UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________to _____________
Commission file number: 001-36199
PULMATRIX, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390
Lexington, MA
(Address of principal executive offices)
46-1821392
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
02421
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (781) 357-2333
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:
Title of each class
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol(s)
PULM
Name of each exchange on which registered
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of
Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an
emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth
company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
☐
☒
Accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
☐
☒
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new
or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control
over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or
issued its audit report. Yes ☐ No ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the
filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received
by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the
common equity was last sold, as of June 30, 2022, the last business day of registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $15,546,729.
As of March 27, 2023, the registrant had 3,652,285 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.
None.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
PULMATRIX, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forward-Looking Statements
PART I
Item 1.
Business.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors.
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments.
Item 2.
Properties.
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
PART II
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Item 6.
Reserved.
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures.
Item 9B.
Other Information.
Item 9C.
Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
PART III
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Item 11.
Executive Compensation.
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
PART IV
Item 15.
Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
Item 16.
Form 10-K Summary.
Signatures
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Forward-Looking Statements
PART I
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained herein, including
statements regarding our business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated benefits or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or
anticipated benefits from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings, or other aspects of our operating results,
are forward-looking statements. Words such as “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “can,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “guides,”
“intends,” “is confident that,” “may,” “plans,” “seeks,” “projects,” “targets,” and “would,” and their opposites and similar expressions, as well as statements
in future tense, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or
results and may not be accurate indications of when such performance or results will actually be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on
information we have when those statements are made or our management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to
risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking
statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:
● the impact of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and its continuing effects on the global economy and on the Company’s
ongoing and planned clinical trials;
● our history of recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities, significant future commitments and the uncertainty regarding
the adequacy of our liquidity to pursue or complete our business objectives;
● our inability to carry out research, development and commercialization plans;
● our inability to manufacture our product candidates on a commercial scale on our own or in collaborations with third parties;
● our inability to complete preclinical testing and clinical trials as anticipated;
● our collaborators’ inability to successfully carry out their contractual duties;
● termination of certain license agreements;
● our ability to adequately protect and enforce rights to intellectual property, or defend against claims of infringement by others;
● difficulties in obtaining financing on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;
● intense competition in our industry, with competitors having substantially greater financial, technological, research and development,
regulatory and clinical, manufacturing, marketing and sales, distribution, personnel and resources than we do;
● entry of new competitors and products and potential technological obsolescence of our products;
● adverse market and economic conditions;
● our ability to maintain compliance with the NASDAQ Capital Market’s listing standards;
● loss of one or more key executives or scientists; and
● difficulties in securing regulatory approval to market our product candidates.
For a more detailed discussion of these and other risks that may affect our business and that could cause our actual results to differ from those projected in
these forward-looking statements, see the risk factors and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report
on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary
statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which any such
statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
Unless otherwise stated, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “us,” “we,” “our,” or “Company” refer to Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware
corporation.
“iSPERSE™” is one of our trademarks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other trademarks appearing in this report are the property of their
respective holders. Solely for convenience, these and other trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this report appear without the ®, TM
and SM symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, we or the owners of such trademarks will not assert, to the fullest extent
under applicable law, their rights to these trademarks and trade names.
1
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of novel inhaled therapeutic products intended to prevent and
treat respiratory and other diseases with significant unmet medical needs using its patented iSPERSE™ technology. The Company’s proprietary product
pipeline includes treatments for serious lung diseases, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (“COPD”), and central nervous system (“CNS”) disorders such as acute migraine. Our product candidates are based on its proprietary engineered
dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™, which seeks to improve therapeutic delivery to the lungs by maximizing local concentrations and reducing
systemic side effects to improve patient outcomes.
We design and develop inhaled therapeutic products based on our proprietary dry powder delivery technology, iSPERSE™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily
Respirable and Emitted), which enables delivery of small or large molecule drugs to the lungs by inhalation for local or systemic applications. The
iSPERSE™ powders are engineered to be small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to airways. iSPERSE™ powders can be
used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a broad range of drug substances including small molecules and
biologics. We believe the iSPERSE™ dry powder technology offers enhanced drug loading and delivery efficiency that outperforms traditional lactose-
blend inhaled dry powder therapies.
We believe the advantages of using the iSPERSE™ technology include reduced total inhaled powder mass, enhanced dosing efficiency, reduced cost of
goods, and improved safety and tolerability profiles.
We were incorporated in 2013 as a Delaware corporation.
Business Strategy
Our goal is to develop breakthrough therapeutic products that are safe, convenient, and more effective than the existing therapeutic products for respiratory
and other diseases where iSPERSE™ properties are advantageous.
Our current pipeline is aligned to this goal as we develop iSPERSE™-based therapeutic candidates which target the prevention and treatment of a range of
diseases, including CNS disorders and pulmonary diseases. These therapeutic candidates include PUR1900 for the treatment of ABPA in patients with
asthma and in patients with cystic fibrosis (“CF”), PUR3100 for the treatment of acute migraine, and PUR1800 for the treatment of acute exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“AECOPD”). Each program is enabled by its unique iSPERSE™ formulation designed to achieve specific
therapeutic objectives.
We intend to capitalize on our iSPERSE™ technology platform and our expertise in inhaled therapeutics to identify new product candidates for the
prevention and treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical needs and to build our product pipeline beyond our existing candidates. In order to
advance clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates and leverage the iSPERSE™ platform to enable delivery of partnered compounds, we intend to form
strategic alliances with third parties, including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or academic or private research institutes.
We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years based on our drug development plans. We expect
our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:
● Conduct PUR1900 clinical trials focused on the development of an inhaled antifungal therapy to treat an allergic/hypersensitivity response to
fungus in the lungs of patients with asthma and CF.
We will continue to direct resources to advance the research and development of PUR1900 for ABPA in patients with asthma and CF. In
2018, we completed a Phase 1 study of PUR1900 in normal healthy volunteers and asthma patients. In 2019, we began a Phase 2 study of
PUR1900 with patients with asthma and are suffering from ABPA but stopped the Phase 2 study due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its
impact on enrollment. In January 2021, we conducted a Type C meeting with the U.S Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to discuss our
plans for a Phase 2b study. Utilizing the FDA feedback, we advanced PUR1900 into a new Phase 2b efficacy study that includes a sixteen-
week dosing regimen with potential registration efficacy endpoints, rather than the four-week dosing regimen in the terminated Phase 2 safety
biomarker study. The current Phase 2b study began dosing patients in the first quarter of 2023. The PUR1900 Phase 2b study is anticipated to
deliver topline data in mid-2024.
2
● Pursue further clinical studies for PUR3100, an orally inhaled dihydroergotamine (“DHE”) including a Phase 2 clinical study for the
treatment of acute migraine.
We developed PUR3100, an iSPERSE™ formulation of DHE in 2020. We completed GLP toxicology studies in 2021 and 2022. On
September 26, 2022, we announced the completion of patient dosing in a Phase 1 trial evaluating PUR3100, a novel pulmonary inhaled
formulation for the treatment of acute migraine. On January 4, 2023, we announced PUR3100 was safe and all doses had fewer GI side effects
compared to intravenous (“IV”) DHE. PUR3100 demonstrated a five-minute Tmax and Cmax within the targeted therapeutic range for all three
doses tested. The Phase 1 study design was a double-dummy, double-blinded trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of
three dose levels of single doses of inhaled PUR3100 with IV placebo, as compared to IV DHE (DHE mesylate injection) with inhaled
placebo. Twenty-six healthy subjects were enrolled and each of the four groups contained at least six subjects. Oral inhalation of PUR3100
achieved peak exposures in the targeted therapeutic range at all doses and the Tmax occurred at five minutes after dosing.
We believe these data are encouraging and suggest that the orally inhaled formulation of DHE, PUR3100, will result in rapid systemic
exposure in the therapeutic range, while minimizing the risk of side effects related to exposure levels associated with IV dosing. We believe
the PUR3100 formulation of DHE is highly differentiated from other DHE products already approved or in development, can be immediately
self-administered and has a pharmacokinetic profile that may potentially advance the treatment of patients with acute migraine.
● Continue to advance PUR1800, focusing on the development of an inhaled kinase inhibitor for treatment of AECOPD.
We completed preclinical safety studies for our lead iSPERSE™ formulation in 2018 and advanced our formulation and process development
efforts to support clinical testing in stable moderate-severe COPD patients. We completed a Phase 1b safety, tolerability, and
pharmacokinetics clinical study of PUR1800 for subjects with stable moderate-severe COPD and received topline data from the Phase 1b
clinical study in the first quarter of 2022. We analyzed data from the completed Phase 1b clinical study of PUR1800 for AECOPD and
presented study results at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) conference in February 2023. We completed
all data analysis to inform a study design for a potential Phase 2 efficacy and safety study, treating subjects with AECOPD.
● Capitalize on our proprietary iSPERSE™ technology and our expertise in inhaled therapeutics and particle engineering to identify new
product candidates for prevention and treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical needs.
To add additional inhaled therapeutics to our discovery pipeline and facilitate additional discovery collaborations, we are leveraging our
iSPERSE™ technology and our management’s expertise in inhaled therapeutics and particle engineering to identify potential product
candidates. These potential product candidates are potentially safer and more effective than the current standard of care for prevention and
treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical needs.
● Invest in protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio and file for additional patents to strengthen our intellectual property
rights.
The status of our patent portfolio changes frequently in the ordinary course of patent prosecution. As of December 31, 2022, our patent
portfolio related to iSPERSE™ included approximately 137 granted patents, 19 of which are granted US patents, with expiration dates from
2024 to 2037, and approximately 49 additional pending patent applications in the US and other jurisdictions. Our in-licensed portfolio related
to kinase inhibitors included approximately 276 granted patents, 32 of which are granted US patents, with expiration dates from 2029 to 2035,
and approximately 26 additional pending patent applications in the US and other jurisdictions. On March 1, 2022, we filed a patent
cooperation treaty application that discloses and claims certain formulations and methods of use relevant to our PUR3100 program.
● Hire personnel to support our product development, commercialization, and administrative efforts.
During 2022, we were staffed to support two active clinical programs. In first quarter of 2022, we hired our Chief Medical Officer, among
other personnel, to support these programs.
3
iSPERSE™ Technology
We use simple, safe excipients, including proprietary cationic salt formulations, to create a robust and flexible dry powder platform technology that can
accommodate a wide range of drug loads in highly dispersible particles. Our initial delivery platform emerged from development of iCALM™ (inhaled
Cationic Airway Lining Modulators), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. The high degree of aerosol efficiency and the density profile of our dry
powder iCALM™ formulations provided the foundation for our development of iSPERSE™ in 2012, which uses other monovalent and divalent salts.
iSPERSE™ particles are engineered with a small, dense and dispersible profile to exceed the performance of traditional dry powder particles as the
iSPERSE™ particles have the dispersibility advantages of porous engineered particles. We believe this results in superior drug delivery compared to
traditional oral and injectable forms of treatment for certain diseases. Unlike lactose-blended carrier formulations or low-density particles which disperse
poorly, we believe that the iSPERSE™ technology platform offers several potential benefits, achieved through the following technological innovations:
● Flexible drug loading for delivery of a single microgram to tens of milligrams per dose.
iSPERSE™ particles can be engineered to include significantly less than one percent (1%) to greater than eighty percent (80%) active
pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”), which allows flexibility for dosing both high potency and high-drug load therapeutics.
● Superior flow rate independent lung delivery without carriers.
The iSPERSE™ technology enables pulmonary delivery independent of lactose or other carriers, which results in significantly greater lung
dose at a matched nominal dose of conventional lactose-based formulations. iSPERSE™ formulations are dispersible across a range of flow
rates with consistent emitted dose and particle size. Performance across flow rates provides reliable dose delivery across patient populations
and reduces patient-to-patient variability.
● Delivery of macromolecules and biologics.
iSPERSE™ powders can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a broad range of therapeutic
compounds ranging from small molecules to proteins for both local and systemic drug delivery applications.
● Homogenous combinations of multiple drugs.
iSPERSE™ creates homogenous particles including excipients and API, which allow for the consistent delivery of multiple APIs in a product.
We have successfully formulated iSPERSE™-based products with dual and triple API combinations.
● Strong safety profile.
Current iSPERSE™ products and planned clinical-stage products to be formulated in iSPERSE™ are supported by robust preclinical safety
profiles. iSPERSE™ excipients include those with inhalation precedent and those that are generally regarded as safe by other routes of
administration.
Therapeutic Candidates
PUR1900
We are developing an iSPERSE™ inhaled formulation of the antifungal drug itraconazole for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections and
allergic/hypersensitivity reactions to fungus in patients with severe lung disease, including those with asthma and CF. On January 28, 2020, PUR1900
received Fast Track designation from the FDA for the treatment of ABPA. Aspergillus colonization and infections are likely underdiagnosed and occur
frequently in patients of all ages. Colonization and infection with Aspergillus. can lead to clinical disease with differing severities and complications
depending on the immune status of the host. Invasive aspergillosis is a frequently fatal disease that occurs in patients that are typically immune suppressed
as a result of treatment for hematologic cancers or immunosuppression prior to solid organ transplantation. In patients with asthma and CF, Aspergillus can
cause chronic infections that may be associated with worsening disease and larger declines in lung function than patients without infection. A subset of
patients with asthma and CF with Aspergillus colonization and/or infection develop ABPA, which is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to fungal antigens.
ABPA is a disease resulting in mucus production, wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, worsening bronchiectasis, and fibrosis of the lung.
4
In patients with both asthma and CF, ABPA is commonly treated with oral steroids to treat inflammation and with oral antifungals to reduce fungal
infection. The inhalation administration of a drug affords direct delivery of the drug to the infected parts of the lung, maximizing the dose to the affected
sites and minimizing systemic exposure to the rest of the body where it could cause significant side effects. Therefore, treatment of lung infections by direct
administration of anti-infective products to the lung may improve both the safety and efficacy of treatment compared to systemic administration by other
routes, as well as improving patient convenience as compared to oral and injectable forms of the treatment. We believe that local lung delivery by
inhalation of our iSPERSE™ formulation could provide convenient, effective and safe management of the debilitating and often life-threatening lung
infections that are not currently addressed by inhaled therapies.
PUR1900 is our inhaled formulation of itraconazole, an antifungal drug commercially available as an oral drug that we are developing to treat and prevent
pulmonary fungal infections. Development of PUR1900 is focused on treatment of Aspergillus. colonization and infection in patients with asthma and CF.
In a Phase 1/1b clinical trial, PUR1900 appeared to be safe and well tolerated in healthy normal volunteers (Parts 1 and 2) and in patients with asthma (Part
3). In Part 3 of the Phase 1/1b clinical study, following a single dose of PUR1900, the pharmacokinetics (“PK”) analysis of sputum samples demonstrated
approximately 70-fold higher maximum lung concentration of itraconazole following inhalation of PUR1900 compared to oral Sporanox® (Janssen
Pharmaceuticals) despite inhaling only one-tenth the dose of itraconazole (20 mg) relative to the dose of oral Sporanox® (200 mg). Lung exposure, as
measured by sputum induction and analysis, was approximately 50-fold higher and plasma exposure was approximately 85-fold lower following inhalation
of 20 mg of PUR1900 compared to 200 mg of oral Sporanox®. All endpoints from the Phase 1/1b clinical study were successfully met.
On April 15, 2019, we entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Cipla Agreement”) with Cipla Technologies LLC (“Cipla”) for
the co-development and commercialization, on a worldwide, except for the Cipla Territory defined below, exclusive basis, of PUR1900, our inhaled
iSPERSE™ drug delivery system (the “Product”) enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole, which is only available as an oral drug, for the
treatment of all pulmonary indications, including ABPA in patients with asthma. We entered into an amendment to the Cipla Agreement on November 8,
2021 (the “Amendment”), and all references to the Cipla Agreement herein refer to the Agreement as amended.
The Cipla Agreement will remain in effect in perpetuity, unless otherwise earlier terminated in accordance with its terms. In the event of circumstances
affecting the continuity of development of the Product in line with the Cipla Agreement or certain development milestones are not achieved within a
specified timeframe discussed in greater detail below, the joint steering committee (“JSC”) will evaluate the cause and effect and make a recommendation
as to the most optimal option available to Cipla and us. In such events, the parties are not obligated to follow the recommendation of the JSC and, either
party may elect to terminate (a “Terminating Party”) its obligation to fund additional costs and expenses for the development and/or commercialization of
the Product. If the non-Terminating Party wishes to continue the development of the Product, it will have the right to purchase the rights of the Terminating
Party in the Product at its fair market value. If both Cipla and we abandon the development program, Cipla and we shall make commercially reasonable
efforts to monetize the Product and development program in connection with the Pulmonary indications. Cipla and we will equally share the proceeds.
We and Cipla will each be responsible for 60% and 40%, respectively, of our overhead costs and the time spent by our employees and consultants on
development of the Product (“Direct Costs”), in addition to which, Cipla will reimburse us an amount equal to 10% of aggregate Direct Costs upon the
achievement of the development milestones set forth in the table below, potentially bringing the sharing of Direct Costs to a 50/50 basis. We will continue
to share all other development costs with Cipla that are not Direct Costs, such as the cost of clinical research organizations, manufacturing costs and other
third-party costs, on a 50/50 basis.
Pursuant to the Cipla Agreement, (i) all development and commercialization activities with respect to the Product in India, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Iran, Yemen, Myanmar and Algeria (such countries, the “Cipla Territory”) will be conducted exclusively by Cipla at Cipla’s sole cost and expense, and (ii)
Cipla shall be entitled to all profits from the sale of the Product in the Cipla Territory, except that if Cipla successfully transfers manufacturing of the
Product for the Cipla Territory to a manufacturing site determined by Cipla, we will become entitled to a royalty equal to 2% of net sales in the Cipla
Territory.
In partnership with Cipla, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical study in 2019, entitled: “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2
Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole Administered as a Dry Powder for Inhalation (PUR1900) in Adult
Asthmatic Patients with ABPA.” This clinical study was terminated in July 2020 due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient
enrollment and clinical study conduct.
5
Following termination of the Phase 2 clinical study, we conducted a Type C meeting with the FDA on January 27, 2021, in order to discuss the program
overall development plan and the currently ongoing Phase 2b clinical study design. The current Phase 2b clinical study design includes a 16-week dosing
regimen with an 8-week follow up and is intended to explore potential efficacy endpoints, whereas the terminated Phase 2 clinical study had comprised
only a 4-week dosing regimen with safety and tolerability as its primary endpoint. The longer dosing regimen of the new Phase 2b clinical study is
supported by the 6-month inhalation toxicology study in dogs completed in April 2020. The new development plan, including the new Phase 2b clinical
study, was approved by the partnership JSC on November 8, 2021. On February 6, 2023, we announced the first patient dosed in the Phase 2b study and the
study is currently on track with topline data anticipated in mid-2024.
In addition to the terms of the Cipla Agreement described above, if any of the below development milestones are not met by the date that is nine months
after the applicable deadline for achieving such development milestone, either party may elect to terminate its obligation to fund additional development
costs, in which case either (i) the non-Terminating Party can acquire the rights of the Terminating Party for fair market value or (ii) the parties will
monetize the Product. The table below sets forth the development milestones.
Phase 2b Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 2b clinical study are dosed
Company delivers summary of key efficacy and safety data to include FEV1, IgE, ACQ-6, number of subjects
withdrawn, any severe adverse events related to the medication and an overall summary table of adverse events
(“Topline Results”) to the JSC.
Phase 3 Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 3 clinical study dosed
Company delivers Topline Results to the JSC
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (the “PDUFA”)
Competition and Market Opportunities
Milestone Date
June 30, 2023
June 30, 2024
Milestone Date
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
Current treatments of pulmonary fungal infections highlight the limitations of oral or intravenous anti-infective treatments for lung infections. Itraconazole
is one of the most commonly prescribed therapies for treating Aspergillus. infections in patients with asthma and CF. Itraconazole is available commercially
as Sporanox® in both a capsule and oral solution form. Itraconazole is metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 and coadministration with a large number of
drugs is contraindicated due to the potential for severe drug-drug interactions.
We have demonstrated that PUR1900 achieves higher local lung itraconazole concentrations with lower systemic exposure relative to oral dosing, thus
allowing for the potential to improve upon both the efficacy and safety profiles observed with oral itraconazole. Furthermore, administration by inhalation
reduces the exposure of the drug in the rest of the body, which may be beneficial in reducing systemic side effects and the risk of potentially toxic drug-
drug interactions.
6
There is precedent for both dry powder and nebulized inhaled anti-infective therapy to address specific pulmonary infections in patients which
demonstrates potential utility of inhaled drug delivery and market opportunity. Mylan currently markets TOBI Podhaler for treatment of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection in the United States and Forest Laboratories U.K. Limited (a subsidiary of Actavis PLC) markets inhaled colistin, Colobreathe, for the
same infection in Europe. Insmed currently markets Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension (Arikayce) in the United States for the treatment of lung
disease caused by a group of bacteria, Mycobacterium avium complex in a limited population of patients with the disease who do not respond to
conventional treatment (refractory disease). Arikayce was the first drug to be approved under the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and
Antifungal Drugs, or LPAD pathway, established by Congress under the 21st Century Cures Act to advance development and approval of antibacterial and
antifungal drugs to treat serious or life-threatening infections in a limited population of patients with unmet need. As required for drugs approved under the
LPAD pathway, labeling for Arikayce includes certain statements to convey that the drug has been shown to be safe and effective only for use in a limited
population. Arikayce was also approved under the accelerated approval pathway. Under this approach, the FDA may approve drugs for serious or life-
threatening diseases or conditions where the drug is shown to have an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit to
patients. The approval of Arikayce was based on achieving three consecutive negative monthly sputum cultures by month six of treatment. Insmed was
required by the FDA to conduct an additional, post-market study to describe the clinical benefits of Arikayce. There are currently no products specifically
approved for treatment of ABPA, however, there are several inhaled antifungal agents currently under development for the treatment of invasive
aspergillosis or ABPA. Treatments under development for invasive aspergillosis include PC945, a novel azole antifungal being developed by Pulmocide as
a liquid for nebulization, and a dry powder formulation of voriconazole being developed by TFF Pharmaceuticals. In principle, development of an inhaled
antifungal for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis could also be effective for ABPA but would require additional clinical studies in the target patient
population. Zambon has also developed a dry powder formulation of voriconazole for the treatment of ABPA and completed a Phase 1 study in the third
quarter of 2020. However, no additional development has since been reported. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals is currently running a clinical trial with
Dupilumab (NCT04442269) for the treatment of ABPA in asthma. This trial is anticipated to run through December 2023 and is focused on prevention of
exacerbations in individuals with at one or more severe respiratory exacerbations.
New methods to detect Aspergillus. infection in sputum have improved the sensitivity of diagnosis and clinical appreciation for these infections. Pulmonary
Aspergillus. infections affect approximately 14 million patients worldwide according to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (Improving
Outcomes for Patients with Fungal Infections across the World: A Road Map for the Next Decade). The majority of these cases occur in patients with
asthma who have allergic disease and also include invasive Aspergillus. infections that are associated with a high rate of mortality in immunocompromised
patients. We believe that PUR1900 compares favorably to the products discussed above and has the potential to generate significant value based on treating
and preventing pulmonary fungal infections in multiple patient populations.
Clinical Development
We successfully completed a Phase 1/1b clinical study in 2018 which enabled us to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study in 2019, entitled: “A Randomized,
Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole Administered as a
Dry Powder for Inhalation (PUR1900) in Adult Asthmatic Patients with ABPA.” This clinical study was terminated in July 2020 due to the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on patient enrollment and clinical study conduct. The completion of a 6-month inhalation toxicology study in dogs in 2020 enables
the conduct of the current Phase 2b clinical study.
The current Phase 2b study includes a 16-week dosing regimen and exploration of potential regulatory approval endpoints. We dosed the first patient in this
current Phase 2b clinical study during the first quarter of 2023 with topline data expected in mid-2024.
This clinical study may be affected by remaining conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects with respect to clinical study
conduct and patient enrollment. For more discussion of risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects, please see “Item 1A. RISK
FACTORS.—Risks Related to Our Business—Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.”
PUR3100
In 2020, we began developing PUR3100, the iSPERSE™ formulation of DHE, for the treatment of acute migraine. Over 38 million people suffer from
migraine in the United States. Currently DHE is only available as intravenous infusion or intranasal delivery. If approved for commercialization, PUR3100
should be the first orally inhaled DHE treatment for acute migraine and be an alternative to other acute therapies, such as oral and intravenous triptans that
currently represent the majority of the annual migraine prescriptions in the United States. Given the oral inhaled route of delivery, we believe PUR3100
could provide a rapid onset of migraine symptom relief with a favorable tolerability profile.
Competition and Market Opportunities
Current treatments for migraine include oral, intranasal, IV or intramuscular (“IM”) formulations of triptans, DHE, and calcitonin gene-related peptide
(“CGRP”) antagonists. Studies show that people with migraines are underdiagnosed, undertreated, and experience substantial decreases in functioning and
productivity, which translates into diminished quality of life for individuals, and financial burdens to patients, health-care systems, and employers. All
current treatments suffer from limited efficacy and/or tolerability and there exists a significant unmet need for safe and effective alternatives to current
treatments.
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DHE has been shown to be effective in the treatment of migraine and, in particular, hard to treat migraines, such as menstrual migraine, migraine upon
awakening, and severe migraine. Utilization of DHE has been limited due to its poor oral bioavailability, requiring IV or intranasal dosing. IV dosing
generally requires administration in a healthcare setting and the high exposure levels results in significant nausea and vomiting and as such has generally
been limited to use only in patients with intractable migraine. Intranasal dosing with Migranal (Bausch Health US LLC), approved in December 1997, has
been poorly adopted due to poor exposure resulting in inconsistent efficacy. Trudhesa (Impel NeuroPharma, Inc.), another nasal spray utilizing DHE, was
approved by the FDA in September 2021.
There is precedent for an inhaled DHE therapy. MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc. developed MAP0004, also known as Levadex or Semprana, a liquid suspension
formulation of DHE, designed to be dosed via a pMDI inhalation device. Their published data indicate a safe and well tolerated formulation with rapid
onset and long-lasting efficacy that compared favorably to existing treatments. Development of MAP0004 led to a new drug application (“NDA”) but was
halted after multiple complete response letters from the FDA citing Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (“CMC”) issues related to dose uniformity and
stability issues. Regardless of the failure of MAP0004, the efficacy and tolerability of the formulation reported by MAP Pharmaceuticals provides proof of
concept for an inhaled DHE formulation. PUR3100, the iSPERSE™ formulation planned by Pulmatrix, is anticipated to deliver DHE to the lung with
efficacy and tolerability that compares favorably with MAP0004, while avoiding the device-related issues of MAP0004 by delivering PUR3100 as an
iSPERSE™ dry powder.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no other orally inhaled DHE formulations currently in development. Migranal and Trudhesa are the two currently
FDA approved intranasal formulations. of DHE. Satsuma Pharmaceuticals has developed a dry powder formulation of DHE for intranasal dosing and have
completed two Phase 3 clinical studies (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03901482 and NCT04940390). Despite failure of both clinical studies to achieve primary
endpoints, Satsuma filed an NDA in the first quarter of 2023 based on post-hoc analysis showing benefit in secondary endpoints. Satsuma’s NDA filing is
pending, and they are actively seeking a commercialization partner.
Non-Clinical Development
A total of three 14-day good laboratory practices (“GLP”) toxicology studies have been completed with PUR3100 to support single dose clinical studies.
Preparations are underway for chronic toxicology to support long-term dosing and an eventual NDA.
Clinical Development
We have completed several interactions with the FDA and they have confirmed that, in addition to the Planned Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies, long-term
safety should be assessed in a minimum of one hundred patients for six months of dosing and fifty patients for twelve months of dosing. The FDA also
confirmed that it will be necessary to perform a safety study administering PUR3100 to otherwise healthy patients with asthma before a NDA is submitted.
On September 26, 2022, we announced the completion of patient dosing in a Phase 1 clinical study, performed in Australia, designed to assess not only
safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PUR3100 in humans, but also provide preliminary comparative bioavailability data to support the use of the
505(b)(2) pathway for marketing authorization.
The study design was a double-dummy, double-blinded trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of three dose levels of single doses of
inhaled PUR3100 with IV placebo, as compared to IV DHE (DHE mesylate injection) with inhaled placebo. Twenty-six healthy subjects were enrolled and
each of the four groups contained at least six subjects. On January 4, 2023, we announced topline results. PUR3100 was well-tolerated and there was a
lower incidence of nausea in PUR3100 dose groups compared to IV DHE. No vomiting was observed in any of the PUR3100 dose groups. Oral inhalation
of PUR3100 achieved peak exposures in the targeted therapeutic range at all doses and the Tmax occurred at five minutes after dosing.
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We believe these data are encouraging and suggest that the orally inhaled formulation of DHE, PUR3100, will result in rapid systemic exposure in the
therapeutic range, while minimizing the risk of side effects related to exposure levels associated with IV dosing. We believe the PUR3100 formulation of
DHE is highly differentiated from other DHE products already approved or in development, can be immediately self-administered and has a
pharmacokinetic profile that may potentially advance the treatment of patients with acute migraine.
We plan to open an IND in the second quarter of 2023 in order to conduct a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical study in patients with migraine
to assess the safety and effectiveness of two doses of PUR3100, in which the selection of the two doses has been informed by the initial Phase 1 clinical
study. We anticipate that this Phase 2 clinical study will initiate once financing or partnership arrangements have been made.
Clinical study starts may be affected by conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects with respect to clinical study conduct and
patient enrollment. For more discussion of risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic, please see “Item 1A. RISK FACTORS—Risks Related to Our
Business—Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.”
PUR1800
Reduced responsiveness to corticosteroids represents an important barrier to effective treatment of COPD and AECOPD and provides a clear rationale to
seek novel medicines to treat these respiratory diseases. In addition, current treatments generally fail to treat the underlying source of the AECOPD, in
particular when a viral or bacterial infection is the cause, which occurs in approximately 80% of exacerbations. RV1162, the active ingredient of PUR1800,
is a novel, potent anti-inflammatory that inhibits the phosphorylation of a narrow spectrum of kinases. In pre-clinical studies, RV1162 demonstrated direct
anti-inflammatory activity in a model of viral induced respiratory inflammation. RV1162 also demonstrated a reduction in corticosteroid-resistant
inflammatory responses in a model of cigarette smoke induced inflammation. These findings suggested that RV1162 has the potential to deliver effective
anti-inflammatory outcomes in corticosteroid-resistant patients while also reducing the underlying source of inflammation in an exacerbation, such as a
viral and/or bacterial respiratory infection.
Clinical studies conducted by RespiVert/Janssen with RV1162 formulated as a lactose blend for inhalation demonstrated that the molecule was well
tolerated for up to 14 days of dosing in patients with COPD. Analysis of sputum collected from patients with COPD treated with RV1162 showed reduced
levels of p38 phosphorylation in sputum cells and decreases in the number of neutrophils recovered in sputum after 12 days of dosing. These findings
suggest that inhalation of RV1162 may confer anti-inflammatory benefits after a short dosing regimen. Long-term toxicology studies with RV1162 as a
lactose blend suggested that this formulation was not suitable for chronic dosing.
Based upon the clinical results generated by RespiVert/Janssen for RV1162 and the anticipated benefits of an iSPERSE™ formulation of RV1162, we
entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with RespiVert Ltd. (“RespiVert”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Janssen Biotech,
Inc. on June 9, 2017. RespiVert granted us an exclusive, royalty-bearing license in a portfolio of narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor compounds (“NSKI”).
We subsequently formulated RV1162 into PUR1800 for development as a potential therapy for AECOPD.
We conducted two 28-day GLP toxicology studies in rats and dogs. Results from the two GLP toxicology studies supported the potential for PUR1800 to
improve lung exposure, with reduced lung accumulation, as compared to RV1162 as a lactose blend formulation, suggesting potential for chronic dosing.
On December 26, 2019, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “JJEI License Agreement”) with Johnson &
Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”). Under the JJEI License Agreement, we granted JJEI an option to acquire (1) the Company’s rights to an
intellectual property portfolio of materials and technology related to NSKI and (2) an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to PUR1800. As part of
the agreement, Pulmatrix was to complete chronic toxicology studies in rats and dogs, with durations of six and nine months, respectively. Pulmatrix was
also to complete a Phase 1b clinical trial in stable COPD patients. JJEI had the right to execute its option for licensure (option period) any time up to three
months following the later of (i) receipt of the final report for the clinical study, or (ii) receipt of the audited draft reports for the toxicology study. JJEI
terminated the JJEI License Agreement effective July 6, 2021, prior to delivery of any data from the ongoing toxicology studies and ongoing Phase1b
clinical study.
9
All rights to the kinase inhibitor portfolio, including PUR1800 and PUR5700, reverted back to us along with all data generated from the ongoing studies
predominantly funded through proceeds from the terminated JJEI License Agreement.
Toxicology studies in rats and dogs, with durations of six and nine months, respectively, were then completed. The data from both studies demonstrated
that PUR1800 is safe and well tolerated with chronic dosing, with no progression of findings from 28-day studies. We believe this indicates potential for
chronic dosing of PUR1800, enabling us to explore PUR1800 therapy for chronic respiratory disease such as steroid resistant asthma, COPD, or idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis. While the program is currently in development for treatment of AECOPD, these positive toxicology study results could expand
potential indications and value of the program.
Competition and Market Opportunities
There are 18 million moderate-to-severe episodes of AECOPD in the U.S. each year. AECOPD are sudden onset increases in symptoms, including
increased dyspnea, sputum purulence and volume, and wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath that require medical intervention and can lead to
hospitalization. The occurrence of an exacerbation greatly increases the likelihood of a further exacerbation within the following 6 months and creates a
significant financial burden to healthcare systems.
Steroids are standard of care for moderate-to-severe acute exacerbations, which occur across all patient severity types. We believe a significant unmet need
exists in AECOPD for those patients with underlying infection and/or steroid resistance. Acumapimod (BCT-197) is an oral p38 MAP kinase inhibitor
being developed by Mereo BioPharma. BCT-197 completed Phase 2 development as first-line therapy for severe AECOPD. In April 2019, Mereo
BioPharma announced completion of an end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA and stated the company is continuing discussions with potential partners for
BCT-197. We are not aware of any further progress in either clinical development or partnership efforts on this product.
Clinical Development
The clinical study, performed at the Medicines Evaluation Unit in Manchester, UK, was a randomized, three-way crossover double-blind study with 14
days of daily dosing which includes placebo and one of two doses of PUR1800, and included a 28 day follow up period after each treatment period. A total
of 18 adults with stable COPD were enrolled. Safety and tolerability, as well as systemic PK were evaluated.
We completed the Phase 1b safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PUR1800 for patients with stable moderate-severe COPD. Topline data was
delivered in the first quarter of 2022 and presented at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology conference in the first quarter of 2023.
PUR1800 was well tolerated and there were no observed safety signals. The PK data indicate that PUR1800 results in low and consistent systemic
exposure when administered via oral inhalation. The topline data, along with the results from chronic toxicology studies, support the continued
development of PUR1800 for the treatment of AECOPD and other inflammatory respiratory disease. These data will inform the design of a potential Phase
2 study in the treatment of AECOPD.
Business Development
PUR1900
On April 15, 2019, we entered into the Cipla Agreement with Cipla for the co-development and commercialization, on a worldwide exclusive basis, except
for the Cipla Territory defined below, of PUR1900, our inhaled iSPERSE™ drug delivery system enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole,
which is only available as an oral drug, for the treatment of all pulmonary indications, including ABPA in patients with asthma. We entered into the
Amendment on November 8, 2021.
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The Cipla Agreement will remain in effect in perpetuity, unless otherwise earlier terminated in accordance with its terms. In the event of circumstances
affecting the continuity of development of the Product in line with the Cipla Agreement or certain development milestones are not achieved within a
specified timeframe discussed in greater detail below, the JSC will evaluate the cause and effect and make a recommendation as to the most optimal option
available to Cipla and us. In such events, the parties are not obligated to follow the recommendation of the JSC and, either Terminating Party may elect to
terminate its obligation to fund additional costs and expenses for the development and/or commercialization of the Product. If the non-Terminating Party
wishes to continue the development of the Product, it will have the right to purchase the rights of the Terminating Party in the Product at its fair market
value. If both Cipla and we abandon the development program, Cipla and we shall make commercially reasonable efforts to monetize the Product and
development program in connection with the Pulmonary indications. Cipla and we will equally share the proceeds.
We and Cipla will each be responsible for 60% and 40%, respectively, of the Direct Costs, in addition to which, Cipla will reimburse us an amount equal to
10% of aggregate Direct Costs upon the achievement of the development milestones set forth in the table below, potentially bringing the sharing of Direct
Costs to a 50/50 basis. We will continue to share all other development costs with Cipla that are not Direct Costs, such as the cost of clinical research
organizations, manufacturing costs and other third-party costs, on a 50/50 basis. Additionally, upon commercialization, Cipla and the Company will share
equally, both positive and negative total free cash-flows earned by Cipla in respect of the Product.
Pursuant to the Cipla Agreement, (i) all development and commercialization activities with respect to the Product in the Cipla Territory will be conducted
exclusively by Cipla at Cipla’s sole cost and expense, and (ii) Cipla shall be entitled to all profits from the sale of the Product in the Cipla Territory, except
that if Cipla successfully transfers manufacturing of the Product for the Cipla Territory to a manufacturing site determined by Cipla, we will become
entitled to a royalty equal to 2% of net sales in the Cipla Territory.
In partnership with Cipla, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical study in 2019, entitled: “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2
Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole Administered as a Dry Powder for Inhalation (PUR1900) in Adult
Asthmatic Patients with ABPA.” This clinical study was terminated in July 2020 due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient
enrollment and clinical study conduct.
Following termination of the Phase 2 clinical study, we conducted a Type C meeting with the FDA on January 27, 2021, in order to discuss the program
overall development plan and the current Phase 2b clinical study design. The currently ongoing Phase 2b clinical study design includes a 16-week dosing
regimen with an 8-week follow up and is intended to explore potential efficacy endpoints, whereas the terminated Phase 2 clinical study had comprised
only a 4-week dosing regimen with safety and tolerability as its primary endpoint. The longer dosing regimen of the new Phase 2b clinical study is
supported by the 6-month inhalation toxicology study in dogs completed in April 2020. The new development plan, including the planned current Phase 2b
clinical study, was approved on November 8, 2021.
In addition to the terms of the Cipla Agreement described above, if any of the below development milestones are not met by the date that is nine months
after the applicable deadline for achieving such development milestone, either party may elect to terminate its obligation to fund additional development
costs, in which case either (i) the non-Terminating Party can acquire the rights of the Terminating Party for fair market value or (ii) the parties will
monetize the Product. The table below sets forth the development milestones.
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Phase 2b Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 2b clinical study are dosed
Company delivers summary of key efficacy and safety data to include FEV1, IgE, ACQ-6, number of subjects
withdrawn, any severe adverse events related to the medication and an overall summary table of adverse events
(“Topline Results”) to the JSC.
Phase 3 Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 3 clinical study dosed
Company delivers Topline Results to the JSC
The PDUFA
PUR3100
Milestone Date
June 30, 2023
June 30, 2024
Milestone Date
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
In 2020, we began developing PUR3100, the iSPERSE™ formulation of DHE, for the treatment of acute migraine. Over 38 million people suffer from
migraine in the United States. Currently DHE is only available as intravenous infusion or intranasal delivery. If approved for commercialization, PUR3100
should be the first orally inhaled DHE treatment for acute migraine and be an alternative to other acute therapies, such as oral and intravenous triptans that
currently represent the majority of the annual migraine prescriptions in the United States. Given the oral inhaled route of delivery, we believe PUR3100
could provide a rapid onset of migraine symptom relief with a favorable tolerability profile.
We plan to open an IND in the second quarter of 2023 in order to conduct a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical study in patients with migraine
to assess the safety and effectiveness of two doses of PUR3100. We anticipate that this Phase 2 clinical study will initiate once financing or partnership
arrangements have been made. We are currently exploring such arrangements.
PUR1800
We entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with RespiVert on June 9, 2017. RespiVert granted us an exclusive, royalty-
bearing license in a portfolio of NSKI. We subsequently formulated RV1162 into PUR1800 for development as a potential therapy for AECOPD.
We conducted two 28-day GLP toxicology studies in rats and dogs. Results from the two GLP toxicology studies, supported the potential for PUR1800 to
result in improved lung exposure with reduced lung accumulation as compared to RV1162 as a lactose blend formulation, suggesting potential for chronic
dosing.
Following completion of two 28-day GLP toxicology studies in rats and dogs, on December 26, 2019, we entered into the JJEI License Agreement. Under
the JJEI License Agreement, we granted JJEI an option to acquire (1) the Company’s rights to an intellectual property portfolio of materials and technology
related to NSKI and (2) an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to PUR1800. As part of the agreement, Pulmatrix was to complete chronic
toxicology studies in rats and dogs, with durations of six and nine months, respectively. Pulmatrix was also to complete a Phase 1b clinical trial in stable
COPD patients. JJEI had the right to execute its option for licensure (option period) any time up to three months following the later of (i) receipt of the final
report for the clinical study, or (ii) receipt of the audited draft reports for the toxicology study. JJEI terminated the agreement effective July 6, 2021, prior to
delivery of any data from the ongoing toxicology studies and ongoing Phase 1b clinical study. All rights to the kinase inhibitor portfolio, including
PUR1800 and PUR5700, reverted back to us along with all data generated from the ongoing studies predominantly funded through proceeds from the
terminated agreement.
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Intellectual Property
Patents and Patent Applications
We protect our intellectual property by filing and advancing patent applications and maintaining granted patents on our iSPERSE™ platform technology
and in-licensed kinase inhibitors, which includes claims to compositions of matter and methods of use for our PUR1900, PUR3100, PUR1800 and other
programs, as well as manufacturing processes, devices and packaging relevant to our iSPERSE™ platform and product candidates.
The status of our patent portfolio changes frequently in the ordinary course of patent prosecution. As of December 31, 2022, our patent portfolio related to
iSPERSE™ included approximately 137 granted patents, 19 of which are granted US patents, with expiration dates from 2024 to 2037, and approximately
49 additional pending patent applications in the US and other jurisdictions. Our in-licensed portfolio related to kinase inhibitors included approximately
276 granted patents, 32 of which are granted US patents, with expiration dates from 2029 to 2035, and approximately 26 additional pending patent
applications in the US and other jurisdictions. On March 1, 2022, we filed a patent treaty application that discloses and claims certain formulations and
methods of use relevant to our PUR3100 program.
There can be no assurance that the patent applications will be granted. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the
countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent
application. In the United States, the patent term of a patent that covers a FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits
patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The length of the patent term extension is
related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14
years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. In the future, if and when our products
receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. Similar provisions are available in Europe and
other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. We plan to seek patent term extensions to extend the patent coverage
of any of our products that received regulatory approval in any jurisdiction where these extensions are available. However, there is no guarantee that the
applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment on whether such extensions should be granted, and if granted,
the length of such extensions.
The patent positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition,
the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance.
Consequently, we may not obtain or maintain adequate patent protection for any of our product candidates. We cannot predict whether the patent
applications we are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient
proprietary protection from competitors. Any patents that we hold may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.
Trade Secrets
We also rely on trade secret protection of our confidential and proprietary information, including the iSPERSE™ technology. Although we take steps to
protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees, consultants and others, third parties may
independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our
technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific
collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting
relationships with us. These confidentiality agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or
made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us must be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in
specific circumstances. Our confidentiality agreements with our employees also provide that all inventions conceived by the employee in the course of
employment with us or from the employee’s use of our confidential information are our exclusive property.
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Manufacturing
We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our product candidates. We have
small-scale production capabilities and generally perform early process development for our product candidates to produce the quantities necessary to
conduct preclinical studies of our investigational product candidates. We do not have, and do not currently plan to acquire or develop, the facilities or
capabilities to manufacture bulk drug substance or drug product for use in human clinical studies. We rely on contract manufacturing organizations
(“CMOs”) and third-party contractors to manufacture drug substance and drug product required for our clinical studies. We expect to continue to rely on
CMOs to manufacture drug substances and drug products under the appropriate current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) conditions to perform
clinical studies for the foreseeable future. We also contract with CMOs for the labeling, packaging, storage and distribution of investigational drug
products. These arrangements allow us to maintain a more flexible infrastructure while focusing our expertise on researching and developing our products.
We expect to continue to rely on contract manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities of our product candidates in accordance with the appropriate
cGMPs for the pertinent phase of clinical trials. cGMP compliance includes strict adherence to regulations for quality control, quality assurance, and the
maintenance of records and documentation. The manufacturing facilities that manufacture our approved drug products, if any are approved in the future,
must comply with the FDA’s cGMP regulation requirements and have acquired FDA or other regulatory approval for the manufacturing of our commercial
products. Our contract manufacturers may also be subject to inspections of facilities by regulatory authorities to ensure compliance with applicable
regulations. Contract manufacturers often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of
qualified personnel. We have little or no direct control over our manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure to comply with
applicable regulatory requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product
seizure or recall, or withdrawal of product approval. These actions could have a material impact on the availability of products.
Suppliers
We also rely on third-party contract manufacturers to supply the APIs that are used to formulate our therapeutic candidates. We place purchase orders with
different contract manufacturers for the APIs required for PUR1900, PUR3100 and PUR1800. We additionally rely on third-party vendors to supply raw
materials for our APIs and drug products.
Research and Development
For fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we spent approximately $18.2 million and $15.4 million, respectively, on research and development
activities.
Government Regulation
Pharmaceutical companies are subject to extensive regulation by national, state and local agencies, such as the FDA, in the United States and the European
Medicines Agency in Europe. The manufacture, distribution, marketing, and sale of pharmaceutical products are subject to government regulation in the
United States and various foreign countries. Additionally, in the United States, we must follow rules and regulations established by the FDA requiring the
presentation of data indicating that our products are safe and efficacious and are manufactured in accordance with cGMP regulations. If we do not comply
with applicable requirements, we may be fined, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to manufacture or market its
products, and we may be criminally prosecuted. We and our manufacturers and clinical research organizations may also be subject to regulations under
other federal, state and local laws, including, but not limited to, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, the Clean Air Act and import, export and customs regulations as well as the laws and regulations of other countries. Pharmaceutical companies must
ensure their compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and federal healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act, and the U.S.
government has increased its enforcement activity regarding illegal marketing practices domestically and internationally.
These regulatory requirements impact our operations and differ from one country to another, such that securing the applicable regulatory approvals of one
country does not imply the approval of another country. However, securing the approval of a more stringent body, e.g., the FDA, may facilitate receiving
the approval by a regulatory authority in a different country where the regulatory requirements are similar or less stringent. The approval procedures
involve high costs and are manpower intensive and usually extend over many years and require highly skilled and professional resources.
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FDA Approval Process
The steps required to be taken before a new drug may be marketed in the United States generally include:
● Completion of preclinical laboratory and animal testing;
● The submission to the FDA of an IND application, which must be evaluated and found acceptable by the FDA before human clinical trials
may commence;
● Performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with FDA’s IND regulations to establish the safety and
efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use; and
● Submission and approval of a NDA.
Clinical studies are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, what types of patients may enter the study,
schedules of tests and procedures, drugs, dosages, and length of study, as well as the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria to
be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical study and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND application.
In all the countries that are signatories of the Helsinki Declaration, the prerequisite for conducting clinical trials on human subjects is securing the
preliminary approval of the competent authorities of that country to conduct medical experiments on human subjects in compliance with the other
principles established by the Helsinki Declaration.
The clinical testing of a product candidate (also commonly referenced as a “drug product candidate” or a “therapeutic product candidate”) generally is
conducted in three sequential phases prior to approval, but the phases may overlap or be combined. A fourth, or post approval, phase may include
additional clinical studies. The phases are generally as follows:
Phase 1. In Phase 1 clinical studies, the product is tested in a small number of patients with the target condition or disease or in healthy volunteers. These
studies are designed to evaluate the safety, dosage tolerance, metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the product candidate in humans, side effects
associated with increasing doses, and, in some cases, to gain early evidence on efficacy. The number of participants included in Phase 1 studies is generally
in the range of 20 to 80.
Phase 2. In Phase 2 studies, in addition to safety, the sponsor evaluates the efficacy of the product candidate on targeted indications to determine dosage
tolerance and optimal dosage and to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks. Phase 2 studies typically are larger than Phase 1 but smaller than
Phase 3 studies and may involve several hundred participants.
Phase 3. Phase 3 studies typically involve an expanded patient population at geographically-dispersed test sites. They are performed after preliminary
evidence suggesting effectiveness of the product candidate has been obtained and are designed to further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety, to establish
the overall benefit-risk relationship of the product candidate and to provide an adequate basis for a potential product approval. Phase 3 studies usually
involve several hundred to several thousand participants.
Phase 4. Phase 4 clinical trials are post marketing studies designed to collect additional safety data as well as potentially expand a product indication. Post
marketing commitments are required of, or agreed to by, a sponsor after the FDA has approved a product for marketing. These studies are used to gain
additional information from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and to verify a clinical benefit in the case of drugs approved
under accelerated approval regulations. If the FDA approves a product while a company has ongoing clinical trials that were not necessary for approval, a
company may be able to use the data from these clinical trials to meet all or part of any Phase 4 clinical trial requirement. These clinical trials are often
referred to as Phase 4 post-approval or post marketing commitments. Failure to promptly conduct Phase 4 clinical trials could result in the inability to
deliver the product into interstate commerce, misbranding charges, and civil monetary penalties.
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Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices (“GCP”), requirements. The FDA may order the temporary or
permanent discontinuation of a clinical study at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical study is not being conducted in accordance
with FDA requirements or that the participants are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. An institutional review board (“IRB”) generally must
approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent at study sites that the IRB oversees and also may halt a study, either temporarily or
permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions. Additionally, some clinical studies are overseen by an
independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical study sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group
recommends whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study. The clinical study sponsor
may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate.
As a product candidate moves through the clinical testing phases, manufacturing processes are further defined, refined, controlled and validated. The level
of control and validation required by the FDA would generally increase as clinical studies progress. We and the third-party manufacturers on which we rely
for the manufacture of our product candidates and their respective components (including the API) are subject to requirements that drugs be manufactured,
packaged and labeled in conformity with cGMP. To comply with cGMP requirements, manufacturers must continue to spend time, money and effort to
meet requirements relating to personnel, facilities, equipment, production and process, labeling and packaging, quality control, recordkeeping and other
requirements.
Assuming completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed information on the product candidate is
submitted to the FDA in the form of a NDA, requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications, together with payment of a user fee,
unless waived. A NDA includes all relevant data available from pertinent nonclinical and clinical studies, including negative or ambiguous results as well
as positive findings, together with detailed information on the chemistry, manufacture, control and proposed labeling, among other things. To support
marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for its
intended use to the satisfaction of the FDA.
If a NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the PDUFA, the FDA’s goal is to complete its initial
review and respond to the applicant within twelve months of submission, unless the application relates to an unmet medical need in a serious or life-
threatening indication, in which case the goal may be within eight months of NDA submission. However, PDUFA goal dates are not legal mandates and
FDA response often occurs several months beyond the original PDUFA goal date. Further, the review process and the target response date under PDUFA
may be extended if the FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification regarding information already
provided in the NDA. The NDA review process can, accordingly, be very lengthy. During its review of a NDA, the FDA may refer the application to an
advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the
recommendation of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations. Data from clinical studies are not always conclusive and the
FDA and/or any advisory committee it appoints may interpret data differently than the applicant.
After the FDA evaluates the NDA and inspects manufacturing facilities where the drug product and/or its API will be produced, it will either approve
commercial marketing of the drug product with prescribing information for specific indications or issue a complete response letter indicating that the
application is not ready for approval and stating the conditions that must be met in order to secure approval of the NDA. If the complete response letter
requires additional data and the applicant subsequently submits that data, the FDA nevertheless may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy its
criteria for approval. The FDA could also approve the NDA with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, plan to mitigate risks, which could include
medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk
minimization tools. The FDA also may condition approval on, among other things, changes to proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and
specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-marketing testing. Such post-marketing testing may include Phase 4 clinical studies and surveillance to
further assess and monitor the product’s safety and efficacy after approval. Regulatory approval of products for serious or life-threatening indications may
require that participants in clinical studies be followed for long periods to determine the overall survival benefit of the drug.
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If the FDA approves one of our therapeutic candidates, we will be required to comply with a number of post-approval regulatory requirements. We will
also be required to report, among other things, certain adverse reactions and production problems to the FDA, provide updated safety and efficacy
information and comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for any of its products. Also, quality control and manufacturing
procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP,
which imposes extensive procedural, substantive and record keeping requirements. If we seek to make certain changes to an approved product, such as
certain manufacturing changes, we will need FDA review and approval before the change can be implemented. For example, if we change the manufacturer
of a product or its API, the FDA may require stability or other data from the new manufacturer, which will take time and is costly to generate, and the delay
associated with generating this data may cause interruptions in its ability to meet commercial demand, if any. While physicians may use products for
indications that have not been approved by the FDA, we may not label or promote the product for an indication that has not been approved. Securing FDA
approval for new indications is similar to the process for approval of the original indication and requires, among other things, submitting data from
adequate and well-controlled studies that demonstrate the product’s safety and efficacy in the new indication. Even if such studies are conducted, the FDA
may not approve any change in a timely fashion, or at all.
We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of clinical and future commercial, quantities of its therapeutic candidates.
Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at these third-party facilities that may disrupt production or distribution or require
substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable
requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the
market or other voluntary, FDA-initiated or judicial action that could delay or prohibit further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or efficacy
data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the
implementation of other risk management measures. Many of the foregoing could limit the commercial value of an approved product or require us to
commit substantial additional resources in connection with the approval of a product. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from
new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of its products under
development.
Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications
As an alternate path for FDA approval of new indications or new formulations of previously approved products, a company may file a Section 505(b)(2)
NDA, instead of a “stand-alone” or “full” NDA. Section 505(b)(2), was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of
1984, otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of a NDA where at least some of the information
required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. Some
examples of products that may be allowed to follow a 505(b)(2) path to approval are drugs that have a new dosage form, strength, route of administration,
formulation or indication.
The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit the applicant to rely upon certain published nonclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product or
the FDA’s conclusions from prior review of such studies. The FDA may require companies to perform additional studies or measurements to support any
changes from the approved product. The FDA may then approve the new product for all or some of the labeled indications for which the reference product
has been approved, as well as for any new indication supported by the NDA. While references to nonclinical and clinical data not generated by the
applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed, all development, process, stability, qualification and validation data
related to the manufacturing and quality of the new product must be included in an NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2).
To the extent that the Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on the FDA’s conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the
applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication. Specifically, the
applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired but
will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product.
The Section 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical
entity, listed in the Orange Book for the reference product has expired. Thus, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant may invest a significant amount of time and
expense in the development of its products only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before its products may be commercialized.
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Orphan Drug Designation
The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 (the “Orphan Drug Act”) encourages manufacturers to seek approval of products intended to treat “rare diseases and
conditions” with a prevalence of fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States or for which there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the
development costs for the product. For products that receive Orphan Drug designation by the FDA, the Orphan Drug Act provides tax credits for clinical
research, FDA assistance with protocol design, eligibility for FDA grants to fund clinical studies, waiver of the FDA application fee, and a period of seven
years of marketing exclusivity for the product following FDA marketing approval. In limited circumstances, the FDA may approve a competing product if
the product shows clinical superiority over a product with orphan drug designation exclusivity.
Foreign Regulation
In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and
distribution of its products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval by the comparable regulatory authorities of
foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to
country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product
licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.
Under European Union regulatory systems, a company may submit marketing authorization applications either under a centralized or decentralized
procedure. The centralized procedure, which is compulsory for medicines produced by biotechnology or those medicines intended to treat acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders or diabetes and optional for those medicines which are highly innovative, provides for
the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. Abridged applications for the authorization of generic
versions of drugs authorized by European Medicines Agency can be submitted to the European Medicines Agency through a centralized procedure
referencing the innovator’s data and demonstrating bioequivalence to the reference product, among other things. The decentralized procedure provides for
mutual recognition of national approval decisions. Under this procedure, the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the
remaining member states. Within 90 days of receiving the applications and assessments report, each member state must decide whether to recognize
approval. If a member state does not recognize the marketing authorization, the disputed points are eventually referred to the European Commission, whose
decision is binding on all member states.
Reimbursement
In the United States and other countries, sales of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the
availability of reimbursement from third-party payers, including government payers, managed care providers, private health insurers and other
organizations. Each third-party payer may have its own policy regarding what products it will cover, the conditions under which it will cover such products,
and how much it will pay for such products. Third-party payers are increasingly examining the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of medical
products and services in addition to safety and efficacy and, accordingly, significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved
therapeutics. Third-party reimbursement adequate to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in research and product development may
not be available for our products.
The passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “MMA”) sets forth requirements for the distribution and
pricing of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries, which may affect the marketing of our products. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement
methodology. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy
and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in
payments from non-governmental payers.
In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing
drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of
medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use.
A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of
the company placing the medicinal product on the market.
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We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement governmental pricing controls. While we cannot predict
whether such legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted, the adoption of such proposals could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and profitability.
Compliance with Environmental Laws
Compliance with applicable environmental requirements during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 has not had a material effect upon our capital
expenditures, earnings or competitive position.
Employees
As of December 31, 2022, we had 1 part-time and 28 full-time employees, 24 of whom were engaged in full-time research and development activities.
None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees.
Properties
Our corporate headquarters is located in Lexington, Massachusetts. We currently lease 22,000 square feet of office and lab space in Lexington,
Massachusetts under a lease that originally expired on December 31, 2020. On April 23, 2020, October 6, 2021 and March 7, 2023, extensions to our lease
for office and lab space were signed between us and 99 Hayden LLC. As a result of the extensions to the original lease executed on May 31, 2007, the lease
term now expires on August 31, 2023.
On January 7, 2022, we executed a new lease with Cobalt Propco 2020, LLC for our future corporate headquarters which will be located in Bedford,
Massachusetts. The term of the future lease for approximately 20,000 square feet of office and lab space is expected to commence in July 2023, with an
initial noncancellable term of ten years.
We believe that our existing and future facilities are adequate to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional alternative spaces will be available in
the future on commercially reasonable terms for our future growth.
Available Information
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and, in accordance therewith,
we file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We make available, free of charge, our
Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports on our website at
www.pulmatrix.com as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities
and Exchange Commission.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
The following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, should be carefully
considered. If any of the following risks, either alone or taken together, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe to not be
significant, develop into actual events, then our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially adversely affected. If
that happens, the market price of our common stock could decline, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment.
Risk Factor Summary
We are providing the following summary of the risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to enhance the readability and accessibility of
our risk factor disclosures. We encourage you to carefully review the full risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in their entirety for
additional information regarding the material factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky. These risks and uncertainties include,
but are not limited to, the following:
● We have a history of net losses and may experience future losses;
● We will need to raise additional capital to meet our business requirements in the future and such capital raising may be costly or difficult to
obtain and could dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests;
● We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our
management;
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● We are a clinical development stage biotechnology company and have never been profitable;
● All of our product candidates are still under development, and there can be no assurance of successful commercialization of any of our
products;
● Drug development is a long, expensive, and inherently uncertain process with a high risk of failure at every stage of development, and results
of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results;
● If our collaborators are not successful, we may not effectively develop and market some of our therapeutic candidates;
● We may not be able to attract, retain, or manage highly qualified personnel, which could adversely impact our business;
● We face substantial competition in the development of our product candidates and may not be able to compete successfully, and our product
candidates may be rendered obsolete by rapid technological change;
● If the third parties on which we rely to conduct our clinical trials, to manufacture clinical trial materials, and to assist us with preclinical
development do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, or to
commercialize, our products;
● Our failure to successfully acquire, develop and market additional drug candidates or approved drug products could impair our ability to
grow;
● We may be subject to claims that our employees, independent consultants or agencies have wrongfully used or inadvertently disclosed
confidential information of third parties;
● Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition and share price;
● The COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects have caused interruptions or delays of our clinical studies and may continue to have a
significant adverse effect on our business;
● Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations;
● Our product candidates must undergo rigorous nonclinical and clinical testing, and we must obtain regulatory approvals, which could be
costly and time-consuming and subject us to unanticipated delays or prevent us from marketing any products;
● We cannot be certain that any of our current and future product candidates will receive regulatory approval, and without regulatory approval
we will not be able to market our product candidates;
● We have limited experience in filing and pursuing applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals, which may impede our ability to obtain
timely approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or foreign regulatory agencies, if at all;
● We and our third-party manufacturers are, and will be, subject to regulations of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities;
● We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our rights to intellectual property, causing us to lose valuable rights. Loss of patent rights
may lead us to lose market share and anticipated profits;
● Legal proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement and other challenges may require us to spend substantial time
and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates;
● The price of our common stock is subject to fluctuation and has been, and may, continue to be volatile;
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● Financial reporting obligations of being a public company in the United States are expensive and time-consuming, and our management may
be required to devote substantial time to compliance matters;
● Anti-takeover provisions under Delaware corporate law may make it difficult for our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors
and could deter or delay third parties from acquiring us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders; and
● Protective provisions in our charter and bylaws could prevent a takeover which could harm our stockholders.
Risks Related to Our Business
We have a history of net losses and may experience future losses.
We have yet to establish any history of profitable operations. We reported a net loss of $18.8 million and $20.2 million for the fiscal years ended December
31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $273.5 million. We expect to incur additional
operating losses for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve sufficient revenues throughout the year or be
profitable in the future.
We will need to raise additional capital to meet our business requirements in the future and such capital raises may be costly or difficult to obtain and
could dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests.
Our current capital will be sufficient to enable us to continue operations for at least 12 months following the filing date of this Annual Report. In order to
continue our operations and to fully realize all of our business objectives, absent any non-dilutive funding from a strategic partner or some other strategic
transactions, we will need to raise additional capital, which may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. For instance, we will need to raise
additional funds to accomplish the following:
● advancing the research and development of our therapeutic candidates;
● investing in protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio, including filing for additional patents to strengthen our intellectual
property rights;
● hiring and retaining qualified management and key employees;
● responding to competitive pressures; and
● maintaining compliance with applicable laws.
Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity or equity backed securities will dilute our stockholders’ ownership percentages and could also result
in a decrease in the market value of our equity securities.
The terms of any securities issued by us in future financing transactions may be more favorable to new investors, and may include preferences, superior
voting rights and the issuance of warrants or other derivative securities, which may have a further dilutive effect on the holders of any of our securities then
outstanding.
Furthermore, any additional capital financing that we may need in the future may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. If we are unable to
obtain such additional financing on a timely basis, we may have to curtail our development activities and growth plans and/or be forced to sell assets,
perhaps on unfavorable terms, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and ultimately
could be forced to discontinue our operations and liquidate, in which event it is unlikely that stockholders would receive any distribution on their shares.
Further, we may not be able to continue operating if we do not generate sufficient revenues from operations needed to stay in business.
In addition, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, securities
law compliance fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with
certain securities we issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which may adversely impact our financial condition and cause further dilution to our
stockholders.
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We are a clinical development stage biotechnology company and have never been profitable. We expect to incur additional losses in the future and may
never be profitable.
We are a clinical development stage biotechnology company. We have not commercialized any product candidates or recognized any revenues from our
product sales. All of our product candidates are still in the preclinical or clinical development stage, and none have been approved for marketing or are
currently being marketed or commercialized. Our product candidates will require significant additional development, clinical studies, regulatory clearances,
and additional investments of time and capital before they can be commercialized. We cannot be certain when or if any of our product candidates will
obtain the required regulatory approval.
We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses each year since our inception. Our losses are principally a result of research and development
and general administrative expenses in support of our operations. We may incur significant additional losses as we continue to focus our resources on
prioritizing, selecting and advancing our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends mainly upon our ability,
alone or with others, to successfully develop our product candidates, obtain the required regulatory approvals in various territories and commercialize our
product candidates. We may be unable to achieve any or all of these goals with regard to our product candidates. As a result, we may never be profitable or
achieve significant and/or sustained revenues.
All of our product candidates are still under development, and there can be no assurance of successful commercialization of any of our products.
All of our research and development programs are in developmental stages. One or more of our product candidates may fail to meet safety and efficacy
standards in human testing, even if those product candidates are found to be effective in animal studies. To develop and commercialize inhaled therapeutic
treatment for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”), acute migraine, and other iSPERSE™-based product candidates, we must provide the
FDA and foreign regulatory authorities with human clinical and non-clinical animal data that demonstrate adequate safety and effectiveness. To generate
these data, we will have to subject our product candidates to significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive non-clinical
studies and clinical testing. Our approach to drug discovery may not be effective or may not result in the development of any drug. Currently our
development efforts are primarily focused on PUR1900, PUR3100 and PUR1800. Even if PUR1900, PUR3100 and PUR1800 or our other product
candidates are successful when tested in animals, such success would not be a guarantee of the safety or effectiveness of such product candidates in
humans. It can take several years for a product to be approved and we may not be successful in bringing any therapeutic candidates to the market. A new
drug may appear promising at an early stage of development or after clinical trials and never reach the market, or it may reach the market and not sell, for a
variety of reasons. For example, the drug may:
● be shown to be ineffective or to cause harmful side effects during preclinical testing or clinical trials;
● fail to receive regulatory approval on a timely basis or at all;
● be difficult to manufacture on a large scale;
● not be economically viable;
● not be prescribed by doctors or accepted by patients;
● fail to receive a sufficient level of reimbursement from government, insurers or other third-party payors; or
● infringe on intellectual property rights of any other party.
If our delivery platform technologies or product development efforts fail to generate product candidates that lead to the successful development and
commercialization of products, our business and financial condition will be materially adversely affected.
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Drug development is a long, expensive and inherently uncertain process with a high risk of failure at every stage of development, and results of earlier
studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.
We have a number of proprietary drug candidates in research and development ranging from the early discovery research phase through preclinical testing
and clinical trials. Preclinical testing and clinical trials are long, expensive and highly uncertain processes. It will take us several years to complete clinical
trials and we may not have the resources to complete the development and commercialization of any of our proposed drug candidates. The start or end of a
clinical trial, such as our Phase 2b trial for PUR1900 and future trials, can often be delayed or halted due to changing regulatory requirements,
manufacturing challenges, required clinical trial administrative actions, slower than anticipated patient enrollment, changing standards of care, availability
or prevalence of use of a competitor drug or required prior therapy, clinical outcomes, or financial constraints of us and our partners.
Drug development is a highly uncertain scientific and medical endeavor, and failure can unexpectedly occur at any stage of preclinical and clinical
development. Typically, there is a high rate of attrition for drug candidates in preclinical and clinical trials due to scientific feasibility, safety, efficacy,
changing standards of medical care and other variables. The risk of failure is heightened for our drug candidates that are based on new technologies, such
as the application of our dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™, including PUR1900, PUR3100, PUR1800 and other iSPERSE™-based drug candidates
currently in discovery research or preclinical development. The failure of one or more of our iSPERSE™-based drug candidates could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials of previously published iSPERSE™-based products may not necessarily be indicative of the
results of our future clinical trials. The design of our clinical trials is based on many assumptions about the expected effects of inhaled drugs used
historically in the industry and if those assumptions are incorrect, the trials may not produce statistically significant results. Preliminary results may not be
confirmed upon full analysis of the detailed results of an early clinical trial. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show safety and
efficacy sufficient to support intended use claims despite having progressed through initial clinical trials. The data collected from clinical trials of our
product candidates may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. Because of the uncertainties associated with drug
development and regulatory approval, we cannot determine if, or when, we may have an approved product for commercialization or whether we will ever
achieve sales of or profits on our product candidates or those we may pursue in the future.
If our collaborators are not successful, or breach their agreements with us, we may not effectively develop and market some of our therapeutic
candidates.
At this time, we have entered into a co-development agreement regarding one of our therapeutic candidates and, as a result, we no longer have complete
control over the development of this candidate. If our collaborators do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, or they
otherwise breach their contractual obligations to us, we may be delayed or may not obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize, our product
candidates. We are also subject to the terms of such co-development agreements that may affect our ability to develop and manufacture our therapeutic
candidates. For example, under the Amendment to the Cipla Agreement, if we do not meet our development milestones on time, we may be required to
repurchase Cipla’s interest or may not be able to further the development program. As a result of such limitations, we may be unable to pursue the most
efficient or profitable path in developing our therapeutic candidates.
If our relationships with these collaborators terminate, we believe that we would be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties. However,
replacing any collaborator could delay our clinical trials and could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and commercialize our product
candidates on a timely basis, if at all.
We may not be able to attract, retain, or manage highly qualified personnel, which could adversely impact our business.
Our future success and ability to compete in the biotechnology industry is substantially dependent on our ability to identify, attract, and retain highly
qualified key managerial, scientific, medical, and operations personnel. The market for key employees in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries
is competitive. The loss of the services of any of our principal members of management or key employees without an adequate replacement or our inability
to hire new employees as needed could delay our product development efforts, harm our ability to sell our products or otherwise negatively impact our
business.
The scientific, research and development personnel upon whom we rely to operate our business have expertise in certain aspects of drug development and
clinical development, and it may be difficult to retain or replace these individuals. We conduct our operations at our facilities in Lexington, Massachusetts,
within the greater Boston area, and this region is headquarters to many other biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and medical technology companies, as well as
many academic and research institutions, and, therefore, we face increased competition for technical and managerial personnel in this region.
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In addition, we have scientific, medical and clinical advisors who assist us in designing and formulating our products and with development and clinical
strategies. These advisors are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their
availability to us, or may have arrangements with other companies to assist in the development of products that may compete with ours.
Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management and scientific and development teams may terminate their employment with
us at any time. Although we have written employment offer letter agreements with our executive officers, our executive officers can leave their
employment at any time, for any reason, with 30 days’ notice. A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, caused by
the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime
to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our manufacturing
and distribution facilities and overall business. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high-level, or if mitigation
measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, such as overtime and third-party outsourcing, have unintended negative effects, our
business could be adversely affected. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation, caused by the COVID-19
pandemic and its ongoing effects or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of
operations, liquidity or cash flows. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or our other key employees and our inability to find suitable
replacements could potentially harm our business, financial condition and prospects. We do not maintain “key man” insurance policies on the lives of these
individuals or the lives of any of our other employees.
We face substantial competition in the development of our product candidates and may not be able to compete successfully, and our product candidates
may be rendered obsolete by rapid technological change.
The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is highly competitive, and we face significant competition from many pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical
and biotechnology companies that are researching and marketing products designed to address the indications for which we are currently developing
therapeutic candidates or for which we may develop product candidates in the future.
Many of our existing or potential competitors have, or have access to, substantially greater financial, research and development, production, and sales and
marketing resources than we do and have a greater depth and number of experienced managers. As a result, our competitors may be better equipped than us
to develop, manufacture, market and sell competing products. In addition, gaining favorable reimbursement is critical to the success of our product
candidates. We are aware of many established pharmaceutical companies in the United States and other parts of the world that have or are developing
technologies for inhaled drug delivery for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, including GlaxoSmithKline, Mereo BioPharma, Mylan,
Savara, Insmed, Satsuma, Bristol-Meyers, TFF Pharmaceuticals, Zambon Pharma and Pulmocide, which we consider our potential competitors in this
regard. If we are unable to compete successfully with these and other potential future competitors, we may be unable to grow or generate revenue.
The rapid rate of scientific discoveries and technological changes could result in one or more of our product candidates becoming obsolete or
noncompetitive. Our competitors may develop or introduce new products that render our iSPERSE™ delivery technology and other product candidates less
competitive, uneconomical or obsolete. Some of these technologies may have an entirely different approach or means of accomplishing similar therapeutic
effects compared to our drug candidates. Our future success will depend not only on our ability to develop our product candidates but to improve them and
keep pace with emerging industry developments. We cannot assure you that we will be able to do so.
We also expect to face increasing competition from universities and other non-profit research organizations. These institutions carry out a significant
amount of research and development in the areas of respiratory diseases. These institutions are becoming increasingly aware of the commercial value of
their findings and are more active in seeking patent and other proprietary rights as well as licensing revenues.
The potential acceptance of therapeutics that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our product candidates, even if commercialized.
Respiratory diseases, including our targeted diseases and conditions, can also be treated by other medication or drug delivery technologies. These
treatments may be widely accepted in medical communities and have a longer history of use. The established use of these competitive drugs may limit the
potential for our product candidates to receive widespread acceptance if commercialized.
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If the third parties on which we rely to conduct our clinical trials and to assist us with preclinical development do not perform as contractually required
or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, or to commercialize, our products.
We do not have the ability to independently conduct our preclinical and clinical trials for our products and we must rely on third parties, such as contract
research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct such trials. If these third parties do not successfully
carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if these third parties need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy
of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our preclinical
development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or
successfully commercialize, our products on a timely basis, if at all, and our business, operating results and prospects may be adversely affected.
Furthermore, our third-party clinical trial investigators may be delayed in conducting our clinical trials for reasons outside of our control, such as, but not
limited to, patient enrollment.
We rely on third-party contract vendors to manufacture and supply us with high quality active pharmaceutical ingredients and manufacture our
therapeutic candidates in the quantities we require on a timely basis.
We currently do not manufacture any active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”). Instead, we rely on third-party vendors for the manufacture and supply of
our APIs that are used to formulate our therapeutic candidates. We also do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities and therefore rely, and
expect to continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture clinical and commercial quantities of our therapeutic candidates and for quality assurance related
to regulatory compliance. If these suppliers or manufacturers are incapable or unwilling to meet our current or future needs at our standards or on
acceptable terms, if at all, we may be unable to locate alternative suppliers or manufacturers on acceptable terms, if at all, or produce necessary materials or
components on our own.
While there may be several alternative suppliers of API in the market, changing API suppliers or finding and qualifying new API suppliers can be costly
and can take a significant amount of time. Many APIs require significant lead time to manufacture. There can also be challenges in maintaining similar
quality or technical standards from one manufacturing batch to the next. We could experience a delay in conducting clinical trials of or obtaining regulatory
approval for PUR1900, PUR3100 and PUR1800 or our other drug candidates and incur additional costs if we changed API suppliers for any reason.
Similarly, replacing our manufacturers could cause us to incur added costs and experience delays in identifying, engaging, qualifying and training any such
replacements.
If we are not able to find stable, affordable, high quality, or reliable supplies of the APIs, or if we are unable to maintain our existing or future third-party
manufacturing arrangements, we may not be able to produce enough supply of our therapeutic candidates or commercialize any therapeutic candidates on a
timely and competitive basis, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Supply chain and shipping disruptions may result in shipping delays, a significant increase in shipping costs, and could increase product costs and
result in lost sales and reputational damage, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Our third-party manufacturers and suppliers have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, supply chain disruption and shipping disruptions,
including disruptions or delays in loading container cargo in ports of origin or off-loading cargo at ports of destination, as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic and its ongoing effects, congestion in port terminal facilities, labor supply and shipping container shortages, inadequate equipment and persons to
load, dock and offload container vessels and for other reasons. These disruptions may impact our ability to receive our raw materials and certain
components required for the manufacture of our clinical trial materials or products in the future, to distribute our products in a cost-effective and timely
manner and to meet demand, all of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that
further unforeseen events impacting the supply chain will not have a material adverse effect on us in the future. Additionally, the impacts that supply chain
disruptions have on our third-party manufacturers and suppliers are not within our control. It is not currently possible to predict how long it will take for
these supply chain disruptions to cease or ease. Prolonged supply chain disruption that may impact us or our manufacturers and suppliers could interrupt or
delay our clinical trials, product manufacturing, increase raw material and product lead times, increase raw material and product costs, impact our ability to
meet customer demand and result in lost sales and reputational damage, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
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We may not be successful in negotiating for an appropriate price in a future sale or assignment of our rights related to our current drug candidates.
We may seek to sell or assign our rights related to our current drug candidates. If completed, any such sale or assignment may be at a substantial discount,
the consideration received may not accurately represent the value of the assets sold or assigned and our stockholders may not be entitled to participate in
the future prospects of such drug candidates.
Our failure to successfully acquire, develop and market additional drug candidates or approved drug products could impair our ability to grow.
As part of our growth strategy, we may evaluate, acquire, license, develop and/or market additional product candidates and technologies, subject to the
availability of adequate financing. However, our internal research capabilities are limited, and we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies, academic scientists and other researchers to sell or license products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends
partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire promising pharmaceutical product candidates and products. The process of proposing, negotiating and
implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate or approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with
substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of product candidates and approved
products. We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologies and
integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never
completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not be able to acquire the rights to additional product candidates on
terms that we find acceptable, or at all.
Any product candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and
approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product
development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities.
In addition, we cannot provide assurance that any products that we develop or approved products that we acquire will be manufactured profitably or
achieve market acceptance. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully conduct the preclinical studies of the identified potential product
candidates as anticipated.
Our business strategy may include entry into additional collaborative or license agreements. We may not be able to enter into collaborative or license
agreements or may not be able to negotiate commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.
Our current business strategy may include the entry into additional collaborative or license agreements for the development and commercialization of our
product candidates and technologies. The negotiation and consummation of these types of agreements typically involve simultaneous discussions with
multiple potential collaborators or licensees and require significant time and resources. In addition, in attracting the attention of pharmaceutical and
biotechnology company collaborators or licensees, we compete with numerous other third parties with product opportunities as well as the collaborators’ or
licensees’ own internal product opportunities. We may not be able to consummate collaborative or license agreements, or we may not be able to negotiate
commercially acceptable terms for these agreements.
If we do enter into such arrangements, we could be dependent upon the subsequent success of these other parties in performing their respective
responsibilities and the cooperation of our partners. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with
them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to researching our product candidates pursuant to our
collaborative agreements with them. Our collaborators may choose to pursue existing or alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in
collaboration with us. If we do not consummate collaborative or license agreements, we may use our financial resources more rapidly on our product
development efforts, continue to defer certain development activities or forego the exploitation of certain geographic territories, any of which could have a
material adverse effect on our business prospects. Further, we may not be successful in overseeing any such collaborative arrangements. If we fail to
establish and maintain necessary collaborative or license relationships, our business prospects could suffer.
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We may be subject to claims that our employees, independent consultants or agencies have wrongfully used or inadvertently disclosed confidential
information of third parties.
We employ individuals and contract with independent consultants and agencies that may have previously worked at or conducted business with third
parties; and, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or agencies have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential
information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that our employees’ former employers or other
third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in
defending these claims, and if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.
Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition and share price.
Concerns over inflation, geopolitical issues, the U.S. financial markets and a declining real estate market, unstable global credit markets and financial
conditions, and volatile oil prices have led to periods of significant economic instability, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer
confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic growth going forward,
increased unemployment rates, and increased credit defaults in recent years. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic
downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to
deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. In addition,
there is a risk that one or more of our current and future service providers, manufacturers, suppliers, hospitals and other medical facilities, our third-party
payors, and other partners could be negatively affected by difficult economic times, which could adversely affect our ability to attain our operating goals on
schedule and on budget or meet our business and financial objectives.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects have caused interruptions or delays of our clinical studies and may continue to have a significant
adverse effect on our business.
The global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects has and may continue to negatively impact global economic activity,
which, despite progress in vaccination efforts, remains uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. The ultimate impact of current and new COVID-
19 variants cannot be predicted at this time and could depend on numerous factors, including vaccination rates among the population, the effectiveness of
COVID-19 vaccines against new variants and the response by governmental bodies and regulators. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the
circumstances, it is difficult to predict the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects on our business.
A continuation or worsening of the levels of market disruption and volatility seen in the recent past could have an adverse effect on our ability to access
capital, on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and on the market price of our common stock.
In April 2020, we were notified that 11 out of 21 clinical sites suspended enrollment in the PUR1900 clinical study due to issues associated with the
COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2020, we terminated our Phase 2 clinical study for PUR1900 as a result of the disruptions and safety concerns caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has delayed enrollment in our clinical trials and its ongoing effects could, in the future, delay these dates or impact enrollment
generally for clinical trials to the extent we cannot secure sites to enroll patients, patients remain or become subject again to government “stay at home”
mandates, patients feel like they cannot safely visit trial sites or patients drop out due to COVID-19 related issues.
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Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has had and may continue to have indeterminable adverse effects on general commercial activity and the world
economy, and our business and results of operations have been and may continue to be adversely affected to the extent that COVID-19 or any other
epidemic harms the global economy generally.
We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impact on our business, our relationship with our business partners, our clinical trials or the global
economy as a whole. However, any one or a combination of these events could have an adverse effect on the operation of and results from our clinical trials
and on our other business operations.
If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which
could harm our operating results, our ability to operate our business and investors’ views of us.
Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on
a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that will need to be evaluated frequently. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the
“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires public companies to conduct an annual review and evaluation of their internal controls. Our failure to maintain the
effectiveness of our internal controls in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on the price of our
common stock.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. In general, under Section 382 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to annual limitations on its
ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes (“NOLs”), to offset future taxable income or reduce taxes. Our past
issuances of stock and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in ownership changes within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code;
accordingly, our pre-change NOLs may be subject to limitation under Section 382. If we determine that we have not undergone an ownership change, the
Internal Revenue Service could challenge our analysis, and our ability to use our NOLs to offset taxable income could be limited by Section 382 of the
Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code
further limiting our ability to utilize our NOLs. Furthermore, our ability to use NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to
limitations. For these reasons, we may not be able to use a material portion of the NOLs, even if we attain profitability.
Risks Related to Regulatory Matters
Our product candidates must undergo rigorous nonclinical and clinical testing, and we must obtain regulatory approvals, which could be costly and
time-consuming and subject us to unanticipated delays or prevent us from marketing any products. We cannot be certain that any of our current and
future product candidates will receive regulatory approval, and without regulatory approval we will not be able to market our product candidates.
Our ability to generate revenue related to product sales, if ever, will depend on the successful development and regulatory approval of our product
candidates. We currently have no products approved for sale, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. The development of a
product candidate and issues relating to its approval and marketing are subject to extensive regulation, including regulation for safety, efficacy and quality,
by the FDA in the United States and comparable regulatory authorities in other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. The FDA
regulations and the regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities are wide-ranging and govern, among other things:
● product design, development, manufacture and testing;
● product labeling;
● product storage and shipping;
● pre-market clearance or approval;
● advertising and promotion; and
● product sales and distribution.
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Clinical testing can be costly and take many years, and the outcome is uncertain and susceptible to varying interpretations. We cannot predict whether our
current or future trials and studies will adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of any of our product candidates or whether regulators will agree
with our conclusions regarding the preclinical studies and clinical trials we have conducted to date, including the clinical trials for PUR1900. The clinical
trials of our product candidates may not be completed on schedule, the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies may order us to stop or modify our research, or
these agencies may not ultimately approve any of our product candidates for commercial sale. The data collected from our clinical trials may not be
sufficient to support regulatory approval of our various product candidates. Even if we believe the data collected from our clinical trials are sufficient, the
FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may disagree with our interpretation of the data.
We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of a NDA from the FDA. Obtaining approval of a
NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and we may not be successful in obtaining approval. The FDA review processes can take years to
complete and approval is never guaranteed. We cannot be certain that any of our submissions will be accepted for filing and review by the FDA.
The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates outside the United States vary widely
from country to country. Foreign approvals may take longer to obtain than FDA approvals and can require, among other things, additional testing and
different clinical trial designs. Foreign regulatory approval processes include essentially all of the risks associated with the FDA approval processes. Some
of those agencies also must approve prices of the products. Approval of a product by the FDA does not ensure approval of the same product by the health
authorities of other countries, or vice versa. In addition, changes in regulatory policy in the United States or in foreign countries for product approval
during the period of product development and regulatory agency review of each submitted new application may cause delays or rejections.
If we are unable to obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies for our product candidates, or if, subsequent to approval, we are unable to
successfully market and commercialize our product candidates, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable.
We have limited experience in filing and pursuing applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals, which may impede our ability to obtain timely
approvals from the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies, if at all.
As a company, we have no experience in late-stage regulatory filings, such as preparing and submitting NDAs, which may place us at risk of delays,
overspending and human resources inefficiencies. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, regulatory approval could harm our business.
Any failure by us to comply with existing regulations could harm our reputation and operating results.
We will be subject to extensive regulation by U.S. federal and state and foreign governments in each of the markets where we intend to sell our product
candidates if and after we are approved. If we fail to comply with applicable regulations, including the FDA’s pre-or post-approval cGMP requirements,
then the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities could sanction us. Even if a drug is FDA-approved, regulatory authorities may impose significant
restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies.
If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems
with the facility where the product is manufactured, or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of the product, the regulatory agency may
impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory
requirements, a regulatory agency or enforcement authority may:
● issue warning letters;
● impose civil or criminal penalties;
● suspend regulatory approval;
● suspend any of our ongoing clinical trials;
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● refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us;
● impose restrictions on our operations, including closing our contract manufacturers’ facilities; or
● seize or detain products or require a product recall.
Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate
negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and
generate revenue from our product candidates. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, our value and operating results
will be adversely affected. Additionally, if we are unable to generate revenue from sales of our product candidates, our potential for achieving profitability
will be diminished and the capital necessary to fund our operations will be increased.
Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert
management’s attention from the operation of our business and damage our reputation. We expend significant resources on compliance efforts and such
expenses are unpredictable and might adversely affect our results. Changing laws, regulations and standards might also create uncertainty, higher expenses
and increase insurance costs.
We and our third-party manufacturers are, and will be, subject to regulations of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities.
We and our contract manufacturers are, and will be, required to adhere to laws, regulations and guidelines of the FDA or other foreign regulatory
authorities setting forth current good manufacturing practices. These laws, regulations and guidelines cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing,
quality control and recordkeeping relating to our therapeutic candidates. We and our third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with applicable
laws, regulations and guidelines. We and our contract manufacturers are and will be subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA, state regulators and
similar foreign regulatory authorities outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable laws,
regulations and guidelines could result in the imposition of sanctions on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, refusal of regulatory authorities to
grant marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of our
therapeutic candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect regulatory approval and
supplies of our therapeutic candidates, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Even if we obtain regulatory approvals, our therapeutic candidates will be subject to ongoing regulatory review. If we fail to comply with continuing
U.S. and applicable foreign laws, regulations and guidelines, we could lose those approvals, and our business would be seriously harmed.
Even if our therapeutic candidates receive regulatory approval, we or our commercialization partners, as applicable, will be subject to ongoing reporting
obligations, including pharmacovigilance, and the therapeutic candidates and the manufacturing operations will be subject to continuing regulatory review,
including inspections by the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities. The results of this ongoing review may result in the withdrawal of a therapeutic
candidate from the market, the interruption of the manufacturing operations and/or the imposition of labeling and/or marketing limitations. Since many
more patients are exposed to drugs following their marketing approval, serious but infrequent adverse reactions that were not observed in clinical trials may
be observed during the commercial marketing of the therapeutic candidate. In addition, the manufacturer and the manufacturing facilities that we or our
commercialization partners use to produce any therapeutic candidate will be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA and other foreign
regulatory authorities. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with any therapeutic candidate, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or failure
to comply with rules and regulatory requirements, may result in actions, including but not limited to the following:
● restrictions on such therapeutic candidate, manufacturer or manufacturing process;
● warning letters from the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities;
● withdrawal of the therapeutic candidate from the market;
● suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals;
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● refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us or our commercial partners;
● voluntary or mandatory recall;
● fines;
● refusal to permit the import or export of our therapeutic candidates;
● product seizure or detentions;
● injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; or
● adverse publicity.
If we or our commercialization partners, suppliers, third-party contractors or clinical investigators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in
existing regulatory requirements or the adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, we or our commercialization partners may lose marketing
approval for any of our therapeutic candidates if any of our therapeutic candidates are approved, resulting in decreased or lost revenue from milestones,
product sales or royalties.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and
insider trading.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with any
regulations applicable to us, to provide accurate information to regulatory authorities, to comply with manufacturing standards we may have established, to
comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, or to report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized
activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to
prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing,
discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also
involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our
reputation. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we
take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risk.
If we fail to comply with federal or state “fraud and abuse” laws, the failure to comply with these laws may adversely affect our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
In the United States, we will be subject to various federal and state health care “fraud and abuse” laws, including anti-kickback laws, false claims laws and
other laws intended to reduce fraud and abuse the healthcare industry, which could affect us, particularly upon successful commercialization of our
products in the United States. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party
acting on our behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration in exchange for or to induce the referral of an individual
for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, including the purchase, order or prescription of a particular drug for which payment
may be made under a federal health care program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Under federal government regulations, some arrangements, known as
safe harbors, are deemed not to violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. However, these laws are broadly written, and it is often difficult to determine
precisely how the law will be applied in specific circumstances. Accordingly, it is possible that our practices may be challenged under the federal Anti-
Kickback Statute. False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly and willfully presenting or causing to be presented for payment to third-party payers,
including government payers, claims for reimbursed drugs or services that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services that were not provided as
claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Cases have been brought under false claims laws alleging that off-label promotion of
pharmaceutical products or the provision of kickbacks has resulted in the submission of false claims to governmental health care programs. Under the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, we are prohibited from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any health
care benefit program, including private payers, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially
false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for health care benefits, items or services. Violations of fraud and
abuse laws may be punishable by criminal and/or civil sanctions, including fines, penalties and/or exclusion or suspension from federal and state health
care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and debarment from contracting with the U.S. government. In addition, private individuals have the ability
to bring actions on behalf of the government under the federal False Claims Act as well as under the false claims laws of several states.
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Many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to the referral of patients for, or purchase, order or
recommendation of, goods or services reimbursed by any source, not just governmental payers. The scope and enforcement of these laws are uncertain and
subject to change in the current environment of healthcare reform. We cannot predict the impact on our business, financial condition nor results of
operations of any changes in these laws. Any state or federal regulatory review of us, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming. Law
enforcement authorities are increasingly focused on enforcing these laws, and if we are challenged under of one of these laws, we could be required to pay
a fine and/or penalty and could be suspended or excluded from participation in federal or state health care programs, and our business, results of operations
and financial condition may be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
We will be required to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and we may not be able to continue as a going concern if we are unable to do so.
Pharmaceutical product development, which includes research and development, preclinical and clinical studies and human clinical trials, is a time-
consuming and expensive process that takes years to complete. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we advance PUR1900 to a
new Phase 2b trial and pursue development of PUR3100 and PUR1800 or other iSPERSE™-based product candidates, and/or pursue development of
iSPERSE™-based pharmaceuticals in additional indications. Based upon our current expectations, we believe that our existing capital resources will enable
us to continue planned operations for at least 12 months following the filing date of this Annual Report. We cannot assure you, however, that our plans will
not change or that changed circumstances will not result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate. We will need to
raise additional funds, whether through the sale of equity or debt securities, the entry into strategic business collaborations, the establishment of other
funding facilities, licensing arrangements, or asset sales or other means, in order to continue our research and development and clinical trial programs for
our iSPERSE™-based product candidates and to support our other ongoing activities. However, it may be difficult for us to raise additional funds on
reasonable terms or at all. Since inception, we have incurred losses each year and have an accumulated deficit of $273.5 million as of December 31, 2022,
which may raise concerns about our solvency and affect our ability to raise additional capital.
The amount of additional funds we need will depend on a number of factors, including:
● rate of progress and costs of our clinical trials and research and development activities, including costs of procuring clinical materials and
operating our manufacturing facilities;
● our success in establishing strategic business collaborations or other sales or licensing of assets, and the timing and amount of any payments
we might receive from any such transactions we are able to establish;
● actions taken by the FDA and other regulatory authorities affecting our products and competitive products;
● our degree of success in commercializing any of our product candidates;
● the emergence of competing technologies and products and other adverse market developments;
● the costs of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights or defending against
claims of infringement by others;
● the level of our legal expenses; and
● the costs of discontinuing projects and technologies.
We have raised capital in the past primarily through debt and public offerings and private placements of stock. We may in the future pursue the sale of
additional equity and/or debt securities, or the establishment of other funding facilities including asset-based borrowings. There can be no assurances,
however, that we will be able to raise additional capital through such an offering on acceptable terms, or at all. Issuances of additional debt or equity
securities could impact the rights of the holders of our common stock and may dilute their ownership percentage. Moreover, the establishment of other
funding facilities may impose restrictions on our operations. These restrictions could include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions
on the use of our assets, as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem our stock or make investments. We also may seek to
raise additional capital by pursuing opportunities for the licensing or sale of certain intellectual property and other assets. We cannot offer assurances,
however, that any strategic collaborations, sales of securities or sales or licenses of assets will be available to us on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, if
at all.
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In the event that sufficient additional funds are not obtained through strategic collaboration opportunities, sales of securities, funding facilities, licensing
arrangements and/or asset sales on a timely basis, we will be required to reduce expenses through the delay, reduction or curtailment of our projects,
including PUR1900, PUR3100 or PUR1800 development activities, or reduction of costs for facilities and administration. Moreover, if we do not obtain
such additional funds, there will be continued doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and increased risk of insolvency and loss of
investment to the holders of our securities. If we are or become insolvent, investors in our stock may lose the entire value of their investment.
Our long-term capital requirements are subject to numerous risks.
Our long-term capital requirements are expected to depend on many potential factors, including, among others:
● the number of product candidates in development;
● the regulatory clarity and path of each of our product candidates;
● the progress, success and cost of our clinical trials and research and development programs, including manufacturing;
● the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review and obtaining regulatory clarity and approval of our product candidates and addressing
regulatory and other issues that may arise post-approval;
● the costs of enforcing our issued patents and defending intellectual property-related claims;
● the costs of manufacturing, developing sales, marketing and distribution channels;
● our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, including securing commercialization agreements with third parties and
favorable pricing and market share; and
● our consumption of available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding sooner than
anticipated.
We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.
From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, such as acquisitions of companies, business combinations, asset purchases and out-licensing or
in-licensing of products, product candidates or technologies. Additional potential transactions that we may consider include a variety of different business
arrangements, including spin-offs, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments. Any such
transaction may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near- and long-term expenditures and may pose significant integration
challenges or disrupt our management or business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These
transactions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:
● exposure to unknown liabilities;
● disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention in order to develop acquired products, product candidates or
technologies;
● incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay for such transactions;
● higher-than-expected transaction and integration costs;
● write-downs of assets or goodwill or impairment charges;
● increased amortization expenses;
● difficulty and cost in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses or product lines with our operations and personnel;
● impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses or product lines due to changes in management and
ownership; and
● inability to retain key employees of any acquired businesses.
Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any transactions of the nature described above, any
transactions that we do complete may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition
and results of operations.
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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our rights to intellectual property, causing us to lose valuable rights. Loss of patent rights may lead
us to lose market share and anticipated profits.
Our success, competitive position and future revenues depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patent protection for our products, methods, processes and
other technologies, to preserve our trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing on our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing the
proprietary rights of third parties. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technologies and processes, it is possible that competitors or other
unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use or disclose proprietary technologies and processes.
We try to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing U.S., European and other patent applications related to our product candidates,
methods, processes and other technologies, to prevent third parties from infringing on our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing the
proprietary rights of third parties.
Because the patent position of pharmaceutical companies involves complex legal and factual questions, we cannot predict the validity and enforceability of
patents with certainty. Our issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal
challenges by third parties or could be circumvented. Our competitors may also independently develop inhaled drug delivery technologies or products
similar to iSPERSE™ and iSPERSE™-based product candidates or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued to us. Thus, any patents that we
own may not provide any protection against competitors. Our pending patent applications, those we may file in the future or those we may license from
third parties may not result in patents being issued. Even if these patents are issued, they may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive
advantages. The degree of future protection to be afforded by our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may
not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.
Furthermore, the issuance of a patent, while presumed valid and enforceable, is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide
us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design
around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may not be able to
prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, vendors, former employees and current employees.
Patent rights are territorial, and accordingly, the patent protection we do have will only extend to those countries in which we have issued patents. Even so,
the laws of certain countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States and the European Union.
Competitors may successfully challenge our patents, produce similar drugs or products that do not infringe our patents, or produce drugs in countries where
we have not applied for patent protection or that do not respect our patents. Furthermore, it is not possible to know the scope of claims that will be allowed
in published applications and it is also not possible to know which claims of granted patents, if any, will be deemed enforceable in a court of law.
We have not pursued or maintained, and may not pursue or maintain in the future, patent protection for our product candidates in every country or territory
in which we may sell our products, if approved. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal
and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing our patents in all countries outside the United
States, or from selling or importing products that infringe our patents in and into the United States or other jurisdictions.
Indeed, several companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal
systems of some countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property rights, which could make it difficult for us to stop the
infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in
foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of
being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We
may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.
After the completion of prosecution and granting of our patents, third parties may still manufacture and/or market therapeutic candidates in infringement of
our patent protected rights. Such manufacture and/or market of our product candidates in infringement of our patent protected rights is likely to cause us
damage and lead to a reduction in the prices of our product candidates, thereby reducing our anticipated profits.
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In addition, due to the extensive time needed to develop, test and obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates, any patents that protect our
product candidate may expire during early stages of commercialization. This may reduce or eliminate any market advantages that such patents may give us.
Following patent expiration, we may face increased competition through the entry of generic products into the market and a subsequent decline in market
share and profits.
In addition, in some cases we may rely on our licensors to conduct patent prosecution, patent maintenance or patent defense on our behalf. Therefore, our
ability to ensure that these patents are properly prosecuted, maintained, or defended may be limited, which may adversely affect our rights in our
therapeutic products. Any failure by our licensors or development partners to properly conduct patent prosecution, patent maintenance or patent defense
could harm our ability to obtain approval or to commercialize our products, thereby reducing our anticipated profits.
Furthermore, our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It is difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the
components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential
competitor’s product, particularly in litigation in countries other than the U.S. that do not provide an extensive discovery procedure. Any litigation to
enforce or defend our patent rights, if any, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our
management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies
awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against
us.
In addition to filing patents, we generally try to protect our trade secrets, know-how and technology by entering into confidentiality or non-disclosure
agreements with parties that have access to us, such as our development and/or commercialization partners, employees, contractors and consultants. We
also enter into agreements that purport to require the disclosure and assignment to us of the rights to the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions of
our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors and consultants while employed or engaged by us. However, these agreements can be difficult
and costly to enforce or may not provide adequate remedies. Any of these parties may breach the confidentiality agreements and willfully or unintentionally
disclose our confidential information, or our competitors might learn of the information in some other way. The disclosure to, or independent development
by, a competitor of any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent could materially adversely affect any competitive advantage
we may have over any such competitor.
To the extent that any of our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors or consultants independently develop, or use independently
developed, intellectual property in connection with any of our products, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to this type of information. If a
dispute arises with respect to any proprietary right, enforcement of our rights can be costly and unpredictable, and a court may determine that the right
belongs to a third party.
Legal proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement and other challenges may require us to spend substantial time and money
and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates.
Our commercial success also depends upon our ability, and the ability of any third party with which we may partner, to develop, manufacture, market and
sell our product candidates and/or products, if approved, and use our patent-protected technologies without infringing the patents of third parties. There is
considerable patent litigation in the pharmaceutical industry. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, we face increased risks
that there may be patents issued to third parties that relate to our product candidates and technology of which we are not aware or that we must challenge to
continue our operations as currently contemplated.
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We may not have identified all patents, published applications or published literature that affect our business either by blocking our ability to
commercialize our products or product candidates, by preventing the patentability of one or more aspects of our products or product candidates to us or our
licensors, or by covering the same or similar technologies that may affect our ability to market our products and product candidates. For example, we (or
the licensor of a product or product candidate to us) may not have conducted a patent clearance search sufficient to identify potentially obstructing third-
party patent rights. Moreover, patent applications in the United States are maintained in confidence for up to 18 months after their filing. In some cases,
however, patent applications remain confidential in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, for the entire time prior to issuance as a U.S.
patent. Patent applications filed in countries outside of the United States are not typically published until at least 18 months from their first filing date.
Similarly, publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries. We cannot be certain that we or our licensors
were the first to invent, or the first to file, patent applications covering our products and candidates. We also may not know if our competitors filed patent
applications for technology covered by our pending applications or if we were the first to invent the technology that is the subject of our patent
applications. Competitors may have filed patent applications or received patents and may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights that block or
compete with our patents.
The development, manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation of our product candidates may therefore infringe on the claims of third-party patents
or other intellectual property rights. The nature of claims contained in unpublished patent filings around the world is unknown to us, and it is not possible
to know which countries patent holders may choose for the extension of their filings under the Patent Cooperation Treaty or other mechanisms. We may
also be subject to claims based on the actions of employees and consultants with respect to the usage or disclosure of intellectual property learned at other
employers. The cost to us of any intellectual property litigation or other infringement proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some
of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively because of their substantially greater financial
resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation, continuation or defense of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material
adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Intellectual property litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management
time. Consequently, we are unable to guarantee that we will be able to manufacture, use, offer for sale, sell or import our therapeutic candidates in the event
of an infringement action.
In the event of patent infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and would most
likely be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain
a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could potentially limit our competitive advantage. Ultimately, we could be prevented from
commercializing a product candidate or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement
or other claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This inability to enter into licenses could harm our business significantly.
We may be subject to other patent-related litigation or proceedings that could be costly to defend and uncertain in their outcome.
In addition to infringement claims against us, we may in the future become a party to other patent litigation or proceedings before regulatory agencies,
including interference, re-examination inter partes review, or post grant review proceedings filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or opposition
proceedings in other foreign patent offices regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our therapeutic candidates, as well as other disputes
regarding intellectual property rights with development and/or commercialization partners, or others with whom we have contractual or other business
relationships. Post-issuance oppositions are not uncommon and we or our development and/or commercialization partners will be required to defend these
opposition procedures as a matter of course. Opposition procedures may be costly, and there is a risk that we may not prevail, which could harm our
business significantly.
Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedures and other requirements, and our patent protection could
be reduced or eliminated in case of non-compliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to the relevant patent
agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and /or applications. The relevant patent agencies require compliance with a number of
procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application process. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by
payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which the failure to comply with the
relevant requirements can result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the
relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to use our technologies and know-how which could have a material adverse effect on
our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.
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If we fail to comply with our obligations under our license agreements, we could lose the rights to intellectual property that is important to our business.
Our current license agreements impose on us various development obligations, payment of royalties and fees based on achieving certain milestones as well
as other obligations. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these agreements, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. In addition,
if the licensor fails to enforce its intellectual property, the licensed rights may not be adequately maintained. The termination of any license agreements or
failure to adequately protect such license agreements could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or possible future products covered by
the licensed intellectual property. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation.
We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former
employers.
Our employees may have been previously employed at other companies in the industry, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we
are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or
disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these
claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail
in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or
their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product(s), which would materially adversely affect our commercial development
efforts.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
The price of our common stock is subject to fluctuation and has been and may continue to be volatile.
The stock market in general, and Nasdaq in particular, as well as biotechnology companies, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that
have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of small companies. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate as a
result of, among other factors:
● the announcement of new products, new developments, services or technological innovations by us or our competitors;
● actual or anticipated quarterly increases or decreases in revenue, gross margin or earnings, and changes in our business, operations or
prospects;
● announcements relating to strategic relationships, mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, capital commitments, or
other events by us or our competitors;
● conditions or trends in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries;
● changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies;
● general market conditions or domestic or international macroeconomic and geopolitical factors unrelated to our performance or financial
condition (including, for example, the recent coronavirus outbreak , the Russia/Ukraine conflict, supply chain and recent inflationary
pressures);
● purchase or sale of our common stock by stockholders, including executives and directors;
● volatility and limitations in trading volumes of our common stock;
● our ability to obtain financings to conduct and complete research and development activities including, but not limited to, our human clinical
trials, and other business activities;
● any delays or adverse developments or perceived adverse developments with respect to the FDA’s review of our planned preclinical and
clinical trials;
● ability to secure resources and the necessary personnel to conduct clinical trials on our desired schedule;
● failures to meet external expectations or management guidance;
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● changes in our capital structure or dividend policy, future issuances of securities, sales or distributions of large blocks of our common stock by
stockholders;
● our cash position;
● announcements and events surrounding financing efforts, including debt and equity securities;
● our inability to enter into new markets or develop new products;
● reputational issues;
● analyst research reports, recommendations and changes in recommendations, price targets, and withdrawals of coverage;
● departures and additions of key personnel;
● disputes and litigation related to intellectual property rights, proprietary rights, and contractual obligations;
● changes in applicable laws, rules, regulations, or accounting practices and other dynamics; and
● other events or factors, many of which may be out of our control.
In addition, if the market for stocks in our industry or industries related to our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor
confidence, the trading price of our common stock could fluctuate or decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition and results of
operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to
defend and a distraction to management.
Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects have resulted in significant financial market volatility and uncertainty since March 2020. A
continuation or worsening of the levels of market disruption and volatility seen in the recent past as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing
effects could have an adverse effect on our ability to access capital, on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and on the market price
of our common stock.
Financial reporting obligations of being a public company in the United States are expensive and time-consuming, and our management may be
required to devote substantial time to compliance matters.
As a publicly traded company, we incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses. The obligations of being a public reporting company
require significant expenditures, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Nasdaq Capital Market. These rules require the establishment and maintenance of
effective disclosure and financial controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting and corporate governance practices, among many other
complex rules that are often difficult and time consuming to implement, monitor and maintain compliance with. Moreover, despite recent reforms made
possible by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, the reporting requirements, rules, and regulations will make some activities more time-
consuming and costly, particularly as we are no longer an “emerging growth company.”
In addition, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Compliance with
such requirements also places demands on management’s time and attention.
In the foreseeable future, we do not intend to pay cash dividends on shares of our common stock so any investor gains will be limited to the value of our
shares.
We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or
paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any gains to stockholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, in our share price.
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We may be at risk of securities class action litigation.
We may be at risk of securities class action litigation. This risk is especially relevant due to our dependence on positive clinical trial outcomes and
regulatory approvals. In the past, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility, particularly when
associated with binary events such as clinical trials and product approvals. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of
management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business and result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.
In the event that we fail to satisfy any of the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, our common stock may be delisted, which could
affect our market price and liquidity.
Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market. For continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we will be required to comply with
the continued listing requirements, including the minimum market capitalization standard, the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, the corporate
governance requirements and the minimum closing bid price requirement, among other requirements. In the event that we fail to satisfy any of the listing
requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, our common stock may be delisted. If our securities are delisted from trading on The NASDAQ Stock
Market, and we are not able to list our securities on another exchange or to have them quoted on The NASDAQ Stock Market, our securities could be
quoted on the OTC Markets. As a result, we could face significant adverse consequences including:
● a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
● a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock,” which would require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more
stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;
● a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and
● a decreased ability to issue additional securities (including pursuant to short-form registration statements on Form S-3 or obtain additional
financing in the future).
We are likely to issue additional equity securities in the future, which are likely to result in dilution to existing investors.
We may seek the additional capital necessary to fund our operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, and collaborative and
licensing arrangements. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including in a debt financing where we issue convertible notes
or notes with warrants and any shares of our common stock to be issued in a private placement, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We
may, from time to time, sell additional equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine. If we sell additional equity
securities, existing stockholders may be materially diluted. In addition, new investors could gain rights superior to existing stockholders, such as liquidation
and other preferences. In addition, the exercise or conversion of outstanding options or warrants to purchase shares of capital stock may result in dilution to
our stockholders upon any such exercise or conversion.
In addition, as of March 27, 2023, 212,877 shares remained available to be awarded under our Amended and Restated 2013 Employee, Director and
Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”). Further, an aggregate of 419,640 shares of our common stock could be delivered upon the exercise
or conversion of outstanding stock options or restricted stock units under the Incentive Plan and other equity incentive plans we previously assumed. We
may also issue additional options, warrants and other types of equity in the future as part of stock-based compensation, capital raising transactions,
technology licenses, financings, strategic licenses or other strategic transactions. To the extent these options are exercised, existing stockholders would
experience additional ownership dilution. In addition, the number of shares available for future grant under our equity compensation plans may be
increased in the future, as our equity compensation plan contains an “evergreen” provision, pursuant to which additional shares may be authorized for
issuance under the plan each year.
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Anti-takeover provisions under Delaware corporate law may make it difficult for our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors and
could deter or delay third parties from acquiring us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders.
We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware (the “DGCL”). Under
these provisions, if anyone becomes an “interested stockholder,” we may not enter into a “business combination” with that person for three (3) years
without special approval, which could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer and could delay or prevent a change of control. For purposes
of Section 203 of the DGCL, “interested stockholder” means, generally, someone owning fifteen percent (15%) or more of our outstanding voting stock or
an affiliate that owned fifteen percent (15%) or more of our outstanding voting stock during the past three (3) years, subject to certain exceptions as
described in Section 203 of the DGCL.
Protective provisions in our charter and bylaws could prevent a takeover which could harm our stockholders.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain a number of provisions that could impede a takeover or prevent us from being acquired, including, but
not limited to, a classified board of directors and limitations on the ability of our stockholders to remove a director from office without cause. Each of these
charter and bylaw provisions give our board of directors the ability to render more difficult or costly the completion of a takeover transaction that our
stockholders might view as being in their best interests.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.
ITEM 2.
PROPERTIES.
Our corporate headquarters are located at 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390, Lexington, Massachusetts. Our current lease for approximately 22,000 square feet
of office and lab space will expire on August 31, 2023. On January 7, 2022, we executed a new lease for our future corporate headquarters which will be
located in Bedford, Massachusetts. The term of the future lease for approximately 20,000 square feet of office and lab space is expected to commence in
July 2023. The lease provides for base rent of $101 thousand per month, which will increase 3% each year over the ten-year noncancellable term.
We believe our current and future facilities are well-maintained and are both suitable and adequate for our current and anticipated future needs.
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation that arises through the normal course of business. As of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any
material legal proceedings to which we or our subsidiary is a party or to which any of our property is subject, nor are we aware of any such threatened or
pending litigation or proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental authorities.
There are no material proceedings in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any registered or beneficial stockholder of more than 5% of our
common stock, or any associate of any of the foregoing, is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our interest.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF
PART II
EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information
Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “PULM”.
On March 27, 2023, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market was $2.94 per share.
Stockholders
As of March 27, 2023, there were approximately 43 stockholders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
We have not paid dividends to our stockholders since inception and do not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future declaration of
dividends will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects and any other factors that our board of directors deems relevant,
as well as compliance with the requirements of state law. In general, as a Delaware corporation, we may pay dividends out of surplus capital or, if there is
no surplus capital, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which a dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year. We currently intend to retain
earnings, if any, for reinvestment in our business.
Unregistered Sales of Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Not applicable.
ITEM 6.
RESERVED.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in
this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements based on our current expectations, assumptions,
estimates and projections. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those indicated
in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, entitled
“Business,” under “Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, entitled “Risk Factors.” References in this discussion
and analysis to “us,” “we,” “our,” or our “Company” refer to Pulmatrix, Inc., a Delaware corporation.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing innovative inhaled therapies to address serious pulmonary diseases and central nervous system
(“CNS”) disorders using its patented iSPERSE™ technology. The Company’s proprietary product pipeline includes treatments for serious lung diseases,
such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (“COPD”), and CNS disorders such as acute
migraine. Our product candidates are based on its proprietary engineered dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™, which seeks to improve therapeutic
delivery to the lungs by maximizing local concentrations and reducing systemic side effects to improve patient outcomes.
We design and develop inhaled therapeutic products based on our proprietary dry powder delivery technology, iSPERSE™ (inhaled Small Particles Easily
Respirable and Emitted), which enables delivery of small or large molecule drugs to the lungs by inhalation for local or systemic applications. The
iSPERSE™ powders are engineered to be small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to airways. iSPERSE™ powders can be
used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a broad range of drug substances including small molecules and
biologics. We believe the iSPERSE™ dry powder technology offers enhanced drug loading and delivery efficiency that outperforms traditional lactose-
blend inhaled dry powder therapies.
41
We believe the advantages of using the iSPERSE™ technology include reduced total inhaled powder mass, enhanced dosing efficiency, reduced cost of
goods and improved efficacy, safety and tolerability profiles. Our goal is to develop breakthrough therapeutic products that are safe, convenient, and more
effective than the existing therapeutic products for respiratory and other diseases where iSPERSE™ properties are advantageous.
Our current pipeline is aligned to this goal as we develop iSPERSE™-based therapeutic candidates which target the prevention and treatment of a range of
diseases. These therapeutic candidates include PUR1900 for the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) in patients with asthma
and in patients with cystic fibrosis (“CF”), PUR3100 for the treatment of acute migraine, and PUR1800 for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (“AECOPD”). Each program is enabled by its unique iSPERSE™ formulation designed to achieve specific therapeutic
objectives.
We intend to capitalize on our iSPERSE™ technology platform and our expertise in inhaled therapeutics to identify new product candidates for the
prevention and treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical needs and to build our product pipeline beyond our existing candidates. In order to
advance our clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates for respiratory and neurological diseases and leverage the iSPERSE™ platform to enable delivery
of partnered compounds, we intend to form strategic alliances with third parties, including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or academic or
private research institutes.
We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years based on our drug development plans.
We expect our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:
● conduct PUR1900 clinical trials focused on the development of an inhaled antifungal therapy to prevent and treat allergic/hypersensitivity
response to fungus in the lungs of patients with asthma and CF;
● pursue further clinical studies for PUR3100, an orally inhaled dihydroergotamine (“DHE”) including a Phase 2 clinical study for the treatment
of acute migraine;
● continue to advance PUR1800, focusing on the development of an inhaled kinase inhibitor for treatment of AECOPD;
● capitalize on our proprietary iSPERSE™ technology and our expertise in inhaled therapeutics and particle engineering to identify new product
candidates for prevention and treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical needs;
● invest in protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio and file for additional patents to strengthen our intellectual property
rights; and
● hire personnel to support our product development, commercialization and administrative efforts.
We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We will not generate product sales unless and until
we successfully complete clinical developments and obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates. Additionally, we currently utilize third-party
contract research organizations (“CROs”) to carry out our clinical development activities and third-party contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”)
to carry out our clinical manufacturing activities as we do not yet have a commercial organization. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product
candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our internal commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and
distribution. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings, licensing arrangements,
collaborations with third parties, non-dilutive grants or other sources, potentially including collaborative commercial arrangements. Likewise, we intend to
seek to limit our commercialization costs by partnering with other companies with complementary capabilities or larger infrastructure including sales and
marketing.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses
or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to
become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced
to reduce or terminate our operations.
42
Therapeutic Candidates
PUR1900
On April 15, 2019, we entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Cipla Agreement”) with Cipla Technologies LLC (“Cipla”) for
the co-development and commercialization, on a worldwide, except for the Cipla Territory defined below, exclusive basis, of PUR1900, our inhaled
iSPERSE™ drug delivery system (the “Product”) enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole, which is only available as an oral drug, for the
treatment of all pulmonary indications, including ABPA in patients with asthma. We entered into an amendment to the Cipla Agreement on November 8,
2021 (the “Amendment”), and all references to the Cipla Agreement herein refer to the Agreement, as amended.
The Cipla Agreement will remain in effect in perpetuity, unless otherwise earlier terminated in accordance with its terms. In the event of circumstances
affecting the continuity of development of the Product in line with the Cipla Agreement or certain development milestones are not achieved within a
specified timeframe discussed in greater detail below, the joint steering committee (“JSC”) will evaluate the cause and effect and make a recommendation
as to the most optimal option available to Cipla and us. In such events, the parties are not obligated to follow the recommendation of the JSC and, either
party may elect to terminate (a “Terminating Party”) its obligation to fund additional costs and expenses for the development and/or commercialization of
the Product. If the non-Terminating Party wishes to continue the development of the Product, it will have the right to purchase the rights of the Terminating
Party in the Product at its fair market value. If both Cipla and we abandon the development program, Cipla and we shall make commercially reasonable
efforts to monetize the Product and development program in connection with the Pulmonary Indications. Cipla and we will equally share the proceeds.
We and Cipla will each be responsible for 60% and 40%, respectively, of our overhead costs and the time spent by our employees and consultants on
development of the Product (“Direct Costs”), in addition to which, Cipla will reimburse us an amount equal to 10% of aggregate Direct Costs upon the
achievement of the development milestones set forth in the table below, potentially bringing the sharing of Direct Costs to a 50/50 basis. We will continue
to share all other development costs with Cipla that are not Direct Costs, such as the cost of clinical research organizations, manufacturing costs and other
third-party costs, on a 50/50 basis.
Pursuant to the Cipla Agreement, (i) all development and commercialization activities with respect to the Product in India, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Iran, Yemen, Myanmar and Algeria (such countries, the “Cipla Territory”) will be conducted exclusively by Cipla at Cipla’s sole cost and expense, and (ii)
Cipla shall be entitled to all profits from the sale of the Product in the Cipla Territory, except that if Cipla successfully transfers manufacturing of the
Product for the Cipla Territory to a manufacturing site determined by Cipla, we will become entitled to a royalty equal to 2% of net sales in the Cipla
Territory.
In partnership with Cipla, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical study in 2019, entitled: “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2
Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole Administered as a Dry Powder for Inhalation (PUR1900) in Adult
Asthmatic Patients with ABPA.” This clinical study was terminated in July 2020 due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient
enrollment and clinical study conduct.
Following termination of the Phase 2 clinical study, we conducted a Type C meeting with the FDA on January 27, 2021, in order to discuss the program
overall development plan and the current Phase 2b clinical study design. The current Phase 2b clinical study design includes a 16-week dosing regimen
with an 8-week follow up and is intended to explore potential efficacy endpoints, whereas the terminated Phase 2 clinical study had comprised only a 4-
week dosing regimen with safety and tolerability as its primary endpoint. The longer dosing regimen of the new Phase 2b clinical study is supported by the
6-month inhalation toxicology study in dogs completed in April 2020. The new development plan, including the planned current Phase 2b clinical study,
was approved on November 8, 2021.
In addition to the terms of the Cipla Agreement described above, if any of the below development milestones are not met by the date that is nine months
after the applicable deadline for achieving such development milestone, either party may elect to terminate its obligation to fund additional development
costs, in which case either (i) the non-Terminating Party can acquire the rights of the Terminating Party for fair market value or (ii) the parties will
monetize the Product. The table below sets forth the development milestones.
43
Phase 2b Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 2b clinical study are dosed
Company delivers summary of key efficacy and safety data to include FEV1, IgE, ACQ-6, number of subjects
withdrawn, any severe adverse events related to the medication and an overall summary table of adverse events
(“Topline Results”) to the JSC.
Phase 3 Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 3 clinical study dosed
Company delivers Topline Results to the JSC
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (the “PDUFA”)
PUR3100
Milestone Date
June 30, 2023
June 30, 2024
Milestone Date
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
In 2020, we developed PUR3100, the iSPERSE™ formulation of DHE, for the treatment of acute migraine. Over 38 million people suffer from migraine in
the United States. Currently DHE is only available as intravenous infusion or intranasal delivery. If approved for commercialization, PUR3100 should be
the first orally inhaled DHE treatment for acute migraine and be an alternative to other acute therapies, such as oral and intravenous triptans that currently
represent the majority of the annual migraine prescriptions in the United States. Given the oral inhaled route of delivery, PUR3100 is anticipated to provide
a rapid onset of migraine symptom relief with a favorable tolerability profile.
A total of three 14-day good laboratory practices (“GLP”) toxicology studies have been completed with PUR3100 to support single dose clinical studies.
Preparations are underway for chronic toxicology to support long-term dosing and an eventual NDA.
We have completed several interactions with the FDA, and they have confirmed that, in addition to the Planned Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies, long-term
safety should be assessed in a minimum of one hundred patients for six months of dosing and fifty patients for twelve months of dosing. The FDA also
confirmed that it will be necessary to perform a safety study administering PUR3100 to otherwise healthy patients with asthma before a NDA is submitted.
On September 26, 2022, we announced the completion of patient dosing in a Phase 1 clinical study, performed in Australia, designed to assess not only
safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PUR3100 in humans, but also provide preliminary comparative bioavailability data to support the use of the
505(b)(2) pathway for marketing authorization. The study design was a double-dummy, double-blinded trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and
pharmacokinetics of three dose levels of single doses of inhaled PUR3100 with IV placebo, as compared to IV DHE (DHE mesylate injection) with inhaled
placebo. Twenty-six healthy subjects were enrolled and each of the four groups contained at least six subjects. On January 4, 2023, we announced topline
results. PUR3100 was well-tolerated and there was a lower incidence of nausea in PUR3100 dose groups compared to IV DHE.
No vomiting was observed in any of the PUR3100 dose groups. Oral inhalation of PUR3100 achieved peak exposures in the targeted therapeutic range at
all doses and the Tmax occurred at five minutes after dosing.
We believe these data are encouraging and suggest that the orally inhaled formulation of DHE, PUR3100, will result in rapid systemic exposure in the
therapeutic range, while minimizing the risk of side effects related to exposure levels associated with IV dosing. We believe the PUR3100 formulation of
DHE is highly differentiated from other DHE products already approved or in development, can be immediately self-administered and has a
pharmacokinetic profile that may potentially advance the treatment of patients with acute migraine.
We plan to open an IND in the second quarter of 2023 in order to conduct a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical study in patients with migraine
to assess the safety and effectiveness of two doses of PUR3100, in which the selection of the two doses has been informed by the initial Phase 1 clinical
study. We anticipate that this Phase 2 clinical study will initiate once financing or partnership arrangements have been made.
44
PUR1800
We completed the Phase 1b safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PUR1800 for patients with stable moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (“COPD”). Topline data was delivered in the first quarter of 2022.
The clinical study, performed at the Medicines Evaluation Unit in Manchester, UK, was a randomized, three-way crossover double-blind study with 14
days of daily dosing which included placebo and one of two doses of PUR1800, and included a 28 day follow up period after each treatment period. A total
of 18 adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”) were enrolled. Safety and tolerability as well as systemic PK were evaluated.
PUR1800 was well tolerated and there were no observed safety signals. The PK data indicate that PUR1800 results in low and consistent systemic
exposure when administered via oral inhalation. The topline data, along with the results from chronic toxicology studies, was delivered in the first quarter
of 2022 and presented at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology conference in the first quarter of 2023 and support the continued
development of PUR1800 for the treatment of AECOPD and other inflammatory respiratory disease. These data will inform the design of a potential Phase
2 study in the treatment of AECOPD.
Toxicology studies in rats and dogs, with durations of six and nine months respectively, are complete. The data from both studies demonstrated that
PUR1800 is safe and well tolerated with chronic dosing, with little to no progression of findings from 28-day studies. We believe that this indicates
potential for chronic dosing of PUR1800, enabling us to explore PUR1800 therapy for chronic respiratory disease such as steroid resistant asthma, COPD,
or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the program is currently in development for treatment of acute exacerbation of AECOPD, these positive toxicology
study results could expand potential indications and value of the program.
All rights to our kinase inhibitor portfolio, including PUR1800 and PUR5700, reverted to us upon the termination of our License, Development and
Commercialization Agreement (the “JJEI License Agreement”), dated December 26, 2019, with Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”).
JJEI notified us that they were terminating the JJEI License Agreement in April 2021, and the effective date of the termination was July 6, 2021.
Financial Overview
To date, we have not generated any product sales. The 2022 and 2021 revenue was generated by the collaboration agreement and license agreement with
Cipla on our PUR1900 program, the JJEI License Agreement for our PUR1800 kinase inhibitor, and immaterial royalties from legacy products. Effective as
of July 6, 2021, the JJEI License Agreement was terminated and all revenues pursuant to the agreement were recognized as of that date.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the research and development of our preclinical and clinical candidates, and
include:
● employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense;
● expenses incurred under agreements with CROs or CMOs, and consultants that conduct our clinical trials and preclinical activities;
● the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials and lab supplies;
● facility, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent, maintenance of our facility, insurance and other
supplies;
● costs associated with preclinical activities and clinical regulatory operations; and
● consulting and professional fees associated with research and development activities
45
We expense research and development costs to operations as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, based
on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us
by our vendors.
Research and development activities are central to our business model. We utilize a combination of internal and external efforts to advance product
development from early-stage work to clinical trial manufacturing and clinical trial support. External efforts include work with consultants and substantial
work at CROs and CMOs. We support an internal research and development team and facility for our pipeline programs. To move these programs forward
along our development timelines, a large portion (approximately 83%) of our staff are research and development employees. In addition, we maintain an
approximately 22,000 square foot office and research and development facility which includes capital equipment for the manufacture and characterization
our iSPERSE™ powders for our pipeline programs. As we identify opportunities for iSPERSE™ in respiratory indications, we anticipate additional head
count, capital, and development costs will be incurred to support these programs. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product
development, however, we cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of these or other current or future preclinical studies and
clinical trials. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including the
uncertainties of future clinical and preclinical studies, uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates and significant and changing government regulation. In
addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and
commercial viability.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries, benefits and related costs such as stock-based compensation for personnel and
consultants in executive, finance, business development, corporate communications and human resource functions, facility costs not otherwise included in
research and development expenses, patent filing fees and legal fees. Other general and administrative expenses include travel expenses, expenses related
to being a publicly traded company and professional fees for consulting, auditing and tax services.
We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as they relate to audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services
associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission requirements, director and officer liability
insurance, investor relations costs and other costs associated with being a public company. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a
product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in staffing and related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations,
especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of our product candidates.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which
have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us
to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in
our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our most critical estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition and the
accrual and recognition of research and development expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other
factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of
assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or
conditions.
While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our
financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Our principal sources of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were derived from our collaboration arrangement and license
agreements that relate to the development and commercialization of PUR1900 under the Cipla Agreement and our license, development and
commercialization arrangement under the JJEI Agreement.
46
At inception, we determine whether contracts are within the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification
(“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contract with Customers (“ASC 606”) or other topics, including FASB ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements
(“ASC 808”). For contracts that are within the scope of ASC 808, the Company evaluates whether the counterparty is a customer for any of the units of
account (i.e., distinct goods and services) in the contract. For units of account where the counterparty is considered a customer, the Company applies ASC
606 to those unit(s) of account, including recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure guidance. To date, the Company has determined it is
appropriate to apply ASC 606 to all contracts and units of account for contracts within the scope of ASC 808.
For contracts and units of account that are determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of
promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these
goods and services. To achieve this core principle, we apply the following five steps (i) identify the contract with the customer; (ii) identify the
performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the
contract; and (v) recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is
probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.
Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified at contract inception based on the goods and services that are both capable of being distinct
and are distinct in the context of the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods and services, we apply judgment to determine
whether promised goods and services are both capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised
goods and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.
The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer.
At the inception of each contract that includes research or development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of
being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant
revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our control or
the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. We evaluate factors such as the
scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is
considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each reporting
period, we reevaluate the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjust the estimate of the overall transaction
price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.
If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promises or performance obligations identified in the
arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer
and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. In assessing whether a promise or performance obligation is distinct from the other promises,
the Company considers factors such as the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the
availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether the counterparty can benefit from a promise
for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promise, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied promise, whether
there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise. For licenses that are
combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the
combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of
recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and
related revenue recognition. The measure of progress, and thereby periods over which revenue should be recognized, are subject to estimates by
management and may change over the course of the research and development and licensing agreement. Such a change could have a material impact on the
amount of revenue the Company records in future periods.
47
The promises under the Company’s arrangements may include research and development services to be performed by the Company on behalf of the
counterparty. Payments or reimbursements from customers resulting from the Company’s research and development efforts are recognized as the services
are performed and presented on a gross basis because the Company is the principal for such efforts. The Company uses an input method, according to the
ratio of costs incurred to the total costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. In management’s judgment, this input
method is the best measure of the transfer of control of the performance obligation. Amounts received prior to revenue recognition are recorded as deferred
revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current portion of deferred
revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance
sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion. Reimbursements from and payments to the counterparty that are the result of a
collaborative relationship, instead of a customer relationship, such as co-development activities, are recognized as the services are performed and presented
as a reduction to research and development expense. To date, the Company has determined that all arrangements which include research and development
services have been transacted with customers and recognized on a gross basis using ASC 606.
For contracts that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a level of
sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate,
we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been
allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied.
If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods and services
underlying the customer options that are not determined to be material rights are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of the
arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. The Company evaluates the customer options for material rights, or options to acquire additional
goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as a separate
performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company allocates the transaction price to material rights based on the relative standalone
selling price, which is determined based on the identified discount and the probability that the customer will exercise the option. Amounts allocated to a
material right are not recognized as revenue until, at the earliest, the option is exercised.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries, benefits, bonus, stock-based compensation, license fees, milestone
payments due under license agreements, costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials, and develop drug materials and
delivery devices; and associated overhead and facilities costs. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and
include costs associated with third-party contractors, CROs and CMOs. Invoicing from third-party contractors for services performed can lag several
months. We accrue the costs of services rendered in connection with third-party contractor activities based on our estimate of fees and costs associated with
the contract that were rendered during the period and they are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs that are paid in advance of
performance are capitalized as prepaid expenses and amortized over the service period as the services are provided.
48
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
The following table sets forth our results of operations for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):
Revenues
Operating expenses:
Research and development
General and administrative
Impairment of goodwill
Total operating expenses
Loss from operations
Other income/(expense):
Interest income
Other expense, net
Net loss
2022
Year ended December 31,
2021
Change
$
6,071 $
5,169 $
902
18,240
6,778
-
25,018
(18,947)
15,382
6,377
3,577
25,336
(20,167)
309
(198)
(18,836) $
7
(11)
(20,171) $
$
2,858
401
(3,577)
(318)
1,220
302
(187)
1,335
Revenue — Revenue was $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an
increase of $0.9 million. The increase is related to $4.6 million more revenues under the Cipla Agreement during 2022, which resumed activities following
the Amendment in November 2021, and a $3.7 million decrease in license related revenues under the JJEI License Agreement.
Research and development expenses — Research and development expense was $18.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to
$15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of approximately $2.8 million. The increase was primarily due to increased spend of $2.9
million in costs related to our PUR1900 program and $2.6 million of employment and operating costs, partially offset by decreased spend of $2.7 million in
costs primarily related to our PUR1800 program.
General and administrative expenses — General and administrative expense was $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $6.4
million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $0.4 million. The increase was primarily due to increased professional services costs of $0.4
million.
Impairment of goodwill — During 2021 we recorded an expense of $3.6 million to fully write off our existing goodwill balance. There was no remaining
goodwill balance in 2022.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Through December 31, 2022, we incurred an accumulated deficit of $273.5 million, primarily as a result of expenses incurred through a combination of
research and development activities related to our various product candidates and general and administrative expenses supporting those activities. We have
financed our operations since inception primarily through the sale of preferred and common stock, the issuance of convertible promissory notes, term loans,
and collaboration and license agreements. Our total cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2022 was $35.6 million.
We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses, and that such losses will increase over the next several years due to development costs associated with
our iSPERSE™ pipeline programs. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as
a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-
party funding and other collaborations and strategic alliances. We are currently exploring financing or partnership arrangements to develop and initiate a
potential Phase 2 clinical study for PUR3100.
We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure
requirements for at least the next 12 months following the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and into the second quarter of 2024. We have based
our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use all of our available capital resources
sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development, achievement of contingent milestones and
commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements.
49
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes
in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):
Net cash used in operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
$
$
(19,356) $
(86)
1,230
(18,212) $
(19,727)
(144)
43,475
23,604
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $19.4 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $18.8 million
and $3.2 million in cash outflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $2.7 million of net non-cash adjustments.
Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $19.7 million, which was primarily the result of a net loss of $20.2 million
and $5.5 million in cash outflows associated with changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $6.0 million of net non-cash adjustments.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were both due to purchases of property and equipment.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $1.2 million as compared to $43.5 million for the year ended
December 31, 2021. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 resulted primarily from the issuance of common
stock, net of issuance costs of $1.4 million, partially offset by preferred stock issuance costs paid in cash during the year. Net cash provided by financing
activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs, of $37.1 million in a registered direct
offering, the issuance of preferred stock and common stock warrants, net of issuance costs, of $6.2 million in a registered direct offering and warrant
exercises of $0.2 million.
Financings
2022 Financings
In May 2021, we entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright and Co., LLC (“HCW”) to act as our
sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $20,000,000 of our shares of common stock, from time to time in an at-the-market public offering
(the “ATM Offering”). Sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement are made pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3,
which was filed with the SEC on May 26, 2021, and subsequently declared effective on June 9, 2021 (File No. 333-256502), and a related prospectus.
HCW acts as our sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and
federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The NASDAQ Capital Market. If expressly authorized by us, HCW may also sell our common stock in
privately negotiated transactions. There is no specific date on which the ATM Offering will end, there are no minimum sale requirements and there are no
arrangements to place any of the proceeds of the ATM Offering in an escrow, trust or similar account. HCW is entitled to compensation at a fixed
commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31,
2022, we sold 252,013 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement at a weighted-average price of approximately $5.70 per share, which resulted in
net proceeds of approximately $1.4 million.
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2021 Financings
On December 17, 2021, we closed a registered direct offering with certain institutional investors for the issuance and sale of an aggregate of 6,745.008
shares of convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 281,047 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for
gross proceeds of $6.8 million or net proceeds of $6.0 million after placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses. The shares of preferred stock have a
stated value of $1,000 per share and are initially convertible into an aggregate of 562,085 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $12.00 per share
at any time. The common warrants have an exercise price of $13.99 per share. In addition, we issued the placement agent designees warrants to purchase
up to 36,538 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $14.99 per share. Both the common warrants and the placement warrants are exercisable six
months following the date issuance and have a five-year term. The shares of preferred stock and common warrants were offered by us pursuant to a “shelf”
registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-256502) previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 26,
2021, and became effective on June 9, 2021.
On February 16, 2021, we closed on a registered direct offering with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors to purchase up to an aggregate of
1,000,000 shares of our common stock at $40.00 per share, for gross proceeds $40.0 million or net proceeds of $37.1 million after placement agent’s fees
and other offering expenses. In connection with the offering, 65,003 warrants with a five-year expiry were issued to placement agent designees at an
exercise price of $49.99 per share. The shares of common stock were offered by us pursuant to a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-
230225) previously filed with the SEC on March 12, 2019 and declared effective by the SEC on March 15, 2019.
In addition to the above registered direct offerings, during the year ended December 31, 2021, warrants issued in 2019 and 2020 were exercised on a cash
basis to purchase 7,202 shares of our common stock. We issued 7,202 shares of our common stock for proceeds of $0.2 million.
Known Trends, Events and Uncertainties
The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing effects on our operations is unknown and will depend on future developments, which are
highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. These include but are not limited to the COVID-19 pandemic and its continuing effects on the
global economy, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, and any additional preventative and protective
actions that regulators, or our board or management, may determine are needed.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant economic uncertainty and volatility in the credit and capital markets, and the ongoing effects of the
COVID-19 pandemic, including but not limited to, supply chain issues, global shortages of supplies, materials and products, and rising global inflation,
continue to do so. In addition, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including related sanctions and countermeasures, are difficult to predict,
and could adversely impact geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions, the global economy, and contribute to increased market volatility, which may in
turn adversely affect our business and operations. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional capital and may tailor our drug candidate development
program based on the amount of funding we are able to raise in the future. Nevertheless, there is no assurance that these initiatives will be successful.
Other than as discussed above and elsewhere in this report, we are not aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that are likely to have a material effect
on our financial condition.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Not applicable.
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
The information required by this Item 8 is included at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
Not applicable.
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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in
Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have concluded that, based on such
evaluation, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or
submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is
accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer as appropriate to allow
timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the
Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal
Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of
financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP, including those policies and
procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the disposition of our
assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance
with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and board of directors, and (iii)
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a
material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of
effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of
compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Management evaluates the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control — Integrated
Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our
internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have
materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Management and the Board of Directors
The following table sets forth the persons who serve as our executive officers and directors.
PART III
Name
Teofilo Raad
Peter Ludlum
Margaret Wasilewski, M.D.
Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
Todd Bazemore
Christopher Cabell M.D.
Michael J. Higgins
Anand Varadan
Management
Age
53
67
65
55
52
54
60
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Position
Chief Executive Officer and Director
Interim Chief Financial Officer
Chief Medical Officer
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Teofilo Raad. Mr. Raad was appointed Chief Executive Officer in May 2019. Prior to his appointment, he served as Pulmatrix’s Chief Business Officer and
led commercial and business development efforts. He has more than 20 years of commercial healthcare and life science leadership experience and most
recently served as Chief Commercial Officer at Option Care from 2013-2016, where he helped separate the specialty home infusion business unit from
Walgreens to create the nation’s largest independent home infusion provider. Prior to that, he was Vice President and business unit head at Sunovion with
overall responsibility for CNS and respiratory products, including assets in asthma and COPD from 2010 to 2012. During his time at Sunovion, Mr. Raad
led multiple products through clinical development to commercialization and implemented new strategic alliances in the US and Japan. Earlier in his
career, he also gained direct launch experience with Sporanox®, Janssen’s oral itraconazole product to treat fungal infections, and brings that experience to
the Company’s programs. Mr. Raad holds a BS in Business Administration from University of Colorado at Boulder and an MBA from Thunderbird Global
School of Global Management. We believe that Mr. Raad has extensive business experience running the operations of biopharmaceutical companies and
qualifies him to serve as a member of the Board.
Peter Ludlum. Mr. Ludlum has served as our interim Chief Financial Officer, principal accounting officer and principal financial officer since April 2022,
and since December 2021, he has served as our Strategic Advisor – Finance, both pursuant to a November 30, 2021 consulting agreement between the
Company and Danforth. Mr. Ludlum has served as an employee with Danforth Advisors, LLC (“Danforth”), a provider of strategic and operational finance
and accounting for life science companies, since December 2021. Prior to Danforth, Mr. Ludlum has worked as an independent financial consultant.
Previously, Mr. Ludlum served in several executive roles at Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. (n/k/a EMI Holding, Inc.), a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical
company, including Co-President, Chief Business Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, during his tenure from April 2012 until
May 2017. Mr. Ludlum previously served as the Chief Financial Officer of Energy and Power Solutions, Inc., an energy intelligence company, from April
2008 to December 2011. He received a B.S. in Business and Economics with a major in accounting from Lehigh University and an MBA with a
concentration in Finance from California State University, Fullerton.
Margaret Wasilewski, M.D. Dr. Wasilewski brings extensive experience across different stages of pharmaceutical drug development in various
therapeutic areas. She leverages over 20 years of experience in pharmaceutical drug development. Dr. Wasilewski held various leadership roles at Eli Lilly
and Company, Targanta Therapeutics, Shire, and Summit Therapeutics. As President of ID Remedies LLC, Dr. Wasilewski has provided scientific, medical,
and clinical development consultation to various biopharmaceutical companies. Her clinical development experience includes bacterial and viral infections,
sepsis, neurology, and rare disease. Dr. Wasilewski received a medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine and is board certified in Internal
Medicine and completed fellowships in Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology at the University of California-San Francisco. Dr. Wasilewski
received an MBA from Indiana University, Kelly School of Business; a master’s degree in Nutrition from the University of California-Berkeley and an
undergraduate degree in Chemistry from Rutgers University.
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Board of Directors
Richard Batycky, Ph.D. Dr. Batycky was appointed to serve as a director of our Company in November 2019. He is currently the President and Chief
Executive Officer of Nocion Therapeutics, Inc. having served in such position since 2018. Dr. Batycky has over two decades of experience with biotech
start-ups from founding to acquisition across an array of platforms and disease states with significant expertise in inhaled drug development. From 2009 to
2014, he was the Chief Scientific Officer and a founder of Civitas Therapeutics, which was acquired by Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., or Acorda. At Acorda,
he served as Chief Technology Officer from 2014 to 2018 where he led its novel dry powder inhalation therapy to treat motor issues in Parkinson’s patients
through to FDA approval as Inbrija™. Prior to Civitas Therapeutics, he was Chief Scientific Officer and Senior VP of R&D at Pulmatrix from 2007 to 2009
and held prior positions at Alkermes and Advanced Inhalation Research from 1998 to 2007. Dr. Batycky received his B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from
the University of Calgary and his S.M. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). We believe that Dr.
Batycky’s significant experience in inhaled drug development in biotechnology companies qualifies him to serve as a member of the Board.
Todd Bazemore. Mr. Bazemore was appointed to serve as a director of our Company in October 2020. Todd Bazemore has served as the President and
Chief Operating Officer of Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc. since December 2021 and as the Chief Operating Officer from November 2017 through November
2021. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Santhera Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., or Santhera, a
pharmaceutical company and subsidiary of Santhera Pharmaceuticals Holdings AG, from September 2016 until November 2017. Prior to joining Santhera,
Mr. Bazemore served as Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Dyax Corp., or Dyax, a biopharmaceutical company focused on orphan
diseases, between April 2014 and January 2016, when Dyax was acquired by Shire plc. Between April 2012 and September 2013, he served as Vice
President, Managed Markets at Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Sunovion (a subsidiary of Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd.), a global
biopharmaceutical company focused on serious medical conditions. Prior to that, Mr. Bazemore held several roles of increasing responsibility at Sunovion,
including Vice President of Sales and Vice President of the Respiratory Business Unit. He received his Bachelor of Science from the University of
Massachusetts, Lowell. We believe that Mr. Bazemore has extensive business experience running the commercial operations of biopharmaceutical
companies and qualifies him to serve as a member of the Board.
Christopher Cabell, M.D. Dr. Cabell was appointed to serve as a director of our Company in June 2020. He is currently the Chief Medical Officer and
Executive Vice President at Zura Bio Ltd., having joined in January 2023. Prior to joining Zura Bio, Dr. Cabell was Chief Medical Officer and Head of
Clinical Development at Emergent BioSolutions, Inc., having joined in February 2021. Previously, Dr. Cabell spent three (3) years at Arena
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. with increasing responsibilities including Head of Research and Development, and Chief Medical Officer from October 2017 to
November 2020. Dr. Cabell spent 10 years at Quintiles Inc. and QuintilesIMS in a variety of management positions including Chief Medical and Scientific
Officer, Global Head of Medical and Project Management, and Global Head of Business Development from October 2007 to September 2017. Prior to
joining Quintiles, Dr. Cabell was on faculty at Duke University School of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology. Dr. Cabell is a Fellow of the American
College of Cardiology and has over 100 peer reviewed publications including in the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, and Annals of Internal
Medicine. Board certified in both internal medicine and cardiovascular diseases, Dr. Cabell is an honors graduate of Pennsylvania State University and
Duke University, earning both his Medical Degree and a Masters in Health Sciences from the latter. We believe that Dr. Cabell’s significant experience in
clinical drug development in biotechnology companies qualifies him to serve as a member of the Board.
Michael J. Higgins. Mr. Higgins was appointed Chairman of the Board in April 2020. He has been a member of the Board of Directors since June 2015.
He has served as chairman of the board of directors of Voyager Therapeutics., a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, since June 2019, and served as
Voyager’s Interim CEO from June 2021 through March 2022. He has served as a board member of Genocea Biosciences Inc., a publicly traded immuno-
oncology company, from 2015 to June 2022; Nocion Therapeutics, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, since September 2020; Camp4 Therapeutics
Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company, since October 2017 and KinDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biotechnology company, since March 2016. Mr.
Higgins is a serial entrepreneur who has helped launch/build numerous companies during his career. He served as Entrepreneur-in-Residence at Polaris
Partners, an investment company, from 2015 to 2020. From 2003 to 2014 he served as Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer at Ironwood
Pharmaceuticals Inc, a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to 2003, Mr. Higgins held a variety of senior business positions at Genzyme Corporation,
including Vice President of Corporate Finance and Vice President of Business Development. Prior to joining Genzyme Corporation, Mr. Higgins led
Procept, Inc.’s financial team from founding through its initial public offering. Mr. Higgins earned a B.S. from Cornell University and an M.B.A. from the
Amos Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouth College. We believe that Mr. Higgins’ financial and business expertise, including his
diversified background as an executive officer in public pharmaceutical companies, qualifies him to serve as a member of the Board.
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Anand Varadan. Mr. Varadan is currently the founder and President of Ignition Insights, LLC, a consulting firm providing commercial and strategic
consultancy services to biopharma companies and investors. Previously, he was Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer at Chiasma Inc., a
commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company, until its acquisition by Amryt PLC (NASDAQ: AMYT). Mr. Varadan also served as Executive Vice
President, Chief Commercial Officer of Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc, (NASDAQ: KPTI) an oncology-focused pharmaceutical company, where he started
up commercial operations leading to the successful launch of XPOVIO for multiple myeloma. Earlier in his career, Mr. Varadan held executive leadership
roles at Amgen Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, in the U.S., E.U., and Canada including Vice President, U.S. Inflammation and Nephrology Business
Unit and Vice President and General Manager, Amgen Canada. Prior to Amgen, Mr. Varadan was a brand manager at Procter and Gamble Company. Mr.
Varadan has a B.A. from George Washington University and an M.B.A. from the Simon Business School at the University of Rochester. Mr. Varadan’s
extensive executive leadership experience and his in-depth knowledge of the biopharmaceutical industry make him well qualified to serve on the Board.
Corporate Governance
Pulmatrix, with the oversight of the Board and its committees, operates within a comprehensive plan of corporate governance for the purpose of defining
independence, assigning responsibilities, setting high standards of professional and personal conduct and assuring compliance with such responsibilities
and standards. We regularly monitor developments in the area of corporate governance.
Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy
We have adopted a Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy that applies to all of our associates, as well as each of our directors
and certain persons performing services for us. The Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy addresses, among other things,
competition and fair dealing, conflicts of interest, protection and proper use of Company assets, government relations, compliance with laws, rules and
regulations and the process for reporting violations of the Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy, employee misconduct,
improper conflicts of interest or other violations. Our Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy is available on our website at
www.pulmatrix.com in the “Corporate Governance” section found under the “Investors” tab. We intend to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from,
our Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy at the same website address provided above.
Board Composition
Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Restated Bylaws (“Bylaws”) provide that our Board will consist of such number of
directors as determined from time to time by resolution adopted by our Board. Effective April 6, 2021, the size of our Board has been fixed at six directors.
Subject to any rights applicable to any then outstanding shares of preferred stock, any vacancies or newly created directorships resulting from an increase in
the authorized number of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office. Our Board is classified into three classes, with the term of
office of one class expiring each year. The term of Class III directors expires at the 2023 Annual Meeting, the term of office of Class I directors expires at
the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2024 and the term of Class II directors expires at the Company’s annual meeting of
stockholders to be held in 2025. Stockholders vote to elect directors of the class with a term then expiring each year at our annual meeting.
We have no formal policy regarding Board diversity. Our Board believes that each director should have a basic understanding of the principal operational
and financial objectives and plans and strategies of the Company, our results of operations and financial condition and relative standing in relation to our
competitors. We take into consideration the overall composition and diversity of the Board and areas of expertise that director nominees may be able to
offer, including business experience, knowledge, abilities and customer relationships. Generally, we will strive to assemble a Board that brings to us a
variety of perspectives and skills derived from business and professional experience as we may deem are in our and our stockholders’ best interests. In
doing so, we will also consider candidates with appropriate non-business backgrounds.
Director Independence
We are currently listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market and therefore rely on the definition of independence set forth in the NASDAQ Listing Rules
(“NASDAQ Rules”). Under the NASDAQ Rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of our Board, that person does
not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. Based upon
information requested from and provided by each director concerning his background, employment, and affiliations, including family relationships, we
have determined that Mr. Bazemore, Dr. Batycky, Dr. Cabell, Mr. Higgins, and Mr. Varadan have no material relationships with us that would interfere with
the exercise of independent judgment and are “independent directors” as that term is defined in the NASDAQ Listing Rules.
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Board Committees, Meetings and Attendance
During 2022, the Board held four meetings. We expect our directors to attend Board meetings, meetings of any committees and subcommittees on which
they serve, and each annual meeting of stockholders, either in person or by teleconference. During 2022, each director attended at least seventy-five percent
(75%) of the total number of meetings held by the Board and Board committees of which such director was a member. All six directors attended our 2022
annual meeting of stockholders.
The Board delegates various responsibilities and authority to different Board committees. Committees regularly report on their activities and actions to the
full Board. Currently, the Board has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance
Committee. Committee assignments are re-evaluated annually. Each of these committees operates under a charter that has been approved by our Board. The
current charter of each of these committees is available on our website at www.pulmatrix.com in the “Corporate Governance” section under “Investors.” As
of March 30, 2023, the following table sets forth the membership of each of the Board committees listed above.
Name
Audit Committee
Compensation Committee
Nominating and Corporate
Governance Committee
Teofilo Raad
Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
Todd Bazemore
Christopher Cabell, M.D.
Michael J. Higgins*
Anand Varadan
* Chairman of the Board of Directors
Audit Committee
Member
Member
Chairman
Chairman
Member
Member
Chairman
Member
Member
Our Audit Committee is responsible for, among other matters:
● approving and retaining the independent auditors to conduct the annual audit of our financial statements;
● reviewing the proposed scope and results of the audit;
● reviewing and pre-approving audit and non-audit fees and services;
● reviewing accounting and financial controls with the independent auditors and our financial and accounting staff;
● reviewing and approving transactions between us and our directors, officers and affiliates;
● recognizing and preventing prohibited non-audit services;
● establishing procedures for complaints received by us regarding accounting matters;
● overseeing internal audit functions, if any; and
● preparing the report of the audit committee that the rules of the SEC require to be included in our annual meeting proxy statement.
Our Audit Committee is composed of Michael J. Higgins (chairman), Richard Batycky, Ph.D. and Todd Bazemore. Our Board has determined that Mr.
Higgins, Dr. Batycky and Mr. Bazemore were independent in accordance with NASDAQ Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Our Board has also reviewed the education, experience and other qualifications of each member of the Audit
Committee. Based upon that review, our Board has determined that Michael J. Higgins qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the
rules of the SEC. The Audit Committee met four times during 2022.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other matters:
● reviewing and recommending the compensation arrangements for management, including the compensation for our president and chief
executive officer;
● appointing, compensating and overseeing the work of any compensation consultant, legal counsel or other advisor retained by the
Compensation Committee;
● establishing and reviewing general compensation policies with the objective to attract and retain superior talent, to reward individual
performance and to achieve our financial goals;
● administering our stock incentive plans; and
● preparing the report of the compensation committee to the extent that the rules of the SEC require such report to be included in our annual
meeting proxy statement.
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Our Compensation Committee is composed of Richard Batycky, Ph.D. (chairman), Christopher Cabell, M.D. and Anand Varadan. Our Board has
determined that Dr. Batycky, Dr. Cabell and Mr. Varadan were independent in accordance with NASDAQ Rules. The Compensation Committee has the
authority to delegate to subcommittees of the Compensation Committee any of the responsibilities of the full committee. The Compensation Committee
met one time during 2022. We did not engage any consultant to assist in determining or recommending the amount or form of executive and director
compensation during 2022.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other matters:
● evaluating the current composition, organization and governance of the Board and its committees, and making recommendations for changes
thereto;
● reviewing each director and nominee annually;
● determining desired Board member skills and attributes and conducting searches for prospective members accordingly;
● evaluating nominees, and making recommendations to the Board concerning the appointment of directors to Board committees, the selection
of Board committee chairs, proposal of the slate of directors for election to the Board, and the termination of membership of individual
directors in accordance with the Board’s governance principles;
● overseeing the process of succession planning for the chief executive officer and, as warranted, other senior officers of the Company;
● developing, adopting and overseeing the implementation of a code of business conduct and ethics; and
● administering the annual Board performance evaluation process.
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is composed of Todd Bazemore (chairman), Christopher Cabell, M.D. and Michael J. Higgins. The
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee did not meet during 2022.
Director Nominations
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers all qualified candidates identified by members of the Board, by senior management and
by stockholders. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee follows the same process and uses the same criteria for evaluating candidates
proposed by stockholders, members of the Board and members of senior management. We did not pay fees to any third party to assist in the process of
identifying or evaluating director candidates during 2022.
Our Bylaws contain provisions that address the process by which a stockholder may nominate an individual to stand for election to the Board at our Annual
Meeting. To recommend a nominee for election to the Board, a stockholder must submit his or her recommendation to our Secretary at our corporate
offices at 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421. Such nomination must satisfy the notice, information and consent requirements
set forth in our Bylaws and must be received by us prior to the date set forth under “Submission of Future Stockholder Proposals” below. A stockholder’s
recommendation must be accompanied by the information with respect to stockholder nominees as specified in our Bylaws, including among other things,
the name, age, address and occupation of the recommended person, the proposing stockholder’s name and address, the ownership interests of the proposing
stockholder and any beneficial owner on whose behalf the nomination is being made (including the number of shares beneficially owned, any hedging,
derivative, short or other economic interests and any rights to vote any shares) and any material monetary or other relationships between the recommended
person and the proposing stockholder and/or the beneficial owners, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made.
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In evaluating director nominees, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers the following factors:
● the appropriate size and diversity of our Board;
● our needs with respect to the particular knowledge, skills and experience of nominees, including experience in corporate finance, technology,
business, administration and sales, in light of the prevailing business conditions and the knowledge, skills and experience already possessed
by other members of the Board;
● experience with accounting rules and practices, and whether such a person qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” pursuant to SEC
rules; and
● balancing continuity of our Board with periodic injection of fresh perspectives provided by new Board members.
Our Board believes that each director should have a basic understanding of our principal operational and financial objectives and plans and strategies, our
results of operations and financial condition and our relative standing in relation to our competitors.
In identifying director nominees, the Board will first evaluate the current members of the Board willing to continue in service. Current members of the
Board with skills and experience that are relevant to our business and who are willing to continue in service will be considered for re-nomination.
If any member of the Board does not wish to continue in service or if the Board decides not to re-nominate a member for re-election, the Board will
identify another nominee with the desired skills and experience described above. The Board takes into consideration the overall composition and diversity
of the Board and areas of expertise that director nominees may be able to offer, including business experience, knowledge, abilities and customer
relationships. Generally, the Board will strive to assemble a Board that brings to us a variety of perspectives and skills derived from business and
professional experience as it may deem are in our and our stockholders’ best interests. In doing so, the Board will also consider candidates with appropriate
non-business backgrounds.
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
The positions of Chairman of the Board and Principal Executive Officer are filled by two separate individuals. Mr. Higgins currently serves as our
Chairman of the Board, and Mr. Raad currently serves as our Principal Executive Officer. The Board acknowledges that there are different leadership
structures that could allow it to effectively oversee the management of the risks relating to the Company’s operations and believes its current leadership
structure enables it to effectively provide oversight with respect to such risks. Our Audit Committee is primarily responsible for overseeing the Company’s
risk management processes on behalf of the full Board. The Audit Committee receives reports from management concerning the Company’s assessment of
risks. In addition, the Audit Committee reports regularly to the full Board, which also considers the Company’s risk profile. The Audit Committee and the
full Board focus on the most significant risks facing the Company and the Company’s general risk management strategy. In addition, as part of its oversight
of our Company’s executive compensation program, the Compensation Committee considers the impact of such program, and the incentives created by the
compensation awards that it administers, on our Company’s risk profile. In addition, the Compensation Committee reviews all of our compensation policies
and procedures, including the incentives that they create and factors that may reduce the likelihood of excessive risk taking, to determine whether they
present a significant risk to our Company. The Compensation Committee has determined that, for all employees, our compensation programs do not
encourage excessive risk and instead encourage behaviors that support sustainable value creation.
Communications with Directors
The Board welcomes communication from our stockholders. Stockholders and other interested parties who wish to communicate with a member or
members of our Board or a committee thereof may do so by addressing correspondence to the Board member, members or committee, c/o Secretary,
Pulmatrix, Inc., 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421. Our Secretary will review and forward correspondence to the appropriate
person or persons.
All communications received as set forth in the preceding paragraph will be opened by our Secretary for the sole purpose of determining whether the
contents represent a message to our directors. Any contents that are not in the nature of advertising, promotions of a product or service or patently offensive
material will be forwarded promptly to the addressee(s). In the case of communications to the Board or any group or committee of directors, our Secretary
will make sufficient copies of the contents to send to each director who is a member of the group or committee to whom the communication is addressed. If
the amount of correspondence received through the foregoing process becomes excessive, our Board may consider approving a process for review,
organization and screening of the correspondence by our Secretary or another appropriate person.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships amongst our directors and executive officers, or person nominated or chosen by the Company to become a director or
executive officer.
58
Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings
There have been no material legal proceedings that would require disclosure under the federal securities laws that are material to an evaluation of the ability
or integrity of our directors or executive officers, or in which any director, officer, nominee or principal stockholder, or any affiliate thereof, is a party
adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us.
Anti-Hedging Policy
We maintain an insider trading policy that applies to our officers and directors that prohibits trading our securities during certain established periods and
when in possession of material non-public information. It also prohibits, unless approved in advance in limited circumstances by the policy administrator,
the hedging of our securities, including short sales or purchases or sales of derivative securities based on our securities, and the use of our securities to
secure a margin or other loan. Since the adoption of our insider trading policy, the policy administrator has not granted any such exemptions to the policy’s
general prohibition on hedging or pledging.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Executive Summary
This section discusses the material components of our executive compensation program. We comply with the executive compensation disclosure rules
applicable to “smaller reporting companies,” as such term is defined in the rules promulgated under the Securities Act, which require compensation
disclosure for (i) our principal executive officer; (ii) the two most highly compensated executive officers other than our principal executive officer; and (iii)
up to two additional individuals for whom disclosure would have been provided pursuant to clause (ii) but for the fact that the individual was not serving as
an executive officer at the end of 2022. These current officers are referred to as our Named Executive Officers.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of our Named Executive Officers for the years ended December 31, 2022 and
2021.
Name and Principal Position
Teofilo Raad
(Chief Executive Officer)
Peter Ludlum(8)
(Interim Chief Financial Officer)
Margaret Wasilewski, M.D.(9)
(Chief Medical Officer)
Michelle S. Siegert
(Vice President, Finance)
Year
2022
2021
2022
2021
2022
2021
2022
2021
Salary
($)
525,272
479,723
-
-
368,333
-
299,700
286,902
Bonus
($)
-
-
-
-
-
-
43,035(6)
2,000(7)
Option
Awards
($)(1)
234,375
668,448
-
-
101,882
-
57,594
108,610
Non-Equity
Incentive Plan
Compensation
($)
237,003
223,061
-
-
133,755
-
81,135
72,041
All Other
Compensation
($)
10,422(2)
10,722(3)
398,583(4)
-
10,085(5)
-
10,422(2)
10,722(3)
Total
($)
1,007,072
1,381,954
398,583
-
614,055
-
491,886
480,275
(1)
In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate fair value of the option awards granted during the respective fiscal year computed as
of their respective grant dates in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 for share-based
compensation transactions. The assumptions made in the valuation of the share-based payments are contained in Note 10 to our consolidated financial
statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(2) Represents Company 401(k) plan contributions of $9,150, payment made by the Company for life, AD&D and LTD premiums in the amount of $522
and cell phone reimbursement of $750.
(3) Represents Company 401(k) plan contributions of $8,700, payment made by the Company for life, AD&D and LTD premiums in the amount of $522
and cell phone reimbursement of $1,500.
(4) The amount shown in the “All Other Compensation” column for Mr. Ludlum includes fees paid to Danforth Advisors, LLC on his behalf during the
year ended December 31, 2022.
(5) Represents Company 401(k) plan contributions of $9,150, payment made by the Company for life, AD&D and LTD premiums in the amount of $435
and cell phone reimbursement of $500.
(6) Represents a retention bonus which was paid on March 31, 2022.
(7) Represents a spot bonus which was paid on February 26, 2021.
(8) Peter Ludlum was appointed as our Interim Chief Financial Officer in April 2022.
(9) Margaret Wasilewski, M.D. was appointed as our Chief Medical Officer in March 2022.
59
Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
Executive Employment Agreements
We have entered into executive employment agreements with each of our Named Executive Officers. The executive employment agreements provide for
“at will” employment and set forth the terms and conditions of employment, including annual base salary, discretionary bonus opportunities, benefits and
eligibility to participate in our employee benefit plans and programs. As a condition of their employment, our Named Executive Officers were each
required to execute our standard proprietary information, inventions, and non-competition agreement. The material terms of these executive employment
agreements are summarized below.
Retirement Plans
As part of our overall compensation program, we provide all full-time employees, including our named executive officers, with the opportunity to
participate in a defined contribution 401(k) plan. Our 401(k) plan is intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code so that employee
pre-tax contributions and income earned on such contributions are not taxable to employees until withdrawn. Employees may elect to defer up to 100
percent of their eligible compensation (not to exceed the statutorily prescribed annual limit) in the form of elective deferral contributions to our 401(k) plan.
Our 401(k) plan also has a “catch-up contribution” feature for employees aged 50 or older (including those who qualify as “highly compensated”
employees) who can defer amounts over the statutory limit that applies to all other employees.
Employee Benefits and Perquisites
During their employment, Mr. Raad, Ms. Siegert, and Dr. Wasilewski are eligible to participate in our health and welfare plans, including medical and
dental benefits, short-term and long-term disability insurance, and life insurance.
No Tax Gross-Ups
We do not make gross-up payments to cover our executives’ personal income taxes that may pertain to any of the compensation or perquisites paid or
provided by us.
Mr. Raad
On May 16, 2019, the Board appointed Mr. Raad to serve as Chief Executive Officer and a Class II director. Prior to Mr. Raad’s appointment as the Chief
Executive Officer, Mr. Raad served as our Chief Business Officer pursuant to an employment agreement, dated April 28, 2017. On June 28, 2019, we and
Mr. Raad entered into an amended and restated employment agreement (the “Raad Agreement”), with Mr. Raad to serve as our President and Chief
Executive Officer. Mr. Raad’s employment with us is “at-will,” and the Raad Agreement does not include a specified term. As consideration for his
services as Chief Executive Officer, the Raad Agreement provided that Mr. Raad would receive (i) an annual base salary of $450,000 and (ii) a target
annual cash bonus equal to 45% of his base salary. Both Mr. Raad’s salary and bonus are subject to review and adjustment by the Board or an appropriate
committee thereof. The actual bonus amount is based on both the Company’s, and Mr. Raad’s individual performance during the year. Effective as of
January 1, 2022, after taking into consideration previous increases, Mr. Raad’s base salary was increased to $525,272 and the target annual cash bonus
equaled 50% of the base salary. Effective as of January 1, 2023, Mr. Raad’s base salary was increased to $567,294 and the target annual cash bonus
remained at 50% of the base salary.
We initially agreed in the Raad Agreement to grant Mr. Raad an option to purchase 6,831 shares of our common stock, subject to the terms and conditions
of the Amended and Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”) and our standard form of stock option
agreement, as soon as practicable upon execution of the Raad Agreement. On January 9, 2020, after taking into consideration the results of a compensation
survey, the Compensation Committee of the Board made various compensation adjustments, which included a grant to Mr. Raad, in lieu of the option to
purchase 6,831 shares of our commons stock, of (i) an option to purchase 23,572 shares, of which 3,437 optioned shares were fully vested and exercisable
as of January 9, 2020, and the remaining optioned shares to vest and become exercisable in 41 equal monthly installments on the 16th day of each of the 41
calendar months following January 2020, and (ii) an option to purchase 39,089 shares of common stock, 1/48th of the optioned shares to vest and become
exercisable on each of the 48 monthly anniversaries of January 9, 2020. On April 2, 2020, Mr. Raad was granted an option to purchase 499 shares of
common stock, 1/48th of the optioned shares to vest and become exercisable on each of the 48 monthly anniversaries of April 2, 2020. On January 28,
2021, Mr. Raad was granted an option to purchase 28,274 shares of common stock, with 2.08333% of the optioned shares to vest and become exercisable
on each of the 48 monthly anniversaries of grant date. On January 27, 2022, Mr. Raad was granted an option to purchase 37,500 shares of common stock,
with 2.08333% of the optioned shares to vest and become exercisable on each of the 48 monthly anniversaries of grant date. On January 26, 2023, Mr.
Raad was granted an option to purchase 34,900 shares of common stock, with 2.08333% of the optioned shares to vest and become exercisable on each of
the 48 monthly anniversaries of grant date.
60
Termination Benefits
Pursuant to the Raad Agreement, if Mr. Raad’s employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by Mr. Raad for good reason, then the Company
must pay Mr. Raad, in addition to any then-accrued and unpaid obligations owed to him, (a) twelve (12) months of his then-current base salary, (b) a pro-
rated bonus in an amount equal to the target annual performance bonus to which Mr. Raad may have been entitled for the year in which the termination
occurs, (c) a separation bonus equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the target annual performance bonus to which Mr. Raad may have been entitled for
the year in which the termination occurs, and (d) up to twelve (12) months of COBRA health insurance premiums at the Company’s then-normal rate of
contribution. In addition, all unvested equity awards held by Mr. Raad that would have vested during the twelve (12) months following the termination date
will immediately vest and become exercisable. If Mr. Raad’s employment is terminated (i) by the Company without cause or (ii) by Mr. Raad for good
reason, within twelve (12) months following a change in control, then Mr. Raad shall be entitled to receive, in addition to any then-accrued and unpaid
obligations owed to him, (a) a lump sum payment equal to eighteen (18) months of his then-current base salary, (b) a pro-rated bonus in an amount equal to
the target annual performance bonus to which Mr. Raad may have been entitled for the year in which the termination occurs, (c) a separation bonus equal to
one hundred percent (100%) of the target annual performance bonus to which Mr. Raad may have been entitled for the year in which the termination
occurs, and (d) up to twelve (12) months of COBRA health insurance premiums at the Company’s then-normal rate of contribution. In addition, in that
case, all unvested equity awards will immediately vest and become exercisable. Receipt of Mr. Raad’s severance and other termination benefits is subject to
his execution of a release of claims and his compliance with the restrictive covenants contained in his agreements with the Company.
Under Mr. Raad’s employment agreement, “good reason” is defined as (i) relocation of Mr. Raad’s principal business location to a location more than fifty
(50) miles from his then-current business location; (ii) a material diminution in Mr. Raad’s duties, authority, responsibilities, or reporting lines in a manner
whereby Mr. Raad no longer reports to the Board; or (iii) a material reduction in Mr. Raad’s base salary; provided that (A) Mr. Raad provides the Company
with written notice that he intends to terminate his employment for good reason within thirty (30) days of such circumstance occurring, (B) if such
circumstance is capable of being cured, the Company has failed to cure such circumstance within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of such written
notice, and (C) Mr. Raad terminates his employment within sixty five (65) days from the date that good reason first occurs.
Mr. Ludlum
On April 14, 2022, the Company appointed Peter Ludlum as Interim Chief Financial Officer, effective as of April 18, 2022. Since December 2021, Mr.
Ludlum has served as a consultant with Danforth Advisors, LLC (“Danforth”), a provider of strategic and operational finance and accounting for life
science companies, and, since December 2021, Mr. Ludlum has served as the Company’s Strategic Advisor – Finance pursuant to a November 30, 2021
consulting agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) between the Company and Danforth.
Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, Danforth will receive cash compensation at a rate of $400 per hour for Mr. Ludlum’s services. Each month Danforth
and the Company shall evaluate jointly the current fee structure and scope of Services. Danforth reserves the right to an annual increase in consultant rates
of up to 4%, effective January 1 of each year. Upon termination of the Consulting Agreement, no compensation or benefits of any kind shall be payable or
issuable to Danforth after the effective date of such termination. In addition, the Company will reimburse Danforth for reasonable out-of-pocket business
expenses, including but not limited to travel and parking, incurred by Danforth in performing the services, upon submission by Danforth of supporting
documentation reasonably acceptable to the Company. Any such accrued expenses in any given three (3) month period that exceed $1,000 shall be
submitted to the Company for its prior written approval.
Pursuant to the Consulting Agreement, Mr. Ludlum will provide services to the Company under the Consulting Agreement as an independent contractor
and employee of Danforth. The term of the Consulting Agreement will continue until such time as either party has given notice of termination. The
Consulting Agreement may be terminated by either party hereto: (a) with cause (as defined in the Consulting Agreement) upon written notice to the other
party; or (b) without cause upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party.
Ms. Wasilewski, M.D.
On March 1, 2022, the Company appointed Dr. Wasilewski to serve as Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Wasilewski’s employment with us is “at-will,” pursuant
to an employment agreement (the “Wasilewski Agreement”). As consideration for her services as Chief Medical Officer, the Wasilewski Agreement
provided that Dr. Wasilewski would receive (i) an annual base salary of $442,000 and (ii) a target annual cash bonus equal to 40% of her base salary. Both
Dr. Wasilewski’s salary and bonus are subject to review and adjustment by the Board or an appropriate committee thereof. The actual bonus amount is
based on both the Company’s, and Dr. Wasilewski’s individual performance during the year.
61
We agreed in the Wasilewski Agreement to grant Dr. Wasilewski an option to purchase 21,060 shares of our common stock, subject to the terms and
conditions of the Incentive Plan and our standard form of stock option agreement, as soon as practicable upon execution of the Wasilewski Agreement.
Effective January 1, 2023, Dr. Wasilewski’s base salary was increased to $461,890 and the target annual cash bonus remained at 40% of the base salary.
Termination Benefits
Pursuant to the Wasilewski Agreement, if Dr. Wasilewski’s employment is terminated (i) by us other than cause or (ii) by Dr. Wasilewski for good reason,
then the Company must pay Dr. Wasilewski, in addition to any then-accrued and unpaid obligations owed to her, the following (i) severance in the amount
equal to six (6) months of her base salary, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions, paid in equal installments commencing
on the first payroll date following the date on which the release of claims referenced above becomes effective and non-revocable, provided that, if the
release consideration period plus the revocation period spans two taxable years, payments will commence in the later taxable year; (ii) payment for any
approved, but unpaid bonus for the year immediately preceding the year her employment terminates, less all customary and required taxes and
employment-related deductions; (iii) payment of a pro-rated bonus in an amount equal to her target bonus to which she may have been entitled for the year
in which her employment terminates, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; (iv) up to twelve (12) months of COBRA
health insurance premiums at the Company’s then-normal rate of contribution. and (v) she shall become fully vested in any and all equity awards
outstanding as of the date of her termination.
In the event that a change of control occurs and within a period of one (1) year following the change of control, either her employment is terminated by the
Company other than for cause or she terminates her employment for good reason, in exchange for her execution and non-revocation of a release of claims,
she shall receive the payments and benefits set forth above, provided that the severance shall be for twelve (12) months (rather than six (6) months).
Ms. Siegert
On November 13, 2019, the Board appointed Ms. Siegert to serve as Vice President, Finance, and as the Principal Accounting Officer and the Principal
Financial Officer of the Company, effective as of November 16, 2019. As of April 18, 2022, Ms. Siegert no longer serves as the Principal Accounting
Officer and the Principal Financial Officer. Ms. Siegert’s employment with us is “at-will” with no specified term, subject to an offer letter dated November
7, 2019 (the “Offer Letter”). As consideration for her services as Vice President, Finance, the Offer Letter provided that Ms. Siegert would receive (i) an
annual base salary of $240,000 and (ii) a target annual cash bonus equal to 25% of her base salary, to be determined by the Chief Executive Officer at his or
her sole discretion. Both Ms. Siegert’s salary and bonus are subject to review and adjustment by the Board or an appropriate committee thereof. The actual
bonus amount is based on both the Company’s, and Ms. Siegert’s individual performance during the year. Effective January 1, 2022, after taking into
consideration previous increases, Ms. Siegert’s base salary was increased to $299,700 and the target annual cash bonus equaled 30% of the base salary.
Effective January 1, 2023, Ms. Siegert’s base salary was increased to $313,187 and the target annual cash bonus remained at 30% of the base salary.
Termination Benefits
In the event that a change of control occurs and within a period of one (1) year following the change of control, if Ms. Siegert’s employment is terminated
other than for cause, or if Ms. Siegert terminates her employment for good reason, Ms. Siegert would receive (a) a lump sum amount equal to six (6) times
the sum of her monthly base salary plus the monthly COBRA premium for health care insurance at the time of termination, and (b) all equity awards
outstanding shall become fully vested as of the date of termination.
62
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table sets forth information concerning the outstanding equity awards that have been previously awarded to each of our Named Executive
Officers and which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2022:
Name
Teofilo Raad
Margaret Wasilewski, M.D.
Michelle S. Siegert
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised options
(#) exercisable
1,651
3,704
14,330(1)
28,501(1)
21,115(1)
338(1)
13,547(1)
9,377(1)
—
15
54
8
75
66
33
904
1,120(1)
5,616(1)
2,486(1)
2,206(1)
2,304(1)
Number of securities
underlying
unexercised options
(#) unexercisable
—
—
1,669
10,588
2,457
161
14,727
28,123
21,060(2)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
130
2,083
739
2,388
6,911
Option exercise
price ($)
Option expiration
date
540.00
93.60
21.20
30.80
30.80
25.60
29.40
7.41
5.72
376.00
2,360.00
2,200.00
1,182.00
560.00
556.00
93.60
21.20
30.80
30.80
29.40
7.41
05/01/2027
06/05/2028
05/16/2029
01/09/2030
01/09/2030
04/02/2030
01/28/2031
01/27/2032
03/01/2032
10/11/2023
06/16/2025
06/24/2025
08/13/2025
02/03/2026
03/20/2027
06/05/2028
05/16/2029
01/09/2030
01/09/2030
01/28/2031
01/27/2032
(1) Each of these options vests over a four (4) year period, with 2.08333% vesting on each monthly anniversary subsequent to the date of grant for a total
of forty-eight (48) months.
(2) This option award vests over a four (4) year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary and 2.08333% vesting on the last day of each of the
subsequent thirty-six 36 months.
Director Compensation
We have entered into a director’s agreement with each of our non-employee directors. In 2022, under these agreements, non-employee directors were paid
cash compensation payable in four quarterly payments as set forth in the table below.
Board of Directors:
Members
Chairperson
Audit Committee:
Members
Chairperson
Compensation Committee:
Members
Chairperson
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee:
Members
Chairperson
Annual Retainer
Non-Employee
Directors
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
35,000
65,000
7,500
15,000
5,000
11,500
5,000
10,000
The agreements also provide that such directors will be reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the attendance of
board and committee meetings.
63
Director Compensation Table
The following table presents the total compensation for each person who served as a member of our Board during 2022. Other than as set forth in the table
and described more fully below, we did not pay any compensation, reimburse any expense of, make any equity awards or non-equity awards to, or pay any
other compensation to any of the other members of our Board in such period. Mr. Raad receives no additional compensation for his service as a director,
and, consequently, is not included in this table. The compensation received by Mr. Raad as our President and Chief Executive Officer for 2022 is set forth
in the “Summary Compensation Table” under the section “Executive Compensation”.
Name
Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
Todd Bazemore
Christopher Cabell, M.D.
Michael J. Higgins
Anand Varadan
Fees earned
or paid in cash
($)
Option
awards (1)(2)
($)
54,000
52,500
45,000
85,000
40,000
6,906
6,906
6,906
11,525
6,906
Total
($)
60,906
59,406
51,906
96,525
46,906
(1)
(2)
In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate fair value of option awards granted during the fiscal year ended December 31,
2022, computed as of their respective grant dates in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification
Topic 718 for share-based compensation transactions. The assumptions made in the valuation of the share-based payments are contained in Note
10 to our consolidated financial statements, found elsewhere in this report.
As of December 31, 2022, our non-employee directors held the following aggregate number of options to purchase shares of our common stock:
Dr. Batycky, 3,855 options; Mr. Bazemore, 3,355 options; Dr. Cabell, 3,355 options; Mr. Higgins, 6,715 options; and Mr. Varadan, 2,605 options.
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER
MATTERS
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 27, 2023 by (i) each person known to us to
beneficially own five percent (5%) or more of our common stock, (ii) each director and Named Executive Officer (as defined below) and (iii) all of our
directors and executive officers as a group. The persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common
stock owned by them and have an address of c/o Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, unless otherwise noted. Percentage
of ownership is based on 3,652,285 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of March 27, 2023.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. For the purpose of calculating the number of shares beneficially owned by a
stockholder and the percentage ownership of that stockholder, shares of common stock subject to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or
exercisable within sixty (60) days of March 27, 2023 by that stockholder are deemed outstanding.
64
Name
Named Executive Officers and Directors
Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
Todd Bazemore
Christopher Cabell M.D.
Michael J. Higgins
Anand Varadan
Teofilo Raad
Peter Ludlum
Margaret Wasilewski, M.D.
Michelle S. Siegert
All directors and executive officers as a group of
nine persons
5% Stockholders
Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd(2)
c/o Ogier Fiduciary Services (Cayman) Limited
89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman KY1-
9007 Cayman Islands
Number of
Shares
Beneficially
Owned
Percentage
of Shares
outstanding(1)
Beneficially
Owned as a
result of stock
ownership
Beneficially
Owned as a
result of stock
option
ownership
Beneficially
Owned as a
result of
warrant
ownership
2,705
1,920
2,044
4,808
1,209
109,924
-
6,891
18,395
147,896
*
*
*
*
*
2.92%
*
*
*
3.89%
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
85
2,680
1,920
2,044
4,808
1,209
109,924
-
6,891
18,335
147,811
301,938
8.27%
301,938
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Less than 1%.
*
(1) Beneficial ownership as reported in the above table has been determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act and is
not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. The number of shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned in
column one includes shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of series A convertible preferred stock and the exercise of stock options
and warrants that are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within sixty (60) days of March 27, 2023.
(2) This information is based on the information reported on the Schedule 13G filed on January 10, 2023 by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd.,
Sabby Management, LLC, and Hal Mintz, and other information available to the Company. Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd (“Sabby”) is the
beneficial owner of 301,938 shares of common stock. As of March 27, 2023, Sabby owns warrants that would be exercisable up to 260,411 additional
shares of common stock, except for a limitation set forth in the warrant agreements that restricts Sabby’s ability to exercise the warrants if such
exercise would result in Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s currently outstanding number of shares
of common stock. The principal address of Sabby is 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman KY1-9007 Cayman Islands.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information regarding the number of securities to be issued under the Incentive Plan, the 2013 Employee, Director and
Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Original 2013 Plan”) and the 2003 Employee, Director, and Consultant Stock Plan (the “2003 Plan”), the weighted-
average exercise price of options issued under the Incentive Plan, Original 2013 Plan and the 2003 Plan, and the number of securities remaining available
for future issuance under the Incentive Plan, the Original 2013 Plan and the 2003 Plan, in each case as of December 31, 2022:
Plan category
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(2)
Total
Number of
securities to be
issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
Weighted-
average exercise
price of
outstanding
options,
warrants and
rights
Number of
securities
remaining
available for
future issuance
under equity
compensation
plans(3)
304,823
—
$
304,823
$
28.66
—
28.66
145,735
—
145,735
(1) Represents shares available for issuance under the Incentive Plan.
(2) Excludes 63 shares of our common stock issuable upon outstanding options granted under equity compensation plans granted under the Original 2013
Plan and the 2003 Plan. No additional awards may be issued under the Original 2013 Plan nor the 2003 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, there were 32
options with a weighted average exercise price of $367.69 per share outstanding pursuant to the Original 2013 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, there
was 1 option with a weighted average exercise price of $376.00 per share outstanding pursuant to the 2003 Plan.
(3) The number of authorized shares under the Incentive Plan is subject to annual increases based upon an “evergreen” provision, which allows for an
annual increase in the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the plan on the first day of each fiscal year. Pursuant to the
“evergreen” provision currently in effect, the annual increase in the number of shares shall be equal to five percent (5%) of the number of shares of our
common stock outstanding as of such date.
65
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Transactions with related persons are governed by our Code of Corporate Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy, which applies to all of our
associates, as well as each of our directors and certain persons performing services for us. This code covers a wide range of potential activities, including,
among others, conflicts of interest, self-dealing and related party transactions. Waiver of the policies set forth in this code will only be permitted when
circumstances warrant. Such waivers for directors and executive officers, or that provide a benefit to a director or executive officer, may be made only by
our Board, as a whole, or the Audit Committee and must be promptly disclosed as required by applicable law or regulation. Absent such a review and
approval process in conformity with the applicable guidelines relating to the particular transaction under consideration, such arrangements are not
permitted. All related party transactions for which disclosure is required to be provided herein were approved in accordance with our Code of Corporate
Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy.
During the period since January 1, 2021, there were no transactions with related persons. As of March 30, 2023, there are no proposed transactions with
related persons.
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Fees to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The following is a summary of the fees billed to us by Marcum LLP for professional services rendered in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Audit Fees
Audit-Related Fees
Tax Fees
All Other Fees
Total Fees
$
$
2022
2021
238,885 $
—
—
—
238,885 $
186,121
42,744
—
—
228,865
Audit Fees. This category includes the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements, reviews of our financial statements included in our Form 10-
Qs and services that are normally provided by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with its engagements for those years. This
category also includes advice on audit and accounting matters that arose during, or as a result of, the audit or the review of our interim financial statements.
Audit-Related Fees. This category consists of assurance and related services by our independent registered public accounting firm that are reasonably
related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements and are not reported above under “Audit Fees.” The services for the fees
disclosed under this category include consents regarding equity issuances.
Tax Fees. This category typically consists of professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance and
tax advice.
All Other Fees. This category includes aggregate fees billed in each of the last two fiscal years for products and services provided by the Marcum LLP,
other than the services reported in the categories above.
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Under the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures, the Audit Committee is required to pre-approve the audit and non-audit services
performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. On an annual basis, the Audit Committee pre-approves a list of services that may be
provided by the independent registered public accounting firm without obtaining specific pre-approval from the Audit Committee. In addition, the Audit
Committee sets pre-approved fee levels for each of the listed services. Any type of service that is not included on the list of pre-approved services must be
specifically approved by the Audit Committee or its designee. Any proposed service that is included on the list of pre-approved services but will cause the
pre-approved fee level to be exceeded will also require specific pre-approval by the Audit Committee or its designee.
The Audit Committee has delegated pre-approval authority to the Audit Committee chairman and any pre-approved actions by the Audit Committee
chairman as designee are reported to the Audit Committee for approval at its next scheduled meeting.
All of the services rendered by Marcum LLP in 2022 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.
66
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements:
PART IV
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 688)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
None. Financial statement schedules have not been included because they are not applicable, or the information is included in the
consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits:
See “Index to Exhibits” for a description of our exhibits.
ITEM 16.
FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
67
Exhibit
Number
Exhibit Description
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Incorporated
by Reference
herein from
Form
or Schedule
Filed
with this
Report
1.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
At the Market Offering Agreement, dated May 26, 2021, by
and between Pulmatrix, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright & Co.,
LLC
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of
Pulmatrix, Inc., as amended through June 15, 2015
Restated Bylaws of Pulmatrix, Inc., as amended through June
15, 2015
Certificate of Amendment
to Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation of Pulmatrix, Inc., dated as of
June 5, 2018
Form of Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and
Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
Certificate of Correction to the Certificate of Designation,
filed December 16, 2021
Certificate of Amendment
to Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation of Pulmatrix, Inc., dated as of
February 5, 2019
Certificate of Amendment
to Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation of Pulmatrix, Inc., dated as of
February 28, 2022
Amendment to the Restated Bylaws of Pulmatrix Inc., dated
as of April 28, 2022
Form of Specimen Stock Certificate
Form of Representative’s Warrant Agreement
Warrant Agreement, dated June 16, 2015, by and between
Pulmatrix, Inc. and Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc.
Form of Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Operating Private
Placement, dated June 15, 2015
Form of Series B Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated March 28, 2018
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated March 28, 2018
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated December 3, 2018
68
Form S-3
(Exhibit 1.2)
Form 10-Q
(Exhibit 3.1)
Form 10-Q
(Exhibit 3.2)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 3.1)
Form 8-K/A
(Exhibit 3.1)
Form 8-K/A
(Exhibit 3.2)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 3.1)
Form 10-K
(Exhibit 3.7)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 3.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.2)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.3)
Form 10-Q
(Exhibit 10.8)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.8)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.7)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Filing Date
SEC
File/Reg.
Number
05/26/21
333-256502
08/14/15
001-36199
08/14/15
001-36199
06/07/18
001-36199
12/17/21
001-36199
12/17/21
001-36199
02/06/19
001-36199
03/29/22
001-36199
04/29/22
001-36199
06/16/15
001-36199
02/24/14
333-190476
06/16/15
001-36199
08/14/15
001-36199
03/28/18
333-223630
03/28/18
333-223630
12/03/18
001-36199
4.8
4.9
Form of Common Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated December 3, 2018
Form of Underwriter Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated January 31, 2019
4.10
Form of Underwriter Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated February 4, 2019
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4,16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
Form of Common Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Direct
Registered Offering, dated February 12, 2019
Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued in Pulmatrix
Registered Direct Offering, dated February 12, 2019
Form of Common Stock Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated April 1, 2019
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated April 1, 2019
Form of Underwriter Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated April 1, 2019
Form of Common Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering, dated April 16, 2020
Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued in Pulmatrix Public
Offering dated April 16, 2020
Form of Warrant Dated July 9, 2020
Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant, dated December
17, 2021
Form of Placement Agent Warrant dated December 17, 2021
Description of Securities
Form of Placement Agent Warrant dated February 16, 2021
10.1*
Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Employee,
Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan
10.2*
Pulmatrix, Inc. 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant
Equity Incentive Plan
10.3*
Pulmatrix Inc. 2003 Employee, Director and Consultant Stock
Plan
69
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.2)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.2)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.13)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.11)
Form S-1/A
(Exhibit 4.12)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.2)
Form 10-K
(Exhibit 4.21)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 4.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.6)
Form S-8
(Exhibit 99.2)
Form S-8
(Exhibit 99.3)
12/03/18
001-36199
1/30/19
001-36199
02/01/19
001-36199
02/11/19
001-36199
02/11/19
001-36199
04/01/19
333-230395
04/01/19
333-230395
04/01/19
333-230395
04/16/20
001-36199
04/20/20
001-36199
07/09/20
001-36199
12/15/21
001-36199
12/15/21
001-36199
03/29/22
001-36199
02/16/21
001-36199
06/16/15
001-36199
07/20/15
333-205752
07/20/15
333-205752
10.4
10.5
10.6*
10.7
10.8*
10.9*
License, Development and Commercialization Agreement,
dated June 9, 2017, by and between Pulmatrix, Inc. and
Respivert Ltd.
First Amendment to the Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and
Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity
Incentive Plan, dated as of June 5, 2018
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated June
28, 2019, by and between the Company and Teofilo Raad
Development and Commercialization Agreement, dated as of
April 15, 2019, by and between Cipla Technologies, LLC and
Pulmatrix, Inc.
Second Amendment to the Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and
Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity
Incentive Plan, dated March 11, 2019
Third Amendment to the Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and
Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity
Incentive Plan, dated as of September 6, 2019
Form 10-Q
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 10-K/A
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 10-Q
(Exhibit 10.4)
Form S-8
(Exhibit 99.3)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
08/04/17
001-36199
06/07/18
001-36199
06/28/19
001-36199
08/05/19
001-36199
06/04/19
333-231935
09/09/19
001-36199
10.10**
License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, by
and between Pulmatrix, Inc. and Johnson & Johnson
Enterprise Innovation, Inc., dated as of December 26, 2019
Form 10-K
03/26/20
001-36199
(Exhibit 10.13)
10.11
Securities Purchase Agreement
10.12
Form of Letter Agreement
10.13
10.14**
10.15
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated December 15,
2021, by and between Pulmatrix, Inc. and the purchaser
parties thereto
Second Amendment to Development and Commercialization
Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2021, by and between
Cipla Technologies, LLC and Pulmatrix, Inc.
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated February 11,
2021, by and between Pulmatrix, Inc. and the purchaser
parties thereto
10.16*
Consulting Agreement, dated November 30, 2021, by and
between Pulmatrix, Inc. and Danforth Advisors, LLC
70
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
Form 8-K
(Exhibit 10.1)
04/16/20
001-36199
07/09/20
001-36199
12/15/21
001-36199
11/09/21
001-36199
02/16/21
001-36199
04/14/22
001-36199
List of Subsidiaries
Form 10-K
(Exhibit 21.1)
03/13/18
001-36199
21.1
23.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
Consent of Marcum LLP, independent registered public
accounting firm, to the Form 10-K
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to
Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2
Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18
U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101. INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL
101.DEF
101.LAB
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
Document
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
Document
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase
Document
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
Document
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL
and contained in Exhibit 101)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
**
These exhibits are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
because they are both (i) not material and (ii) the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential. A copy of the omitted portions will be
furnished to the SEC upon its request.
71
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed
on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
SIGNATURES
Date: March 30, 2023
PULMATRIX, INC.
By: /s/ Teofilo Raad
Teofilo Raad
Chief Executive Officer and President
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
registrant and in the capacities indicated below and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
/s/ Teofilo Raad
Teofilo Raad
/s/ Peter Ludlum
Peter Ludlum
/s/ Michael J. Higgins
Michael J. Higgins
/s/ Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
Richard Batycky, Ph.D.
/s/ Todd Bazemore
Todd Bazemore
/s/ Christopher Cabell, M.D.
Christopher Cabell, M.D.
/s/ Anand Varadan
Anand Varadan
Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
Interim Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Director
Director
Director
Director
72
Date
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
March 30, 2023
PULMATRIX, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 688)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-1
Page
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Pulmatrix, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related
consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the
related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the
financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the
period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial
statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
(“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules
and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor
were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of
internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over
financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and
performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in
the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as
evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or
required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2)
involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion
on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical
audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue Recognition – Estimated Total Contract Costs
Description of the Matter
As described in Note 2 and Note 6 to the financial statements the Company recognizes revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to a license,
when such license is transferred to the customer through collaboration arrangements and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. For
licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine
whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for
purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company uses the input method, with estimated costs to satisfy the performance obligation being the input, as the
best measure of the transfer of control of the performance obligation.
Management uses significant assumptions and estimates when determining the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the performance obligation,
which in turn led to significant auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the total estimate of the costs expected upon
satisfying the performance obligation.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial
statements. These procedures included, among others, (i) obtaining an understanding of management’s process in developing the cost estimates (ii)
discussion with the Company’s clinical and manufacturing personnel to understand the estimates used in developing the cost estimates (iii) evaluating the
appropriateness of management’s estimates of total costs to satisfy the performance obligation; (iv) evaluating whether the cost estimates used by
management were reasonable considering consistency with company-specific data; and (v) determining the reasonableness of the assumptions used in
management’s estimation process.
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.
New York, NY
March 30, 2023
F-2
PULMATRIX, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted cash
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total current assets
Property and equipment, net
Operating lease right-of-use asset
Long-term restricted cash
Other long-term assets
Total assets
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Operating lease liability
Deferred revenue
Total current liabilities
Deferred revenue, net of current portion
Operating lease liability, net of current portion
Total liabilities
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value — 500,000 shares authorized; 6,746 shares designated
Series A convertible preferred stock; no and 1,830 shares issued and outstanding at
December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Common stock, $0.0001 par value — 200,000,000 shares authorized; 3,639,185 and
3,222,037 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated deficit
Total stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$
$
$
$
35,628 $
153
1,298
1,068
38,147
235
710
1,472
389
40,953 $
1,188 $
1,638
857
1,339
5,022
4,822
-
9,844
-
-
304,585
(273,476)
31,109
40,953 $
53,840
-
67
871
54,778
321
2,093
1,625
-
58,817
839
1,233
1,431
939
4,442
6,069
857
11,368
1,081
-
301,008
(254,640)
47,449
58,817
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-3
PULMATRIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Revenues
Operating expenses:
Research and development
General and administrative
Impairment of goodwill
Total operating expenses
Loss from operations
Other income/(expense):
Interest income
Other expense, net
Total other income/(expense), net
Net loss
Less: Deemed dividend - beneficial conversion feature of preferred stock
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
6,071 $
5,169
18,240
6,778
-
25,018
(18,947)
309
(198)
111
(18,836)
-
$
$
(18,836) $
(5.46) $
3,447,701
15,382
6,377
3,577
25,336
(20,167)
7
(11)
(4)
(20,171)
(3,197)
(23,368)
(8.63)
2,708,558
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
PULMATRIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
Additional
Preferred Stock
Shares Amount
-
- $
Common Stock
Shares
Amount
Paid-in Accumulated
Capital
- $ 257,608 $
Deficit
(234,469) $
1,805,250 $
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance — January 1, 2021
Issuance of preferred stock and common stock
warrants, net of issuance costs
Beneficial conversion feature of preferred stock
Deemed dividend related to beneficial
conversion feature of preferred stock
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance
costs
Exercise of warrants
Stock-based compensation
Net loss
Balance — December 31, 2021
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance
costs
Adjustment due to reverse stock split
Stock-based compensation
Net loss
Balance — December 31, 2022
6,745
-
3,984
(3,197)
-
-
-
(4,915)
3,197
(2,903)
-
409,585
-
-
-
-
2,056
3,197
(3,197)
2,903
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,830 $ 1,081
(1,081)
(1,830)
1,000,000
7,202
-
-
3,222,037 $
152,500
37,079
204
1,158
-
-
-
-
-
- $ 301,008 $
-
1,081
-
-
-
-
- $
-
-
-
-
-
252,013
12,635
-
-
3,639,185 $
-
-
-
-
- $ 304,585 $
1,382
-
1,114
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(20,171)
(254,640) $
-
-
-
-
(18,836)
(273,476) $
23,139
6,040
-
-
-
37,079
204
1,158
(20,171)
47,449
-
1,382
-
1,114
(18,836)
31,109
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5
PULMATRIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
(18,836) $
(20,171)
Depreciation and amortization
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset
Stock-based compensation
Impairment of goodwill
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Other long-term assets
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Operating lease liability
Deferred revenue
Net cash used in operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment
Net cash used in investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock and common stock warrants, net of issuance
costs
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs
Proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — beginning of year
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of year
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the consolidated balance
sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted cash
Long-term restricted cash
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing information:
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock
Fixed asset purchases in accounts payable
Issuance costs in accounts payable
Operating lease right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease obligation
Preferred stock issuance costs associated with placement agent warrants
Beneficial conversion feature of preferred stock
Deemed dividend related to beneficial conversion feature of preferred stock
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-6
162
1,383
1,114
-
(1,231)
(197)
(389)
511
405
(1,431)
(847)
(19,356)
(86)
(86)
(152)
1,382
-
1,230
(18,212)
55,465
37,253 $
35,628 $
153
1,472
37,253 $
1,081 $
- $
- $
- $
- $
- $
- $
169
1,067
1,158
3,577
17
(148)
-
(149)
(795)
(1,126)
(3,326)
(19,727)
(144)
(144)
6,192
37,079
204
43,475
23,604
31,861
55,465
53,840
-
1,625
55,465
2,903
10
152
1,671
300
3,197
3,197
PULMATRIX, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation
Organization
Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in 2013 as a Delaware corporation. The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on
the discovery and development of a novel class of inhaled therapeutic products. The Company’s proprietary dry powder delivery platform, iSPERSE™
(inhaled Small Particles Easily Respirable and Emitted), is engineered to deliver small, dense particles with highly efficient dispersibility and delivery to
the airways, which can be used with an array of dry powder inhaler technologies and can be formulated with a variety of drug substances. The Company is
developing a pipeline of iSPERSE™-based therapeutic candidates targeted at prevention and treatment of a range of respiratory and other diseases with
significant unmet medical needs.
Reverse Stock Split
On February 28, 2022, the Company effectuated a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock
Split”) pursuant to which every 20 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock were automatically converted into 1 share of common
stock, without any change in the par value per share. Any fraction of a share of common stock that resulted from the Reverse Stock Split was rounded up to
the nearest whole share. Accordingly, as required in accordance with U.S. GAAP (as defined below), all common share and per share data are
retrospectively restated to give effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented herein.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Standards
Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements represent the consolidation of the accounts of the Company and its subsidiary in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and
Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).
Risks, Uncertainties and Liquidity
The ongoing research and development activities will be subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States. Prior to
marketing in the United States, any drug developed by the Company must undergo rigorous preclinical and clinical testing and an extensive regulatory
approval process implemented by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The Company has
limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical and clinical testing necessary to obtain regulatory approval. There can be no assurance that
the Company will not encounter problems in the clinical trials that will cause the Company or the FDA to delay or suspend clinical trials.
The Company’s success will depend in part on its ability to obtain patents and product license rights, maintain trade secrets, and operate without infringing
on the property rights of others, both in the United States and other countries. There can be no assurance that patents issued to or licensed by the Company
will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide proprietary protection or competitive advantages to the
Company.
F-7
Based on its current operating plan, the Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022, will be adequate to fund its currently
anticipated operating expenses for at least twelve months from the date of these financial statements. The Company will need to secure additional funding
in the future, from one or more equity or debt financings, collaborations, or other sources, in order to carry out all of the Company’s planned research and
development activities and regulatory activities; commercialize product candidates; or conduct any substantial, additional development requirements
requested by the FDA. Additional funding may not be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to secure
additional capital, it will be required to significantly decrease the amount of planned expenditures and may be required to cease operations. In addition, any
disruption in the capital markets caused by the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and its ongoing effects could make any financing more
challenging, and there can be no assurance that Pulmatrix will be able to obtain such financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Curtailment of
operations would cause significant delays in the Company’s efforts to develop and introduce its products to market, which is critical to the realization of its
business plan and the future operations of the Company.
Use of Estimates
In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the
reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the
reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from these
estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. The most significant estimates and assumptions in the Company’s
consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, estimates of future expected costs in order to derive and recognize revenue, estimates
related to clinical trial accruals and upfront deposits, fair value used to record preferred stock and warrants transactions, incremental borrowing rate, and
accounting for income taxes and the related valuation allowance.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Cash is a financial instrument that potentially subjects the Company to concentrations of credit risk. For all periods presented, substantially all of the
Company’s cash was deposited in accounts at a single financial institution that management believes is creditworthy. The Company is exposed to credit risk
in the event of default by these financial institutions for amounts in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company
maintains its cash at a high-quality financial institution and has not incurred any losses to date.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, revenue from one customer accounted for approximately 99% of revenue recognized in the consolidated statements
of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue from two customers accounted for approximately 99% of revenue recognized in the
consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, one customer accounted for 100% and 96% of accounts receivable, respectively.
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
The Company makes judgments as to its ability to collect outstanding receivables and provides an allowance for receivables when collection becomes
doubtful. Provisions are made based upon a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices and the overall quality and age of those invoices not
specifically reviewed. The Company’s receivables relate to amounts reimbursed under its collaboration agreements with partners. The Company believes
that credit risks associated with these partners are not significant. To date, the Company has not had any significant write-offs of bad debt, and the
Company did not have an allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2022.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents are held in US banks and consist of cash deposited in operating and money market accounts.
Restricted cash represents cash held in a depository account at a financial institution to collateralize conditional stand-by letters of credit related to the
Company’s future and current office and laboratory facility lease agreements in the amounts of $1,421 and $153, respectively, as well as $51 deposited in a
money market account as security for a credit card as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
F-8
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Property and equipment are depreciated over their estimated
useful lives using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated remaining lease term or the useful lives
of the related assets. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred, whereas major improvements are capitalized as additions to property and
equipment.
Depreciation and amortization is provided over the following estimated useful lives:
Asset Description
Laboratory equipment
Computer equipment
Office furniture and equipment
Leasehold improvements
Estimated Useful Lives
5 years
3 years
5 years
Shorter of estimated useful life or remaining lease term
Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in
operations.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company accounts for long-lived assets in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. Long-lived assets, other than
goodwill, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be
recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a
significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of
an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. Application of alternative assumptions, such as changes in estimate of future cash flows, could produce
significantly different results.
For long-lived assets used in operations, impairment losses are only recorded if the asset’s carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted,
probability-weighted future cash flows. The Company measures the impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated
fair value.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company is required to disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in
determining the reported fair values. FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that
maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available.
Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of
the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the
asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation
inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The three levels of the fair value
hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the
measurement date.
Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or for which all significant inputs are observable,
either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 — Valuations that require inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and
unobservable.
To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires
more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
F-9
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not hold any financial assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring or
nonrecurring basis. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.
Leases
The Company accounts for leases in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases. At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether
the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet
leases with terms of one year or less. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s initial lease term assessment unless there is reasonable
certainty that the Company will renew. The Company monitors its plans to renew its material leases on a quarterly basis.
Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected
remaining lease term. However, certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items, such as incentives received. The interest rate
implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates
incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company
has elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a combined lease component. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized
on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Revenue Recognition
The Company’s principal sources of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were derived from collaboration arrangement and license
agreements that relate to the development and commercialization of PUR1900 under the Cipla Agreement (as defined below) and the license, development
and commercialization arrangement under the JJEI Agreement (as defined below).
At inception, management determines whether contracts are within the scope of FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC
606”) or other topics, including FASB ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). For contracts that are within the scope of ASC 808, the
Company evaluates whether the counterparty is a customer for any of the units of account (i.e., distinct goods and services) in the contract. For units of
account where the counterparty is considered a customer, the Company applies ASC 606 to those unit(s) of account, including recognition, measurement,
presentation, and disclosure guidance. To date, the Company has determined it is appropriate to apply ASC 606 to all contracts and units of account for
contracts within the scope of ASC 808.
For contracts and units of account that are determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of
promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which management expects to be entitled to receive in
exchange for these goods and services. To achieve this core principle, management applies the following five steps (i) identify the contract with the
customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance
obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step
model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to
the customer.
Identification of Performance Obligations. Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified at contract inception based on the goods and
services that are both capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods and
services, management applies judgment to determine whether promised goods and services are both capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of
the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised goods and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.
Transaction Price and Milestone Payments. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in
exchange for transferring goods and services to the customer. At the inception of each contract that includes research or development milestone payments,
the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price
using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the
transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable
of being achieved until those approvals are received. Management evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks
that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is
probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each reporting period, management reevaluates the probability of achievement of
all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjust the estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative
catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.
F-10
Exclusive Licenses. If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other promises or performance obligations
identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to
the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. In assessing whether a promise or performance obligation is distinct from the
other promises, the Company considers factors such as the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration
partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In addition, the Company considers whether the counterparty can benefit
from a promise for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining promise, whether the value of the promise is dependent on the unsatisfied
promise, whether there are other vendors that could provide the remaining promise, and whether it is separately identifiable from the remaining promise.
For licenses that are combined with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to
determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring
progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure
of performance and related revenue recognition. The measure of progress, and thereby periods over which revenue should be recognized, are subject to
estimates by management and may change over the course of the research and development and licensing agreement. Such a change could have a material
impact on the amount of revenue the Company records in future periods.
Research and Development Services. The promises under the Company’s arrangements may include research and development services to be performed by
the Company on behalf of the counterparty. Payments or reimbursements from customers resulting from the Company’s research and development efforts
are recognized as the services are performed and presented on a gross basis because the Company is the principal for such efforts. The Company uses an
input method, according to the ratio of costs incurred to the total costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. In
management’s judgment, this input method is the best measure of the transfer of control of the performance obligation. Amounts received prior to revenue
recognition are recorded as deferred revenue. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are
classified as current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue
within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenue, net of current portion. Reimbursements from and payments to the
counterparty that are the result of a collaborative relationship, instead of a customer relationship, such as co-development activities, are recognized as the
services are performed and presented as a reduction to research and development expense. To date, the Company has determined that all arrangements
which include research and development services have been transacted with customers and recognized on a gross basis using ASC 606.
Royalties. For contracts that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a
level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties
relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the
royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied.
Customer Options. If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods
and services underlying the customer options that are not determined to be material rights are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of
the arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. The Company evaluates the customer options for material rights, or options to acquire
additional goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as
a separate performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company allocates the transaction price to material rights based on the relative
standalone selling price, which is determined based on the identified discount and the probability that the customer will exercise the option. Amounts
allocated to a material right are not recognized as revenue until, at the earliest, the option is exercised.
For a complete discussion of accounting for the Company’s revenue contracts, see Note 6, Significant Agreements.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries, benefits, bonus, stock-based compensation, license fees, milestone
payments due under license agreements, costs paid to third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials, and develop drug materials and
delivery devices; and associated overhead and facilities costs. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and
include costs associated with third-party contractors, clinical research organizations (“CROs”) and clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”).
Invoicing from third-party contractors for services performed can lag several months. The Company accrues the costs of services rendered in connection
with third-party contractor activities based on management’s estimate of fees and costs associated with the contract that were rendered during the period
and they are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs that are paid in advance of performance are capitalized as prepaid expenses and
amortized over the service period as the services are provided.
F-11
Stock-based Compensation
The Company recognizes all employee stock-based compensation as a cost in the consolidated financial statements. Equity-classified awards principally
related to stock options, which are measured at the grant date fair value of the award. The Company determines grant-date fair value of stock option awards
using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For service-based vesting grants, expense is recognized over the requisite service period based on the
number of options or shares expected to ultimately vest. For performance-based vesting grants, expense is recognized over the requisite period until the
performance obligation is met, assuming that it is probable. No expense is recognized for performance-based grants until it is probable the vesting criteria
will be satisfied.
Stock-based payments to non-employees are recognized as services are rendered, generally on a straight-line basis. The Company believes that the fair
values of these awards are more reliably measurable than the fair values of the services rendered.
Convertible Financial Instruments
The Company bifurcates conversion options from their host instruments and accounts for them as freestanding derivative financial instruments if certain
criteria are met. The criteria include circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not
clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded
derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable generally accepted accounting principles with
changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be
considered a derivative instrument. An exception to this rule is when the host instrument is deemed to be conventional, as that term is described under
applicable U.S. GAAP.
When the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, discounts are recorded for
the intrinsic value of any beneficial conversion options embedded in the instruments based upon the differences between the fair value of the underlying
common stock at the commitment date of the transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the instrument. Deemed dividends are also
recorded for the intrinsic value of beneficial conversion options embedded in preferred stock based upon the differences between the fair value of the
underlying common stock at the commitment date of the transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the preferred stock.
Common Stock Warrants
The Company classifies as equity any warrants that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) provide the Company with a choice of net-
cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any warrants
that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the Company’s
control), (ii) gives the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement) or (iii) that contain
reset provisions that do not qualify for the scope exception. The Company assesses classification of its common stock warrants and other freestanding
derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company’s freestanding
derivatives consist of warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in connection with its (i) convertible preferred stock, (ii) private placements, (iii)
term loan, (iv) consulting services and (v) underwriting and representative services. The Company evaluated these warrants to assess their proper
classification and determined that the common stock warrants meet the criteria for equity classification in the consolidated balance sheets.
Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation method that determines earnings (loss)
per share for common shares and participating securities. The participating securities consist of the Company’s preferred stock. The undistributed earnings
are allocated between common shares and participating securities as if all earnings had been distributed during the period. In periods of loss, no allocation
is made to the preferred shares and diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because common stock equivalents are excluded as their
inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
F-12
Income Taxes
Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and
liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in
the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial
statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation
allowance is provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be
realized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company
recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely than not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit
will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position, as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the difference between the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and liabilities assumed under the
acquisition method of accounting for push-down accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment within the Company’s single
reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not
reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. When performing the impairment assessment, the accounting standard for
testing goodwill for impairment permits a company to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances
indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely
than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is impaired, the Company then must perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the carrying value of the
goodwill exceeds the fair value of the Company. Given the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company’s common stock value decline during
2021, the Company determined that goodwill was impaired, and a full impairment charge of $3,577 was recorded during the year ended December 31,
2021.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the
specified effective date. Except as set forth below, the Company did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31,
2022 that had a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging –
Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40)” (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 simplifies the guidance on accounting for convertible financial
instruments by removing the separation models for (1) convertible debt with a cash conversion feature and (2) convertible instruments with a beneficial
conversion feature. ASU 2020-06 also requires the application of the if-converted method for calculating diluted earnings per share and share settlement
when an instrument can be settled in cash or shares at the entity’s option, unless the instrument is a liability-classified stock-based payment award. The
Company elected to early adopt ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2022, using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have
any net impact on the classification or measurement of the Company’s convertible financial instruments or contracts in the Company’s own equity
outstanding as of January 1, 2022, nor the earnings per-share amounts for the year ended December 31, 2022.
In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50),
Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting
for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)
(“ASU 2021-04”). ASU 2021-04 address how an issuer should account for modifications, or an exchange of freestanding equity-classified written call
options classified as equity that is not within the scope of another topic. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2021-04 as of January 1, 2022. The
adoption of ASU 2021-04 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
F-13
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326)—Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
(“ASU 2016-13”), which has been subsequently amended. The provisions of ASU 2016-13 modify the impairment model for financial instruments to
utilize an expected loss methodology in place of the currently used incurred loss methodology and require consideration of a broader range of reasonable
and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The Company plans to adopt the standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard
is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2022, there have been no other new, or existing recently issued or adopted, accounting pronouncements that are of significance, or
potential significance, that impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
3. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
Clinical and consulting
Insurance
Software and hosting costs
Other
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets
4. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:
Laboratory equipment
Leasehold improvements
Computer equipment
Office furniture and equipment
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
Property and equipment, net
As of December 31,
2022
2021
517 $
286
99
166
1,068 $
As of December 31,
2022
2021
1,827 $
664
275
217
2,983
(2,748)
235 $
230
325
-
316
871
1,838
602
304
217
2,961
(2,640)
321
$
$
$
$
Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $162 and $169, respectively. During the years ended
December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company disposed of certain fixed assets with immaterial gross costs and accumulated depreciation.
5. Accrued Expenses and other current liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:
Wages and incentives
Clinical and consulting
Legal and patents
Other
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities
F-14
As of December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
1,130 $
475
-
33
1,638 $
1,051
97
58
27
1,233
6. Significant Agreements
Development and Commercialization Agreement with Cipla Technologies LLC (“Cipla”)
On April 15, 2019, the Company entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Cipla Agreement”) with Cipla for the co-
development and commercialization, on a worldwide exclusive basis, of PUR1900, the Company’s inhaled iSPERSE™ drug delivery system (the
“Product”) enabled formulation of the antifungal drug, itraconazole, which is only available as an oral drug, for the treatment of all pulmonary indications,
including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (“ABPA”) in patients with asthma. Pulmatrix entered into an amendment to the Cipla Agreement on
November 8, 2021 (the “Cipla Amendment”), and all references to the Cipla Agreement herein refer to the Cipla Agreement, as amended.
The Company received a non-refundable upfront payment of $22.0 million (the “Upfront Payment”) under the Cipla Agreement. Upon receipt of the
Upfront Payment, the Company irrevocably assigned to Cipla the following assets, solely to the extent that each covers the Product in connection with any
treatment, prevention, and/or diagnosis of diseases of the pulmonary system (“Pulmonary Indications”): all existing and future technologies, current and
future drug master files, dossiers, third-party contracts, regulatory filings, regulatory materials and regulatory approvals, patents, and intellectual property
rights, as well as any other associated rights and assets directly related to the Product, specifically in relation to pulmonary indications (collectively, the
“Assigned Assets”), excluding most specifically the Company’s iSPERSE™ technology. A portion of the Upfront Payment was deposited by the Company
into a bank account, along with an equal amount from the Company, and was dedicated to the development of the Product (the “Initial Development
Funding”). The Initial Development Funding was depleted during the year ended December 31, 2021, and the Company and Cipla are now each
responsible for a portion of the development costs actually incurred as described below (the “Co-Development Phase”).
The Company and Cipla will each be responsible for 60% and 40%, respectively, of the Company’s overhead costs and the time spent by the Company’s
employees and consultants on development of the Product (“Direct Costs”), in addition to which, Cipla will reimburse the Company an amount equal to
10% of aggregate Direct Costs upon the achievement of the development milestones set forth in the table below, potentially bringing the sharing of Direct
Costs to a 50/50 basis. The Company will continue to share all other development costs with Cipla that are not Direct Costs, such as the cost of clinical
research organizations, manufacturing costs and other third-party costs, on a 50/50 basis.
Phase 2b Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 2b clinical study are dosed
Company delivers summary of key efficacy and safety data to include FEV1, IgE, ACQ-6, number of subjects
withdrawn, any severe adverse events related to the medication and an overall summary table of adverse events
(“Topline Results”) to the joint steering committee (“JSC”).
Phase 3 Development Plan – Development Milestones
Development Milestone
25% of patients enrolled in Phase 3 clinical study dosed
Company delivers Topline Results to the JSC
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (the “PDUFA”)
F-15
Milestone Date
June 30, 2023
June 30, 2024
Milestone Date
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
To be proposed by JSC
Accounting Treatment
The Company concluded that because both it and Cipla are active participants in the arrangement and are exposed to the significant risks and rewards of the
collaboration, the Company’s collaboration with Cipla is within the scope of ASC 808. The Company concluded that Cipla is a customer since they
contracted with the Company to obtain research and development services and a license to the Assigned Assets, each of which is an output of the
Company’s ordinary activities, in exchange for consideration. Therefore, the Company has applied the guidance in ASC 606 to account for the research and
development services and a license within the contract. The Company determined that the research and development services and license to the Assigned
Assets are considered highly interdependent and highly interrelated and therefore are considered a single combined performance obligation because Cipla
cannot benefit from the license without the performance by Pulmatrix of the research and development services. Such research and development services
are highly specialized and proprietary to Pulmatrix and therefore not available to Cipla from any other third party.
The Company initially determined the total transaction price to be $22.0 million – comprised of $12.0 million for research and development services for the
Product and $10.0 million for the irrevocable license to the Assigned Assets. Any consideration related to the Co-Development Phase was not initially
included in the transaction price as such amounts are subject to the variable consideration constraint. Additionally, upon commercialization, Cipla and the
Company will share equally, both positive and negative total free cash-flows earned by Cipla in respect of the Product. However, the Company has not
included such free cash-flows in the transaction price as these milestones are constrained until after the commercialization of the Product.
The Company concluded that the Amendment represented a contract modification that is treated for accounting purposes as the termination of the Cipla
Agreement and a creation of a new contract (the “Amended Cipla Agreement”). Accordingly, the modification is accounted for on a prospective basis. The
total transaction price for the Amended Cipla Agreement includes variable consideration from the Amendment as well as $7.4 million deferred under the
Cipla Agreement as of the Amendment execution date.
Revenue is recognized for the Amended Cipla Agreement as the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the
ratio of costs incurred to the total costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the Company’s obligations. In management’s judgment, this input
method is the best measure of the transfer of control of the combined performance obligation. The amounts received that have not yet been recognized as
revenue are recorded in deferred revenue on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, with amounts expected to be recognized in the next 12 months
recorded as current.
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $6.1 million and $1.4 million in revenue related to the research and
development services and irrevocable license to the Assigned Assets in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, respectively. Of the revenue
recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, $0.8 million was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period. As of December 31,
2022, the aggregate transaction price related to the Company’s unsatisfied obligations was $6.2 million and was recorded in deferred revenue, $1.3 million
of which was current.
License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”)
All rights to the Company’s kinase inhibitor portfolio, including PUR1800 and PUR5700, reverted to the Company upon the termination of the License,
Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “JJEI License Agreement”), dated December 26, 2019, with Johnson & Johnson Enterprise
Innovation, Inc. (“JJEI”). JJEI notified the Company that they were terminating the JJEI License Agreement in April 2021, and the effective date of the
termination was July 6, 2021.
Accounting Treatment
Revenue associated with the combined research and development services for the licensed product and the irrevocable license was recognized as revenue as
the research and development services are provided using an input method, according to the ratio of costs incurred to the total costs expected to be incurred
in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. In management’s judgment, this input method was the best measure of the transfer of control of the
performance obligation. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $3.7 million in revenue related to the research and
development services and license agreement in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no
unsatisfied obligations under the JJEI License Agreement.
7. Preferred Stock
The Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Articles”) provides for a class of authorized stock known as preferred stock,
consisting of 500,000 shares, $0.0001 par value per share, issuable from time to time in one or more series. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the
Articles were amended to designate and authorize 6,746 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”).
F-16
On December 17, 2021, the Company closed a registered direct offering with certain institutional investors for the issuance and sale of an aggregate of
6,745.008 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 281,047 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share,
for gross proceeds of $6.7 million, or net cash proceeds of $6.0 million after deducting $0.7 million related to placement agent’s fees and other offering
expenses. The shares of Series A Preferred Stock have a stated value of $1,000.00 per share and are initially convertible into an aggregate of 562,085
shares of common stock at a conversion price of $12.00 per share at any time. The common warrants have an exercise price of $13.99 per share. In
addition, the Company issued the placement agent designees warrants to purchase up to 36,538 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $14.99 per
share and their fair value of $0.4 million was recorded as an additional offering cost. Both the common warrants and the placement warrants are exercisable
six months following the date issuance and have a five-year term.
The Series A Preferred Stock does not have any mandatory redemption provisions, contingently redeemable redemption provisions, preferential dividend
rights, liquidation preferences, or voting rights, apart from mirrored, non-discretionary voting rights with common stock as a single class, equal to 100,000
votes per share of common stock underlying the Series A Preferred Stock on the Reverse Stock Split proposal which was approved by the Company’s
stockholders at a special stockholder meeting on February 10, 2022.
The Company evaluated the classification of the Series A Preferred Stock and determined equity classification was appropriate due to no mandatory or
contingently redeemable redemption features. The warrants issued to the investors were considered freestanding equity classified instruments. The
Company first allocated gross proceeds from the registered direct offering between the Series A Preferred Stock and the warrants issued to investors using
a relative fair value approach, resulting in an initial allocation to both instruments of $4.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively. The issuance costs,
inclusive of the fair value of warrants issued to placement agent designees, were allocated between the Series A Preferred Stock and the warrants issued to
investors in a systematic and rational manner resulting in an allocation to both instruments of $0.8 million and $0.3 million, for an initial net allocation of
$4.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively. On the issuance date, the Company estimated the fair value of the warrants issued to investors and to placement
agent designees using a Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following assumptions: (i) contractual term of 5 years, (ii) expected volatility rate of
117.98%, (iii) risk-free interest rate of 1.23%, (iv) expected dividend rate of 0%, and (v) closing price of the Company’s common stock of the day
immediately preceding the registered direct offering. The fair value of Series A Preferred Stock was estimated based upon equivalent common shares that
preferred stock could have been converted into at the closing price of the day immediately preceding the purchase date.
The embedded conversion feature was evaluated and bifurcation from the preferred stock equity host was not considered necessary. A beneficial
conversion feature was separately recorded as a discount to the Series A Preferred Stock resulting in the amount of $3.2 million based on the intrinsic value
of the beneficial conversion feature. As the Series A Preferred Stock was immediately convertible into common stock, a deemed dividend related to the
discount associated with the beneficial conversion feature was immediately recorded.
As of December 31, 2022, all 6,745.008 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted into 562,085 shares of common stock.
F-17
8. Common Stock
2022
At-the-Market Offering
In May 2021, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright and Co., LLC (“HCW”) to act
as the Company’s sales agent with respect to the issuance and sale of up to $20.0 million of the Company’s shares of common stock, from time to time in
an at-the-market public offering (the “ATM Offering”). Sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement are made pursuant to an effective shelf
registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the SEC on May 26, 2021, and subsequently declared effective on June 9, 2021 (File No. 333-
256502), and a related prospectus. HCW acts as the Company’s sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis, consistent with its normal trading
and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The NASDAQ Capital Market. If expressly authorized by
the Company, HCW may also sell the Company’s common stock in privately negotiated transactions. There is no specific date on which the ATM Offering
will end, there are no minimum sale requirements and there are no arrangements to place any of the proceeds of the ATM Offering in an escrow, trust or
similar account. HCW is entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Company’s common stock
pursuant to the Sales Agreement.
No shares of common stock were sold under the Sales Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022,
the Company sold 252,013 shares of its common stock under the Sales Agreement at a weighted-average price of approximately $5.70 per share which
resulted in net proceeds of approximately $1.4 million.
2021
Registered Direct Offering
On February 16, 2021, the Company closed on a registered direct offering with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors for the sale of 1,000,000
shares of its common stock for gross proceeds of $40.0 million, or $37.1 million after deducting placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses. In
connection with the offering, 65,003 warrants with a five-year expiry were issued to placement agent designees at an exercise price of $49.99 per share.
The fair value of the placement agent warrants was $31.40 per share. The shares of common stock were offered by the Company pursuant to a “shelf”
registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-230225) previously filed with the SEC on March 12, 2019, and declared effective by the SEC on March
15, 2019.
Exercise of Warrants
During the year ended December 31, 2021, warrants issued in 2019 and 2020 were exercised on a cash basis to purchase 7,202 shares of the Company’s
common stock for proceeds of $0.2 million.
9. Warrants
The following table summarizes warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Outstanding January 1, 2021
Warrants Issued
Warrants Exercised
Outstanding December 31, 2021
Warrants Expired
Outstanding December 31, 2022
Number of
Common
Warrants
1,164,359
382,588
(7,202)
1,539,745
(254,942)
1,284,803
F-18
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
68.20
$
20.20
33.41
56.39
31.65
61.30
$
$
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
-
3.30 $
2.98 $
2.53 $
-
-
The following represents a summary of the warrants outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2022:
Adjusted
Exercise Price
Expiration Date
Outstanding
Exercisable
Number of Shares Underlying Warrants
Issue Date
December 17, 2021
December 17, 2021
February 16, 2021
August 7, 2020
August 7, 2020
July 23, 2020
July 13, 2020
July 13, 2020
April 8, 2019
April 8, 2019
February 12, 2019
February 12, 2019
February 4, 2019
January 31, 2019
December 3, 2018
April 3, 2018
April 4, 2018
Classification
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
Equity
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
14.99
13.99
49.99
35.99
44.99
35.99
44.99
35.99
26.99
33.74
36.62
26.79
42.49
42.49
77.99
149.99
149.99
December 15, 2026
December 17, 2026
February 11, 2026
July 14, 2025
July 14, 2025
July 14, 2025
July 14, 2025
July 14, 2025
April 8, 2024
April 3, 2024
February 7, 2024
August 12, 2024
January 30, 2024
January 26, 2024
June 3, 2024
April 3, 2023
April 4, 2023
36,538
281,047
65,003
90,743
10,939
77,502
21,846
334,800
65,907
39,871
5,548
66,675
1,732
511
46,876
117,559
5,751
36,538
281,047
65,003
90,743
10,939
77,502
21,846
334,800
65,907
39,871
5,548
66,675
1,732
511
46,876
117,559
5,751
-
June 15, 2015
Equity
$
1,509.99
achievement
15,955
Five years after milestone
1,284,803
1,268,848
10. Stock-based Compensation
The Company sponsors the Pulmatrix, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”).
As of December 31, 2022, the Incentive Plan provided for the grant of up to 454,363 shares of the Company’s common stock, of which 145,735 shares
remained available for future grant.
In addition, the Company sponsors two legacy plans under which no additional awards may be granted. As of December 31, 2022, the two legacy plans
have a total of 33 options outstanding all of which are fully vested and for which common stock will be delivered upon exercise.
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Outstanding — January 1, 2021
Granted
Forfeited or expired
Outstanding — December 31, 2021
Granted
Forfeited or expired
Outstanding — December 31, 2022
Exercisable — December 31, 2022
Number of
Options
144,962
58,039
(6,995)
196,006
125,487
(16,670)
304,823
148,482
F-19
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
64.20
$
27.79
83.78
52.72
6.40
143.95
28.66
44.39
$
$
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
60
8.75 $
8.12 $
7.98 $
7.23 $
-
-
-
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock option
grants and to determine the related compensation expense. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards represent
management’s best estimates. The weighted-average fair value of options granted was $5.41 and $33.00 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021,
respectively. The weighted-average assumptions used in determining fair value of the stock options for the years ended December 2022 and 2021, are as
follows:
Expected option life (years)
Risk-free interest rate
Expected volatility
Expected dividend yield
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
6.0
2.06%
113.25%
-%
6.0
0.64%
104.96%
-%
The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding the Company’s
activity. The risk-free interest rate was obtained from U.S. Treasury rates for the expected life of the stock options. The Company’s expected volatility was
based upon the weighted average of historical volatility for industry peers and its own volatility. The dividend yield considers that the Company has not
historically paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
As of December 31, 2022, there was $1.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted under the
Company’s stock award plans. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.
The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:
Research and development
General and administrative
Total stock-based compensation expense
11. Commitments and Contingencies
Research and Development Activities
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
254 $
860
1,114 $
217
941
1,158
The Company contracts with various other organizations to conduct research and development activities, including clinical trials. As of December 31,
2022, the Company had aggregate commitments to pay approximately $5.2 million remaining on these contracts, of which the Company expects to be
reimbursed $2.5 million. Of the gross amount of $5.2 million in commitments, $4.2 million is expected to be incurred over the next 12 months. The scope
of the services under contracts for research and development activities may be modified and the contracts, subject to certain conditions, may generally be
cancelled by the Company upon written notice. In some instances, the contracts, subject to certain conditions, may be cancelled by the third party.
Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary course of its business, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings involving contractual and employment relationships,
patent or other intellectual property rights, and a variety of other matters. The Company is not aware of any pending legal proceedings that would
reasonably be expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
12. Leases
Current Corporate Headquarters
The Company has limited leasing activities as a lessee and are primarily related to its corporate headquarters located at 99 Hayden Avenue, Suite 390,
Lexington, Massachusetts. The lease is for approximately 22,000 square feet of office and lab space under a lease with 99 Hayden LLC which was
subsequently amended on April 30, 2020, October 6, 2021 and March 7, 2023, and will expire on August 31, 2023. The lease provides for base rent, and
the Company is responsible for real estate taxes, maintenance, and other operating expenses applicable to the leased premises.
F-20
The Company also leases small office equipment which is primarily short-term or immaterial in nature. Therefore, no right-of-use assets and lease
liabilities are recognized for these leases.
The components of lease expense for the Company for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
Lease cost
Fixed lease cost
Variable lease cost
Total lease cost
Other information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases
Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
$
$
$
$
1,430
695
2,125
$
$
1,478
$
-
0.5 years
$
2.97%
1,135
417
1,552
1,194
1,671
2.97%
Maturities of lease liabilities due under these lease agreements as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:
Maturity of lease liabilities
2023 (half year)
Total lease payments
Less: interest
Total lease liabilities
Reported as of December 31, 2022
Lease liabilities — short term
Lease liabilities — long term
Operating Leases
$
$
$
$
862
862
(5)
857
857
-
857
On March 7, 2023, the Company executed an amendment to its lease agreement with 99 Hayden LLC. The amendment provides for base rent of $180
thousand per month from July 2023 to August 2023 and will expire on August 31, 2023.
Future Corporate Headquarters
On January 7, 2022, the Company executed a lease agreement with Cobalt Propco 2020, LLC for its new corporate headquarters at 36 Crosby Drive,
Bedford, Massachusetts. The leased premises comprises approximately 20,000 square feet of office and lab space and is expected to commence in July
2023, following completion of construction to prepare the premises for the Company’s intended use. Based on the Company’s current plans, management
anticipates the improvements will be funded by (i) the landlord through a tenant allowance of $3.9 million, (ii) a landlord-funded advance on tenant
improvements of $0.5 million which will be repaid over the lease term, and (iii) approximately $3.0 million by the Company to be paid during the
construction period. The lease provides for base rent of $101 thousand per month, which will increase 3% each year over the ten-year noncancellable term.
The Company has the option to extend the lease for one additional five-year term and is responsible for real estate taxes, maintenance, and other operating
expenses applicable to the leased premises.
As of December 31, 2022, the lease was not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as the facility is under construction and no payments relating to
landlord-owned leasehold improvements have been made by the Company. When payments are made by the Company relating to landlord-owned
leasehold improvements, they will be recorded to prepaid rent as a component of other long-term assets. On the lease commencement date, the Company
plans to reclassify the prepayment to the right-of-use asset, thereby increasing its initial value, but the prepayment will not be included in the measurement
of the lease liability. The lease will be recorded as a component of the Company’s right-of-use asset and operating lease liabilities when the lease
commencement date occurs.
F-21
13. Income Taxes
The Company had no income tax expense due to operating losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes computed at the statutory federal income tax rate to the provision for income taxes as reflected in the
consolidated financial statements is as follows:
2022
2021
Income tax computed at federal statutory tax rate
State taxes, net of federal benefit
Research and development credits
Expiration of stock options
Write-down of goodwill assets
Permanent differences
Limitations on credits and net operating losses
Change in valuation allowance
21.0%
6.0%
4.9%
(2.5)%
-%
0.9%
(0.8)%
(29.5)%
-
The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards
Capitalized research and development expenses
Research and development credit carryforwards
Capitalized start-up expenses
Stock-based compensation
Lease liability
Other
Total deferred tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right-of-use-asset
Total deferred tax liabilities
Valuation allowance
Net deferred tax liabilities
2022
2021
$
$
11,557 $
4,460
698
293
860
234
2,206
20,308
(194)
(194)
(20,114)
- $
21.0%
5.0%
1.8%
(0.3)%
(3.7)%
(0.3)%
(16.3)%
(7.2)%
-
10,836
-
12
432
815
625
2,415
15,135
(572)
(572)
(14,563)
-
Subject to the limitations described below, as of December 31, 2022, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $53.2
million available to reduce future taxable income, of which $3.8 million is subject to expiration between 2026 and 2037 and $49.4 million may be carried
forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $6.0 million, which is subject to
expiration between 2030 and 2042. The Company also had research and development credits of approximately $0.7 million as of December 31, 2022 to
offset future federal and state income taxes, which is subject to expiration at various times through 2042.
Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the
Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities. Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event
of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50 percent, as defined under
Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively, as well as similar state provisions. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can
be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of the Company
immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Company has completed
several financings since its inception which it believes has resulted in changes in control as defined by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code.
F-22
Management of the Company evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets and determined that it is
more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. As a result, a full valuation allowance was recorded as of
December 31, 2022 and 2021. The valuation allowance increased by $5.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the
capitalization of research and development expenses and increase in loss carryforwards by the Company.
As part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted in December of 2017, taxpayers are required to capitalize research and development expenses and
amortize them over five years if the expense is incurred in the US and over fifteen years if incurred in a foreign jurisdiction. The effective date for that
provision is for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The new capitalization requirement increased deferred tax assets related to research and
development expenses and decreased taxable loss in the current year, both of which were offset by a full valuation allowance.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was enacted March 27, 2020. Among the business provisions, the CARES Act
provided for various payroll tax incentives, changes to net operating loss carryback and carryforward rules, business interest expense limitation increases,
and bonus depreciation on qualified improvement property. Additionally, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 was signed on December 27, 2020
which provided additional COVID relief provisions for businesses. The Company has evaluated the impact of both Acts and has determined that any
impact is not material to its consolidated financial statements.
The Company applies ASC 740 for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or
expected to be taken in income tax returns. Unrecognized tax benefits represent tax positions for which reserves have been established. A full valuation
allowance has been provided against the Company’s deferred tax assets, so that the effect of the unrecognized tax benefits is to reduce the gross amount of
the deferred tax asset and the corresponding valuation allowance.
The Company is currently not under examination by the Internal Revenue Service or any other jurisdictions for any tax years. The Company files income
tax returns in the United States for federal and state income taxes. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax
authorities in the United States. Since the Company is in a loss carryforward position, the Company is generally subject to U.S. federal and state income tax
examinations by tax authorities for all years for which a loss carryforward is utilized. The Company’s returns remain subject to federal and state audits for
the years 2019 through 2022. However, carryforward attributes from prior years may still be adjusted upon examination by tax authorities if they are used
in an open period.
The Company may from time to time be assessed interest or penalties by major tax jurisdictions. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to
uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The Company has not recorded interest or penalties on any unrecognized tax benefits since its inception.
The Company anticipates that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will not materially change in the next twelve months.
The roll-forward of the Company’s gross uncertain tax positions is as follows:
Balance — January 1, 2021
Additions for current year tax positions
Reductions for prior year tax positions
Balance — December 31, 2021
Additions for current year tax positions
Balance — December 31, 2022
Gross
Uncertain
Tax Position
$
$
0
130
(130)
-
229
229
The Company’s total uncertain tax positions increased during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of a reserve established on federal and state
research and development credits generated in the current year. None of the uncertain tax positions that, if realized, would affect the Company’s effective
tax rate in future periods due to a valuation allowance provided against the Company’s net deferred tax assets.
14. Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation method that determines earnings (loss)
per share for common shares and participating securities. The participating securities consist of the Company’s preferred stock. The undistributed earnings
are allocated between common shares and participating securities as if all earnings had been distributed during the period. In periods of loss, no allocation
is made to the preferred shares and diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because common stock equivalents are excluded as their
inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
F-23
The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, because
such securities had an antidilutive impact:
Options to purchase common stock
Preferred stock convertible into common stock
Warrants to purchase common stock
15. Subsequent Events
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
304,823
-
1,284,803
1,589,626
196,004
152,500
1,539,745
1,888,249
The Company has completed an evaluation of all subsequent events after the balance sheet date of December 31, 2022 through the date the consolidated
financial statements were issued, to ensure that the consolidated financial statements include appropriate disclosure of events both recognized in the
consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022, and events which occurred subsequently but were not recognized in the consolidated financial
statements. The Company has concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that require disclosure, except as disclosed within the financial
statements.
F-24
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of Pulmatrix, Inc. on Form S-1 (File Nos. 333-223630, 333-230670, 333-
239431, and 333-230395, and the related registration statement (File No. 333-230714) filed under Rule 462(b)), Forms S-3 (File Nos. 333-212546, 333-
230225, 333-242341, and 333-256502) and Forms S-8 (File Nos. 333-263957, 333-195737, 333-205752, 333-207002, 333-212547, 333-216628, 333-
225627, 333-231935, and 333-252439) of our report, dated March 30, 2023 with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of
Pulmatrix, Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, which report is included in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K of Pulmatrix, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Exhibit 23.1
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
March 30, 2023
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14 and 15d-14
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 31.1
I, Teofilo Raad, President and Chief Executive Officer, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Pulmatrix, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the
statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the
financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange
Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the
registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to
ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,
particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our
supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the
effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent
fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,
the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the
registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably
likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control
over financial reporting.
Date: March 30, 2023
/s/ Teofilo Raad
Teofilo Raad
President & Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14 and 15d-14
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 31.2
I, Peter Ludlum, Interim Chief Financial Officer, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Pulmatrix, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the
statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the
financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange
Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the
registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to
ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,
particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our
supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the
effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent
fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,
the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the
registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably
likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control
over financial reporting.
Date: March 30, 2023
/s/ Peter Ludlum
Peter Ludlum
Interim Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 32.1
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, the undersigned, Teofilo Raad, as the President & Chief Executive Officer of the
Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of
my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: March 30, 2023
/s/ Teofilo Raad
Teofilo Raad
President & Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350,
Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Form 10-K or as a separate disclosure document.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Exhibit 32.2
In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Pulmatrix, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, the undersigned, Peter Ludlum, as the Interim Chief Financial Officer of the
Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of
my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: March 30, 2023
/s/ Peter Ludlum
Peter Ludlum
Interim Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350,
Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Form 10-K or as a separate disclosure document.