, we utilize analytics tools to continuously measure and test our recovery workflow processes to drive refinements and further enhance the quality and effectiveness of our capabilities. Finally, we possess enhanced data analytics capabilities, which we refer to as Performant Insight, which provides capabilities in several areas including the detection of fraud, waste and abuse in various markets and has assisted in our recovery activities for CMS. We intend to use our enhanced analytics capabilities to pursue additional opportunities in both the public and private healthcare markets. • Long-standing client relationships. We believe our long-standing focus on achieving superior recovery performance for our clients and the significant value our clients derive from this focus have helped us achieve long-tenured client relationships, strong contract retention and better access to new clients and future growth opportunities. We have business relationships with 11 of the 30 public sector participants in the student loan market and these relationships average more than 10 years in length, including an approximate 23-year relationship with the Department of Education. In the healthcare market, we have a seven-year relationship with CMS and are currently one of four prime Medicare RAC contractors. • Extensive domain expertise in complex and regulated markets. We have extensive experience and domain expertise in providing recovery services for government and private institutions that generally operate in complex and regulated markets. We have demonstrated our ability to develop domain expertise in new markets such as healthcare and state tax and federal Treasury receivables. We believe we have the necessary organizational experience to understand and adapt to evolving public policy and how it shapes the regulatory environment and objectives of our clients. We believe this helps us identify and anticipate growth opportunities. For example, we successfully identified government healthcare as a potential growth opportunity that has thus far led to the award of three contracts to us by CMS. Together with our flexible technology platform, we have the ability to adapt our business strategy, to allocate resources and to respond to changes in our regulatory environment to capitalize on new growth opportunities. • Proven and experienced management team. Our management team has significant industry experience and has demonstrated strong execution capabilities. Our senior management team, led by Lisa Im, has been with us for an average of approximately 11 years. This team has successfully grown our revenue base and service offerings beyond the original student loan market into healthcare and delinquent state tax and private financial institutions receivables. Our management team’s industry experience, combined with deep and specialized understanding of 4 Table of Contents complex and highly regulated industries, has enabled us to maintain long-standing client relationships and strong financial results. Our Growth Strategy Key elements of our growth strategy include the following: • Expand our student loan recovery volume. The balance of defaulted government-supported student loans was approximately $91 billion as of September 30, 2013. While we have long-standing relationships with some of the largest participants in the government-supported student loan market, we believe there are significant opportunities within this growing market to increase the volume of student loans placed with us by existing and new clients. For example, if we are able to enter into a new contract with the Department of Education, which is currently subject to a rebidding process, we believe there is an opportunity to grow our placement volume through strong performance. Further, as a result of our relationships with five of the seven largest GAs, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit as a result of any consolidation of smaller GAs over the coming years. • Expand our recovery services in the healthcare market. According to CMS, Medicare spending totaled approximately $573 billion in 2012 and is expected to increase to $1.1 trillion in 2022, representing a compound annual growth rate of 6%. In the private healthcare market, spending totaled $1.6 trillion in 2012 and is expected to grow more than 5% annually through 2022, according to CMS’ National Health Expenditures Projections. As these large markets continue to grow, we expect the need for recovery services to increase in the public and private healthcare markets. If we are able to continue to provide audit and recovery services for CMS under a new RAC contract, which is currently open to a competitive bidding process, we plan to expand our audit and recovery services in the public healthcare market. Further, we expect to continue to develop our audit, recovery and analytics services in the private healthcare market. In addition, through our enhanced analytics capabilities, we intend to pursue opportunities to find and eliminate losses prior to payment for healthcare services, including the detection of fraud, waste and abuse in the public and private healthcare markets. • Pursue strategic alliances and acquisitions. We intend to selectively consider opportunities to grow through strategic alliances or acquisitions that are complementary to our business. These opportunities may enhance our existing capabilities, enable us to enter new markets, expand our product offerings and allow us to diversify our revenues. Our Platform Our technology-enabled services platform is based on over two decades of experience in recovering large amounts of funds on behalf of our clients across several markets. The components of our platform include our data management expertise, analytics capabilities and technology-based workflow processes. Our platform integrates these components to allow us to achieve optimized outcomes for our clients in the form of increased efficiency and productivity and high recovery rates. Our platform and workflow processes are also intuitive and easy to use for our recovery and claims specialists and allow us to increase our employee retention and productivity. The components of our platform include the following: Data Management Expertise Our platform manages and stores large amounts of data throughout the workflow process. This includes both proprietary data we have compiled over two decades as well as third-party data which we can integrate efficiently and in real-time to reduce errors, reduce cycle time processing and, ultimately, improve recovery rates. The strength of our data management expertise augments our analytics capabilities and provides our recovery and claims specialists with powerful workflow processes. Data Analytics Capabilities Our data analytics capabilities efficiently screen and allocate massive volumes of recovery inventory. For example, upon receipt of each placement of student loans, we utilize our proprietary algorithms to assist us in determining the most efficient recovery process and the optimal allocation of recovery specialist resources for each loan. In the healthcare market, we analyze millions of Medicare claims to find potential correlations between claims data and improper payments, which enhance our future recovery rates. Across all of our current markets, we utilize our proprietary analytics tools to continuously and rigorously test our workflow processes in real-time to drive greater process efficiency and improvement in recovery rates. 5 Table of Contents Furthermore, we believe our enhanced analytics capabilities will extend our potential markets, permitting us to pursue significant new business opportunities. For example, we have expanded the use of our data analytics capabilities in the healthcare sector to offer a variety of services from post and pre-payment audit of healthcare claims in both the public and private healthcare sector, to detection of fraud, waste and abuse of healthcare claims, to coordination of benefits and pharmacy fraud detection. Workflow Processes Over many years, we have developed and refined our recovery workflow processes, which we believe drive higher efficiency and productivity and reduce our reliance on labor-intensive methods relative to more traditional recovery outsourcing models. We refer to the patented technology that supports our proprietary workflows as “Smart Bins.” Smart Bins disaggregate otherwise complex recovery processes into a series of simple, efficient and consistent steps that are easily configurable and applicable to different types of recovery-related applications. Our workflow processes integrate a broad range of functions that encompass each stage of a recovery process. Smart Bins have been designed to be highly intuitive and help our recovery and claims specialists manage each step in the recovery process and enhance their productivity to high levels, regardless of skill differences among specialists. Smart Bins direct specialists toward the most efficient and effective action, or step with respect to the management and recovery of a defaulted student loan, with some input by specialists. Our technology places expert system rules into the workflow engine, allowing employees at different skill levels to manage the more complex work steps that highly experienced workers would perform, while automating document management and compliance functionality as industry regulations and compliance demands change. The following recovery diagram illustrates how the various components of our platform work together to solve a typical client workflow: 6 Table of Contents 7 Table of Contents Our Services We use our technology-enabled services platform to provide recovery and analytics services in a broad range of markets for the identification and recovery of student loans, improper healthcare payments and delinquent state tax and federal treasury receivables. The table below summarizes our recovery services and related analytics capabilities and the markets we serve. Analytics Capabilities • We use our enhanced data analytics capabilities, which we refer to as Performant Insight, to offer a variety of services from post- and pre- payment audit of healthcare claims to detection of fraud, waste and abuse of healthcare claims, to coordination of benefits and pharmacy fraud detection Student Loans • Provide recovery services to the Department of Education, GAs and private institutions • Identify and track defaulted borrowers across our clients’ portfolios of student loans • Utilize our proprietary technology, our history of borrower data and our analytics capabilities to rehabilitate and recover past due student loans • Earn contingent, success- based fees calculated as a percentage of funds that we enable our clients to recover Recovery Services Healthcare • Provide audit and recovery services to identify improper healthcare payments for public and private healthcare providers • Identify improper payments typically resulting from incorrect coding, procedures that were not medically necessary, incomplete documentation or claims submitted based on outdated fee schedules • Earn contingent, success- based fees based on a percentage of claim amounts recovered Other Markets • Provide tax recovery services to state and municipal agencies • Recover government debt for numerous different federal agencies under a contract with the Treasury and provide recovery and audit services for the Department of Education • Enable financial institutions to proactively manage loan portfolios and reduce the incidence of defaulted loan assets • Earn contingent, success- based fees calculated as a percentage of the amounts recovered, fees based on dedicated headcount and hosted technology licensing fees Recovery Services Student Loans We provide recovery services primarily to the government-supported student loan industry, and our clients include the Department of Education and several of the largest GAs, as well as private financial institutions. We use our proprietary technology to identify, track and communicate with defaulted borrowers on behalf of our clients to implement suitable recovery programs for the repayment of outstanding student loan balances. Our clients contract with us to provide recovery services for large pools of student loans generally representing a portion of the total outstanding defaulted balances they manage, which they provide to us as “placements” on a periodic basis. Generally, the volume of placements that we receive from our clients is influenced by our performance under our contracts and our ability to recover funds from defaulted student loans, as measured against the performance of competitors who may service a similar pool of defaulted loans for the same client. To the extent we perform well under our existing contracts and differentiate our services from those of our competitors, we may receive a relatively greater number of student loan placements under these contracts and may improve our ability to obtain future contracts from these clients and other potential clients. We use algorithms derived from over two decades of experience with defaulted student loans to make reasonably accurate estimates of the recovery outcomes likely to be derived from a placement of defaulted student loans. We also restructure and recover student loans issued directly by banks to students outside of federal lending programs. These types of loans typically supplement government-supported student loans to meet any shortfall in supply of student loan needs that cannot be met by grants or federal loans. Unlike government-supported student loans, private student loans do not have capped interest rates and, accordingly, involve higher instances of default relative to federally-backed student loans. Healthcare We provide recovery services related to improper payments in the healthcare market. In 2009 we were awarded the role as one of four prime RAC contractors in the United States, with exclusive responsibility for the Northeast region. Under our existing RAC contract, we identify and facilitate the recovery of improper Parts A and B Medicare payments. Our existing 8 Table of Contents contract with CMS is currently subject to a competitive rebidding process. Our relationship with CMS began in 2005 with an initial demonstration contract to recover improper payments for Medicare Secondary Payor claims. Under our RAC contract with CMS, we utilize our technology-enabled services platform to screen Medicare claims against several criteria, including coding procedures and medical necessity standards, to determine whether a claim should be further investigated for recoupment or adjustment by CMS. We conduct automated and, where appropriate, detailed medical necessity reviews. If we determine that the likelihood of finding a potential improper payment warrants further investigation, we request and review healthcare provider medical records related to the claim, utilizing experts in Medicare coding and registered nurses. We interact and communicate with healthcare providers and other administrative entities, and ultimately submit the claim to CMS for correction. In the private healthcare market, we utilize our technology-enabled services platform to provide audit, recovery and analytical services for private healthcare providers. Other Markets We also provide recovery services to several state and municipal tax authorities, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Education and a number of financial institutions. For state and municipal tax authorities, we analyze a portfolio of delinquent tax and other receivables placed with us, develop a recovery plan and execute a recovery process designed to maximize the recovery of funds. In some instances, we have also run state tax amnesty programs, which provide one-time relief for delinquent tax obligations, and other debtor management services for our clients. We currently have relationships with ten state and municipal governments. Delinquent obligations are placed with us by our clients and we utilize a process that is similar to the student loan recovery process for recovering these obligations. For the Department of the Treasury, we recover government debt subrogated to it by numerous different federal agencies. The placements we are provided represent a mix of commercial and individual obligations. We are one of four contractors for the most recent Treasury contract. We also provide risk management advisory services that enable these clients to proactively manage loan portfolios and reduce the incidence of defaulted loan assets over time. Our experience suggests that proactive default prevention practices produce significant net yield and earnings gains for our clients. We deliver these services in two forms. First, we contact and consult with borrowers to implement a repayment program, including payment through automatic debit arrangements, prior to the beginning of the repayment period in order to increase the likelihood that payments begin on time. Second, we offer a service that involves contacting delinquent borrowers in an effort to cure the delinquency prior to the loan entering default. Analytics Capabilities For several years, we have leveraged our data analytics tools to help filter, identify and recover delinquent and defaulted assets and improper payments as part of our core recovery services platform. Through our enhanced data analytics capabilities, which we refer to as Performant Insight, we are able to review, aggregate, and synthesize very large volumes of structured and unstructured data, at high speeds, from the initial intake of disparate data sources, to the warehousing of the data, to the analysis and reporting of the data. We believe we have built a differentiated, next-generation “end-to-end” data processing solution that will maximize value for current and future customers. Performant Insight provides numerous benefits for our recovery services platform. Performant Insight has not only enhanced our existing recovery services under our RAC contract by analyzing significantly higher volumes of healthcare claims at faster rates and reducing our cycle time to review and assess healthcare claims, but has also enabled us to develop improved and more sophisticated business intelligence rules that can be applied to our audit processes. We believe our enhanced analytics capabilities will extend our potential markets, permitting us to pursue significant new business opportunities. We have expanded the use of our data analytics capabilities in the healthcare sector to offer a variety of services from post and pre-payment audit of healthcare claims in both the public and private healthcare sector, to detection of fraud, waste and abuse of healthcare claims, to coordination of benefits and pharmacy fraud detection. Our Clients We provide our services across a broad range of government and private clients in several markets. Department of Education 9 Table of Contents We have provided student loan recovery services to the Department of Education for approximately 23 years. We restructure and recover defaulted student loans distributed directly by the Department of Education as part of the FDSLP. Due to its limited resources and recovery capabilities, the Department of Education outsources much of its defaulted student loan portfolio to third-party vendors for recovery. Recovery fees are entirely contingency-based, and our fee for a particular recovery depends on the type of recovery facilitated. We also receive incremental performance incentives based upon our performance as compared to other contractors with the Department of Education, which are comprised of additional inventory allocation volumes and incentive fees. To participate in the Department of Education contracts, firms must follow a highly competitive selection process. For the latest Department of Education contract, the fourth major contract the Department of Education has outsourced to selected vendors, we were selected as one of 17 unrestricted vendors and initiated work on this contract in the fourth quarter of 2009. We are currently subject to a competitive rebidding process for the next contract with the Department of Education. Because all federally-supported student loans are being originated by the Department of Education as a result of SAFRA, our relationship with the Department of Education will become increasingly more important over time. The Department of Education was responsible for approximately 20.2% of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013. Guaranty Agencies We restructure and recover defaulted student loans issued by private lenders and backed by GAs under the FFELP. Despite the transition from FFELP to FDSLP, we believe GA default volumes will continue to rise for a few years as there is a lag between originations and defaults of at least three to four years. When a borrower stops making regular payments on a FFELP loan, the GA is obligated to reimburse the lender approximately 97% of the loan’s principal and accrued interest. GAs then seek to recover and restructure these obligations. The GAs with which we contract generally structure one to three-year initial term contracts with multiple renewal periods, and historically the fees that we receive are generally similar to the fees we receive from the Department of Education contract. For some GA clients, we provide services through MSAs, under which we manage a GA’s entire portfolio of defaulted student loans and, for certain clients, engage subcontractors to provide a portion of the recovery services associated with a GA’s student loan portfolio. We have a relationship with 11 of the 30 active GAs in the U.S., including Great Lakes Higher Education Guaranty Corporation and American Student Assistance Corporation, which were responsible for 16.5% and 12.1%, respectively, of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013. We have had relationships with GA clients for over 25 years. CMS We have a seven-year relationship with CMS. Under our RAC contract with CMS awarded in 2009, we identify and facilitate the recovery of improper Parts A and B Medicare payments in the Northeast region of the United States and which accounted for approximately 26.2% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013. We are currently subject to a competitive rebidding process for the next RAC contract with CMS. The fees that we receive for identifying these improper payments from CMS are entirely contingency-based, and the contingency-fee percentage depends on the methods of recovery, and, in some cases, the type of improper payment that we identify. U.S. Department of the Treasury We have assisted the Department of the Treasury for 16 years in the recovery of delinquent receivables owed to a number of different federal agencies. The debt obligations we help to recover on behalf of the Department of the Treasury include commercial and individual debt obligations. We are one of the four firms servicing the current Department of the Treasury contract. Similar to our other recovery contracts, our fees under this contract are contingency-based. We view this as an important strategic relationship, as it provides us valuable insight into other business opportunities within the federal government. State Tax and Municipal Agencies We provide outsourced recovery services for individuals’ delinquent state tax and other municipal obligations on a hosted model and under MSAs. We currently have relationships with ten state and municipal governments. Private Lenders We provide recovery services for private student loans, that supplement federally guaranteed loans, and home mortgages to private lenders. Sales and Marketing 10 Table of Contents Our new business opportunities have historically been driven largely by referrals and natural extensions of our existing client relationships, as well as a targeted outreach by senior management. Our sales cycles are often lengthy, and demand high levels of attention from our senior management. At any point in time, we are typically focused on a limited number of potentially significant new business opportunities. As a result, to date, we have operated with a small staff of experienced individuals with responsibility for developing new sales, relying heavily upon our executive staff, including a Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing and a sales team covering various markets. Technology Operations Our technology center is based in Livermore, California, with a redundant capacity in our Grants Pass, Oregon office. Additionally, Performant Insight, our data analytics business, is supported by staff in Miami Lakes, Florida. We have designed our infrastructure for scalability and redundancy, which allows us to continue to operate in the event of an outage at either datacenter. We maintain an information systems environment with advanced network security intrusion detection and prevention with 24x7 monitoring and security incident response capabilities. We utilize encryption technologies to protect sensitive data on our systems, all data during transmission and all data on redundancy or backup media. We also maintain a comprehensive enterprise-wide information security system based upon recognized standards, including the NIST800 53 and ISO 27002 Code of Practice for Information Security Program Management, to uphold high security standards needed for the protection of sensitive information. Competition We face significant competition in all aspects of our business. In recovery services for delinquent and defaulted assets, we face competition from a number of companies. Holders of these delinquent and defaulted assets typically engage several firms simultaneously to provide recovery services on different portions of their portfolios. The number of recovery firms engaged varies by client. For example, we are one of 17 unrestricted providers of recovery services on the current Department of Education contract, while some of the GAs may only engage a few recovery vendors at any time. Initially, we compete to be one of the retained firms in a competitive bidding process and, if we are successful, we then face continuing competition from the client’s other retained firms based on the client’s benchmarking of the recovery performance of its several vendors. Clients such as the Department of Education typically will allocate additional placements to those recovery vendors producing the highest recovery rates. We believe that we primarily compete on the basis of recovery rate performance, as well as maintenance of high standards of recovery practices and data security capabilities. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to most of these factors as evidenced by our long-standing relationships with our clients in these markets. Pricing is not usually a major competitive factor as all recovery services vendors in these markets typically receive the same contingency-based fee rate. In the recovery of improper healthcare payments, we faced a highly competitive process, involving a large number of bidders, to become one of the four prime RAC contractors in the United States. CMS is currently in the procurement process for the next round of RAC contracts. We expect that our competition will include the other three RAC service providers: Health Management Systems, Inc., Connolly Consulting, Inc. and CGI Group. We also may face competition from a variety of healthcare consulting and healthcare information services companies. Some of these potential competitors for the next RAC contract may have greater financial and other resources than we do. According to the request for quotes, the competitive factors for this new RAC contract are demonstrated experience in effective recovery services in the healthcare market, technical approach for identifying improper payments, key personnel and staffing, financial capability to perform under the RAC contract and recovery fee rates. We believe that our seven-year relationship with CMS and our related experience in providing recovery services to identify improper payments allows us to compete favorably with respect to many of these factors. We expect that our performance in identifying claims, managing the claims processes under the current RAC contract, and established systems integration with CMS and related Medicare administrative contractors will also be key factors in determining our continued service to CMS. Government Regulation The nature of our business requires that we adhere to a complex array of federal and state laws and regulations. These include the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, or FDCPA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA, the rules and regulations established by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, and related state laws. We are also governed by a variety of state laws that regulate the collection, use, disclosure and protection of personal information. We have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards intended to protect all personal data and we have processes in place to assist us in complying with applicable laws and regulations regarding the protection of this data. Our compliance efforts include training of personnel and monitoring our systems and personnel. 11 Table of Contents HIPAA and Related State Laws Our Medicare recovery business subjects us to compliance with HIPAA and various related state laws that contain substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of an individual’s protected health information. HIPAA prohibits us from using or disclosing an individual’s protected health information unless the use or disclosure is authorized by the individual or is specifically required or permitted under HIPAA. Under HIPAA, we must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information maintained or transmitted by us or by others on our behalf. We are required to notify affected individuals and government authorities of data security breaches involving unsecured protected health information. The Department of Health and Human Services Office of Civil Rights enforces HIPAA privacy violations; CMS enforces HIPAA security violations and the Department of Justice enforces criminal violations of HIPAA. We are subject to statutory penalties for violations of HIPAA. Most states have enacted patient confidentiality laws that protect against the unauthorized disclosure of confidential medical information, and many states have adopted or are considering further legislation in this area, including privacy safeguards, security standards and data security breach notification requirements. These state laws, if more stringent than HIPAA requirements, are not preempted by the federal requirements, and we must comply with them even though they may be subject to different interpretations by various courts and other governmental authorities. In addition, numerous other state laws govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to and confidentiality of individually identifiable health and healthcare provider information. Our compliance efforts include the encryption of protected health information that we hold and the development of procedures to detect, investigate and provide appropriate notification if protected health information is compromised. Our employees and contractors receive initial and periodic supplemental training and are tested to ensure compliance. As part of our certification and accreditation process, we must undergo audits by federal agencies as noted below. CMS regularly audits us for, among other items, compliance with their security standards. Privacy Act of 1974 The Privacy Act of 1974 governs the collection, use, storage, destruction and disclosure of personal information about individuals by a government agency and extends to government contractors who have access to agency records performing services for government agencies. The Act requires maintenance of a code of conduct for employees with access to the agency records addressing the obligations under the Privacy Act, training of employees and discipline procedures for noncompliance. The Act also requires adopting and maintaining appropriate administrative, technical and physical safeguards to insure the security and confidentiality of records and to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to their security or integrity. As a contractor to federal government agencies we are required to comply with the Privacy Act of 1974. Our compliance effort includes initial and ongoing training of employees and contractors in their obligations under the Act. In addition we have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards and processes intended to protect all personal data consistent with or exceeding our obligations under the Privacy Act. Certification, Accreditation and Security Business services that collect, store, transmit or process information for United States government agencies and organizations are required to undergo a rigorous certification and accreditation process to ensure that they operate at an acceptable level of security risk. As a government contractor, we currently have Authority to Operate, or ATO, licenses from both the Department of Education and CMS. We maintain a comprehensive enterprise-wide information security system based upon recognized standards, including the NIST800 53 and ISO 27002 Code of Practice for Information Security Program Management, to uphold high security standards needed for the protection of sensitive information. In addition, we hold SSAE – SOC 1 Type II certification, which provides assurance to auditors of third parties that we maintain the necessary controls and procedures to effectively manage third party data. We undergo an independent audit by our government agency clients on the award of the contract and periodically thereafter. We also conduct periodic self-assessments. Our regulatory compliance group is charged with the responsibility of ensuring our regulatory compliance and security. All our facilities have security perimeter controls with segregated access by security clearance level. The information systems environment maintains advanced network security intrusion detection and prevention with 24x7 monitoring and security incident response capabilities. We utilize encryption technologies to protect sensitive data on our systems, all data during transmission and all data on redundancy or backup media. Employees undergo background and security checks appropriate to their position. This can include security clearances by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. We also maintain compliant disaster recovery and business continuity plans, annually conduct two table top disaster exercises, conduct routine 12 Table of Contents security risk assessments and maintain a continuous improvement process as part of our security risk mitigation and management activity. FDCPA and Related State Laws The FDCPA regulates persons who regularly collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, consumer debts owed or asserted to be owed to another person. Certain of our debt recovery and loan restructuring activities may be subject to the FDCPA. The FDCPA establishes specific guidelines and procedures that debt recovery firms must follow in communicating with consumer debtors, including the time, place and manner of such communications. Further, it prohibits harassment or abuse by debt recovery firms, including the threat of violence or criminal prosecution, obscene language or repeated telephone calls made with the intent to abuse or harass. The FDCPA also places restrictions on communications with individuals other than consumer debtors in connection with the collection of any consumer debt and sets forth specific procedures to be followed when communicating with such third parties for purposes of obtaining location information about the consumer. In addition, the FDCPA contains various notice and disclosure requirements and prohibits unfair or misleading representations by debt recovery firms. Finally, the FDCPA imposes certain limitations on lawsuits to collect debts against consumers. Prior to the adoption of amendments to the FDCPA as part of the Dodd-Frank Act, no federal agency had the authority to issue interpretative regulations for the FDCPA. As a result, judicial determinations and non-binding interpretative positions issued by the Federal Trade Commission under the FDCPA created compliance difficulties for the consumer debt collections industry. With the adoption of the amendments to the FDCPA as part of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2011, however, as well as specific statutory authority to issue implementing regulations for the FDCPA, primary jurisdiction for the FDCPA was transferred to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB. Subsequently, the CFPB has indicated that it may issue proposed regulations under the FDCPA in 2014. Debt recovery activities are also regulated at the state level. Most states have laws regulating debt recovery activities in ways that are similar to, and in some cases more stringent than, the FDCPA. In addition, some states require debt recovery firms to be licensed. Our compliance efforts include written procedures for compliance with the FDCPA and related state laws, employee training and monitoring, auditing client calls, periodic review, testing and retraining of employees, and procedures for responding to client complaints. In all states where we operate, we believe that we currently hold all required state licenses or are exempt from licensing. Violations of the FDCPA may be enforced by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, or by a private action by an individual or class. Violations of the FDCPA are deemed to be an unfair or deceptive act under the Federal Trade Commission Act, which can be punished by fines for each violation. Class action damages can total up to one percent of the net worth of the entity violating the statute. Attorney fees and costs are also recoverable. In the ordinary course of business we are sued for alleged violations of the FDCPA and comparable state laws, although the amounts involved in the disposition or settlement of any such claims have not been significant. FCRA We are also subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA, which regulates consumer credit reporting and which may impose liability on us to the extent that the adverse credit information reported on a consumer to a credit bureau is false or inaccurate. State law, to the extent it is not preempted by the FCRA, may also impose restrictions or liability on us with respect to reporting adverse credit information. Our compliance efforts include initial and ongoing training of employees working with consumer credit reports, monitoring of performance, and periodic review and risk assessments. Violations of FCRA, which are deemed to be unfair or deceptive acts under the Federal Trade Commission Act, are enforced by the FTC or by a private action by an individual or class. Civil actions by consumers may seek damages per violation, with punitive damages, attorneys fees and costs also recoverable. Under the Federal Trade Commission Act, penalties for engaging in unfair or deceptive acts can be punished by fines for each violation. CFPB The CFPB was created as part of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2011, with primary implementing and interpretative authority for most federal consumer protection laws, including the FDCPA, transferred to the CFPB. Among other things, the CFPB was given the authority to issue interpretive regulations for the FDCPA, which it has indicated may be issued as a proposal in 2014. In addition to its authority in regard to federal consumer protection laws, the CFPB was also provided direct jurisdiction over certain consumer financial service providers. In October of 2012, the CFPB issued a rule asserting direct jurisdiction over large consumer debt collectors, which includes debt collectors with annual assets of more than $10 million. In accordance with the calculations included in this rule, we are subject to direct jurisdiction of the CFPB and in the future may be 13 Table of Contents directly examined and supervised by the CFPB. In that regard, the CFPB has also released examination guidance that its examiners will use when reviewing compliance by debt collectors subject to its direct supervision . State Law Compliance and Security Breach Response Many states impose an obligation on any entity that holds personally identifiable information or health information to adopt appropriate security to protect such data against unauthorized access, misuse, destruction, or modification. Many states have enacted laws requiring holders of personal information to take certain actions in response to data breach incidents, such as providing prompt notification of the breach to affected individuals and government authorities. In many cases, these laws are limited to electronic data, but states are increasingly enacting or considering stricter and broader requirements. Massachusetts has enacted a regulation that requires any entity that holds, transmits or collects certain personal information about its residents to adopt a written data security plan meeting the requirements set forth in the statute. We have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards intended to protect all personal data and have processes in place to assist us in complying with applicable laws and regulations regarding the protection of this data and properly responding to any security incidents. We have adopted a system security plan and security breach incident response plans to address our compliance with these laws. Intellectual Property Our intellectual property is a significant component of our business, including, most notably, the intellectual property underlying our proprietary technology-enabled services platform through which we provide our defaulted asset recovery and other services. To protect our intellectual property, we rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, trademarks and copyrights. We also utilize customary confidentiality and other contractual protections, including employee and third-party confidentiality and invention assignment agreements. As of December 31, 2013, we had two U.S. patents, both covering aspects of the workflow management systems and methods incorporated into our technology-enabled services platform. These patents will expire in December 2019. We routinely assess appropriate occasions for seeking additional patent protection for those aspects of our platform and other technologies that we believe may provide competitive advantages to our business. We also rely on certain unpatented proprietary expertise and other know-how, licensed and acquired third-party technologies, and continuous improvements and other developments of our various technologies, all intended to maintain our leadership position in the industry. As of December 31, 2013, we had five trademarks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office: Performant, Performant Recovery, Performant Technologies, Discovery Analytics and Performant Business Services. We have registered copyrights covering various copyrighted material relevant to our business. We also have unregistered copyrights in many components of our software systems. We may not be able to use these unregistered copyrights to prevent misappropriation of such content by unauthorized parties in the future; however, we rely on our extensive information technology security measures and contractual arrangements with employees and third-party contractors to minimize the opportunities for any such misuse of this content. We are not subject to any material intellectual property claims alleging that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of any third party, nor have we asserted any material intellectual property infringement claim against any third party. Employees As of December 31, 2013, we had approximately 1,479 full-time employees. None of our employees is a member of a labor union and we consider our employee relations to be good. Available Information The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10- Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, if any, or other filings filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, proxy and information statements. All reports that we file with the SEC may be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC, 20549. Information about the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors 14 Table of Contents Our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, and as a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Risks Related to Our Business Our agreements with the Department of Education and CMS, two of our largest customers, are currently subject to rebidding processes, and our failure to renew these agreements or a renewal on less favorable terms would have a significant negative impact on our revenues and results of operations. Our existing contracts with the Department of Education and CMS are currently subject to rebidding processes. The Department of Education and CMS were responsible for approximately 20.2% and 26.2% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013, respectively. The Department of Education has initiated a contract re-compete process that is ongoing. Similarly, we are currently participating in a competitive bidding process for the next RAC contract, but this process has been and may continue to be delayed due in part to protests filed by our competitors with respect to the terms proposed for the next RAC contract. While we believe our performance under existing contracts with the Department of Education and CMS and the experience we have gained in performing under these contracts position us well to renew both of these agreements, failure to retain either of these agreements or a significant adverse change in the terms of either of these agreements upon any renewal would seriously harm our revenues and our operating results. Revenues generated from our four largest clients represented 75% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013, and any termination of or deterioration in our relationship with any of these clients would result in a decline in our revenues. We derive a substantial majority of our revenues from a limited number of clients, including the Department of Education, CMS and two GAs. Revenues from our four largest clients represented 75% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013. All of our contracts with these clients are subject to periodic renewal and re-bidding processes and if we lose one of these clients or if the terms of our relationships with any of these clients become less favorable to us, our revenues would decline, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The transition rules implemented by CMS in connection with the award of the new RAC contract will have an adverse impact on our 2014 revenues. Our audit activities under the RAC contract are currently set to expire in June 2014. In planning for the award of the next RAC contracts, CMS has announced transition procedures that will affect our operations during the transition period. In this regard, CMS permitted us to submit medical records requests until February 21, 2014. In addition, CMS has placed restrictions on the types of claims and the amount of certain medical records requests that we may make during the transition period, and CMS has maintained a long-running prohibition on requesting medical records from PIP providers. We expect that these transition rules will have an adverse effect on our revenues during 2014. Further, protests have been filed in connection with the new RAC contract, and any delay in the award of the new RAC contract as a result of these protests or future protests would have an adverse impact on our future revenues in light of these transaction rules. Lastly, given the uncertainties surrounding the timing of the RAC contract renewal period and the final scope of the transition rules, we may be required to retain certain employees whose services may not be required during the transition period, or may terminate certain employees who we may not be able to re-hire in the future, either of which could have an adverse impact on our business and future revenues. Many of our contracts with our clients for the recovery of student loans and other receivables are not exclusive and do not commit our clients to provide specified volumes of business. In addition, the terms of these contracts may be changed unilaterally and on short notice by our clients. As a consequence, there is no assurance that we will be able to maintain our revenues and operating results. Substantially all of our existing contracts for the recovery of student loan and other receivables, which represented approximately 73.6% of our revenues in 2013, enable our clients to unilaterally terminate their contractual relationship with us at any time without penalty, potentially leading to loss of business or renegotiation of terms. Further, most of our contracts in these markets allow our clients to unilaterally change the volume of loans and other receivables that are placed with us at any given time. In addition, most of our contracts are not exclusive, with our clients retaining multiple service providers with whom we must compete for placements of loans or other obligations. Therefore, despite our contractual relationships with our clients, our contracts do not provide assurance that we will generate a minimum amount of revenues or that we will receive a specific volume of placements. Our revenues and operating results would be negatively affected if our student loan and receivables clients, which include four of our five largest clients in 2013, reduce the volume of student loan placements provided to us, modify the terms of service, including the success fees we are able to earn upon recovery of defaulted student loans, or any of these clients establish more favorable relationships with our competitors. For example, in 2013 our contractual arrangement with the 15 Table of Contents Department of Education changed as a result of the Department of Education’s decision to have its recovery vendors promote income-based repayment, or IBR, to defaulted student loans. The IBR program provides flexibility on the required monthly payment for student loan borrowers at an amount intended to be affordable based on a borrower’s income and family size. In connection with the implementation of the IBR program, the Department of Education unilaterally reduced the contingency fee rate that we receive for rehabilitating student loans by approximately 13% as of March 1, 2013. Any changes in the contingency fee percentages or other compensation terms that we are paid under existing and future contracts could have a significant impact on our revenues and operating results. Our ability to derive revenues under our RAC contract will depend in part on the number and types of potentially improper claims that we are allowed to pursue by CMS, and our results of operations may be harmed if the scope of claims that we are allowed to pursue and be compensated for is limited. Under our existing RAC contract with CMS and any new RAC contract that we enter into upon completion of the current rebidding process with CMS, we are not permitted to and may not seek the recovery of an improper claim unless that particular type of claim has been pre- approved by CMS to ensure compliance with applicable Medicare payment policies, as well as national and local coverage determinations. Accordingly, the long-term growth of the revenues we derive under a RAC contract will also depend in part on CMS expanding the scope of potentially improper claims that we are allowed to pursue. If we are unable to continue to identify improper claims within the types of claims that we are permitted to pursue from time to time or if CMS does not expand the scope of potentially improper claims that we are allowed to pursue, our results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, CMS has implemented rules that, for the period through September 30, 2014, prevent RAC contractors from being able to review and audit (i) whether inpatient care delivered to patients with hospital stays lasting less than two midnights was medically necessary and therefore deserving of the higher reimbursement levels under Medicare Part A or (ii) whether inpatient treatment was medically necessary for admissions spanning more than two midnights. In connection with these restrictions, hospitals cannot bill CMS for outpatient services on hospital stays lasting less than two midnights during such period. Fees associated with recoveries initiated by us based upon improper claims for inpatient reimbursement of these short stays have represented a substantial portion of the revenues we have earned under our existing RAC contract. The suspension of this type of review activity could have a material adverse effect on our future healthcare revenues and operating results, depending on a variety of factors including, among other things, CMS’s evaluation of provider compliance with the new rules, the rules ultimately adopted by CMS with respect to medical necessity reviews of Medicare reimbursement claims associated with short stay inpatient admissions and, more generally, the scope of improper claims that CMS allows us to pursue and our ability to successfully identify improper claims within the permitted scope. In connection with the award of the new RAC contract, CMS has indicated that it is reviewing certain aspects of the RAC contract including the amount of medical records that RAC vendors may request and the timeframes for review and communications between RAC vendors and providers. We face significant competition in connection with obtaining, retaining and performing under our existing client contracts, including our contracts with the Department of Education and CMS, and an inability to compete effectively in the future could harm our relationships with our clients, which would impact our ability to maintain our revenues and operating results. We operate in very competitive markets. In providing our services to the student loan and other receivables markets, we face competition from many other companies. Initially, we compete with these companies to be one of typically several firms engaged to provide recovery services to a particular client and, if we are successful in being engaged, we then face continuing competition from the client’s other retained firms based on the client’s benchmarking of the recovery rates of its several vendors. In addition, those recovery vendors who produce the highest recovery rates from a client often will be allocated additional placements and in some cases additional success fees. Accordingly, maintaining high levels of recovery performance, and doing so in a cost-effective manner, are important factors in our ability to maintain and grow our revenues and net income and the failure to achieve these objectives could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.Some of our current and potential competitors in the markets in which we operate may have greater financial, marketing, technological or other resources than we do. The ability of any of our competitors and potential competitors to adopt new and effective technology to better serve our markets may allow them to gain market strength. Increasing levels of competition in the future may result in lower recovery fees, lower volumes of contracted recovery services or higher costs for resources. Any inability to compete effectively in the markets that we serve could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The U.S. federal government accounts for a significant portion of our revenues, and any loss of business from, or change in our relationship with, the U.S. federal government would result in a significant decrease in our revenues and operating results. 16 Table of Contents We have historically derived and are likely to continue to derive a significant portion of our revenues from the U.S. federal government. For the year ended December 31, 2013, revenues under contracts with the U.S. federal government accounted for approximately 48% of our total revenues, compared to 42% for the year ended December 31, 2012. In addition, fees payable by the U.S. federal government are expected to become a larger percentage of our total revenues over the next several years as a result of legislation that has transferred responsibility for all new student loan origination to the Department of Education. The continuation and exercise of renewal options on existing government contracts and any new government contracts are, among other things, contingent upon the availability of adequate funding for the applicable federal government agency. Changes in federal government spending could directly affect our financial performance. For example, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, which was signed into law by President Obama on December 26, 2013, reduced the compensation paid to GAs for the rehabilitation of student loans, effective July 1, 2014. This "revenue enhancement" measure will reduce from 18.5% to 16% of the outstanding loan balance, the amount that GAs can charge borrowers when a rehabilitated loan is sold by the GA and will eliminate entirely the GAs retention of 18.5% of the outstanding loan balance as a fee for rehabilitation services. It is unclear how the reduction in compensation the GAs receive will impact the contingency fee percentage that we receive from the GAs for assisting in the rehabilitation of defaulted student loans; however, any decrease in this contingency fee percentage would result in a decrease in our revenues. The loss of business from the U.S. federal government, or significant policy changes or financial pressures within the agencies of the U.S. federal government that we serve would result in a significant decrease in our revenues, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Future legislative or regulatory changes affecting the markets in which we operate could impair our business and operations. The two principal markets in which we provide our recovery services, government-supported student loans and the Medicare program, are a subject of significant legislative and regulatory focus and we cannot anticipate how future changes in government policy may affect our business and operations. For example, SAFRA significantly changed the structure of the government-supported student loan market by assigning responsibility for all new government-supported student loan originations to the Department of Education, rather than originations by private institutions and backed by one of 31 government-supported GAs. This legislation, and any future changes in the legislation and regulations that govern these markets, may require us to adapt our business to the new circumstances and we may be unable to do so in a manner that does not adversely affect our business and operations. Our business relationship with the Department of Education has accounted for a significant portion of our revenues and will take on increasing importance to our business as a result of SAFRA. Our failure to maintain this relationship would significantly decrease our revenues. While the majority of our historical revenues from the student loan market have come from our relationships with the GAs, as a result of SAFRA, the Department of Education will ultimately become the sole source of revenues in this market, although the GAs will continue to service their existing student loan portfolios for many years to come. As a result, over time, and assuming we are successful in entering into a new contract with the Department of Education under the current rebidding process, defaults on student loans originated by the Department of Education will predominate and our ability to maintain the revenues we had previously received from a number of GA clients will depend on our relationship with a single client, the Department of Education. While we have 23 years of experience in performing student loan recovery services for the Department of Education, we are one of 17 unrestricted recovery service providers on the current Department of Education contract. If we are successful in entering into a new contract with the Department of Education, there may be more than the current 17 recovery service providers, which could lead to greater competition among the selected service providers. If our relationship with the Department of Education terminates or deteriorates or if the Department of Education, ultimately as the sole holder of defaulted student loans, requires its contractors to agree to less favorable terms, our revenues would significantly decrease, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. We could lose clients as a result of consolidation among the GAs, which would decrease our revenues. As a result of SAFRA, which terminated the ability of the GAs to originate government-supported student loans, some have speculated that there may be consolidation among the 30 GAs. This speculation has heightened as a result of the reduction of fees that the GAs will receive for rehabilitating student loans as a result of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013. If GAs that are our clients are combined with GAs with whom we do not have a relationship, we could suffer a loss of business. We currently have relationships with 11 of the 30 GAs and two of our GA clients were each responsible for more than 10% of our total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2013. The consolidation of our GA clients with others and the failure to provide recovery services to the consolidated entity could decrease our revenues, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our results of operations may fluctuate on a quarterly or annual basis and cause volatility in the price of our stock. 17 Table of Contents Our revenues and operating results could vary significantly from period-to-period and may fail to match our past performance because of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Any of these factors could cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate. Factors that could contribute to the variability of our operating results include: • • • the amount of defaulted student loans and other receivables that our clients place with us for recovery; the timing of placements of student loans and other receivables which are entirely in the discretion of our clients; the schedules of government agencies for awarding contracts including the impact of any protests filed in connection with the award of any such contracts; • our ability to successfully identify improper Medicare claims and the number and type of potentially improper claims that CMS authorizes us to pursue under our RAC contact; • the loss or gain of significant clients or changes in the contingency fee rates or other significant terms of our business arrangements with our significant clients; • technological and operational issues that may affect our clients and regulatory changes in the markets we service; and • general industry and macroeconomic conditions. For example, a technology system upgrade at the Department of Education significantly decreased the volume of student loan placements by the Department of Education to all recovery vendors, including us. While we and the other recovery vendors began to receive larger placement volumes in the fourth quarter of 2012, the majority of the revenues from these placements were delayed until the three months ended September 30, 2013, because we do not begin to earn rehabilitation revenues from a given placement until at least nine months after receipt of a placement. In addition, for approximately twelve months beginning in September 2011, because of this technology system upgrade, the Department of Education was not able to process a portion of rehabilitated student loans and accordingly we were not able to recognize certain revenues associated with rehabilitation of loans for this client. However, the Department of Education continued to pay us based on invoices submitted and we recorded these cash receipts as deferred revenues on our balance sheet. Similarly, in our healthcare markets, our claim recovery volume related to PIP providers in our region has been limited and we estimate that PIP providers in our region account for approximately 20% of Medicare claims. PIP providers are reimbursed for Medicare claims through different processes than other healthcare providers, and technology adjustments were necessary to permit automated processing of claims involving PIP providers. Prior to April 2012, we were not permitted to audit Medicare claims for these PIP providers and the improper payments to PIP providers that we identified beginning in April 2012 were not processed by CMS until January 2013, when a small portion of such payments began to be processed manually. In June 2013, CMS implemented the system adjustment necessary for automated processing of claims, which allowed us to recognize approximately $12 million in 2013. Downturns in domestic or global economic conditions and other macroeconomic factors could harm our business and results of operations. Various macroeconomic factors influence our business and results of operations. These include the volume of student loan originations in the United States, together with tuition costs and student enrollment rates, the default rate of student loan borrowers, which is impacted by domestic and global economic conditions, rates of unemployment and similar factors, and the growth in Medicare expenditures resulting from changes in healthcare costs. For example, during the global financial crisis beginning in 2008, the market for securitized student loan portfolios was disrupted, resulting in delays in the ability of some GA clients to resell rehabilitated student loans and, as a result, delays our ability to recognize revenues from these rehabilitated loans. Changes in the overall economy could lead to a reduction in overall recovery rates by our clients, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to maintain or increase our profitability, and our recent financial results may not be indicative of our future financial results. We may not succeed in maintaining our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis and could incur quarterly or annual losses in future periods. We have incurred additional operating expenses associated with being a public company and we intend to continue to increase our operating expenses as we grow our business. We also expect to continue to make investments in our proprietary technology platform and hire additional employees and subcontractors as we expand our healthcare recovery and other operations, thus incurring additional expenses. If our revenues do not increase to offset these increases in expenses, our 18 Table of Contents operating results could be adversely affected. Our historical revenues and net income growth rates are not indicative of future growth rates. We may not be able to manage our growth effectively and our results of operations could be negatively affected. Our business has expanded significantly, especially in recent years with the expansion of our services in the healthcare market, and we intend to maintain our focus on growth. However, our continued focus on growth and the expansion of our business may place additional demands on our management, operations and financial resources and will require us to incur additional expenses. We cannot be sure that we will be able to manage our growth effectively. In order to successfully manage our growth, our expenses will increase to recruit, train and manage additional qualified employees and subcontractors and to expand and enhance our administrative infrastructure and continue to improve our management, financial and information systems and controls. If we cannot manage our growth effectively, our expenses may increase and our results of operations could be negatively affected. A failure of our operating systems or technology infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors and subcontractors, could disrupt the operation of our business. A failure of our operating systems or technology infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors and subcontractors, could disrupt our operations. Our operating systems and technology infrastructure are susceptible to damage or interruption from various causes, including acts of God and other natural disasters, power losses, computer systems failures, Internet and telecommunications or data network failures, operator error, computer viruses, losses of and corruption of data and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could result in interruptions, delays or cessations in service to our clients, reduce the attractiveness of our recovery services to current or potential clients and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. While we have backup systems in many of our operating facilities, an extended outage of utility or network services may harm our ability to operate our business. Further, the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage we maintain for losses as result of failures of our operating systems and infrastructure may not be adequate in any particular case. If our security measures are breached or fail and unauthorized access is obtained to our clients’ confidential data, our services may be perceived as insecure, the attractiveness of our recovery services to current or potential clients may be reduced, and we may incur significant liabilities. Our recovery services involve the storage and transmission of confidential information relating to our clients and their customers, including health, financial, credit, payment and other personal or confidential information. Although our data security procedures are designed to protect against unauthorized access to confidential information, our computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access and disclosure of our clients’ confidential information. Further, we may not effectively adapt our security measures to evolving security risks, address the security and privacy concerns of existing or potential clients as they change over time, or be compliant with federal, state, and local laws and regulations with respect to securing confidential information. Unauthorized access to confidential information relating to our clients and their customers could lead to reputational damage which could deter our clients and potential clients from selecting our recovery services, or result in termination of contracts with those clients affected by any such breach, regulatory action, and claims against us. In the event of any unauthorized access to personal or other confidential information, we may be required to expend significant resources to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities in our security procedures, and we may be subject to fines, penalties, litigation costs, and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. If one or more of such failures in our security and privacy measures were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. Our business may be harmed if we lose members of our management team or other key employees. We are highly dependent on members of our management team and other key employees and our future success depends in part on our ability to retain these people. Our inability to continue to attract and retain members of our management team and other key employees could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The growth of our healthcare business will require us to hire and retain employees with specialized skills and failure to do so could harm our ability to grow our business. The growth of our healthcare business will depend in part on our ability to recruit, train and manage additional qualified employees. Our healthcare-related operations require us to hire registered nurses and experts in Medicare coding. Finding, attracting and retaining employees with these skills is a critical component of providing our healthcare-related 19 Table of Contents recovery and audit services, and our inability to staff these operations appropriately represents a risk to our healthcare service offering and associated revenues. An inability to hire qualified personnel, particularly to serve our healthcare clients, may restrain the growth of our business. We rely on subcontractors to provide services to our clients and the failure of subcontractors to perform as expected could harm our business operations and our relationships with our clients. We engage subcontractors to provide certain services to our clients. These subcontractors participate to varying degrees in our recovery activities with regards to all of the services we provide. While most of our subcontractors provide specific services to us, we engage one subcontractor to provide all of the audit and recovery services under our contract with CMS within a portion of our region. While we believe that we perform appropriate due diligence before we hire subcontractors, our subcontractors may not provide adequate service or otherwise comply with the terms set forth in their agreements. In the event a subcontractor provides deficient performance to one or more of our clients, any such client may reduce the volume of services we are providing under an existing contract or may terminate the relevant contract entirely and we may face claims for breach of contract. Any such disruption in our relations with our clients as a result of services provided by any of our subcontractors could adversely affect our revenues and operating results. If our software vendors or utility and network providers fail to deliver or perform as expected our business operations could be adversely affected. Our recovery services depend in part on third-party providers, including software vendors and utility and network providers. Our ability to service our clients depends on these third-party providers meeting our expectations and contractual obligations in a timely and effective manner. Our business could be materially and adversely affected, and we might incur significant additional liabilities, if the services provided by these third-party providers do not meet our expectations or if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us on similar contractual terms. We are subject to extensive regulations regarding the use and disclosure of confidential personal information and failure to comply with these regulations could cause us to incur liabilities and expenses. We are subject to a wide array of federal and state laws and regulations regarding the use and disclosure of confidential personal information and security. For example, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended, or HIPAA, and related state laws subject us to substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of the personal health information that we obtain in connection with our audit and recovery services under our contract with CMS and we must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality of this information. Similar protections extend to the type of personal financial and other information we acquire from our student loan, state tax and federal receivables clients. We are required to notify affected individuals and government agencies of data security breaches involving protected health and certain personally identifiable information. These laws and regulations also require that we develop, implement and maintain written, comprehensive information security programs containing safeguards that are appropriate to protect personally identifiable information or health information against unauthorized access, misuse, destruction or modification. Federal law generally does not preempt state law in the area of protection of personal information, and as a result we must also comply with state laws and regulations. Regulation of privacy, data use and security requires that we incur significant expenses, which could increase in the future as a result of additional regulations, all of which adversely affects our results of operations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can result in penalties and in some cases expose us to civil lawsuits. Our student loan recovery business is subject to extensive regulation and consumer protection laws and our failure to comply with these regulations and laws may subject us to liability and result in significant costs. Our student loan recovery business is subject to regulation and oversight by various state and federal agencies, particularly in the area of consumer protection. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, or FDCPA, and related state laws provide specific guidelines that we must follow in communicating with holders of student loans and regulates the manner in which we can recover defaulted student loans. Some state attorney generals have been active in this area of consumer protection regulation. We are subject, and may be subject in the future, to inquiries and audits from state and federal regulators, as well as frequent litigation from private plaintiffs regarding compliance under the FDCPA and related state regulations. We are also subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA, which regulates consumer credit reporting and may impose liability on us to the extent adverse credit information reported to a credit bureau is false or inaccurate. Our compliance with the FDCPA, FCRA and other federal and state regulations that affect our student loan recovery business may result in significant costs, including litigation costs. We may also become subject to regulations promulgated by the United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, which was established in July 2011 as part of the Dodd-Frank Act to, among other things, establish regulations regarding consumer financial protection laws. In addition, the CFPB has investigatory and 20 Table of Contents enforcement authority with respect to whether persons are engaged in unlawful acts or practices in connection with the collection of consumer debts. On April 12, 2013, we received a Civil Investigative Demand, or a CID, from the CFPB requesting production of documents and answers to questions generally related to the Company’s debt collection practices and procedures. The CFPB has not alleged a violation by us of any law or regulation. We responded to the CID, but have not been examined by the CFPB. In light of the possibility that the CFPB may issue interpretative regulations for the FDCPA, the issuance of such regulations could adversely affect our business and results of operations if we are not able to adapt our services and client relationships to meet any new regulatory structure that might be required. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We will continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected. However, for as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years following our initial public offering in August 2012, although if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, our revenues exceed $1 billion, or we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, we would cease to be an “emerging growth company” as of the following December 31. As a result of disclosure of information as a public company, our business and financial condition have become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business operations and financial results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business operations and financial results. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified employees, executive officers and members of our board of directors. Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley would impair our ability to produce accurate and reliable financial statements, which would harm our stock price. We are subject to reporting obligations under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that require us to include a management report on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. These requirements first apply to this annual report on Form 10-K and complying with these requirements can be difficult. For example, in June 2012, we determined that we had incorrectly accounted for our mandatorily redeemable preferred stock, which required audit adjusting entries for the three-year period ended December 31, 2011. Our failure to detect this error was deemed to be a deficiency in internal control and this deficiency was considered to be a material weakness. To address this situation, our independent registered public accounting firm recommended that the Company emphasize the importance of thoroughly researching all new accounting policies and revisiting accounting policies set for existing transactions when changes in the business or reporting requirements occur or are expected to occur. To prevent issues like these in the future, we have bolstered our technical accounting expertise and, where appropriate, engaged outside consultants with specialized knowledge. Our management may conclude that our internal control over our financial reporting is not effective. We have limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. If we fail to timely achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce reliable financial reports or help prevent fraud. Our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting 21 Table of Contents could prevent us from filing our periodic reports on a timely basis, which could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our common stock. We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. However, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until such time that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, if we continue to take advantage of the exemptions contained in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Our remediation efforts may not enable us to avoid a material weakness in the future. Litigation may result in substantial costs of defense, damages or settlement, any of which could subject us to significant costs and expenses. We are party to lawsuits in the normal course of business, particularly in connection with our student loan recovery services. For example, we are regularly subject to claims that we have violated the guidelines and procedures that must be followed under federal and state laws in communicating with consumer debtors. We may not ultimately prevail or otherwise be able to satisfactorily resolve any pending or future litigation, which may result in substantial costs of defense, damages or settlement. In the future, we may be required to alter our business practices or pay substantial damages or settlement costs as a result of litigation proceedings, which could adversely affect our business operations and results of operations. We typically face a long period to implement a new contract which may cause us to incur expenses before we receive revenues from new client relationships. If we are successful in obtaining an engagement with a new client or a new contract with an existing client, we typically have a subsequent long implementation period in which the services are planned in detail and we integrate our technology, processes and resources with the client’s operations. If we enter into a contract with a new client, we typically will not receive revenues until implementation is completed and work under the contract actually begins. Our clients may also experience delays in obtaining approvals or delays associated with technology or system implementations, such as the delays experienced with the implementation of our RAC contract with CMS due to an appeal by competitors who were unsuccessful in bidding on the contract. Because we generally begin to hire new employees to provide services to a new client once a contract is signed, we may incur significant expenses associated with these additional hires before we receive corresponding revenues under any such new contract. If we are not successful in maintaining contractual commitments after the expenses we incur during our typically long implementation cycle, our results of operations could be adversely affected. If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant costs to enforce our rights. The success of our business depends in part upon our proprietary technology platform. We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as on confidentiality procedures and non-compete agreements, to establish and protect our proprietary technology rights. The steps we have taken to deter misappropriation of our proprietary technology may be insufficient to protect our proprietary information. Any infringement or misappropriation of our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, or other intellectual property rights could adversely affect any competitive advantage we currently derive or may derive from our proprietary technology platform and we may incur significant costs associated with litigation that may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property could force us to incur significant costs or revise the way we conduct our business. Our competitors protect their proprietary rights by means of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property. Any party asserting that we infringe, misappropriate or violate their intellectual property rights may force us to defend ourselves, and potentially our clients, against the alleged claim. These claims and any resulting lawsuit, if successful, could be time-consuming and expensive to defend, subject us to significant liability for damages or invalidation of our proprietary rights, prevent us from operating all or a portion of our business or force us to redesign our services or technology platform or cause an interruption or cessation of our business operations, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, any litigation relating to the infringement of intellectual property rights could harm our relationships with current and prospective clients. The risk of such claims and lawsuits could increase if we increase the size and scope of our services in our existing markets or expand into new markets. 22 Table of Contents We may make acquisitions that prove unsuccessful, strain or divert our resources and harm our results of operations and stock price. We may consider acquisitions of other companies in our industry or in new markets. We may not be able to successfully complete any such acquisition and, if completed, any such acquisition may fail to achieve the intended financial results. We may not be able to successfully integrate any acquired businesses with our own and we may be unable to maintain our standards, controls and policies. Further, acquisitions may place additional constraints on our resources by diverting the attention of our management from other business concerns. Moreover, any acquisition may result in a potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities, the incurrence of additional debt and amortization of expenses related to intangible assets, all of which could adversely affect our results of operations and stock price. Our current or future indebtedness could adversely affect our business and financial condition and reduce the funds available to us for other purposes, and our failure to comply with the covenants contained in our credit agreement could result in an event of default that could adversely affect our results of operations. As of December 31, 2013, our total debt was $133.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2013, our consolidated interest expense was $11.6 million. Our ability to make scheduled payments or to refinance our debt obligations and to fund our other liquidity needs depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We cannot make assurances that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness and to fund our other liquidity needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations and allow us to maintain compliance with the covenants under our credit agreement or to fund our other liquidity needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We cannot ensure that we would be able to take any of these actions, that these actions would be successful and permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations or that these actions would be permitted under the terms of our existing or future debt agreements, including our credit agreement. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and, as a result, our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under our credit agreement could terminate their commitments to lend us money and foreclose against the assets securing our borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Our debt agreements contain, and any agreements to refinance our debt likely will contain, financial and restrictive covenants that limit our ability to incur additional debt, including to finance future operations or other capital needs, and to engage in other activities that we may believe are in our long-term best interests, including to dispose of or acquire assets. Our failure to comply with these covenants may result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate the maturity of our indebtedness or result in modifications to our credit terms. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Long Term Debt" in Item 7 below for a more detailed discussion of our financial covenants as well as our current status under these covenants. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not have sufficient cash resources to satisfy our debt obligations and we may not be able to continue our operations as planned. The price of our common stock could be volatile, and you may not be able to sell your shares at or above the public offering price. Since our initial public offering in August 2012, the price of our common stock, as reported by NASDAQ, has ranged from a low sales price of $7.11 on February 21, 2014 to a high sales price of $14.09 on March 4, 2013. The trading price of our common stock may be significantly affected by various factors, including: quarterly fluctuations in our operating results; the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections; changes in investors’ and analysts’ perception of the business risks and conditions of our business; our ability to meet the earnings estimates and other performance expectations of financial analysts or investors; unfavorable commentary or downgrades of our stock by equity research analysts; changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities; lawsuits threatened or filed against us; strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; new legislation or regulatory actions; changes in our relationship with any of our significant clients; fluctuations in the stock prices of our peer companies or in stock markets in general; and general economic conditions. Our significant stockholder has the ability to influence significant corporate activities and our significant stockholder’s interests may not coincide with yours. Parthenon Capital Partners beneficially owns approximately 32.4% of our common stock as of March 11, 2014. As a result of its ownership, Parthenon Capital Partners has the ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and, through our board of directors, the ability to influence decision-making with respect to our business direction and policies. Parthenon Capital Partners may have interests different from our other stockholders’ interests, and may vote in a 23 Table of Contents manner adverse to those interests. Matters over which Parthenon Capital Partners can, directly or indirectly, exercise influence include:the election of our board of directors and the appointment and removal of our officers; • mergers and other business combination transactions, including proposed transactions that would result in our stockholders receiving a premium price for their shares; • other acquisitions or dispositions of businesses or assets; • • • incurrence of indebtedness and the issuance of equity securities; repurchase of stock and payment of dividends; and the issuance of shares to management under our equity incentive plans. In addition, Parthenon Capital Partners has a contractual right to designate a number of directors proportionate to its stock ownership. Further, under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Parthenon Capital Partners does not have any obligation to present to us, and Parthenon Capital Partners may separately pursue, corporate opportunities of which it becomes aware, even if those opportunities are ones that we would have pursued if granted the opportunity. If securities analysts do not publish research or if securities analysts or other third parties publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, the price of our common stock could decline. The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that securities analysts and other third parties choose to publish about us. We do not control these analysts or other third parties. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our common stock or if one or more securities analysts or other third parties publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or cease publishing reports about us. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could impair a takeover attempt that our stockholders may find beneficial. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include the following provisions: establishing a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are elected at one time; providing that directors may be removed by stockholders only for cause; authorizing blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock; limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting; limiting our ability to engage in certain business combinations with any “interested stockholder,” other than Parthenon Capital Partners, for a three-year period following the time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder; requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; requiring a super majority vote for certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws; and limiting the determination of the number of directors on our board of directors and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on the board, to our board of directors then in office. These provisions, alone or together, could have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. ITEM 2. Properties Facilities As of December 31, 2013, we operated five separate office locations throughout the United States. The largest of these facilities is in Livermore, California and serves as our corporate headquarters, as well as a data center and production location. Our Livermore facility represents approximately 50,291 square feet and has a lease expiration of September 2017. We also lease production centers in California, Oregon, Florida and Texas and own a production/data center in Oregon. We believe that our facilities are adequate for current operations and that additional space will be available as required. See note (6) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our lease obligations. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings 24 Table of Contents We are involved in various legal proceedings that arise from our normal business operations. These actions generally derive from our student loan recovery services, and generally assert claims for violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act or similar federal and state consumer credit laws. While litigation is inherently unpredictable, we believe that none of these legal proceedings, individually or collectively, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market For Our Common Equity Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select market under the symbol “PFMT” on August 10, 2012. Prior to that, there was no public market for our common stock. The table sets forth, for the periods indicated below, the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported by NASDAQ since August 10, 2012. 2012 Third Quarter (beginning August 10, 2012) Fourth Quarter 2013 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter High 12.18 11.84 14.09 13.26 12.01 11.02 Low 9.20 7.55 10.06 9.25 10.27 9.26 On March 12, 2014, the closing price as reported by NASDAQ of our common stock was $7.86 per share. Stockholders As of December 31, 2013 , we had approximately 14 holders of record of our common stock. Dividends Our board of directors does not currently intend to pay regular dividends on our common stock. However, we expect to reevaluate our dividend policy on a regular basis and may, subject to compliance with the covenants in our credit agreement and other considerations, determine to pay dividends in the future. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to restrictive covenants contained in our credit agreement. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans can be found under Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities None. ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for each year ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual 25 Table of Contents report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. You should read the following selected consolidated historical financial data below in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements, related notes, and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and is qualified in its entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes and schedule included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expense Impairment of trade name Total operating expenses Income from operations Debt extinguishment costs (1) Interest expense Interest income Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Accrual for preferred stock dividends Net income (loss) available to common shareholders Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (in thousands) $ 255,302 $ 210,073 $ 162,974 $ 123,519 $ 109,832 96,762 85,671 — 182,433 72,869 — (11,564 ) 1 61,306 24,967 36,339 — 83,002 71,305 — 154,307 55,766 (3,679 ) (12,414 ) 64 39,737 16,786 22,951 2,038 67,082 49,199 13,400 129,681 33,293 — (13,530 ) 125 19,888 7,516 12,372 6,495 58,113 33,655 — 91,768 31,751 — (15,230 ) 118 16,639 6,664 9,975 5,771 53,728 32,110 — 85,838 23,994 — (16,017 ) 104 8,081 3,071 5,010 5,128 $ 36,339 $ 20,913 $ 5,877 $ 4,204 $ (118 ) 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Year Ended December 31, Net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders (2) Basic Diluted Weighted average shares (in thousands) Basic Diluted $ $ 0.77 $ 0.74 $ 0.48 $ 0.44 $ 0.14 $ 0.13 $ 0.10 $ 0.09 $ — — 47,492 49,386 43,985 47,599 42,962 45,742 42,962 45,019 42,962 42,962 (1) Represents debt extinguishment costs comprised of approximately $3.3 million of fees paid to lenders in connection with our new credit facility and approximately $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with our old credit facility. (2) Please see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for an explanation of the calculations of our basic and diluted net income per share of common stock. Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Total debt Total liabilities Redeemable preferred stock Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (in thousands) As of December 31, $ 81,909 $ 257,260 133,304 183,026 — 74,234 37,843 $ 211,745 147,769 187,672 — 24,073 20,004 $ 182,299 103,383 139,756 58,248 (15,705 ) 11,078 $ 181,390 117,331 151,231 51,753 (21,594 ) 8,924 180,735 127,298 161,077 45,982 (26,324 ) 26 Table of Contents ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview We provide technology-enabled recovery and related analytics services in the United States. Our services help identify and recover delinquent or defaulted assets and improper payments for both government and private clients in a broad range of markets. Our clients typically operate in complex and regulated environments and outsource their recovery needs in order to reduce losses on billions of dollars of defaulted student loans, improper healthcare payments and delinquent state tax and federal treasury and other receivables. We generally provide our services on an outsourced basis, where we handle many or all aspects of our clients’ recovery processes. Our revenue model is generally success-based as we earn fees on the aggregate amount of funds that we enable our clients to recover. Our services do not require any significant upfront investments by our clients and offer our clients the opportunity to recover significant funds otherwise lost. Because our model is based upon the success of our efforts and the dollars we enable our clients to recover, our business objectives are aligned with those of our clients and we are generally not reliant on their spending budgets. Furthermore, our business model does not require significant capital expenditures and we do not purchase loans or obligations. Sources of Revenues We derive our revenues from services for clients in a variety of different markets. These markets include our two largest markets, student lending and healthcare, as well as our other markets which include but are not limited to delinquent state taxes and federal Treasury and other receivables. Student Lending Healthcare Other Total Revenues Student Lending 2013 Year Ended December 31, 2012 (in thousands) $ $ 163,708 $ 67,531 24,063 255,302 $ 132,445 $ 54,747 22,881 210,073 $ 2011 122,253 21,549 19,172 162,974 We derive the majority of our revenues from the recovery of student loans. These revenues are contract-based and consist primarily of contingency fees based on a specified percentage of the amount we enable our clients to recover. Our contingency fee percentage for a particular recovery depends on the type of recovery facilitated. We also receive incremental performance incentives based upon our performance as compared to other contractors with the Department of Education, which are comprised of additional inventory allocation volumes and incentive fees. We are currently subject to a competitive rebidding process fro the next contract with the Department of Education. Based on data compiled from over two decades of experience with the recovery of defaulted student loans, at the time we receive a placement of student loans, we are able to make a reasonably accurate estimate of the recovery outcomes likely to be derived from such placement and the revenues we are likely able to generate based on the anticipated recovery outcomes. There are five potential outcomes to the student loan recovery process from which we generate revenues. These outcomes include: full repayment, recurring payments, rehabilitation, loan restructuring and wage garnishment. Of these five potential outcomes, our ability to rehabilitate defaulted student loans is the most significant component of our revenues in this market. Generally, a loan is considered successfully rehabilitated after the student loan borrower has made nine consecutive qualifying monthly payments and our client has notified us that it is recalling the loan. Once we have structured and implemented a repayment program for a defaulted borrower, we (i) earn a percentage of each periodic payment collected up to and including the final periodic payment prior to the loan being considered “rehabilitated” by our clients, and (ii) if the loan is “rehabilitated,” then we are paid a one-time percentage of the total amount of the remaining unpaid balance. The fees we are paid vary by recovery outcome as well as by contract. For non-government-supported student loans we are generally only paid contingency fees on two outcomes: full repayment or recurring repayments. The table below describes our typical fee structure for each of these five outcomes. 27 Table of Contents Student Loan Recovery Outcomes Full Repayment Recurring Payments • Repayment in full of the loan • Regular structured payments, typically according to a renegotiated payment plan Rehabilitation • After a defaulted borrower has made nine consecutive recurring payments, the loan is eligible for rehabilitation Loan Restructuring • Restructure and consolidate a number of outstanding loans into a single loan, typically with one monthly payment and an extended maturity • We are paid a percentage of the full payment that is made • We are paid a percentage of each payment • We are paid based on a percentage of the overall value of the rehabilitated loan • We are paid based on a percentage of overall value of the restructured loan Wage Garnishment • If we are unable to obtain voluntary repayment, payments may be obtained through wage garnishment after certain administrative requirements are met • We are paid a percentage of each payment For certain guaranty agency, or GA, clients, we have entered into Master Service Agreements, or MSAs. Under these agreements, clients provide their entire inventory of outsourced loans or receivables to us for recovery on an exclusive basis, rather than just a portion, as with traditional contracts that are split among various service providers. In certain circumstances, we engage subcontractors to assist in the recovery of a portion of the client’s portfolio. We also receive success fees for the recovery of loans under MSAs and our revenues under MSA arrangements include fees earned by the activities of our subcontractors. As of December 31, 2013, we had three MSA clients in the student loan market. Healthcare We derive revenues from the healthcare market primarily from our RAC contract, under which we are the prime contractor responsible for detecting improperly paid Part A and Part B Medicare claims in 12 states in the Northeastern United States. Revenues earned under the RAC contract are driven by the identification of improperly paid Medicare claims through both automated and manual review of such claims. We are paid contingency fees by CMS based on a percentage of the dollar amount of claims recovered by CMS as a result of our efforts. We recognize revenue when the provider pays CMS or incurs an offset against future Medicare claims. The revenues we recognize are net of our estimate of claims that will be overturned by appeal following payment by the provider. We are currently subject to a competitive rebidding process for the next RAC contract with CMS. To accelerate our ability to provide Medicare audit and recovery services across our region following our award of our initial RAC contract, we outsourced certain aspects of our healthcare recovery process to three different subcontractors. Two of these subcontractors provide a specific service to us in connection with our claims recovery process, and one subcontractor is engaged to provide all of the audit and recovery services for claims within a portion of our region. We recognize all of the revenues generated by the claims recovered through these subcontractor relationships, and we recognize the fees that we pay to these subcontractors in our expenses. We have also recently begun utilizing our technology-enabled services platform to provide audit, recovery and analytical services for private healthcare providers. Other We also derive revenues from the recovery of delinquent state taxes, and federal Treasury and other receivables, default aversion services for certain clients including financial institutions and the licensing of hosted technology solutions to certain clients. For our hosted technology services, we license our system and integrate our technology into our clients’ operations, for which we are paid a licensing fee. Our revenues for these services include contingency fees, fees based on dedicated headcount to our clients and hosted technology licensing fees. Operating Metrics We monitor a number of operating metrics in order to evaluate our business and make decisions regarding our corporate strategy. These key metrics include Placement Volume, Placement Revenue as a Percentage of Placement Volume, Net Claim Recovery Volume and Claim Recovery Fee Rate. 28 Table of Contents Student Lending: Placement Volume Placement Revenue as a percentage of Placement Volume Healthcare: Net Claim Recovery Volume Claim Recovery Fee Rate 2013 Year Ended December 31, 2012 (dollars in thousands) 2011 $ 6,607,485 $ 5,768,945 $ 6,241,483 2.48 % 2.30 % 1.96 % $ 598,071 $ 482,202 $ 188,573 11.29 % 11.35 % 11.43 % Placement Volume. Our Placement Volume represents the dollar volume of defaulted student loans first placed with us during the specified period by public and private clients for recovery. Placement Volume allows us to measure and track trends in the amount of inventory our clients in the student lending market are placing with us during any period. The revenues associated with the recovery of a portion of these loans may be recognized in subsequent accounting periods, which assists management in estimating future revenues and in allocating resources necessary to address current Placement Volumes. Placement Revenue as a Percentage of Placement Volume. Placement Revenue as a Percentage of Placement Volume is calculated by dividing revenues recognized during the specified period by Placement Volume first placed with us during that same period. This metric is subject to some level of variation from period to period based upon certain timing differences including, but not limited to, the timing of placements received by us within a period and the fact that a significant portion of revenues recognized in a current period is often generated from the Placement Volume received in prior periods. However, we believe that this metric provides a useful indication of the revenues we are generating from Placement Volumes on an ongoing basis and provides management with an indication of the relative efficiency of our recovery operations from period to period. Net Claim Recovery Volume. Our Net Claim Recovery Volume measures the dollar volume of improper Medicare claims that we have recovered for CMS during the applicable period net of any amount that we have reserved to cover appeals by healthcare providers. We are paid recovery fees as a percentage of this recovered claim volume. We calculate this metric by dividing our claim recovery revenues by our Claim Recovery Fee Rate. This metric shows trends in the volume of improper payments within our region and allows management to measure our success in finding these improper payments, over time. Claim Recovery Fee Rate. Our Claim Recovery Fee Rate represents the weighted-average percentage of our fees compared to amounts recovered by CMS. This percentage primarily depends on the method of recovery and, in some cases, the type of improper payment that we identify. This metric helps management measure the amount of revenues we generate from Net Claim Recovery Volume. Costs and Expenses We generally report two categories of operating expenses: salaries and benefits and other operating expense. Salaries and benefits expenses consist primarily of salaries and performance incentives paid and benefits provided to our employees. Other operating expense includes expenses related to our use of subcontractors, other production related expenses, including costs associated with data processing, retrieval of medical records, printing and mailing services, amortization and other outside services, as well as general corporate and administrative expenses. In addition to our main components of operating expenses, in 2011 we incurred a $13.4 million impairment expense to write off the carrying amount of the trade name intangible asset due to our plan to retire our Diversified Collection Services, Inc. trade name, which we report as impairment of trade name. We expect a significant portion of our expenses to increase as we grow our business. However, we expect certain expenses, including our corporate and general administrative expenses, to grow at a slower rate than our revenues. As a result, and over the long term, we expect our overall expenses to modestly decline as a percentage of revenues. Factors Affecting Our Operating Results Our results of operations are influenced by a number of factors, including allocation of placement volume, claim recovery volume, contingency fees, regulatory matters, effects of client concentration and macroeconomic factors. Allocation of Placement Volume Our clients have the right to unilaterally set and increase or reduce the volume of defaulted student loans or other receivables that we service at any given time. In addition, many of our recovery contracts for student loans and other receivables are not exclusive, with our clients retaining multiple service providers to service portions of their portfolios. Accordingly, the number of delinquent student loans or other receivables that are placed with us may vary from time to time, 29 Table of Contents which may have a significant effect on the amount and timing of our revenues. We believe the major factors that influence the number of placements we receive from our clients in the student loan market include our performance under our existing contracts and our ability to perform well against competitors for a particular client. To the extent that we perform well under our existing contracts and differentiate our services from those of our competitors, we may receive a relatively greater number of placements under these existing contracts and may improve our ability to obtain future contracts from these clients and other potential clients. Further, delays in placement volume, as well as acceleration of placement volume, from any of our large clients may cause our revenues and operating results to vary from quarter to quarter. Typically we are able to anticipate with reasonable accuracy the timing and volume of placements of defaulted student loans and other receivables based on historical patterns and regular communication with our clients. Occasionally, however, placements are delayed due to factors outside of our control. For example, a technology system upgrade at the Department of Education significantly decreased the volume of student loan placements by the Department of Education to all recovery vendors, including us. While we and the other recovery vendors have recently received substantially larger placement volume in the fourth quarter of 2012 as a result of the completion of this technology system upgrade, the majority of the revenues from these placements were not recognized until the third quarter of 2013 because we do not begin to earn rehabilitation revenues from a given placement until at least nine months after receipt of a placement. In addition, for approximately twelve months beginning in September 2011, the Department of Education was not able to process a portion of rehabilitated student loans and accordingly we were not able to recognize certain revenues associated with rehabilitation of loans for this client. However, the Department of Education continued to pay us based on invoices submitted and we recorded these cash receipts as deferred revenues on our balance sheet. Claim Recovery Volume While we are entitled to review Medicare records for all Part A and Part B claims in our region, we are not permitted to identify an improper claim unless that particular type of claim has been pre-approved by CMS to ensure compliance with applicable Medicare payment policies, as well as national and local coverage determinations. The growth of our revenues is determined primarily by the aggregate volume of Medicare claims in our region and our ability to identify improper payments within these claims. However, the long-term growth of these revenues will also be affected by the scope of the issues pre-approved by CMS. Our claim recovery volume related to PIP providers in our region has been limited and we estimate that PIP providers in our region account for approximately 20% of Medicare claims. PIP providers are reimbursed for Medicare claims through different processes than other healthcare providers, and technology adjustments were necessary to permit automated processing of claims involving PIP providers. Prior to April 2012, we were not permitted to audit Medicare claims for these PIP providers and the improper payments to PIP providers that we identified beginning in April 2012 were not processed by CMS until January 2013, when a small portion of such payments began to be processed manually. In June 2013, CMS implemented the system adjustment necessary for automated processing of claims, which allowed us to recognize approximately $12 million in revenues for 2013. Our audit activities under the RAC contract are currently set to expire in June 2014. In planning for the award of the next RAC contracts, CMS has been developing transition procedures that will affect our operations during the transition period. In this regard, CMS permitted us to submit medical records requests until February 21, 2014. In addition, CMS has placed restrictions on the types of claims and the amount of certain medical records requests that we may make during the transition period, and CMS has maintained a long-running prohibition on requesting medical records from PIP providers other than for a three week period that began in late October 2013. We expect that these transition rules will have an adverse effect on our revenues during 2014. In addition, CMS has implemented rules that, during the period October 1 through December 31, 2013, we and the other RAC contractors will not be able to review and audit (i) whether inpatient care delivered to patients with hospital stays lasting less than two midnights was medically necessary and therefore deserving of the higher reimbursement levels under Medicare Part A or (ii) whether inpatient treatment was medically necessary for admissions spanning more than two midnights. In connection with these restrictions, hospitals cannot bill CMS for outpatient services on hospital stays lasting less than two midnights during such period. CMS has subsequently extended this rule for hospitals until September 30, 2014. Also, during this time, CMS has initiated a provider education and compliance review program. Fees associated with recoveries initiated by us based upon improper claims for inpatient reimbursement of these short stays have represented a substantial portion of the revenues we have earned under our recovery and audit contract. The suspension of this type of review activity could have a material adverse effect on our 2014 healthcare revenues and operating results, depending on a variety of factors including, among other things, CMS’s evaluation of provider compliance with the new rules, the rules ultimately adopted by CMS with respect to medical necessity reviews of Medicare reimbursement claims associated with short stay inpatient admissions and, more generally, the scope of improper claims that CMS allows us to pursue and our ability to successfully identify improper claims within the permitted scope. In connection with the award of the new 30 Table of Contents RAC contract, CMS has indicated that it is reviewing certain aspects of the RAC contract including the amount of medical records that RAC vendors may request and the timeframes for review and status communications between RAC vendors and providers. Contingency Fees Our revenues consist primarily of contract-based contingency fees. The contingency fee percentages that we earn are set by our clients or agreed upon during the bid process, and may change from time to time either under the terms of existing contracts or pursuant to the terms of contract renewals. For example, we have been advised that our contractual arrangement with the Department of Education is under review as a result of the Department of Education’s decision to have its recovery vendors promote IBR to defaulted student loans. The IBR program provides flexibility on the required monthly payment for student loan borrowers at an amount intended to be affordable based on a borrower’s income and family size. As a result of the increased application of the IBR program to defaulted student loans, we expect that there will be an increase in the number of loans that become eligible for rehabilitation because more defaulted student loan borrowers will be able to make qualifying payments. In connection with the implementation of the IBR program, the Department of Education reduced the contingency fee rate that we receive for rehabilitating student loans by approximately 13% effective March 1, 2013. In addition, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, which was signed into law by President Obama on December 26, 2013, reduced the compensation paid to GAs for the rehabilitation of student loans, effective July 1, 2014. This "revenue enhancement" measure will reduce from 18.5% to 16% of the outstanding loan balance, the amount that GAs can charge borrowers when a rehabilitated loan is sold and will eliminate entirely the GAs retention of 18.5% of the outstanding loan balance as a fee for rehabilitation services. It is unclear how the reduction of fees that the GAs receive will impact the contingency fee percentage that we receive from the GAs for assisting in the rehabilitation of defaulted student loans; however, any material decrease in this contingency fee percentage would result in a decrease in our revenues. Regulatory Matters Each of the markets which we serve is highly regulated. Accordingly, changes in regulations that affect the types of loans, receivables and claims that we are able to service or the manner in which any such delinquent loans, receivables and claims can be recovered will affect our revenues and results of operations. For example, the passage of the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act, or SAFRA, in 2010 had the effect of transferring the origination of all government-supported student loans to the Department of Education, thereby ending all student loan originations guaranteed by the GAs. Loans guaranteed by the GAs represented approximately 70% of government-supported student loans originated in 2009. While the GAs will continue to service existing outstanding student loans for years to come, this legislation will over time shift the portfolio of student loans that we manage toward the Department of Education, and further concentrate our sources of revenues and increase our reliance on our relationship with the Department of Education. In addition, our entry into the healthcare market was facilitated by passage of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, which mandated CMS to contract with private firms to audit Medicare claims in an effort to increase the recovery of improper Medicare payments. Any changes to the regulations that affect the student loan industry or the recovery of defaulted student loans or the Medicare program generally or the audit and recovery of Medicare claims could have a significant impact on our revenues and results of operations. Client Concentration Our revenues from the student loan market depend on our ability to maintain our contracts with some of the largest providers of student loans. In 2013, three providers of student loans each accounted for more than 10% of our revenues during such period and they collectively accounted for 49% of our total revenues during this period. Our contracts with these clients entitle them to unilaterally terminate their contractual relationship with us at any time without penalty. If we lose one of our significant clients, including if one of our significant clients is consolidated by an entity that does not use our services, if the terms of compensation for our services change or if there is a reduction in the level of placements provided by any of these clients, our revenues could decline. Our contract with CMS for the recovery of improper Medicare payments began generating significant revenues during 2011 and represented 26% of our total revenues in both of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. Our audit work under the RAC contract is currently set to expire in June 2014, and we are currently participating in a competitive bidding process for the next RAC contract, but this process may be delayed due in part to protests filed by our competitors. While we believe our performance under the existing agreement and the experience we have gained in performing this contract position us well to renew the agreement, failure to renew the agreement or renewal on substantially less favorable terms could significantly harm our revenues and results of operations. Macroeconomic Factors 31 Table of Contents Certain macroeconomic factors influence our business and results of operations. These include the increasing volume of student loan originations in the U.S. as a result of increased tuition costs and student enrollment, the default rate of student loan borrowers, the growth in Medicare expenditures resulting from increasing healthcare costs, as well as the fiscal budget tightening of federal, state and local governments as a result of general economic weakness and lower tax revenues. Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could have reasonably used different accounting estimates, and in other instances changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Revenue Recognition The majority of our contracts are contingency fee based. We recognize revenues on these contingency fee based contracts when third- party payors remit payments to our clients or remit payments to us on behalf of our clients, and, consequently, the contingency is deemed to have been satisfied. Under our RAC contract with CMS, we recognize revenues when the healthcare provider has paid CMS for a given claim or incurs an offset against future Medicare claims. Providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. We accrue an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of commissions received which are subject to appeal and which we estimate are probable of being returned to providers following successful appeal. This estimated liability for appeals is an offset to revenues on our income statement. Our estimates are based on our historical experience with appeals activity under our CMS contract since January 2010. During the year ended December 31, 2013 , we reserved an amount equal to 16.1% of gross revenues from our CMS contract. We increased our estimated liability for appeals in 2013 due to recent trends in our historical data related to the likelihood of successful appeals. Commencing on December 31, 2011, we established a separate line item in the current liabilities section of our balance sheet entitled “Estimated liability for appeals” to reflect our estimate of this liability. The $15.3 million balance as of December 31, 2013 , represents our best estimate of the probable amount of losses related to appeals of claims for which commissions were previously collected. We estimate that it is reasonably possible that we could be required to pay up to an additional approximately $4.5 million as a result of potentially successful appeals. To the extent that required payments by us related to successful appeals exceed the amount accrued, revenues in the applicable period would be reduced by the amount of the excess. We similarly accrue an allowance against accounts receivable related to commissions yet to be collected, which was $1.2 million as of December 31, 2013 , based on the same estimates used to establish the estimated liability for appeals of commissions received. Our inability to correctly estimate the estimated liabilities and allowance against accounts receivable could adversely affect our revenues in future periods. Goodwill We periodically review the carrying value of intangible assets not subject to amortization, including goodwill, to determine whether an impairment may exist. GAAP requires that goodwill and certain intangible assets not subject to amortization be assessed annually for impairment using fair value measurement techniques. The balance of goodwill was $81.6 million as of December 31, 2013. We review goodwill for impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment. If it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we conclude that goodwill is not impaired. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we conduct detailed impairment testing. The first step of the goodwill impairment testing involves estimating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing this to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the two-step goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination. That is, the fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to all of the assets and liabilities 32 Table of Contents of that unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the purchase price paid to acquire the reporting unit. Impairments of Depreciable Intangible Assets The balance of depreciable intangible assets was $32.5 million as of December 31, 2013. We evaluate depreciable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Depreciable intangible assets consist of client contracts and related relationships, and are being amortized over their estimated useful life, which is generally 20 years. We evaluate the client contracts intangible at the individual contract level. The recoverability of such assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If the assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. There was no impairment expense for depreciable intangible assets in 2013, 2012 or 2011 . Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2013 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2012 The following table represents our historical operating results for the periods presented: Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expense Total operating expenses Income from operations Debt extinguishment costs Interest expense Interest income Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Accrual for preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders $ Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ Change % Change (in thousands) $ 255,302 $ 210,073 $ 45,229 22 % 96,762 85,671 182,433 72,869 — (11,564 ) 1 61,306 24,967 36,339 — 36,339 $ 83,002 71,305 154,307 55,766 (3,679 ) (12,414 ) 64 39,737 16,786 22,951 2,038 20,913 $ 13,760 14,366 28,126 17,103 3,679 850 (63 ) 21,569 8,181 13,388 (2,038 ) 15,426 17 % 20 % 18 % 31 % (100 )% (7 )% (98 )% 54 % 49 % 58 % (100 )% 74 % Total revenues were $255.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $45.2 million or 22%, compared to total revenues of $210.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase is due to growth in revenues in both our student lending and healthcare markets. Student lending revenues were $163.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing an increase of $31.3 million, or 24%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily a result of volume growth of student loan placements during the second half of 2012, which led to an increase in rehabilitation revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013, and continued execution on a contract involving a specialized portfolio of student loans with one of our leading GA clients. Healthcare revenues were $67.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing an increase of $12.8 million, or 23%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase was primarily a result of higher net claim recovery volume under our RAC contract. Salaries and Benefits Salaries and benefits expense was $96.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $13.8 million, or 17%, compared to salaries and benefits expense of $83.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase is primarily due to an increase in employee headcount to support operational growth related to the recovery of student loans. 33 Table of Contents Other Operating Expense Other operating expense was $85.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $14.4 million, or 20%, compared to other operating expense of $71.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. This increase is primarily due to increased costs related to our use of subcontractors and consultants, production related expenses associated with data processing, retrieval of medical records, printing and mailing services, and higher spending on professional services related to operating as a public company. Income from Operations As a result of the factors described above, income from operations was $72.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $55.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $17.1 million, or 31%. Debt Extinguishment Costs We did not incur any debt extinguishment costs for the year ended December 31, 2013. In March 2012, we incurred debt extinguishment costs of $3.7 million in connection with a new credit facility. Interest Expense Interest expense was $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of 7%. Interest expense decreased due to repayments of principal under our credit agreement, resulting in a lower outstanding balance during 2013. Income Taxes Income tax expense was $25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of 48.7% consistent with the increase in income before provision for income taxes. Our effective income tax rate decreased to 40.7% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from 42.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease in the effective tax rate is the result of approximately 0.7% decrease due to changes in the state tax rate, and approximately 1% decrease due to income tax benefits associated with increases in stock options exercises as a result of two follow on offerings during the year, and the end of the lock-up periods for certain employees. These decreases were offset by approximately a 1.7% increase as a result of the non-deductible expenses associated with the follow on offerings. The 2012 effective tax rate includes a one time tax expense due to the non-deductible termination of an advisory services agreement of approximately 1.9%. Net Income As a result of the factors described above, net income was $36.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, which represented an increase of $13.4 million compared to net income of $23.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Year Ended December 31, 2012 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2011 The following table presents our historical operating results for the periods presented: 34 Table of Contents Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expense Impairment of trade name Total operating expenses Income from operations Debt extinguishment costs Interest expense Interest income Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Accrual for preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders $ Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ Change % Change (in thousands) $ 210,073 $ 162,974 $ 47,099 83,002 71,305 — 154,307 55,766 (3,679 ) (12,414 ) 64 39,737 16,786 22,951 2,038 20,913 $ 67,082 49,199 13,400 129,681 33,293 — (13,530 ) 125 19,888 7,516 12,372 6,495 5,877 $ 15,920 22,106 (13,400 ) 24,626 22,473 (3,679 ) 1,116 (61 ) 19,849 9,270 10,579 (4,457 ) 15,036 29 % 24 % 45 % (100 )% 19 % 68 % — % (8 )% (49 )% 100 % 123 % 86 % (69 )% 256 % Total revenues were $210.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $47.1 million, or 28.9%, compared to total revenues of $163.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This increase in revenues is primarily due to an increase of $33.2 million in revenues received from CMS under our RAC contract as a result of higher claim recovery volume and an increase of $4.8 million generated from a new default-aversion service contract that commenced in May 2012, for a new service offering we provide in other markets we serve. Revenues from student lending increased by 8.3% in 2012 to $132.4 million from $122.2 million in the prior year period. Salaries and Benefits Salaries and benefits expense was $83.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $15.9 million, or 23.7%, compared to salaries and benefits expense of $67.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This increase is primarily due to hiring of new employees to provide services under our RAC contract with CMS, an increase in expenses associated with the engagement of additional software engineers to assist in the integration of a recently acquired software license and an increase in expenses associated with the hiring of additional administrative employees. Other Operating Expense Other operating expense was $71.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $22.1 million, or 44.9%, compared to other operating expense of $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This increase is primarily due to (i) an additional $10 million of subcontractor fees incurred in connection with increased services provided under the RAC contract and MSA contracts and (ii) $1.3 million paid to an affiliate of Parthenon Capital Partners in connection with the termination of an advisory services agreement, and an additional $0.9 million paid to Parthenon Capital Partners at the closing of our initial public offering also as a result of the termination of the advisory agreement. Impairment of Trade Name We did not recognize an impairment expense for intangible assets in 2012. In 2011, we recorded $13.4 million of impairment expense to write off the carrying value of our former trade name, Diversified Collection Services Inc., due to our decision to retire that trade name. Income from Operations As a result of the factors described above, income from operations was $55.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $33.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $22.5 million, or 67.5%. 35 Table of Contents Debt Extinguishment Costs As a result of the entry into our new credit facility and the repayment of all amounts owed under our then existing credit facility in March 2012, we incurred debt extinguishment costs of $3.7 million, comprised of approximately $3.3 million in fees paid to the lenders in connection with our new credit facility and approximately $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with our old credit facility. We did not incur a similar expense in the year ended December 31, 2011. Interest Expense Interest expense was $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $13.5 for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $8.2% due to lower interest rates under the new credit agreement as compared to the interest rates under our old credit agreement. Income Taxes Income tax expense was $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of 123.3% consistent with the increase in income before provision for income taxes. Our effective income tax rate increased to 42.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012 from 37.8% for the year ended December 31, 2011. Approximately 2.5% of the increase results from changes in the state tax rate, which includes a 2011 one-time benefit from a change in California tax law of 2.3%. In addition, approximately 1.9% of the increase was due to the non-deductible termination of an advisory services agreement in 2012. Net Income As a result of the factors described above, net income was $23.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, which represented an increase of $10.6 million compared to net income of $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, term loans, and the proceeds received from our initial public offering in August 2012. Cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $81.9 million as of December 31, 2013 , consist primarily of cash on deposit with banks. We expect that operating cash flows will continue to be a primary source of liquidity for our operating needs. There are currently no borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility other than a $1.4 million letter of credit. Due to our operating cash flows, our existing cash and cash equivalents and availability under our revolving credit facility, we believe that we have the ability to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for the foreseeable future. The following table presents information regarding our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 : Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in financing activities Cash flows from operating activities 2013 Year Ended December 31, 2012 (in thousands) 2011 $ 61,206 $ (12,503 ) (4,637 ) 37,005 $ (12,193 ) (6,973 ) 28,985 (6,111 ) (13,948 ) Operating activities provided $61.2 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2013 an increase of $24.2 million, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $37.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily due to net income of $36.3 million, an increase in the estimated liability for appeals of $10.9 million associated with our RAC contract with CMS, collection of trade receivables of $3.4 million, and an increase in accrued salaries and benefits of $2.5 million. These items were partially offset by various working capital fluctuations such as a decrease in other current liabilities and deferred revenue. The estimated liability for appeals for revenue associated with CMS totaled $15.3 million in 2013, compared $4.4 million in 2012, due to higher claim recovery volumes under our RAC contract with CMS. Operating activities provided $37.0 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $8.0 million, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 primarily due to the increase in net income for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $23.0 million compared to $12.4 million for 2011. 36 Table of Contents Cash used to pay accrued salary and benefits totaled $9.3 million in 2012, as compared to the $7.1 million in accrued salaries and benefits payable for the comparable period in 2011. Accounts payable increased $1.3 million in 2012 compared to 2011, primarily due to timing. The estimated liability for appeals for revenue associated with CMS totaled $4.4 million in 2012, compared $0.5 million in 2011, due to higher claim recovery volumes under our RAC contract with CMS. We generated $29.0 million of cash from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily resulting from our net income of $12.4 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $7.8 million, an impairment expense to write off the carrying amount of the trade name intangible asset due to the retirement of the Diversified Collection Services, Inc. trade name of $13.4 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $3.8 million, offset by non-cash deferred income taxes of $9.6 million. Cash flows from investing activities Investments in property, plant and equipment resulted in cash outflow of $12.5 million during 2013 primarily for purchases related to information technology, data storage, hardware, telecommunication systems and security enhancements to our proprietary software. Investing activities resulted in cash outflow of $12.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2012. The primary uses of cash associated with investing activities in 2012 were $11.4 million for property, equipment and leasehold improvements, to enhance our proprietary technology platform, improve our telecommunications systems, upgrade our IT infrastructure for storage and operating activities, and $0.8 million for the purchase of a perpetual software license. We used $6.1 million of cash in investing activities for the purchase of property, equipment and leasehold improvements during the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily for investments in information technology systems and infrastructure to support increased business volumes. Cash flows from financing activities Cash used in financing activities of $4.6 million in 2013 was due to the repayment of principal on outstanding debt and other contractual obligations of $15.5 million, offset by an income tax benefit of $9.1 million associated with the exercise of employee stock options, and $1.8 million in proceeds received from the exercise of employee stock options. For the year ended December 31, 2012, our primary financing activities were $156 million in proceeds from term loans, $12.8 million of net proceeds from our IPO which was completed in August 2012, and $4.5 million in revolving credit facility borrowings. These proceeds were offset by $103.4 million used for the repayment of our old notes payable and repayment of principal on our new term loans, $12.7 million used for the repayment of our old and new lines of credit, $60.3 million used to redeem 5.3 million shares of preferred stock, and $3.1 million used for debt issuance costs. We used $13.9 million of cash in financing activities for the repayment of notes payable during the year ended December 31, 2011. Long-term Debt On March 19, 2012, we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a $147.5 million credit agreement with Madison Capital Funding LLC as administrative agent, ING Capital LLC as syndication agent, and other lenders party thereto. The senior credit facility consists of (i) a $57.0 million term A loan that matures in March 2017, (ii) a $79.5 million term B loan that matures in March 2018 , and (iii) a $11.0 million revolving credit facility that expires in March 2017, which had a borrowing capacity of $9.6 million as of December 31, 2013. On June 28, 2012, we increased the amount of our borrowings under our term B loan by $19.5 million. We may also request the lenders to increase the size of the term B loan or other term loans by up to an additional $10.5 million at any time prior to March 19, 2014. All borrowings under the credit agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to an applicable margin plus, at our option, either (i) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the prime rate published in the Wall Street Journal or another national publication, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%, and (c) 2.5% or (ii) a London Interbank Offered Rate, or Libor, rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) a Libor rate published in Reuters or another national publication and (b) 1.5%. The term A loan and the revolving credit facility have an applicable margin of 4.25% for base rate loans and 5.25% for Libor rate loans. The term B loan has an applicable margin of 4.75% for base rate loans and 5.75% for Libor rate loans. The minimum per annum interest rate that we are required to pay is 6.75% for the term A loan and revolving credit facility and 7.25% for the term B loan. Interest is due at the end of each month for base rate loans and at the end of each Libor period for Libor rate loans unless the Libor period is greater than 3 months, in which case interest is due at the last day of each 3-month interval of such Libor period. 37 Table of Contents The credit agreement requires us to prepay the two term loans on a prorated basis and then to prepay the revolving credit facility under certain circumstances: (i) with 100% of the net cash proceeds of any asset sale or other disposition of assets by us or our subsidiaries where the net cash proceeds exceed $1 million, (ii) with a percentage of our annual excess cash flow each year where such percentage ranges from 25%- 75% depending on our total debt to EBITDA ratio reduced by any voluntary prepayments that are made on our term loans during the same period and (iii) with any net cash proceeds from a qualified initial public offering by us, less net proceeds applied to redeem any outstanding preferred equity or convertible debt, to pay a common shareholder dividend not to exceed $20 million or, if we comply with an adjusted EBITDA ratio set forth in the agreement, to our cash balances in an amount not to exceed $75 million. We applied the proceeds from our initial public offering to our cash balances. We have to abide by certain negative covenants for our credit agreement, which limit the ability for our subsidiaries and us to: • • incur additional indebtedness; create or permit liens; • pay dividends or other distributions to our equity holders; • purchase or redeem certain equity interests of our equity holders, including any warrants, options and other security rights; • pay management fees or similar fees to any of our equity holders; • make any redemption, prepayment, defeasance, repurchase or any other payment with respect to any subordinated debt; • • • • consolidate or merge; sell assets, including the capital stock of our subsidiaries; enter into transactions with our affiliates; enter into different business lines; and • make investments. The credit agreement also requires us to meet certain financial covenants, including maintaining a fixed charge coverage ratio and a total debt to EBITDA ratio as such terms are defined in our credit agreement. These financial covenants are tested at the end of each quarter beginning on December 31, 2012. The table below further describes these financial covenants, as well as our status under these covenants as of December 31, 2013 . Financial Covenant Fixed charge coverage ratio (minimum) Total debt to EBITDA ratio (maximum) Contractual Obligations The following summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2013 : Covenant Requirement 1.20 to 1.0 3.25 to 1.0 Actual Ratio at December 31, 2013 2.60 1.53 Contractual Obligations Long-Term Debt Obligations Interest Payments Operating Lease Obligations Purchase Obligations Total Payments Due by Period Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More Than 5 Years 10,763 $ 9,446 1,883 6,825 28,917 $ 31,523 $ 23,584 2,923 338 58,368 $ 91,018 $ 1,437 1,351 — 93,806 $ — — 463 — 463 Total 133,304 $ 34,467 6,620 7,163 181,554 $ $ $ (1) We entered into our new credit agreement on March 19, 2012 and amended it on June 28, 2012, with all outstanding indebtedness under our prior loan facility paid in full. Long-term debt obligations and interest payments presented in this table relate solely to our new credit agreement, as amended. 38 Table of Contents Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed in the table below and within this report adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income, both of which are non-GAAP financial measures. We have provided a reconciliation below of adjusted EBITDA to net income and adjusted net income to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to these non- GAAP financial measures. We have included adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income in this report because they are key measures used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends and to prepare and approve our annual budget. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income provide useful information to investors and analysts in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. Our use of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new • • • • • capital expenditure requirements; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect interest expense on our indebtedness; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments; adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income do not reflect the potentially dilutive impact of equity-based compensation; adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income do not reflect the impact of certain non-operating expenses resulting from matters we do not consider to be indicative of our core operating performance; and • other companies may calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income differently than we do, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income alongside other financial performance measures, including net income and our other GAAP results. The following tables present a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 to actual net income for these periods: Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA: Net income Provision for income taxes Interest expense Interest income Debt extinguishment costs (1) Secondary offering expense (2) Depreciation and amortization Impairment of trade name (3) Non-core operating expenses (4) Advisory fee (5) Stock based compensation Adjusted EBITDA Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 (in thousands) 2011 $ $ 36,339 $ 24,967 11,564 (1 ) — 2,893 10,655 — — — 2,994 89,411 $ 22,951 $ 16,786 12,414 (64 ) 3,679 — 9,505 — 47 2,641 1,614 69,573 $ 12,372 7,516 13,530 (125 ) — — 7,766 13,400 2,548 634 120 57,761 39 Table of Contents Reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income: Net income Debt extinguishment costs (1) Secondary offering expense (2) Impairment of trade name (3) Non–core operating expenses (4) Advisory fee (5) Stock based compensation Amortization of intangibles (6) Deferred financing amortization costs (7) Tax adjustments (8) Adjusted net income Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 (in thousands) 2011 $ $ 36,339 $ — 2,893 — — — 2,994 3,731 1,125 (4,297 ) 42,785 $ 22,951 $ 3,679 — — 47 2,641 1,614 3,676 1,161 (5,126 ) 30,643 $ 12,372 — — 13,400 2,548 634 120 3,043 1,254 (8,400 ) 24,971 (1) Represents debt extinguishment costs comprised of approximately $3.3 million of fees paid to lenders in connection with our new credit facility and approximately $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with our old credit facility. (2) Represents direct and incremental costs associated with the Company's secondary offerings in February and April 2013. (3) Represents impairment expenses to write off the carrying amount of the trade name intangible asset due to the retirement of the Diversified Collection Services, Inc. trade name. (4) Represents professional fees and settlement costs related to strategic corporate development activities and a $1.2 million legal settlement in 2011. (5) Represents expenses incurred under an advisory services agreement with Parthenon Capital Partners, which was terminated in April 2012 and the August 2012 expense of $0.9 million associated with a payment to a financial advisor as part of the Company's initial public offering. See Note 11 "Related Party Transactions." (6) Represents amortization of capitalized expenses related to the acquisition of Performant by an affiliate of Parthenon Capital Partners in 2004, and also an acquisition in the first quarter of 2012 to enhance our analytics capabilities. (7) Represents amortization of capitalized financing costs related to debt offerings conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2012. (8) Represents tax adjustments assuming a marginal tax rate of 40%. 40 Table of Contents Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210), Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities , updated by ASU 2013-01, Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which requires companies to disclose information about financial instruments that have been offset and related arrangements to enable users of the company's financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on the company's financial position. Companies will be required to provide both net (offset amounts) and gross information in the notes to the financial statements for relevant assets and liabilities that are offset. ASU 2011-11, as amended by ASU 2013-01, is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2013. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2012, FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment . This newly issued accounting standard allows an entity the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangibles other than goodwill. Under that option, an entity would no longer be required to calculate the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset unless the entity determines, based on that qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. This ASU is effective for annual and interim indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2013, FASB issued ASU No. 2013-04, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date , which addresses the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of certain joint and several obligations including debt arrangements, other contractual obligations, and settled litigation and judicial rulings. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. We conduct all of our business in U.S. currency and therefore do not have any direct foreign currency risk. We do have exposure to changes in interest rates with respect to the borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, which bear interest at a variable rate based on the prime rate or LIBOR. For example, if the interest rate on our borrowings increased 100 basis points (1%) from the credit facility floor of 1.5%, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $1.3 million. In July 2012, we entered into an interest rate cap agreement per the terms of our senior secured credit agreement. The interest rate cap agreement is effective beginning in October 2012, and matures in October 2014, with a total notional amount of $75 million and a cap on LIBOR at 2.0%. If the LIBOR rate were to increase by 100 basis points (1.0%) above the credit facility floor of 1.5% for a year, we would receive a payment from the interest rate cap of approximately $0.4 million. While we currently hold our excess cash in an operating account, in the future we may invest all or a portion of our excess cash in short- term investments, including money market accounts, where returns may reflect current interest rates. As a result, market interest rate changes impact our interest expense and interest income. This impact will depend on variables such as the magnitude of interest rate changes and the level of our borrowings under our credit facility or excess cash balances. ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the reports of KPMG LLP are set forth in the Index to Financial Statements under Item 15, Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. 41 Table of Contents ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were functioning effectively at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2013. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“US GAAP”). Under the supervision of, and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. Management based its assessment on criteria established in “Internal Control Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2013, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, other than those noted above. ITEM 9B. Other Information None. PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if our proxy statement is not filed by that date, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if our proxy statement is not filed by that date, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if our proxy statement is not filed by that date, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K. 42 Table of Contents ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if our proxy statement is not filed by that date, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services This Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which will be filed within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, or if our proxy statement is not filed by that date, will be included in an amendment to this Report on Form 10-K. PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements Financial Statements. The financial statements filed as part of this report are identified in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1. Financial Statement Schedules . See Item 15(c) below. Exhibits . See Item 15(b) below. 43 Table of Contents (b) Exhibits The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company shall furnish copies of exhibits for a reasonable fee (covering the expense of furnishing copies) upon request. Exhibit Number Description 3.1 3.2 4.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Registrant and the persons listed thereon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) 2004 Equity Incentive Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 2004 DCS Holdings Stock Option Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 2007 Stock Option Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) Recovery Audit Contractor contract by and between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services dated as of October 3, 2008, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Credit Agreement, dated as of March 19, 2012, by and among DCS Business Services, Inc., the Lenders party Hereto, Madison Capital Funding LLC, and ING Capital (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Form of Change of Control Agreement, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa Im, dated as of April 15, 2012, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Jon D. Shaver dated as of March 31, 2003, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 10.10 Repurchase Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa C. Im dated as of July 3, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 10.11 Repurchase Agreement between the Registrant and Jon D. Shaver dated as of July 3, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 10.12 Director Nomination Agreement between the Registrant and Parthenon DCS Holdings, LLC dated as of July 20, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Advisory Services Agreement between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Parthenon Capital, LLC dated as of January 8, 2004, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 10.13 Termination of the Advisory Services Agreement between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Parthenon Capital, LLC dated as of January 8, 2004, as amended, dated as of April 13, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 10.14 10.15 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 21 List of Subsidiaries 44 Table of Contents Exhibit Number Description 23 24 Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Powers of Attorney (included in the signature page to this report) 31.1 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Lisa C. Im 31.2 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Hakan L. Orvell 32.1 Furnished Statement of the Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 32.2 Furnished Statement of the Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or required, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes hereto. 45 Table of Contents Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Financial Statements of Performant Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 Table of Contents The Board of Directors and Stockholders Performant Financial Corporation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Performant Financial Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in redeemable preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Performant Financial Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. San Francisco, California March 13, 2014 /s/ KPMG LLP F-2 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share amounts) Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $32 and $65, respectively and estimated allowance for appeals of $1,160 and $1,199, respectively Deferred income taxes Prepaid expenses and other current assets Debt issuance costs, current portion Total current assets Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements, net Identifiable intangible assets, net Goodwill Debt issuance costs, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Current maturities of notes payable Accrued salaries and benefits Accounts payable Other current liabilities Income taxes payable Deferred revenue Estimated liability for appeals Total current liabilities Notes payable, net of current portion Deferred income taxes Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Common stock, $0.0001 par value. Authorized, 500,000 and 50,000 shares at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively; issued and outstanding 48,316 and 45,392 shares at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings (deficit) Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-3 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 $ 81,909 $ 37,843 19,649 6,847 4,400 1,055 113,860 26,247 32,513 81,572 2,789 279 257,260 $ 10,763 $ 11,826 2,383 5,311 103 — 15,283 45,669 122,541 12,612 2,204 183,026 23,044 3,798 2,876 1,125 68,686 20,669 36,244 81,572 3,844 730 211,745 11,040 9,288 1,403 8,252 430 2,187 4,378 36,978 136,729 11,271 2,694 187,672 5 49,791 24,438 74,234 257,260 $ 4 35,970 (11,901 ) 24,073 211,745 $ $ $ Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share amounts) Revenues Operating expenses: Salaries and benefits Other operating expenses Impairment of trade name Total operating expenses Income from operations Debt extinguishment costs Interest expense Interest income Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Accrual for preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders Net income per share attributable to common shareholders (see Note 1) Basic Diluted Weighted average shares (see Note 1) Basic Diluted See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 For the Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 $ 255,302 $ 210,073 $ 162,974 96,762 85,671 — 182,433 72,869 — (11,564 ) 1 61,306 24,967 36,339 $ — 36,339 $ 83,002 71,305 — 154,307 55,766 (3,679 ) (12,414 ) 64 39,737 16,786 22,951 $ 2,038 20,913 $ 0.77 $ 0.74 $ 0.48 $ 0.44 $ 47,492 49,386 43,985 47,599 67,082 49,199 13,400 129,681 33,293 — (13,530 ) 125 19,888 7,516 12,372 6,495 5,877 0.14 0.13 42,962 45,742 $ $ $ $ Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) For the Years Ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) Balance, December 31, 2010 5,296 $ 51,753 $ (2,158 ) 37,667 $ Redeemable Preferred Stock Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Shares Amount Due From Stockholders Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital 4 $ 19,251 $ Retained Earnings (Deficit) Total (38,691 ) $ (21,594 ) Increase in redemption value of Series A preferred stock Interest on notes receivable from stockholders Stock-based compensation expense Net income Balance, December 31, 2011 Increase in redemption value of Series A preferred stock Conversion of Series A preferred stock to Series B preferred stock which was immediately redeemed for cash Conversion of Series B preferred stock to common Exercise of stock options Issuance of stock Purchase of treasury stock Interest on notes receivable from stockholders Repayment of notes receivable from stockholders Stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit from employee stock options Net income Balance, December 31, 2012 Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit from employee stock options Net income Balance, December 31, 2013 — 6,495 — — — — — (108 ) — — — — (6,495 ) (6,495 ) — (108 ) — — 5,296 — — 58,248 — — — — (2,266 ) 37,667 — — 4 120 — 19,371 — 12,372 (32,814 ) 120 12,372 (15,705 ) — 2,038 — — — — (2,038 ) (2,038 ) (5,296 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — (60,286 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,296 284 2,243 (98 ) — — — — — 175 15,420 (1,225 ) (57 ) — — — 2,323 — — — — — — — — — — — — 175 15,420 (1,225 ) (57 ) — 2,323 — — — — — — — — — 1,614 — 1,614 — — — — — 45,392 2,924 — — — 4 1 615 — 35,970 1,767 — 22,951 (11,901 ) — 615 22,951 24,073 1,768 — — — 2,994 — 2,994 — — — $ — — — $ — — — — — 48,316 $ 9,060 — — — 5 $ 49,791 $ 9,060 — 36,339 36,339 24,438 $ 74,234 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Loss on disposal of assets Impairment of intangible asset Depreciation and amortization Write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Interest expense from debt issuance costs and amortization of discount note payable Interest income on notes receivable from stockholders Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Trade accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other assets Accrued salaries and benefits Accounts payable Other current liabilities Income taxes payable Deferred revenue Estimated liability for appeals Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of property, equipment, and leasehold improvements Purchase of perpetual software license and computer equipment Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Borrowing under notes payable Borrowing under line of credit Redemption of preferred stock Repayment of notes payable Repayment of line of credit Debt issuance costs paid Proceeds from exercise of stock options Proceeds from issuance of stock Repayment of promissory notes from stockholders Income tax benefit from employee stock options Payment to stockholders Purchase of treasury stock Payment of purchase obligation Net cash used in financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes Cash paid for interest For the Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 $ 36,339 $ 22,951 $ 12,372 1 10,655 — (1,708 ) 2,994 1,247 — 3,395 (1,524 ) 451 2,538 980 (2,941 ) (327 ) (2,187 ) 10,905 388 61,206 (12,503 ) — (12,503 ) — — — (14,465 ) — — 1,768 — — 9,060 — — (1,000 ) (4,637 ) 44,066 37,843 81,909 $ 51 — 9,505 335 (1,826 ) 1,614 1,272 (57 ) (3,646 ) 416 (71 ) 2,150 1,343 (1,223 ) (40 ) (27 ) 3,928 330 37,005 (11,356 ) (837 ) (12,193 ) 156,000 4,500 (60,286 ) (103,416 ) (12,698 ) (3,074 ) 175 12,624 2,323 615 (1,761 ) (1,225 ) (750 ) (6,973 ) 17,839 20,004 37,843 $ — 13,400 7,766 — (9,640 ) 120 1,254 (108 ) (5,392 ) (94 ) 372 2,542 (3 ) 4,714 470 2,214 450 (1,452 ) 28,985 (6,111 ) — (6,111 ) — — — (13,948 ) — — — — — — — — — (13,948 ) 8,926 11,078 20,004 17,396 $ 18,037 $ 15,830 $ $ Cash paid as debt extinguishment Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: Obligation payable to sellers of perpetual license Issuance of common stock as part of debt issuance costs See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. F-6 $ $ $ $ 10,294 $ — $ — $ — $ 11,178 $ 3,344 $ 3,250 $ 2,796 $ 12,246 — — — Table of Contents PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (a) Organization and Nature of Business Performant Financial Corporation (the Company) is a leading provider of technology-enabled recovery and analytics services in the United States. Company services help identify, restructure and recover delinquent or defaulted assets and improper payments for both government and private clients in a broad range of markets. Company clients typically operate in complex and regulated environments and outsource their recovery needs in order to reduce losses on billions of dollars of defaulted student loans, improper healthcare payments and delinquent state tax and federal treasury receivables. The Company generally provides our services on an outsourced basis, where we handle many or all aspects of the clients’ recovery processes. The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the operations of Performant Financial Corporation (PFC), its wholly owned subsidiary Performant Business Services, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries Performant Recovery, Inc. (Recovery), Performant Technologies, Inc., and Performant Europe Ltd. Effective August 13, 2012, we changed the name of our wholly owned subsidiary from DCS Business Services, Inc. (DCSBS) to Performant Business Services, Inc., and DCSBS’ wholly owned subsidiaries from Diversified Collection Services, Inc. (DCS), and Vista Financial, Inc. (VFI), to Performant Recovery, Inc., and Performant Technologies, Inc., respectively. PFC is a Delaware corporation headquartered in California and was formed in 2003. Performant Business Services, Inc. is a Nevada corporation founded in 1997. Recovery is a California corporation founded in 1976. Performant Technologies, Inc. is a California corporation that was formed in 2004. The Company is managed and operated as one business, with a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. (b) Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP. The Company consolidates entities in which it has controlling financial interest, and as of December 31, 2013 , all of the Company’s subsidiaries are 100% owned. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. (c) Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, primarily accounts receivable, intangible assets, goodwill, estimated liability for appeals, accrued expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. (d) Stock Split On July 26, 2012, the Company effected a two -for-one stock split of the Company’s shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, all per share amounts, average shares outstanding, shares outstanding, and equity based compensation presented in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split. Shareholders’ deficit has been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the stock split for all periods presented by reclassifying the par value of the additional shares issued in connection with the stock split to additional paid-in capital. Concurrently with the stock split, the authorized Common Stock was increased from 25,000,000 shares to 60,000,000 shares. On August 15, 2012, the authorized Common Stock was increased to 500,000,000 shares and the authorized preferred stock was increased to 50,000,000 shares. (e) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits and highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. These investments can include money market funds that invest in highly liquid U.S. government and agency obligations, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, and commercial paper. F-7 Table of Contents The Company collects monies on behalf of its clients. Cash is often held on behalf of the clients in various trust accounts and is subsequently remitted to the clients based on contractual agreements. Cash held in these trust accounts for contracting agencies is not included in the Company’s assets (Note 12(a)). (f) Hosted Service Installation and Implementation Deliverables In 2008, the Company entered into a long-term contract to provide hosted services to a client beginning in March 2009. The Company determined that certain installation and implementation deliverables were not separate units of accounting within the contract, and should be combined for revenue recognition purposes with the hosted service deliverable. Accordingly, revenue for these contract elements is being taken ratably from the commencement of hosted services in March 2009 through the contract period of March 2018. Additionally, the Company deferred the direct incremental costs associated with the installation and implementation deliverables, with the costs being expensed ratably from the March 2009 commencement of services through March 2018. (g) Property, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Furniture and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 7 years. Buildings are depreciated using the straight-line method over 31.5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease. Computer software and computer hardware are depreciated using the straight-line method over 3 years and 5 years, respectively. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Improvements that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized. When property is sold or retired, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and any gain or loss from the transaction is included in the consolidated statements of operations. (h) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the fair value assigned to the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is reviewed for impairment at least annually. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill is not recoverable and its carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The Company performed a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that goodwill fair value is less than its carrying amount for 2013 , 2012 and 2011 and concluded that there was no need to perform an impairment test. Identifiable intangible assets consist of customer contracts and related relationships, a perpetual license, and covenants not to compete. Customer contracts and related relationships are amortized over their estimated useful life of 4 to 20 years. The perpetual license is amortized over its estimated useful life of 5 years. (i) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or intangibles may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Company did not recognize an impairment expense for intangible assets in 2013 and 2012. In 2011, the Company recorded $13.4 million of impairment expense to write off the carrying amount of its former trade name, Diversified Collection Services, Inc. (DCS). The Company determined that the DCS trade name would not be used in the future, and retired the trade name intangible asset accordingly. (j) System Developments The Company follows the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 350-40, Internal-Use Software , which specifies that costs incurred during the application stage of development should be capitalized. All other costs are expensed as incurred. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , costs of $4.9 million , $5.4 million and $2.5 million respectively, were capitalized for projects in the application stage F-8 Table of Contents of development, with depreciation expense of $2.6 million , $2.4 million and $2.1 million respectively, for completed projects. (k) Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs represent loan and legal fees paid in connection with the issuance of long-term debt. Debt issuance cost is amortized to interest expense in accordance with key terms of the notes as amended. (l) Revenues, Accounts Receivable, and Estimated Liability for Appeals Revenue is recognized upon the collection of defaulted loan and debt payments. Loan rehabilitation revenue is recognized when the rehabilitated loans are sold (funded) by clients. Incentive revenue is recognized upon receipt of official notification of incentive award from customers. Under the Company’s RAC contract with CMS, the Company recognizes revenues when the healthcare provider has paid CMS for a given claim or offset. Providers have the right to appeal a claim and may pursue additional appeals if the initial appeal is found in favor of CMS. The Company accrues an estimated liability for appeals based on the amount of commissions received which are subject to appeal and which the Company estimates are probable of being returned to providers following successful appeal. At December 31, 2013 , a total of $16.4 million was presented as an allowance against revenue, representing the Company’s estimate of claims that may be overturned. Of this amount, $1.2 million was related to amounts in accounts receivable and $15.3 million was related to commissions which had already been received. The balances at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , were $15.3 million and $4.4 million , respectively, represent the Company’s best estimate of the probable amount of losses related to appeals of claims for which commissions were previously collected. In addition to the $15.3 million amount accrued at December 31, 2013 , the Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that it could be required to pay an additional amount up to approximately $4.5 million as a result of potentially successful appeals. To the extent that required payments by the Company exceed the amount accrued, revenues in the applicable period would be reduced by the amount of the excess. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , the Company had 4 clients whose individual revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total revenues. The dollar amount and percent of total revenue of each of the 4 clients is summarized in the table below (in thousands): Rank 1 2 3 4 2013 Revenue $66,820 51,566 42,056 30,902 Percent of total revenue 26.2% 20.2% 16.5% 12.1% For the year ended December 31, 2012 , the Company had 5 clients whose individual revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total revenues. The dollar amount and percent of total revenue of each of the 5 clients is summarized in the table below (in thousands): Rank 1 2 3 4 5 2012 Revenue $54,130 39,183 29,027 25,469 22,397 Percent of total revenue 25.8% 18.7% 13.8% 12.1% 10.7% For the year ended December 31, 2011 , the Company had 5 clients whose individual revenues exceeded 10% of the Company’s total revenues. The dollar amount and percent of total revenue of each of the 5 clients is summarized in the table below (in thousands): F-9 Table of Contents Rank 1 2 3 4 5 2011 Revenue $30,732 28,504 21,812 21,549 17,934 Percent of total revenue 18.9% 17.5% 13.4% 13.2% 11.0% Revenue from the largest three customers was 63% , 58% and 50% of total revenue in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Accounts receivable due from these three customers were 59% , 63% and 25% of total trade receivables at December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by specific identification. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.0 million and $0.1 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. (m) Legal Expenses The Company recognizes legal fees related to litigation as they are incurred. (n) Comprehensive Income The Company has no components of comprehensive income other than its net income. Accordingly, comprehensive income is equivalent to net income. (o) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, short-term debt and long-term debt. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values based on or due to their short-term maturities. The carrying values of short-term debt and long-term debt approximate fair value, in which their variable interest rates approximate market rates. (p) Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset-and-liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and for taxation purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. (q) Preferred Stock The carrying amounts of preferred stock are periodically increased by amounts representing dividends not currently declared or paid, but which would be payable under certain redemption features. Such increases in carrying amounts are recorded against retained earnings. (r) Stock Options The Company accounts for its employee stock-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation . FASB ASC Topic 718 requires that all employee stock-based compensation is recognized as a cost in the financial statements and that for equity-classified awards, such cost is measured at the grant F-10 Table of Contents date fair value of the award. The Company estimates grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. FASB ASC Topic 718 also requires that excess tax benefits recognized in equity related to stock option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows. The Company recognized income tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 of $9.1 million , $0.6 million and $0 million , respectively. (s) Earnings per Share For the year ended December 31, 2013, basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year . For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding during the period. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are included in the basic denominator because they could be converted into common shares for no cash consideration (via conversion units as further described in Note 7), and were thus considered outstanding common shares in computing basic earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common shares equivalents outstanding during the period. The Company’s common share equivalents consist of stock options and restricted stock units. The following table reconciles the basic to diluted weighted average shares outstanding using the treasury stock method (shares in thousands): Weighted average shares outstanding – basic Dilutive effect of stock options Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 47,492 1,894 49,386 43,985 3,614 47,599 42,962 2,780 45,742 For the year ended December 31, 2013 , the Company excluded 2,617,064 options from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2013 because the options’ combined exercise price, unamortized fair value and excess tax benefits were greater during the year than the average price for the Company's common stock because their effect would be anti-dilutive. (t) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210), Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities , updated by ASU 2013-01, Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which requires companies to disclose information about financial instruments that have been offset and related arrangements to enable users of the company's financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on the company's financial position. Companies will be required to provide both net (offset amounts) and gross information in the notes to the financial statements for relevant assets and liabilities that are offset. ASU 2011-11, as amended by ASU 2013-01, is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2013. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2012, FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment . This newly issued accounting standard allows an entity the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangibles other than goodwill. Under that option, an entity would no longer be required to calculate the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset unless the entity determines, based on that qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. This ASU is effective for annual and interim indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2013, FASB issued ASU No. 2013-04, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date , which addresses the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of certain joint and several obligations including debt arrangements, other contractual obligations, and settled litigation and judicial rulings. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within F-11 Table of Contents those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. 2. Acquisition In February 2012, the Company purchased a perpetual software license and computer equipment from HOPS, a non-public Florida company, in a transaction valued at $3.68 million . The purchase agreement calls for a total of $4.0 million in cash payments to be made over an approximate 3 year period, beginning with an initial payment of $0.8 million which was made in February 2012, followed by quarterly payments of $0.3 million . As part of the transaction valuation, these payments were discounted to a present value using an estimate of our incremental borrowing rate. The HOPS proprietary software platform provides data filtering services for government and commercial health plans to help identify improper payments made to health providers, and enhances our existing service offering in recovery of improper payments. The purchase is being treated as a business combination for accounting purposes; the following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired at the acquisition date (in thousands): Computer equipment Perpetual license Customer relationships Total identifiable assets acquired February 1, 2012 $ $ 280 3,250 150 3,680 The acquired intangible assets will be amortized over their estimated useful lives, which are 5 and 4 years for the perpetual license and customer relationships, respectively. 3. Property, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements consist of the following at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (in thousands): Land Building and leasehold improvements Furniture, equipment, and automobile Computer hardware and software Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net $ $ December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 1,767 5,500 4,408 40,886 52,561 (31,892 ) 20,669 1,767 $ 5,773 4,932 52,021 64,493 (38,246 ) 26,247 $ Depreciation and amortization expense of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $6.9 million , $5.8 million and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. 4. Identifiable Intangible Assets Identifiable intangible assets consist of the following at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (in thousands): December 31, 2013 Amortizable intangibles: Customer contracts and related relationships Perpetual license Total intangible assets Gross Amounts Accumulated Amortization Net $ $ 62,198 $ 3,250 65,448 $ (31,689 ) $ (1,246 ) (32,935 ) $ 30,509 2,004 32,513 F-12 Table of Contents December 31, 2012 Amortizable intangibles: Customer contracts and related relationships Perpetual license Total intangible assets Gross Amounts Accumulated Amortization Net $ $ 62,198 $ 3,250 65,448 $ (28,608 ) $ (596 ) (29,204 ) $ 33,590 2,654 36,244 For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , amortization expense related to intangible assets amounted to $3.7 million , $3.7 million and $3.0 million , respectively. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five following fiscal years is as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Total 5. Credit Agreement $ $ Amount 3,731 3,731 3,696 3,097 3,043 15,215 32,513 On March 19, 2012, the Company recapitalized entering into a credit agreement (the Agreement) consisting of a Term A Loan of $57.0 million , a Term B Loan of $79.5 million , and a revolving credit facility of $11.0 million . In connection with the recapitalization, our old credit facility, scheduled to mature in 2012, was extinguished, and our indebtedness on the old facility was paid in full. As of December 31, 2011, the indebtedness on the old facility consisted of $33.2 million under the Term A-2 Loan, $62 million under the Term B Loan and $8.2 million under the line of credit. On June 28, 2012, the Agreement was amended to increase the Term B Loan to $99 million . Payments under the Agreement are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Total Amount $10,763 10,763 10,763 9,996 91,019 — $133,304 Proceeds from the new Term A, Term B, and revolving credit facility borrowings were used along with $14.5 million of our cash to repay our old notes payable and line of credit in the amount of $103.4 million and to redeem 3,897,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock plus accrued dividends for a total of $44.0 million . Fees paid in conjunction with the credit agreement totaled $8.1 million , including an agency fee for $1.5 million to an entity associated with our majority stockholder, and an agreement to grant 215,000 shares of Common Stock valued at approximately $2.8 million to an investment bank acting as advisor. Proceeds from the additional Term B borrowings were used to redeem the remaining 1,399,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding plus accrued dividends for a total of $16.3 million . Fees paid in conjunction with the credit agreement totaled $0.8 million , including an agency fee for $0.2 million to an entity associated with our majority stockholder. Remaining proceeds of $2.3 million were used along with existing cash to pay off the line of credit balance of $4.5 million . The Term A Loan is charged interest either at Prime (subject to a 2.5% floor) + 4.25% or LIBOR (subject to a 1.5% floor) + 5.25% , which was 6.75% at December 31, 2013 . The Term A loan requires quarterly payments of $2.5 million beginning in June 2012, with the remaining outstanding principal balance due March 19, 2017 . As of December 31, 2013 , the Term A loan ending balance, including the current portion was $38.4 million . F-13 Table of Contents The Term B loan is charged interest at Prime + 4.75% (subject to a 2.50% floor) or LIBOR (subject to a 1.50% floor) + 5.75% which was 7.25% at December 31, 2013 . The Term B loan requires quarterly payments of $0.2 million beginning in June 2012, with the outstanding principal balance due March 19, 2018 . As of December 31, 2013 , the Term B loan ending balance, including the current portion was $94.9 million . The Company has a line of credit under the Agreement which allows for borrowings of up to $11 million . Borrowings accrue interest at Prime + 4.25% or LIBOR + 5.25% , which was 6.75% at December 31, 2013 . Both the Prime and the LIBOR alternatives are subject to minimum rate floors. In addition, a facility fee of 0.5% is assessed on the commitment amount. There were no outstanding borrowings under this line of credit at December 31, 2013 , and a letter of credit outstanding in the amount of $1.4 million , leaving remaining borrowing capacity under the line of credit of $9.6 million at December 31, 2013 . The line of credit expires in March 19, 2017 . The Agreement contains certain restrictive financial covenants, which require, among other things, that we meet a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20 and maximum total debt to EBITDA ratio of 3.25 . Additionally, these covenants restrict the Company and its subsidiaries’ ability to incur certain types or amounts of indebtedness, incur liens on certain assets, make material changes in corporate structure or the nature of its business, dispose of material assets, engage in a change in control transaction, make certain foreign investments, enter into certain restrictive agreements, or engage in certain transactions with affiliates. We were in compliance with all such covenants at December 31, 2013 . The Agreement contains a prepayment provision which requires the Company to perform an annual excess cash flow computation based on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization compared to changes in working capital. Based on the results of this computation, in May 2013, the Company made a payment of $3.6 million to the lenders. During our March 19, 2012 recapitalization, debt issuance costs of $5.0 million were capitalized, including $1.5 million of agent fees paid to an entity associated with our majority stockholder, and $0.8 million paid to third parties for legal and other services and a grant of 215,044 shares of Common Stock issued as compensation to an investment bank acting as financial advisor valued at approximately $2.8 million , based upon a price of $13 per share. These costs are being amortized to expense over the life of the new loans. The Company capitalized an additional $0.8 million related to our June 28, 2012 amendment to the Agreement, which included $0.2 million of agent fees paid to an entity associated with our majority stockholders, and $0.0 million paid to third parties for legal and other services. Debt issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the new loans. Accumulated amortization of debt issuance costs amounted to $2.0 million at December 31, 2013 . Debt extinguishment costs of $3.7 million were expensed, including $3.3 million of fees paid to lenders, and $0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the old credit facility. 6. Commitments and Contingencies The Company leases office facilities and certain equipment. In January 2012, we renewed two of our facilities leases and entered into a new lease agreement for approximately 6,000 square feet in Livermore, California. In August 2013, we entered into a new lease agreement for office space for approximately 15,667 square feet in Grants Pass, Oregon. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases as of December 31, 2013 are as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Total Amount 1,883 1,630 1,293 1,042 308 464 6,620 $ $ Lease expense was $2.6 million , $2.4 million and $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. 7. Capital Stock Prior to August 15, 2012, the total number of shares of capital stock that the Company had authority to issue was 96,000,000 , consisting of 18,000,000 shares of Series A Participating Senior Preferred Stock (Series A Preferred Stock), $0.0001 par value per share (Series A Preferred Stock); 18,000,000 shares of Series B Redeemable Senior Preferred Stock, F-14 Table of Contents $0.0001 par value per share (Series B Preferred Stock); and 60,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share. On August 15, 2012, the authorized Common Stock was increased to 500,000,000 shares and the authorized preferred stock was increased to 50,000,000 shares. (a) Series A Preferred Stock Issuanc e – On May 23, 2006, the Company sold 5,295,676 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to shareholders at a price of $5.67 per share, receiving gross proceeds of $30,000,000 , and net proceeds of $29,925,000 after issuance costs of $75,000 . Retirement of Series of A Preferred Stock - On March 19, 2012, the Company recapitalized. As part of the recapitalization, 3,897,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into conversion units, which consisted of one share of Series B Preferred Stock and one share of Common Stock. The Series B Preferred shares plus accrued dividends were redeemed for cash of $44 million , and 3,897,000 shares of Common Stock were issued to the holders of the redeemed Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. In June 2012, the remaining 1,399,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into conversion units of one share of Series B Preferred Stock and one share of Common Stock. The shares Series B Preferred Stock plus accrued dividends were redeemed for cash of $16.3 million and 1,399,000 shares of Common Stock were issued to the holders of the redeemed Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Dividends – The holders of Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to receive dividends as declared by the board of directors. The dividends accrued on a daily basis at the rate of 12% per annum on the sum of the Liquidation Value plus accumulated dividends and accrued and unpaid dividends thereon from the date of issuance of the Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2011, the Company had accrued dividends payable of $28,248,000 recorded as an increase to the Series A Preferred Stock. Voting – Each share of Series A Preferred Stock entitled the holder to cast a number of votes per share equal to the number of votes that the holder would be entitled to cast assuming that such shares of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into shares of Common Stock. Liquidation – In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, before any distribution or payment to holders of Common Stock, but on parity with the holders of Series B Preferred Stock, holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to be paid an amount equal to the Liquidation Value of $5.67 per share plus any accumulated or accrued but unpaid dividends thereon. In addition to the payments set forth above, the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to participate, on a parity and ratably on a per-share basis with the holders of Common Stock, with respect to all such distributions or payments that the holders of Series A Preferred Stock would have been entitled to receive with respect to the number of shares of Common Stock into which such holders’ shares of Series A Preferred Stock were convertible immediately prior to any relevant record date or payment date in connection with liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, but only to the extent that shares of Common Stock would have participated in such distributions or payments (and such payment shall be junior to all equity securities of the Company that rank senior to the Common Stock, including without limitation the Series B Preferred Stock). Conversion – The Series A Preferred Stock was convertible into Conversion Units (as defined below), at a rate of one Conversion Unit for one share of Series A Preferred Stock. A Conversion Unit consisted of (i) the number of shares of Common Stock determined by dividing the Liquidation Value of the Series A Preferred Stock by the Conversion Price then in effect (the Common Portion) and (ii) one share of Series B Preferred Stock (the Series B Portion) subject to adjustments. If upon conversion there were any unpaid, accrued, or accumulated dividends due on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, such dividends continued to be deferred, but were considered unpaid, accrued, or accumulated dividends (as the case may be) due on the Series B Preferred Stock. • Optional conversion – Each share of Series A Preferred Stock was convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, into a Conversion Unit at any time after the date of issuance of such share. • Automatic conversion – Each share of Series A Preferred Stock automatically could have been converted into Conversion Units on the date specified by written consent or agreement of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. • Conversion price – The initial Conversion Price of the shares issued in May 2006 was $5.67 per share. In order to prevent dilution of the conversion rights granted to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Conversion Price was subject to adjustment from time to time under certain circumstances. If the Company (i) declared a dividend on the Common Stock payable in shares of its capital stock (including Common Stock), (ii) subdivided the outstanding Common Stock, (iii) combined the outstanding Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issued any shares of its capital stock in a reclassification of the Common Stock, then, in each such case, the F-15 Table of Contents Conversion Price was to be proportionately adjusted so that, in connection with a conversion of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock after such date, the holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock would have been entitled to receive the aggregate number and kind of shares of capital stock, which, if the conversion had occurred immediately prior to such date, the holder would have owned upon such conversion and been entitled to receive by virtue of such dividend, subdivision, combination, or reclassification. (c) Issuance of Shares of Common Stock as Compensation As part of the March 19, 2012 recapitalization, the Company issued to its financial advisor as compensation in connection with the debt portion of the recapitalization 215,000 shares of Common Stock valued at approximately $2.8 million based upon a price of $13 per share. This amount represents debt issuance costs and is being amortized to expense over the 5 to 6 year life of the loans described in Note 5. (d) Initial Public Offering In August 2012, the Company completed its initial public offering (IPO) in which we issued and sold 1,924,000 shares of Common Stock at a public offering price of $9.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $12.6 million after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions of $1.0 million and other offering expenses of approximately $3.6 million . In addition, a financial advisor to the Company was paid $0.9 million through the issuance of 103,500 shares of Common Stock valued at $9.00 per share. 8. Stock-based Compensation (a) Stock Options The Company established the 2004 DCS Holdings Stock Option Plan, the DCS Holdings, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan (Performant Financial Corporation is the new name of DCS Holdings, Inc.), the Performant Financial Corporation 2007 Stock Option Plan, and the Performant Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the Plans). Under the terms of the 2004 DCS Holdings Stock Option Plan, stock options may be granted for up to 4,000,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued Common Stock. The 2004 DCS Holdings Stock Option Plan was terminated on the completion of the Company’s initial public offering in August 2012. No shares of our common stock are available under our 2004 Stock Option Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to termination. Under the terms of the DCS Holdings, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, incentive and nonqualified stock options, stock bonuses, and rights to acquire restricted stock may be granted for up to 3,600,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued Common Stock. Options granted under the DCS Holdings, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over a four -year period. The Company’s DCS Holdings, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan was terminated on the completion of its initial public offering in August 2012. No shares of our common stock are available under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to termination. Under the terms of the Performant Financial Corporation 2007 Stock Option Plan, incentive and nonqualified stock options may be granted for up to 4,000,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued Common Stock. Options granted under the Performant Financial Corporation 2007 Stock Option Plan generally vest over a five -year period. Performant Financial Corporation 2007 Stock Option Plan was terminated on the completion of its initial public offering in August 2012. No shares of our common stock are available under our 2007 Stock Option Plan other than for satisfying exercises of stock options granted under this plan prior to termination. The terms of the Performant Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan provide for the granting of incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code to employees and the granting of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, stock unit awards and cash-based awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. The Company has reserved 4,300,000 shares of common stock under the 2012 Plan. Options granted under the Performant Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan generally vest over periods of four or five -years. The exercise price of incentive stock options shall generally not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the Common Stock subject to the option on the date that the option is granted. The exercise price of nonqualified stock options shall generally not be less than 85% of the fair market value of the Common Stock subject to the option on the date that the option is granted. Options issued under the Plans have a maximum term of 10 years and vest over schedules determined by the board of directors. Options issued under the Plans generally provide for immediate vesting of unvested shares in the event of a sale of the Company. F-16 Table of Contents Total stock-based compensation expense charged as salaries and benefits expense in the consolidated statements of operations was $3.0 million , $1.6 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively. The following table sets forth a summary of our stock option activity for the year ended December 31: Outstanding at December 31, 2010 Granted Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at December 31, 2011 Granted Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Granted Forfeited Exercised Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Vested, exercisable, and expected to vest (1) at December 31, 2013 Exercisable at December 31, 2013 Outstanding Options Weighted average exercise price per share 5,510,750 180,000 (25,282 ) (718 ) 5,664,750 2,549,109 (19,077 ) (285,058 ) 7,909,724 313,600 (102,381 ) (2,908,122 ) 5,212,821 $ 5,100,610 $ 2,864,898 $ 0.64 5.50 0.74 0.50 0.80 10.32 7.99 0.61 3.85 11.85 10.05 0.60 6.03 5.94 3.02 Weighted average remaining contractual life (Years) 6.00 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) 5.20 5.89 6.62 6.58 5.19 $ $ $ 23,466 23,374 21,057 (1) Options expected to vest reflect an estimated forfeiture rate. The weighted-average grant-date exercise price of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $11.85 , $10.32 and $5.50 , respectively, per share. The aggregate intrinsic value of our stock options (the amount by which the market price of the stock on the date of exercise exceeded the exercise price of the option) exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , was $31.3 million , $2.9 million and $0 million , respectively. At December 31, 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , there was $10.5 million , $12 million and $0.6 million , respectively, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 3.40 years as stock-based compensation expense. Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options were $1.8 million , $0.2 million and $0 million during 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , we realized a $9.1 million , $0.6 million and $0 million tax benefit from the exercise of stock options, respectively. The fair value of each option grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Expected volatilities are calculated based on the historical volatility data of comparable peer companies over a term comparable to the expected term of the options issued. The expected term of the award is determined based on the average of the vesting term and the contractual term. Management monitors share option exercise and employee termination patterns to estimate forfeiture rates within the valuation model. Separate groups of employees that have similar groups of employees with similar historical exercise behavior are considered separately for valuation purposes. We estimated the fair value of options granted using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: F-17 Table of Contents Expected volatility Expected dividends Expected term (years) Risk-free interest rate Weighted-average estimated fair value of options granted during the year For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 54.2% —% 6.2 1.5% $6.23 2012 48.3% —% 6.5 1.0% $5.22 2011 39.8% —% 6.3 1.2% $2.23 Valuation and Amortization Method – The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The fair value is then amortized on a straight line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. Stock options typically have a ten year life from the grant date and vesting periods of four to five years. The fair value of the Company’s common stock is based on the market price of the stock on the date of grant. Expected Term – The Company’s expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. For awards granted subject only to service vesting requirements, the Company utilizes the simplified method under the provisions of FASB ASC 718-10-S99-1 (Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107) for estimating the expected term of the stock-based award. Expected Volatility – Because there is insufficient history of the Company’s stock price returns, the Company lacks sufficient historical volatility data for its equity awards. Accordingly, the Company calculates the expected volatility using a composite made up of comparable peer companies and an approximate 21% company weighting over a term comparable to the expected term of the options issued. Expected Dividend – The Company has never paid dividends on its common shares and currently does not intend to do so. Accordingly, the dividend yield percentage is zero for all periods. Risk-Free Interest Rate – The risk-free interest rate used in the Black Scholes valuation method is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity interest rate whose term is consistent with the expected life of our stock options. (b) Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31: Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Granted Forfeited Vested and converted to shares Outstanding at December 31, 2013 Expected to vest at December 31, 2013 Number of Awards — $ 5,263 — — 5,263 $ 5,263 $ Weighted average grant date fair value — 10.59 — — 10.59 10.59 As of December 31, 2013, there was $0.06 million of compensation expense that has yet to be recognized related to non-vested restricted stock units. This expense is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vested period of four years. None of the restricted stock units vested during the year ended December 31, 2013. Restricted stock units granted under the Performant Financial Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan generally vest over four years. The company did not realize any tax benefits related to the restricted stock units during the year ended December 31, 2013. F-18 Table of Contents 9. Employee Benefit Plan The Company has a 401(k) Salary Deferral Plan (the Plan) covering all full-time employees who have met certain service requirements. Employees may contribute a portion of their salary up to the maximum limit established by the Internal Revenue Code for such plans. Employer contributions are discretionary. No matching contributions were made during 2013, 2012 and 2011. 10. Income Taxes The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following (in thousands): Current: Federal State Deferred: Federal State Total Expense (Benefit) 2013 2012 2011 $ $ $ 21,526 $ 5,149 26,675 (866 ) $ (842 ) (1,708 ) 24,967 $ 15,142 $ 3,470 18,612 (1,599 ) $ (227 ) (1,826 ) 16,786 $ 14,053 3,103 17,156 (7,350 ) (2,290 ) (9,640 ) 7,516 A reconciliation of the income tax expense calculated using the applicable federal statutory rates to the actual income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 is as follows: Federal income at the statutory rate State income tax, net of federal benefit Permanent differences Other 2013 2012 2011 35 % 5 % 1 % —% 41 % 35 % 5 % 2 % —% 42 % 35 % 3 % 1 % (1 )% 38 % The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2013 , and 2012 (in thousands): F-19 Table of Contents Deferred tax assets: Bad debt reserve Vacation accrual Nonqualified stock options Deferred finance costs Debt issuance costs Acquisition costs State tax deferral Deferred revenue State tax credits Net operating loss Estimated liability for appeals Other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Identifiable intangible assets Fixed assets Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities 2013 2012 $ 13 $ 1,020 1,526 — 848 158 1,474 352 290 47 4,277 118 10,123 (147 ) 9,976 26 909 1,767 3,082 — 197 1,373 91 566 — 1,260 82 9,353 (351 ) 9,002 (11,176 ) (4,543 ) (22 ) (15,741 ) (5,765 ) $ (13,007 ) (3,446 ) (22 ) (16,475 ) (7,473 ) $ The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets, except for certain state tax credits. Income tax expense is allocated to the subsidiaries included in the consolidated tax return on the basis of the subsidiaries’ stand-alone tax provision. The Company has a valuation allowance of approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million , as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, primarily related to California enterprise zone tax credits for which it is not more likely than not that the tax benefit will be realized. The Company has state tax credits of $0.3 million , which, due to the Assembly Bill 93 and Senate Bill 90 signed on July 11, 2013, are now limited to a 10 year carryforward, and will expire in 2024. The Company has state net operating loss carryforwards of $0.4 million which expire in 2020 . The following table reconciles the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2013 from its unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2011 (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31, 2011 Increase related to prior year tax positions Decrease related to prior year tax positions Increase related to current year tax positions Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31, 2012 Increase related to prior year tax positions Decrease related to prior year tax positions Increase related to current year tax positions Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31, 2013 $ $ — 115 — 164 — — 279 357 — 49 (139 ) — 546 At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , we had approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. We do not expect any significant change in unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months. The F-20 Table of Contents Company records interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The amount of accrued interest was not material at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. No penalties were recognized in 2013 or accrued at December 31, 2013 , and 2012 respectively. Unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.5 million which, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective income tax rate. The Company files federal and state income tax returns. For years before 2009, the Company is no longer subject to California, Texas, and certain state state tax examinations. For tax year before 2010, the Company is no longer subject to Federal and certain other state tax examinations. 11. Related Party Transactions Our notes payable, both before and after the recapitalization of March 19, 2012, are held by a number of lenders, some of whom also invested in our stock. As a result, these entities are considered related parties. Interest expense under these arrangements totaled $10.3 million , $11.1 million and $12.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively, and the debt extinguishment expense associated with the recapitalization totaled $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 . In an agreement dated April 13, 2012 , the Company and an affiliate of Parthenon Capital Partners terminated an existing advisory services agreement, which called for quarterly payments of $0.1 million . As part of the April 13, 2012 termination agreement, the Company agreed to pay Parthenon Capital $1.3 million in equal quarterly installments of $0.1 million beginning in April 2012, provided that the remaining balance will become due and payable immediately upon the closing of an IPO or the sale of the Company. The Company paid two quarterly installments of $0.1 million and paid the remaining balance of $1.1 million on August 15, 2012, the date the IPO closed. In addition, the agreement specifies that the affiliate will be due a fee equal to 1% of the aggregate gross proceeds of an IPO offering or 1% of the aggregate consideration paid in connection with the sale of the Company, as applicable. The Company expensed and paid $0.9 million to Parthenon Capital Partners in August 2012 upon successful closing of the IPO. 12. Other Commitments and Contingencies (a) Trust Funds The Company collects principal and interest payments and collection costs on defaulted loans for various contracting agencies. Cash collections for some of the Company’s customers are held in trust in bank accounts controlled by the Company. The Company remits trust funds to the contracting agencies on a regular basis. The amount of cash held in trust and the related liability are separated from and not included in the Company’s assets and liabilities. Cash held in trust for customers totaled $1.1 million and $1.4 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. (b) Litigation The Company, during the ordinary course of its operations, has been named in various legal suits and claims, several of which are still pending. In the opinion of management and the Company’s legal counsel, such legal actions will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations or cash flows. 13. Subsequent Events We have evaluated subsequent events through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued and there are no other events that have occurred that would require adjustments or disclosures to our consolidated financial statements. F-21 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. PERFORMANT FINANCIAL CORPORATION By: /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im Chief Executive Officer Date: March 14, 2014 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lisa C. Im and Hakan L. Orvell, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im /s/ Hakan L. Orvell Hakan L. Orvell /s/ Dr. Jon D. Shaver Dr. Jon D. Shaver /s/ Todd R. Ford Todd R. Ford /s/ Brian P. Golson Brian P. Golson /s/ Bradley F. Fluegel Bradley F. Fluegel /s/ Bruce Hansen Bruce Hansen /s/ William D. Hansen William D. Hansen Title Date Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) March 14, 2014 and Director Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and March 14, 2014 Accounting Officer) Chairman of the Board and Director March 14, 2014 Director Director Director Director Director March 14, 2014 March 14, 2014 March 14, 2014 March 14, 2014 March 14, 2014 Table of Contents SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands): Description 2013 2012 2011 Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Charged against Revenue $ $ $ 65 77 45 — — 28 Recoveries Charge-offs Balance at End of Period 2 2 14 (35 ) $ (14 ) $ (10 ) $ 32 65 77 Estimated allowance and liability for appeals – RAC Contract (in thousands): Description 2013 2012 2011 Balance at Beginning of $ $ $ 5,577 934 101 Additions Charged against Revenue 12,791 8,589 1,743 Appeals found in Providers Favor Balance at End of Period (1,925 ) $ (3,946 ) (910 ) 16,443 * 5,577 * 934 * * Includes $1,160 , $1,199 and $484 related to the estimated allowance for appeals that apply to uncollected accounts receivable as of 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Table of Contents EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Number Description 3.1 3.2 4.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2(b) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Registrant and the persons listed thereon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) 2004 Equity Incentive Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 2004 DCS Holdings Stock Option Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) 2007 Stock Option Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) Recovery Audit Contractor contract by and between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services dated as of October 3, 2008, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Credit Agreement, dated as of March 19, 2012, by and among DCS Business Services, Inc., the Lenders party Hereto, Madison Capital Funding LLC, and ING Capital (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Form of Change of Control Agreement, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 30, 2012) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa Im, dated as of April 15, 2012, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Jon D. Shaver dated as of March 31, 2003, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Repurchase Agreement between the Registrant and Lisa C. Im dated as of July 3, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) Repurchase Agreement between the Registrant and Jon D. Shaver dated as of July 3, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed July 3, 2012) Director Nomination Agreement between the Registrant and Parthenon DCS Holdings, LLC dated as of July 20, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Advisory Services Agreement between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Parthenon Capital, LLC dated as of January 8, 2004, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Termination of the Advisory Services Agreement between Diversified Collection Services, Inc. and Parthenon Capital, LLC dated as of January 8, 2004, as amended, dated as of April 13, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s 10.14 Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) 10.15 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed July 23, 2012) Table of Contents Exhibit Number Description 21 23 24 List of Subsidiaries Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Powers of Attorney (included in the signature page to this report) 31.1 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Lisa C. Im 31.2 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Hakan L. Orvell 32.1 Furnished Statement of the Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 32.2 Furnished Statement of the Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21 Company Name Performant Business Services, Inc. Performant Recovery, Inc. Performant Technologies, Inc. State of Incorporation Nevada California California Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors Performant Financial Corporation: We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-184657) of our report dated March 13, 2014 with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Performant Financial Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2013 which report appears in this Form 10-K. Exhibit 23 /s/ KPMG LLP San Francisco, California March 13, 2014 Exhibit 31.1 I, Lisa C. Im, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Performant Financial Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: March 14, 2014 /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 I, Hakan L. Orvell, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Performant Financial Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: March 14, 2014 /s/ Hakan L. Orvell Hakan L. Orvell Chief Financial Officer SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATIONS Exhibit 32.1 I, Lisa C. Im, Chief Executive Officer of Performant Financial Corporation (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company (the “Report”), which accompanies this Certificate, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: March 14, 2014 /s/ Lisa C. Im Lisa C. Im Chief Executive Officer SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATIONS Exhibit 32.2 I, Hakan L. Orvell, Chief Financial Officer of Performant Financial Corporation (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company (the “Report”), which accompanies this Certificate, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: March 14, 2014 /s/ Hakan L. Orvell Hakan L. Orvell Chief Financial Officer 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above