T R O P E R L A U N N A 5 1 0 2 N E G I L P E R 41 Seyon Street, Building 1, Suite 100, Waltham, MA 02453 Phone: 781.250.0111 | Toll-free: 800.622.2259 | Fax: 781.250.0115 www.repligen.com ANNUAL REPORT 2015 2015 Business Highlights Achieved record bioprocessing product sales of $83.5 million, reflecting industry-leading growth of 38% Delivered bioprocessing gross profit of $48.3 million, an increase of 49% Exceeded our goals for our first full year of ATF system sales; achieved annualized growth of greater than 40% Expanded our pre-packed chromatography column portfolio with the launch of OPUS® 60, the largest column commercially available for “plug-and-play” purification of biologic drugs Experienced accelerated demand for our Protein A ligands, driven by market strength for monoclonal antibody-based biologics Grew our commercial organization to support increased demand for Repligen products worldwide Established the Repligen brand to represent technology leadership and a premium customer service experience Visit our new website at www.repligen.com Delivering Strong Financial Performance Delivering Strong Financial Performance Repligen Bioprocessing Business s n o i l l i M $ 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2013 2014 2015 Revenue Gross Profit Leveraging Monoclonal Antibody Market Growth Leveraging Monoclonal Antibody Growth s n o i l l i B $ ) l a i c r e m m o C ( s e e y o p m E l Global Market for Monoclonal Antibodies 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Top 10 selling mAbs Other mAbs Expanding our commercial presence Expanding Our Commercial Presence Repligen Commercial Organization* 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 YE 2013 YE 2014 YE 2015 Internal Field *Sales, customer service, field applications, product management and marketing Dear Shareholder, I would like to start by saying how proud we are at Repligen to be part of an industry that is bringing a new generation of medicines to people around the globe. Biologic drugs are making an important difference in extending the lives of patients with cancer, immune disorders and other serious diseases. Although we don’t directly touch the medical and patient community, we conduct our business with an urgency and awareness of our close connection to it, by being an innovator of technologies that streamline the process and costs of producing critical and increasingly sophisticated biologic drugs. As I reflect on my first year as CEO of Repligen, I am especially proud of the extraordinary effort by all of our employees worldwide to deliver an outstanding year of performance ahead of our initial expectations. In 2015, we increased sales of our bioprocessing products to a record $83.5 million, reflecting industry-leading growth of 38%. In addition, we substantially expanded both our profit margin and operating margin. Our success in 2015 was attributed to three main factors: • • • strength in the market for biologic drugs; accelerated sales and market adoption of our proprietary products; and expansion of our commercial organization and global footprint Importantly, the Repligen brand is being established throughout the biologics industry as representing: experience and technology leadership in both upstream and downstream production; innovation in enabling more efficient and flexible manufacturing; and exceptional customer service, quality and technical support • • • Driven by the Biologics Market We participate in the very exciting and dynamic biologics market, which is growing at 8%-10% per year. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market and accounted for the majority of top-selling drugs in 2015. Demand for the bioprocessing products that we manufacture is closely tied to this market. A record nine mAbs were approved by the FDA in 2015, including the first-ever mAbs targeted to lower LDL-C or “bad cholesterol”. In 2015, we also witnessed first-year commercial success for two anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy mAbs that were approved late in 2014 and proceeded to generate sales of $1.5 billion in 2015. As we look to 2016, there is enthusiasm in the industry around potential approvals of new mAbs to treat multiple sclerosis, asthma, psoriasis and other difficult conditions. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Number of mAb Approvals 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Monoclonal Antibodies Fusion Proteins (mAb-based) In addition, the development of biosimilar versions of originator blockbuster mAbs has emerged as a new growth area that has potential to broaden patient access to these medicines around the world. From a global view, as overall drug pricing decreases and drug volume increases, biopharmaceutical companies must adapt manufacturing processes to reduce cost of goods and improve product yield. This involves adopting new technologies designed to increase efficiencies, such as those that Repligen is committed to developing and delivering. ANNUAL REPORT 2015 ANNUAL REPORT 2015 2 Establishing Technology and Market Leadership In 2015, we focused on driving growth and adoption of our market-leading technologies in bioprocessing and establishing the Repligen brand. Approximately 50% of bioprocessing revenue came from products sold directly to end users in 2015, an increase from 30% in 2012. Our direct products, supported by our own commercial sales team, experienced tremendous growth in 2015. • Our ATF filtration business was a star performer with greater than 40% annualized growth in 2015. The ATF technology is increasingly becoming an industry standard for improving cell culture fermentation yields and streamlining cell harvesting. The performance of this product line firmly validates our decision in June 2014 to acquire the assets of Refine Technology and transform a product with a strong technical reputation into a market leader. • Our OPUS® pre-packed chromatography column business continued to accelerate as we gained global 2012 $42M Sales (40% gross margin) Chromatography (OPUS, Resins, ELISA kits) Cell Culture (Growth Factors) Protein A Ligands 2015 $83.5M Sales (57.8% gross margin) Chromatography (OPUS, Resins, ELISA kits) Cell Culture (Growth Factors) Protein A Ligands Filtration (ATF System) Products sold direct to end users OEM sales market share with over 40% of our revenue coming from outside of the U.S. Our value proposition in replacing glass columns with pre-packed columns is clearly resonating with our customer base. During 2015, we again expanded our OPUS pre-packed chromatography portfolio with the addition of a 60 cm column, the largest commercially available. OPUS columns continue to be recognized for being open platform, and for providing customers flexibility and choice when selecting chromatography resins, column sizes and packed bed heights. • Growth factor sales in 2015 were driven by increased customer demand. Our commercial partnership with MilliporeSigma, formerly Sigma-Aldrich, is strong and we continue to target the cell culture media development labs to increase overall adoption and implementation of our products. The other 50% of our revenue in 2015 came from our OEM business, where we sell our flagship Protein A ligands to large life science companies. Protein A ligands are a key component of Protein A resins, the industry’s gold standard for mAb purification. In 2015, our ligands business grew in excess of 20%, well above the historical average. We are very pleased to have reached extended long-term supply agreements with each of our key Protein A customers, GE Healthcare and MerckMillipore. These commitments are a strong endorsement of our world-class operations, leadership and expertise along with our ability to plan, manufacture, supply and support a critical product to the bioprocessing industry. 2 3 REPLIGEN Building for the Future In 2015, we embarked on multiple initiatives to strengthen our operations and build an internal foundation for future growth. We executed on building out our commercial organization, which has tripled in size since early 2014. With over 50% of our direct product sales now outside of the U.S., we plan to increase our investment in field applications and direct sales staff in Europe and Asia throughout 2016. In addition, in 2015 we invested in infrastructure in order to meet increased demand for our products and to efficiently integrate new potential acquisitions. We added to our senior operations team some of the industry’s best talent and have focused our business development and R&D groups on credible opportunities to expand our product portfolio. In parallel, I am especially pleased with the progress we made on establishing the Repligen brand throughout 2015. We kicked off 2016 by introducing a new Repligen website with a renewed emphasis on bioprocessing applications, technology innovation and a much more intuitive approach to understanding the value proposition of our products. Looking Forward As we look to 2016, our strategic priorities are centered on four areas: continuing investment and expansion of our commercial organization; • • accelerating the global market adoption of our proprietary products; • • improving operational effectiveness with a focus on capacity, supply chain and quality; and strengthening our core businesses through acquisitions and/or strategic partnerships We believe that our innovative portfolio of products, our increased brand recognition, and the extension of key long-term supply agreements for Protein A ligands has formed a strong base for us to execute on our growth initiatives in 2016 and over the long term. I feel very fortunate to participate in the journey of this exceptional company and I value your input and support as shareholders. I have great confidence in the team that we have assembled here at Repligen and in our ability to continue to deliver to biopharmaceutical manufacturers worldwide the kind of innovation in bioprocessing that will contribute to the long-term success of our customers, our shareholders, our employees and our Company. Tony J. Hunt President and CEO ANNUAL REPORT 2015 4 Inspiring Advances in Bioprocessing Behind our expertise and innovation is a drive to streamline and improve the complex process of biologics manufacturing Chromatography Innovator Our chromatography product group Cell Culture Enhancer Our lead growth factor product, sold Cell Retention Pioneer Our ATF cell retenti on device is uti lized includes our technology-leading OPUS® in partnership with MilliporeSigma, by biologic drug manufacturers to columns, several proprietary Protein is LONG®R3 IGF-1, a key component improve producti vity in upstream A resins and our ELISA test kits. These of cell culture media used in processes. Cells in a bioreactor are products are used to improve effi ciencies upstream processes. Cell culture geneti cally programmed to produce in downstream processes. The industry media is added to a bioreactor to the biologic drug of interest. The ATF is increasingly adopti ng OPUS columns improve cell growth and producti vity System is designed to both increase as an effi cient plug-and-play soluti on during fermentati on. The industry is the density of cells in a bioreactor for the purifi cati on of biologic drugs. endorsing the use of LONG®R3 IGF-1 and extend cell viability and thus OPUS columns are delivered to our due to its greater potency compared the producti on run. As a result, drug biopharmaceuti cal and contract to insulin. We anti cipate conti nued product yield from a bioreactor can manufacturing customers pre-packed with growth for this product group increase by 2- to 3-fold. We acquired chromatography resins of their choosing. as our pipeline of opportuniti es the ATF System in June 2014 and OPUS is disti nctly “open platf orm”, advances from early-stage clinical to recorded revenue of $15.6 million providing unrivaled customizati on and late-stage clinical and commercial in 2015. off ering the broadest range of column manufacturing processes. diameters, packed to any bed format. Protein A Ligands Leader Repligen is a longti me market leader in the manufacture of Protein A ligands, an essenti al component of Protein A resins that are used in downstream processes to purify monoclonal anti body-based biologic drugs. Our dual manufacturing sites in the US and Sweden ensure product consistency and reliability of supply to our customers. We take pride in having repeatedly received accolades as a top-rated supplier of ligands to our key customers, earned through our 25 years of experti se and collaborati on in developing and manufacturing these criti cal products. 4 5 REPLIGEN UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-14656 REPLIGEN CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 41 Seyon Street, Bldg. 1, Suite 100 Waltham, MA (Address of principal executive offices) 04-2729386 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 02453 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (781) 250-0111 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value Per Share Name of Exchange on Which Registered The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ‘ No È. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No È. Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes È No ‘. Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer È Accelerated filer ‘ Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ‘ No È. The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $1,348,697,533. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of February 18, 2016 was 33,031,533. Documents Incorporated By Reference The registrant intends to file a proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Portions of such proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 1 10 21 21 21 21 22 25 26 38 38 38 38 41 42 43 47 ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I The following discussion of our business contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When used in this report, the words “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “plan” and “expect” and similar expressions as they relate to us are included to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements and are a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview Repligen Corporation (“Repligen,” the “Company” or “we”) is a bioprocessing company focused on the development, production and commercialization of innovative products used in the process of manufacturing biologic drugs (“bioprocessing”). Biologic drugs include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and vaccines and represent a growing area of drug development. Our customers include leading life sciences companies, global biopharmaceutical companies, and contract manufacturers worldwide. The high-value technologies that we provide enable biologics manufacturers to cost-effectively increase drug production yields while retaining the highest quality and safety standards. Repligen is a longtime global market leader in the manufacture of Protein A ligands, sold to life sciences companies under long term supply agreements. Protein A is a critical reagent used to purify monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) on the market (over 50) or in development (over 300). In December 2011, we strengthened our Protein A market leadership with the acquisition of Novozymes’s bioprocessing business (“Novozymes”) in Lund, Sweden (the “Novozymes Acquisition”). We established and have executed on a diversification strategy to selectively expand the number of bioprocessing products that we sell directly to end users. With the Novozymes Acquisition, we gained a portfolio of growth factors, led by LONG® R3 IGF-1, which is used in cell culture media to increase productivity. LONG®R3 IGF-1 is sold in collaboration with MilliporeSigma (formerly Sigma Aldrich), our exclusive distributor for the product. We also developed and directly market our OPUS® process-scale line of pre-packed chromatography columns for the capture and purification of biologic drugs in clinical development. Most recently, in June 2014, we acquired the business of Refine Technology, including Refine’s Alternating Tangential Flow (“ATF”) System, a best-in-class device used to generate extremely high cell concentrations during the fermentation step of the biologic drug manufacturing process (the “Refine Business” and the acquisition of the Refine Business, the “Refine Acquisition”). We market our products globally through a direct commercial organization in the U.S., Europe and Asia, as well as through strategic partners in select markets. In 2014 and 2015, we invested in expanding our global commercial organization, adding sales, marketing and applications personnel who interact directly with our end users. Our customer base comprises of leading life sciences companies, major contract manufacturers and 20 of the top 25 biopharmaceutical companies. Customers use our products to produce initial quantities of drug for clinical studies, then scale-up to larger volumes as the drug progresses to commercial production following regulatory approval. Detailed specifications for a drug’s manufacturing process are included in applications that must be approved by regulators, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, throughout the clinical trial process and prior to final commercial approval. As a result, products that become part of the manufacturing specifications of a late-stage clinical or commercial process can be very “sticky” due to the regulatory hurdles, costs and uncertainties associated with displacing them. 1 Many of our products are early in their adoption cycle, and together with the expansion of our commercial organization and strategic acquisitions, have contributed to product revenue expansion from $41.8 million in 2012 to $83.5 million in 2015. To meet increased demand for our products, we have increased the volume and scale of manufacturing at our two manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and Sweden. We were incorporated in May 1981 under the laws of the State of Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 41 Seyon Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453 and our telephone number is (781) 250-0111. We conduct manufacturing in Waltham and at our facility in Lund, Sweden. Our Market Opportunity The global biologics drug market is estimated to be over $200 billion. This market includes mAbs, proteins and vaccines. mAb-based biologics alone accounted for approximately $80 billion of revenue, and represented six of the top 10 best-selling drugs across the pharmaceutical industry, in 2014. Industry sources project the biologics market to grow at approximately 8-10% annually over the next five years, driven by strength in the mAb class of biologics. This strength is evidenced by the rate of new approvals, expanded labels for marketed mAbs and the emergence of biosimilar versions of originator mAbs. In 2015, a record of nine therapeutic mAbs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat a diverse range of diseases, including the first-ever approvals of mAbs to control LDL or “bad cholesterol.” There are currently more than 300 mAbs in various stages of clinical development, addressing a wide range of medical conditions including asthma, migraines and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to investments in the discovery and development of novel biologic drugs, there has been substantial investment in follow-on products (biosimilars and biobetters) by generic and specialty pharmaceutical as well as large biopharmaceutical companies. We believe development of follow-on products is accelerating as the first major mAbs begin to come off patent in the EU and U.S. For example, there are at least 12 companies attempting to market the first Humira® (adalimumab) biosimilar, which faces patent expiration in the U.S. at the end of 2016. Also, due to the high cost of biologic drugs, many countries in the developing and emerging markets have been aggressively investing in biomanufacturing capabilities to supply lower cost alternatives or biosimilars for the local markets We believe they are focused on innovative technologies that offer greater manufacturing flexibility, production yields and lower-costs through improved process efficiencies. The Biologics Manufacturing Process Manufacturing biologic drugs requires three fundamental steps. First, upstream manufacturing involves the production of the biologic by living cells that are grown in a bioreactor under controlled conditions. These cells, or factories, are highly sensitive to the conditions under which they grow, including the composition of the cell culture media and the growth factors used to stimulate increased cell growth and protein production, or titre. In the second, downstream step, the biologic must be separated and purified, typically through various filtration and chromatography steps. In the third stage of the process, the purified biologic drug is formulated, quality controlled and packaged into its final injectable form. Biologics are generally high value therapies. Given the inherent complexities of the process and drug product, we have observed that manufacturers are seeking and investing in innovative technologies that address pressure points in the production process in order to improve yields. We see that manufacturers are also seeking technologies that reduce cost of goods as the biologic drug moves through clinical stages and into commercial processes by adopting single-use technologies as well as other products that confer more flexibility and efficiency. 2 Our Products Downstream Products Protein A We are the leading provider of Protein A ligands, an essential component of Protein A chromatography resins (media) used in the purification of virtually all monoclonal antibody-based drugs on the market (more than 50) or in development (more than 300). We manufacture multiple forms of Protein A ligands under long term supply agreements for major life sciences companies including GE Healthcare and MilliporeSigma, who in turn sell their Protein A chromatography media to end users (biopharmaceutical manufacturers). We have two manufacturing sites, one in Lund, Sweden and another in Waltham, MA, collectively supporting overall global demand for our Protein A ligands. On February 23, 2016, we amended our long term supply agreements with GE Healthcare to, among other things, extend the terms of the supply agreement relating to our Lund, Sweden facility through 2019. The supply agreement relating to our Waltham, MA facility runs through 2021. This dual manufacturing capability gives us strong business continuity and reduces overall supply risk for our major customers. Protein A chromatography media is considered the industry standard for purification of mAbs, due to the ability of Protein A to selectively bind to or “capture” mAbs from crude protein mixtures. Protein A media is packed into chromatography columns as the standard first step in a purification process. As a result of Protein A’s high affinity for antibodies, the mAb product is highly purified and concentrated within this first capture step before moving to polishing steps. The global Protein A media market that we supply generates annual revenues of $350-$400 million. We expect continued growth for our Protein A ligands as new drugs are approved and biosimilar manufacturing accelerates. Chromatography products Our chromatography portfolio includes a number of products used in the downstream purification and quality control of biological drugs. The main driver of growth in this portfolio is our OPUS® pre-packed chromatography column line. Our other products include Protein A chromatography resins used in a small number of commercial drug processes and ELISA test kits used by quality control departments to detect and measure the presence of leached Protein A in the final product. Chromatography columns, packed with chromatography media, are used in biomanufacturing to purify the contents of a bioreactor. For late-stage clinical and large commercial processes, stainless steel columns are standard, and are packed in-house by the biomanufacturer. For clinical stage manufacturing, biomanufacturers value the quick turnover, cost savings and convenience of using pre-packed columns such as OPUS® versus traditional glass columns. OPUS columns are pre-packed with purification media and are an efficient plug-and-play solution for our customers, and is a growing area of our business. As biomanufacturers have become acutely focused on improving the drug development process, they are moving towards flexible manufacturing and disposable solutions such as OPUS. Over the past three years we have observed customers moving away from in-house solutions (self-packed glass columns). They are starting to adopt the OPUS ready-to-use format due to convenience, flexibility and consistent product performance. OPUS columns save labor time, reduce overall costs and improve overall manufacturing efficiency, allowing biomanufacturers to reassign resources to higher value-add processes. Our OPUS line is distinctly open platform, providing desirable opportunities for customization. For example, most biopharmaceutical manufacturers utilize three different chromatography media in a given process and our flexible columns are designed to meet these needs. We differentiate ourselves in the pre-packed column space by packing any brand of chromatography media in OPUS to any bed height, ensuring the most convenient and efficient process for end users. The plug-and-play nature of our OPUS columns make them ideal for purification of antibodies and recombinant proteins. With the launch of OPUS 45 cm diameter columns in 2014 and 60 cm columns in 2015, we have further differentiated ourselves from our competitors who offer a limited number of column diameter and resin (media) options. By offering these larger columns, we are making inroads in the glass column market which customers typically self-pack. 3 Pre-packed chromatography columns are at the early stages of adoption; we estimate that currently, we and our competitors collectively capture approximately 30% of a $165 million addressable market. As our sales force expands and we increase the number of call points, we are seeing more multi-site adoption of our OPUS® prepacked columns, including increased use by contract manufacturers, where quick turnover of multiple production runs is critical to profitability. We expect continued strong growth for this product line as we aim to expand geographically and provide best-in-class service and support. Upstream Products Growth factors Most biopharmaceuticals are produced through a mammalian cell fermentation process. In order to stimulate increased cell growth and maximize overall yield from a bioreactor, manufacturers often add growth factors, such as insulin, to the cell culture fermentation media. As part of the Novozymes Acquisition, we acquired several cell culture growth factor additives. Among those products is LONG®R3 IGF-1, our insulin-like growth factor that has been shown to be 100 times more biologically potent than insulin (the industry standard), thereby increasing recombinant protein production in cell culture fermentation applications. LONG®R3 IGF-1 is currently used in the manufacture of several commercial biopharmaceutical products and is sold through a distribution partnership with MilliporeSigma. Our goal over the last few years with MilliporeSigma has been to focus on pipeline development and work with customers already familiar with the product to more broadly adopt LONG®R3 IGF-1 as a platform product. We estimate that the current market for cell culture growth factors is $75-$80 million. We are gaining share of this market as customers displace insulin with LONG®R3 IGF-1. We anticipate continued growth for this product group as our pipeline of opportunities advances from early-stage clinical to late-stage clinical and commercial manufacturing processes. ATF Systems The ATF System is a technologically advanced filtration device used to continuously remove cellular metabolic waste products during the course of a fermentation run, freeing healthy cells to continue producing the biologic drug of interest. The ATF System is designed to both increase the density of cells in a bioreactor and extend the production run, resulting in significantly greater product yield of up to two- to three-fold as well as reduced costs. This is important to biomanufacturers who seek to maximize output from their existing facilities. ATF Systems consist of a stainless steel housing that contains a consumable filter and an associated pump and controller. We sell the ATF System in a variety of sizes suitable for use in laboratory and scale-up all the way to production bioreactors as large as 2,000 liters. ATF Systems are used in the production of several FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies. Following our acquisition of the ATF System from Refine Technology in 2014, we integrated the production of ATF into our operations in Waltham, MA. We estimate that the current market for cell retention devices is approximately $125-150 million. Within this market, we expect continued growth for our ATF franchise over the next several years, as biologics manufacturing accelerates globally and as large pharmaceutical customers who have evaluated the system adopt the technology as platform. The ATF System strengthens our upstream fermentation business and significantly broadens our technology base. Research and Development Our research activities are focused on developing new bioprocessing products. Specifically, we plan to focus these efforts on our ATF, OPUS and chromatography portfolio, including next generation Protein A ligands. Research and development expenses totaled approximately $5.7 million, $5.6 million and $7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 4 Licensing Agreements HDAC Agreement with BioMarin On January 21, 2014, we out-licensed our HDACi portfolio, which includes the Friedreich’s ataxia program, to BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc. Friedreich’s ataxia is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from impaired walking and speech problems to heart disease. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, BioMarin agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize HDACi portfolio product until the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of an issued and unexpired patent or pending patent application claiming a compound included in the agreement or (ii) 10 years. Under the terms of the agreement, Repligen received an upfront payment of $2 million in January 2014 from BioMarin and we have the potential to receive up to $160 million in future milestone payments for BioMarin’s development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. These potential milestone payments are approximately 37% related to clinical development and 63% related to initial commercial sales in specific geographies. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of qualified products developed. The royalty rates are tiered and begin in the mid-single-digits for the first HDACi portfolio product and for the first non-HDACi portfolio product with lesser amounts for any backup products developed under the agreement. Repligen’s receipt of these royalties is subject to customary offsets and deductions. There are no refund provisions in this agreement. Royalties under this agreement are paid on a country-by-country basis during the period beginning on the first commercial sale of a compound in such country, until the later of: (i) the expiration of exclusivity period granted by a governmental authority to prevent the entry of generic product into such country; (ii) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of an issued and unexpired patent or pending patent application claiming such compound in such country; or (iii) ten years following the first commercial sale of such HDACi portfolio product in any country. Royalty payments on products derived from the compounds included in the agreement are calculated by multiplying net sales of such product for the calendar year by an applicable royalty rate based on incremental net sale amounts. We have no further obligations to BioMarin. SMA Agreement with Pfizer On December 28, 2012, we entered into an exclusive worldwide licensing agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Pfizer to advance the SMA program, which is led by RG3039 and also includes backup compounds and enabling technologies. Under the terms of the License Agreement, we received $5 million from Pfizer as an upfront payment on January 22, 2013, a $1 million milestone payment on September 4, 2013 and a $1 million milestone payment on December 28, 2014. On January 26, 2015, Pfizer notified us that they were terminating the License Agreement for convenience, effective as of April 26, 2015. We do not intend to invest additional resources to the development of the SMA program. RG1068 Our clinical development portfolio previously included RG1068, a synthetic human hormone we had developed as a novel imaging agent for the improved detection of pancreatic duct abnormalities in combination with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with pancreatitis and potentially other pancreatic diseases. On December 23, 2014, Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Innovate”) acquired our RG1068 program for a nominal amount. Innovate is solely responsible for future development and commercialization of RG1068. If Innovate gains marketing approval and successfully commercializes RG1068, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties through the latter of ten years after the first commercial sale or the entry of a generic equivalent into the U.S. market. Sales and Marketing Our sales and marketing strategy supports our objective of establishing Repligen as a leading provider of products and services, addressing upstream, downstream and quality control needs of bioprocessing customers in 5 the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries. Through our products and brands, including Protein A, LONG®R3 IGF-1, OPUS®, ATF we provide premiere offerings and services to our bioprocess customers. We are committed to being a partner of choice for our customers with distributor and supply agreements in place for our growth factor and Protein A products with GE Healthcare and MilliporeSigma. On February 23, 2016, we amended our long term supply agreements with GE Healthcare to, among other things, extend the terms of the supply agreement relating to our Lund, Sweden facility through 2019. The supply agreement relating to our Waltham, MA facility runs through 2021. We have invested in our commercial organization and now have 23 sales, marketing, product management and service individuals providing service and support to our expanding customer base. Our global sales organization has both distributor and direct sales personnel, depending on the market and application area. We will continue to expand our commercial organization. This organization also helps us identify market needs and new technologies that we can license and develop into new products. Segment and Geographic Areas We have one reportable segment. Segment and geographical information is contained in Note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Significant Customers and Geographic Reporting Customers for our bioprocessing products include major life science companies, contract manufacturing organizations, biopharmaceutical companies, diagnostics companies and laboratory researchers. The following table represents the Company’s total revenue by geographic area (based on the location of the customer): Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37% 38% 35% 28% 33% 51% 17% 20% 12% 2% 9% 18% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% Royalty revenue from Bristol represented 27% of total revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013; no such revenues were generated in 2014 and 2015. GE Healthcare, our largest bioprocessing customer, accounted for 37%, 38% and 35% of total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. MilliporeSigma, our second largest bioprocessing customer, accounted for 29%, 33% and 25% of total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Employees As of February 18, 2016, we had 168 employees. Of those employees, 12 were engaged in engineering and research and development, 102 in manufacturing, 23 in sales and marketing and 31 in administrative functions. Each of our employees has signed a confidentiality agreement. None of our U.S. employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We have two collective bargaining agreements that cover our 61 employees in Sweden, comprising approximately 36% of our total workforce. The current collective bargaining agreements expire on March 31, 2016. We are currently in negotiations to renew these collective bargaining agreements, and the risk of any work stoppage is low. The Company considers its employee relations to be satisfactory. Patents, Licenses and Proprietary Rights Repligen considers patents to be an important element in the protection of our competitive and proprietary position and actively, and selectively, pursues patent protection in the United States and in major countries 6 abroad. As further described below, Repligen owns or has exclusive rights to a number of U.S. patents and U.S. pending patent applications as well as corresponding foreign patents and patent applications. The expiration of key patents owned or licensed by us or the failure of patents to issue on pending patent applications could create increased competition, with potential adverse effects on our business prospects. Other forms of market protection, including trade secrets and know-how, are also considered important elements of our proprietary strategy. Our policy is to require each of our employees, consultants, business partners and major customers to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of an employment, consulting, business relationship, or product related audit with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the other party during the course of the relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees and consultants, the agreements generally provide that all inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to Repligen shall be our exclusive property. Protein A We have developed proprietary technology, trade secrets, and know-how relating to the manufacture of recombinant Protein A at a scale and quality standard which is consistent with the requirements of the biopharmaceutical industry. In addition, in April 2010, we were granted U.S. Patent No. 7,691,608, “Nucleic Acids Encoding Recombinant Protein A,” which claims a recombinant gene that encodes a Protein A molecule with an amino acid sequence identical to that of the natural Protein A molecule, which has long been commercialized for bioprocessing applications. This U.S. patent, with the term adjustment that was granted, will remain in effect until June 2028. Foreign equivalents of this patent have been issued in Sweden, Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Germany and Canada. The claims of U.S. Patent No. 7,691,608 cover compositions of matter including isolated nucleic acids, expression vectors, bacterial cells that include the nucleic acids, as well as methods of producing truncated Protein A polypeptides, methods of producing affinity chromatography resins, and methods of purifying proteins. OPUS In January 2012, Repligen filed a provisional patent application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) which covers certain unique features of our OPUS pre-packed columns. Pending claims that relate to these unique features cover the ease and flexibility of column packing, bed height adjustment and cleaning that is improved over existing pre-packed column designs. In January 2013, we filed an international patent cooperation treaty (“PCT”) application as well as a utility application with the USPTO on the basis of the provisional application. The OPUS pre-packed column patent application is pending in the United States, Australia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, India, and Japan. ATF Systems As part of the Refine Acquisition, Repligen acquired the exclusive rights to an issued U.S. patent (US 6,544,424) covering the Alternating Tangential Flow (ATF) System and a process related to the filtration of biologic fluids from a bioreactor through hollow fiber filters by the action of a diaphragm pump which creates alternating tangential flow through the filter. The patent expires in 2020. Another patent has been issued in the U.S. covering improvements on the original ATF design that include a screen filter module (US 9,050,547). This family of patents and applications has issued or is pending in Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, and Korea. Other additional improvements on the original ATF systems and methods are covered by patent applications pending in one or more of the US, Canada, China, Europe, India, Japan, and Korea. Spinal Muscular Atrophy In 2009, Repligen entered into an exclusive license agreement with a non-profit organization, FSMA, now called CureSMA, for worldwide rights to patent applications related to compositions and methods for the 7 treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. FSMA had funded the development of these compounds and identified a novel enzyme target (“DcpS”) that these compounds inhibit. In 2011, we were granted U.S. Patent Nos. 7,888,366 and 7,985,755, both entitled “2,4 Diaminoquinazolines for Spinal Muscular Atrophy,” with allowed composition claims that cover both the genus and the species of the chemical structures of the lead clinical candidates. The expiration date of U.S. Patent No. 7,888,366 (the ‘366 patent) is in 2028 with potential for patent term extension. The expiration date of U.S. Patent No. 7,985,755 (the ‘755 patent) is in 2027 with potential for patent term extension. U.S. Patent No. 9,067,897, which is a continuation of the ‘366 patent, was issued in 2015 and expires in 2027. Foreign equivalents of these U.S. patents have been issued and/or are pending in Australia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, and New Zealand. Pursuant to the License Agreement, we licensed all of our intellectual property related to SMA to Pfizer and Pfizer has assumed responsibility for maintaining existing intellectual property and prosecuting new intellectual property relating to this program. On January 26, 2015, Pfizer issued to us a notice of its termination of the License Agreement for convenience, effective as of April 26, 2015. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Repligen has entered into an exclusive license agreement with The Scripps Research Institute for worldwide rights to a patent application claiming compounds and methods for treating Friedreich’s ataxia with inhibitors of histone deacetylase. We have extended this original work and filed additional patent applications which claim both methods and compositions for treating Friedreich’s ataxia. We licensed all of our intellectual property related to HDAC to BioMarin and BioMarin has assumed responsibility for maintaining existing intellectual property and prosecuting new intellectual property relating to this program. On January 21, 2014, we out- licensed our HDAC Inhibitor (HDACi) portfolio to BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc. Our out-licensed HDACi portfolio included patent applications in the United States as well as patent applications in Europe, Canada, Japan and Australia. Patents, if any, that are granted in the U.S. based on these patent applications are expected to expire from 2029 to 2032. Competition Our bioprocessing products compete on the basis of quality, performance, cost effectiveness, and application suitability with numerous established technologies. Additional products using new technologies that may be competitive with our products may also be introduced. Many of the companies selling or developing competitive products have greater financial and human resources, research and development, manufacturing and marketing experience than we do. They may succeed in developing products that are more effective or less costly than any that we may develop. These competitors may also prove to be more successful in their production, marketing and commercialization activities. We cannot be certain that the research, development and commercialization efforts of our competitors will not render any of our existing or potential products obsolete. Manufacturing We manufacture seven commercial forms of Protein A including “native” Protein A for life sciences companies including GE Healthcare and MilliporeSigma under long-term supply agreements which expire between 2019 and 2021. Native Protein A is manufactured in Sweden, while the recombinant forms are manufactured in Waltham, Massachusetts or in both Waltham, Massachusetts and Sweden. We currently manufacture our growth factor products in Sweden and our OPUS chromatography columns and ATF System products in Waltham, Massachusetts. We generally purchase raw materials from more than one commercially established company and believe that the necessary raw materials are currently commercially available in sufficient quantities necessary to meet market demand. However, there are only a limited number of suppliers of materials related to the ATF System products, one of which is the primary supplier of materials used for consumable ATF System products. 8 We utilize our own facilities in Waltham, Massachusetts and Sweden as well as third party contract manufacturing organizations to carry out certain fermentation and recovery operations, while the purification, immobilization, packaging and quality control testing of our bioprocessing products are conducted at our facilities. Our U.S. facility, located in Waltham, Massachusetts and our Sweden facility, located in Lund, are both ISO 9001 certified and maintain formal quality systems to maintain process control, traceability, and product conformance. We practice continuous improvement initiatives based on routine internal audits as well as external feedback and audits performed by our partners and customers. In addition, we maintain a business continuity management system which focuses on key areas such as contingency planning, security stocks and off-site storage of raw materials and finished goods to ensure continuous supply of our products. Available Information We maintain a website with the address www.repligen.com. We are not including the information contained on our website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish such materials to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is also available free of charge through our website. In addition, the public may read and copy any materials that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission at the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. Also, our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission may be accessed through the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) system at www.sec.gov. 9 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Investors should carefully consider the risk factors described below before making an investment decision. If any of the events described in the following risk factors occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially harmed. In that case the trading price of our common stock could decline, and investors may lose all or part of their investment. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we currently deem immaterial may also become important factors that affect Repligen. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks faced by us described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We face competition from numerous competitors, most of whom have far greater resources than we have, which may make it more difficult for us to achieve significant market penetration. The bioprocessing market is intensely competitive, subject to rapid change and significantly affected by new product introductions and other market activities of industry participants. Many of our competitors are large, well-capitalized companies with significantly more market share and resources than we have. As a consequence, they are able to spend more aggressively on product development, marketing, sales and other product initiatives than we can. Many of these competitors have: • • • • • significantly greater name recognition; larger and more established distribution networks; additional lines of products and the ability to bundle products to offer higher discounts or other incentives to gain a competitive advantage; greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, clinical trials, marketing, obtaining regulatory approval and entering into collaboration or other strategic partnership arrangements; and greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing and patent litigation. Our current competitors or other companies may at any time develop additional products that compete with our products. If an existing or future competitor develops products that compete with or are superior to our products, our revenue may decline. In addition, some of our competitors may compete by lowering the price of their products. If prices were to fall, we may not be able to improve our gross margins or sales growth sufficiently to maintain and grow our profitability. We depend on, and expect to continue to depend on, a limited number of customers for a high percentage of our revenues. The loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, any of these customers would significantly reduce our revenues and harm our results of operations. If a large customer purchases fewer of our products, defers orders or fails to place additional orders with us, our revenue could decline, and our operating results may not meet market expectations. In addition, if those customers order our products, but fail to pay on time or at all, our liquidity and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if any of our current or future products compete with those of any of our largest customers, these customers may place fewer orders with us or cease placing orders with us, which would negatively affect our revenues and operating results. 10 As we evolve from a company dependent on others to commercialize our products to a company selling directly to end users, we may encounter difficulties in expanding our product portfolio and our commercial efforts. In connection with the Company’s decision to focus our efforts on the growth of our core bioprocessing business, we are increasingly seeking to develop and commercialize our own portfolio of products. Our future financial performance will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully develop and acquire additional bioprocessing products. There is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully acquire or develop additional bioprocessing products, and the Company’s financial performance will likely suffer if we are unable to do so. If intangible assets that we recorded in connection with our acquisitions become impaired, we could have to take significant charges against earnings. In connection with the accounting for the Novozymes Acquisition, we recorded a significant amount of intangible assets, including developed technology and customer relationships relating to the growth factor products. In addition, in connection with the accounting for the Refine Acquisition, we recorded a significant amount of intangible assets, including developed technology and customer relationships relating to the ATF system. Under U.S. GAAP, we must assess, at least annually and potentially more frequently, whether the value of intangible assets has been impaired. Intangible assets will be assessed for impairment in the event of an impairment indicator. Any reduction or impairment of the value of intangible assets will result in a charge against earnings, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and shareholders’ equity in future periods. Our exposure to political, economic and other risks that arise from operating a multinational business has and may continue to increase. Our operations and sales outside of the United States have increased as a result of the Novozymes Acquisition and the Refine Acquisition and the continued expansion of our commercial organization. Risks related to these increased foreign operations include: • • • • • • • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; changes in general economic and political conditions in countries where we operate, particularly as a result of ongoing economic instability within the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions; being subject to complex and restrictive employment and labor laws and regulations, as well as union and works council restrictions; changes in tax laws or rulings in the United States or other foreign jurisdictions that may have an adverse impact on our effective tax rate; being subject to burdensome foreign laws and regulations, including regulations that may place an increased tax burden on our operations; being subject to longer payment cycles from customers and experiencing greater difficulties in timely accounts receivable collections; and required compliance with a variety of foreign laws and regulations. Our business success depends in part on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other. We cannot assure you that these and other related factors will not materially adversely affect our international operations or business as a whole. We may be unable to manage efficiently having become a larger and more geographically diverse organization. The Novozymes Acquisition, the Refine Acquisition, the continued expansion of our commercial sales operations, and our organic growth have increased the scope and complexity of our business. We will face 11 challenges inherent in efficiently managing a more complex business with an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits and compliance programs. Our inability to manage successfully the geographically more diverse (including from a cultural perspective) and substantially larger combined organization could materially adversely affect our operating results and, as a result, the market price of our common stock. Our business is subject to a number of environmental risks. Our manufacturing business involves the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals and is therefore subject to numerous environmental and safety laws and regulations and to periodic inspections for possible violations of these laws and regulations. In addition to these hazardous materials and chemicals, our facility in Sweden also uses Staphylococcus aureus and toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in some of its manufacturing processes. Staphylococcus aureus and the toxins it produces, particularly enterotoxins, can cause severe illness in humans. The costs of compliance with environmental and safety laws and regulations are significant and have increased since we completed the acquisition of the Novozymes Biopharma Business. Any violations, even if inadvertent or accidental, of current or future environmental, safety laws or regulations and the cost of compliance with any resulting order or fine could adversely affect our operations. Our acquisitions expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, and we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of acquisitions of businesses or technologies. In addition to the Novozymes Acquisition and the Refine Acquisition, and as a part of our growth strategy, we may make selected acquisitions of complementary products and/or businesses. Any acquisition involves numerous risks and operational, financial, and managerial challenges, including the following, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations: • • • • • • • • • • • • difficulties in integrating new operations, technologies, products, and personnel; problems maintaining uniform procedures, controls and policies with respect to our financial accounting systems; lack of synergies or the inability to realize expected synergies and cost-savings; difficulties in managing geographically dispersed operations; underperformance of any acquired technology, product, or business relative to our expectations and the price we paid; negative near-term impacts on financial results after an acquisition, including acquisition-related earnings charges; the potential loss of key employees, customers, and strategic partners of acquired companies; claims by terminated employees and shareholders of acquired companies or other third parties related to the transaction; the assumption or incurrence of additional debt obligations or expenses, or use of substantial portions of our cash; the issuance of equity securities to finance or as consideration for any acquisitions would dilute the ownership of our stockholders; the issuance of equity securities to finance or as consideration for any acquisitions may not be an option of if the price of our common stock is low or volatile which could preclude us from completing any such acquisitions; any collaboration, strategic alliance and licensing arrangement may require us to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us; 12 • • • • diversion of management’s attention and company resources from existing operations of the business; inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies; the impairment of intangible assets as a result of technological advancements, or worse-than-expected performance of acquired companies; and assumption of, or exposure to, historical liabilities of the acquired business, including unknown contingent or similar liabilities that are difficult to identify or accurately quantify. In addition, the successful integration of acquired businesses requires significant efforts and expense across all operational areas, including sales and marketing, research and development, manufacturing, finance, legal, and information technologies. There can be no assurance that any of the acquisitions we may make will be successful or will be, or will remain, profitable. Our failure to successfully address the foregoing risks may prevent us from achieving the anticipated benefits from any acquisition in a reasonable time frame, or at all. The ATF System business relies on a limited number of suppliers or, in some cases, one supplier, and may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on the ATF System business and our financial condition, results of operations and reputation. There are only a limited number of suppliers of materials related to the ATF System products, one of which is the primary supplier of materials used for consumable ATF System products. An interruption in operations of the business related to these products could occur if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these materials, or if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly affect the business related to these products and our financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We believe that only a small number of suppliers are currently qualified to supply materials for the ATF system. The use of materials furnished by these replacement suppliers would require us to alter our operations related to the ATF system. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our operations, could affect the performance specifications of the ATF system or could require that we revalidate the materials. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure alternative materials, and bring such materials on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. If we should encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the materials required for ATF System products, our business related to these products and our financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected. Our royalty agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb on sales of Orencia expired on December 31, 2013. Our royalty agreement with Bristol provided for us to receive payments from Bristol based on their net sales of their Orencia® product in the United States through December 31, 2013. As a result, we no longer receive royalty payments under this agreement as of December 31, 2013. Our license agreement with Pfizer expired on April 26, 2015. Our licensing agreement with Pfizer provided for us to potentially receive payments from Pfizer based on milestones related to clinical development and initial commercial sales in specific geographies, as well as royalty payments from Pfizer based on its future sales of RG3039 or any SMA compounds developed under the license agreement. On January 26, 2015, Pfizer issued to us a notice of its termination of the License Agreement for convenience, effective as of April 26, 2015. As a result, we no longer receive milestone payments under this agreement. 13 We have limited sales and marketing capabilities. We have a small sales force and, historically, we have generated most of our revenues through sales of bioprocessing products to a limited number of life sciences companies, such as GE Healthcare, MilliporeSigma and through other individual distributors. However, due in part to the Refine Acquisition, an increasing amount of our revenue is attributable to our commercialization of bioprocessing products that we sell directly to end- users such as biopharmaceutical companies and contract manufacturing organizations. This has required and will continue to require us to invest additional resources in our sales and marketing capabilities. We may not be able to attract and retain additional sales and marketing professionals, and the cost of building the sales and marketing function may not generate our anticipated revenue growth. In addition, our sales and marketing efforts may be unsuccessful. Our failure to manage these risks may have a negative impact on our financial condition, or results of operations and may cause our stock price to decline. If we are unable to obtain or maintain our intellectual property, we may not be able to succeed commercially. We endeavor to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection for our products and processes when available in order to protect them from unauthorized use and to produce a financial return consistent with the significant time and expense required to bring our products to market. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to: • • • • obtain and maintain patent protection for our products and manufacturing processes; preserve our trade secrets; operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties; and secure any necessary licenses from others on acceptable terms. We cannot be sure that any patent applications relating to our products that we will file in the future or that any currently pending applications will issue on a timely basis, if ever. Since patent applications in the United States filed prior to November 2000 are maintained in secrecy until patents issue and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. Even if patents are issued, the degree of protection afforded by such patents will depend upon the: • • • scope of the patent claims; validity and enforceability of the claims obtained in such patents; and our willingness and financial ability to enforce and/or defend them. The patent position of life sciences companies is often highly uncertain and usually involves complex legal and scientific questions. Patents which may be granted to us in certain foreign countries may be subject to opposition proceedings brought by third parties or result in suits by us, which may be costly and result in adverse consequences for us. In some cases, litigation or other proceedings may be necessary to assert claims of infringement, to enforce patents issued to us or our licensors, to protect trade secrets, know-how or other intellectual property rights we own or to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of third parties. Such litigation could result in substantial cost to us and diversion of our resources. An adverse outcome in any such litigation or proceeding could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our competitors prepare and file patent applications in the United States that claim technology also claimed by us, we may be required to participate in interference proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention, which would result in substantial costs to us. 14 While one of our U.S. patents covering recombinant Protein A had its term adjusted to expire in 2028, our other U.S. patents covering recombinant Protein A have expired, and as a result, we may face increased competition, which could harm our results of operations, financial condition, cash flow and future prospects. Other companies could begin manufacturing and selling native or some of the commercial forms of recombinant Protein A in the U.S. and may directly compete with us on certain Protein A products. This may induce us to sell Protein A at lower prices and may erode our market share, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, cash flow and future prospects. Our freedom to develop our products may be challenged by others, and we may have to engage in litigation to determine the scope and validity of competitors’ patents and proprietary rights, which, if we do not prevail, could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flow and future prospects. There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding the complex patent and other intellectual property rights in the life sciences industry. We have been a party to, and in the future may become a party to, patent litigation or other proceedings regarding intellectual property rights. Other types of situations in which we may become involved in patent litigation or other intellectual property proceedings include: • We may initiate litigation or other proceedings against third parties to seek to invalidate the patents held by such third parties or to obtain a judgment that our products or services do not infringe such third parties’ patents. • We may initiate litigation or other proceedings against third parties to seek to enforce our patents against infringement. • • If our competitors file patent applications that claim technology also claimed by us, we may participate in interference or opposition proceedings to determine the priority of invention. If third parties initiate litigation claiming that our processes or products infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights, we will need to defend against such claims. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the cost of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. If a patent litigation or other intellectual property proceeding is resolved in a way that is unfavorable to us, we or our collaborative or strategic partners may be enjoined from manufacturing or selling our products and services without a license from the other party and be held liable for significant damages. The failure to obtain any required license on commercially acceptable terms or at all may harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flow and future prospects. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time, attention and resources. We may become involved in litigation or other proceedings with collaborative partners, which may be time consuming, costly and could result in delays in our development and commercialization efforts. In connection with the Company’s decision to focus its efforts on the growth of its core bioprocessing business, we will seek development and commercialization partnerships for our remaining portfolio of clinical stage assets. Any disputes with such partners, such as BioMarin, that lead to litigation or similar proceedings may 15 result in us incurring legal expenses, as well as facing potential legal liability. Such disputes, litigation or other proceedings are also time consuming and may cause delays in our development and commercialization efforts. If we fail to resolve these disputes quickly and with terms that are no less favorable to us than the current terms of the arrangements, our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flow and future prospects may be harmed. If we are unable to continue to hire and retain skilled personnel, then we will have trouble developing and marketing our products. Our success depends largely upon the continued service of our management and scientific staff and our ability to attract retain and motivate highly skilled technical, scientific, management and marketing personnel. We also face significant competition in the hiring and retention of such personnel from other companies, research and academic institutions, government and other organizations who have superior funding and resources. The loss of key personnel or our inability to hire and retain skilled personnel could materially adversely affect our product development efforts and our business. The market may not be receptive to our new bioprocessing products upon their introduction. We expect a portion of our future revenue growth to come from introducing new bioprocessing products, such as a larger size version of our OPUS disposable chromatography products, the ATF System, and new growth factors. The commercial success of all of our products will depend upon their acceptance by the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. Many of the bioprocessing products that we are developing are based upon new technologies or approaches. As a result, there can be no assurance that these new products, even if successfully developed and introduced, will be accepted by customers. If customers do not adopt our new products and technologies, our results of operations may suffer and, as a result, the market price of our common stock may decline. If our new products do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our results of operations and competitive position could suffer. There can be no assurance that unforeseen problems will not occur with respect to the development, performance or market acceptance of new products or that we will otherwise be able to successfully develop and market new products. Failure of our new products to gain market acceptance or our failure to successfully develop and market new products could reduce our margins, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our products do not perform as expected or the reliability of the technology on which our products are based is questioned, we could experience lost revenue, delayed or reduced market acceptance of our products, increased costs and damage to our reputation. Our success depends on the market’s confidence that we can provide reliable, high-quality bioprocessing products. We believe that customers in our target markets are likely to be particularly sensitive to product defects and errors. Our reputation and the public image of our products and technologies may be impaired if our products fail to perform as expected. Although our products are tested prior to shipment, defects or errors could nonetheless occur in our products. Furthermore, the Protein A that we manufacture is subsequently incorporated into products that are sold by other life sciences companies and we have no control over the manufacture and production of those products. In the future, if our products experience, or are perceived to experience, a material defect or error, this could result in loss or delay of revenues, delayed market acceptance, damaged reputation, diversion of development resources, legal claims, increased insurance costs or increased service and warranty costs, any of which could harm our business. Such defects or errors could also narrow the scope of the use of our products, which could hinder our success in the market. Even after any underlying concerns or problems are resolved, any lingering concerns in our target market regarding our technology or any manufacturing defects or 16 performance errors in our products could continue to result in lost revenue, delayed market acceptance, damaged reputation, increased service and warranty costs and claims against us. If we are unable to manufacture our products in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner, our operating results will be harmed, our ability to generate revenue could be diminished and our gross margin may be negatively impacted. Our revenues and other operating results will depend in large part on our ability to manufacture and assemble our products in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner. Any interruptions we experience in the manufacturing or shipping of our products could delay our ability to recognize revenues in a particular quarter. Manufacturing problems can and do arise, and as demand for our products increases, any such problems could have an increasingly significant impact on our operating results. While we have not generally experienced problems with, or delays in, our production capabilities that resulted in delays in our ability to ship finished products, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter such problems in the future. We may not be able to quickly ship products and recognize anticipated revenues for a given period if we experience significant delays in the manufacturing process. In addition, we must maintain sufficient production capacity in order to meet anticipated customer demand, which carries fixed costs that we may not be able to offset if orders slow, which would adversely affect our operating margins. If we are unable to manufacture our products consistently, in sufficient quantities, and on a timely basis, our bioprocessing revenue, gross margins and our other operating results will be materially and adversely affected. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, our customers’ future purchases are difficult to predict and any failure to meet financial expectations may result in a decline in our stock price. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate in the future as a result of many factors such as the impact of seasonal spending patterns, changes in overall spending levels in the life sciences industry, the inability of some of our customers to consummate anticipated purchases of our products due to changes in end-user demand, and other unpredictable factors that may affect ordering patterns. Because our revenue and operating results are difficult to predict, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations are not a good indicator of our future performance. Additionally, if revenue declines in a quarter, whether due to a delay in recognizing expected revenue, adverse economic conditions or otherwise, our results of operations will be harmed because many of our expenses are relatively fixed. In particular, a large portion of our manufacturing costs, our research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses are not significantly affected by variations in revenue. If our quarterly operating results fail to meet investor expectations, the price of our common stock may decline. Our future revenues pursuant to our asset purchase agreement with BioMarin regarding the HDACi program depends significantly on BioMarin’s development and commercialization activities, over which we have no control. If BioMarin is unable or determines not to further develop or commercialize the HDACi program, or experiences significant delays in doing so, we may see a delay in receiving any potential milestone or royalty payments or fail to receive any additional financial benefits from the program. We entered into an asset purchase agreement with BioMarin on January 21, 2014, related to the histone deacetylase inhibitor (“HDACi”) portfolio, which includes the Friedreich’s ataxia program. We are dependent on BioMarin for the future success of this development program. We have no control over the conduct and timing of development efforts with respect to the HDACi program. BioMarin’s failure to devote sufficient financial and other resources to the development plan may result in the delayed or unsuccessful development of the program, which could lead to the non-payment or delay in payment of milestones under the asset purchase agreement and may preclude or delay commercialization of any product under the HDACi program and any royalties we could receive on future commercial sales. Our future financial results may be harmed if BioMarin does not commercialize the HDACi program successfully or on a timely basis prior to the achievement of any milestones or the payment of any royalties to us. 17 Health care reform measures could adversely affect our business. The efforts of governmental and third-party payors to contain or reduce the costs of health care may adversely affect the business and financial condition of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including us. Specifically, in both the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the health care system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. The U.S. Congress passed the America Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and is considering a number of proposals that are intended to reduce or limit the growth of health care costs and which could significantly transform the market for pharmaceuticals products. We expect further federal and state proposals and health care reforms to continue to be proposed by legislators, which could limit the prices that can be charged for the products we develop and may limit our commercial opportunity. In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the Medicare Modernization Act (the “MMA”) changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for any approved products and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The continuing efforts of government and other third-party payors to contain or reduce the costs of health care through various means may limit our commercial opportunities and result in a decrease in the price of our common stock or limit our ability to raise capital. We compete with life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies who are capable of developing new approaches that could make our products and technology obsolete. The market for therapeutic and commercial products is intensely competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to rapid technological change. Life science, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may have substantially greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, and research and development resources than we have. New approaches by these competitors may make our products and technologies obsolete or noncompetitive. We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and any determination that we violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (the “FCPA”) and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. persons and issuers as defined by the statute for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have operations, agreements with third parties and make sales in jurisdictions outside of the U.S., which may experience corruption. Our activities in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors, because these parties are not always subject to our control. These risks have increased following the Novozymes Acquisition. It is our policy to implement safeguards to discourage these practices by our employees. However, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective, and the employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors of our Company may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible. Violations of the FCPA may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, the government may seek to hold us liable for successor liability FCPA violations committed by any companies in which we invest or that we acquire. Our stock price could be volatile, which could cause shareholders to lose part or all of their investment. The market price of our common stock, like that of the common stock of many other companies with similar market capitalizations, is highly volatile. In addition, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume 18 fluctuations. This volatility has significantly affected the market prices of securities of many life sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for reasons frequently unrelated to or disproportionate to the operating performance of the specific companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Our growth potential is changing as we evolve from an organization that was heavily involved in research and development to an organization with a strategic focus on our bioprocessing business. In connection with the Company’s decision to focus its efforts on the growth of its core bioprocessing business, the Company has terminated its therapeutic product development activities. The core bioprocessing business on which the Company now focuses will provide growth opportunities that are different than those of a research and development oriented biotechnology company. As a result, the price of the Company’s common stock may behave differently than it has historically and, during the shift in our business, may behave in a manner not expected by securities analysts and investors. If the Company’s future business focused on bioprocessing generates results that fall below the revised expectations of securities analysts and investors, the trading price of the Company’s common stock could decline. As a result of these risks, we may not be able to achieve the expected benefits of any such transaction or deliver the value thereof to our shareholders. If we are unsuccessful in consummating any such transaction, we may be required to reevaluate our business only after we have incurred substantial expenses and devoted significant management time and resources. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents, certain of our contracts with third parties, and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, even one that may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. These provisions include the ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively provide for an opportunity to obtain greater value for stockholders by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer rejected by our board were considered beneficial by some stockholders. Additionally, certain of our contracts with third parties allow for termination upon specified change of control transactions. Anti-takeover provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management, and anti-takeover or change of control contract termination rights may frustrate or prevent any attempts by a third party to acquire or attempt to acquire the Company. Changes in accounting standards and subjective assumptions, estimates, and judgments by management related to complex accounting matters could significantly affect our financial results or financial condition. Generally accepted accounting principles and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines, and interpretations with regard to a wide range of matters that are relevant to our business, such as revenue recognition, asset impairment and fair value determinations, inventories, business combinations and intangible asset valuations, and litigation, are highly complex and involve many subjective assumptions, estimates, and judgments. Changes in these rules or their interpretation or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates, or judgments could significantly change our reported or expected financial performance or financial condition. Our results of operations could be negatively affected by potential fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We conduct a large portion of our business in international markets. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, 33% of our revenue and 23% of our costs and expenses were denominated in foreign currencies, primarily 19 the Swedish Kroner, the British pound sterling, and the Euro. We are exposed to the risk of an increase or decrease in the value of the foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar, which could increase the value of our expenses and decrease the value of our revenue when measured in U.S. Dollars. As a result, our results of operation may be influenced by the effects of future exchange rate fluctuations and such effects may have an adverse impact on our common stock price. Our ability to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments is limited by provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, and it is possible that certain transactions or a combination of certain transactions may result in material additional limitations on our ability to use our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, contain rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an ownership change, which is generally any change in ownership of more than 50% of its stock over a three-year period, to utilize its net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses recognized in years after the ownership change. These rules generally operate by focusing on ownership changes involving stockholders owning directly or indirectly 5% or more of the stock of a company and any change in ownership arising from a new issuance of stock by the company. Generally, if an ownership change occurs, the yearly taxable income limitation on the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses is equal to the product of the applicable long term tax exempt rate and the value of the company’s stock immediately before the ownership change. We may be unable to offset our taxable income with losses, or our tax liability with credits, before such losses and credits expire and therefore would incur larger federal income tax liability. We have completed a number of financings since our inception which may have resulted in a change in control as defined by Section 382, or could result in a change in control in the future. If we identify a material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, our ability to meet our reporting obligations and the trading price of our stock could be negatively affected. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Accordingly, a material weakness increases the risk that the financial information we report contains material errors. We regularly review and update our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies. In addition, we are required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to report annually on our internal control over financial reporting. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. For example, in 2012, we updated our internal controls to include our operations in Sweden. If we, or our independent registered public accounting firm, determine that our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective, or we discover areas that need improvement in the future, these shortcomings could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results, and the price of our common stock could be negatively affected. If we cannot conclude that we have effective internal control over our financial reporting, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide an unqualified opinion regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could lead to a decline in our stock price. Failure to comply with reporting requirements could also subject us to sanctions and/or investigations by the SEC, The NASDAQ Stock Market or other regulatory authorities. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report financial results or prevent fraud. Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and to assist in the effective prevention of fraud. Any inability to provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud could harm our business. 20 We must annually evaluate our internal procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, which requires management and our independent registered public accounting firm to assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We are implementing a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system and have recently implemented several significant ERP modules and expect to implement additional ERP modules in the future. The implementation of the ERP system represents a change in our internal control over financial reporting. Although we continue to monitor and assess our internal controls in the new ERP system environment as changes are made and new modules are implemented, and have taken additional steps to modify and enhance the design and effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, there is a risk that deficiencies may occur that could constitute significant deficiencies or in the aggregate a material weakness. If we fail to remedy any deficiencies or maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or shareholder litigation. In addition, failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our operating results or financial condition. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We currently lease and occupy approximately 76,000 square feet of space located in Waltham, Massachusetts which serves as our corporate headquarters. We also conduct manufacturing, research and development, marketing and administrative operations at this facility. This lease expires on May 31, 2023. We also rent approximately 2,500 square feet at a second location in Waltham, Massachusetts to provide for expanded manufacturing operations. This facility is rented on a month-to-month basis. We also lease four adjacent buildings in Lund, Sweden totaling approximately 45,000 square feet of space used primarily for manufacturing and administrative operations. The lease for three buildings totaling approximately 41,000 square feet expires on June 30, 2017, while the lease for the fourth building with approximately 4,000 square feet of space expires on September 30, 2019. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we incurred total rental costs for all facilities of approximately $2,619,000. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently aware of any such proceedings or claims that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 21 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “RGEN.” The quarterly high and low sales prices for our common stock are shown in the following tables. First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015 High $34.15 $42.48 $42.22 $36.00 Low $19.53 $28.88 $27.25 $21.69 Year Ended December 31, 2014 High $17.26 $23.14 $24.68 $26.75 Low $11.70 $12.60 $18.23 $19.02 Stockholders and Dividends As of February 18, 2016, there were 438 stockholders of record of our common stock. We have not paid any dividends since our inception and do not intend to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all earnings, if any, to support our operations. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2015 regarding shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the Company’s equity compensation plans, consisting of the 2001 Stock Plan, the 1992 Repligen Corporation Stock Option Plan and the current 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan. Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in first column) (2) holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,240,935(1) $10.44(2) 2,441,761 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,240,935 $ N/A $10.44 N/A 2,441,761 (1) Includes 1,054,584 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and 186,351 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. No shares of restricted stock are outstanding. 22 (2) Since restricted stock units do not have any exercise price, such units are not included in the weighted average exercise price calculation. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities In June 2008, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to 1.25 million shares of our common stock to be repurchased at the discretion of management from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program has no set expiration date and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. We did not repurchase any shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2015. In prior years, we repurchased a total of 592,827 shares, leaving 657,173 shares remaining under this authorization. The graph below matches Repligen Corporation’s cumulative 69-month total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite index, the NASDAQ Pharmaceutical index, and the NASDAQ Biotechnology index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from March 31, 2010 to December 31, 2015. The information contained in the performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and such information shall not be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, except to the extent that Repligen specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing. 23 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Equity Purchases by the Company In June 2014, in connection with the Refine Acquisition, we issued and sold 215,285 unregistered shares of our common stock to Refine Technology, LLC, an accredited investor, in exchange for certain of Refine’s assets and contract rights related to its ATF system. This issuance was intended to be exempt from the registration requirements pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Rule 506(b) promulgated under Regulation D. 24 ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data are derived from the audited financial statements of Repligen. The selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this Annual Report, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and our Transition Report on Form 10-K for the nine months ended December 31, 2011. Nine Months Ended December 31, 2011 $ 13,215 10,235 23,450 (In thousands, except per share data) 2015 (1) 2014 2013 2012 (2) Revenue: Product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 83,537 $ 60,431 $ 47,482 $ 41,834 20,433 Royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,687 3,117 — Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,537 63,548 68,169 62,267 Operating expenses: Cost of product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . Contingent consideration – fair value adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on bargain purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,251 — 5,740 24,699 4,083 — 28,022 — 5,609 17,154 2,072 — 22,481 2,682 7,341 12,701 91 — Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . 69,773 52,857 45,296 Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (benefit) provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,764 136 (32) (445) 13,423 4,078 10,691 309 (50) 188 11,138 2,968 22,873 301 (50) (110) 23,014 6,921 24,957 2,213 10,490 13,227 611 (314) 51,184 11,083 219 (57) 26 11,271 (2,885) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,345 $ 8,170 $ 16,093 $ 14,156 Earnings (loss) per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.28 $ 0.25 $ 0.51 $ Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.28 $ 0.25 $ 0.50 $ Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,882 32,498 31,667 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,577 33,264 32,407 0.46 0.45 30,914 31,253 $ $ $ 5,157 1,315 9,462 9,050 — (427) 24,557 (1,107) 161 (28) (623) (1,597) 16 (1,613) (0.05) (0.05) 30,774 30,774 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Balance Sheet Data: Cash and marketable securities (3) . . . . . . . . . . . $ 73,407 $ 62,003 $ 73,842 $ 49,970 55,457 Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,010 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,133 Long-term obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (105,151) Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,125 Stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,049 118,645 3,458 (89,057) 103,886 70,264 128,293 5,879 (80,887) 111,732 84,471 146,237 4,708 (71,542) 122,748 $ 36,025 39,431 76,057 2,606 (119,307) 65,987 Includes the full year impact of the Refine Acquisition on June 2, 2014. Includes the full year impact of the Novozymes Acquisition on December 20, 2011. (1) (2) (3) Excludes restricted cash of $450,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and $200,000 for all other years presented related to our headquarters’ lease arrangement. 25 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K do not constitute guarantees of future performance. Investors are cautioned that statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not strictly historical statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding current or future financial performance, potential impairment of future earnings, management’s strategy, plans and objectives for future operations or acquisitions, product development and sales, product candidate research and development, selling, general and administrative expenditures, intellectual property, development and manufacturing plans, availability of materials, and product and adequacy of capital resources and financing plans constitute forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, including, without limitation, the risks identified under the caption “Risk Factors” and other risks detailed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as required by law. Repligen Corporation (“Repligen,” the “Company” or “we”) is a bioprocessing company focused on the development, production and commercialization of innovative products used in the process of manufacturing biologic drugs (“bioprocessing”). Biologic drugs include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and vaccines and represent a growing area of drug development. Our customers include leading life sciences companies, global biopharmaceutical companies, and contract manufacturers worldwide. The high-value technologies that we provide enable biologics manufacturers to cost-effectively increase drug production yields while retaining the highest quality and safety standards. Repligen is a longtime global market leader in the manufacture of Protein A ligands, sold to life sciences companies under long term supply agreements. Protein A is a critical reagent used to purify therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) on the market (over 50) or in development (over 300). In December 2011, we strengthened our Protein A market leadership with the acquisition of Novozymes’s bioprocessing business (“Novozymes”) in Lund, Sweden (the “Novozymes Acquisition”). We established and have executed on a diversification strategy to selectively expand the number of bioprocessing products that we sell direct to end users. With the Novozymes Acquisition, we gained a portfolio of growth factors, led by LONG® R3 IGF-1, which is used in cell culture media to increase productivity. LONG®R3 IGF-1 is sold in collaboration with MilliporeSigma (formerly Sigma Aldrich), our exclusive distributor for the product. We also developed and directly market our OPUS® process-scale line of pre-packed chromatography columns for the capture and purification of biologic drugs in clinical development. Most recently, in June 2014, we acquired the business of Refine Technology, including Refine’s Alternating Tangential Flow (“ATF”) System, a best-in-class device used to generate extremely high cell concentrations during the fermentation step of the biologic drug manufacturing process (the “Refine Business” and the acquisition of the Refine Business, the “Refine Acquisition”). We market our products globally through a direct commercial organization in the U.S., Europe and Asia, as well as through strategic partners in select markets. In 2014 and 2015, we invested in expanding our global commercial organization, adding world-class sales, marketing and applications personnel who interact directly with our end users. Our customer base comprises of leading life sciences companies, major contract manufacturers and 20 of the top 25 biopharmaceutical companies. Customers use our products to produce initial quantities of drug for clinical studies, then scale-up to larger volumes as the drug progresses to commercial production following regulatory approval. Detailed specifications 26 for a drug’s manufacturing process are included in applications that must be approved by regulators, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, throughout the clinical trial process and prior to final commercial approval. As a result, products that become part of the manufacturing specifications of a late-stage clinical or commercial process can be very “sticky” due to the regulatory hurdles, costs and uncertainties associated with displacing them. Many of our products are early in their adoption cycle, and together with the expansion of our commercial organization and strategic acquisitions, have contributed to product revenue expansion from $41.8 million in 2012 to $83.5 million in 2015. To meet increased demand for our products, we have increased the volume and scale of manufacturing at our two manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and Sweden. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our financial statements, we have identified the policies and estimates below as being critical to our business operations and the understanding of our results of operations. The impact of and any associated risks related to these policies on our business operations are discussed throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition,” including in the “Results of Operations” section, where such policies affect our reported and expected financial results. Revenue recognition Product Sales We generate revenue from the sale of bioprocessing products, equipment devices, and related consumables used with these equipment devices to customers in the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. On product sales to end customers, revenue is recognized, net of discounts, when both the title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer, as determined by the shipping terms provided there are no uncertainties regarding acceptance, and all obligations have been completed. Generally, our product arrangements for equipment sales are multiple element arrangements, and may include services, such as installation and training, and multiple products, such as consumables and spare parts. In accordance with ASC 605-25, based on terms and conditions of the product arrangements, the Company believes that these services and undelivered products can be accounted for separately from the delivered product element as the delivered products have value to our customers on a standalone basis. Accordingly, revenue for services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred and recognized as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. For product sales to distributors, the Company recognizes revenue for both equipment and consumables upon delivery to the distributors unless direct shipment to the end user’s is requested. In this case, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the end user’s location. In general, distributors are responsible for shipment to the end customer along with installation, training and acceptance of the equipment by the end customer. Shipments to distributors are not contingent upon resale of the product. We have a few longstanding customers who comprise the majority of revenue and have excellent payment histories and therefore we do not require collateral. We have had no significant write-offs of uncollectible invoices in the periods presented. At the time of sale, we also evaluate the need to accrue for warranty and sales returns. The supply agreements we have with our customers and related purchase orders identify the terms and conditions of each sale and the price of the goods ordered. Due to the nature of the sales arrangements, inventory produced for sale is tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Since the product is manufactured to order and in compliance with required specifications prior to shipment, the likelihood of sales return, warranty or other issues is largely diminished. Furthermore, there is no customer right of return in our sales agreements. Sales returns and warranty issues are infrequent and have not had a material impact on our financial statements historically. Shipping and handling fees are recorded as a component of product revenue, with the associated costs recorded as a component of cost of product revenue. 27 Orencia Royalty In April 2008, we settled our outstanding litigation with Bristol and began recognizing royalty revenue from that settlement in fiscal year 2009 for Bristol’s net sales in the United States of Orencia®, which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pursuant to the settlement with Bristol, we recognized royalty revenue of $17,881,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. Revenue earned from Bristol royalties was recorded in the periods when it was earned based on royalty reports sent by Bristol to us. We have no continuing obligations to Bristol as a result of this settlement. Our royalty agreement with Bristol provided that we would receive such royalty payments on sales of Orencia® by Bristol through December 31, 2013. These royalty payments have ceased. Pfizer License Agreement In December 2012, we entered into an exclusive worldwide licensing agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Pfizer to advance the SMA program, which is led by RG3039 and also includes backup compounds and enabling technologies. Under the terms of the License Agreement, we received $5 million from Pfizer as an upfront payment on January 22, 2013, a $1 million milestone payment on September 4, 2013 and a $1 million milestone payment on December 28, 2014. On January 26, 2015, Pfizer sent us a termination notice, and the License Agreement expired on April 25, 2015. BioMarin License Agreement On January 21, 2014, we out-licensed our histone deacetylase inhibitor (“HDACi”) portfolio, which includes the Friedreich’s ataxia program, to BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc., or BioMarin. Under the terms of the agreement, Repligen received an upfront payment of $2 million in January 2014 from BioMarin and a $125,675 payment in September 2014 upon tech transfer, and we have the potential to receive up to $160 million in future milestone payments for the development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of qualified products developed. Research and Development Agreements We did not recognize any revenue from sponsored research and development projects in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized $1,589,000 of revenue from sponsored research and development projects under agreements with the National Institutes of Health / Scripps Research Institute, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, GoFar and the European Friedrich’s Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies. Research revenue is recognized when the expense has been incurred and services have been performed. Determination of which incurred costs qualify for reimbursement under the terms of our contractual agreements and the timing of when such costs were incurred involves the judgment of management. Our calculations are based upon the agreed-upon terms as stated in the arrangements. However, should the estimated calculations change or be challenged by other parties to the agreements, research revenue may be adjusted in subsequent periods. The calculations have not historically changed or been challenged, and we do not anticipate any significant subsequent change in revenue related to sponsored research and development projects. There have been no material changes to our initial estimates related to revenue recognition in any periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Inventories Inventories relate to our bioprocessing business. We value inventory at cost or, if lower, fair market value, using the first-in, first-out method. We review our inventory at least quarterly and record a provision for excess 28 and obsolete inventory based on our estimates of expected sales volume, production capacity and expiration dates of raw materials, work-in-process and finished products. Expected sales volumes are determined based on supply forecasts provided by key customers for the next three to 12 months. We write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements to cost of product revenue. Manufacturing of bioprocessing finished goods is done to order and tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. A change in the estimated timing or amount of demand for our products could result in additional provisions for excess inventory quantities on hand. Any significant unanticipated changes in demand or unexpected quality failures could have a significant impact on the value of inventory and reported operating results. During all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, there have been no material adjustments related to a revised estimate of inventory valuations. Business combinations Amounts paid for acquisitions are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, based on their fair values at the dates of acquisition. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions determined by management. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. The fair value of contingent consideration includes estimates and judgments made by management regarding the probability that future contingent payments will be made, the extent of royalties to be earned in excess of the defined minimum royalties, etc. Management updates these estimates and the related fair value of contingent consideration at each reporting period based on the estimated probability of achieving the earnout targets and applying a discount rate that captures the risk associated with the expected contingent payments. To the extent our estimates change in the future regarding the likelihood of achieving these targets we may need to record material adjustments to our accrued contingent consideration. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in our Statement of Operations. The largest and most judgmental component of our contingent consideration relates to the contingent consideration tied to Refine sales targets. The remaining maximum potential liability related to Refine’s sales based contingent consideration is $9.9 million, and we have accrued approximately $6.4 million as of December 31, 2015 as the estimated fair value. Fair value estimates are based on our projections of future Refine sales. We use the income approach to determine the fair value of certain identifiable intangible assets including customer relationships and developed technology. This approach determines fair value by estimating after-tax cash flows attributable to these assets over their respective useful lives and then discounting these after-tax cash flows back to a present value. We base our assumptions on estimates of future cash flows, expected growth rates, expected trends in technology, etc. We base the discount rates used to arrive at a present value as of the date of acquisition on the time value of money and certain industry-specific risk factors. We believe the estimated purchased customer relationships, developed technologies, trademark / tradename, patents, and in process research and development amounts so determined represent the fair value at the date of acquisition and do not exceed the amount a third party would pay for the assets. Intangible assets and goodwill Intangible Assets We amortize our intangible assets that have finite lives using the straight-line method. Amortization is recorded over the estimated useful lives ranging from 8 to 15 years. We review our intangible assets subject to amortization to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment or a change in the remaining useful life. Further, we also review our indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances occurred that would indicate an impairment. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its estimated 29 undiscounted cash flows, we will write-down the carrying value of the intangible asset to its fair value in the period identified. In assessing fair value, we must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and discount rates. If these estimates or related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges. We generally calculate fair value as the present value of estimated future cash flows to be generated by the asset using a risk-adjusted discount rate. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, we will amortize the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. Goodwill We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests if events and circumstances indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Events that would indicate impairment and trigger an interim impairment assessment include, but are not limited to current economic and market conditions, including a decline in market capitalization, a significant adverse change in legal factors, business climate or operational performance of the business, and an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. Our annual impairment test date is the last day of our fiscal year, December 31, 2015. The Company performed its annual impairment test over the Company’s one reporting unit and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. Accrued liabilities We estimate accrued liabilities by identifying services performed on our behalf, estimating the level of service performed and determining the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date. For example, we would accrue for professional and consulting fees incurred with law firms, audit and accounting service providers and other third party consultants. These expenses are determined by either requesting those service providers to estimate unbilled services at each reporting date for services incurred or tracking costs incurred by service providers under fixed fee arrangements. We have processes in place to estimate the appropriate amounts to record for accrued liabilities, which principally involve the applicable personnel reviewing the services provided. In the event that we do not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or we under or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, the reported expenses for that period may be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date, and the cost of such services often require the exercise of judgment. We make these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known at the date of the financial statements. A change in the estimated cost or volume of services provided could result in additional accrued liabilities. Any significant unanticipated changes in such estimates could have a significant impact on our accrued liabilities and reported operating results. There have been no material adjustments to our accrued liabilities in any of the periods presented in the accompanying financial statements. Stock-based compensation We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards on the grant date. The expected term of options granted represents the period of time for which the options are expected to be outstanding and is derived from our historical stock option exercise experience and option expiration data. For purposes of estimating the expected term, we have aggregated all individual option awards into one group, as we do not expect substantial differences in exercise behavior among our employees. The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. We determined the expected volatility based upon the historical volatility of our common stock over a 30 period commensurate with the option’s expected term. The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the option’s expected term on the grant date. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on any of our capital stock and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, we use an expected dividend yield of zero to calculate the grant-date fair value of a stock option. We recognize compensation expense on awards that vest based on service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based upon the number of options that are ultimately expected to vest, and accordingly, such compensation expense has been adjusted by an amount of estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures represent only the unvested portion of a surrendered option. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Based on an analysis of historical data, we have calculated an 8% annual forfeiture rate for non-executive level employees, a 3% annual forfeiture rate for executive level employees, and a 0% forfeiture rate for non-employee members of the Board of Directors, which we believe are reasonable assumptions to estimate forfeitures. However, the estimation of forfeitures requires significant judgment and, to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3,598,000, $1,766,000 and $1,060,000, respectively, for share-based awards granted under all of the Company’s stock plans. As of December 31, 2015, there was $6,547,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of 3.08 years. We expect 623,652 unvested options to vest over the next five years. Income Taxes Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We account for uncertain tax positions using a “more- likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. We evaluate our tax position on a quarterly basis. We also accrue for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related footnotes thereto. Revenues Total revenues for fiscal years 2015, 2014, and 2013 were comprised of the following: Years ended December 31, % Change 2015 2014 2013 2015 vs. 2014 2014 vs. 2013 Bioprocessing product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $83,537 — (in thousands, except percentages) 38% (100%) $47,482 20,687 $60,431 3,117 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $83,537 $63,548 $68,169 31% 31 27% (85%) (7%) The majority of our bioprocessing products are sold to customers who incorporate our products into their proprietary antibody purification processes for monoclonal antibodies. These customers then sell their products directly to the pharmaceutical industry. Sales of our bioprocessing products can therefore be impacted by the timing of large-scale production orders and the regulatory approvals for such antibodies, which may result in significant quarterly fluctuations. For fiscal 2015, bioprocessing product sales increased by $23,106,000 or 38% as compared to fiscal 2014, due largely to increased volumes in our affinity ligand and ATF products. We sell our various bioprocessing products at different price points. The mix of products sold varies and impacts the fluctuations in total product revenue and cost of product revenues from period to period. For fiscal 2014, bioprocessing product sales increased by $12,949,000 or 27% as compared to fiscal 2013 primarily due to sales of the ATF System following the Refine Acquisition. Pursuant to the settlement with Bristol, we recognized royalty revenue of $17,881,000 in fiscal 2013. As this royalty arrangement with Bristol expired on December 31, 2013, we do not recognize any further royalty revenue from Bristol. We recognized $2,126,000 of revenue for fiscal 2014 from the out-license of our HDACi portfolio to BioMarin on January 21, 2014. We also recognized $1,000,000 and $1,217,000 of revenue for fiscal 2014 and 2013, respectively, from the out-license of our Spinal Muscular Atrophy program to Pfizer on December 28, 2012. In fiscal 2013, we also recognized $1,589,000 of revenue from sponsored research and development projects under agreements with the National Institutes of Health / Scripps Research Institute, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, GoFar and the European Friedrich’s Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies. We did not recognize any such revenue in fiscal 2015, and we do not expect to recognize any research and license revenue or to receive any incremental funding for our therapeutic development programs going forward. Costs and operating expenses Total costs and operating expenses for fiscal years 2015, 2014, and 2013 were comprised of the following: Years ended December 31, % Change 2015 2014 2013 2015 vs. 2014 2014 vs. 2013 (in thousands, except percentages) Cost of product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration – fair value adjustments . . . $35,251 — 5,740 24,699 4,083 $28,022 — 5,609 17,154 2,072 $22,481 2,682 7,341 12,701 91 Total costs and operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . $69,773 $52,857 $45,296 26% — 2% 44% 97% 32% 25% (100%) (24%) 35% 2,177% 17% For fiscal 2015, cost of product revenue increased $7,229,000 or 26% as compared to fiscal 2014. This increase is primarily due to the increased product revenue noted above. For fiscal 2014, cost of product revenue increased $5,541,000 or 25% as compared to fiscal 2013. This increase is primarily due to the increased product revenue noted above and the addition of the Refine Business. Gross margins were 58%, 54%, and 53% for fiscal 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. During fiscal 2015, gross margins increased compared to fiscal 2014 due to favorable Refine margins, increased capacity utilization and product mix. During fiscal 2014, gross margins increased slightly compared to fiscal 2013 due to favorable Refine margins, increased capacity utilization and product yield which offset higher expenses related to our facility expansion to bring manufacturing for our ATF systems to our Waltham facility. 32 Pursuant to the settlement with Bristol, we remitted 15% of royalty revenue received through the expiration of the agreement in December 2013 to the University of Michigan. Cost of royalty revenue for fiscal year 2013 was $2,682,000. As this royalty arrangement with Bristol expired on December 31, 2013, we do not expect to incur any further cost of royalty revenue to the University of Michigan. During fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, research and development expenses were primarily related to bioprocessing products which included personnel, supplies and other research expenses. In August 2012, we announced a strategic focus on our Bioprocessing business and a simultaneous effort to find partners, out- licensing opportunities or other funding arrangements with external parties to reduce or eliminate the net expenditures on research and development activities for our therapeutic programs. In January 2013, we announced that we entered into an outlicensing agreement with Pfizer, Inc. for our Spinal Muscular Atrophy program, under an arrangement that would provide $5.0 million up front and up to $65.0 million in milestone payments, plus royalties. On January 26, 2015, Pfizer notified us that they were terminating this arrangement for convenience effective as of April 26, 2015. In January 2014, we announced that we entered into an outlicensing agreement with BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. for our Friedreich’s ataxia portfolio, under an arrangement that would provide $2.0 million up front and up to $160.0 million in future milestones, plus royalties. Due to the small size of the Company and the fact that these various programs share personnel and fixed costs, we do not track all of our expenses or allocate any fixed costs by program, and therefore, have not provided an estimate of historical costs incurred by project. In addition to the legacy product research, the current single-use ATF project incurs expenses related to product development, sterilization, validation testing, and other research related expenses. For fiscal 2015, research and development expenses increased by $131,000 or 2%. This increase is primarily related to the timing of expenditures, including personnel, supplies and other development expenses related to our new products in development. For fiscal 2014, research and development expenses decreased by $1,732,000 or 24%. This decrease is directly related to our decision in 2012 to exit therapeutic drug development and is partially offset by an increase in bioprocessing research and development expense. We expect our research and development expenses in the year ending December 31, 2016, which relate to bioprocessing product development, to increase. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses include the costs associated with selling our commercial products and costs required to support our marketing efforts, including legal, accounting, patent, shareholder services, amortization of intangible assets and other administrative functions. For fiscal 2015, SG&A costs increased by $7,545,000 or 44% as compared to fiscal 2014. This increase is primarily due to higher administrative expenses related to the implementation of an inventory accounting software package, the buildout of our administrative infrastructure to support future growth and the expansion of our customer-facing activities to drive sales of our bioprocessing products. This increase is partially offset by $818,000 of closing and transition costs incurred in 2014 related to the Refine Acquisition. We expect SG&A expenses to increase in the year ending December 31, 2016 as we continue to expand our sales and marketing activities to drive future sales of our bioprocessing products. For fiscal 2014, SG&A costs increased by $4,454,000 or 35% as compared to fiscal 2013. This increase is primarily due to the expansion of our sales and marketing activities and closing and transition costs associated with the Refine Acquisition. Contingent Consideration For fiscal 2015, our contingent consideration liability increased approximately $2,943,000 compared to fiscal 2014. The increase is primarily attributed to a $4,048,000 increase in the fair value of the contingent 33 consideration stemming from the Refine acquisition, partially offset by payments of approximately $1,139,000. The contingent consideration for this period stems from the BioFlash and Refine acquisitions. The contingent consideration related to BioFlash is valued using management’s estimates of royalties to be paid to the former shareholders of BioFlash based on sales of the acquired assets. The contingent consideration related to the Refine Acquisition is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales of the acquired assets and portion of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party to be paid to the former shareholders of Refine. The fair value of contingent consideration at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $6,788,000 and $3,845,000, respectively. For fiscal 2014, our contingent consideration liability increased approximately $2,196,000 compared to fiscal 2013. The increase is primarily attributed to $3,321,000 stemming from the Refine Acquisition. The contingent consideration for this period stems from the Novozymes, BioFlash and Refine acquisitions. The contingent consideration related to the Novozymes Acquisition is based upon actual amounts remaining to be paid to Novozymes Denmark per the Deed of Settlement and Amendment entered into on May 5, 2014. The contingent consideration related to BioFlash is valued using management’s estimates of royalties to be paid to the former shareholders of BioFlash based on sales of the acquired assets. The contingent consideration related to the Refine Acquisition is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales of the acquired assets and portion of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party to be paid to the former shareholders of Refine. Investment income Investment income includes income earned on invested cash balances. Investment income for fiscal 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $136,000, $309,000, and $301,000, respectively. The decrease of $173,000 or 56% for fiscal 2015 was primarily due to lower invested funds during 2015 compared to 2014. The increase of $8,000 or 3% for fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 was due to slightly higher interest rates and adjusted investment mix. We expect investment income to vary based on changes in the amount of funds invested and fluctuation of interest rates. Provision for income taxes The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $4,078,000. Our current tax provision of $3,745,000 primarily relates to a foreign tax provision of $3,507,000 and $315,000 related to the resolution of our uncertain tax position for historic research and development credits and certain state apportionment matters. Our deferred tax provision of $333,000 is primarily due to an increase in deferred tax liabilities related to tax amortization of indefinite lived intangibles. The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $2,968,000. Our current tax provision of $2,481,000 primarily relates to a foreign tax provision of $2,670,000 and $125,000 related to an uncertain tax position for historic research and development credits. Our deferred tax provision of $488,000 is primarily due to an increase in deferred tax liabilities related to tax amortization of indefinite lived intangibles. In June 2015, we received a final assessment from the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“DOR”) regarding an examination for the years ended March 31, 2010 and 2011 and the nine months ended December 31, 2011. This examination related to the qualification of Research and Development tax credits. The final settlement resulted in a payment to the DOR of approximately $141,000. In December 2015, we reached a negotiated settlement with the DOR regarding an appeal of an assessment made in 2013 for the years ended March 31, 2008 and 2009. The primary issues in the appeal related to the sourcing of intellectual property settlements and the qualification of Research and Development tax credits. The final settlement resulted in a payment to the DOR of approximately $1,012,000. 34 Liquidity and capital resources We have financed our operations primarily through revenues derived from product sales, research grants, as well as proceeds and royalties from license arrangements and a litigation settlement. Our revenue for the foreseeable future will primarily be limited to our bioprocessing product revenue. At December 31, 2015, we had cash and marketable securities of $73,407,000 compared to $62,003,000 at December 31, 2014. In fiscal 2014 we utilized $21,236,000 of cash in the Refine Acquisition and invested an additional $3,400,000 in the expansion of our Waltham manufacturing and administrative facility. A deposit for leased office space of $450,000 and $200,000 is classified as restricted cash and is not included in cash and marketable securities totals for December 31, 2015 or December 31, 2014, respectively. Cash flows (In thousands) Cash provided by (used in) Year ended December 31, 2015 Operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,053 4,791 767 Operating activities Increase / (Decrease) $ (3,348) 24,583 (913) Year ended December 31, 2014 $ 18,401 (19,792) 1,680 Increase / (Decrease) $(7,529) (1,886) (842) Year ended December 31, 2013 $ 25,930 (17,906) 2,522 For fiscal 2015, our operating activities provided cash of $15,053,000 reflecting net income of $9,345,000 and non-cash charges totaling $12,158,000 including depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation charges, deferred tax changes and the revaluation of contingent consideration. Increases in accounts payable and long-term liabilities provided an additional $5,139,000 of cash. Increases in accounts receivable, inventories and prepaid expenses and other current assets consumed $10,155,000 of cash. Decreases in accrued liabilities consumed $1,592,000 of cash. For fiscal 2014, our operating activities provided cash of $18,401,000 reflecting net income of $8,170,000 and non-cash charges totaling $8,188,000 including depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation charges, deferred tax asset valuation allowance changes and the revaluation of contingent consideration. Decreases in royalties and other receivables and increases in accounts payable provided an additional $6,557,000 and $2,288,000 of cash. Increases in accounts receivable, inventories and prepaid expenses and other current assets consumed $3,277,000 of cash. Decreases in accrued liabilities and long term liabilities consumed $3,525,000 of cash. For fiscal 2013, our operating activities provided cash of $25,930,000 reflecting net income of $16,093,000 and non-cash charges totaling $7,055,000 including depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation charges, deferred tax asset valuation allowance changes and the revaluation of contingent consideration. Decreases in royalties and other receivables and in prepaid expenses and increases in accrued and long term liabilities provided an additional $2,457,000 and $2,458,000 of cash. Increases in accounts receivable and inventories as well as a decrease in accounts payable consumed $1,400,000 and $734,000 of cash. Investing activities We place our marketable security investments in high quality credit instruments as specified in our investment policy guidelines. For fiscal 2015, our investing activities provided $4,791,000 of cash, comprised of $7,419,000 of net redemptions of marketable securities, offset by $2,628,000 of fixed asset additions. In fiscal 2014, our investing activities consumed $19,792,000 of cash, comprised of $21,236,000 for the Refine Acquisition, $5,602,000 of fixed asset additions as we completed the second phase of our Waltham facility 35 expansion and a $250,000 increase in restricted cash related to our amended lease for our Waltham facility and partially offset by $7,296,000 of net redemptions of marketable securities. In fiscal 2013, our investing activities consumed $17,906,000 of cash, which is comprised of $13,272,000 of net purchases of marketable securities and $4,635,000 of fixed asset additions as we completed the first phase of our Waltham facility expansion. Financing activities Exercises of stock options provided cash receipts of $866,000, $1,680,000 and $2,450,000 in fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In fiscal 2013, an excess tax benefit related to stock option exercises provided $72,000. Payments to Refine in 2015 related to achieving 2014 sales goals totaled $1,000,000, of which $99,000 related to our fair value of this liability as of the acquisition date and is included as part of financing activities. The remaining amounts are included as an offset to our cash provided by operating activities. Off-balance sheet arrangements We do not have any special purpose entities or off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Contractual obligations As of December 31, 2015, we had the following fixed obligations and commitments (in thousands): Operating lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase obligations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total $11,497 5,729 6,788 Less than 1 Year $ 2,343 5,729 4,480 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,014 $12,552 1 –3 Years 3 –5 Years More than 5 Years $3,322 — 2,308 $5,630 $2,789 — — $2,789 $3,043 — — $3,043 Payments Due By Period (1) Primarily represents purchase orders for the procurement of raw material for manufacturing. (2) Represents the current estimated fair value of contingent consideration amounts relating to acquisitions. These amounts are recorded in accrued expenses and long term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We have contingent consideration for an earnout pertaining to the Refine Acquisition, and upon the achievement of certain milestones in the Asset Purchase Agreement entered into with Refine, we could make additional payments of up to $9.9 million. It is not possible to predict with reasonable certainty whether these milestones will be achieved or the timing for achievement. Capital requirements Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the following: • • • • • • • the expansion of our bioprocessing business; the ability to sustain sales and profits of our bioprocessing products; our ability to acquire additional bioprocessing products; our ability to realize value from our outlicensed early stage CNS programs and the RG1068 program; the scope of and progress made in our research and development activities; the extent of any share repurchase activity; and the success of any proposed financing efforts. 36 Absent acquisitions of additional products, product candidates or intellectual property, we believe our current cash balances are adequate to meet our cash needs for at least the next 24 months. We expect operating expenses in the year ending December 31, 2016 to increase as we continue to expand our bioprocessing business. We expect to incur continued spending related to the development and expansion of our bioprocessing product lines and expansion of our commercial capabilities for the foreseeable future. Our future capital requirements may include, but are not limited to, purchases of property, plant and equipment, the acquisition of additional bioprocessing products and technologies to complement our existing manufacturing capabilities, and continued investment in our intellectual property portfolio. We plan to continue to invest in our bioprocessing business and in key research and development activities associated with the development of new bioprocessing products. We actively evaluate various strategic transactions on an ongoing basis, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, technologies or businesses that would complement our existing portfolio. We continue to seek to acquire such potential assets that may offer us the best opportunity to create value for our shareholders. In order to acquire such assets, we may need to seek additional financing to fund these investments. If our available cash balances and anticipated cash flow from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, including because of any such acquisition-related financing needs or lower demand for our products, we may seek to sell common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, enter into a credit facility or another form of third-party funding, or seek other debt funding. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders, and those securities may have rights senior to those of our common shares. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of preferred stock, convertible debt securities or other debt financing, these securities or other debt could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Any other third-party funding arrangement could require us to relinquish valuable rights. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. Net operating loss carryforwards At December 31, 2015, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $46,984,000 and business tax credits carryforwards of approximately $1,920,000 available to reduce future federal income taxes, if any. The net operating loss and business tax credits carryforwards will continue to expire at various dates through December 2035. Net operating loss carryforwards and available tax credits are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and may be limited in the event of certain changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders. Foreign earnings At December 31, 2015, we have not provided for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on outside basis differences of foreign subsidiaries of approximately $30,322,000 as we have the ability and intend to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of Repligen Sweden and Repligen Singapore Pte. Ltd., and there are no needs for such earnings in the U.S. that would contradict our plan to indefinitely reinvest. Effects of inflation Our assets are primarily monetary, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Because of their liquidity, these assets are not directly affected by inflation. Since we intend to retain and continue to use our equipment, furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements, we believe that the incremental inflation related to replacement costs of such items will not materially affect our operations. However, the rate of inflation affects our expenses, such as those for employee compensation and contract services, which could increase our level of expenses and the rate at which we use our resources. 37 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Interest rate risk We have investments in commercial paper, U.S. Government and agency securities as well as corporate bonds and other debt securities. As a result, we are exposed to potential loss from market risks that may occur as a result of changes in interest rates, changes in credit quality of the issuer or otherwise. We generally place our marketable security investments in high quality credit instruments, as specified in our investment policy guidelines. A hypothetical 100 basis point decrease in interest rates would result in an approximate $93,000 decrease in the fair value of our investments as of December 31, 2015. We believe, however, that the conservative nature of our investments mitigates our interest rate exposure, and our investment policy limits the amount of our credit exposure to any one issue, issuer (with the exception of U.S. agency obligations) and type of instrument. We do not expect any material loss from our marketable security investments and therefore believe that our potential interest rate exposure is limited. Foreign exchange risk Transactions by our subsidiary, Repligen Sweden, may be denominated in Swedish kronor, British pound sterling, U.S. dollars, or in Euros while the entity’s functional currency is the Swedish krona. Certain sales transactions related to ATF system products are denominated in foreign currencies. Exchange gains or losses resulting from the translation between the transactional currency and the functional currency of Repligen Sweden and ATF System product sales are included in our consolidated statements of operations. The functional currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. Fluctuations in exchange rates may adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. We currently do not seek to hedge this exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates. Although a majority of our contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars, 33% and 37% of total revenues during fiscal 2015 and 2014, respectively, were denominated in foreign currencies while 23% and 31% of our costs and expenses during fiscal 2015 and 2014, respectively, were denominated in foreign currencies, primarily operating expenses associated with cost of revenue, sales and marketing and general and administrative. In addition, 43% and 41% of our consolidated tangible assets were subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of each of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, while 21% and 27% of our consolidated liabilities were exposed to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of each of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Financial statements and supplementary data required by Item 8 are set forth at the pages indicated in Item 15(a) below and are incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE. None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act and as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. 38 (b) Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in Internal Control— Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (COSO). Subject to the foregoing, based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. 39 (c) Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Repligen Corporation: We have audited Repligen Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Repligen Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Repligen Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Repligen Corporation as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 of Repligen Corporation and our report dated February 25, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Boston, Massachusetts February 25, 2016 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP 40 (d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Beginning in the second quarter of 2015, we added a number of new procedures to enhance our internal controls over revenue recognition and inventory costing. A number of these controls are automated system processes that were added in conjunction with the implementation of our enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system. Additional controls were added to ensure that procedures were subject to proper review and to ensure the accuracy of information entered into our ERP system. We reviewed and tested these new controls as part of our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls as of and for the year ended December, 31, 2015. Except as otherwise described above, there have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 41 PART III Pursuant to General Instructions G to Form 10-K, the information required for Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s proxy statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. 42 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: (a) (1) Financial Statements: The financial statements required by this item are submitted in a separate section beginning on page 36 of this Report, as follows: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, Page 49 50 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 53 54 (a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules: None. 43 (a) (3) Exhibits: The Exhibits which are filed as part of this Annual Report or which are incorporated by reference are set forth in the Exhibit Index hereto. EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6.1* 10.6.2* 10.7 Document Description Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated June 30, 1992, as amended September 17, 1999 and May 16, 2014 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 25, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference). Specimen Stock Certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). Employment Agreement, dated March 14, 1996, between Repligen Corporation and Walter C. Herlihy (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). Employment Agreement, dated March 14, 1996, between Repligen Corporation and James R. Rusche (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). Repligen Executive Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on form 8-K filed on December 14, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference). The Amended 1992 Repligen Corporation Stock Option Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000-14656). The Second Amended and Restated 2001 Repligen Corporation Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 18, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference). The Amended and Restated 2001 Repligen Corporation Stock Option Plan, Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference). The Amended and Restated 2001 Repligen Corporation Stock Plan, Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 9, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference). Lease Between Repligen Corporation as Tenant and West Seyon LLC as Landlord, 35 Seyon Street, Waltham, MA (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference) (SEC File No. 000- 14656). 44 Exhibit Number 10.8# 10.9# 10.10 10.11 10.12# 10.13# 10.14# 10.15* 10.16* 10.17# 10.18# 10.19 10.20* Document Description License Agreement by and between The Scripps Research Institute and Repligen Corporation dated April 6, 2007 (filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference). Strategic Supplier Alliance Agreement dated January 28, 2010 by and between Repligen Corporation and GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB (filed as Exhibit 10.17 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). First Amendment to Lease, dated July 5, 2011, by and between Repligen Corporation and TC Saracen, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Lease Between Repligen Sweden AB (as successor-in-interest to Novozymes Biopharma Sweden AB) as Tenant and i-parken i Lund AB as Landlord, St. Lars Vag 47, 220 09 Lund, Sweden (filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Repligen Corporation’s Transition Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment No. 1 to Strategic Supplier Alliance Agreement, by and between GE Healthcare Bio- Sciences AB and Repligen Corporation, dated as of October 27, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10.19 to Repligen Corporation’s Transition Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Strategic Supplier Alliance Agreement – Contract Manufacturing, by and between GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB and Repligen Sweden AB (as successor-in-interest to Novozymes Biopharma Sweden AB), dated as of July 7, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10.20 to Repligen Corporation’s Transition Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Amendment to Strategic Supply Alliance Agreement, by and between GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB and Repligen Sweden AB (as successor-in-interest to Novozymes Biopharma Sweden AB), dated as of October 27, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10.21 to Repligen Corporation’s Transition Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference). Repligen Corporation Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Form S-8 filed on June 2, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Repligen Corporation Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan. (filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Repligen Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 and incorporated by reference) Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 21, 2014, by and between Repligen Corporation and BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 2, 2014, by and among Repligen Corporation, Refine Technology, LLC, Jerry Shevitz, certain members of Refine Technology, LLC, Refine Technology Sales LLC, and Refine Technology Sales Asia Pte. Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Fourth Amendment to Lease, dated March 26, 2014, by and between Repligen Corporation and Centerpoint Acquisitions LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). Letter Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2014, by and between Repligen Corporation and Tony J. Hunt (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). 45 Exhibit Number 10.21* 10.22* 10.23* 10.24* 21.1+ 23.1+ 24.1+ 31.1+ 31.2+ 32.1+ 101 Document Description Letter Agreement, dated as of June 10, 2014, by and between Repligen Corporation and Jon K. Snodgres (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 15, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Transitional Services and Separation Agreement, dated as of January 22, 2015, by and between Repligen Corporation and Walter C. Herlihy, Jr. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference). Employment Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2015, by and between Repligen Corporation and Tony J. Hunt (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on March 2, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference). Repligen Corporation Amended and Restated Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation Policy (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Repligen Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference). Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. Power of Attorney (included on signature page). Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification. Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification. Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following materials from Repligen Corporation on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, formatted in Extensive Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income, (ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text. # Confidential treatment obtained as to certain portions. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. + Filed herewith. The exhibits listed above are not contained in the copy of the Annual Report on Form 10-K distributed to stockholders. Upon the request of any stockholder entitled to vote at the 2015 annual meeting, the Registrant will furnish that person without charge a copy of any exhibits listed above. Requests should be addressed to Repligen Corporation, 41 Seyon Street, Waltham, MA 02453. 46 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 25, 2016 By: /s/ TONY J. HUNT Tony J. Hunt President and Chief Executive Officer REPLIGEN CORPORATION POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby makes, constitutes and appoints Tony J. Hunt and Jon K. Snodgres with full power to act without the other, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any or all amendments to this Form 10-K, and to file the same with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in- fact and agents of any of them, or any substitute or substitutes, lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ TONY J. HUNT Tony J. Hunt /s/ JON K. SNODGRES Jon K. Snodgres President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal executive officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal financial and accounting officer) February 25, 2016 February 25, 2016 /s/ KAREN DAWES Chairperson of the Board February 25, 2016 Karen Dawes /s/ GLENN L. COOPER Glenn L. Cooper, M.D. /s/ JOHN G. COX John G. Cox /s/ ALFRED L. GOLDBERG Alfred L. Goldberg, Ph.D. Director Director Director February 25, 2016 February 25, 2016 February 25, 2016 /s/ GLENN P. MUIR Director February 25, 2016 Glenn P. Muir /s/ THOMAS F. RYAN, JR. Director February 25, 2016 Thomas F. Ryan, Jr. 47 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, Page 49 50 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 53 54 48 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Repligen Corporation: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Repligen Corporation as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Repligen Corporation at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Repligen Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 25, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 25, 2016 49 REPLIGEN CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, less reserve for doubtful accounts of $31 and $41, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalties and other receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax asset, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 54,092 17,682 $ 35,363 23,090 11,300 82 17,998 — 2,098 103,252 13,801 1,633 12,755 14,346 450 7,760 240 12,384 5 2,104 80,946 14,526 3,550 14,636 14,185 450 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $146,237 $128,293 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (Note 6) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, no shares $ 6,724 12,057 18,781 4,708 $ 3,863 6,819 10,682 5,879 issued or outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock, $.01 par value, 80,000,000 shares authorized, 32,949,353 shares at December 31, 2015 and 32,774,374 shares at December 31, 2014 issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 202,527 (8,566) (71,542) 122,748 328 198,064 (5,773) (80,887) 111,732 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $146,237 $128,293 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 50 REPLIGEN CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands, except share and per share data) Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenue: Product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses: Cost of product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration – fair value adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax (benefit) provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ Weighted average shares outstanding: $ 83,537 — 83,537 35,251 — 5,740 24,699 4,083 69,773 13,764 136 (32) (445) 13,423 4,078 9,345 $ 60,431 3,117 63,548 28,022 — 5,609 17,154 2,072 52,857 10,691 309 (50) 188 11,138 2,968 8,170 0.28 0.28 $ $ 0.25 0.25 $ $ $ $ 47,482 20,687 68,169 22,481 2,682 7,341 12,701 91 45,296 22,873 301 (50) (110) 23,014 6,921 16,093 0.51 0.50 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,881,940 32,497,657 31,667,015 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,577,091 33,263,667 32,406,641 Other comprehensive income: Unrealized (loss) gain on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (loss) gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 (2,815) (28) (7,743) (19) 106 Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,552 $ 399 $ 16,180 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 51 REPLIGEN CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share data) Balance, December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . 31,195,041 Number of Shares Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized loss on investments . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730,700 7 Common Stock Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Stockholders’ Equity $312 $187,051 $ 1,911 $(105,150) $ 84,124 16,093 (19) 106 16,093 (19) 106 1,060 2,522 1,060 2,515 Balance, December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . 31,925,741 $319 $190,626 $ 1,998 $ (89,057) $103,886 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized loss on investments . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . Shares issued in acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise of stock options and vesting of 215,285 restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633,348 2 7 1,766 3,998 1,674 8,170 (28) (7,743) 8,170 (28) (7,743) 1,766 4,000 1,681 Balance, December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . 32,774,374 $328 $198,064 $(5,773) $ (80,887) $111,732 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized gain on investments . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Share-based compensation expense . . . . . . Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174,979 1 9,345 22 (2,815) 9,345 22 (2,815) 3,598 866 3,598 865 Balance, December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . 32,949,353 $329 $202,527 $(8,566) $ (71,542) $122,748 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 52 REPLIGEN CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax expense (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on revaluation of contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposal of assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalties and other receivables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 9,345 $ 8,170 $ 16,093 4,594 3,598 (118) 4,083 1 (3,729) 158 (6,149) (277) 3,024 (1,592) 2,115 4,020 1,766 295 2,072 35 (1,597) 6,557 (860) (820) 2,288 (2,489) (1,036) 3,114 1,060 2,788 91 2 (774) 2,400 (626) 58 (734) 1,257 1,201 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,053 18,401 25,930 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemptions of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of assets of Refine Technology, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase of restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (20,168) 27,587 — — (2,628) (27,508) 34,804 (21,236) (250) (5,602) (42,480) 29,209 — — (4,635) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,791 (19,792) (17,906) Cash flows from financing activities: Exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax benefit on exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments of contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 — (99) 767 1,680 — — 1,680 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,882) (4,756) 2,450 72 — 2,522 74 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,729 35,363 (4,467) 39,830 10,620 29,210 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 54,092 $ 35,363 $ 39,830 Supplemental information: Income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,948 $ 2,547 $ 1,264 Business Acquisitions: Fair value of tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of stock issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost in excess of fair value of assets acquired (Goodwill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquired identifiable intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-process research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less accrued contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital adjustment, reflected in other receivables as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash paid for business acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,175 1,647 184 (365) (4,000) 13,199 9,100 1,600 22,540 (1,370) 66 21,236 — — — — — — — — — — — — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 53 REPLIGEN CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Organization and Nature of Business Repligen Corporation (“Repligen” or the “Company”) is a bioprocessing company that develops, manufactures and markets innovative products and solutions used to manufacture biologic drugs. The Company is a world-leading manufacturer of both native and recombinant forms of Protein A, critical reagents used in biomanufacturing to separate and purify monoclonal antibodies, a type of biologic drug. Repligen also supplies several growth factor products, ATF System products and cell filtration products used to increase cell culture productivity during the bioproduction process. In the expanding area of flexible biomanufacturing technologies, the Company has developed and markets a series of OPUS chromatography columns for use in clinical-scale manufacturing. The Company generally manufactures and sells Protein A and growth factors to life sciences companies under long-term supply agreements and sells its chromatography columns, as well as media and quality test kits, and ATF products directly to biopharmaceutical companies or contract manufacturing organizations or through distributors. The Company manufactures its products in production facilities in the United States and Sweden. In addition, the Company has out-licensed certain intellectual property to Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, from which Repligen received royalties on Bristol’s net sales in the United States of their product Orencia®. On April 7, 2008, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Bristol in connection with a patent infringement lawsuit that Repligen filed against Bristol. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Bristol was obligated to pay us royalties on its U.S. net sales of Orencia® for any clinical indication at a rate of 1.8% for the first $500,000,000 of annual sales, 2.0% for the next $500,000,000 of annual sales and 4% of annual sales in excess of $1 billion. Under the terms of the agreement, royalty payments on Bristol’s sales of Orencia® ceased as of December 31, 2013. The Company is subject to a number of risks typically associated with companies in the biotechnology industry. These risks principally include the Company’s dependence on key customers, development by the Company or its competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with the FDA and other governmental regulations and approval requirements, as well as the ability to grow the Company’s business and obtain adequate funding to finance this growth. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, allowance for doubtful accounts, the net realizable value of inventory, estimated fair value of cost method investments, valuations and purchase price allocations related to business combinations, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, estimated fair values of intangible assets and goodwill, amortization methods and periods, warranty reserves, certain accrued expenses, stock-based compensation, fair value estimates of contingent consideration, contingent liabilities, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. 54 Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Repligen Sweden AB and Repligen Singapore Pte. Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign Currency The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiary at rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the reporting period. Translation adjustments including adjustments related to the Company’s intercompany loan with Repligen Sweden are remeasured at each period end and included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Revenue Recognition Product Sales The Company’s revenue recognition policy is to recognize revenues from product sales and services in accordance with ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. These standards require that revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery, including customer acceptance, has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of whether these criteria have been met are based on management’s judgments primarily regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for the product delivered and the collectability of those fees. The Company has a few longstanding customers who comprise the majority of revenue and have excellent payment histories and therefore the Company does not require collateral. The Company has had no significant write-offs of uncollectible invoices in the periods presented. When more than one element such as equipment, consumables, and services are contained in a single arrangement, the Company allocates revenue between the elements based on each element’s relative selling price, provided that each element meets the criteria for treatment as a separate unit of accounting. An item is considered a separate unit of accounting if it has value to the customer on a stand- alone basis. The selling price of the undelivered elements is determined by the price charged when the element is sold separately, or in cases when the item is not sold separately, by third-party evidence of selling price or management’s best estimate of selling price. The Company’s product revenues are from the sale of bioprocessing products, equipment devices, and related consumables used with these equipment devices to customers in the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. On product sales to end customers, revenue is recognized, net of discounts, when both the title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer, as determined by the shipping terms provided there are no uncertainties regarding acceptance, and all obligations have been completed. Generally, our product arrangements for equipment sales are multiple element arrangements, and may include services, such as installation and training, and multiple products, such as consumables and spare parts. In accordance with ASC 605-25, based on terms and conditions of the product arrangements, the Company believes that these services and undelivered products can be accounted for separately from the delivered product element as the delivered products have value to our customers on a standalone basis. Accordingly, revenue for services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred and recognized as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. For product sales to distributors, the Company recognizes revenue for both equipment and consumables upon delivery to the distributor unless direct shipment to the end user is requested. In this case, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the end user’s location. In general, distributors are responsible for shipment to the end customer along with installation, training and acceptance of the equipment by the end customer. Sales to distributors are not contingent upon resale of the product. At the time of sale, the Company also evaluates the need to accrue for warranty and sales returns. The supply agreements the Company has with its customers and the related purchase orders identify the terms and 55 conditions of each sale and the price of the goods ordered. Due to the nature of the sales arrangements, inventory produced for sale is tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Since the product is manufactured to order and in compliance with required specifications prior to shipment, the likelihood of sales return, warranty or other issues is largely diminished. Furthermore, there is no customer right of return in our sales agreements. Sales returns and warranty issues are infrequent and have not had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements historically. Shipping and handling fees are recorded as a component of product revenue, with the associated costs recorded as a component of cost of product revenue. The Scripps Research Institute On April 6, 2007, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide commercial license agreement (“Scripps License Agreement”) with The Scripps Research Institute (“Scripps”). Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Company obtained a license to use, commercialize and sublicense certain patented technology and improvements thereon, owned or licensed by Scripps, relating to compounds that may have utility in treating Friedreich’s ataxia, an inherited neurodegenerative disease. Pursuant to the Scripps License Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Scripps an initial license fee of $300,000, certain royalty and sublicense fees and, in the event that the Company achieved specified developmental and commercial milestones, certain additional milestone payments. Total future milestone payments, if all milestones had been achieved, would have been approximately $4,300,000. In addition, the Company issued Scripps and certain of its designees 87,464 shares of the Company’s common stock, which had a value of $300,000 on the date of issuance. In connection with the Scripps License Agreement, the Company issued warrants to an individual at Scripps to purchase up to 150,000 shares of common stock. No expense has been recorded related to these warrants through December 31, 2014. During the year ending December 31, 2014, the warrant’s seven-year term expired. As of January 2014, all rights and obligations have been transferred to BioMarin. Sale of Intellectual Property to BioMarin In January 2014, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (“BioMarin”) to sell Repligen’s histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) portfolio. Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company received $2 million from BioMarin as an upfront payment on January 30, 2014 and a $125,675 payment on September 3, 2014 upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company is entitled to receive up to $160 million in potential future milestone payments for the development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. These potential milestone payments are approximately 37% related to clinical development and 63% related to initial commercial sales in specific geographies. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of therapeutic products originating from the HDACi portfolio. The royalty rates are tiered and begin in the mid-single-digits for the first HDACi portfolio product and for the first non-HDACi portfolio product with lesser amounts for any backup products developed under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Repligen’s receipt of these royalties is subject to customary offsets and deductions. There are no refund provisions in this agreement. The Company recognized $2.1 million of revenue in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 related to the transfer of the HDACi technology under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Any milestones earned upon specified clinical development or commercial sales events or future royalty payments, under the Asset Purchase Agreement will be recognized as revenue when they are earned. 56 Activities under this agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the BioMarin agreement: • • The assignment by Repligen to BioMarin of the Repligen Technology (“Repligen Know-How” and “Repligen Patents”) and the Scripps Agreement (the “Transferred Assets”); The transfer of certain notebooks, data, documents, biological materials (if any) and other such documents in our possession that might be useful to further development of the program (the “Technology Transfer”). Two criteria must be met in order for a deliverable to be considered a separate unit of accounting. The first criterion requires that the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The second criterion, which relates to evaluating a general right of return, is not applicable because such a provision does not exist in the Asset Purchase Agreement. The deliverables outlined above were deemed to have stand-alone value and to meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting. Factors considered in this determination included, among other things, BioMarin’s right under the agreement to assign the Transferred Assets, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if BioMarin could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the multiple-element arrangements guidance addresses how to allocate the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price. The Company identified the arrangement consideration to allocate among the units of accounting as the $2.0 million non-refundable up-front payment and the $125,675 payment to be received upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company excluded the potential milestone payments provided for in the Asset Purchase Agreement from the arrangement consideration as they were not considered fixed or determinable at the time the Asset Purchase Agreement was signed. Because Repligen had not sold these items on a standalone basis previously, Repligen had no vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price. Furthermore, Repligen did not have detailed third-party evidence of selling price, and as a result we used our best estimate of selling price for each item. In determining these prices, Repligen considered what Repligen would be willing to sell the items for on a standalone basis, what the market would bear for such items and what another party might charge for these items. The up-front arrangement consideration allocated to the Transferred Assets was recognized upon execution of the Asset Purchase Agreement as the risks and rewards associated with the Transferred Assets transferred at that time. The Company used a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the value of the Transferred Assets. Key assumptions in the analysis included: the estimated market size for a compound targeted at Friedreich’s ataxia, the estimated remaining costs of development and time to commercialization, and the probability of successfully developing and commercializing the program. Based on this analysis, the Company allocated $2,115,000 to the value of the Transferred Assets. However, as the recognized revenue is limited to the non- contingent consideration received, the Company recognized $2,000,000, the amount of the up-front payment, as revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2014. The estimated selling price of the Technology Transfer items was approximately $300,000 resulting in consideration allocation of approximately $11,000. However, as this item was not delivered prior to March 31, 2014, the Company did not recognize any revenue related to the Technology Transfer in the three months ended March 31, 2014. Repligen received the payment and recognized $125,675 of other revenues in September 2014 upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company believes that a change in the key assumptions used to determine best estimate of selling price for each of the deliverables would not have a significant effect on the allocation of arrangement consideration. 57 In addition to the $2.1 million up-front payment, the Company is also eligible to receive up to $160 million in potential milestone payments from BioMarin comprised of: • • Up to $60 million related to the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestone events; and Up to $100 million related to the achievement of specified commercial sales events, specifically the first commercial sale in specific territories. The Company evaluated the potential milestones in accordance with ASC 605-28, which allows an entity to make an accounting policy election to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. This evaluation included an assessment of the risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone as well as whether the achievement of the milestone was due in part to our initial clinical work, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. The Company believes that the $60 million of specified clinical and regulatory milestone payments are substantive. Therefore, any such milestones achieved will be recognized as revenue when earned. Any milestones achieved upon specified commercial sales events or future royalty payments are considered contingent revenue under the Asset Purchase Agreement, and will be recognized as revenue when they are earned as there are no undelivered elements remaining and no continuing performance obligations under the arrangement. Sale of SecreFlo On December 23, 2014, the Company sold its synthetic human secretin line, SecreFlo, to Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Innovate, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Repligen received a nominal upfront payment and is eligible to receive royalties on net sales of qualified products for a period beginning on the first commercial sale of such product through the earlier of the expiration of the regulatory exclusivity period for the product or 10 years from its first commercial sale. Pfizer License Agreement In December 2012, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide licensing agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”) to advance the spinal muscular atrophy program, or SMA program. Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, the Company received $5 million from Pfizer as an upfront payment on January 22, 2013, a $1 million milestone payment on September 4, 2013 and a $1 million milestone payment on December 28, 2014. On January 26, 2015 Pfizer notified the Company that they were terminating the License Agreement for convenience, effective as of April 26, 2015. The Company does not intend to invest additional resources to the development of the SMA program. Orencia Royalty In April 2008, the Company settled its outstanding litigation with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“Bristol”) and began recognizing royalty revenue in fiscal year 2009 for Bristol’s net sales in the United States of Orencia® which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The royalty agreement with Bristol provided that the Company would receive such royalty payments on sales of Orencia® by Bristol through December 31, 2013. Pursuant to the settlement with Bristol (“Bristol Settlement”), the Company recognized royalty revenue of approximately $17,881,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. Revenue earned from Bristol royalties 58 was recorded in the periods when it was earned based on royalty reports sent by Bristol to the Company. These royalty payments have ceased as of December 31, 2013, and the Company has no continuing obligations to Bristol as a result of this settlement. Pursuant to the Bristol Settlement, Repligen remitted to the University of Michigan 15% of all royalty revenue received from Bristol. Royalty expense for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 was approximately $2,682,000. This operating expense was included in cost of royalty revenue in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income. Therapeutics Licensing Agreements Activities under licensing agreements are evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met: • • The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within our control. Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met. Future milestone payments, if any, under a license agreement will be recognized under the provisions of ASC 605-28, which the Company adopted on January 1, 2011. The Company has elected to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if: • • • It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either (1) the Company’s performance or (2) on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance; There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and It would result in additional payments being due to the entity. The commercial milestone payments and royalty payments received under license agreements, if any, will be recognized as revenue when they are earned. Research and Development Agreements For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $803,000 of revenue, respectively, from sponsored research and development projects under agreements with the National Institutes of Health / Scripps Research Institute, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Go Friedreich’s Ataxia Research, the European Friedrich’s Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies, and the Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance. The Company did not recognize any such revenue in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. 59 Research revenue is recognized when the expense has been incurred and services have been performed. Determination of which costs incurred qualify for reimbursement under the terms of the Company’s contractual agreements and the timing of when such costs were incurred involves the judgment of management. The Company’s calculations are based upon the agreed-upon terms as stated in the arrangements. However, should the estimated calculations change or be challenged by other parties to the agreements, research revenue may be adjusted in subsequent periods. The calculations have not historically changed or been challenged and the Company does not anticipate any subsequent change in its revenue related to sponsored research and development projects. There have been no material changes to the Company’s initial estimates related to revenue recognition in any periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Risks and Uncertainties The Company evaluates its operations periodically to determine if any risks and uncertainties exist that could impact its operations in the near term. The Company does not believe that there are any significant risks which have not already been disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. A loss of certain suppliers could temporarily disrupt operations, although alternate sources of supply exist for these items. The Company has mitigated these risks by working closely with key suppliers, identifying alternate sources and developing contingency plans. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company’s investments included money market funds as well as short-term and long-term marketable securities. Short-term marketable securities are investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days. Long-term marketable securities are securities with maturities of greater than one year at the original date of purchase. The average remaining contractual maturity of marketable securities at December 31, 2015 is approximately 5.8 months. Investments in debt securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Marketable securities: U.S. Government and agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term marketable securities: U.S. Government and agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015 Gross Unrealized Gain Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value $— 7 7 — — — $ (6) (7) (13) $ 7,023 10,659 17,682 (2) (3) (5) 836 797 1,633 Amortized Cost $ 7,029 10,659 17,688 838 800 1,638 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,326 $ 7 $(18) $19,315 At December 31, 2015, the Company’s investments included thirty-four debt securities in unrealized loss positions with a total unrealized loss of approximately $19,000 and a total fair market value of approximately $12,520,000. All investments with gross unrealized losses have been in unrealized loss positions for less than 12 months. The unrealized losses were caused primarily by current economic and market conditions. There was no change in the credit risk of the securities. The Company does not intend to sell any investments in an unrealized loss position, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. There were no realized gains or losses on the investments for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. 60 Investments in debt securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2014 (in thousands): Marketable securities: U.S. Government and agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term marketable securities: U.S. Government and agency securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2014 Gross Unrealized Gain Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value $ 2 4 6 — — — $ (2) (3) $12,716 10,374 (5) 23,090 — (4) (4) 1,228 2,322 3,550 Amortized Cost $12,716 10,373 23,089 1,228 2,326 3,554 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26,643 $ 6 $ (9) $26,640 The contractual maturities of debt securities at December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands): Due in 1 year or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in 1 to 2 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortized Cost $17,688 1,638 Fair Value $17,682 1,633 $19,326 $19,315 Fair Value Measurement In determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company uses various valuation approaches. The Company employs a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows: Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The availability of observable inputs can vary among the various types of financial assets and liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for financial statement disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the overall fair value measurement. 61 The Company’s fixed income investments are comprised of obligations of U.S. government agencies, corporate debt securities and other interest bearing securities. These investments have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. The Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. After completing its validation procedures, the Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of December 31, 2015. The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Fair value measurement at reporting date using: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Assets: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Government and agency securities . . . . . . Corporate and other debt securities . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,685 7,456 — $20,141 $ — 402 11,457 $11,859 $ — — — $ — Total $12,685 7,858 11,457 $32,000 Liabilities: Contingent consideration – short-term . . . . . . . Contingent consideration – long-term . . . . . . . . — — — — 4,480 2,308 4,480 2,308 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $6,788 $ 6,788 As of December 31, 2015, the Company has no other assets or liabilities for which fair value measurement is either required or has been elected to be applied, other than the liabilities for contingent consideration recorded in connection with the acquisition of the assets of BioFlash Partners, LLC (“BioFlash”) and the Refine Acquisition. The contingent consideration related to BioFlash is valued using management’s estimates of royalties to be paid to the former shareholders of BioFlash based on sales of the acquired assets. The contingent consideration related to the Refine Acquisition is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales of the acquired assets and portion of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party to be paid to the former shareholders of Refine. These valuations are Level 3 valuations as the primary inputs are unobservable. The following tables provide quantitative information associated with the fair value measurement of the Company’s contingent consideration related to Refine using Level 3 inputs (in thousands): Contingent Consideration Refine Fair value as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periods in which milestones can be achieved . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,369 Probability-adjusted discounted cash flow 2015 – 2016 Variable Earn-out Fixed Earn-out Accrued Balance 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,500 4,250 850 1,300 $4,350 2,019 62 The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Refine’s contingent consideration are the probabilities of successful achievement of sales milestones. Significant increases or decreases in estimated Refine sales would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration in fiscal 2015 are primarily attributable to an increase to the expected Refine milestone payment of $4,048,000 related to 2015 sales and forecasted 2016 sales, a $1,000,000 milestone payment made to Refine related to 2014 sales, a $110,000 minimum royalty payment made to BioFlash, and a final milestone payment made to Novozymes Biopharma DK A/S of 25,000 Euros (approximately $29,000). All milestone payments made in 2015 were previously accrued. The following table provides a rollforward of the fair value of the contingent consideration (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,844 (1,139) 4,083 Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,788 There were no remeasurements to fair value during the year ended December 31, 2015 of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Inventories Inventories relate to the Company’s bioprocessing business. The Company values inventory at cost or, if lower, fair market value, using the first-in, first-out method. The Company reviews its inventories at least quarterly and records a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on its estimates of expected sales volume, production capacity and expiration dates of raw materials, work-in-process and finished products. Expected sales volumes are determined based on supply forecasts provided by key customers for the next 3 to 12 months. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements to cost of product revenue. Manufacturing of bioprocessing finished goods is done to order and tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were $343,000 and $78,000 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The reserve balance at December 31, 2015 and 2014 is sufficient to cover excess or obsolete inventory for the consolidated Company. A change in the estimated timing or amount of demand for the Company’s products could result in additional provisions for excess inventory quantities on hand. Any significant unanticipated changes in demand or unexpected quality failures could have a significant impact on the value of inventory and reported operating results. During all periods presented in the accompanying financial statements, there have been no material adjustments related to a revised estimate of inventory valuations. Work-in-process and finished products inventories consist of material, labor, outside processing costs and manufacturing overhead. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work-in-process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finished products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $10,671 1,586 5,741 $17,998 $ 5,374 2,256 4,754 $12,384 63 Accrued Liabilities The Company estimates accrued liabilities by identifying services performed on the Company’s behalf, estimating the level of service performed and determining the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date. For example, the Company would accrue for professional and consulting fees incurred with law firms, audit and accounting service providers and other third party consultants. These expenses are determined by either requesting those service providers to estimate unbilled services at each reporting date for services incurred or tracking costs incurred by service providers under fixed fee arrangements. The Company has processes in place to estimate the appropriate amounts to record for accrued liabilities, which principally involve the applicable personnel reviewing the services provided. In the event that the Company does not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or the Company under or over-estimates the level of services performed or the costs of such services, the reported expenses for that period may be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date, and the cost of such services often require the exercise of judgment. The Company makes these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known at the date of the financial statements. Income Taxes Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates this tax position on a quarterly basis. The Company also accrues for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Property, Plant & Equipment Property, Plant & Equipment is recorded at cost less allowances for depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows: Classification Estimated Useful Life Leasehold improvements . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . Shorter of the term of the lease or estimated useful life Three to eight years Three to eight years Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents then outstanding. Potential common share equivalents consist of restricted stock awards and the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants. Under the treasury stock method, unexercised “in-the-money” stock options are assumed to be exercised at the beginning of the period or at issuance, if later. The assumed proceeds are then used to purchase common shares at the average market price during the period. Share-based payment awards that entitle their holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities and are included in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. 64 A reconciliation of basic and diluted share amounts is as follows: Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Numerator: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,345,000 $ 8,170,000 $16,093,000 Denominator: Basic weighted average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . Weighted average common stock equivalents from assumed 32,881,940 32,497,657 31,667,015 exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards . . . . . . . 695,151 766,010 739,626 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . 33,577,091 33,263,667 32,406,641 Basic net income per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.28 0.28 $ $ 0.25 0.25 $ $ 0.51 0.50 At December 31, 2015, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,240,935 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $10.44 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, 196,209 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive. At December 31, 2014, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,225,117 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $8.31 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, 307,475 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive. At December 31, 2013, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,610,988 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $5.07 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, 187,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive. Segment Reporting The Company views its operations, makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and manages its business as one operating segment. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. The following table represents the Company’s total revenue by geographic area (based on the location of the customer): Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37% 38% 35% 28% 33% 51% 17% 20% 12% 2% 9% 18% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 65 The following table represents the Company’s total assets by geographic area (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 91,881 54,313 43 $ 83,785 44,508 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $146,237 $128,293 The following table represents the Company’s long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36,350 6,635 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,985 $38,695 8,653 $47,348 There were no long-lived assets in Singapore as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers Financial instruments that subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. Per the Company’s investment policy, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested in financial instruments with high credit ratings and credit exposure to any one issue, issuer (with the exception of U.S. treasury obligations) and type of instrument is limited. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no investments associated with foreign exchange contracts, options contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to customers to whom the Company makes significant sales. While a reserve for the potential write-off of accounts receivable is maintained, the Company has not written off any significant accounts to date. To control credit risk, the Company performs regular credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition. Revenue from significant customers as a percentage of the Company’s total revenue is as follows: Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Orencia® Royalties from Bristol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — GE Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MilliporeSigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27% 37% 38% 35% 29% 33% 25% — Significant accounts receivable balances as a percentage of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable and royalties and other receivable balances are as follows: GE Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MilliporeSigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bioprocessing Customer C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bioprocessing Customer D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13% 32% 21% — 29% 7% — 11% December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Acquisitions Acquisitions Total consideration transferred for acquisitions is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, based on their fair values at the dates of acquisition. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based 66 on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions determined by management. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. Any excess of the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired over the purchase price is recognized in the statement of operations. The fair value of contingent consideration includes estimates and judgments made by management regarding the probability that future contingent payments will be made and the extent of royalties to be earned in excess of the defined minimum royalties. Management updates these estimates and the related fair value of contingent consideration at each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company uses the income approach to determine the fair value of certain identifiable intangible assets including customer relationships and developed technology. This approach determines fair value by estimating after-tax cash flows attributable to these assets over their respective useful lives and then discounting these after- tax cash flows back to a present value. The Company bases its assumptions on estimates of future cash flows, expected growth rates, expected trends in technology, etc. Discount rates used to arrive at a present value as of the date of acquisition are based on the time value of money and certain industry-specific risk factors. Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized and is reviewed for impairment at least annually. There was no evidence of impairment to goodwill at December 31, 2015. There were no goodwill impairment charges during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Intangible Assets Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives using the estimated economic benefit method, as applicable, and the amortization expense is recorded within cost of product revenue and selling, general and administrative expense in the statements of operations. Intangible assets and their related useful lives are reviewed at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. More frequent impairment assessments are conducted if certain conditions exist, including a change in the competitive landscape, any internal decisions to pursue new or different technology strategies, a loss of a significant customer, or a significant change in the marketplace, including changes in the prices paid for our products or changes in the size of the market for our products. If impairment indicators are present, the Company determines whether the underlying intangible asset is recoverable through estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If the asset is not found to be recoverable, it is written down to the estimated fair value of the asset based on the sum of the future discounted cash flows expected to result from the use and disposition of the asset. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company continues to believe that its intangible assets are recoverable at December 31, 2015. Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Technology – developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In process research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trademark/ tradename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,295 1,600 240 11,805 700 $17,640 $(1,026) — (177) (3,682) — $(4,885) Weighted Average Useful Life (in years) 12 — 8 9 — 10 67 Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2014 (in thousands): Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Technology – developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In process research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trademark/ tradename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,338 1,600 240 12,202 700 $18,080 $ (750) — (148) (2,546) — $(3,444) Weighted Average Useful Life (in years) 12 — 8 9 — 10 Amortization expense for amortized intangible assets was approximately $1,600,000, $1,425,000 and $1,022,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company expects to record the approximate amortization expense (in thousands): Years Ending Amortization Expense December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,701 1,701 1,537 1,522 1,189 Stock Based Compensation The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes it as expense over the employee’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company records the expense for share-based awards subject to performance-based milestone vesting over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the milestone is probable. Management evaluates whether the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable as of the reporting date. The Company has no awards that are subject to market conditions. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based upon options that are ultimately expected to vest, and accordingly, such compensation expense has been adjusted by an amount of estimated forfeitures. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards on the grant date. The following assumptions are used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards: Expected term—The expected term of options granted represents the period of time for which the options are expected to be outstanding. For purposes of estimating the expected term, the Company has aggregated all individual option awards into one group as the Company does not expect substantial differences in exercise behavior among its employees. Expected volatility—The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. The Company determines the expected volatility based primarily upon the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over a period commensurate with the option’s expected term. Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero- coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the option’s expected term on the grant date. Expected dividend yield—The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on any of its capital stock and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero to calculate the grant-date fair value of a stock option. 68 Estimated forfeiture rates—The Company has applied, based on an analysis of its historical forfeitures, annual forfeiture rates of 8% for awards granted to non-executive level employees, 3% for awards granted to executive level employees and 0% for awards granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors to all unvested stock options as of December 31, 2014. The Company reevaluates this analysis periodically and adjusts these estimated forfeiture rates as necessary. Ultimately, the Company will only recognize expense for those shares that vest. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606), which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires the Company to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delayed the effective date of the new standard from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2018. The FASB also agreed to allow entities to choose to adopt the standard as of the original effective date. The Company has not yet determined which adoption method it will utilize or the effect that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory,” (“ASU 2015- 11”). ASU 2015-11 requires inventory be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, and options that currently exist for market value be eliminated. ASU 2015-11 defines net realizable value as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-11 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” The new standard requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined and sets forth new disclosure requirements related to the adjustments. The new standard will be effective on January 1, 2016. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” The new standard requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The Company adopted this standard as of December 31, 2015 with prospective application; accordingly, the Company reclassified all current deferred tax assets and liabilities to noncurrent on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, which resulted in an immaterial reclassification of current deferred tax assets to other long-term liabilities. Prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted upon adoption of this new standard. 3. Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Acquisitions Refine Technology, LLC On June 2, 2014, pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 2, 2014 (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company, Refine Technology, LLC (a limited liability company formed under the laws of the State of New Jersey) (“Refine”), the members of Refine Technology, LLC, Jerry Shevitz, Refine Technology Sales LLC (a limited liability company formed under the laws of the State of New Jersey) and Refine Technology Sales Asia PTE. LTD. (a limited private company organized in the 69 Republic of Singapore), the Company acquired the business of Refine, including Refine’s Alternating Tangential Flow (“ATF”) System, a market-leading device used to significantly increase product yield during the fermentation step of the biologic drug manufacturing process (the “Refine Business” and the acquisition of the Refine Business, the “Refine Acquisition”). Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, Repligen purchased all of the assets related to Refine’s ATF system and assumed certain specified liabilities related to Refine’s ATF system. This acquisition strengthened Repligen’s bioprocessing business by adding a complementary product line while expanding its direct sales presence worldwide. The transaction was accounted for as a purchase of a business under ASC 805, Business Combinations. The terms of the acquisition included an upfront cash payment of approximately $21,236,000 less approximately $66,000 as a result of the final determination of working capital, issuance of 215,285 shares of the Company’s $0.01 par value common stock valued at $4,000,000, future potential milestone payments totaling up to $10,900,000 if specific sales targets are met for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016, and future potential payments up to $7,500,000 out of any amounts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party. The $10,900,000 potential contingent consideration had an initial probability weighted fair value at acquisition of $1,370,000. The $7,500,000 potential contingent consideration had only a nominal probability weighted fair value at acquisition. In addition to the initial consideration, approximately $774,000 was paid to Refine following the acquisition under a Transition Services Agreement under which certain employees of Refine provided services to the Company in support of the Refine Business. As these payments were contingent upon future service, they were recognized as operating expense, ratably while the services were provided. Consideration Transferred The Company accounted for the Refine Acquisition as the purchase of a business under U.S. GAAP. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the assets of the Refine Business were recorded as of the acquisition date, at their respective fair values, and consolidated with those of Repligen. The fair value of the net assets acquired was approximately $26,540,000. The preparation of the valuation required the use of significant assumptions and estimates. Critical estimates included, but were not limited to, future expected cash flows, including projected revenues and expenses, and the applicable discount rates. These estimates were based on assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable. However, actual results may differ from these estimates. The total consideration transferred follows (in thousands): Cash consideration, less $66 of working capital adjustments . . . . . . . . . Value of common stock issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated fair value of contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $21,170 4,000 1,370 Total consideration transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26,540 The fair value of contingent consideration was determined based upon a probability weighted analysis of expected future milestone and settlement payments to be made to the seller. The Company paid $1,000,000 to Refine in 2015 for achievements of sales targets met in 2014, and could make payments of up to $9,900,000 if specific sales targets are met in 2015 and 2016. In addition, the Company could pay Refine up to $7,500,000 out of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party. The liability for contingent consideration is included in current and long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and will be remeasured at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved. Please see Note 10—Accrued Liabilities for further details. Acquisition related costs are not included as a component of consideration transferred, but are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The Company incurred approximately $818,000 in transaction costs 70 related to the Refine Acquisition. The transaction costs are included in 2014 selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired The allocation of purchase price was based on the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of June 2, 2014. The components and allocation of the purchase price consists of the following amounts (in thousands): Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Developed technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In process research and development (“IPR&D”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trademark and trade name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and other liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,647 1,003 184 85 6,400 2,000 1,600 700 (431) 13,352 Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26,540 Of the consideration paid, $6,400,000 represents the fair value of customer relationships that will be amortized over the determined useful life of 10 years and $2,000,000 represents the fair value of developed technology that will be amortized over a determined useful life of 15 years. $700,000 represents the fair value of trademark and trade name determined to have an indefinite useful life and is not subject to amortization. $1,600,000 of the consideration paid represents the fair value of acquired IPR&D projects that are considered identifiable assets as of the acquisition date. Those assets are considered indefinite lived until efforts associated with the projects are completed or abandoned. The major acquired technology IPR&D relates to the development of a single use system product extension to the ATF system business. The IPR&D project is not currently amortized and is reviewed for impairment at least annually. There was no evidence of impairment to IPR&D as of December 31, 2015. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired was recorded to goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable to expected synergies that the Company will realize from this acquisition. This goodwill is deductible for tax purposes over the next 15 years. Revenue, Net Income and Pro Forma Presentation The Company recorded revenue from Refine of $15,628,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and $6,793,000 from June 2, 2014 through December 31, 2014. The segregation of Refine’s net income is administratively impractical, as the Company operates as one operating segment and does not separately allocate expenses. The Company has included the operating results of Refine in its fiscal 2015 and 2014 consolidated statements of operations since the June 2, 2014 acquisition date. The following table presents unaudited supplemental pro forma information as if the Refine Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2013 (in thousands, except per share data): Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 $67,330,000 9,493,000 $76,331,000 16,403,000 $ $ 0.28 0.27 $ $ 0.58 0.56 71 The unaudited pro forma information for the year-ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was calculated after applying the Company’s accounting policies and the impact of acquisition date fair value adjustments. Unaudited pro forma net income for year-ended December 31, 2014 was adjusted to exclude acquisition-related transaction costs. These expenses have been added to the unaudited pro forma net income for the year-ended December 31, 2013. In addition, the unaudited pro forma net income for the year-ended December 31, 2014 was adjusted to exclude nonrecurring expenses related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of Refine that were recorded by the Company. The unaudited pro forma net income for the year-ended December 31, 2013 was adjusted to include these acquisition-related transaction costs and expenses related to the fair value adjustments. The basic and diluted EPS calculations reflect the issuance of shares to Refine as if the equity consideration had been granted on January 1, 2013. These pro forma condensed consolidated financial results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and include certain adjustments to reflect the pro forma results of operations as if the acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the periods presented, such as fair value adjustments to inventory and increased amortization for the fair value of acquired intangible assets. The pro forma information does not reflect the effect of costs or synergies that would have been expected to result from the integration of the acquisition. The pro forma information does not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the combination occurred at the beginning of each period presented, or of future results of the consolidated entities. Goodwill The changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2015 is as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to goodwill arising from Refine acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,185 161 Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,346 Other Intangible Assets Intangible assets, except for the Refine Technology, LLC tradename and in-process research and development, are amortized over their useful lives using the estimated economic benefit method, as applicable, and the amortization expense is recorded within selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income. The Refine Technology, LLC tradename and in-process research and development are not amortized. The Company reviews our indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization to determine if adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances exists that would indicate an impairment. Intangible assets and their related useful lives are reviewed at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. More frequent impairment assessments are conducted if certain conditions exist, including a change in the competitive landscape, any internal decisions to pursue new or different technology strategies, a loss of a significant customer, or a significant change in the marketplace, including changes in the prices paid for our products or changes in the size of the market for our products. An impairment results if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company continues to believe that its intangible assets are recoverable at December 31, 2015. 72 4. Income Taxes Income tax data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 The components of income from operations before income taxes are as follows: Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The current and deferred components of the provision for income taxes on operations are as follows: Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The jurisdictional components of the provision for income taxes on operations are as follows: $ (2,490) 15,913 $13,423 $ 3,745 333 $ 4,078 Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 295 276 3,507 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,078 $ (1,152) 12,290 $11,138 $ 2,480 488 $ 2,968 $ 214 (67) 2,821 $ 2,968 $12,783 10,231 $23,014 $ 4,124 2,797 $ 6,921 $ 3,322 1,306 2,293 $ 6,921 At December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $46,984,000 and business tax credits carryforwards of approximately $1,920,000 available to reduce future federal income taxes, if any. The cumulative U.S. federal net operating loss includes $10,242,000 related to excess tax deductions from share-based payments, the tax benefit of which will be recognized as an increase to additional paid in capital when the deduction reduces current taxes payable. The net operating loss and business tax credits carryforwards will continue to expire at various dates through December 2035. The net operating loss and business tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and may be limited in the event of certain changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders. The Company’s consolidated deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Deferred tax assets: Temporary timing differences: Stock compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total temporary timing differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax business credits carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,079 2,126 1,150 4,355 12,389 1,820 18,564 (18,514) $ $ $ 50 (501) (451) $ $ $ $ 628 767 1,674 3,069 12,580 1,782 17,431 (17,298) 133 (251) (118) 73 The net change in the total valuation allowance was an increase of $1,216,000 in the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase is attributable to increases in deferred tax assets derived from temporary timing differences. The valuation allowance increased by $727,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 and decreased by $1,736,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. During 2013, based on the Company’s pre-tax income position, the Company believed that it was more likely than not that it would generate sufficient taxable income to realize the tax benefit of a portion of its deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2013, because the Company would no longer receive royalty payments on Bristol’s sales of Orencia, the Company concluded that realization of deferred tax assets beyond December 31, 2013 was not more likely than not, and as such, the Company maintained a valuation allowance against the majority of its remaining deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2015 the Company continues to believe that realization of deferred tax assets beyond December 31, 2015 is not more likely than not, and the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its remaining U.S. deferred tax assets with the exception for certain state tax credits. The reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the effective income tax rate for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is as follows (amounts in thousands): Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,423 $11,138 $23,014 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Year Ended Expected tax at statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments due to: Difference between U.S. and foreign tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income and franchise taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,564 34.0% 3,787 34.0% 7,825 34.0% (1,910) (14.2%) 4.2% (0.9%) 0.9% 9.1% (2.7%) 563 (115) 118 1,216 (358) (1,471) (13.2%) 1.1% 122 — — (172) 727 (25) (1.5%) 6.5% (0.2%) (1,228) (5.3%) 4.9% 1,122 — — (298) (1.3%) (509) (2.2%) 9 — Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,078 30.4% $ 2,968 26.7% $ 6,921 30.1% In June 2015, the Company received a final assessment from the Massachusetts Department of Revenue (“DOR”) regarding an examination for the years ended March 31, 2010 and 2011 and the nine months ended December 31, 2011. This examination related to the qualification of Research and Development tax credits. The final settlement resulted in a payment to the DOR of approximately $141,000, inclusive of interest and penalties. In December 2015, the Company reached a negotiated settlement with the DOR regarding an appeal of an assessment made in 2013 for the years ended March 31, 2008 and 2009. The primary issues in the appeal related to the sourcing of intellectual property settlements and the qualification of Research and Development tax credits. The final settlement resulted in a payment to the DOR of approximately $1,012,000, inclusive of interest. Of this amount, $926,000 had been provided for as a liability for an uncertain tax position as of September 30, 2015. As a result of these settlements, the fiscal years ended March 31, 2008 through December 31, 2011 are now closed under the Massachusetts statute. The fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are subject to examination by the federal and state taxing authorities. At December 31, 2015, the Company had accumulated Federal research credits of $2,578,000 which were not recognized for financial statement purposes, as it was not more likely than not that the Company would have sufficient earnings to realize those benefits in addition to the benefits the Company may derive from use of its Net Operating Losses. However, given the past uncertainty at the state level regarding their sustainability under audit, the Company applied a reserve of $1,289,000 against these cumulative Federal research credits. 74 The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross increases – tax positions in prior period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross decreases – settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,118 324 (1,153) Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,289 The amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015 that will impact our effective tax rate are $1,289,000. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized interest and penalties of $272,000. At December 31, 2015, the Company has not provided for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on outside basis differences of foreign subsidiaries of approximately $30,322,000 as it is the Company’s current intention to permanently reinvest these earnings outside the U.S. It is not practical to estimate the additional taxes that may be payable upon repatriation. 5. Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock and Warrants At December 31, 2013, the Company has reserved 4,005,174 shares of common stock pursuant to the Plans, as described below. On April 6, 2007, the Company issued warrants to an individual at Scripps to purchase up to 150,000 shares of common stock at $0.01 per share, as discussed in Note 10. The warrants have a seven-year term and are exercisable based on performance criteria as detailed in the warrant agreement during 2014. The warrant expired prior to the performance criteria being achieved. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3,598,000, $1,766,000 and $1,060,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for share-based awards granted under the Second Amended and Restated 2001 Repligen Corporation Stock Plan (the “2001 Plan”) and the Repligen Corporation 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan,” and collectively with the 2001 Plan and the 1992 Repligen Corporation Stock Option Plan, the “Plans”). The following table presents stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (in thousands): Cost of product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 213 336 3,049 $ 128 185 1,453 $ 74 97 889 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,598 $1,766 $1,060 Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 During 2015, the Company modified certain stock option grants for its former president and chief executive officer in conjunction with his retirement. As part of the January 2015 transition agreement, all outstanding equity awards continued to vest through December 31, 2015, and fifty percent (50%) of the option awards that are unvested on December 31, 2015 immediately vested and became exercisable as of that date. As a result of these modifications to his share-based payment arrangements, the Company incurred stock compensation expense of $826,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This expense was recorded to selling, general and administrative expense on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The 2012 Plan allows for the granting of incentive and nonqualified options to purchase shares of common stock, restricted stock and other equity awards. Incentive options granted to employees under the Plans generally vest over a three to five-year period, with 20%-33% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting in equal yearly installments thereafter. Nonqualified options issued to non-employee directors 75 and consultants under the Plans generally vest over one year. Options granted under the Plans have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant and generally, the exercise price of the stock options equals the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. At December 31, 2015, options to purchase 1,240,935 shares were outstanding under the Plans. At December 31, 2015, 2,441,761 shares were available for future grant under the 2012 Plan. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards on the grant date. The fair value of share-based awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were calculated using the following estimated assumptions: 2015 2014 2013 Expected term (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 -7.2 6.5 50.09 - 51.89% 51.00 - 51.71% 51.39% - 53.63% 1.09% - 2.08% 1.88 - 2.11% 1.67 – 2.03% — — — 6.5 Information regarding option activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 under the Plans is summarized below: Options outstanding at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited/cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) (in thousands) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share $ 8.31 15.23 5.22 8.81 Options Outstanding 1,225,117 310,857 (177,693) (117,346) Options outstanding at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,240,935 $10.44 Options exercisable at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559,922 $ 6.77 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2015 (1) . . . . . 1,183,574 $10.42 6.42 3.89 6.36 $22,653 $12,048 $21,652 (1) This represents the number of vested options as of December 31, 2015 plus the number of unvested options expected to vest as of December 31, 2015 based on the unvested outstanding options at December 31, 2015 adjusted for estimated forfeiture rates of 8% for awards granted to non-executive level employees and 3% for awards granted to executive level employees. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing price of the common stock on December 31, 2015 of $28.29 per share and the exercise price of each in-the-money option) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2015. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $4,942,000, $10,475,000 and $3,723,000, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $22.45, $11.12 and $4.31, respectively. The total fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $2,317,000, $1,084,000 and $991,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $6,547,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of 3.08 years. The Company expects 623,652 unvested options to vest over the next five years. 76 6. Commitments and Contingencies Lease Commitments In 2001, the Company entered into a ten-year lease agreement for approximately 25,000 square feet of space located in Waltham, Massachusetts to be used for its corporate headquarters, manufacturing, research and development, and marketing and administrative operations. In July 2011, the Company amended this agreement to expand the lease to cover approximately 55,694 square feet and to extend the term of the lease by eleven years, which expires on May 31, 2023. In connection with this lease agreement, the Company issued a letter of credit in the amount of $200,000 to the lessor. The letter of credit is collateralized by a certificate of deposit held by the bank that issued the letter of credit. The certificate of deposit is classified as restricted cash in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. In March 2014, the Company entered into an amendment of its existing lease to expand the rented space from 55,694 to 75,594 square feet at 41 Seyon Street, Waltham, Massachusetts. Pursuant to the terms of the amended lease, Repligen leased an additional 19,900 square feet (the “Expansion Space”) for a period of eight years and one month, commencing on August 1, 2014. The amended lease provides for additional rent expense of approximately $361,000 on an annualized basis. The amended lease also requires an increased security deposit from $200,000 to $450,000 and continues to require the Company to pay a proportionate share of certain of the landlord’s annual operating costs and real estate taxes. Future minimum rental commitments under the amended lease as of December 31, 2015 are $1,371,000 for the years ending December 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. In 2007, the Company entered into a five-year lease agreement for approximately 2,500 square feet of space in Waltham, Massachusetts to provide for expanded manufacturing operations. Adjacent to this space, the Company entered into a two-year lease in 2008 for approximately 7,350 square feet of additional space to be used for expanded manufacturing and administrative operations. Both of these leases expired on December 31, 2012. The Company converted to a month-to-month basis for both sites. The Company terminated the lease on the 7,350 square feet of space in the first quarter of 2015. Following the completion of the Novozymes Acquisition, the Company now leases four adjacent buildings in Lund, Sweden totaling approximately 45,000 square feet of space used primarily for biologics manufacturing and administrative operations. The lease for three buildings totaling approximately 41,000 square feet expires on June 30, 2017 while the lease for the fourth building with approximately 4,000 square feet of space expires on September 30, 2019. Obligations under non-cancelable operating leases, including the facility leases discussed above, as of December 31, 2015 are approximately as follows (in thousands): Years Ending Operating Leases December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter Minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,343 1,888 1,434 1,418 1,371 3,043 $11,497 Rent expense charged to operations under operating leases was approximately $2,619,000, $2,735,000 and $2,437,000 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company had deferred rent liabilities of $1,899,000, $1,956,000 and $2,028,000, respectively, related to the escalating rent provisions for the Waltham headquarters. 77 Licensing and Research Agreements The Company licenses certain technologies that are, or may be, incorporated into its technology under several agreements and also has entered into several clinical research agreements which require the Company to fund certain research projects. Generally, the license agreements require the Company to pay annual maintenance fees and royalties on product sales once a product has been established using the technologies. The Company recorded research and development expenses associated with license agreements of approximately $7,000, $7,000 and $302,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. In October 2009, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide commercial license agreement with Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (see Note 2). Pursuant to the License Agreement dated December 28, 2012, the Company transferred all rights and obligations related to the FSMA License Agreement to Pfizer. On January 26, 2015 Pfizer notified us that they were terminating the License Agreement, effective as of April 26, 2015. Purchase Orders, Supply Agreements and Other Contractual Obligations In the normal course of business, the Company has entered into purchase orders and other agreement with manufacturers, distributors and others. Outstanding obligations at December 31, 2015 of approximately $5,729,000 are expected to be completed within one year. 7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Equipment maintenance and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid VAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendor credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 689 558 455 — 206 105 63 22 $2,098 $ 492 419 359 486 5 220 100 23 $2,104 8. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,306 13,758 2,808 425 30,297 (16,496) Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,801 $ 9,108 13,116 2,270 3,848 28,342 (13,816) $ 14,526 Depreciation expense totaled approximately $2,996,000, $2,594,000 and $2,092,000 in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 78 9. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Employee compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of contingent consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unearned revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,680 166 4,480 269 258 2,204 $12,057 $3,759 571 1,135 511 130 713 $6,819 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (5) (28) (33) 22 $(11) Unrealized gain (loss) on investments Foreign currency translation adjustment $ 2,003 (7,743) (5,740) (2,815) Total $ 1,998 (7,771) (5,773) (2,793) $(8,555) $(8,566) 11. Employee Benefit Plans In the U.S., the Repligen Corporation 401(k) Savings and Retirement Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) is a qualified defined contribution plan in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All U.S. employees over the age of 21 are eligible to make pre-tax contributions up to a specified percentage of their compensation. Under the 401(k) Plan, the Company may, but is not obligated to match a portion of the employees’ contributions up to a defined maximum. The match is calculated on a calendar year basis. The Company matched approximately $141,000, $107,000 and $92,000 in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In Sweden, the Company contributes to a government-mandated occupational pension plan that is a qualified defined contribution plan. All employees in Sweden are eligible for this pension plan. The Company pays premiums to a third party occupational pension specialist who administers the pension plan. These premiums are based on various factors including each employee’s age, salary, employment history and selected benefits in the pension plan. When an employee terminates or retires, these premium payments cease for that employee and the Company has no further pension-related obligations for that employee. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company contributed approximately $485,000, $493,000 and $437,000, respectively, to the pension plan. 79 12. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) The following table contains consolidated statements of operations information for each of the previous eight quarters. The Company believes that the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 September 30, 2014 June 30, 2014 March 31, 2014 (in thousands, except per share amounts) $21,449 $19,814 $21,457 $20,816 $15,393 $15,153 $15,551 $14,335 Revenue: Product revenue . . . . . . . Royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 1,000 125 — 1,991 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating expenses: Cost of product revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of royalty and other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development Selling, general and . . . . . . . . administrative . . . . . . . Contingent consideration – fair value adjustments . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses . . . . Income from operations . . . . . Investment income . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax provision . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares outstanding: 21,449 19,814 21,457 20,816 16,393 15,278 15,551 16,326 10,148 8,444 8,586 8,073 8,084 6,931 6,671 6,335 — 1,431 6,473 1,969 20,021 1,428 44 (8) (270) 1,194 929 265 0.01 0.01 $ $ $ — — — — — — — 1,490 1,252 1,568 1,328 1,650 1,430 1,201 5,959 6,242 6,024 4,975 4,471 4,326 3,384 233 768 1,112 1,945 10 18 98 16,126 3,688 37 (8) (38) 16,848 4,609 19 (8) (269) 16,777 4,039 36 (9) 132 16,332 61 59 (12) 134 13,062 2,216 64 (11) (14) 12,445 3,106 85 (13) 65 11,018 5,308 102 (14) 2 3,679 1,141 4,351 738 4,198 1,269 242 640 2,255 789 3,243 418 5,398 1,121 $ 2,538 $ 3,613 $ 2,929 $ (398) $ 1,466 $ 2,825 $ 4,277 $ 0.08 $ 0.08 $ $ 0.11 $ 0.09 $ (0.01) 0.11 $ 0.09 $ (0.01) $ $ 0.04 0.04 $ $ 0.09 $ 0.13 0.09 $ 0.13 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,946 32,925 32,870 32,755 32,747 32,677 32,234 31,963 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,577 33,690 33,671 33,451 32,747 33,327 33,076 31,855 80 Board of Directors Executive Management Market for Repligen Stock Karen A. Dawes Chairperson, Board of Directors President, Knowledgeable Decisions, LLC Nicolas M. Barthelemy President and Chief Executive Officer, bioTheranostics, Inc. Glenn L. Cooper, M.D. Chairman, Lascaux Media, LLC John G. Cox Executive Vice President, Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen Alfred L. Goldberg, Ph.D. Professor of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School Tony J. Hunt President and Chief Executive Officer, Repligen Corporation Glenn P. Muir Former Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President, Hologic, Inc. Thomas F. Ryan, Jr. Private Investor Tony J. Hunt President and Chief Executive Officer NASDAQ Global Market Common Stock: RGEN Jon K. Snodgres Chief Financial Officer James R. Rusche, Ph.D. Senior Vice President, Research and Development Howard Benjamin, Ph.D. Vice President, Business Development Kelly J. Capra Vice President, Human Resources Steve Curran Vice President, Global Operations Christine Gebski Vice President, Product Management and Field Applications Gustav Silfversparre Vice President, Operations Repligen Sweden Stephen Tingley Vice President, Bioprocessing Sales and Marketing Investor Information Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, proxy statements, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K are available to stockholders upon request without charge. Please visit our website at www.repligen.com or direct requests to: Repligen Corporation 41 Seyon Street, Building #1, Suite 100 Waltham, MA 02453 ATTN: Investor Relations Phone: 781.250.0111 investors@repligen.com Transfer Agent and Registrar American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC 59 Maiden Lane, Plaza Level New York, NY 10038 Phone: 877.777.0800, option 1 info@amstock.com The Transfer Agent is responsible for handling shareholder questions regarding lost certificates, address changes and change of ownership or name in which shares are held. Corporate Counsel Goodwin Procter LLP Exchange Place 53 State Street Boston, MA 02109 Independent Accountants Ernst & Young LLP 200 Clarendon Street Boston, MA 02116 Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held on Wednesday, May 11, 2016, at 8:00 a.m. at Repligen Corporation’s headquarters: 41 Seyon Street, Building #1, Suite 100 Waltham, MA 02453 Disclaimer: This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. When used, the words “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “result,” “should,” “will” and similar expressions that do not relate solely to historical matters identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, both known and unknown, and often beyond our control, and are not guarantees of future performance insofar as actual events or results may vary materially from those anticipated. Factors that may cause such a variance include, among others, those discussed in this Annual Report and from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update forward-looking statements except as required by law. T R O P E R L A U N N A 5 1 0 2 N E G I L P E R 41 Seyon Street, Building 1, Suite 100, Waltham, MA 02453 Phone: 781.250.0111 | Toll-free: 800.622.2259 | Fax: 781.250.0115 www.repligen.com ANNUAL REPORT 2015