Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 Commission file number: 001-13425 Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Canada (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) N/A (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 9500 Glenlyon Parkway Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 0C6 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (778) 331-5500 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code) Title of Each Class Common Shares Name of Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:59) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:59) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:59) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:59) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference on Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form10-K. (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, ”smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.: Large accelerated filer (cid:59) Accelerated filer (cid:133) Non-accelerated filer (cid:133) Smaller reporting company (cid:133) Emerging growth company (cid:133) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:133) No (cid:59) At June 30, 2018 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming for these purposes, but without conceding, that all executive officers and Directors are "affiliates" of the registrant) was approximately $3,686,199,341. The number of common shares of the registrant outstanding as of February 27, 2019, was 108,727,400. Documents Incorporated by Reference Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, in connection with the registrant’s 2019 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED FORM 10-K For the year ended December 31, 2018 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures INDEX PART I PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART III ITEM 15: ITEM 16: Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary PART IV SIGNATURES ITEM 1: ITEM 1A: ITEM 1B: ITEM 2: ITEM 3: ITEM 4: ITEM 5: ITEM 6: ITEM 7: ITEM 7A: ITEM 8: ITEM 9: ITEM 9A: ITEM 9B: ITEM 10: ITEM 11: ITEM 12: ITEM 13: ITEM 14: 1 3 10 23 23 25 25 25 29 30 61 61 114 114 117 117 117 117 117 117 118 122 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The information discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (“Ritchie Bros.”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Canadian securities laws. These statements are based on our current expectations and estimates about our business and markets, and include, among others, statements relating to: (cid:120) our future strategy, objectives, targets, projections, performance, and key enablers; (cid:120) our ability to drive shareholder value; (cid:120) market opportunities; (cid:120) our internet initiatives and the level of participation in our auctions by internet bidders, and the success of IronPlanet, Marketplacee, and our other online marketplaces; (cid:120) our ability to grow our businesses, acquire new customers, enhance our sector reach, drive geographic depth, and scale our operations; (cid:120) the impact of our initiatives, services, investments, and acquisitions on us and our customers; (cid:120) the acquisition or disposition of properties; (cid:120) our ability to integrate our acquisitions; (cid:120) our ability to add new business and information solutions, including, among others, our ability to maximize and integrate technology to enhance our existing services and support additional value-added service offerings; (cid:120) the supply trend of equipment in the market and the anticipated price environment for late model equipment, as well as the resulting effect on our business and Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”) (defined under “Part I, Item 1: Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K); (cid:120) fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and operating performance resulting from the seasonality of our business; (cid:120) our compliance with all laws, rules, regulations, and requirements that affect our business; (cid:120) effects of various economic, financial, industry, and market conditions or policies, including the supply and demand for property, equipment, or natural resources; (cid:120) the behavior of equipment pricing; (cid:120) the relative percentage of GTV represented by straight commission or underwritten (guarantee and inventory) contracts, and its impact on revenues and profitability; (cid:120) our Revenue Rates (described under “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), the sustainability of those rates, and the seasonality of GTV and revenues; (cid:120) the projected increase to our fee revenues as a result of the harmonization of our fee structure; (cid:120) our future capital expenditures and returns on those expenditures; (cid:120) the effect of any currency exchange and interest rate fluctuations on our results of operations; (cid:120) the grant and satisfaction of equity awards pursuant to our compensation plans; (cid:120) any future declaration and payment of dividends, including the tax treatment of any such dividends; (cid:120) financing available to us, our ability to refinance borrowings, and the sufficiency of our working capital to meet our financial needs; and (cid:120) our ability to satisfy our present operating requirements and fund future growth through existing working capital and credit facilities. Ritchie Bros. 1 Forward-looking statements are typically identified by such words as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “ongoing”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “will”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “likely”, “generally”, “future”, “period to period”, “long-term”, or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. While we have not described all potential risks related to our business and owning our common shares, the important factors discussed in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 are among those that we consider may affect our performance materially or could cause our actual financial and operational results to differ significantly from our expectations. Except as required by applicable securities law and regulations of relevant securities exchanges, we do not intend to update publicly any forward-looking statements, even if our expectations have been affected by new information, future events or other developments. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of the factors listed or referenced under “Risk Factors” herein and other relevant factors. Ritchie Bros. 2 ITEM 1: BUSINESS Company Overview PART I Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (“Ritchie Bros.”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”) (NYSE & TSX: RBA) was founded in 1958 in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada and is a world leader in asset management and disposition of used industrial equipment and other durable assets, selling $4.96 billion of used equipment and other assets during 2018. Our expertise, unprecedented global reach, market insight, and trusted portfolio of brands provide us with a unique position in the used equipment market. We sell used equipment for our customers through live, unreserved auctions at 40 auction sites worldwide, which are also simulcast online to reach a global bidding audience and through our online marketplaces. Through our unreserved auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of used and unused equipment, including earthmoving equipment, truck trailers, government surplus, oil and gas equipment and other industrial assets. Construction and heavy machinery comprise the majority of the equipment sold. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end users (such as construction companies), equipment dealers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and other equipment owners (such as rental companies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including heavy construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, and mining. We operate globally with locations in more than 13 countries, including the U.S., Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands, and employ more than 2,200 full time employees worldwide. Recent Developments On May 31, 2017, we completed the acquisition of IronPlanet® (the “Acquisition”), a leading online marketplace for heavy equipment and other durable assets. We acquired IronPlanet for approximately $776.5 million and was financed through a combination of senior notes offering and a secured term loan facility. The acquisition of IronPlanet accelerates Ritchie Bros.' strategy of becoming a one-stop, multichannel company where customers can buy, sell or list equipment, when, how and where they choose – both onsite and online. As part of the acquisition, Ritchie Bros. also gains expanded growth capabilities in the oil and gas and government sectors. The company combined the Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet sales forces in the U.S., Canada and Europe, in line with its strategy to provide customers a one-stop, multichannel experience. As a part of this acquisition, Ritchie Bros. also entered into an initial five-year strategic alliance with Caterpillar which is expected to strengthen its relationship with Caterpillar's independent dealers around the world by providing them enhanced and continued access to a global auction marketplace to sell their used equipment. Company Objectives & Strategies Key objectives and strategies We operate in a large and fragmented used equipment marketplace and believe that significant growth opportunities can be captured by building on Ritchie Bros.' established sales and operation infrastructure combined with IronPlanet's online formats. Our wide range of sales channels and sales formats offer our customers unprecedented choice from our well-known live and online simulcast options to featured online auctions and marketplaces to private contract negotiations. We are building on our position as trusted advisors and are evolving from transactional selling to solution selling. At the beginning of 2015, we formalized a new strategy that centered around becoming a more diversified, multi-channel company that offered a full range of asset management and disposition solutions, all on a greater scale, that would provide even more choice to customers. Our strategy focuses on two overarching strategic objectives: (i) grow share of the auction segment and (ii) penetrate the upstream market. The executable pillars of the strategy are Grow, Drive and Optimize. a. GROW Revenues and Earnings. We are committed to pursuing growth initiatives that will further enhance our sector reach, drive geographic depth, meet a broader set of customer needs, and add scale to our operations. We will leverage multi-channel solutions to drive market share growth. With the acquisition of IronPlanet, Ritchie Bros. now possesses leading mainstream auction solutions and services to be able to serve customers end-to-end in a channel-agnostic manner. We are focused on penetrating the upstream market and are focused on providing alternative solutions such as Marketplace E to customers who currently use brokers or sell privately, and develop partnerships and deeper penetration with retail customers through Ritchie Bros. Asset Solutions (“RBAS”). Ritchie Bros. 3 (cid:120) Exceptional Customer Service is a key enabler for growth. We will look to leverage our full suite of solutions, competitive technology enablers, CRM, operational excellence and our renowned experienced sales force to provide customers with unparalleled service. We are positioning our Company to offer a truly compelling and superior experience for our customers as we provide them with more choice, more sales channels, and a larger digital offering which will enable equipment sellers to transact and list when they want, where they want and how they want. b. DRIVE Efficiencies and Effectiveness. We plan to take advantage of opportunities to improve overall effectiveness of our organization. c. OPTIMIZE our Balance Sheet. Our business model provides us with the ability to generate strong cash flows. Cash flow represents our ability to convert revenue to cash, and provides a meaningful indication of the strength of our business. We will focus not only on profit growth but also further enhancing cash flow, reviewing contract structures and auction site returns to improve the cash flow and asset returns. Service Offerings We offer our equipment buyer and seller customers multiple distinct, complementary, multi-channel brand solutions that address their needs. Our global customer base has a variety of transaction options, breadth of services, and the widest selection of used equipment available to them. The tables below illustrate the various channels and brand solutions available under our Auctions and Marketplaces (“A&M”) segment, as well as our other services segment. Auctions and Marketplaces segment Channels Brand Solutions Description of Offering Live On Site Auctions Online Auctions and Marketplaces (cid:132) Live unreserved on site with live simulcast online auctions (cid:132) Event-based sales of used construction and heavy equipment held in the Caterpillar dealer geographies (cid:132) Event-based sales of collector vehicles (cid:132) Event-based sales of used energy equipment (cid:132) Online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment (cid:132) Online marketplace offering multiple price and timing options (cid:132) Online marketplace for the sale of government and military assets (cid:132) Online truck and trailer marketplace Brokerage Service (cid:132) Confidential, negotiated sale of large equipment Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”) We record Gross GTV for our A&M business, which represents total proceeds from all items sold at our auctions and online marketplaces. GTV is not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, and is not presented in our consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 4 Contract options We offer consignors several contract options to meet their individual needs and sale objectives. Through our A&M business, options include: Straight commission contracts, where the consignor receives the gross proceeds from the sale less a pre-negotiated commission rate; (cid:120) (cid:120) Guarantee contracts, where the consignor receives a guaranteed minimum amount plus an additional amount if proceeds exceed a specified level; and (cid:120) Inventory contracts, where we purchase equipment temporarily for resale. We collectively refer to guarantee and inventory contracts as underwritten or “at-risk” contracts. In 2018, our underwritten business accounted for approximately 17% of our GTV, compared to 16% in 2017 and 25% in 2016. Value-added services As part of our A&M business, we provide a wide array of value-added services to make the process of buying and selling equipment convenient for our customers. In addition to the other services listed in the table below, we also provide the following value-added services to our customers: (cid:120) conducting title searches, where registries are commercially available, to ensure equipment is sold free and clear of all liens and encumbrances (if we are not able to deliver clear title, we provide a full refund up to the purchase price to the buyer); (cid:120) making equipment available for inspection, testing, and comparison by prospective buyers; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) displaying high-quality, zoomable photographs of equipment on our website; providing free detailed equipment information on our website for most equipment; providing access to insurance and powertrain warranty products; providing access to transportation companies and customs brokerages; and handling all pre-auction marketing, as well as collection and disbursement of proceeds. Our IronClad Assurance equipment condition certification provides online marketplace buyers with information on the condition of the equipment that includes, but is not limited to, providing buyers with pictures and comprehensive inspection information of key systems and components. Other services Channels Brand Solutions Description of Offering Financial Service Appraisal Service Online Listing Service Ancillary Services Logistical Service Software Service Intellectual Property (cid:132) Loan origination service that uses a brokerage model to match loan applicants with appropriate financial lending institutions (cid:132) Unbiased, certified appraisal services, as well as truck and lease return inspection services (cid:132) Online equipment listing service and B2B dealer portal (cid:132) Repair, paint, and other make-ready services (cid:132) End-to-end transportation and customs clearance solution for sellers and buyers with shipping needs (cid:132) Cloud-based platform to manage end-to-end disposition We believe our intellectual property has significant value and is an important factor in marketing our organization, services, and website, as well as differentiating us from our competitors. We own or hold the rights to use valuable intellectual property such as trademarks, service marks, domain names and tradenames. We protect our intellectual property in Canada, the U.S., and internationally through federal, provincial, state, and common law rights, including registration of certain trade mark and service marks for many of our brands, including our core brands. We also have secured patents for inventions and have registered our domain names. Ritchie Bros. 5 We rely on contractual restrictions and rights to protect certain of our proprietary rights in products and services. Effective protection of our intellectual property can be expensive to maintain and may require litigation. We must protect our intellectual property rights and other proprietary rights in many jurisdictions throughout the world. In addition, we may, from time to time, be subject to intellectual property claims, including allegations of infringement, which can be costly to defend. For a discussion of the risks involved with intellectual property litigation and enforcement of our intellectual property rights, see the related information in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Competition Competition Overview The global used equipment market is highly fragmented with total annual global used equipment volumes estimated at more than $300 billion. We estimate the used equipment auction segment is $25 billion. Ritchie Bros. is the largest live auction company and claims approximately 20% market share of the live auction space with its $4.96 billion in GTV volume in 2018. In addition to the auction segment, two other major segments include private sales and brokers as well as the retail segment which includes OEM’s, OEM dealers, rental companies and large strategic accounts. We compete based on breadth, brand reputation, security, technology, and global reach of our services, as well as in the variety of contracts and methods and channels of selling equipment. We also compete with private sales – often securing new business from equipment owners who had previously tried selling their equipment privately. Given the fragmentation in the auction market as well as upstream opportunities in private sales and retail, there is significant opportunity for growth. Competitive advantages Our key strengths provide distinct competitive advantages, and have enabled us to achieve significant and profitable growth over the long term. Global platform We pride ourselves on our unparalleled ability to connect buyers and sellers through our global network of 40 operational auction sites in more than 13 countries, including the U.S., Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands and via multiple online sales channels. Our online bidding technology and Ritchie Bros. website are available in 10 and 22 languages, respectively. Our global presence ensures we generate global market pricing for our equipment sellers, as we reach international buyers and equipment demand, helping to deliver strong price realization through our sales channels. This global reach provides us and our selling customers with the ability to transcend local market conditions. Customer Relationships Relationships are the core of Ritchie Bros. – delighting customers and treating them like friends while meeting their business needs. By offering an unprecedented choice of solutions that best suit our customers’ needs, making their lives easier in the process, we develop relationships that last across generations. We take a long-term approach with our customers and as such we position our sales force to act as Trusted Advisors to our customers. Breadth of solutions Post the acquisition of IronPlanet, we now possess the ability to meet all the buyers and seller’s unique needs in a one-stop-shop manner. The event-driven live on site auction, which has been Ritchie’s core business for nearly 60 years, is now just one—albeit powerful solution—to meet our customers’ varied needs. By delivering choice, the Company can work with customers as a trusted advisor to provide them each with a tailored suite of equipment disposition solutions and asset management capabilities to best meet their needs. While Ritchie Bros. has a full suite of solutions, most of its volumes are generated through three core solutions. 1. The unreserved on site auction which provides Ritchie customers with care, custody, and control at its live auction sites. 2. IronPlanet weekly online auctions for sellers looking to manage the disposition of their assets on a more frequent basis and being able to sell from their yard or location without having to move equipment. Auctions are held every Thursday in North America; monthly in our international regions. 3. The reserved online marketplace that affords sellers with control over price and timing, and with solutions such as Make Offer, Buy Now, and Reserve Price selling formats for buyers. The Company recently launched a combined reserved online marketplace, known as Marketplace-E, bringing together Ritchie Bros.’ Equipment One with IronPlanet’s Daily Marketplace. Ritchie Bros. 6 Data & Analytics The Company’s deep auction history and strategic investments in technology has enabled us to develop a rich database of information which we intend to leverage to provide our customers with value-added insights, equipment pricing trends, and differentiated service offerings. We are also deriving enterprise value from data by using it to improve operational efficiencies and augment our transactional products services. We have invested in analytics talent, data infrastructure and integration, and machine learning to provide near real-time strategic and operational insights and services to enable us to deliver on our multi-channel business objectives. We have also invested in predictive machine learning to deliver highly scalable asset valuation predictions to enable enhanced and scalable asset valuation capabilities. Ritchie Bros. possesses one of the most complete collections of transparent transaction data in the industries we serve. As a paid service, we have recently launched a Data and Insights Module within Ritchie Bros. Asset Solutions. This allow customers to gain self-service insights into market trends, asset pricing and their sales activity on Ritchie Bros. platforms. Our People Our continued success is largely dependent on the strength and capabilities of our employees, and we believe that the development of a safe, engaged and inclusive workforce is critical to the achievement of our strategic goals. Along with a strong reputation among customers and the general public, Ritchie Bros. is acknowledged as a great place to work and was recently awarded one of British Columbia’s Top Employers in 2018. Ethics Ritchie Bros. recognizes that our employees are our greatest assets. Employee development is not just important to the Company but also for the professional and personal growth of our employees. We foster our employees’ development through a wide range of development programs, instructional services and learning products. Ritchie Bros. is creating a learning culture where managers are responsible for providing an environment that supports the growth and development needs of their employees, and where employees are motivated to establish development plans and look for opportunities to apply their learning on the job. The Company's employees and officers conduct the Company's business on a day-to-day basis in a manner that promotes and protects our reputation and the trust that our customers and investors have in the Ritchie Bros. brand. To further promote and instil strong operating practices and foster appropriate behaviours and decision making, the Company promotes and mandates the following: Code of Conduct and Ethics Whistle-blower Hotline A framework for how we interact. Clearly states that irregular business conduct will not be tolerated. Applies to employees and Directors. Requires annual certification. Provides a confidential and anonymous communication channel for anyone, both external and internal to submit concerns without fear of repercussions. Anti-Corruption & Bribery Training A training framework designed to provide principles of conduct to deter bribery and corruption activities Health & Safety Our Company’s 2,200+ employees have an unreserved commitment to safety and is committed to send everyone home, every day, the way they came to work. We support this commitment through the use of a Safety Steering Team made up of a cross section of functions within the organization, the use of Continuous Improvement Teams made up of Operations, Sales and Administration personnel, an active Risk Identification process at the field level and open communications around safety both on and off the job. The Safety Steering Team identifies continuous improvement activities using a quarterly review of all incidents across the organization to identify common issues that require attention. In the past three years, we have improved not only our TRIR (Total Recordable Incident Rate) and severity rating but we have seen an overall reduction in total incidents throughout the organization supporting our unreserved commitment to safety and to send everyone home, every day, the way they came to work. Diversity & Inclusion The Company also supports an inclusive workplace culture and is committed to the education, recruitment, development and advancement of diverse team members worldwide. Women’s LINK, a global initiative to support women within our company was launched in late 2018 and is focused on strengthening our core value of being a diverse and inclusive global organization as we look to drive innovation through diversity of thought, gender, nationality and ethnicity. LINK is an Employee Resource Group (ERG) to serve as a resource for the women at Ritchie Bros. and the organization itself. Although the ERG’s primary goal is to support RB women, the broader mandate is to make the resources and services available to all employees. Ritchie Bros. is a signatory to the Minerva Pledge on gender diversity. Ritchie Bros. 7 The Role of Technology The role of technology in our business continues to evolve and become more meaningful as more buyers adopt mobile and online channels to transact their business with us. We have been on a pathway to leverage digital and technology capabilities to improve the consumer auction and leverage technology as a competitive differentiator. The acquisition of IronPlanet was an inflection point in our business and was a step change in this direction as it positioned us as a technology-enabled asset disposition company. The combination of IronPlanet’s technology and our existing assets results in tools and capabilities that provide our customers, both buyers and sellers, with more efficient and richer experiences and value-added differentiators creating deeper brand loyalty. We remain focused on technology enablement to transform the way we compete, the way we work and leveraging technology for future growth. Our technology capabilities are delivering choice for our customers in the form of multiple channels for buyers and sellers, meeting customer’s asset management needs through information-rich software solutions and leveraging our rich data repository to drive strong sales and improved pricing decisions. We are also providing our customers with leading tools and capabilities to deliver on a unique leading customer experience. As the role of technology and data in our business expands, so too does the importance of cybersecurity. The Company takes protecting our customers, employees, brand, systems and data very seriously. The Company actively monitors and manages security risks and looks to mitigate them through enterprise- wide programs, employee training and vulnerability assessments. We have made – and continue to make – investments in dedicated information security resources, leadership and technology. We continue to strengthen and enhance our program and controls around people, process and technology and apply risk- based strategies to enhance detection, protection and response efforts. Our commitment to data security and privacy is demonstrated in the Company’s overall approach to governance. We are incorporating security and privacy by design and increasing awareness around the company with support from management and our board, include the following: (cid:120) We have formed a Data Privacy Committee. The oversight of the committee is to develop and approve our general strategy and policies on data privacy and data protection, assess the data privacy risks associated with the Company’s business activities, and provide direction to, and support the initiatives of, our Data Protection Office. (cid:120) Our information security and policy committee meets on a monthly basis and advises Information Security on issues of security and risk reduction. This committee is responsible for reviewing and setting security policies, assessing risk and impacts of security incidents, and providing guidance and direction for security programs and strategy. The committee will be advised regarding information security assessment activities and will provide advice regarding education and communication that may be needed to support the information security policies and other compliance policy. (cid:120) All eligible employees complete mandatory privacy and information-security training courses, which are refreshed annually. Through continual awareness-building, such as our Cybersecurity Awareness Month every October, we work to promote a culture that understands the critical importance of data security and privacy, areas of vulnerability and how to remain vigilant when handling data. Ritchie Bros. 8 Seasonality Our GTV and associated A&M segment revenues are affected by the seasonal nature of our business. GTV and A&M segment revenues tend to increase during the second and fourth calendar quarters, during which time we generally conduct more business than in the first and third calendar quarters. Given the operating leverage inherent in our business model, the second and fourth quarter also tend to produce higher operating margins, given the higher volume and revenue generated in those quarters. Revenue Mix Fluctuations Our revenue is comprised of service revenues and revenue from inventory sold. Service revenues from A&M segment activities include commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees. We also recognize revenues from our Other Services activities as service revenues. Revenue from inventory sales is recognized as part of our A&M activities, and relates to revenues earned through our inventory contracts. Revenue from inventory sales can fluctuate significantly, as it changes based on whether our customers sell using a straight commission contract or an inventory contract at time of selling. Straight commission contracts will result in the commission being recognized as service revenues, while inventory contracts will result in the gross transaction value of the equipment sold being recorded as revenue from inventory sales with the related cost recognized in cost of inventory sold. As a result, a change in the revenue mix between service revenues and revenue from inventory sales can have a significant impact on revenue growth percentages. Governmental Regulations and Environmental Laws Our operations are subject to a variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules, and regulations throughout the world. We believe that we are compliant in all material respects with those laws, rules, and regulations that affect our business, and that such compliance does not impose a material impediment on our ability to conduct our business. We believe that, among other things, laws, rules, and regulations related to the following list of items affect our business: (cid:120) Imports and exports of equipment. Particularly, there are restrictions in the U.S. and Europe that may affect the ability of equipment owners to transport certain equipment between specified jurisdictions. Also, engine emission standards in some jurisdictions limit the operation of certain trucks and equipment in those regions. (cid:120) Development or expansion of auction sites. Such activities depend upon the receipt of required licenses, permits, and other governmental authorizations. We are also subject to various local zoning requirements pertaining to the location of our auction sites, which vary among jurisdictions. (cid:120) The use, storage, discharge, and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials. Under such laws, an owner or lessee of, or other person involved in, real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances located on or in, or emanating from, such property, as well as related costs of investigation and property damage. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or lessee or other person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. (cid:120) Worker health and safety, privacy of customer information, and the use, storage, discharge, and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials. Available Information The information contained on or accessible through our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We file required reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, proxy materials and other filings required under the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We maintain a website at www.rbauction.com and copies of our reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, proxy materials and other filings required under the Exchange Act, are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish those reports to, the SEC. We have an investor website at www.investor.ritchiebros.com. None of the information on our websites is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by this or any other reference. Also available for investors on our website in the Corporate Governance section for investors are the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our directors, officers and employees (“Code of Conduct”), Board Mandate, Audit Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Diversity Policy, Shareholder Engagement Policy, Articles and Bylaws, Majority Voting Policy and Board Chair Role and Description. Additional information related to Ritchie Bros. is also available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. Ritchie Bros. 9 ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider each of the risks described below before purchasing our common shares. The risk factors set forth below are not the only risks that may affect our business. Our business could also be affected by additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could materially suffer. As a result, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Information in this section may be considered “forward-looking statements.” See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of certain qualifications regarding such statements. Damage to our reputation could harm our business. One of our founding principles is that we operate a fair and transparent business, and consistently act with integrity. Maintaining a positive reputation is key to our ability to attract and maintain customers, investors and employees. Damage to our reputation could cause significant harm to our business. Harm to our reputation could arise in a number of ways, including, but not limited to, employee conduct which is not aligned with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (and associated Company policies around behavioural expectations) or our Company’s core values, safety incidents, failure to maintain customer service standards, loss of trust in the fairness of our sales processes, and other technology or compliance failures. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, the Acquisition. Business acquisitions involve the integration of new businesses that have previously operated independently from us. The integration of our operations with those of IronPlanet is expected to result in financial and operational benefits, as well as operating synergies. There can be no assurance, however, regarding when or the extent to which we will be able to realize these and other benefits. Integration may also be difficult, unpredictable, and subject to delay because of possible company culture conflicts and different opinions on future business development. Although we have moved beyond the most complex stage of our integration, we may not realize the full benefits that we anticipate. If we achieve the expected benefits, they may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame. Also, the benefits from the Acquisition may be offset by costs incurred in integrating Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet, increases in other expenses, operating losses or problems in the business unrelated to the Acquisition. As a result, there can be no assurance that such synergies or other benefits will be achieved. We have incurred substantial indebtedness in connection with the Acquisition, and the degree to which we are leveraged may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have incurred substantial indebtedness in connection with the Acquisition. As at December 31, 2018, we have $731.2 million of total debt outstanding, consisting of $243.6 million under a five-year credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders entered into on October 27, 2016, and $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes issued December 21, 2016 (the “Notes”), partially reduced by $13.3 million of unamortized debt issue costs, as well as $0.9 million under our foreign credit facilities. There is $458.7 million of availability under the Credit Agreement. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, including the debt incurred pursuant to the Acquisition as well as any future debt that we may incur, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future from operations, financings or asset sales. Our ability to generate cash is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. We may not generate sufficient funds to service our debt and meet our business needs, such as funding working capital or the expansion of our operations. If we are not able to repay or refinance our debt as it becomes due, we may be forced to take certain actions, including reducing spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation, reducing future financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, selling assets or dedicating an unsustainable level of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness. In addition, our ability to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in our industry, including both the live and online auction industry, could be impaired. The lenders who hold our debt could also accelerate amounts due in the event that we default, which could potentially trigger a default or acceleration of the maturity of our other debt. In addition, our substantial leverage could put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less leveraged. These competitors could have greater financial flexibility to pursue strategic acquisitions and secure additional financing for their operations. Our substantial leverage could also impede our ability to withstand downturns in our industry or the economy in general. Ritchie Bros. 10 We may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Notes will limit, but not prohibit, us from incurring additional indebtedness. If we incur any additional indebtedness that has the same priority as the Notes and the guarantees thereof, the holders of that indebtedness will be entitled to share rateably with the holders of the Notes and the guarantees thereof in any proceeds distributed in connection with any insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution or other winding-up of us. Subject to restrictions in the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Notes, we also will have the ability to incur additional secured indebtedness that would be effectively senior to the Notes offered hereby, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such obligations. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. Our debt instruments have restrictive covenants that could limit our financial flexibility. The terms of the Credit Agreement, as well as the indenture governing the Notes, contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our ability to borrow under our New Facilities is subject to compliance with a consolidated leverage ratio covenant and a consolidated interest coverage ratio covenant. The Credit Agreement includes other restrictions that limit our ability in certain circumstances to: incur indebtedness; grant liens; engage in mergers, consolidations and liquidations; make asset dispositions, restricted payments and investments; enter into transactions with affiliates; and amend, modify or prepay certain indebtedness. The indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that limit our ability in certain circumstances to: (cid:120) incur additional indebtedness (including guarantees thereof); (cid:120) incur or create liens on their assets securing indebtedness; (cid:120) make certain restricted payments; (cid:120) make certain investments; (cid:120) dispose of certain assets; (cid:120) allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us; (cid:120) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and (cid:120) consolidate, amalgamate or merge with or into other companies. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of substantially all of our funded debt. We do not have sufficient working capital to satisfy our debt obligations in the event of an acceleration of all or a significant portion of our outstanding indebtedness. Competition could result in reductions in our future revenues and profitability. The global used equipment market, including the auction segment of that market, is highly fragmented. We compete for potential purchasers and sellers of equipment with other auction companies and with non-auction competitors such as equipment manufacturers, distributors and dealers, equipment rental companies, and other online marketplaces. When sourcing equipment to sell at our auctions or other marketplaces, we compete with other on site and online auction companies, Original Equipment Manufacturer (“OEM”) and independent dealers, equipment brokers, other third parties, and equipment owners that have traditionally disposed of equipment in private sales. Some of our competitors have significantly greater financial and marketing resources and name recognition than we do. New competitors with greater financial and other resources and/or different business models/strategies may enter the equipment auction market in the future. Additionally, existing or future competitors may succeed in entering and establishing successful operations in new geographic markets prior to our entry into those markets. They may also compete against us through internet-based services and other combined service offerings. If commission rates decline, or if our strategy to compete against our many competitors is not effective, our revenues, market share, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted. We may be susceptible to loss of business if competing selling models become more appealing to customers. If our selling model becomes undesirable or we are not successful in adding services complementary to our existing selling model and business, we may not be successful increasing market penetration over the long-term, which could prevent us from achieving our long-term earnings growth targets. Ritchie Bros. 11 Our relationships with key long-term customers may be materially diminished or terminated. We have long-standing and/or strategic relationships with a number of our customers and business partners, many of whom could unilaterally terminate their relationship with us or materially reduce the amount of business they conduct with us at any time. Market competition, business requirements and financial conditions could adversely affect our ability to continue or expand our relationships with our customers and business partners. There is no guarantee that we will be able to retain or renew existing agreements, or maintain relationships with any of our customers or business partners, on acceptable terms or at all. The loss of one or more of our major customers or business partners could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Decreases in the supply of, demand for, or market values of used equipment, could harm our business. Our revenues could decrease if there was significant erosion in the supply of, demand for, or market values of used equipment, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have no control over any of the factors that affect the supply of, and demand for, used equipment, and the circumstances that cause market values for equipment to fluctuate — including, among other things, economic uncertainty, global geopolitical climate, disruptions to credit and financial markets, lower commodity prices, and our customers’ restricted access to capital — are beyond our control. Recent economic conditions have caused fluctuations in the supply, mix and market values of used equipment available for sale, which has a direct impact on our revenues. In addition, price competition and the availability of equipment directly affect the supply of, demand for, and market value of used equipment. Climate change initiatives, including significant changes to engine emission standards applicable to equipment, may also adversely affect the supply of, demand for our market values of equipment. We may incur losses as a result of our guarantee and inventory contracts and advances to consignors. Our most common type of auction contract is a straight commission contract, under which we earn a pre-negotiated, fixed commission rate on the gross sales price of the consigned equipment at auction. Straight commission contracts are used by us when we act as agent for consignors. In recent years, a majority of our annual business has been conducted on a straight commission basis. In certain other situations, we will enter into underwritten transactions and either offer to: (cid:120) guarantee a minimum level of sale proceeds to the consignor, regardless of the ultimate selling price of the consignment; or (cid:120) purchase the equipment outright from the seller for sale through one of our sales channels. We determine the level of guaranteed proceeds or inventory purchase price based on appraisals performed on equipment by our internal personnel. Inaccurate appraisals could result in guarantees or inventory values that exceed the realizable auction proceeds. In addition, a change in market values could also result in guarantee or inventory values exceeding the realizable auction proceeds. If auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, our commission will be reduced, and we could potentially incur a loss, and, if auction proceeds are less than the purchase price we paid for equipment that we take into inventory temporarily, we will incur a loss. Because a majority of our auctions are unreserved, there is no way for us to protect against these types of losses by bidding on or acquiring any of the items at such auctions. In addition, we do not hold inventory indefinitely waiting for market conditions to improve. If our exposure to underwritten contracts increases, this risk would be compounded. Occasionally, we advance to consignors a portion of the estimated auction proceeds prior to the auction. We generally make these advances only after taking possession of the assets to be auctioned and upon receipt of a security interest in the assets to secure the obligation. If we were unable to auction the assets or if auction proceeds were less than amounts advanced, we could incur a loss. The availability and performance of our technology infrastructure, including our websites, is critical to our business. The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our websites, enterprise resource planning system, processing systems and network infrastructure are important to our reputation and our business. Our systems may experience service interruptions or degradation because of hardware or software defects or malfunctions, computer denial of service, cyber events, human error and natural events beyond our control. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our recovery planning may not be sufficient for all possible disruptions. Further, we will need to continue to expand, consolidate, and upgrade our technology, transaction processing systems and network infrastructure both to meet increased usage of our online bidding service and other new services and solutions being offered to our customers, to implement new features and functions and as a result of the Acquisition. Our business and results of operations could be harmed if we were unable to expand and upgrade in a timely manner our systems and infrastructure to accommodate any increases in the use of our internet services, or if we were to lose access to or the functionality of our internet systems for any reason, especially if such loss of service prevented internet bidders from effectively participating in one of our auctions. Frequent, persistent or ill-timed interruptions to our internet services could cause current or potential customers to believe that our systems are unreliable, which could lead to the loss of customers and harm our reputation. Ritchie Bros. 12 We use both internally developed and licensed systems for transaction processing and accounting, including billings and collections processing. We continually upgrade and improve these systems to accommodate growth in our business. If we are unsuccessful in continuing to upgrade our technology, transaction processing systems or network infrastructure to accommodate increased transaction volumes, it could harm our operations and interfere with our ability to expand our business. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, a systems transformation project that the Company is currently developing and implementing. We are in the process of developing and implementing our new multichannel administration and reporting system in order to retire or integrate legacy technologies used across our sales platforms. This initiative requires the execution of complex projects involving significant systems and operational changes, which place considerable demands on our management, our employees, our information and other systems. Our ability to successfully implement and realize the benefits from these projects is dependent on management’s ability to manage these projects effectively and implement and operate them successfully, without adversely affecting our existing systems, and on our employees’ ability to effect the required operational changes. If we fail to implement these projects effectively, including aligning them with our sales operations, we experience significant delay or cost overruns or the necessary overall operational changes are not effected properly, we may not realize the return on our investments that we anticipate, we may adversely affect the operation of other systems, and our business, financial position, operating results, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Consumer behavior is rapidly changing, and if we are unable to successfully adapt to consumer preferences and develop and maintain a relevant and reliable multichannel experience for our customers, our financial performance and brand image could be adversely affected. Our business continues to evolve into a one-stop multichannel company where customers can buy, sell, or list equipment, when, how, and where they choose- both onsite and online. As a result of this evolution, increasingly we interact with our customers across a variety of different channels, including live auction, online, through mobile technologies, including the Ritchie Bros. mobile app, and social media. Our customers are increasingly using tablets and mobile phones to make purchases online and to get detailed equipment information for assets that they own or are interested in purchasing. Our customers also engage with us online, including through social media, by providing feedback and public commentary about all aspects of our business. Consumer shopping patterns are rapidly changing and our success depends on our ability to anticipate and implement innovations in customer experience and logistics in order to appeal to customers who increasingly rely on multiple channels to meet their equipment management and disposition needs. If for any reason we are unable to implement our multichannel initiatives, provide a convenient and consistent experience for our customers across all channels, or provide our customers the services they want, when and where they want them at a compelling value proposition, then our financial performance and brand image could be adversely affected. A deterioration of general macroeconomic conditions could materially and adversely affect our business. Our performance is subject to macroeconomic conditions and their impact on customer spending. Adverse macroeconomic conditions typically result in a general tightening in credit markets, lower levels of liquidity, increased default and bankruptcy rates, and depressed levels of activity and investment. Challenging macroeconomic conditions may have a negative impact on the operations, financial condition and liquidity of many customers and, as a result, may negatively impact the volume of equipment listed for sale and the prices of equipment sold in our marketplace, thereby having a negative impact on our revenue and ability to grow our business. If sellers choose not to sell their assets as a result of adverse economic conditions, buyers are unable to purchase equipment based on their inability to obtain sufficient financing or are unwilling to do so given the market climate, or if customers are in general financial distress, our operations may be negatively affected and revenue from our marketplace may decrease. Our ability to provide a high-quality customer experience may depend on third parties and external factors over which we may have little or no control. Our ability to provide a high quality and efficient customer experience is also dependent on external factors over which we may have little or no control, including, without limitation, the reliability and performance of the equipment sold in our marketplaces and the performance of third-party carriers who transport purchased equipment on behalf of buyers. If our customers are dissatisfied with the accuracy of our appraisals and inspections, the quality of the business insights provided by our other value-added services, or do not receive the equipment they purchased in a timely manner or in the condition that they expect, customers may stop using us to purchase equipment. Failure to provide customers with high quality and efficient customer experiences could substantially harm our reputation and adversely impact our efforts to develop customer and industry trust in our brands. Ritchie Bros. 13 Government regulation of the Internet and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes in this or other regulations could substantially harm our business and results of operations. We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as certain federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules and regulations, including those governing the internet and e-commerce. Existing and future laws and regulations may impede the growth of the internet, e-commerce or other services, and increase the cost of doing business, including providing online auction services. These regulations and laws may cover taxation, tariffs, user privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, electronic contracts, and other communications, consumer protection, broadband residential Internet access and the characteristics and quality of services. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales, use and other taxes, libel, and personal privacy apply to the Internet and e-commerce. Changes to regulations and unfavorable resolution of these issues may harm our business and results of operations. We have two vendor contracts with the U.S. Government’s Defense Logistics Agency (“DLA”) as part of our GovPlanet business unit pursuant to which we acquire a significant amount of inventory. If we are unable to sell the purchased inventory our financial results would be adversely impacted. Also, if our relationship with the DLA is disrupted for any reason, our GovPlanet business unit would be adversely impacted. We have two vendor contracts with the DLA pursuant to which we acquire, manage and resell certain assets of the DLA. One of the DLA contracts obliges the Company to purchase non-rolling stock assets in an amount and of a type over which the Company has limited ability to control. In many cases, the type of assets purchased are not what we typically sell through any of our other channels. Although the prices paid by the Company for the non-rolling stock inventory are a fraction of the original acquisition value, we may not have the ability to attract buyers for those assets and the Company may be unable to sell those assets on a timely basis or at all. This would have an adverse affect on the Company’s financial results. In addition, if our relationship with the DLA is impaired, we are not awarded new DLA vendor contracts when our current contracts expire, the DLA vendor contract is terminated or the supply of inventory under such contracts is significantly decreased, our GovPlanet business unit would experience a decrease in revenue and GTV. Our business is subject to risks relating to our ability to safeguard our information systems, including the cyber-security and privacy of our customers’ confidential information. We rely on information technology to manage our business, including maintaining proprietary databases containing sensitive and confidential information about our customers, suppliers, counterparties and employees (which may include personally identifiable information and credit information). An increasing number of websites have disclosed cyber breaches of their security, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on portions of their websites or infrastructure. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, change frequently, we may not be able to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities through various means, including hacking into our systems or facilities, fraud, trickery or other means of deceiving our employees or contractors. A party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate our or our customers’ confidential information, cause interruption to our operations, damage our computing infrastructure or otherwise damage our reputation. Although we maintain information security measures, there can be no assurance that we will be immune from these security risks, and any breach of our information security may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. Under credit card payment rules and our contracts with credit card processors, if there is a breach of payment card information that we collect to process transactions, we could be liable to the payment card issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. We may also be held liable for certain fraudulent credit card transactions and other payment disputes with customers. If we were unable to accept payment cards, our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. Security breaches could damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in the security of our services and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability for damages. We may be required to make significant expenditures to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by any breaches. These issues are likely to become costlier as we expand. Our insurance policies may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches, and we may not be able to fully collect, if at all, under these insurance policies. Our future expenses may increase significantly and our operations and ability to expand may be limited as a result of environmental and other regulations. A variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules and regulations throughout the world, including local tax and accounting rules, apply to our business. These relate to, among other things, the auction business, imports and exports of equipment, property ownership laws, licensing, worker safety, privacy of customer information, land use and the use, storage, discharge and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials. Complying with revisions to laws, rules and regulations could result in an increase in expenses and a deterioration of our financial performance. Failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could result in substantial liability to us, suspension or cessation of some or all of our operations, restrictions on our ability to expand at present locations or into new locations, requirements for the acquisition of additional equipment or other significant expenses or restrictions. Ritchie Bros. 14 The development or expansion of auction sites depends upon receipt of required licenses, permits and other governmental authorizations. Our inability to obtain these required items could harm our business. Additionally, changes or concessions required by regulatory authorities could result in significant delays in, or prevent completion of, such development or expansion. Under some environmental laws, an owner or lessee of, or other person involved in, real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances located on or in, or emanating from, the real estate, and related costs of investigation and property damage. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner, lessee or other person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental contamination may exist at our owned or leased auction sites, or at other sites on which we may conduct auctions, or properties that we may be selling by auction, from prior activities at these locations or from neighboring properties. In addition, auction sites that we acquire or lease in the future may be contaminated, and future use of or conditions on any of our properties or sites could result in contamination. The costs related to claims arising from environmental contamination of any of these properties could harm our financial condition and results of operations. There are restrictions in the U.S., Canada and Europe and other jurisdictions in which we do business that may affect the ability of equipment owners to transport certain equipment between specified jurisdictions or the saleability of older equipment. One example of these restrictions is environmental certification requirements in the U.S., which prevent non-certified equipment from entering into commerce in the U.S. In addition, engine emission standards in some jurisdictions limit the operation of certain trucks and equipment in those markets. These restrictions, or changes to environmental laws, including laws in response to climate change, could inhibit materially the ability of customers to ship equipment to or from our auction sites, reducing our GTV and harming our business, financial condition and results of operations. International bidders and consignors could be deterred from participating in our auctions if governmental bodies impose additional export or import regulations or additional duties, taxes or other charges on exports or imports. Reduced participation by international bidders and consignors could reduce GTV and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Losing the services of one or more key personnel or the failure to attract, train and retain personnel could materially affect our business. Our future success largely depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain skilled employees in all areas of our business, as well as to design an appropriate organization structure and plan effectively for succession. Although we actively manage our human resource risks, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts. If we fail to attract, develop and retain skilled employees in all areas of our business, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected, and we may not achieve our growth or performance objectives. The growth and performance of our business depends to a significant extent on the efforts and abilities of our employees. Many of our key employees have extensive experience with our business. These employees have knowledge and an understanding of our company and industry that cannot be readily duplicated. The loss of any key personnel, or the inability to replace any lost personnel with equally trained personnel, could impair our ability to execute our business plan and growth strategy, cause us to lose customers and reduce our revenues. In addition, the success of our strategic initiatives to expand our business to complimentary service offerings will require new competencies in many positions, and our management and employees will have to adapt and learn new skills and capabilities. To the extent they are unable or unwilling to make these transformational changes, we may be unable to realize the full benefits of our strategic initiatives. We do not maintain key person insurance on the lives of any of our executive officers or other key personnel. As a result, we would have no way to cover the financial loss if we were to lose the services of such employees. This uncertainty may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees. If any of our key personnel were to join a competitor or form a competing company, existing and potential customers could choose to form business relationships with that competitor instead of us. There can be no assurance that confidentiality, non-solicitation, non-competition or similar agreements signed by our former directors, officers, or employees will be effective in preventing a loss of business. Ritchie Bros. 15 Failure to maintain safe sites could materially affect our business and reputation. Our employees and customers are often in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles and chemical and other industrial substances. Our auction sites and warehouses are, therefore, potentially dangerous places and involve the risk of accidents, environmental incidents and other incidents which may expose us to investigations and litigation or could negatively affect the perception of customer and employee safety, health and security. Even in the absence of any incidents, unsafe site conditions could lead to employee turnover or harm our reputation generally, each of which would affect our financial performance. While safety is a primary focus of our business and is critical to our reputation and performance, our failure to implement safety procedures or implement ineffective safety procedures, would increase this risk and our operations and results from operations may be adversely impacted. Income and commodity tax amounts, including tax expense, may be materially different than expected and there is a trend by global tax collection authorities towards the adoption of more aggressive laws, regulations, interpretations and audit practices. Our global operations are subject to tax interpretations, regulations, and legislation in the numerous jurisdictions in which we operate, all of which are subject to continual change. We accrue and pay income taxes and have significant income tax assets, liabilities, and expense that are estimates based primarily on the application of those interpretations, regulations and legislation, and the amount and timing of future taxable income as well as our use of applicable accounting principles. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our estimates and reserves are sufficient. The timing concerning the monetization of deferred income tax amounts is uncertain, as they are dependent on our future earnings and other events. Our deferred income tax amounts are valued based upon substantively enacted income tax rates in effect at the time, which can be changed by governments in the future. The audit and review activities of tax authorities affect the ultimate determination of the actual amounts of commodity taxes payable or receivable, income taxes payable or receivable, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and income tax expense. There is no assurance that taxes will be payable as anticipated or that the amount or timing of receipt or use of the tax-related assets will be as currently expected. Our experience indicates that taxation authorities are increasing the frequency and depth of audits and reviews. Future tax authority determinations, including changes to tax interpretations, regulations, legislation or jurisprudence, could have a material impact to our financial position. The fact that we operate internationally increases our exposure in this regard given the multiple forms of taxation imposed upon us. Further and more generally, there has been increased political, media and tax authority focus on taxation in recent years; the intent of which appears to be to enhance transparency and address perceived tax avoidance. As such, in addition to tax risk from a financial perspective, our activities may expose us to reputational tax risk. The effects of newly enacted U.S. tax legislation have not yet been fully analyzed and could be materially different from our current estimates. On December 22, 2017, U.S. tax legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or TCJA, was signed into law, significantly reforming the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The TCJA, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, puts into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system and modifies or repeals many business deductions and credits. The TCJA added a minimum tax on a U.S. corporation’s taxable income after adding back certain deductible payments to non-U.S. affiliates. In addition, the TCJA disallows deductions for interest and royalty payments from U.S. companies to non-U.S. affiliates that are hybrid payments or made to hybrid entities. We continue to examine the impact the TCJA may have on our business. The overall impact of the TCJA remains uncertain. There is no assurance that the final determination of our income tax liability will not be materially different than what is reflected in our income tax provisions and accruals. It is possible that the application of these new rules may have a material and adverse impact on our operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Our substantial international operations expose us to foreign exchange rate fluctuations that could harm our results of operations. We conduct business in many countries around the world and intend to continue to expand our presence in international markets, including emerging markets. Fluctuating currency exchange rates may negatively affect our business in international markets and our related results of operations. Although we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues and expenses are generated outside the U.S., primarily in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In particular, a significant portion of our revenues are earned, and expenses incurred, in the Canadian dollar and the Euro. As a result, our financial results are impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently engage in foreign currency hedging arrangements, and, consequently, foreign currency fluctuations may adversely affect our results of operations. Ritchie Bros. 16 The results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries are translated from local currency into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. If the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currency denominated revenues or expenses will result in increased U.S. dollar denominated revenues and expenses. Similarly, if the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar and the Euro, our translation of foreign currency denominated revenues or expenses will result in lower U.S. dollar denominated revenues and expenses. In addition, currency exchange rate fluctuations between the different countries in which we conduct our operations impact the purchasing power of buyers, the motivation of consignors, asset values and asset flows between various countries, including those in which we do not have operations. These factors and other global economic conditions may harm our business and our results of operations. Our business is subject to the risks of operating internationally. We operate in many international jurisdictions. There are risks inherent in doing business internationally, including, but not limited to: (cid:120) trade barriers, trade regulations, currency controls, import or export regulations, and other restrictions on doing business freely; (cid:120) local labor, environmental, tax, and other laws and regulations, and uncertainty or adverse changes in such laws and regulations or the interpretations thereof; (cid:120) difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations; (cid:120) economic, political, social or labor instability or unrest, or changes in conditions; (cid:120) terrorism, war, hostage-taking, or military repression; (cid:120) corruption; (cid:120) expropriation and nationalization; (cid:120) high rates of inflation; and (cid:120) uncertainty as to litigation in foreign jurisdictions and enforcement of local laws. If we violate the complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, we may face fines, criminal actions or sanctions, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation. These risks inherent in our international operations increase our costs of doing business internationally and may result in a material adverse effect on our operations or profitability. Our business operations may be subject to a number of federal and local laws, rules and regulations including export control regulations. Our business operations may be subject to a number of federal and local laws, rules and regulations, including the Export Administration Regulations, or EAR, maintained by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, or ITAR, maintained by the U.S. Department of State, economic sanctions regulations maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, and similar regulations in Canada and the European Union (“EU”). We have implemented procedures regarding compliance with these laws, including monitoring, on an automatic and manual basis, the potential sellers and buyers in our marketplace and restricting business from certain countries. We can offer no assurances that these procedures will always be effective. We have implemented certain processes and procedures to prevent sellers and buyers that are located in a prohibited jurisdiction or are prohibited persons from participating in our marketplaces. Such processes and procedures are designed so that our business is in compliance with OFAC-administered sanctions regulations and other applicable sanction regulations, including those in Canada and the E.U. If we were to violate applicable export control or sanctions regulations, we could be subject to administrative or criminal penalties which, in certain circumstances, could be material. We could be subject to damages, financial penalties, denial of export privileges, incarceration of our employees, other restrictions on our operations, and reputational harm. Further, any action on the part of the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, OFAC or other applicable regulator against the company or any of our employees for potential violations of these laws could have a negative impact on our reputation and business, which might decrease stockholder value. Ritchie Bros. 17 Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, or the CFPOA, and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the U.S. could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences. We are subject to the FCPA, the CFPOA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010, or the U.K. Bribery Act, and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities or facilitate the buying and selling of equipment. We face significant risks if we fail to comply with the FCPA, the CFPOA and other anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws that prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to foreign government officials, political parties or candidates, employees of public international organizations, and private-sector recipients for the corrupt purpose of obtaining or retaining business, directing business to any person, or securing any advantage. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses engage in practices that are prohibited by the FCPA, the CFPOA or other applicable laws and regulations. In addition, we leverage various third parties to sell our solutions and conduct our business abroad. We, our channel partners, and our other third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other corporate policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, which often carry substantial penalties. Any violation of the FCPA, other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results and prospects. In addition, responding to any enforcement action may result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. We are pursuing a long-term growth strategy that may include acquisitions and developing and enhancing an appropriate sales strategy, which requires upfront investment with no guarantee of long-term returns. We continue to pursue a long-term growth strategy, including developing and enhancing an appropriate sales strategy, that contemplates upfront investments, including (i) investments in emerging markets that may not generate profitable growth in the near term, (ii) adding new business and information solutions, and (iii) developing our people. Planning for future growth requires investments to be made now in anticipation of growth that may not materialize, and if our strategies do not successfully address the needs of current and potential customers, we may not be successful in maintaining or growing our GTV and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted. We may also not be able to improve our systems and controls as a result of increased costs, technological challenges, or lack of qualified employees. A large component of our selling, general and administrative expenses is considered fixed costs that we will incur regardless of any GTV growth. There can be no assurances that our GTV and revenues will be maintained or grow at a more rapid rate than our fixed costs. Part of our long-term growth strategy includes growth through acquisitions, such as the Acquisition, which poses a number of risks. We may not be successful in identifying appropriate acquisition candidates, consummating acquisitions on satisfactory terms or integrating any newly acquired or expanded business with our current operations. Additionally, significant costs may be incurred in connection with any acquisition and our integration of such businesses with our business, including legal, accounting, financial advisory and other costs. We may also not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, such acquisition. We cannot guarantee that any future business acquisitions will be pursued, that any acquisitions that are pursued will be consummated, or that we will achieve the anticipated benefits of completed acquisitions. We are regularly subject to general litigation and other claims, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We are subject to general litigation and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome and impact of such litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, but regardless of the outcome, these proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. While the results of these claims have not historically had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, we may not be able to defend ourselves adequately against these claims in the future, and these proceedings may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. In addition to other legal proceedings, we may also be subject to intellectual property claims, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages, and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future. Companies in the Internet and technology industries are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Ritchie Bros. 18 We periodically receive notices that claim we have infringed, misappropriated, or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights. To the extent we gain greater public recognition, we may face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property claims. Third-party intellectual property rights may cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods or block us from expanding our offerings. Any intellectual property claim against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive to settle or litigate and could divert the attention of our management. Litigation regarding intellectual property rights is inherently uncertain due to the complex issues involved, and we may not be successful in defending ourselves in such matters. Many potential litigants, including some patent holding companies, have the ability to dedicate substantial resources to enforcing their intellectual property rights. Any claims successfully brought against us could subject us to significant liability for damages, and we may be required to stop using technology or other intellectual property alleged to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We also might be required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties or submit to unreasonable terms, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant time and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any allegedly infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our service and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our business. We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our growth prospects. We regard our proprietary technologies and intellectual property as integral to our success. We protect our proprietary technology through a combination of trade secrets, third-party confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, additional contractual restrictions on disclosure and use, and patent, copyright, and trademark laws. We currently are the registered owners of many Internet domain names internationally. As we seek to protect our domain names in an increasing number of jurisdictions, we may not be successful in doing so in certain jurisdictions. Our competitors may adopt trade names or domain names similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to promote our marketplace and possibly leading to customer confusion. In addition, we could face trade name or trademark or service mark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks, including trademarks or service marks that may incorporate variations of our brand names. The legal means we use to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property do not afford complete protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. We cannot guarantee that any of our present or future intellectual property rights will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or abandoned; our intellectual property rights will provide competitive advantages to us; our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against potential competitors or to settle current or future disputes will not be limited by our agreements with third parties; any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued or have the coverage originally sought; or our intellectual property rights will be enforced in jurisdictions where competition may be intense or where legal protection may be weak. We also may allow certain of our registered intellectual property rights, or our pending applications or registrations for intellectual property rights, to lapse or to become abandoned if we determine that obtaining or maintaining the applicable registered intellectual property rights is not worthwhile. Further, although it is our practice to enter into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, these agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology. We cannot be certain that we will be able to prevent unauthorized use of our technology or infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights. Effective patent, copyright, trademark, service mark, trade secret, and domain name protection is time-consuming and expensive to maintain. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. In addition, our efforts may be met with defenses and counterclaims challenging the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights or may result in a court determining that our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we are unable to cost-effectively protect our intellectual property rights, then our business could be harmed. If competitors are able to use our technology or develop proprietary technology similar to ours or competing technologies, our ability to compete effectively and our growth prospects could be adversely affected. Ritchie Bros. 19 We are subject to the terms of open source licenses because our technology platform incorporates open source software. Some of the software powering our marketplace incorporates software covered by open source licenses. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts and there is a risk that the licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to operate our marketplace. Under certain open source licenses, we could be required to publicly release the source code of our software or to make our software available under open source licenses. To avoid the public release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software which could significantly interrupt our operations. In addition, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of this software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to compromise our technology platform. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business continuity plan may not operate effectively in the event of a significant interruption of our business. We depend on our information and other systems and processes for the continuity and effective operation of our business. We have implemented a formal business continuity plan covering most significant aspects of our business that would take effect in the event of a significant interruption to our business, or the loss of key systems as a result of a natural or other disaster. Although we have tested our business continuity plan as part of the implementation, there can be no assurance that it will operate effectively or that our business, results of operations and financial condition will not be materially affected in the event of a significant interruption of our business. If we were subject to a disaster or serious security breach, it could materially damage our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur as a result of our operations. We maintain property and general liability insurance. This insurance may not remain available to us at commercially reasonable rates, and the amount of our coverage may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Our auctions generally involve the operation of large equipment close to a large number of people, and despite our focus on safe work practices, an accident could damage our facilities or injure auction attendees. Any major accident could harm our reputation and our business. In addition, if we were held liable for amounts exceeding the limits of our insurance coverage or for claims outside the scope of our coverage, the resulting costs could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Certain global conditions may affect our ability to conduct successful events. Like most businesses with global operations, we are subject to the risk of certain global or regional adverse conditions, such as pandemics or other disease outbreaks or natural disasters including extreme weather or other events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires or floods that could hinder our ability to conduct our scheduled auctions, restrict our customers’ travel patterns or their desire to attend auctions or impact our online operations, including disrupting the Internet or mobile networks or one or more of our service providers. If this situation were to occur, we may not be able to generate sufficient equipment consignments to sustain our business or to attract enough bidders to our auctions to achieve world fair market values for the items we sell. This could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Some climatic models indicate that global warming may result in rising sea levels, increased intensity of weather, and increased frequency of extreme precipitation and flooding. To the extent these phenomena occur, the risks noted above may increase. Our operating results are subject to quarterly variations. Historically, our revenues and operating results have fluctuated from quarter to quarter. We expect to continue to experience these fluctuations as a result of the following factors, among others: (cid:120) the size, timing, nature and frequency of our auctions; (cid:120) the seasonal nature of the auction business in general, with peak activity typically occurring in the second and fourth calendar quarters, mainly as a result of the seasonal nature of the construction and natural resources industries; (cid:120) the extent and performance of our underwritten (guarantee and outright purchase) contracts; (cid:120) general economic conditions in the geographical regions in which we operate; and (cid:120) the timing of acquisitions and development of auction facilities and related costs. In addition, we may incur substantial costs when entering new geographies and the profitability of operations at new locations is uncertain as a result of the increased variability in the number and size of auctions at new sites. These and other factors may cause our future results to fall short of investor expectations or not to compare favorably to our past results. Further, as our results generally fluctuate from quarter to quarter, period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful indicators of future performance. Ritchie Bros. 20 New regulation in the areas of consumer privacy and commercial electronic messages may restrict or increase costs of our marketing efforts. Our operation and marketing activities are subject to various types of regulations, including laws relating to the protection of personal information, consumer protection and competition. User data protection and communication-based laws may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country, and these laws continue to develop in ways we cannot predict and that may adversely affect our business. Complying with these varying national requirements could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner with adverse effects on our business, and violations of privacy-related laws can result in significant penalties. See “— We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to a variety of evolving governmental regulation, industry standards and self-regulatory schemes, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services and expose us to liability.” A determination that there have been violations of laws relating to our marketing practices under communications-based laws could expose us to significant damage awards, fines and other penalties that could, individually or in the aggregate, materially harm our business. We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to a variety of evolving governmental regulation, industry standards and self-regulatory schemes, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services and expose us to liability. There are a number of national, federal, provincial, state, local laws, rules and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that provide for certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security, and the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer or employee data. The scope of these obligations and restrictions is changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among countries or conflict with other rules, and their status remains uncertain. Within the EU, the GDPR, which replaced the EU Directive 95/46/EC, applies to a company which processes personal data as part of its activities of one its branches established in the EU, regardless of where such data is processed, or where a company established outside the EU offers goods or services or monitors the behaviour of individuals in the EU. GDPR governs the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure and protection of personal data and other customer data. Penalties for non-compliance with the GDPR are considerable, allowing EU regulators to impose a monetary penalty equal to the greater of €100 million or 4% of a non-compliant organization’s worldwide annual turnover. Such penalties would be in addition to the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach which causes them to suffer loss. The EU model has been replicated substantially or in part in various jurisdictions outside the U.S.. Data protection regulators within the EU and other jurisdictions, in addition to imposing penalties, have the power to seek injunctive relief and make various orders, including the cessation of certain data processing activities. If personal data transfers to us and by us from the EU are considered illegitimate under GDPR and applicable member states’ implementations thereof, we may face a risk of enforcement actions taken by EU data protection authorities. Such enforcement actions may limit our ability to collect, store, process, use, transmit and share data with our affiliated entities and third-party partners. As Internet commerce and related technologies continue to evolve, thereby increasing a service provider’s capacity to collect, store, retain, protect, use, process and transmit large volumes of personal information, increasingly restrictive regulation by federal, provincial, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely. We believe that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulation in the field of data privacy and security is likely in both the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, possibly as restrictive as the EU model. Obligations and restrictions imposed by current and future applicable laws, regulations, contracts and industry standards may affect our ability to provide all the current features of our products and services and could require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. In 2015, Canada’s federal privacy legislation was amended to implement mandatory data breach notification requirements and fines of up to 100,000 Canadian dollars per occurrence for organizations that fail to keep a log of breaches or notify the Office of the Privacy Commissioner or affected individuals. The amendments and related regulations came into force on November 1, 2018. Compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such obligations and restrictions could increase the cost of our operations. Failure to comply with obligations and restrictions related to data privacy and security could subject us to lawsuits, fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, consent decrees, injunctions, adverse publicity and other losses that could harm our business. Ritchie Bros. 21 In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups and industry groups have adopted and are considering the adoption of various self-regulatory standards and codes of conduct that, if applied to our business or current practices may place additional burdens on us, which may increase the costs of our products and services further reducing demand and harming our business. Our customers may also accidentally disclose their passwords or store them on a mobile device that is lost or stolen, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. Additionally, our third-party contractors may have access to customer data. If these or other third-party vendors violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information at risk and could in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business. Any failure by us to protect our customers’ privacy and data, including as a result of our systems being compromised by hacking or other malicious or surreptitious activity, could result in a loss of customer confidence and ultimately in a loss of customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Our articles, by-laws, shareholder rights plan and Canadian legislation contain provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control. Certain provisions of our articles of amalgamation, and by-laws, as well as certain provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act (the “CBCA”) and applicable Canadian securities law, could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control or materially adversely impact the price that certain investors might be willing to pay for our common shares. Our articles of amalgamation authorize our board of directors to determine the designations, rights and restrictions to be attached to, and to issue an unlimited number of, junior preferred shares and senior preferred shares. Our by-laws contain provisions establishing that shareholders must give advance notice to us in circumstances where nominations of persons for election to our board of directors are made by our shareholders other than pursuant to either a requisition of a meeting made in accordance with the provisions of the CBCA or a shareholder proposal made in accordance with the provisions of the CBCA. Among other things, these advance notice provisions set a deadline by which shareholders must notify us in writing of an intention to nominate directors for election to the board of directors prior to any shareholder meeting at which directors are to be elected and set forth the information required in this notice for it to be valid. Our board of directors has adopted a shareholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”), pursuant to which we issued one right in respect of each common share outstanding. Under the Rights Plan, following a transaction in which any person becomes an “acquiring person” as defined in the Rights Plan, each right will entitle the holder to receive a number of common shares provided in the Rights Plan. The purposes of the Rights Plan are (i) to provide our board of directors time to consider value-enhancing alternatives to a take-over bid and to allow competing bids to emerge; (ii) to ensure that shareholders are provided equal treatment under a take-over bid; and (iii) to give adequate time for shareholders to properly assess a take-over bid without undue pressure. The Rights Plan can potentially impose a significant penalty on any person commencing a takeover bid that would result in the offeror becoming the beneficial owner of 20% or more of our outstanding common shares. Any of these provisions, as well as certain provisions of the CBCA and applicable Canadian securities law, may discourage a potential acquirer from proposing or completing a transaction that may have otherwise presented a premium to our shareholders. U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us, our directors, or our officers. We are governed by the CBCA and our principal place of business is in Canada. Many of our directors and officers reside outside of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of their assets, as well as a substantial portion of our assets, are located outside the U.S.. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the U.S. upon us and such directors and officers or to enforce judgments obtained against us or such persons, in U.S. courts, in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the U.S. Additionally, rights predicated solely upon civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the U.S. may not be enforceable in original actions, or actions to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts, brought in Canadian courts, including courts in the Province of British Columbia. We are governed by the corporate laws of Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of Delaware. We are governed by the CBCA and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a company governed by the laws of a U.S. jurisdiction, and may, together with our charter documents, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. Ritchie Bros. 22 ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 2: PROPERTIES We own and lease various properties in Canada, the United States, and 11 other countries globally. We use the properties as auction sites and executive and administrative offices. Our corporate headquarters are located in Burnaby, Canada, and are held through a lease that expires in May 2030. We also lease a U.S. Leadership Office in Chicago, United States, a European head office in Breda, the Netherlands, and IronPlanet’s head office in Pleasanton, United States. We own an administrative office in Lincoln, United States. International network of auction sites We generally attempt to establish our auction sites in industrial areas close to major cities. Although we lease some auction sites, we have historically preferred to purchase land and construct purpose-built facilities once we have established a base of business and determined that a region can generate sufficient financial returns to justify the investment. We generally do not construct a permanent auction site in a region until we have conducted several offsite sales in the area, and often we will operate from a regional auction site for several years before considering a more permanent investment. This process allows us to establish our business and evaluate the market potential before we make a significant investment. We will not invest in a permanent auction site unless we believe there is an opportunity for significant, profitable growth in that region. Our average expenditure on a permanent auction site has been in the range of $20 to $25 million, including land, improvements and buildings. We currently have 40 locations in our auction site network, comprised of 35 permanent auctions sites and five regional sites as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A permanent auction site includes locations that we own and on which we have constructed an auction theatre and other facilities (e.g. refurbishment), and that we lease with an original term longer than three years and on which we have built permanent structures with an investment of more than $1.5 million. A regional auction site is a location that we lease on a term longer than one year, have limited investment in facilities (i.e. less than $1.5 million) and on which we average more than two auctions per year on a rolling two-year basis and have at least two full time staff. This category also includes sites located on land that we own with limited investment in facilities. Ritchie Bros. 23 Our auction site network as of the date of this discussion is as follows: Total Number of acres Developed Developable Year placed into service Nature Lease expiry date Permanent auction sites Canada: Edmonton, Alberta Grande Prairie, Alberta Montreal, Quebec Toronto, Ontario Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Regina, Saskatchewan Halifax, Nova Scotia Chilliwack, British Columbia United States: Orlando, Florida Chehalis, Washington North East, Maryland Denver, Colorado Kansas City, Missouri Columbus, Ohio Houston, Texas Minneapolis, Minnesota Fort Worth, Texas Atlanta, Georgia Chicago, Illinois Sacramento, California Nashville, Tennessee Las Vegas, Nevada Los Angeles, California Phoenix, Arizona Salt Lake City, Utah Other: Mexico City (Polotitlan), Mexico Madrid (Ocaña), Spain Moerdijk, The Netherlands Milan (Caorso), Italy Paris (St. Aubin sur Gaillon), France Dubai, United Arab Emirates Brisbane, Australia Meppen, Germany Melbourne (Geelong), Australia Tokyo (Narita), Japan Ritchie Bros. 267 153 91 65 60 47 28 24 227 204 193 143 49 135 128 122 127 94 91 90 81 77 65 48 37 324 85 62 62 50 44 42 41 40 17 175 68 68 65 38 17 28 24 189 131 80 70 40 95 116 70 127 62 71 90 70 77 63 48 37 82 65 62 42 50 44 42 41 40 17 92 68 - - 13 30 - - 27 40 28 72 9 30 - 52 - 7 20 - 11 - 2 - - 207 20 - 10 - - - - - - 2002 2009 2000 1998 2006 2007 1997 2010 2002 2012 2001 2007 2008 2007 2009 2009 1994 1996 2000 2005 2006 2012 2000 2002 2010 2008 2010 1999 2010 2008 1999 1999 2010 2013 2010 Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Leased Owned Owned Leased Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Leased Owned Leased Owned Owned 31-May-33 28-Feb-24 30-Jun-19 31-Oct-19 24 Regional auction sites Tipton, United States North Franklin, United States North Battleford, Canada Lethbridge, Canada Maltby, United Kingdom Total Number of acres Developed Developable Year placed into service 60 23 21 24 25 60 23 11 20 25 - - 10 4 25 2010 2017 2017 2011 2019 Nature Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Lease expiry date 30-Jun-21 31-Jul-21 14-Nov-19 30-Jun-23 31-Jan-35 We also own the following developable properties that are not currently under development but are available for future auction site expansion: Casa Grande, United States Tulare, United States Number of acres Year acquired 125 99 2010 2011 We believe that our administrative offices and developed auction sites are adequate and suitable for the conduct of our operations. Further, we believe that our properties that are being developed to expand our existing auction sites are sufficient to support the growth of our live on site business. In early 2018, the Company entered into long-term leases in Las Vegas, Nevada and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania to support the Company’s government business. These warehouses became fully operational in the third quarter of 2018, supporting the U.S Government’s Defense and Logistics Agency non- rolling stock contract. In December 2018 we entered into a long-term lease agreement for a property in Maltby, United Kingdom to replace our Donnington Park, United Kingdom auction site in the East Midlands. We have commenced the long-term development process and expect this site to be complete in 2020. We will be conducting our first sale at this location in February 2019 using temporary facilities while development continues. ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We have no material legal proceedings pending, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, and we do not know of any material proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities. ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Outstanding Share Data We are a public company and our common shares are listed under the symbol “RBA” on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”). Financial information about our equity and share-based payments is set forth in our consolidated financial statement footnotes 24 “Equity and Dividends” and 25 “Share-based Payments” in “Part II, Item 8: “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Market Information Our common shares, without par value, are issued in registered form. The transfer agent for the shares is Computershare Trust Company of Canada, 100 University Avenue, 9th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1. Our common shares trade on the NYSE and on the TSX under the symbol “RBA”. On February 27, 2019, there were 381 holders of record of our common shares that do not include the shareholders for whom shares are held in a nominee or street name. Ritchie Bros. 25 Dividend Policy We currently pay a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.18 per common share. We currently intend to continue to declare and pay a regular quarterly cash dividend on our common shares; however, any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board, after considering our operating results, financial condition, cash requirements, financing agreement restrictions and any other factors our Board may deem relevant. Because Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a holding company with no material assets other than the shares of its subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on our common shares depends on the income and cash flow of our subsidiaries. No financing agreements to which our subsidiaries are party currently restrict those subsidiaries from paying dividends. Pursuant to income tax legislation, Canadian resident individuals who receive “eligible dividends” in 2006 and subsequent years will be entitled to an enhanced gross-up and dividend tax credit on such dividends. All dividends that we pay are “eligible dividends” unless indicated otherwise. Comparison of Cumulative Return The following graph compares the cumulative return on a $100 investment in our common shares over the last five fiscal years beginning December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018, to that of the cumulative return on a $100 investment in the Russell Global Index (“Russell 2000”), the S&P / TSX Composite Index (“S&P/TSX”) and the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index (“DJIA”) for the same period. In calculating the cumulative return, reinvestment of dividends, if any, is assumed. The indices are included for comparative purpose only. This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. Company / index RBA (NYSE) Russell 2000 S&P/TSX DJIA Ritchie Bros. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 $ $ $ $ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 $ $ $ $ 119.62 103.53 107.42 107.52 $ $ $ $ 107.76 97.62 95.51 105.12 $ $ $ $ 151.16 116.63 112.23 119.22 $ $ $ $ 133.49 131.96 119.00 149.12 $ $ $ $ 145.75 115.89 105.15 140.72 26 Exchange Controls Canada has no system of exchange controls. There are no Canadian restrictions on the repatriation of capital or earnings of a Canadian public company to non- resident investors. There are no laws in Canada or exchange restrictions affecting the remittance of dividends, profits, interest, royalties and other payments to U.S. Resident Holders (as defined below) of our common shares, except as discussed in “Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Residents” below. There are no limitations under the laws of Canada or in our organizational documents on the right of foreigners to hold or vote our common shares, except that the Investment Canada Act may require review and approval by the Minister of Industry (Canada) of certain acquisitions of control of Ritchie Bros. by a “non- Canadian”. “Non-Canadian” generally means an individual who is not a Canadian citizen, or a corporation, partnership, trust or joint venture that is ultimately controlled by non-Canadians. Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Residents The following summarizes certain Canadian federal income tax consequences generally applicable under the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the regulations enacted thereunder (collectively, the “Canadian Tax Act”) and the Canada-U.S. Income Tax Convention (1980) (the “Convention”) to the holding and disposition of common shares. This comment is restricted to holders of common shares each of whom, at all material times for the purposes of the Canadian Tax Act and the Convention, (i) is resident solely in the U.S., (ii) is entitled to the full benefits of the Convention, (iii) holds all common shares as capital property, (iii) holds no common shares that are “taxable Canadian property” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act) of the holder, (iv) deals at arm’s length with and is not affiliated with Ritchie Bros., (v) does not and is not deemed to use or hold any common shares in a business carried on in Canada, and (vi) is not an insurer that carries on business in Canada and elsewhere (each such holder, a “U.S. Resident Holder”). Certain U.S.-resident entities that are fiscally transparent for U.S. federal income tax purposes (including limited liability companies) may not be regarded by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) as entitled to the benefits of the Convention. Members of or holders of an interest in such an entity that holds common shares should consult their own tax advisers regarding the extent, if any, to which the CRA will extend the benefits of the Convention to the entity in respect of its common shares. Generally, a U.S. Resident Holder’s common shares will be considered to be capital property of a U.S. Resident Holder provided that the U.S. Resident Holder acquired the common shares as a long-term investment; is not a trader or dealer in securities; did not acquire, hold or dispose of the common shares in one or more transactions considered to be an adventure or concern in the nature of trade (i.e. speculation); and does not hold the common shares as inventory in the course of carrying on a business. This summary is based on the current provisions of the Canadian Tax Act and the Convention in effect on the date hereof, all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act and Convention publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) on or before the date hereof, and the current published administrative and assessing policies of the CRA. It is assumed that all such amendments will be enacted as currently proposed, and that there will be no other material change to any applicable law or administrative or assessing practice, whether by judicial, legislative, governmental or administrative decision or action, although no assurance can be given in these respects. Except as otherwise expressly provided, this summary does not take into account any provincial, territorial or foreign tax considerations, which may differ materially from those set out herein. This summary is of a general nature only and it is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any holder of common shares, and no representation with respect to Canadian federal income tax consequences to any holder of common shares is made herein. Accordingly, holders of common shares should consult their own tax advisers with respect to their individual circumstances. Disposition of common shares A U.S. Resident Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act in respect of any capital gain realized by such U.S. Resident Holder on a disposition of common shares unless the common shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act) of the U.S. Resident Holder at the time of disposition and the U.S. Resident Holder is not entitled to relief under the Convention. Generally, a U.S. Resident Holder’s common shares will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of the U.S. Resident Holder at a particular time at which the common shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange” (which currently includes the TSX and NYSE) unless at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding a disposition both of the following conditions are true: (i) the U.S. Resident Holder, any one or more persons with whom the U.S. Resident Holder does not deal at arm’s length, or any partnership in which the holder or persons with whom the holder did not deal at arm’s length holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships, alone or in any combination, owned 25% or more of the issued shares of any class or series of our share capital; and Ritchie Bros. 27 (ii) more than 50% of the fair market value of the common shares was derived directly or indirectly from, or from any combination of, real or immovable property situated in Canada, “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Canadian Tax Act), “timber resource properties” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act), or options in respect of, interests in or civil law rights in, such properties whether or not such properties exist. In certain circumstances, a common share may be deemed to be “taxable Canadian property” for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act. Even if the common shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” to a U.S. Resident Holder, under the Convention, such a U.S. Resident Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act on any capital gain realized by such holder on a disposition of such common shares, provided the value of such common shares is not derived principally from real property situated in Canada (within the meaning of the Convention). U.S. Resident Holders whose shares may be taxable Canadian property should consult their own tax advisors. Dividends on common shares Under the Canadian Tax Act, dividends on shares paid or credited to a non-resident of Canada (or amounts paid or credited on account, or in lieu of payment of, or in satisfaction of, dividends) will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25% of the gross amount of the dividends (subject to reduction under the provisions of any applicable tax treaty). Under the Convention, a U.S. resident that beneficially owns the dividends will generally be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 15% of the gross amount of such dividends unless the beneficial owner is a company which owns at least 10% of the voting shares of Ritchie Bros. at that time, in which case the rate of Canadian withholding tax is generally reduced to 5%. For other information required by this item, see the section entitled “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement for our 2019 annual meeting of shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference. Ritchie Bros. 28 ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2018. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Prior to 2015, our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). All prior periods presented below have been restated from IFRS to U.S. GAAP. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”) using the full retrospective method. The primary impact of the adoption of Topic 606 is the change in the presentation of revenue earned from inventory sales and ancillary and logistical services. These revenues are presented gross of the related expenses rather than net. All prior period revenue figures below have been restated to reflect the adoption of Topic 606. The following selected consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (in U.S.$000's, except per share amounts) Consolidated Income Statements Data Revenues Operating income Income before income taxes Net income attributable to stockholders Earnings per share attributable to stockholders: Basic Diluted Consolidated Balance Sheets Data Working capital Total assets Long-term debt Contingently redeemable non-controlling interests Stockholders' equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data Dividends declared per common share Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash Net capital spending 2018 1,170,026 185,189 152,512 121,479 1.12 1.11 163,446 2,052,392 711,298 830,643 0.70 - 32,426 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Year ended and as at December 31, 2016 2017 2015 971,191 107,454 77,394 75,027 0.70 0.69 120,032 2,017,312 812,892 - 739,682 0.68 675,851 34,411 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,126,977 135,722 130,494 91,832 0.86 0.85 125,164 1,599,533 595,706 - 687,057 0.66 45,511 29,785 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,080,499 174,840 176,436 136,214 1.27 1.27 140,133 1,120,115 97,915 24,785 703,176 0.60 12,107 14,152 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2014 1,239,636 127,927 129,038 90,981 0.85 0.85 140,482 1,121,510 110,846 17,287 691,932 0.54 - 29,595 (1) Subsidiaries acquired as disclosed in the table above consist of IronPlanet in May 2017, Kramer in November 2016, Petrowsky in August 2016, Mascus in February 2016, and Xcira in November 2015. Ritchie Bros. 29 ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS About Us Established in 1958, Ritchie Bros. (NYSE and TSX: RBA) is a global asset management and disposition company, offering customers end-to-end solutions for buying and selling used heavy equipment, trucks and other assets. Operating in a number of sectors, including construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, oil and gas, mining, and forestry, the company’s selling channels include: Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, the world’s largest industrial auctioneer offers live auction events with online bidding; IronPlanet, an online marketplace with featured weekly auctions and providing the exclusive IronClad Assurance® equipment condition certification; Marketplace-E, a controlled marketplace offering multiple price and timing options; Mascus, a leading European online equipment listing service; and Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty, offering privately negotiated sales. The company’s suite of multichannel sales solutions also includes RB Asset Solutions, a complete end-to-end asset management and disposition system. Ritchie Bros. also offers sector-specific solutions including GovPlanet, TruckPlanet, and Kruse Energy Auctioneers, plus equipment financing and leasing through Ritchie Bros. Financial Services. On May 31, 2017, we acquired IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”), a leading online marketplace for heavy equipment and other durable assets for $776.5 million (the “Acquisition”). IronPlanet’s complementary used equipment brand solutions, together with Marketplace-E, our online marketplace that supports reserved pricing, provide different value propositions to equipment owners and allow us to meet the needs and preferences of a wide spectrum of equipment sellers and buyers. Upon the consummation of the Acquisition on May 31, 2017, we formed an alliance with Caterpillar Inc. (“Caterpillar”), pursuant to a Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement (the “Alliance”). Under the Alliance, we became Caterpillar's preferred global partner for live on site and online auctions for used Caterpillar equipment. Through our unreserved live on site auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of used and unused equipment, including earthmoving equipment, truck trailers, government surplus, oil and gas equipment and other industrial assets. Construction and heavy machinery comprise the majority of the equipment sold through our multiple brand solutions. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end-users (such as construction companies), equipment dealers, original equipment manufacturers, and other equipment owners (such as rental companies and government bodies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including heavy construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, and mining. Overview The following discussion and analysis summarizes significant factors affecting our consolidated operating results and financial condition for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, “Part II, Item 6: Selected Financial Data”, and the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements due to various factors, including those set forth under “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The date of this discussion is as of February 28, 2019. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). Except for GTV, which is a measure of operational performance and not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, the amounts discussed below are based on our consolidated financial statements. Unless indicated otherwise, all tabular dollar amounts, including related footnotes, presented below are expressed in thousands of United States (“U.S.”) dollars. In the accompanying analysis of financial information, we sometimes use information derived from consolidated financial data but not presented in our financial statements prepared in accordance with US GAAP. Certain of these data are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under the SEC rules. The definitions and reasons we use these non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to their most directly comparable US GAAP financial measures are included either with the first use thereof or in the Non-GAAP Measures section within the MD&A. Non-GAAP financial measures referred to in this report are labeled as “non-GAAP measure” or designated as such with an asterisk (*). Ritchie Bros. 30 Performance Highlights Net income attributable to stockholders of $121.5 million increased 62% compared to $75.0 million in 2017. Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders increased 61% to $1.11 versus $0.69 in 2017, while diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased 33% to $1.08 from $0.81 in 2017. Other key highlights included: Consolidated results: (cid:120) Total revenues of $1.17 billion increased 20% from $971.2 million in 2017. (cid:120) Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) of $729.1 million increased 19% from $610.5 million in 2017. (cid:120) Cash provided by operating activities of $144.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. A&M segment results: (cid:120) GTV of $4.96 billion, up 11% compared to $4.47 billion in 2017. (cid:120) A&M revenues of $1.05 billion increased 20% compared to $870.8 million in 2017. (cid:120) A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) of $672.2 million increased 19% from $564.3 million in 2017. (cid:120) A&M revenue rate of 21.1% increased 160 bps from 19.5% in 2017, and A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure) of 13.5% increased 90 bps from 12.6% in 2017. Other Services segment results: (cid:120) Other Services revenue of $123.5 million increased 23% compared to $100.4 million in 2017. Operational highlights In 2018, our operational focus was on strengthening sales execution and driving incremental network effects through our foundational core customer solutions and completing the IronPlanet integration. Some notable highlights were: (cid:120) In 2018, used equipment availability continued to be challenged with high demand for equipment and end users holding equipment longer; driving historic high utilization rates. The demand was particularly strong within the US construction market with robust momentum throughout 2018. Despite these market headwinds, we generated GTV growth of 11%. This was led by positive year-over-year growth in live industrial auctions and strong growth in our online marketplaces. Online channels accelerated in 2018 following the acquisition of IronPlanet in 2017, setting new featured weekly online sales records in the second quarter, and again in the fourth quarter. (cid:120) Ritchie Bros. conducted 568 auctions in 2018, including 348 live, onsite Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers events and 220 IronPlanet and GovPlanet online events. As part of our strategy to fully leverage our multichannel capabilities and consolidate auctions to create larger, more significant multi-day events, we closed five live auction sites and optimized our overall auction calendar. These efforts led to fewer overall live industrial auctions, but more significant events in 2018 resulting in 65% of live industrial auctions posting year-over-year growth across major geographies including a six-day US$278-million Orlando event in February and several other record-breaking auctions. (cid:120) Online bidding continued to gain momentum in 2018, with the percentage of online buyers reaching 59% of winning bids made through an online channel. (cid:120) Our organizational focus on improving sales execution and generating growth through new customer acquisition and earning additional share of wallet with existing customers made solid strides. Our Strategic Accounts Group generated both record growth in the second quarter and double-digit growth in 2018, led by new customer growth. (cid:120) We successfully completed major planned aspects of our IronPlanet integration in 2018 and launched project MARS, an internal platform that unifies our live and online auction operations such as bidder registrations, title searches and equipment inspection and taxonomy specs. Several modules have already been built and deployed, with implementation expected to continue in 2019 and expected to conclude in 2020. Ritchie Bros. 31 (cid:120) We implemented the U.S. Government Defense Logistics Agency non-rolling stock surplus contract and added a second weekly GovPlanet online auction to sell surplus. The Company held several significant and incremental GovPlanet events in 2018. Most notably, its largest-ever GovPlanet military surplus event in December 2018, selling 700,000+ items through two, live, onsite auctions in Las Vegas, NV and Atlanta, GA, and an online-only event at GovPlanet.com. (cid:120) The Company continued to strategically diversify its offerings and create a pathway for broader network effects with additional sales channels and value- added services. In 2018, the company launched two new solutions: o Marketplace-E. The online marketplace launched in early 2018 is already proving very popular in North America and International markets where unreserved auctions are less commonplace. The Company leveraged Marketplace-E for several unique events in 2018, including two successful Caterpillar dealer auctions in Central and South America. In total, more than 18,000 items were sold through Marketplace-E in 2018. o RB Asset Solutions. A complete end-to-end asset management and disposition system designed to help customers optimize their disposition process. By offering a complete inventory management system, data analytics and dashboards, branded e-commerce sites, and multiple external sales channels, Ritchie Bros. will help customers achieve the best possible returns. By the end of the year, several high-profile flagship customers were already using RB Asset Solutions tools. (cid:120) We generated significant growth in our Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (RBFS) solution. In 2018 RBFS’ total funded volume hit US$432 million, up 41% from 2017. RBFS increased its workforce in 2018 and invested in technology to improve efficiencies, and is expected to continue to provide strong results in 2019. Ritchie Bros. 32 Results of Operations Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change Financial overview (in U.S. $000's, except EPS) Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Costs of services Cost of inventory sold Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange (gain) loss Operating expenses Operating income Operating income margin Interest expense Other income, net Income tax expense Net income attributable to stockholders Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non- GAAP measure) Effective tax rate GTV Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) $ $ $ $ 2018 749,515 420,511 1,170,026 159,058 374,339 382,676 5,093 66,614 (2,731) - (212) 984,837 185,189 15.8% (44,527) 11,850 31,006 121,479 1.11 1.08 20.3% 4,964,165 729,111 $ $ $ $ 2017 624,417 346,774 971,191 133,189 306,498 323,270 38,272 52,694 (1,656) 8,911 2,559 863,737 107,454 11.1% (38,291) 8,231 2,088 75,027 0.69 0.81 2.7% 4,467,982 610,517 $ $ $ $ 2016 555,843 571,134 1,126,977 113,296 513,348 283,529 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 28,243 1,431 991,255 135,722 12.0% (5,564) 7,123 36,982 91,832 0.85 1.15 28.3% 4,334,815 566,395 $ $ $ $ $ 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 125,098 73,737 198,835 25,869 67,841 59,406 (33,179) 13,920 (1,075) (8,911) (2,771) 121,100 77,735 n/a (6,236) 3,619 28,918 46,452 0.42 0.27 n/a 496,183 118,594 $ $ $ $ 68,574 (224,360) (155,786) 19,893 (206,850) 39,741 26,443 11,833 (374) (19,332) 1,128 (127,518) (28,268) n/a (32,727) 1,108 (34,894) (16,805) (0.16) (0.34) n/a 133,167 44,122 20% 21% 20% 19% 22% 18% (87)% 26% 65% (100)% (108)% 14% 72% 12% (39)% (14)% 18% (40)% 14% 224% 29% 29% (68)% 79% (13)% (21)% 470 bps -90 bps 16% 44% 1385% 62% 61% 33% 588% 16% (94)% (18)% (19)% (30)% 1760 bps -2560 bps 11% 19% 3% 8% Service revenues as a % of total revenues Revenue from inventory sales as a % of total revenues Cost of inventory sold as a % of operating expenses 2018 2017 2016 64% 36% 38% 64% 36% 35% 49% 51% 52% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 - bps - bps 300 bps 1500 bps -1500 bps -1700 bps Year ended December 31, Total revenues Revenues are comprised of: (cid:120) Service revenues, including the following: i. Revenue from auction and marketplace (“A&M”) activities, including commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees; and ii. Other services revenues, including revenues from listing services, refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees; and (cid:120) Revenue from inventory sales as part of A&M activities Ritchie Bros. 33 Revenue from inventory sales can fluctuate, as it changes based on whether our customers sell using a straight commission contract or an inventory contract at time of selling. Straight commission contracts will result in the commission being recognized as revenue, while revenue of inventory sales will result in the gross transaction value of the equipment sold being recorded as revenue with the related cost recognized in cost of inventory sold. As a result, a change in the revenue mix between service revenues and revenue from inventory sales can have a significant impact on revenue growth percentages. Throughout this discussion, we disclose sales of inventory revenue as a percent of total revenues to provide more information regarding our revenue mix. In each of 2018 and 2017, 36% of our total revenue was comprised of revenue from inventory sales, compared to 51% in 2016. Cost of inventory sold as a percent of operating expense can also fluctuate significantly due to changes in the revenue mix. Revenues increased $198.8 million, or 20%, in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to incremental volume from the Acquisition. Fiscal 2018 included 12 full months of Acquisition volume versus seven months of post-Acquisition activity in Fiscal 2017. The increase was also due to partial fee harmonization and higher revenues from inventory sales. As part of our IronPlanet integration activities, we partially harmonized our fees between on site and online auctions. Foreign exchange had a favourable impact on total revenues in 2018 primarily due to the fluctuations of the Euro exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar. Revenues decreased $155.8 million, or 14%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This decrease was primarily due to lower revenues from inventory sales, partially offset by an increase in service revenues. The lower revenue from inventory sales is as a result of the fluctuations in this revenue stream as discussed above, and the growth in service revenues was due to the Acquisition. Foreign exchange had a favourable impact on total revenues in 2018 primarily due to the fluctuations of the Euro and Canadian dollar exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Geographic analysis The distribution of our revenues is determined by the location in which the sale occurred, or in the case of online sales, where the legal entity earning the revenues is incorporated. The following table presents our total revenues on a geographic basis. (in U.S. $000's) Year ended December 31, 2018 Proportion of consolidated amount Year ended December 31, 2017 Proportion of consolidated amount Year ended December 31, 2016 Proportion of consolidated amount Change 2018 over 2017: $ change % change Change 2017 over 2016: $ change % change United States 548,695 47% 452,599 47% 555,837 49% 96,096 21% (103,238) (19)% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Canada Europe Other Consolidated 284,989 24% 245,106 25% 293,956 26% 39,883 16% (48,850) (17)% $ $ $ $ $ 180,817 15% 127,706 13% 109,024 10% 53,111 42% 18,682 17% $ $ $ $ $ 155,525 13% 145,780 15% 168,160 15% 9,745 7% (22,380) (13)% $ $ $ $ $ 1,170,026 100% 971,191 100% 1,126,977 100% 198,835 20% (155,786) (14)% 2018 performance Growth in the U.S. over the comparative period was primarily due to the Acquisition, partial fee harmonization, and higher revenues from inventory sales. In Canada, the growth over the comparative period was primarily due to partial fee harmonization, improved price performance on at-risk deals, growth of RBFS, and higher revenues from inventory sales. In Europe, the growth over the comparative period was primarily due to higher revenue from inventory sales, partial fee harmonization, and the Acquisition. The increase in inventory sales was driven by macroeconomic conditions in parts of Europe creating a more favourable supply environment. Other regions include Australia, Mexico, and countries representing the Middle East. The increase in this region over the comparative period was primarily due to higher revenue from inventory sales from the Middle East, and partial fee harmonization. 2017 performance The proportion of revenue earned declined in the U.S. and in Canada, while Europe grew during 2017 compared to 2016. The decrease in the U.S. and in Canada was primarily driven by lower revenue from inventory sales. The growth in Europe was primarily due to the performance of our live on site auction activities sold in Spain, sourced from outside Europe and an increase in revenues from Mascus. Ritchie Bros. 34 Costs of services Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions, earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Direct expenses include direct labour, buildings and facilities charges, and travel, advertising and promotion costs. Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues in addition to the costs listed above also include inspection costs. Inspections are generally performed at the seller’s physical location. The cost of inspections includes payroll costs and related benefits for the Company’s employees that perform and manage field inspection services, the related inspection report preparation and quality assurance costs, fees paid to contractors who perform field inspections, related travel and incidental costs for the Company’s inspection service organization, and office and occupancy costs for its inspection services personnel. Costs of earning online marketplace revenues also include costs for the Company’s customer support, online marketplace operations, logistics, and title and lien investigation functions. Costs of services increased $25.9 million, or 19%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to the Acquisition and the incremental costs required to support the growth of our service revenues. Costs of services increased $19.9 million, or 18%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This increase is primarily due to costs associated with the growth in our inspection and appraisal activities because of the Acquisition. Cost of inventory sold Cost of inventory sold includes the purchase price of assets sold for the Company’s own account and is determined using a specific identification basis. Costs of inventory sold increased $67.8 million, or 22%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to the change in our revenue from inventory sales. Costs of inventory sold decreased $206.9 million, or 40%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This increase is primarily due to the decrease in revenue from inventory sales during the same period. Revenue from inventory sales as a percent of total revenues decreased from 51% in 2016 to 36% in 2017. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses 2018 performance SG&A expenses increased $59.4 million, or 18%, during 2018 compared to 2017. This increase is primarily due to the Acquisition, continued investments in talent to support growth of our business and initiatives, share unit expenses, and increased overhead costs to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contract with the Defense Logistics Agency. The Acquisition drove increases in employee compensation, technology support costs, and additional advertising to promote our online marketplace sales. Of the $8.8 million increase in our share unit expenses in 2018, $3.3 million related to mark-to-market costs driven by growth in our share price over the comparative period and $2.2 million related to the incremental compensation costs from the modifications of our share unit plans. Foreign exchange had an unfavourable impact on SG&A expenses in 2018 primarily due to the fluctuations of the Euro exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar. 2017 performance SG&A expenses increased $39.7 million, or 14%, during 2017 compared to 2016. This increase is primarily due to post-Acquisition increased headcount, travel costs, and search engine fees associated with our online marketplace channel, as well as merit increases and higher commitment and other bank fees attributable to our new credit facility. This increase in SG&A expenses from 2016 to 2017 was partially offset by a decrease in share unit expense. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavourable impact on SG&A expenses in 2017. Foreign exchange (gain) loss We conduct global operations in many different currencies, with our presentation currency being the U.S. dollar. In 2018, approximately 50% of our revenues and 53% of our operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, compared to 44% and 53%, respectively, in 2017 and 48% and 58%, respectively, in 2016. We recognized $0.2 million of transactional foreign exchange gains in 2018, $2.6 million of losses in 2017, and $1.4 million of losses in 2016. Foreign exchange losses and gains are primarily the result of settlement of non-functional currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities. Ritchie Bros. 35 U.S. dollar exchange rate comparison The following table presents the variance in select foreign exchange rates over the comparative reporting periods: Value of one U.S. dollar Period-end exchange rate Canadian dollar Euro Average exchange rate Canadian dollar Euro Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 1.3641 0.8719 1.2961 0.8472 $ $ 1.2471 0.8465 1.2981 0.8871 $ $ 1.3442 0.9506 1.3256 0.9042 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 9% 3% (0)% (4)% (7)% (11)% (2)% (2)% Acquisition-related costs Acquisition-related costs consist of operating expenses directly incurred as part of a business combination, due diligence and integration planning – including those related to the Acquisition – and continuing employment costs that are recognized separately from our business combinations. Business combination, due diligence, and integration operating expenses include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees, and travel and securities filing fees. Acquisition-related costs in 2018 totalled $5.1 million and primarily included costs incurred for severance and retention. Labour reductions subsequent to the Acquisition were part of our cost control measures to eliminate duplicative positions, planned as part of our synergy targets. This compares to $38.3 million of acquisition related expenses for 2017, of which $34.7 million was associated with the Acquisition. IronPlanet acquisition-related costs for 2017 included costs incurred for acquisition and finance structure advisory fees, legal fees related to the regulatory approval process and closing of the transaction, stock option compensation expenses resulting from accelerated vesting of options assumed as part of the Acquisition, severance and retention costs that followed the Acquisition in the resulting corporate reorganization, and various integration costs. Impairment loss There were no impairment losses in 2018, compared to 2017 where we recognized an $8.9 million impairment loss on certain technology assets. Operating income 2018 performance Operating income increased $77.7 million, or 72%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This was driven by higher total revenues combined with lower acquisition- related costs, as well as an impairment loss in the prior year. Foreign exchange rates did not have a significant impact on operating income in 2018. Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) increased $52.9 million, or 40%, to $186.7 million in 2018 compared to $133.8 million in 2017. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, operating income margin, which is our operating income divided by revenues, increased 470 bps to 15.8% in 2018 compared to 11.1% in 2017. Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non-GAAP measure) increased 370 bps to 25.6% in 2018 from 21.9% in 2017. 2017 performance Operating income decreased $28.3 million, or 21%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the higher SG&A expenses, acquisition- related costs, costs of services, and D&A expenses. These increases were partially offset by the revenue increase and lower impairment loss over the same comparative period. Foreign exchange rates did not have a significant impact on operating income in 2017. Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) decreased $30.2 million, or 18%, to $133.8 million in 2017 compared to $164.0 million in 2016. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, operating income margin, which is our operating income divided by revenues, decreased 90 bps to 11.1% in 2017 compared to 12.0% in 2016. Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non-GAAP measure) decreased 700 bps to 21.9% in 2017 from 28.9% in 2016. Ritchie Bros. 36 Interest expense Interest expense increased $6.2 million, or 16%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to: (cid:120) A full year of indebtedness incurred to finance the Acquisition compared to seven months in 2017; (cid:120) The acceleration of the accretion of deferred debt issue costs resulting from the reduction of our syndicated credit facility and voluntary repayment of term loans during 2018; and (cid:120) An increase in variable short-term interest over the comparative period. The increase was partially offset by the reduction in interest expense resulting from our $80.0 million voluntary prepayment of the term loan in 2018. As at December 31, 2018, our long-term debt was $711.3 million compared to $812.9 million as at December 31, 2017. Interest expense increased $32.7 million, or 588%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This increase was primarily due to indebtedness to finance the Acquisition. Other income Other income increased $3.6 million, or 44%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This was primarily due to gain on the sale of an equity accounted for investment. In 2017, other income increased $1.1 million, or 16%, compared to 2016 primarily due to gains from vehicle and yard equipment disposals in the U.S. Income tax expense and effective tax rate 2018 performance We recorded an income tax expense of $31.0 million in 2018 compared to $2.0 million in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 20.3% compared to 2.7% in 2017. The increase in income tax expense over the comparative period was primarily the result of a $10.1 million deferred income tax recovery in 2017 due to the remeasurement of deferred income tax assets and liabilities arising from changes in statutory tax rates as a result of the TCJA. In addition, in 2018 there was a greater proportion of earnings taxed in jurisdictions with higher tax rates, and we were subject to the Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”) that was introduced by the TCJA. The BEAT imposes a minimum tax on large corporations that make certain deductible payments to non-US related entities. The majority of our payments are related to transfer pricing payments made from our US operations to our Canadian operations. 2017 performance We recorded an income tax expense of $2.0 million in 2017 compared to $37.0 million in 2016. Our effective tax rate was 2.7% in 2017 compared to 28.3% in 2016. The decrease in income tax expense over the comparative period was primarily the result of a greater proportion of earnings taxed in jurisdictions with lower tax rates, a $10.1 million deferred income tax recovery due to the remeasurement of deferred income tax assets and liabilities arising from changes in statutory tax rates (as noted above), and a decrease in the valuation allowance applied to deferred income tax assets. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in non-deductible expenses and $2.3 million of expense related to an increase in uncertain tax positions. We increased our uncertain tax position in the first quarter of 2017 due to an unfavourable outcome of a tax dispute in one of our European operating jurisdictions. Net income 2018 performance Net income attributable to stockholders increased $46.5 million, or 62%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to higher total revenues combined with $33.2 million less acquisition-related costs, and a $4.9 million gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment, partially offset by higher interest expense and income tax expense. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased $30.0 million, or 34%, to $117.7 million in 2018 from $87.7 million in 2017. For these same reasons, net income increased $46.2 million, or 61%, in 2018 compared to 2017. Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) (non-GAAP measure) increased $65.8 million, or 34%, to $257.3 million in 2018 from $191.5 million in 2017. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, net income margin increased 260 bps to 10.4% in 2018 from 7.8% in 2017. Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure) increased 390 bps to 35.3% in 2018 from 31.4% in 2017. Ritchie Bros. 37 Debt at December 31, 2018 represented 6.0 times net income for 2018. Debt at December 31, 2017 represented 10.9 times net income for 2017. The decrease in this debt/net income multiplier was primarily due to lower debt balances at December 31, 2018 versus December 31, 2017 due to the $80.0 million voluntary prepayment of the term loan, and a higher net income over the comparative period. The decrease in debt was primarily due to repayments of debt related to the funding for the Acquisition. 2017 performance Net income attributable to stockholders decreased $16.8 million, or 18%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the $26.4 million increase in acquisition-related costs and the increase in interest expense, partially offset by a lower income tax expense over the same comparative period. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) decreased $35.6 million, or 29%, to $87.7 million in 2017 from $123.3 million in 2016. For these same reasons, net income decreased $18.2 million, or 19%, in 2017 compared to 2016. Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) decreased $18.6 million, or 9%, to $191.5 million in 2017 from $210.1 million in 2016. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, net income margin decreased 50 bps to 7.8% in 2017 from 8.3% in 2016. Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure) decreased 570 bps to 31.4% in 2017 from 37.1% in 2016. Debt at December 31, 2017 represented 10.9 times net income for 2017. This compares to debt at December 31, 2016, which represented 6.6 times net income for 2016. The increase in this debt/net income multiplier was primarily due to a net increase in long-term debt in 2017, combined with the decrease in net income for 2017 compared to 2016. The increase in debt was primarily due to funding for the Acquisition. Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) was 2.9 times as at and for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2.0 times as at and for the year ended December 31, 2016. Diluted EPS 2018 performance Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders increased 61% to $1.11 in 2018 from $0.69 in 2017. This increase is primarily due to the increase in net income attributable to stockholders, partially offset with an increase in the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding over the same comparative period. The increase in the weighted average number of dilutive shares is primarily due to issuance of common shares upon exercise of stock options and vesting of equity-classified share units. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased 33% to $1.08 in 2018 from $0.81 in 2017. 2017 performance Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders decreased 19% to $0.69 in 2017 from $0.85 in 2016. This decrease is primarily due to the decrease in net income attributable to stockholders, combined with an increase in the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding over the same comparative period. The increase in the weighted average number of dilutive shares is primarily due to the modification of certain share units, including the CEO SOG PSUs, from liability-classified to equity-classified in May 2016 and May 2017, as well as the assumption of IronPlanet stock options as part of the Acquisition. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) decreased 30% to $0.81 in 2017 from $1.15 in 2016. Segment Performance Year ended December 31, 2018 Other A&M Year ended December 31, 2017 Other Consolidated A&M Year ended December 31, 2016 Other A&M (in U.S. $000's) Revenues Cost of inventory sold Costs of services SG&A expenses Impairment loss Segment profit $ $ 1,046,518 374,339 87,430 363,549 - 221,200 $ $ 123,508 - 71,628 19,127 - 32,753 Consolidated 1,170,026 $ 374,339 159,058 382,676 - 253,953 $ $ $ 870,797 306,498 75,685 308,873 8,911 170,830 $ 100,394 - 57,504 14,397 - 28,493 $ 971,191 306,498 133,189 323,270 8,911 199,323 $ $ 1,045,174 513,348 65,248 272,317 28,243 166,018 $ $ 81,803 - 48,048 11,212 - 22,543 Consolidated 1,126,977 $ 513,348 113,296 283,529 28,243 188,561 $ (1) Cost of services exclude depreciation and amortization expenses Ritchie Bros. 38 Auctions and Marketplaces segment Results of A&M segment operations (in U.S. $000's) Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Costs of services Cost of inventory sold SG&A expenses Impairment loss A&M segment expenses A&M segment profit Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ $ 626,007 420,511 1,046,518 87,430 374,339 363,549 - 825,318 221,200 $ $ 524,023 346,774 870,797 75,685 306,498 308,873 8,911 699,967 170,830 $ $ 474,040 571,134 1,045,174 65,248 513,348 272,317 28,243 879,156 166,018 $ $ $ $ $ 101,984 73,737 175,721 11,745 67,841 54,676 (8,911) 125,351 50,370 49,983 (224,360) (174,377) 10,437 (206,850) 36,556 (19,332) (179,189) 4,812 19% 21% 20% 16% 22% 18% (100)% 18% 29% 11% (39)% (17)% 16% (40)% 13% (68)% (20)% 3% Service revenues as a % of total revenue Revenue from inventory sales as a % of total revenue Cost of inventory sold as a % of segment expenses Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 60% 40% 45% 60% 40% 44% 45% 55% 58% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 - bps - bps 100 bps 1500 bps -1500 bps 1400 bps Gross Transaction Value We believe that revenues are best understood by considering their relationship with GTV. The following table presents GTV by channel: (in U.S. $000's) Live on site auctions Online marketplaces including featured (1) and other (2) GTV GTV $4,134,838 829,327 $4,964,165 % of total GTV % of total GTV % of total 2018 over 2017 83% $ 3,947,730 17% 520,252 100% $ 4,467,982 88% $ 4,186,811 12% 148,004 100% $4,334,815 97% $ 187,108 309,075 100% $ 496,183 - 2017 over 2016 $ (239,081) 372,248 $ 133,167 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 5% 59% 11% (6)% 252% 3% 2018 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 $ Change % Change (1) This represents GTV from IronPlanet’s Weekly Featured Auction, which operates under an unreserved auction model. (2) This includes GTV from Marketplace-E and, before that, EquipmentOne. The following table presents GTV mix by type of contract: Year ended December 31, Straight commissions GTV as a % of total GTV Guarantee contracts GTV as a % of total GTV Inventory sold GTV as a % of total GTV Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 83.7% 8.8% 8.4% 83.6% 8.3% 8.1% 74.8% 12.2% 13.0% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 10 bps 50 bps 30 bps 880 bps -390 bps -490 bps 39 2018 performance GTV increased $496.2 million, or 11%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to the Acquisition and improved live on site and online auction performance driven by strong price performance. We significantly increased GTV generated from online marketplaces by 59% due to the Acquisition and new compensation strategies focused on expansion of online marketplaces. Live on site auctions increased 5% primarily due to strong live on site auction performance in Canada, and in the U.S. As part of our calendar optimization efforts and site closures, we reduced the number of live on site auctions from 402 in Fiscal 2017 to 348 in Fiscal 2018, as well as the number of sale days over the comparative period in our auction calendar. The total number of industrial and agricultural lots sold at live on site auctions decreased 3% to 406,500 lots in 2018 compared to 417,600 lots in 2017, and GTV on a per-lot basis increased 6% to $9,900 in 2018 compared to $9,300 in 2017. The volume of underwritten commission contracts increased to 17% in 2018 compared to 16% of GTV in 2017, consistent with the increase in revenue from inventory sales. 2017 performance GTV increased $133.2 million, or 3%, in 2017 compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to the Acquisition, and the resulting increase in online marketplace GTV, as well as a favourable impact of foreign exchange rates over the comparative period. The increase was partially offset by a decrease GTV from live on site auctions, which was primarily due to a decrease in the number of lots in 2017 compared to 2016. The total number of industrial and agricultural lots decreased 5% to 417,600 in 2017 from 437,300 in 2016, and GTV on a per-lot basis decreased 3% to $9,300 in 2017 compared to $9,600 in 2016. The total number of lots sold online increased 12% to 252,500 lots in 2017 compared to 224,500 lots in 2016. The volume of underwritten commission contracts decreased to 16% of our GTV in 2017 from 25% in 2016, primarily due to the pressure on used equipment market supply volume. Productivity The majority of our business continues to be generated by our A&M segment operations. Sales Force Productivity within this segment is an operational metric that we believe provides a gauge of the effectiveness of our Revenue Producers in increasing GTV. Revenue Producers is a term used to describe our revenue- producing sales personnel. This definition is comprised of Regional Sales Managers and Territory Managers. Our Sales Force Productivity as at and for the 12-month period ended December 31, 2018 was $11.6 million per Revenue Producer compared to $11.0 million per Revenue Producer for the 12-month period ended December 31, 2017. We believe the increase of $0.6 million per Revenue Producer over the comparative period is evidence that our sales teams are continually progressing, as we have moved beyond the most complex stage of our integration. Sales Force Productivity as at and for the 12-month period ended December 31, 2017 was calculated as the sum of the following two amounts: (cid:120) GTV for the five months, pre-Acquisition, ended May 31, 2017, divided by the average number of Revenue Producers over the same five-month period; and (cid:120) GTV for the seven months following the Acquisition divided by the average number of Revenue Producers over the same seven-month period. Total industrial live on site auction metrics Year ended December 31, Number of auctions Bidder registrations Consignments Buyers Lots Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 183 555,000 53,950 135,250 377,000 245 575,500 56,850 139,900 382,500 232 549,000 53,450 138,400 398,500 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 (25)% (4)% (5)% (3)% (1)% 6% 5% 6% 1% (4)% 40 Average industrial live on site auction metrics GTV Bidder registrations Consignors Lots Year ended December 31, 2018 $ 21.2 million 3,033 295 2,060 2017 $ 15.2 million 2,348 232 1,562 2016 $ 16.8 million 2,356 229 1,711 $ Change 2018 over 2017 $ 6.0 million 2017 over 2016 $ (1.6) million 29% 27% 32% (0)% 1% (9)% At the end of 2017, we announced the closure of five on site auction locations across North America as part of our site optimization strategy to focus on online sales and larger auctions. This resulted in 25% less number of industrial live on site auctions held in 2018 compared to 2017. Partially as a result of this strategy, there was a $6.0 million increase in average GTV per industrial auction in 2018 compared to 2017, and also a 32% increase in average lots per industrial live on site auction metrics. GTV was only minimally impacted by the closure of our auction sites. We saw increases in all key industrial auction metrics in 2017 compared to 2016, except for the number of lots. The decrease in lots was primarily due to 2016 lower auction activity in the U.S. and Canada, as well as the performance of the used equipment market, which experienced supply volume pressure over the comparative period. However, we saw a decrease in the average GTV per industrial auction in 2017 compared to 2016. We believe the decrease was primarily driven by constrained supply of used equipment, the mix and age of equipment that came to market, as well as some lower sales productivity from our sales teams post-Acquisition. Online bidding at live on site auctions Internet bidders comprised 75% of the total bidder registrations at our live on site auctions in 2018 compared to 69% in 2017. Across all channels, 59% of total GTV was purchased by online buyers in 2018 compared to 54% in 2017. This increase in internet bidders and online buyers show that we continued to promote multi-channel participation at our auctions throughout 2018. Website metrics1 Traffic across all our websites increased 27% in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily due to increased traffic on our IronPlanet websites. Similarly, traffic across all our websites increased 23% in 2017 compared to 2016, with the addition of IronPlanet traffic accounting for most of the increase. Revenues In the A&M segment, we earn service revenues and revenue from inventory sales. Service revenues are commissions from sales at our auctions represents the percentage earned by the Company on the gross proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. Revenue from inventory sales represents the gross proceeds of the sales of the equipment and other assets sold at auction that are owned by us. In each of 2018 and 2017, total revenue from inventory sales as a percent of total revenues was 40%. In 2016, the proportion of total revenues as a percent of revenue from inventory sales was 55%. Revenue from inventory sales and the related cost of inventory sold can change significantly year-over-year as it depends on whether straight commission contracts or inventory contracts are utilized at the time of selling. The change in revenue mix can cause fluctuations in our revenue growth percentages and our cost of inventory sold as a percent of segment expenses. Revenue rate is defined as total revenue divided by GTV. For revenue from inventory sales, the amount of revenue recognized is equal to the gross transaction value and the revenue rate for this revenue stream is 100%. For our straight commission contracts, we recognize revenue based on the commission earned and the revenue rate for the service revenues represents the percentage of commission earned from the gross transaction value. Revenue rate also fluctuates based on the proportion of revenue that is comprised of revenue from inventory sales. 1 None of the information in our websites is incorporated by reference into this document by this or any other reference. Ritchie Bros. 41 A&M revenues by geographical region and segment Revenue Rate are presented below: (in U.S. $000's) United States Canada International A&M total revenues A&M revenue rate 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ $ 500,182 249,431 296,905 1,046,518 $ $ 21.1% 409,557 218,890 242,350 870,797 19.5% $ 517,354 270,313 257,507 1,045,174 $ $ 24.1% 90,625 30,541 54,555 175,721 $ $ (107,797) (51,423) (15,157) (174,377) 22% 14% 23% 20% (21)% (19)% (6)% (17)% Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change 2018 performance Changes in segment revenues in 2018 compared to 2017 were primarily due to the Acquisition, partial fee harmonization, as well as the following regional differences: (cid:120) United States– 22% increase was also due to increases in revenue from inventory sales. (cid:120) Canada– 14% increase was also due to an increase in service revenues from live on site auctions. There was also an increase in inventory sales during the year. (cid:120) International– 23% increase was also due to an increase in revenue from inventory sales partially driven by macroeconomic conditions in parts of Europe creating a more favourable supply environment. A&M Revenue Rate grew to 21.1% in 2018 compared to 19.5% in 2017, due to partial fee harmonization and listing fees from our online marketplace channel. 2017 performance Changes in A&M revenues in 2017 compared to 2016 were primarily due to a decrease in revenue from inventory sales in the U.S. and Canada as evident by the decrease in inventory sold GTV as a percent of total GTV from 13.0% to 8.1% in this comparative period. A&M revenue in the US was partially offset by an increase in service revenue as a result of the Acquisition. The 2016 revenue rate was 24.1% compared to 19.5% in 2017, primarily due to the larger percentage of revenue comprised of revenue from inventory sales in 2016. Costs of services A&M costs of services by nature are presented below: Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change (in U.S. $000's) Employee compensation Buildings, facilities and technology Travel, advertising and promotion Other costs of services A&M costs of services $ $ 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 39,329 $ 33,498 $ 27,643 $ 5,831 $ 8,580 26,399 13,122 87,430 $ 7,552 23,475 11,160 75,685 $ 7,365 23,688 6,552 65,248 $ 1,028 2,924 1,962 11,745 $ 5,855 187 (213) 4,608 10,437 17% 14% 12% 18% 16% 21% 3% (1)% 70% 16% 2018 performance A&M costs of services increased $11.7 million, or 16%, in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to the Acquisition, in line with higher activity and costs associated with the inspection activities that support online marketplaces, which more customers used as our business continued to expand especially in North America. In particular, we significantly increased costs related to GovPlanet’s contracts with government agencies. 2017 performance A&M costs of services increased $10.4 million, or 16% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to the Acquisition, which drove the increase in our online marketplace GTV and revenues. The increase in online marketplace revenue resulted in an increase in the costs incurred to earn those revenues, which were primarily related to inspection activities. Other costs of services include storage and shipping costs, primarily associated with costs to move equipment off government facilities as part of our GovPlanet channel activities. Ritchie Bros. 42 Cost of inventory sold A&M costs of inventory sold increased $67.8 million, or 22%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the volume of inventory contracts. A&M costs of inventory sold decreased $206.9 million, or 40%, in 2017 compared to 2016, in line with the decrease in revenue from inventory sales in the comparative period. SG&A expenses A&M SG&A expenses, which include our corporate head office support costs, are presented by nature below: Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change (in U.S. $000's) Employee compensation Buildings, facilities and technology Travel, advertising and promotion Professional fees Other SG&A expenses A&M SG&A expenses $ $ 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 235,384 $ 198,523 $ 173,329 $ 36,861 $ 59,061 35,007 15,494 18,603 363,549 $ 51,504 29,071 12,388 17,388 308,874 $ 47,790 23,310 12,506 15,382 272,317 $ 7,557 5,936 3,106 1,215 54,675 $ 25,194 3,714 5,761 (118) 2,006 36,557 19% 15% 20% 25% 7% 18% 15% 8% 25% (1)% 13% 13% Our A&M segment SG&A expenses increased $54.7 million, or 18%, in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to the Acquisition, continued investments in talent to support growth of our businesses and initiatives, share unit expenses, and operational costs incurred to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contracts with the Defense Logistics Agency. The Acquisition drove increases in technology support costs, travel and advertising to support our online marketplace sales. Of the $8.8 million increase in our share unit expenses in 2018, $3.3 million related to mark-to-market costs driven by growth in our share price over the comparative period and $2.2 million related to the incremental compensation costs from the modifications of our share unit plans. Our A&M segment SG&A expenses increased $36.6 million, or 13%, in 2017 compared to 2016. The increase is primarily due to the Acquisition, including increased headcount, travel costs, and search engine fees associated with our online marketplace channel, as well as merit increases and higher bank fees attributable to our new credit facility. Other Services Segment Results of Other Services segment operations (in U.S. $000's) Service revenues Costs of services SG&A expenses Other services profit 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ $ 123,508 71,628 19,127 32,753 $ $ 100,394 57,504 14,397 28,493 $ $ 81,803 48,048 11,212 22,543 $ $ 23,114 14,124 4,730 4,260 $ $ 18,591 9,456 3,185 5,950 23% 25% 33% 15% 23% 20% 28% 26% Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change 2018 performance Revenue from other services grew $23.1 million, or 23%, in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to increases in RBFS of $7.1 million, logistical services revenues of $4.5 million, Asset Appraisal Services (“AAS”) of $3.2 million, and Mascus of $2.1 million. Funded volume, which represents the amount of lending brokered by RBFS, increased 41% from $306.4 million in 2017 to $431.5 million in 2018. RBFS segment revenues were $23.2 million in 2018, a 44% increase compared to $16.1 million in 2017. RBFS operating profit increased 47% over the same comparative period to $12.6 million from $8.2 million. Logistical services revenues grew primarily to support our European customers. Other services profit increased $4.3 million, primarily due to segment profit earned from RBFS. Ritchie Bros. 43 2017 performance Revenue from other services grew $18.6 million, or 23%, in 2017 compared to 2016. This increase was primarily due to the Acquisition, which added $3.4 million of AAS revenue in 2017, RBFS, Mascus, and RB Logistics. Funded volume, which represents the amount of lending brokered by RBFS, increased 17% from $261.4 million in 2016 to $306.4 million in 2017. RBFS segment revenues were $16.1 million in 2017, a 26% increase compared to $12.8 million in 2016. RBFS operating profit increased 28% over the same comparative period to $8.2 million from $6.4 million. Other services profit increased $6.4 million, primarily due to segment profit earned from AAS and RBFS. Outstanding Share Data We are a public company and our common shares are listed under the symbol “RBA” on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”). Financial information about our equity and share-based payments is set forth in our consolidated financial statement footnotes 24 “Equity and Dividends” and 25 “Share-based Payments” in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Share repurchase program Our normal course issuer bid (“NCIB”) that was approved by the TSX on March 1, 2016 expired on March 2, 2017 and was not renewed. No share purchases were made pursuant to the NCIB, or by any other means, during the year end December 31, 2018. Liquidity and Capital Resources We assess our liquidity based on our ability to generate cash to fund operating, investing, and financing activities. Our liquidity is primarily affected by fluctuations in cash provided by operating activities, payment of dividends, our net capital spending2, and significant acquisitions of businesses. Operating activities continue to be the primary source of our cash, as well as borrowings from our revolving credit facilities to fund significant acquisitions and various business activities. Cash provided by operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period due to factors such as differences in the timing, size, and number of auctions during the period, the volume of our inventory contracts, the timing of the receipt of auction proceeds from buyers and of the payment of net amounts due to consignors, as well as the location of the auction with respect to restrictions on the use of cash generated therein. Cash flows (in U.S. $000's) Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Effect of changes in foreign currency rates Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ $ 2018 2017 2016 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 Year ended December 31, $ Change % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ 144,280 (30,953) (134,107) $ 147,568 (710,954) 119,263 $ 177,558 (116,862) 404,143 $ (3,288) 680,001 (253,370) (4,769) 17,150 4 (21,919) (29,990) (594,092) (284,880) 17,146 (2)% (96)% (212)% (128)% (17)% 508% (70)% 428650% (25,549) $ (426,973) $ 464,843 $ 401,424 $ (891,816) (94)% (192)% Operating activities 2018 performance Cash provided by operating activities decreased $3.3 million, or 2%, during 2018 compared to 2017. This decrease was primarily due to changes in certain of our operating assets and liabilities, which exceed the $46.2 million increase in our net income. Changes in inventory used $68.7 million more cash during 2018 compared to 2017. $27.8 million of this increase was attributable to non-rolling stock inventory related to our GovPlanet business. The remainder of the increase was primarily due to increases in inventory held in Europe and the United States. Excluding the non-rolling stock inventory, approximately 64% of the remaining December 31, 2018 balance of inventory is expected to sell at live on site auctions during the first quarter of 2019 and another 22% by the end of the second quarter of 2019, with the remaining balance to be sold online or via Private Treaty. 2 We calculate net capital spending as property, plant and equipment additions plus intangible asset additions less proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment. Ritchie Bros. 44 2017 performance Cash provided by operating activities decreased $30.0 million, or 17%, during 2017 compared to 2016. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in cash earnings, which included decreases in net income of $18.2 million, and a decrease in non-cash charges, which included decreases in impairment losses of $19.3 million. Changes in certain of our operating assets and liabilities also contributed to the decline in cash flow from operations. Particularly, changes in inventory used $35.1 million more cash during 2017 compared to 2016. This was primarily due to large inventory packages held at the end of 2015 being sold in the February 2016 Orlando auction, combined with a large inventory package held in Canada at the end of 2017 that relates to a dispersal of oil and gas equipment, most of which was sold in March 2018. Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities decreased $680.0 million during 2018 compared to 2017. This decrease is primarily due to the May 2017 acquisition of IronPlanet for $675.9 million (net of cash acquired). The remainder of the change is primarily due to $6.1 million of proceeds on disposal of an equity investment in 2018. CAPEX intensity presents net capital spending as a percentage of revenue. We believe that comparing CAPEX intensity on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information as to the amount of capital expenditure that we require to generate revenues. The following table presents CAPEX intensity and agency proceeds CAPEX rate (non-GAAP measure), as well as reconciles those metrics to property, plant and equipment additions, intangible asset additions, proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, and total revenues, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements. (in U.S. $ millions) Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment Net capital spending Total revenues Less: cost of inventory sold Less: ancillary and logistical service expenses Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) CAPEX intensity Agency Proceeds CAPEX rate (non-GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ $ $ 16.9 26.1 (10.6) 32.4 1,170.0 (374.3) (66.6) 729.1 $ $ $ 2.8% 4.4% $ $ $ 10.8 28.6 (5.0) 34.4 971.2 (306.5) (54.2) 610.5 3.5% 5.6% 18.9 17.6 (6.7) 29.8 1,127.0 (513.3) (47.2) 566.5 $ $ $ 56% (9)% 112% (6)% 20% 22% 23% 19% (43)% 63% (25)% 15% (14)% (40)% 15% 8% 2.6% 5.3% -70 bps -120 bps 90 bps 30 bps (1) Agency proceeds CAPEX* rate is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when compared on a trailing 12-month basis to different financial periods provides useful information as to the amount of capital expenditure that we require to generate revenues. It is not a measure of liquidity. (2) Agency proceeds CAPEX* rate is calculated by dividing net capital spending by agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure). 2018 performance CAPEX intensity for 2018 decreased compared to CAPEX intensity for 2017, primarily due to total revenues increasing 20% and net capital spending decreasing 6% over the comparative period. Net capital spending decreased primarily due to two excess properties sales in the fourth quarter of 2018. This decrease was partially offset by increased spending on property, plant and equipment additions primarily relating to our auction sites and two warehouse facilities housing our non-rolling stock inventory. Operating Free Cash Flow (“OFCF”) (non-GAAP measure) decreased $1.3 million to $111.9 million for 2018 due to the decrease in cash provided by operating activities offset by lower net capital spending. Ritchie Bros. 45 2017 performance CAPEX intensity for 2017 increased compared to CAPEX intensity for 2016, primarily due to the net capital spending increase of 15% combined with the decrease in revenue of 14% over the comparative period. The net capital spending increase was primarily due to an increase in the capitalization of costs of intangible assets under development. Significant software development projects in 2017 included systems integration following the Acquisition and other acquisitions, as well as enhanced functionality for our online marketplace sales channel. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities combined with the increase in net capital spending resulted in a decrease in OFCF (non-GAAP measure) of $34.6 million, or 23%, to $113.2 million in 2017 from $147.8 million in 2016. Financing activities Financing activities used net cash of $134.1 million in 2018, primarily for $80.0 million of voluntary debt repayments and $75.7 million of dividend payments. This was partially offset by $28.5 million of cash provided by the issuance of share capital related to stock option exercises. Financing activities provided net cash of $119.3 million in 2017 with $198.5 million more borrowings, net of repayments, and $9.9 million of cash provided by the issuance of share capital related to stock option exercises. The 2017 net borrowings were primarily related to our term loans used to finance the Acquisition. The 2017 net cash inflows were partially offset by $72.8 million of dividend payments and $12.6 million of debt issue costs. Financing activities provided net cash of $404.1 million in 2016 with $509.0 million more borrowings, net of repayments, and $24.3 million of cash provided by the issuance of share capital related to stock option exercises. The 2016 net borrowings primarily related to our unsecured senior notes (the “Notes”) used to finance the Acquisition. The 2016 net cash inflows were partially offset by $73.9 million of dividend payments, a $36.7 million share repurchase, $10.6 million of debt issue costs, and $6.8 million of debt extinguishment costs. Dividend information We declared and paid regular cash dividends of $0.17 per common share for the quarters ended December 31, 2017 and March 31, 2018. We declared and paid regular cash dividends of $0.18 per common share for the quarters ended June 30, 2018 and September 30, 2018. We have declared, but not yet paid, a dividend of $0.18 per common share for the quarter ended December 31, 2018. All dividends we pay are “eligible dividends” for Canadian income tax purposes unless indicated otherwise. Our dividend payout ratio, which we calculate as dividends paid to stockholders divided by net income attributable to stockholders, decreased to 62.3% in 2018 from 97.1% in 2017. This decrease was primarily due to the increase in net income attributable to stockholders over the comparative period. Our adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) decreased to 64.3% in 2018 from 83.0% in 2017. Our dividend payout ratio in 2017 increased to 97.1% from 76.8% in 2016. This increase is primarily the result of the decrease in net income attributable to stockholders combined with the increase in our dividends paid to stockholders, year-over-year. Our adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) increased to 83.0% in 2017 from 57.2% in 2016. Return on average invested capital Our return on average invested capital is calculated as net income attributable to stockholders divided by our average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital over a trailing 12-month period by adding the average long-term debt over that period to the average stockholders’ equity over that period. Return on average invested capital increased 260 bps to 7.9% in 2018 from 5.3% in 2017. This increase is primarily due to a $46.5 million, or 62%, increase in net income attributable to stockholders over the comparative period, combined with the impact of $80.0 million in voluntary debt repayments on average invested capital during 2018. Return on invested capital (“ROIC”) (non-GAAP measure) increased 140 bps to 7.6% in 2018 from 6.2% in 2017. Return on average invested capital decreased 350 bps to 5.3% in 2017 from 8.8% in 2016. This decrease is primarily due to a $375.7 million, or 36%, increase in average invested capital year-over-year, which was driven by the issuance of the Notes in the fourth quarter of 2016 and the delayed-draw term loans borrowed in the second quarter of 2017. Also contributing to the decrease in return on average invested capital over this comparative period was a $16.8 million, or 18%, decrease in net income attributable to stockholders. ROIC (non-GAAP measure) decreased 560 bps to 6.2% in 2017 from 11.8% in 2016. Ritchie Bros. 46 Credit facilities Credit facilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: (in U.S. $000's) Committed Term loan facility Revolving credit facilities Total credit facilities Unused Term loan facility Revolving credit facilities Total credit facilities unused Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 % Change $ $ $ $ 224,581 500,000 724,581 - 467,801 467,801 $ $ $ $ 316,546 685,000 1,001,546 - 646,991 646,991 (29)% (27)% (28)% 0% (28)% (28)% Term loan facility During 2018, we made voluntary prepayments totalling $80.0 million on the term loan denominated in U.S. dollars. Prepayments are applied against future scheduled mandatory payments. The amount available pursuant to the term loan facility was only available to finance the Acquisition and is not available for other corporate purposes upon repayment of amounts borrowed under that facility. Revolving credit facilities Our syndicated credit facility is made available under the terms of our credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders, for which Bank of America, N.A. is the administrative agent (the “Credit Agreement”). On June 21, 2018, we reduced the amount available on our committed revolving credit facilities by $185.0 million. At December 31, 2018, of the remaining $500.0 million in committed, revolving credit facilities, $490.0 million is available pursuant to our Credit Agreement and $10.0 million relates to credit facilities in certain foreign jurisdictions. At December 31, 2018, the syndicated credit facility provided us with: Revolving facilities of up to $490.0 million; The term loan facility mentioned above, which was used to finance the Acquisition; and (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) At our election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50.0 million. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear floating rates of interest, which, at our option, are based on either a base rate (or Canadian prime rate for certain Canadian dollar borrowings) or LIBOR (or such floating rate customarily used by the syndicate for currencies other than U.S. dollars). In either case, an applicable margin is added to the rate. The applicable margin ranges from 0.25% to 1.50% for base rate loans, and 1.25% to 2.50% for LIBOR (or the equivalent of such currency) loans, depending on our leverage ratio at the time of borrowing. As at December 31, 2018, we also had $10.0 million in credit facilities in certain foreign jurisdictions including a $5.0 million revolving credit facility expiring on October 27, 2021 and a demand facility that has no maturity date. On December 31, 2018, we had $467.8 million of unused committed revolving credit facilities., which consisted of: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) $458.7 million under our syndicated credit facility that expires on October 27, 2021; $5.0 million under a foreign credit facility that expires on October 27, 2021; and $4.1 million under a foreign demand credit facility that has no maturity date. Debt At December 31, 2018, our short-term debt of $19.9 million consisted of borrowings under our committed revolving credit facilities and had a weighted average annual interest rate of 2.3%. This compares to current borrowings of $7.0 million at December 31, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 2.7%. Ritchie Bros. 47 As at December 31, 2018, we had a total of $711.3 million long-term debt with a weighted average annual interest rate of 5.1%. This compares to long-term debt of $812.9 million as at December 31, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 4.8%. Senior unsecured notes On December 21, 2016, we completed the offering of the Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.375% per annum and have a maturity date of January 15, 2025. The proceeds of the offering were used to finance the Acquisition. The Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, subject to certain exceptions, by each of our subsidiaries that is a borrower or guarantees indebtedness under the Credit Agreement Debt covenants The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants that could limit the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions: (i) incur, assume or guarantee additional indebtedness; (ii) declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to, or purchase or otherwise acquire or retire for value, equity interests; (iii) make loans, advances or other investments; (iv) incur liens; (v) sell or otherwise dispose of assets; and (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates. The Credit Agreement also provides for certain events of default, which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding amounts under the Credit Agreement to be declared immediately due and payable. The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated December 21, 2016, with U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). The Indenture contains covenants that limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions: (i) incur, assume or guarantee additional indebtedness; (ii) declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to, or purchase or otherwise acquire or retire for value, equity interests; (iii) make any principal payment on, or redeem or repurchase, subordinated debt; (iv) make loans, advances or other investments; (v) incur liens; (vi) sell or otherwise dispose of assets; and (vii) enter into transactions with affiliates. The Indenture also provides for certain events of default, which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding Notes under the applicable indenture to be declared immediately due and payable. At inception of the Credit Agreement and the Indenture, all parties anticipated the increase in indebtedness that followed the Acquisition. As such, covenants pertaining to our leverage ratio provide for a six-quarter expansion of debt levels, after which the leverage ratio settles to a moderately higher tier than pre- Acquisition conditions. We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants applicable to our credit facilities at December 31, 2018. Credit ratings As noted above, the Acquisition was primarily funded by our Notes and the term loan. We also make use of our short-term debt to fund certain operations, which may include inventory purchases. Should our credit ratings, currently issued by Moody’s Investors Services (“Moody’s”) and Standard and Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”), improve to investment grade then certain of the covenants contained in the Notes and the Credit Agreement (described above) would be suspended or eliminated. On December 4, 2018, S&P revised its outlook on the Company to positive from stable and raised its issue-level rating on our Notes to BB from BB-. On December 19, 2018, Moody’s upgraded our corporate family rating to Ba2 from Ba3, our issuer-level rating on our Notes to Ba3 from B2, and our term loan rating to Ba1 from Ba2. Moody’s ratings outlook for the Company remains stable. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency, and should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Contractual obligations at December 31, 2018 (in U.S. $000's) Long-term debt obligations: Principal Interest Capital lease obligations Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations Share unit liabilities Other non-current liabilities Total contractual obligations Ritchie Bros. Total 724,581 201,237 16,208 97,028 1,151 3,715 3,292 1,047,212 $ $ $ $ Less than 1 year Payments due by period 1 to 3 years 3 to 5 years More than 5 years 13,126 36,960 5,480 15,988 1,151 3,715 - 76,420 $ $ 211,455 70,214 7,891 23,830 - - 1,091 314,481 $ $ - 53,750 2,837 14,877 - - 20 71,484 $ $ 500,000 40,313 - 42,333 - - 2,181 584,827 48 Our long-term debt obligations included in the table above consist of draws under the Credit Agreement and our Notes. Our finance leases relate primarily to computer, automotive, and yard equipment. Our operating leases relate primarily to land on which we operate regional auction sites and administrative buildings, located in North America, Central America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Other operating leases include leases of automotive, yard, and office equipment. Purchase obligations relate to capital expenditure commitments we have made with respect to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. Share unit liabilities reflect the amounts of the future cash-settlement obligations of share units earned that, as of December 31, 2018, are expected to vest. In the normal course of our business, we may guarantee a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of a consignor’s equipment. Our total exposure as at December 31, 2018 from these guarantee contracts was $40.0 million, compared to $30.9 million at December 31, 2017, which we anticipate will be fully covered by the proceeds that we will receive from the sale at auction of the related equipment, plus our commission. We do not record any liability in our financial statements in respect of these guarantee contracts, and they are not reflected in the contractual obligations table above. Going concern assessment We believe our existing working capital and availability under our credit facilities, including the New Facilities, the Notes, and our other credit facilities, are sufficient to satisfy our present operating requirements and contractual obligations (detailed above), as well as to fund future growth including, but not limited to, mergers and acquisitions, development of our A&M, RBFS, and Mascus operating segments, as well as other growth opportunities. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, financial performance, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP, we must make decisions that impact the reported amounts and related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. In reaching such decisions, we apply judgments based on our understanding and analysis of the relevant circumstances and historical experience. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these judgments and estimates, including: (cid:120) the grant date fair value of stock option and share unit awards; (cid:120) the identification of reporting units and recoverability of goodwill; (cid:120) recoverability of long-lived assets; and (cid:120) recoverability of deferred income tax assets. Actual amounts could differ materially from those estimated by us at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. The following discussion of critical accounting policies and estimates is intended to supplement the significant accounting policies presented in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which summarize the accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of those consolidated financial statements. The policies and the estimates discussed below are included here because they require more significant judgments and estimates in the preparation and presentation of our consolidated financial statements than other policies and estimates. Valuation of performance share units subject to market conditions We initially measure the cost of performance share units, which are subject to market vesting conditions, using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The fair value of awards expected to vest is expensed over the respective remaining service period, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model, including the expected life of the share unit, volatility and dividend yield, as well as making assumptions about them. Ritchie Bros. 49 Recoverability of goodwill We perform impairment tests on goodwill on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that those assets might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level, which is at the same level or one level below an operating segment. We determined our reporting units to be at the same level as our operating segments for A&M and Mascus. On January 1, 2017, we early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, we still have the option of performing a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. We exercise judgment in performing our qualitative assessment of whether indicators of impairment exist. When we determine that an annual or interim quantitative impairment test is necessary, we now only perform one step to identify potential impairment, which is to compare the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The reporting unit’s fair value is determined using various valuation approaches and techniques that involve assumptions based on what we believe a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value to the extent the difference does not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We measure the fair value of our reporting units using an earnings valuation approach, which employs a discounted cash flow valuation technique. In applying this valuation approach, management is required to make significant estimates and assumptions about the timing and amount of future cash flows, revenue growth rates, and discount rates, which requires a significant amount of judgment. Accordingly, actual results may differ from those used in the goodwill impairment test. A&M reporting unit goodwill For the year ended December 31, 2018, we performed a qualitative assessment of the A&M reporting unit and we concluded there were no indicators of impairment that existed and therefore further quantitative analysis was not required. Mascus reporting unit goodwill Goodwill arising from the acquisition of Mascus forms part of the reporting unit on December 31, 2018, and we performed the US GAAP goodwill impairment test. Using the cash flow methodology of the earnings approach, the fair value of the Mascus reporting unit was measured based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate. In determining our future cash flows, we estimated an annual revenue growth rate of 8% and an operating margin ranging between 41% to 49% from 2019 to 2023. We estimated a discount rate of 12% reflecting the risk premium on this reporting unit, and a terminal growth rate of 3.5% for the period beyond five years. As the fair value of the Mascus reporting unit was greater than its carrying amount, management concluded that Mascus goodwill was not impaired at December 31, 2018. Recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets We perform impairment tests on indefinite-lived intangible assets, which are certain of our trade names and trademarks, on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that those assets might be impaired. Indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing involves determination of the unit of accounting, which we determined to be at the same level as our operating segments for A&M and Mascus. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we determined that there were no indicators of impairment for the indefinite-lived intangible assets under our A&M and Mascus reporting units. Accounting for income taxes Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on temporary differences (differences between the accounting basis and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities) and non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credit carry-forwards are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws expected to apply when these differences reverse. Deferred tax benefits, including non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carry-forwards, are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is considered more likely than not. Changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment. On December 22, 2017, new federal tax reform legislation was enacted in the U.S., resulting in significant changes from previous tax law. The TCJA reduces the federal corporate income tax rate to 21% from 35% effective January 1, 2018. ASC 740, Income Taxes, requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply when temporary differences are to be realized or settled, which may impact the carrying values of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The effect of a change in tax law is recorded as a discrete component of the income tax provision related to continuing operations in the period of enactment. Changes in the valuation allowance assessment due to the 2017 TCJA would also be recorded to continuing operations in the tax provision. When realization of deferred income tax assets does not meet the more-likely-than-not criterion for recognition, a valuation allowance is provided. Ritchie Bros. 50 Liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recorded based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of examinations by tax authorities in determining the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We also continually assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, income taxes payable and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. Topic 606 Adoption Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the full retrospective method. The primary impact of the adoption of Topic 606 is the change in the presentation of revenue earned from inventory sales and ancillary and logistical services. These revenues are presented gross of the related expenses rather than net. There was no impact on the timing of revenues recognized, amount of operating income or net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of cash flows due to the adoption of Topic 606. Prior periods presented have been restated to conform with this new revenue standard. The following table reconciles revenues as previously reported to total revenues under Topic 606: (in U.S. $000's) Quarter ended: December 31, 2017 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 March 31, 2017 Full year 2017 Prior to January 1, 2018 Revenues as previously reported (a) New Revenue Standard Adjustments Cost of inventory sold1 (b) Ancillary and logistical service expenses2 (c) On and after January 1, 2018 Total revenues under the new standard (a)+(b)+(c)=(d) $ $ 178,785 $ 141,047 166,186 124,499 610,517 $ 98,895 $ 72,476 71,726 63,401 306,498 $ 14,070 $ 13,878 14,701 11,527 54,176 $ 291,750 227,401 252,613 199,427 971,191 The following table reconciles cost of services as previously reported to cost of services under Topic 606: (in U.S. $000's) Quarter ended: December 31, 2017 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 March 31, 2017 Full year 2017 Prior to January 1, 2018 New Revenue Standard Adjustments On and after January 1, 2018 Costs of services under the new standard (a) + (b) = (c) Ancillary and logistical service expenses2 (b) Costs of services (a) $ $ 25,026 $ 19,583 21,591 12,813 79,013 $ 14,070 $ 13,878 14,701 11,527 54,176 $ 39,096 33,461 36,292 24,340 133,189 (1) These amounts were historically disclosed under the Consolidated Financial Statement note entitled "Revenue" and are now presented on the face of our consolidated income statements effective January 1, 2018. Second and third quarter of 2017 amounts were restated in the fourth quarter of 2017 to conform with current presentation of certain government contracts. (2) Effective January 1, 2018, ancillary and logistical service expenses are now reported within costs of services under the Consolidated Financial Statement note entitled "Operating Expenses". For further details on Topic 606, refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, and September 30, 2018. Ritchie Bros. 51 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent accounting pronouncements that significantly impact our accounting policies or the presentation of our consolidated financial position or performance have been disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Future changes in accounting policies – recent accounting standards not yet adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. We will adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019, and utilize the optional transition approach, which permits us to apply the new lease standards at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative -effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. We are finalizing our assessment of the potential impact of the standard and we expect a significant increase in total liabilities with an offsetting increase to the right-of-use asset relating to operating leases. We do not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings. We do not expect the standard to impact on our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements. Ritchie Bros. 52 Non-GAAP Measures We reference various non-GAAP measures throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These measures do not have a standardized meaning and are, therefore, unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of this financial information, which is not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles, is not intended to be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Non-GAAP financial measures referred to in this report are labeled as “non-GAAP measure” or designated as such with an asterisk (*). As previously disclosed, effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606, under which revenue from inventory sales and ancillary and logistical services are presented gross of the related expenses rather than net. In conjunction with such adoption of Topic 606, we introduced agency proceeds as a supplemental, non-GAAP measure in addition to total revenues, as we felt this would be helpful to investors in better understanding the sometimes-volatile nature of our revenues given that the portion of our revenues derived from inventory, as opposed to consignments, can fluctuate considerably. Further, agency proceeds was introduced to provide supplementary information to our investors and analysts consistent with what management uses to assess the performance of our business and was never intended to substitute the Company’s revenue, which is calculated in accordance with US GAAP. The Company believed it was important to present agency proceeds to help readers understand the relationship of revenues with the cost of the assets sold under inventory contracts and ancillary and logistical service expenses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, following receipt of a recent comment letter from, and subsequent communications with, the Division of Corporation Finance of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), the SEC has requested that we discontinue use of such agency proceeds measure. As such, while we have made continued use of agency proceeds in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as part of an agreed transition period, beginning in the first quarter of 2019 our future earnings releases will no longer disclose agency proceeds. Agency Proceeds*, Adjusted Operating Income*, and Agency Proceeds Adjusted Operating Income Rate* Reconciliation Our income statement scorecard includes the performance metric, agency proceeds*, and agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate*. Agency proceeds* is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term incentive awards we grant to our employees and officers. We believe that comparing these for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our operating income for the relevant financial period. The following table reconciles agency proceeds*, adjusted operating income*, and agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate* to total revenues, operating income, and operating income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements: Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $000's) Operating income Pre-tax adjusting item: 2018 2017 2016 $ 185,189 $ 107,454 $ 135,722 Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Impairment loss Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) Total revenues Less: cost of inventory sold Less: ancillary and logistical service Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) $ Operating income margin Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non- GAAP measure) - - 1,501 - 186,690 1,170,026 (374,339) (66,576) 729,111 $ 15.8% 25.6% 4,752 9,063 3,613 8,911 133,793 971,191 (306,498) (54,176) 610,517 $ 11.1% 21.9% - - - 28,243 163,965 1,126,977 (513,348) (47,234) 566,395 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 72% (100)% (100)% (58)% (100)% 40% 20% 22% 23% 19% (21)% 100% 100% 100% (68)% (18)% (14)% (40)% 15% 8% 12.0% 28.9% 470 bps 370 bps -90 bps -700 bps (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) Adjusted operating income* is calculated by eliminating adjusting items from operating income. (3) Agency proceeds* is calculated by subtracting the cost of inventory sold and ancillary and logistical service expenses from total revenues. (4) Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate* is calculated by dividing adjusted operating income* by agency proceeds*. Ritchie Bros. 53 Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Stockholders* and Diluted Adjusted EPS Attributable to Stockholders* Reconciliation We believe that adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Diluted Adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders* eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items which are after-tax effects of significant non- recurring items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, such as acquisition-related costs, management reorganization costs, severance, retention, gains/losses on sale of an equity accounted for investment, plant and equipment, impairment losses, and certain other items, which we refer to as ‘adjusting items’. The following table reconciles adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* and diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders* to net income attributable to stockholders and diluted EPS attributable to stockholders, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated income statements: (in U.S. $000's, except share and per share data) Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment Impairment loss Debt extinguishment costs Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Debt extinguishment costs Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Impairment loss Severance and retention Current income tax adjusting item: Change in uncertain tax provision Deferred tax adjusting item: Remeasurement of deferred taxes Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Effect of dilutive securities Weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding Diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non- GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 121,479 $ 75,027 $ 91,832 - - 1,501 (4,935) - - - (376) - - - - - 4,752 9,063 3,613 - 8,911 - (2,447) (748) - (2,361) (368) 2,290 (10,070) - - - - 28,243 6,787 - - (1,787) (1,798) - - - $ $ $ $ 117,669 - 109,388,236 1.11 1.08 $ $ $ $ 87,662 $ (152) $ 123,277 - 108,113,151 107,457,794 0.69 0.81 $ $ 0.85 1.15 $ $ $ $ % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 62% (100)% (100)% (58)% 100% (100)% - (100)% (50)% - (100)% (100)% (100)% (100)% 34% (100)% 1% 60% 33% (18)% 100% 100% 100% 0% (68)% (100)% 100% 100% (100)% 31% 100% 100% 100% (29)% 100% 1% (19)% (29)% (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* represents net income attributable to stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items. (3) Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders* is calculated by dividing adjusted net income attributable to stockholders*, net of the effect of dilutive securities, by the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding. Ritchie Bros. 54 Adjusted EBITDA* and Agency Proceeds Adjusted EBITDA Rate* Reconciliation We believe adjusted EBITDA*, and agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate* provide useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA* and agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate* to net income and net income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements: Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $000's) Net income Add: depreciation and amortization expenses Add: interest expense Less: interest income Add: income tax expense Pre-tax adjusting items: Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment Impairment loss Debt extinguishment costs Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) 2018 2017 2016 $ 121,506 66,614 44,527 (2,888) 31,006 - - 1,501 (4,935) - - 257,331 $ $ 75,306 52,694 38,291 (3,194) 2,088 4,752 9,063 3,613 - 8,911 - 191,524 93,512 40,861 5,564 (1,863) 36,982 - - - - 28,243 6,787 210,086 Total revenues Less: cost of inventory sold Less: ancillary and logistical service expenses Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) $ 1,170,026 (374,339) (66,576) 729,111 $ 971,191 (306,498) (54,176) 610,517 $ 1,126,977 (513,348) (47,234) 566,395 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 61% 26% 16% (10)% 1385% (100)% (100)% (58)% 100% (100)% 0% 34% 20% 22% 23% 19% (19)% 29% 588% 71% (94)% 100% 100% 100% 0% (68)% (100)% (9)% (14)% (40)% 15% 8% Net income margin Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure) 10.4% 35.3% 7.8% 31.4% 8.3% 37.1% 260 bps 390 bps -50 bps -570 bps (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) Adjusted EBITDA* is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization expenses, interest expense, and current income tax expense, and subtracting interest income and deferred income tax recovery from net income excluding the pre-tax effects of adjusting items. (3) Agency proceeds* is calculated by subtracting the cost of inventory sold and ancillary and logistical service expenses from total revenues. (4) Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate* presents adjusted EBITDA* as a multiple of agency proceeds*. Ritchie Bros. 55 Adjusted EBITDA* and Adjusted Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA* Reconciliation We believe that comparing adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA* on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the performance of our operations as an indicator of the amount of time it would take us to settle both our short and long-term debt. We do not consider this to be a measure of our liquidity, which is our ability to settle only short-term obligations, but rather a measure of how well we fund liquidity. Measures of liquidity are discussed further below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”. The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA* and adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA* to debt, cash and cash equivalents, net income, and debt as a multiple of net income, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements. (in U.S. $ millions) Short-term debt Long-term debt Debt Less: cash and cash equivalents Adjusted net debt (non-GAAP measure) Net income Add: depreciation and amortization expenses Add: interest expense Less: interest income Add: income tax expense Pre-tax adjusting items: Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment Impairment loss Debt extinguishment costs Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) Debt/net income Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) $ $ $ Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 $ $ $ 19.9 711.3 731.2 (237.7) 493.5 121.5 66.6 44.5 (2.9) 31.0 - - 1.5 (4.9) - - 257.3 6x 1.9x $ $ $ 7.0 812.9 819.9 (267.9) 552.0 75.3 52.7 38.3 (3.2) 2.1 4.8 9.1 3.6 - 8.9 - 191.5 10.9x 2.9x $ $ $ 23.9 595.7 619.6 (207.9) 411.7 93.5 40.9 5.6 (1.9) 36.9 - - - - 28.2 6.8 210.1 6.6x 2x 184% -12% -11% -11% -11% 61% 26% 16% -9% 1376% -100% -100% -58% 100% -100% - 34% -46% -34% -71% 36% 32% 29% 34% -19% 29% 584% 68% -94% 100% 100% 100% - -68% -100% -9% 65% 825% (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) Adjusted EBITDA* is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization expenses, interest expense, and current income tax expense, and subtracting interest income and deferred income tax recovery from net income excluding the pre-tax effects of adjusting items. (3) Adjusted net debt* is calculated by subtracting cash and cash equivalents from short and long-term debt. (4) Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA* is calculated by dividing adjusted net debt by adjusted EBITDA*. Ritchie Bros. 56 A&M Agency Proceeds*, and A&M Agency Proceeds Rate* Reconciliation We believe A&M agency proceeds* and A&M agency proceeds rate* provide useful information about the performance of our operations by comparing the margins we earn on our contracts for different financial periods. We believe A&M segment total revenues are best understood by considering their relationship to GTV. The metric we use to measure this performance is A&M revenue rate. The following table reconciles A&M agency proceeds* and A&M agency proceeds rate* results to A&M total revenues and A&M revenue rate, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements: Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $000's) A&M total revenues Less: cost of inventory sold A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) GTV A&M revenue rate A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure) $ $ 2018 1,046,518 (374,339) 672,179 4,964,165 $ $ 21.1% 13.5% 2017 870,797 (306,498) 564,299 4,467,982 $ $ 19.5% 12.6% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 20% 22% 19% 11% (17)% (40)% 6% 3% 2016 1,045,174 (513,348) 531,826 4,334,815 24.1% 12.3% 160 bps 90 bps -460 bps 30 bps (1) A&M revenue rate is calculated as A&M total revenues divided by GTV. (2) A&M agency proceeds rate* provides useful information about the performance of our operations by comparing the margins we earn on our contracts for different financial periods. A&M agency proceeds rate* is calculated by dividing A&M agency proceeds* by GTV. Operating Free Cash Flow* (“OFCF”) Reconciliation We believe OFCF*, when compared on a trailing 12-month basis to different financial periods provides an effective measure of the cash generated by our business and provides useful information regarding cash flows remaining for discretionary return to stockholders, mergers and acquisitions, or debt reduction. Our balance sheet scorecard includes OFCF* as a performance metric. OFCF* is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term incentive awards we grant to certain executives. The following table reconciles OFCF* to cash provided by operating activities and net capital spending, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated statements of cash flows: Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $ millions) Cash provided by operating activities Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment Net capital spending OFCF (non-GAAP measure) 2018 2017 2016 144.3 16.9 26.1 (10.6) 32.4 111.9 $ $ $ 147.6 10.8 28.6 (5.0) 34.4 113.2 $ $ $ 177.6 18.9 17.6 (6.7) 29.8 147.8 $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) OFCF* is calculated by subtracting net capital spending from cash provided by operating activities. Ritchie Bros. % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 (2)% 56% (9)% 112% (6)% (1)% (17)% (43)% 63% (25)% 15% (23)% 57 Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Stockholders* and Adjusted Dividend Payout Ratio* Reconciliation We believe that adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Adjusted dividend payout ratio* for different financial periods provides useful information about how well our net income supports our dividend payments. The following table reconciles adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* and adjusted dividend payout ratio* to net income attributable to stockholders, and dividend payout ratio, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements: Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $ millions) Dividends paid to stockholders Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Impairment loss Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Debt extinguishment costs Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Severance and retention Impairment loss Current income tax adjusting item: Change in uncertain tax provision Deferred tax adjusting item: Remeasurement of deferred taxes Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Dividend payout ratio Adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 75.7 121.5 $ $ 72.8 75.0 $ $ - - 1.5 - - (4.9) - (0.4) - - - - - $ 117.7 $ 62.3% 64.3% 4.8 9.1 3.6 8.9 - - (2.4) (0.7) - (0.4) (2.4) 2.3 (10.1) $ 87.7 97.1% 83.0% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 4% 62% (100)% (100)% (58)% (100)% - 0% 100% (43)% - 100% 100% (100)% 100% 34% 3% (18)% 100% 100% 100% (68)% (100)% - 100% 100% (100)% 0% 100% 33% 100% 100% (29)% -3480 bps -1870 bps 2030 bps 2580 bps $ $ 70.5 91.8 - - - 28.2 6.8 - - - (1.8) - (1.8) - - 123.3 $ 76.8% 57.2% (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* represents net income attributable to stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items. (3) Adjusted dividend payout ratio* is calculated by dividing dividends paid to stockholders by adjusted net income attributable to stockholders*. Ritchie Bros. 58 Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Stockholders* and ROIC* Reconciliation We believe that comparing ROIC on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods, provides useful information about the after-tax return generated by our investments. The following table reconciles adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* and ROIC* to net income attributable to stockholders, long-term debt, stockholders’ equity, return on average invested capital which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 121.5 $ 75.0 $ 91.8 $ (in U.S. $ millions) Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Accelerated vesting of assumed options Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Impairment loss Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Acquisition and finance structure advisory Severance and retention Debt extinguishment costs Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Severance and retention Impairment loss Current income tax adjusting item: Change in uncertain tax provision Deferred tax adjusting item: Remeasurement of deferred taxes Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Opening long-term debt Ending long-term debt Average long-term debt Opening stockholders' equity Ending stockholders' equity Average stockholders' equity Average invested capital Return on average invested capital ROIC (non-GAAP measure) - - 1.5 - - (4.9) - (0.4) - - - - - $ $ $ $ $ 117.7 812.9 711.3 762.1 739.7 830.6 785.2 1,547.3 $ $ $ $ $ 7.9% 7.6% % Change 2018 over 2017 2017 over 2016 62% (100)% (100)% (58)% (100)% - 100% (100)% (43)% - (100)% (100)% (100)% (100)% 34% 36% (12)% 8% 8% 12% 10% 9% (18)% 100% 100% 100% (68)% (100)% - 100% 100% (100)% 100% 33% 100% 100% (29)% 508% 36% 103% (2)% 8% 3% 36% 4.8 9.1 3.6 8.9 - - (2.4) (0.7) - (0.4) (2.4) 2.3 (10.1) 87.7 595.7 812.9 704.3 687.1 739.7 713.4 1,417.7 $ $ $ $ $ - - - 28.2 6.8 - - - (1.8) - (1.8) - - 123.3 97.9 595.7 346.8 703.2 687.1 695.2 1,042.0 $ $ $ $ $ 5.3% 6.2% 8.8% 11.8% 260 bps 140 bps -350 bps -560 bps (1) Please refer to page 60 for a summary of adjusting items for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. (2) ROIC* is calculated as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* (non-GAAP measure) divided by average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital as the average long-term debt and average stockholders’ equity over a trailing 12-month period. (3) Return on average invested capital is calculated as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders* divided by adjusted average invested capital*. Ritchie Bros. 59 Adjusting items for the year ended December 31, 2018 (cid:120) $1.5 million ($1.1 million after tax, or $0.01 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; (cid:120) $4.9 million ($4.9 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) due to gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment. Adjusting items for the year ended December 31, 2017 (cid:120) $2.2 million ($1.6 million after tax, or $0.02 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; (cid:120) $10.1 million (or $0.10 per diluted share) benefit on remeasurement of deferred taxes due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. (cid:120) $4.8 million ($4.8 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) of stock option compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of certain IronPlanet stock options assumed as part of the Acquisition; (cid:120) $9.1 million ($6.6 million after tax, or $0.06 per diluted share) of acquisition and finance structure advisory costs; (cid:120) $1.4 million ($0.9 million after tax, or $0.01 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; (cid:120) $8.9 million ($6.6 million after tax, or $0.06 per diluted share) impairment loss recognized on various technology assets. (cid:120) $2.3 million ($2.3 million after tax, or $0.02 per diluted share) charge related to the change in uncertain tax provisions. Adjusting items for the year ended December 31, 2016 (cid:120) $6.8 million ($5.0 million after tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt (cid:120) $28.2 million ($26.4 million after tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships Ritchie Bros. 60 ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk We conduct operations in local currencies in countries around the world, but we use the U.S. dollar as our presentation currency. As a result, we are exposed to currency fluctuations and exchange rate risk. We cannot accurately predict the future effects of foreign currency fluctuations on our financial condition or results of operations, or quantify their effects on the macroeconomic environment. The proportion of revenues denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in a given period will differ from the annual proportion for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was 50%, depending on the size and location of auctions held during the period. On annual basis, we expect fluctuations in revenues and operating expenses to largely offset and generally act as a natural hedge against exposure to fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar. As part of our debt management strategies, we continue to monitor our exposure to interest rate risk, and while we have not entered in to interest rate swaps to fix the interest rate on our variable rate debt, we may consider hedging specific borrowings if we deem it appropriate in the future. During 2018, we recorded a net decrease in our foreign currency translation adjustment balance of $13.8 million, compared to a net increase of $24.6 million in 2017 and a net decrease of $10.0 million in 2016. Our foreign currency translation adjustment arises from the translation of our net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar to the U.S. dollar for reporting purposes. Based on our exposures to foreign currency transactions as at December 31, 2018, and assuming all other variables remain constant, a 10% appreciation or depreciation of the Canadian dollar and Euro against the U.S. dollar would result in an increase/decrease of approximately $22.4 million in our consolidated comprehensive income, of which $21.7 million relates to our foreign currency translation adjustment and $0.7 million to our net income. Interest Rate Risk At December 31, 2018, our short-term debt and the remainder of our long-term debt consisted of loans under the Credit Agreement and foreign credit facilities, which usually mature up to one year from inception. Those loans bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to either a base rate (or Canadian prime rate for certain Canadian dollar borrowings) or LIBOR (or such floating rate customarily used by the syndicate for currencies other than U.S. dollars). In either case, an applicable margin is added to the rate. As at December 31, 2018, we had a total of $242.1 million in loans (short-term and those refinanced on a long-term basis) bearing floating rates of interest, as compared to $332.6 million at December 31, 2017. Based on the amount owing as at December 31, 2018, and assuming all other variables remain constant, a change in the U.S. prime rate by 100 bps would result in an increase/decrease of approximately $3.1 million in the pre-tax interest we accrue per annum. Our exposure to interest rate risk decreased at December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017, primarily due to the repayment of $91.0 million, on the term loans, during 2018. The Notes, which represent 69% of our long-term debt, bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.375% per annum. The proportion of fixed-to- floating interest rates is expected to increase as we make the required principal repayments on our delayed draw term loans and execute on our debt management strategies. As part of our debt management strategies, we continue to monitor our exposure to interest rate risk, and while we have not adopted a long-term hedging strategy to protect against interest rate fluctuations associated with our variable rate debt, we may consider hedging specific borrowings if we deem it appropriate in the future. Inflation Although we cannot accurately anticipate the future effect of inflation on our financial condition or results of operations, inflation historically has not had a material impact on our operations. ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following financial statements and supplementary data should be read in conjunction with “Part II, Item 6: Selected Financial Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Ritchie Bros. 61 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Company“) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements“). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its consolidated operations and its consolidated cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with US generally accepted accounting principles. Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 As discussed in Note 2(y) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for the presentation of revenue in 2017 and 2016 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated 28 February 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company‘s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company‘s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the US federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chartered Professional Accountants We have served as the Company‘s auditor since 2013. Vancouver, Canada February 28, 2019 Ritchie Bros. 62 Consolidated Income Statements (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except share and per share data) Year ended December 31, Revenues: Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Operating expenses: Costs of services Cost of inventory sold Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange (gain) loss Total operating expenses Operating income Interest expense Debt extinguishment costs Other income, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense (recovery): Current income tax Deferred income tax Net income Net income attributable to: Stockholders Non-controlling interests Net income Earnings per share attributable to stockholders: Basic Diluted Weighted average number of shares outstanding: Basic Diluted See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 749,515 420,511 1,170,026 $ 624,417 346,774 971,191 555,843 571,134 1,126,977 159,058 374,339 382,676 5,093 66,614 (2,731) - (212) 984,837 185,189 (44,527) - 11,850 152,512 24,767 6,239 31,006 133,189 306,498 323,270 38,272 52,694 (1,656) 8,911 2,559 863,737 107,454 (38,291) - 8,231 77,394 19,356 (17,268) 2,088 113,296 513,348 283,529 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 28,243 1,431 991,255 135,722 (5,564) (6,787) 7,123 130,494 40,341 (3,359) 36,982 $ $ $ $ $ 121,506 $ 75,306 $ 93,512 121,479 27 121,506 1.12 1.11 $ $ $ $ 75,027 279 75,306 0.70 0.69 $ $ $ $ 91,832 1,680 93,512 0.86 0.85 108,063,349 109,388,236 107,044,348 108,113,151 106,630,323 107,457,794 Ritchie Bros. 63 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars) Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Total comprehensive income Total comprehensive income attributable to: Stockholders Non-controlling interests See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ $ 121,506 $ 75,306 $ 93,512 (13,792) 24,670 (9,847) 107,714 $ 99,976 $ 83,665 107,716 (2) 107,714 $ $ 99,639 337 99,976 $ $ 81,839 1,826 83,665 Ritchie Bros. 64 Consolidated Balance Sheets (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except share data) As at December 31 Assets Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Trade and other receivables Inventory Other current assets Income taxes receivable Total current assets Property, plant and equipment Other non-current assets Intangible assets Goodwill Deferred tax assets Total assets Liabilities and Equity Auction proceeds payable Trade and other payables Income taxes payable Short-term debt Current portion of long-term debt Total current liabilities Long-term debt Other non-current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Commitments Contingencies Contingently redeemable performance share units Stockholders' equity: Share capital: Common stock; no par value, unlimited shares authorized, issued and outstanding shares: 108,682,030 (December 31, 2017: 107,269,783) Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Stockholders' equity Non-controlling interest Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and equity See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 2018 2017 $ $ $ 237,744 67,823 129,257 113,294 49,055 6,365 603,538 486,599 29,395 245,622 671,594 15,648 2,052,396 203,503 201,255 2,312 19,896 13,126 440,092 698,172 41,980 35,519 1,215,763 267,910 63,206 92,105 38,238 27,610 19,418 508,487 526,581 31,554 261,094 670,922 18,674 2,017,312 199,245 164,553 732 7,018 16,907 388,455 795,985 46,773 32,334 1,263,547 923 9,014 181,780 56,885 648,255 (56,277) 830,643 5,067 835,710 2,052,396 $ 138,582 41,005 602,609 (42,514) 739,682 5,069 744,751 2,017,312 $ $ $ $ Ritchie Bros. 65 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) Attributable to stockholders Additional paid-In capital ("APIC") Amount Common stock Number of shares Accumulated other Retained comprehensive earnings loss Non- controlling interest ("NCI") Total equity Non- Contingently redeemable controlling performance share units ("PSUs") interest ("NCI") Balance, December 31, 2015 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Change in value of contingently redeemable NCI Stock option exercises Stock option tax adjustment Stock option compensation expense Modification of PSUs Equity-classified PSU expense Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents Change in value of contingently redeemable equity-classified PSUs NCI acquired in a business combination Acquisition of NCI Shares repurchased Cash dividends paid Balance, December 31, 2016 Net income Other comprehensive income Change in value of contingently redeemable NCI Stock option exercises Stock option compensation expense Assumption of stock options on acquisition of IronPlanet Settlement of equity-classified PSUs Modification of PSUs Equity-classified PSU expense Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents Change in value of contingently redeemable equity-classified PSUs NCI acquired in a business combination Acquisition of NCI Cash dividends paid Balance, December 31, 2017 Net income Other comprehensive loss Stock option exercises Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units Stock option compensation expense Modification of PSUs Equity-classified PSU expense Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents Change in fair value of contingently redeemable PSUs Cash dividends paid 107,200,470 $131,530 $ 27,728 $601,051 $ (57,133) $ 4,183 $707,359 $ - - - - 1,081,531 - - - - - - - - - 30,670 - - - - - - - - (1,460,000) - - - - (36,726) - - - - - (6,332) 443 5,507 - 283 9 - - - - - 91,832 - 91,832 (21,186) - - - (70) - (62) (35) - - - (70,459) - (9,993) (9,993) - - - - - - - - - - - - 106,822,001 $125,474 $ 27,638 $601,071 $ (67,126) $ - - - - 444,571 - - 3,211 - - - - - - - - - - - 13,017 - - 91 - - - - - - - - - - - (3,081) 13,700 75,027 - 75,027 - - - 2,330 - - 340 78 - - - - (382) - (227) (95) - - (72,785) - 24,612 24,612 - - - - - - - - - - - 107,269,783 $138,582 $ 41,005 $602,609 $ (42,514) $ - - - 1,235,154 177,093 - - - - - - - - - 37,308 5,890 - - - - - - - - - (8,784) 121,479 - 121,479 - (1,662) 8,252 12,365 5,384 325 - - (326) - 958 - (678) (109) (75,678) - (13,763) (13,763) - - - - - - - - 346 (23) 323 - - - - - - - 92,178 (10,016) 82,162 (21,186) 24,338 443 5,507 (70) 283 (53) (35) 596 (226) (36,726) (70,562) - 596 (226) - (103) 4,773 $691,830 $ 279 58 337 - - - - - - - - 75,306 24,670 99,976 - 9,936 13,700 2,330 91 (382) 340 (149) (95) - - (41) 5,069 27 (29) (2) - - - (72,826) 744,751 $ 121,506 (13,792) 107,714 28,524 - - - - - - - 3,902 8,252 13,323 5,384 (353) (109) (75,678) 24,785 $ 1,334 169 1,503 21,186 - - - - - - - - (44,141) - (3,333) - $ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,175 1,698 42 35 - - - - 3,950 - - - - - - - (172) 1,803 3,189 149 95 - - - 9,014 - - - - (7,803) - (6,622) 5,872 353 109 - Balance, December 31, 2018 108,682,030 $181,780 $ 56,885 $648,255 $ (56,277) $ 5,067 835,710 $ - $ 923 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 66 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars) Year ended December 31, Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities: Net income Adjustments for items not affecting cash: Depreciation and amortization expenses Impairment loss Stock option compensation expense Equity-classified PSU expense Deferred income tax expense (recovery) Unrealized foreign exchange loss Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Amortization of debt issuance costs Gain on disposition of equity investment Other, net Net changes in operating assets and liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities: Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired Acquisition of Mascus, net of cash acquired Acquisition of Petrowsky Acquisition of contingently redeemable NCI Acquisition of NCI Acquisition of Kramer Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment Proceeds on disposal of equity investment Other, net Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities: Dividends paid to stockholders Dividends paid to NCI Issuances of share capital Share repurchase Payment of withholding taxes on issuance of shares Proceeds from short-term debt Repayment of short-term debt Proceeds from long-term debt Repayment of long-term debt Debt issue costs Debt extinguishment costs Repayment of finance lease obligations Other, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Increase (decrease) Beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 $ 121,506 $ 75,306 $ 93,512 66,614 - 8,252 11,256 6,239 951 (2,731) 4,995 (4,935) (2,317) (65,550) 144,280 - - - - - - (16,860) (26,152) 10,586 6,147 (4,674) (30,953) (75,678) - 28,524 - (3,901) 19,715 (6,628) - (91,013) - - (3,950) (1,176) (134,107) (4,769) (25,549) 331,116 305,567 $ $ 52,694 8,911 13,700 3,529 (17,268) 254 (1,656) 3,056 - (1,237) 10,279 147,568 (675,851) - - - - - (10,812) (28,584) 4,985 - (692) (710,954) (72,785) (41) 9,936 - - 6,971 (24,479) 325,000 (108,985) (12,624) - (2,322) (1,408) 119,263 17,150 (426,973) 758,089 331,116 $ 40,861 28,243 5,507 1,981 (3,359) 1,947 (1,282) 359 - (893) 10,682 177,558 - (28,123) (6,250) (41,092) (226) (11,138) (18,918) (17,558) 6,691 - (248) (116,862) (70,459) (3,436) 24,338 (36,726) - 67,584 (57,516) 647,091 (148,158) (10,644) (6,787) (1,655) 511 404,143 4 464,843 293,246 758,089 67 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 1. General information Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”) provide global asset management and disposition services, offering customers end-to-end solutions for buying and selling used industrial equipment and other durable assets through its unreserved live on site auctions, online marketplaces, listing services, and private brokerage services. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a company incorporated in Canada under the Canada Business Corporations Act, whose shares are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). 2. Significant accounting policies (a) Basis of preparation These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) and the following accounting policies have been consistently applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. (b) Basis of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned and non-wholly owned subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest either through voting rights or means other than voting rights. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation. Where the Company’s ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary is less than 100%, the non-controlling interests’ share of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a separate component of equity or within temporary equity. The non-controlling interests’ share of the net income of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated income statements as a deduction from the Company’s net earnings to arrive at net income attributable to stockholders of the Company. The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIEs”) if the Company has (a) the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. For VIEs where the Company has shared power with unrelated parties, the Company uses the equity method of accounting to report their results. The determination of the primary beneficiary involves judgment. (c) Revenue recognition Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) using the full retrospective method, which included restating prior years for comparative amounts. This new accounting policy resulted in a change in the financial statement presentation only on the income statement, as described in Note 2(y) New and amended accounting standards in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Revenues are comprised of: (cid:120) Service revenues, including the following: i. Revenue from auction and marketplace (“A&M”) activities, including commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees; and Ritchie Bros. 68 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (c) Revenue recognition (continued) ii. Other services revenues, including revenues from listing services, refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees; and (cid:120) Revenue from inventory sales as part of A&M activities The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, or upon completion of the performance obligation, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For live event-based auctions or online auctions, revenue is recognized when the auction sale is complete and the Company has determined that the sale proceeds are collectible. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is shown net of value-added tax and duties. Service revenues Commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions represent the percentage earned by the Company on the gross proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. The majority of the Company’s commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions are earned from underwritten commission contracts, when the Company guarantees a certain level of proceeds to a consignor. The Company accepts equipment and other assets on consignment stimulating buyer interest through professional marketing techniques, and matches sellers (also known as consignors) to buyers through the auction or private sale process. Prior to offering an item for sale on its online marketplaces, the Company also performs inspections. Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, collects payment from the buyer, and remits the proceeds to the seller, net of the seller commissions, applicable taxes, and applicable fees. Commissions are calculated as a percentage of the hammer price of the property sold at auction. Fees are also charged to sellers for listing and inspecting equipment. Other revenues earned in the process of conducting the Company’s auctions include administrative, documentation, and advertising fees. On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased and the seller is legally obligated to relinquish the property in exchange for the hammer price less any seller’s commissions. Commission and fee revenues are recognized on the date of the auction sale upon the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer. Under the standard terms and conditions of its auction sales, the Company is not obligated to pay a consignor for property that has not been paid for by the buyer, provided the property has not been released to the buyer. If the buyer defaults on its payment obligation, also referred to as a collapsed sale, the sale is cancelled in the period in which the determination is made, and the property is returned to the consignor or placed in a later event-based or online auction. Historically cancelled sales have not been material. Online marketplace commission revenue is reduced by a provision for disputes, which is an estimate of disputed items that are expected to be settled at a cost to the Company, related to settlements of discrepancies under the Company’s equipment condition certification program. The equipment condition certification refers to a written inspection report provided to potential buyers that reflects the condition of a specific piece of equipment offered for sale, and includes ratings, comments, and photographs of the equipment following inspection by one of the Company’s equipment inspectors. Ritchie Bros. 69 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (c) Revenue recognition (continued) Service revenues (continued) The equipment condition certification provides that a buyer may file a written dispute claim during an eligible dispute period for consideration and resolution at the sole determination of the Company if the purchased equipment is not substantially in the condition represented in the inspection report. Typically disputes under the equipment condition certification program are settled with minor repairs or additional services, such as washing or detailing the item; the estimated costs of such items or services are included in the provision for disputes. Commission revenues are recorded net of commissions owed to third parties, which are principally the result of situations when the commission is shared with a consignor or with the counterparty in an auction guarantee risk and reward sharing arrangement. Additionally, in certain situations, commissions are shared with third parties who introduce the Company to consignors who sell property at auction. Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of guarantee contracts. Guarantee contracts typically include a pre-negotiated percentage of the guaranteed gross proceeds plus a percentage of proceeds in excess of the guaranteed amount. If actual auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, commission is reduced; if proceeds are sufficiently lower, the Company can incur a loss on the sale. Losses, if any, resulting from guarantee contracts are recorded in the period in which the relevant auction is completed. If a loss relating to a guarantee contract held at the period end to be sold after the period end is known or is probable and estimable at the financial statement reporting date, the loss is accrued in the financial statements for that period. The Company’s exposure from these guarantee contracts fluctuates over time. Other services revenue also includes fees for refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees. Fees are recognized in the period in which the service is provided to the customer. Revenue on inventory sales Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of inventory contracts. Revenues related to inventory contracts are recognized in the period in which the sale is completed, title to the property passes to the purchaser and the Company has fulfilled any other obligations that may be relevant to the transaction. In its role as auctioneer, the Company auctions its inventory to equipment buyers through the auction process. Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, and collects payment from the buyer. On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased. Title to the property is transferred in exchange for the hammer price, and if applicable, the buyer transaction fee plus applicable taxes. (d) Costs of services Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions (“direct expenses”), earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Direct expenses include direct labour, buildings and facilities charges, and travel, advertising and promotion costs. Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues in addition to the costs listed above also include inspection costs. Inspections are generally performed at the seller’s physical location. The cost of inspections includes payroll costs and related benefits for the Company’s employees that perform and manage field inspection services, the related inspection report preparation and quality assurance costs, fees paid to contractors who perform field inspections, related travel and incidental costs for the Company’s inspection service organization, and office and occupancy costs for its inspection services personnel. Costs of earning online marketplace revenues also include costs for the Company’s customer support, online marketplace operations, logistics, title and lien investigation functions. Ritchie Bros. 70 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (d) Costs of services (continued) Costs of services incurred in earning other fee revenues include ancillary and logistical service expenses, direct labour (including commissions on sales), software maintenance fees, and materials. Costs of services exclude depreciation and amortization expenses. (e) Cost of inventory sold Cost of inventory sold includes the purchase price of assets sold for the Company’s own account and is determined using a specific identification basis. (f) Share-based payments The Company classifies a share-based payment award as an equity or liability payment based on the substantive terms of the award and any related arrangement. Equity-classified share-based payments Share unit plans The Company has a senior executive performance share unit (“PSU”) plan and an employee PSU plan that provides for the award of PSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle them in shares. The cost of PSUs granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying PSUs at the grant date using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. PSUs vest based on the passage of time and achievement of performance criteria. The Company also has a senior executive restricted share unit (“RSU”) plan and an employee RSU plan that provides for the award of RSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle all grants on and after 2017 in shares. The cost of RSUs granted is measured using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the grant date. RSUs vest based on the passage of time and include restrictions related to employment. This fair value of awards expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in earnings, such that the consolidated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. Dividend equivalents on the equity-classified PSUs and RSUs are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings over the service period. At its August 2018 meeting, the Board of Directors resolved that, with respect to each of the RSU and PSU plans, there will no longer be a default in favour of cash settlement and, pursuant to the discretion granted under each plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board will determine whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares in the event of death of the participant. The Company intends to settle in shares. Prior to such resolution, the RSUs and PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans were intended to be settled in cash in the event of death of the participant, and as such, the contingently redeemable portion representing the amount that would be redeemable based on the conditions at the date of grant, to the extent attributable to prior service, was recognized as temporary equity. As a result of the resolution, that portion has been reclassified to additional paid in capital during the year. Ritchie Bros. 71 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (f) Share-based payments (continued) Stock option plans The Company has three stock option compensation plans that provide for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. The cost of options granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying option at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of options expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. Upon exercise, any consideration paid on exercise of the stock options and amounts fully amortized in APIC are credited to the common shares. Liability-classified share-based payments The Company maintains other share unit compensation plans that vest over a period of up to three years after grant. Under those plans, the Company is either required or expects to settle vested awards on a cash basis or by providing cash to acquire shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf, where the settlement amount is determined using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the vesting date or, in the case of deferred share unit (“DSU”) recipients, following cessation of service on the Board of Directors. These awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The determination of the fair value of the share units under these plans is described in note 25. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability. Changes in fair value after vesting are recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates of the number of instruments expected to vest. The impact of forfeitures and fair value revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revisions, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Liability-classified share unit liabilities due within 12 months of the reporting date are presented in trade and other payables while settlements due beyond 12 months of the reporting date are presented in other non-current liabilities. (g) Fair value measurement Fair value is the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company measures financial instruments or discloses select non-financial assets at fair value at each balance sheet date. Also, fair values of financial instruments measured at amortized cost are disclosed in note 13. The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements at fair value are categorized within a fair value hierarchy, as disclosed in note 13, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure. This fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization at the end of each reporting period. Ritchie Bros. 72 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (g) Fair value measurement (continued) For the purposes of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above. (h) Foreign currency translation The parent entity‘s presentation and functional currency is the United States dollar. The functional currency for each of the parent entity‘s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates, which is usually the currency of the country of residency. Accordingly, the financial statements of the Company‘s subsidiaries that are not denominated in United States dollars have been translated into United States dollars using the exchange rate at the end of each reporting period for asset and liability amounts and the monthly average exchange rate for amounts included in the determination of earnings. Any gains or losses from the translation of asset and liability amounts are included in foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income. In preparing the financial statements of the individual subsidiaries, transactions in currencies other than the entity‘s functional currency are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Foreign currency differences arising on retranslation of monetary items are recognized in earnings. Foreign currency translation adjustment includes intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature of $9,602,000 for 2018 (2017: $18,129,000; 2016: $1,967,000). (i) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents is comprised of cash on hand, deposits with financial institutions, and other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturity of three months or less when acquired, that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash. (j) Restricted cash In certain jurisdictions, local laws require the Company to hold cash in segregated bank accounts, which are used to settle auction proceeds payable resulting from live on site auctions and online marketplace sales conducted in those regions. In addition, the Company also holds cash generated from its online marketplace sales in separate escrow accounts, for settlement of the respective online marketplace transactions as a part of its secured escrow service. Restricted cash balances also include funds held in accounts owned by the Company in support of short-term stand-by letters of credit to provide seller security. During the period from December 21, 2016 through May 31, 2017, non-current restricted cash consisted of funds held in escrow pursuant to the offering of senior unsecured notes (note 22), which were only available when the Company received approval to acquire IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”) and whose use was restricted to the funding of the IronPlanet acquisition (note 29). (k) Trade and other receivables Trade receivables principally include amounts due from customers as a result of live on site auction and online marketplace transactions. The recorded amount reflects the purchase price of the item sold, including the Company’s commission. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience and customer economic data. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts regularly and past due balances are reviewed for collectability. Account balances are charged against the allowance when the Company believes that the receivable will not be recovered. Ritchie Bros. 73 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (l) Inventories Inventory consists of equipment and other assets purchased for resale in an upcoming live on site auction or online marketplace event. The Company typically purchases inventory for resale through a competitive process where the consignor or vendor has determined this to be the preferred method of disposition through the auction process. In addition, certain jurisdictions require auctioneers to hold title to assets and facilitate title transfer on sale. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value where net realizable value represents the expected sale price upon disposition less make-ready costs and the costs of disposal and transportation. As part of its government business, the Company purchases inventory for resale as part of its commitment to purchase certain surplus government property (note 26). The significant elements of cost include the acquisition price of the inventory and make-ready costs to prepare the inventory for sale that are not selling expenses and in-bound transportation costs. Write-downs to the carrying value of inventory are recorded in cost of inventory sold on the consolidated income statement. (m) Equity-accounted investments Investments in entities that the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated at initial costs and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and the Company’s share of earnings or losses and distributions. The Company evaluates its equity-accounted investments for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value below their carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value and is considered an other than temporary decline, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value and the resulting impairment is recorded in the consolidated income statement. (n) Property, plant and equipment All property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes all expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or development of the asset, net of any amounts received in relation to those assets, including scientific research and experimental development tax credits. The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to working condition for their intended use, the costs of dismantling and removing items and restoring the site on which they are located (if applicable), and capitalized interest on qualifying assets. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All repairs and maintenance costs are charged to earnings during the financial period in which they are incurred. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of the item, and are recognized net within operating income on the income statement. Depreciation is provided to charge the cost of the assets to operations over their estimated useful lives based on their usage as follows: Asset Land improvements Buildings Yard equipment Automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Ritchie Bros. Rate / term 10% 15 - 30 years 20 - 30% 30% 3 - 5 years 20% Lease term 74 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (n) Property, plant and equipment (continued) No depreciation is provided on freehold land or on assets in the course of construction or development. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment under capital leases is recorded in depreciation expense. Legal obligations to retire and to restore property, plant and equipment and assets under operating leases are recorded at management‘s best estimate in the period in which they are incurred, if a reasonable estimate can be made, with a corresponding increase in asset carrying value. The liability is accreted to face value over the remaining estimated useful life of the asset. The Company does not have any significant asset retirement obligations. (o) Long-lived assets held for sale Long-lived assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities, that are expected to be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use are classified as assets held for sale. Immediately before classification as held for sale, the assets, or components of a disposal group, are measured at carrying amount in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies. Thereafter, the assets, or disposal group, are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell and are not depreciated. Impairment losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains or losses on re-measurement are recognized in operating income on the income statement. (p) Intangible assets Intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes all expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or development of the asset, net of any amounts received in relation to those assets, including scientific research and experimental development tax credits. Costs of internally developed software are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated economic life of the software product. Costs related to software incurred prior to establishing technological feasibility or the beginning of the application development stage of software are charged to operations as such costs are incurred. Once technological feasibility is established or the application development stage has begun, directly attributable costs are capitalized until the software is available for use. Amortization is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful lives are: Asset Trade names and trademarks Customer relationships Software assets Basis Straight-line Straight-line Straight-line Rate / term 3 - 15 years or indefinite-lived 6 - 20 years 3 - 7 years Customer relationships includes relationships with buyers and sellers. (q) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets Long-lived assets, comprised of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the assets or asset groups is greater than the future projected undiscounted cash flows. The impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third party appraisals. Significant estimates and judgments are applied in determining these cash flows and fair values. Ritchie Bros. 75 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (q) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets (continued) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of December 31, and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required. Where a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to compare the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s carrying amount and its fair value. (r) Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but it is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level as of December 31, and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit to which goodwill belongs is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required. If a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to identify potential impairment by comparing the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The reporting unit’s fair value is determined using various valuation approaches and techniques that involve assumptions based on what the Company believes a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value. If the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and fair value is greater than the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit, the impairment loss is restricted by the amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. (s) Deferred financing costs Deferred financing costs represent the unamortized costs incurred on the issuance of the Company’s long-term debt. Amortization of deferred financing costs is provided on the effective interest rate method over the term of the facility. Deferred financing costs relating to the Company’s term debt are presented in the consolidated balance sheet as a direct reduction of the carrying amount of the long-term debt. Deferred financing costs relating to the Company’s revolving loans are presented on the balance sheet as a deferred charge. (t) Taxes Income tax expense represents the sum of current tax expense and deferred tax expense. Current tax The current tax expense is based on taxable profit for the period and includes any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous years. Taxable profit differs from income before income taxes as reported in the consolidated income statement because it excludes (i) items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and (ii) items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company‘s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted by the balance sheet date. Ritchie Bros. 76 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (t) Taxes (continued) Deferred tax Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on temporary differences, which are differences between the accounting basis and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities and non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carryforwards are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws expected to apply when these differences reverse. Deferred tax benefits, including non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carryforwards, are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is considered more likely than not. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that enactment occurs. When realization of deferred income tax assets does not meet the more-likely-than-not criterion for recognition, a valuation allowance is provided. Interest and penalties related to income taxes, including unrecognized tax benefits, are recorded in income tax expense in the income statement. Liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recorded based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company regularly assesses the potential outcomes of examinations by tax authorities in determining the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. The Company continually assesses the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjusts the income tax provision, income taxes payable, and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. (u) Contingently redeemable non-controlling interest Contingently redeemable equity instruments are initially recorded at their fair value on the date of issue within temporary equity on the balance sheet. When the equity instruments become redeemable or redemption is probable, the Company recognizes changes in the estimated redemption value immediately as they occur, and adjusts the carrying amount of the redeemable equity instrument to equal the estimated redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Changes to the carrying value are charged or credited to retained earnings attributable to stockholders on the balance sheet. Redemption value determinations require high levels of judgment (“Level 3” on the fair value hierarchy) and are based on various valuation techniques, including market comparables and discounted cash flow projections. (v) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share has been calculated by dividing net income attributable to stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share has been calculated after giving effect to outstanding dilutive stock options calculated by adjusting the net income attributable to stockholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding for all dilutive shares. Ritchie Bros. 77 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (w) Defined contribution plans The employees of the Company are members of retirement benefit plans to which the Company matches up to a specified percentage of employee contributions or, in certain jurisdictions, contributes a specified percentage of payroll costs as mandated by the local authorities. The only obligation of the Company with respect to the retirement benefit plans is to make the specified contributions. (x) Advertising costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense is included in costs of services and selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses on the accompanying consolidated income statements. (y) New and amended accounting standards (i) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The Company implemented the new standard using a full retrospective method, in order to provide more useful comparative information to financial statement users. The primary impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 is the change in the presentation of revenue from inventory, ancillary service, and logistical services contracts on a gross basis as a principal versus net as an agent. This is due to the new standard requiring an entity to determine whether the entity controls the specified good or service before transfer to the customer, with the entity being principal in these transactions. Prior to adopting ASU 2014-09, an entity evaluated indicators to determine if it was a principal or agent. As the Company determined that it controls the inventory and provision of ancillary and logistical services before transfer to its customers, the Company concluded that it was acting as a principal rather than an agent. As a result of adoption of the new accounting standard there was no impact on the timing of recognition of revenue, operating income, net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of cash flows. Presenting revenue from inventory sales on a gross basis and presenting ancillary and logistical services revenues on a gross basis significantly changes the face of the Company’s consolidated income statement in two primary ways: 1) Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, all revenue from inventory sales were presented net of costs within service revenues on the income statement. With the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has presented separately revenue from inventory sales and service revenue and accordingly service revenues exclude revenue from inventory sales and cost of inventory sold. Those amounts are now presented gross as separate line items on the face of the consolidated income statement; and 2) Ancillary and logistical service revenues are presented within service revenues, now on a gross basis, with the related costs of services presented separately within costs of services. Ritchie Bros. 78 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (y) New and amended accounting standards (continued) Impact to reported results The new presentation based on ASU 2014-09 results in an increase the amount of revenue reported but there is no change in the operating income compared to the prior presentation: Consolidated income statement line item Revenues Costs of services Year ended December 31, 2017 New Revenue Standard As reported Adjustment Consolidated income statement line item As Adjusted $ $ 610,517 $ (79,013) 13,900 Service revenues 346,774 Revenue from inventory sales 360,674 Total revenues (54,176) Costs of services (306,498) Cost of inventory sold 531,504 $ - $ $ 624,417 346,774 971,191 (133,189) (306,498) 531,504 Year ended December 31, 2016 New Revenue Standard Consolidated income statement line item Revenues Costs of services As reported 566,395 $ (66,062) 500,333 $ $ $ Adjustment Consolidated income statement line item As Adjusted 555,843 571,134 1,126,977 (113,296) (513,348) 500,333 (10,552) Service revenues 571,134 Revenue from inventory sales 560,582 Total revenues (47,234) Costs of services (513,348) Cost of inventory sold - Gross profit $ $ (ii) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 identifies how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments are applied retrospectively on the amendment date. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 resulted in the $1,302,000 Mascus contingent consideration paid in the second quarter of 2017 to be reclassified from operating to financing cash flows. (z) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For short-term leases, defined as those with a term of 12 months or less, the lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities, and instead recognize the lease expense generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The accounting treatment under this election is consistent with current operating lease accounting. No extensive amendments were made to lessor accounting, but amendments of note include changes to the definition of initial direct costs and accounting for collectability uncertainties in a lease. Ritchie Bros. 79 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (z) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (continued) ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an “optional transition method”. The Company can transition to the new standard by using a “modified retrospective transition”, which reflects the new guidance from the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements or the “optional transition method”, which permits the Company to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. If the optional transition method is utilized, the Company’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts Topic 842 will continue to be reported pursuant to Topic 840. The Company has determined that it will utilize the optional transition method on adoption. The Company will utilize the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, the Company will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. While lease classification will remain unchanged, hindsight will result in generally longer accounting lease terms and useful lives of the corresponding leasehold improvements. The Company will elect not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less and will recognize those lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company is currently completing the implementation of its lease accounting system. We continue to assess the accuracy and completeness of lease data and validate internal controls. We are finalizing our assessment of the potential impact of the standard and we expect a significant increase in total liabilities with an offsetting increase to the right-of-use asset relating to operating leases. The Company does not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings. We do not expect the standard to impact our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements. Ritchie Bros. 80 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 3. Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Future differences arising between actual results and the judgments, estimates and assumptions made by the Company at the reporting date, or future changes to estimates and assumptions, could necessitate adjustments to the underlying reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in future reporting periods. Judgments, estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis by management, and are based on historical experience and other factors including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments may change due to market changes or circumstance and such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur. Significant items subject to estimates include purchase price allocations, the carrying amounts of goodwill, the useful lives of long-lived assets, share based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for tax uncertainties, and other contingencies. 4. Segmented information The Company’s principal business activity is the management and disposition of used industrial equipment and other durable assets. The Company’s operations are comprised of one reportable segment and other business activities that are not reportable as follows: (cid:120) Auctions and Marketplaces – This is the Company’s only reportable segment, which consists of the Company’s live on site auctions, its online auctions and marketplaces, and its brokerage service; (cid:120) Other includes the results of Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”), Mascus online services, and the results from various value-added services and make-ready activities, including the Company’s equipment refurbishment services, Asset Appraisal Services, and Ritchie Bros. Logistical Services. Ritchie Bros. 81 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Costs of services Cost of inventory sold Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") Segment profit Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses ("D&A") Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment ("PPE") Foreign exchange gain Operating income Interest expense Other income, net Income tax expense Net income Ritchie Bros. Year ended December 31, 2018 Other Consolidated A&M $ $ $ 626,007 420,511 1,046,518 87,430 374,339 363,549 221,200 $ $ $ 123,508 - 123,508 71,628 - 19,127 32,753 $ $ $ $ $ 749,515 420,511 1,170,026 159,058 374,339 382,676 253,953 5,093 66,614 (2,731) (212) 185,189 (44,527) 11,850 (31,006) 121,506 82 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Costs of services Cost of inventory sold SG&A expenses Impairment loss Segment profit Acquisition-related costs D&A expenses Gain on disposition of PPE Foreign exchange loss Operating income Interest expense Other income, net Income tax expense Net income Ritchie Bros. Year ended December 31, 2017 Other Consolidated A&M $ $ $ 524,023 346,774 870,797 75,685 306,498 308,873 8,911 170,830 $ $ $ 100,394 - 100,394 57,504 - 14,397 - 28,493 $ $ $ $ 624,417 346,774 971,191 133,189 306,498 323,270 8,911 199,323 38,272 52,694 (1,656) 2,559 107,454 (38,291) 8,231 (2,088) 75,306 83 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) Service revenues Revenue from inventory sales Total revenues Costs of services Cost of inventory sold SG&A expenses Impairment loss Segment profit Acquisition-related costs D&A expenses Gain on disposition of PPE Foreign exchange loss Operating income Interest expense Debt extinguishment costs Other income, net Income tax expense Net income Ritchie Bros. Year ended December 31, 2016 Other Consolidated A&M $ $ $ 474,040 571,134 1,045,174 65,248 513,348 272,317 28,243 166,018 $ $ 81,803 - 81,803 48,048 - 11,212 - 22,543 $ $ $ $ 555,843 571,134 1,126,977 113,296 513,348 283,529 28,243 188,561 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 1,431 135,722 (5,564) (6,787) 7,123 (36,982) 93,512 84 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) The carrying value of goodwill of $651,359,000 has been allocated to A&M and $20,235,000 has been allocated to other. As in prior periods, the CODM does not evaluate the performance of its operating segments based on segment assets and liabilities, nor does the Company classify liabilities on a segmented basis. As at December 31, A&M Other 2018 2017 651,359 20,235 671,594 $ $ 649,770 21,152 670,922 $ $ The Company‘s geographic information as determined by the revenue and location of assets, which represents property, plant and equipment is as follows: Total revenues for the year ended: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Long-lived assets: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 5. Revenues United States Canada Europe Other Consolidated $ 548,695 452,599 555,837 $ 284,989 245,106 293,956 $ 180,817 127,706 109,024 $ 155,525 145,780 168,160 1,170,026 971,191 1,126,977 United States Canada Europe Other Consolidated 260,489 275,628 $ 100,983 116,833 $ 77,496 82,795 $ 47,631 51,325 $ 486,599 526,581 $ $ The Company’s revenue from the rendering of services is as follows: Year ended December 31, Service revenues: Commissions Fees Revenue from inventory sales Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 420,160 329,355 749,515 420,511 1,170,026 $ $ 394,397 230,020 624,417 346,774 971,191 $ $ 366,342 189,501 555,843 571,134 1,126,977 85 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 6. Operating expenses Costs of services Year ended December 31, Ancillary and logistical service expenses Employee compensation expenses Buildings, facilities and technology expenses Travel, advertising and promotion expenses Other costs of services SG&A expenses Year ended December 31, Employee compensation expenses Buildings, facilities and technology expenses Travel, advertising and promotion expenses Professional fees Other SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ 66,576 41,391 9,477 27,606 14,008 159,058 2018 249,115 60,930 36,728 16,768 19,135 382,676 $ $ $ $ 54,176 35,440 8,359 23,994 11,220 133,189 2017 208,370 53,151 30,440 13,522 17,787 323,270 $ $ $ $ 47,234 27,856 7,966 23,688 6,552 113,296 2016 180,929 49,219 24,384 13,344 15,653 283,529 Acquisition-related costs consist of operating expenses directly incurred as part of a business combination, due diligence and integration planning related to the IronPlanet acquisition (note 29), and continuing employment costs that are recognized separately from our business combinations. Year ended December 31, IronPlanet: Other acquisition-related costs Other acquisitions: Continuing employment costs Other acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Year ended December 31, Depreciation expense Amortization expense 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ 2,944 $ 34,653 $ 2,091 58 5,093 2018 29,021 37,593 66,614 $ $ $ 3,418 201 38,272 2017 28,337 24,357 52,694 $ $ $ 8,202 2,491 1,136 11,829 2016 30,983 9,878 40,861 During the year ended December 31, 2018, depreciation expense of $494,000 (2017: $1,207,000; 2016: $2,880,000) and amortization expense of $18,996,000 (2017: $11,662,000; 2016: $7,218,000) were recorded relating to software. Ritchie Bros. 86 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 7. Impairment Loss Goodwill impairment The Company performs impairment tests on goodwill on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that those assets might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level, which is at the same level or one level below an operating segment. A goodwill impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value. The goodwill impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill over its implied fair value. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there was no goodwill impairment identified. Goodwill arising from the acquisition of AssetNation, the provider of an online marketplace, was part of the former EquipmentOne reporting unit. During the year ended December 31, 2016, an indicator of impairment was identified with respect to the EquipmentOne reporting unit. The indicator consisted of a decline in actual and forecasted revenue and operating income compared with previously projected results, which was primarily due to the recent performance of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment test, the Company recorded an impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill of $23,574,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016. Long-lived asset impairment Long-lived assets, which are comprised of property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows from another asset group. The carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the long-lived asset group’s use and eventual disposition. Where the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable, its fair value is determined in order to calculate any impairment loss. An impairment loss is measured as the excess of the long-lived asset group’s carrying amount over its fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2017, management identified indicators of impairment on certain software and software under development intangible assets (the “technology assets”). The indicators consisted of decisions made after the acquisition of IronPlanet that adversely impacted the extent or manner in which certain technology assets would be utilized. As part of its integration activities the Company determined that it was more likely than not that certain technology assets would not be utilized or developed as originally intended and no longer had value. As a result, management performed an impairment test that resulted in the recognition of an impairment loss of $8,911,000 on the technology assets. At September 30, 2016, for the same reason noted above under the EquipmentOne goodwill impairment test, management determined that there was an indicator that the carrying amount of the long-lived assets arising from our acquisition of AssetNation (the “EquipmentOne long-lived assets”) might not have been recoverable. As such, the Company performed the recoverability test, for which purpose management determined that the asset group to which the EquipmentOne long-lived assets belonged was the EquipmentOne reporting unit. Based on the results of the long-lived asset impairment test, the Company recorded an impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit customer relationships of $4,669,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016. In connection with this impairment loss, the Company recorded a deferred tax benefit of $1,798,000 to the income tax provision. The result of this impairment test was reflected in the carrying value of the former EquipmentOne reporting unit prior to the completion of the goodwill impairment test described above. Ritchie Bros. 87 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 8. Other income Included in other income is a gain of $4,935,000 recognized on the disposition of one of the Company’s equity accounted for investments. The Company received net proceeds of $6,147,000 on closing and is entitled to receive up to $1,020,000 upon the satisfaction of certain escrow release conditions over a period of five years. Additionally, the Company is entitled to receive up to $1,700,000 of contingent consideration upon the achievement of certain financial targets for the period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. The Company has not recognized any contingent consideration. 9. Income taxes The expense for the year can be reconciled to income before income taxes as follows: Year ended December 31, Income before income taxes Statutory federal and provincial tax rate in Canada Expected income tax expense Non-deductible expenses Adjustment to prior year provision to statutory tax returns Changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets Different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in foreign jurisdictions U.S. tax reform impacts Impairment of goodwill Change in estimate of deductibility of stock options Unrecognized tax benefits Benefits of deductible stock options vested and exercised Deductions for tax purposes in excess of accounting expenses Other Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ 152,512 27.00% 41,178 4,810 1,323 (771) (17,145) 4,899 - - (1,800) (2,434) (383) 1,329 31,006 $ $ $ 77,394 26.00% 20,122 5,668 (528) (1,089) (12,269) (9,734) - (1,557) 3,291 (1,359) (380) (77) 2,088 $ $ $ 130,494 26.00% 33,928 3,891 (824) (259) (3,786) - 6,129 - 799 (1,042) (490) (1,364) 36,982 88 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 9. Income taxes (continued) The income tax expense (recovery) consists of: Year ended December 31, Canadian: Current tax expense Deferred tax expense (recovery) Foreign: Current tax expense before application of operating loss carryforwards Tax benefit of operating loss carryforwards Total foreign current tax expense Deferred tax expense before adjustment to opening valuation allowance Adjustment to opening valuation allowance Total foreign deferred tax expense (recovery) 2018 2017 2016 13,209 $ 3,958 14,245 $ (10,192) 19,851 (8,293) 11,558 2,386 (105) 2,281 31,006 $ 8,987 (3,876) 5,111 (6,317) (759) (7,076) 2,088 $ 30,525 (2,068) 12,126 (2,310) 9,816 (1,291) - (1,291) 36,982 $ $ The foreign provision for income taxes is based on foreign pre-tax earnings of $102,824,000, $64,252,000, and $25,139,000 in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The Company’s consolidated financial statements provide for any related tax liability on undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2018, income taxes have not been provided on a cumulative total of $484,510,000 of such earnings. The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these temporary differences is estimated to be approximately $8,799,000. Earnings retained by subsidiaries and equity-accounted investments amount to approximately $484,510,000 in 2018 (2017: $469,000,000; 2016: $450,000,000). The Company accrues withholding and other taxes that would become payable on the distribution of earnings only to the extent that either the Company does not control the relevant entity or it is expected that these earnings will be remitted in the foreseeable future. Recent Tax Legislation On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted into law, which significantly changed existing U.S. tax law and included numerous provisions that affected our business, such as imposing a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriation of deferred foreign income, reducing the U.S. federal statutory tax rate limiting the deductibility of interest and executive compensation, creating new minimum taxes such as the Base Erosion Anti- Abuse Tax (“BEAT”) and Global Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax, and adopting a territorial tax system. In 2017, we recorded provisional amounts for certain enactment-date effects of the TCJA by applying the guidance in SAB 118 which was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant did not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA. In accordance with the TCJA, we recorded $9,734,000 as additional income tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the legislation was enacted. The total benefit included $10,070,000 related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and $336,000 expense related to the transition tax. December 22, 2018 marked the end of the measurement period for purposes of SAB 118. As such, we have completed our analysis based on legislative updates relating to the TCJA currently available which resulted in tax expense of $203,000 in the fourth quarter of 2018. The computations which have now been determined to be complete, resulted in a $10,017,000 total benefit related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and a total transition tax obligation of $486,000. We elected to account for GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred. Ritchie Bros. 89 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 9. Income taxes (continued) The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows: As at December 31, Deferred tax assets: Working capital Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Share-based compensation Tax losses and tax credit carryforwards Other Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Intangible assets Other Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) Valuation allowance 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ 4,703 6,385 - 4,923 48,881 14,844 79,736 (10,918) $ (8,390) (54,810) (12,051) (86,169) (6,433) $ (13,438) (19,871) $ 9,583 6,495 1,016 5,733 52,251 7,635 82,713 (9,779) (9,202) (54,401) (8,628) (82,010) 703 (14,363) (13,660) At December 31, 2018, the Company had non-capital loss carryforwards that are available to reduce taxable income in the future years. These non-capital loss carryforwards expire as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 and thereafter $ $ 106 4,232 5,017 3,543 154,593 167,491 The Company has capital loss carryforwards of approximately $9,292,000 in 2018 (2017: $11,343,000) available to reduce future capital gains and interest deduction carryforwards of $22,111,000 (2017: $4,602,000), both of which carryforward indefinitely. Tax losses are denominated in the currency of the countries in which the respective subsidiaries are located and operate. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent value of these tax loss and tax credit carryforwards in future years. In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during periods in which temporary differences become deductible and the loss carryforwards or tax credits can be utilized. Management considers projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making our assessment. Ritchie Bros. 90 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 9. Income taxes (continued) Uncertain tax positions Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process. The Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold it is then measured to determine the amount of the benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in the payment or receipt of cash within one year as non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2018, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $22,584,000 (2017: $25,910,000). Of this total, $10,556,000 (2017: $13,737,000) represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably impact the effective tax rate. Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: As at December 31, Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year Increases - tax positions taken in prior period Decreases - tax positions taken in prior period Increases - tax positions taken in current period Settlement and lapse of statute of limitations Currency translation adjustment Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year 2018 2017 $ $ 25,910 725 (107) 2,644 (4,944) (1,644) 22,584 $ $ 19,262 4,426 (124) 2,346 - - 25,910 Interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded within the provision for income tax expense on the consolidated income statement. At December 31, 2018, the Company had accrued $4,170,000 (2017: $3,677,000) for interest and penalties. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to audit by the Canadian federal and provincial taxing authorities, by the U.S. federal and various state taxing authorities and by the taxing authorities in various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years ranging from 2013 to 2018 remain subject to examination in Canada, the United States, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. 10. Contingently redeemable non-controlling interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services Until July 12, 2016, the Company held a 51% interest in RBFS, an entity that provides loan origination services to enable the Company’s auction customers to obtain financing from third party lenders. Until July 12, 2016, the Company and the non-controlling interest (“NCI”) holders each held options pursuant to which the Company could acquire, or be required to acquire, the NCI holders’ 49% interest in RBFS. These call and put options became exercisable on April 6, 2016, and the Company had the option to elect to pay the purchase price in either cash or shares of the Company, subject to the Company obtaining all relevant security exchange and regulatory consents and approvals. As a result of the existence of the put option, the NCI was accounted for as a contingently redeemable equity instrument (the “contingently redeemable NCI”). The NCI could be redeemed at a purchase price to be determined through an independent appraisal process conducted in accordance with the terms of the agreement, or at a negotiated price (the “redemption value”). Ritchie Bros. 91 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 10. Contingently redeemable non-controlling interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (continued) On July 12, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of the NCI. On that date, the Company acquired the NCI holders’ 49% interest in RBFS for total consideration of 57,900,000 Canadian dollars ($44,141,000). The purchase price consisted of cash consideration of 53,900,000 Canadian dollars ($41,092,000) and 4,000,000 Canadian dollars ($3,049,000) representing the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration payable to the former shareholders of RBFS. The contingent payment is payable if RBFS achieves a specified annual revenue growth rate over a three-year post-acquisition period, and is calculated as a specified percentage of the accumulated earnings of RBFS after the three-year post-acquisition period. The maximum amount payable under the contingent payment arrangement is 10,000,000 Canadian dollars. The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding 1,500,000 Canadian dollars over a three-year period based on the former NCI holders providing continued management services to RBFS. 11. Earnings per share attributable to stockholders Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the weighted average (“WA”) number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the WA number of shares of common stock outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include unvested PSUs, RSUs, and outstanding stock options. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of the Company’s common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities. Year ended December 31, 2018 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: Share units Stock options Diluted Year ended December 31, 2017 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: Share units Stock options Diluted Year ended December 31, 2016 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: Share units Stock options Diluted Ritchie Bros. Net income attributable to stockholders $ $ $ $ $ $ 121,479 - - 121,479 Net income attributable to stockholders 75,027 (152) - 74,875 Net income attributable to stockholders 91,832 - 91,832 WA number of shares 108,063,349 459,503 865,384 109,388,236 WA number of shares 107,044,348 353,880 714,923 108,113,151 WA number of shares 106,630,323 91,997 735,474 107,457,794 $ $ $ $ $ $ Per share amount 1.12 - (0.01) 1.11 Per share amount 0.70 - (0.01) 0.69 Per share amount 0.86 - (0.01) 0.85 92 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 12. Supplemental cash flow information Year ended December 31, Trade and other receivables Inventory Advances against auction contracts Prepaid expenses and deposits Income taxes receivable Auction proceeds payable Trade and other payables Income taxes payable Share unit liabilities Other Net changes in operating assets and liabilities 2018 2017 2016 $ $ (43,341) $ (77,292) (8,266) 646 13,053 8,768 39,531 1,954 1,070 (1,673) (65,550) $ (19,161) $ (8,557) 3,246 1,178 (6,067) 25,783 21,854 (3,986) (5,421) 1,410 10,279 $ 6,419 26,557 (1,012) (7,443) (10,686) 550 5,627 (8,657) 4,503 (5,176) 10,682 Net capital spending, which consists of property, plant and equipment and intangible asset additions, net of proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, was $32,426,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: $34,436,000, 2016: $29,785,000). Year ended December 31, Interest paid, net of interest capitalized Interest received Net income taxes paid Non-cash purchase of property, plant and equipment under capital lease Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 2018 2017 2016 $ 39,429 2,888 10,352 $ 23,360 3,196 28,281 8,968 $ 8,820 $ 5,792 1,861 54,037 3,376 2018 2017 2016 237,744 67,823 305,567 $ $ 267,910 63,206 331,116 $ $ 207,867 550,222 758,089 $ $ $ $ On December 21, 2016, the Company completed the offering of $500,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due January 15, 2025 (note 22). Upon the closing of the offering, the gross proceeds from the offering were deposited in to an escrow account. The funds were released from escrow upon the closing of the acquisition of IronPlanet (note 29). Ritchie Bros. 93 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 13. Fair value measurement All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure: ● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at measurement date; ● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and ● Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Fair values disclosed: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Short-term debt Long-term debt Senior unsecured notes Term loans December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying amount Fair value Carrying amount Fair value $ $ 237,744 67,823 19,896 489,136 222,162 $ 237,744 67,823 19,896 487,813 224,582 $ 267,910 63,206 7,018 487,339 325,553 267,910 63,206 7,018 520,000 329,687 Category Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 The carrying value of the Company‘s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade and other receivables, advances against auction contracts, auction proceeds payable, trade and other payables, and short term debt approximate their fair values due to their short terms to maturity. The carrying value of the term loans, before deduction of deferred debt issue costs, approximates its fair value as the interest rates on the loans were short-term in nature. The fair value of the senior unsecured notes is determined by reference to a quoted market price. 14. Trade and other receivables As at December 31, Trade receivables Consumption taxes receivable Other receivables 2018 2017 $ $ 112,680 16,099 478 129,257 $ $ 77,870 13,592 643 92,105 Trade receivables are generally secured by the equipment that they relate to as it is Company policy that equipment is not released until payment has been collected. Trade receivables are due for settlement within three to seven days of the date of sale, after which they are interest bearing. Other receivables are unsecured and non-interest bearing. As at December 31, 2018, there were $5,942,000 of impaired receivables that have been provided for (December 31, 2017: $5,443,000). Consumption taxes receivable are deemed fully recoverable unless disputed by the relevant tax authority. The other classes within trade and other receivables do not contain impaired assets. Ritchie Bros. 94 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 15. Inventory At each period end, inventory is reviewed to ensure that it is recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an inventory write-down of $1,011,000 (2017: $834,000; 2016: $3,084,000). 16. Other current assets As at December 31, Advances against auction contracts Assets held for sale Prepaid expenses and deposits Advances against auction contracts 2018 2017 $ $ 15,558 15,051 18,446 49,055 $ $ 7,336 584 19,690 27,610 Advances against auction contracts arise when the Company pays owners, in advance, a portion of the expected gross auction proceeds from the sale of the related assets at future auctions. The Company‘s policy is to limit the amount of advances to a percentage of the estimated gross auction proceeds from the sale of the related assets, and before advancing funds, require proof of owner‘s title to and equity in the assets, as well as receive delivery of the assets and title documents at a specified auction site, by a specified date and in a specified condition of repair. Advances against auction contracts are generally secured by the assets to which they relate, as the Company requires owners to provide promissory notes and security instruments registering the Company as a charge against the asset. Advances against auction contracts are usually settled within two weeks of the date of sale, as they are netted against the associated auction proceeds payable to the owner. Assets held for sale Balance, December 31, 2016 Site preparation costs Reclassified from property, plant and equipment Disposal Balance, December 31, 2017 Reclassified from property, plant and equipment Disposal Balance, December 31, 2018 $ $ 632 25 411 (484) 584 20,610 (6,143) 15,051 As at December 31, 2018, the Company’s assets held for sale consisted of two excess auction sites located in the United States. Management made the strategic decision to sell these properties to maximize the Company’s return on invested capital. The estimated sales proceeds are expected to be in excess of the current book value. The properties have been actively marketed for sale, and management expects the sales to be completed within 12 months of December 31, 2018. This property belongs to the A&M reportable segment. As at December 31, 2017, the Company’s assets held for sale consisted of excess auction sites located in the United States. Management made the strategic decision to sell this excess acreage to maximize the Company’s return on invested capital. Ritchie Bros. 95 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 16. Other current assets (continued) Assets held for sale (continued) During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company sold excess auction site acreage in Prince George, Canada and Albuquerque, United States for net proceeds of $7,071,000 resulting in gains of $1,439,000 (2017: $602,000 gain related to the sale of property locate in Orlando, United States, and Truro, Canada; 2016: $493,000 gain related to the sale of property located in Denver, United States) 17. Property, plant and equipment As at December 31, 2018 Land and improvements Buildings Yard and automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Assets under development As at December 31, 2017 Land and improvements Buildings Yard and automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Assets under development Cost $ 362,781 252,182 57,983 70,623 28,490 19,735 7,031 $ 798,825 Cost $ 379,546 267,334 58,209 69,718 25,430 21,467 9,539 $ 831,243 $ $ $ $ Accumulated depreciation (72,547) $ (106,959) (36,640) (60,258) (19,582) (16,240) - (312,226) $ Net book value 290,234 145,223 21,343 10,365 8,908 3,495 7,031 486,599 Accumulated depreciation (68,706) $ (103,544) (38,126) (60,451) (18,745) (15,090) - (304,662) $ Net book value 310,840 163,790 20,083 9,267 6,685 6,377 9,539 526,581 During the year ended December 31, 2018, interest of $110,000 (2017: $110,000; 2016: $95,000) was capitalized to the cost of assets under development. These interest costs relating to qualifying assets are capitalized at a weighted average rate of 4.06% (2017: 2.97%; 2016: 3.99%). Additions during the year include $8,968,000 (2017: $8,820,000; 2016: $3,376,000) of property, plant and equipment under capital leases. Ritchie Bros. 96 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 18. Other non-current assets As at December 31, Tax receivable Deferred debt issue costs Equity-accounted investments Other Equity-accounted investments 2018 2017 $ $ 12,705 2,017 4,010 10,663 29,395 $ $ 12,851 3,768 7,408 7,527 31,554 The Company holds a 48% share interest in a group of companies detailed below (together, the “Cura Classis entities”), which have common ownership. The Cura Classis entities provide dedicated fleet management services in three jurisdictions to a common customer unrelated to the Company. The Company has determined the Cura Classis entities are variable interest entities and the Company is not the primary beneficiary, as it does not have the power to make any decisions that significantly affect the economic results of the Cura Classis entities. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investments in the Cura Classis entities following the equity method. A condensed summary of the Company's investments in and advances to equity-accounted investees are as follows (in thousands of United States dollars, except percentages): Cura Classis entities Other equity investments Ownership percentage December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 48% $ 32% 4,010 $ - 4,010 4,720 2,688 7,408 As a result of the Company’s investments, the Company is exposed to risks associated with the results of operations of the Cura Classis entities. The Company has no other business relationships with the Cura Classis entities. The Company’s maximum risk of loss associated with these entities is the investment carrying amount. 19. Intangible assets As at December 31, 2018 Trade names and trademarks Customer relationships Software Software under development Ritchie Bros. Cost $ 53,409 124,986 127,320 11,640 $ 317,355 $ $ Accumulated amortization (1,201) $ (22,010) (48,522) - (71,733) $ Net book value 52,208 102,976 78,798 11,640 245,622 97 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 19. Intangible assets (continued) As at December 31, 2017 Trade names and trademarks Customer relationships Software Software under development Cost $ 53,566 125,234 110,201 8,939 $ 297,940 $ $ Accumulated amortization (461) $ (9,487) (26,898) - (36,846) $ Net book value 53,105 115,747 83,303 8,939 261,094 During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized an impairment loss of nil (2017: the Company recorded an impairment loss relating to certain software and software under development $8,911,000; 2016: the Company recorded an impairment loss on the Equipment One customer relationships of $4,669,000) (note 7). At December 31, 2018, a net carrying amount of $61,883,000 (December 31, 2017: $59,380,000) included in intangible assets was not subject to amortization. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the cost of additions was reduced by $1,606,000 for recognition of tax credits (2017: $888,000; 2016: $1,094,000) During the year ended December 31, 2018, interest of $460,000 (2017: $281,000; 2016: $356,000) was capitalized to the cost of software under development. These interest costs relating to qualifying assets are capitalized at a weighted average rate of 4.09% (2017: 3.18%; 2016: 4.91%). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the weighted average amortization period for all classes of intangible assets was 8.2 years (2017: 7.9 years; 2016: 8.2 years). As at December 31, 2018, estimated annual amortization expense for the next five years ended December 31 are as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 20. Goodwill Balance, December 31, 2016 Additions Foreign exchange movement Balance, December 31, 2017 Additions Foreign exchange movement Balance, December 31, 2018 Ritchie Bros. $ $ $ $ $ 35,651 28,801 23,303 20,727 16,567 125,049 97,537 568,936 4,449 670,922 3,671 (2,999) 671,594 98 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 21. Trade and other payables As at December 31, Trade payables Accrued liabilities Social security and sales taxes payable Net consumption taxes payable Share unit liabilities Other payables 22. Debt As at December 31, Short-term debt Long-term debt: Term loans (previously referred to as Delayed draw term loans): Denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 4.339%, due in monthly installments of interest only and quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021 Denominated in United States dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 4.497%, due in weekly installments of interest only and quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021 Less: unamortized debt issue costs Senior unsecured notes: Bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full amount of principal due in January 2025 Less: unamortized debt issue costs Total long-term debt Total debt Long-term debt: Current portion Non-current portion Total long-term debt 2018 2017 93,482 63,666 19,390 13,456 3,714 7,547 201,255 $ $ 77,575 55,332 14,693 10,559 5,407 987 164,553 Carrying amount 2018 2017 19,896 $ 7,018 161,891 62,690 (2,419) 500,000 (10,864) 711,298 185,143 144,544 (4,134) 500,000 (12,661) 812,892 731,194 $ 819,910 13,126 698,172 711,298 $ $ 16,907 795,985 812,892 $ $ $ $ $ $ On October 27, 2016, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. (“BofA”), as administrative agent. At that time, the Credit Agreement provided the Company with: (cid:120) Multicurrency revolving facilities of up to $675,000,000 (the “Revolving facilities”); (cid:120) A delayed draw term loan facility of up to $325,000,000 (the “Term loans”); (cid:120) At the Company’s election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the Revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50,000,000. Ritchie Bros. 99 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 22. Debt (continued) The Company may use the proceeds from the Revolving facilities for general corporate purposes. The amount available pursuant to the Terms loans was only available to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and is not be available for other corporate purposes upon repayment of amounts borrowed under that facility. On May 31, 2017, the Company borrowed $325,000,000 under the Term loans to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet (note 29). The Term loans amortize in equal quarterly installments in an annual amount of 5% for the first two years and 10% in the third through fifth years, with the balance payable at maturity. Upon the closing of the acquisition the Credit Agreement became secured by the assets of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries in Canada and the United States. The Credit Agreement may become unsecured again, subject to the Company meeting specified credit rating or leverage ratio conditions. On June 21, 2018, the Company reduced the amount available on the Company’s Revolving facilities by $185,000,000. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s Credit Agreement provides the Company with: (cid:120) Revolving facilities of up to $490,000,000 (cid:120) Terms loans used to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and (cid:120) At the Company’s election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental Term loan facilities and/or increases to the Revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50,000,000. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made scheduled debt repayments of $11,013,000 on the term loans (2017: $8,410,000). For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made voluntary prepayments totalling $80,000,000 (2017: $nil) on the term loan denominated in United States dollars. Prepayments are applied against future scheduled mandatory payments. On December 21, 2016, the Company completed the offering of $500,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due January 15, 2025 (the “Notes”). Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually. The proceeds from the offering were held in escrow until completion of the acquisition of IronPlanet. On May 31, 2017, the funds were released from escrow to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet. The Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, subject to certain exceptions, by each of the Company’s subsidiaries that is a borrower or guarantees indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. IronPlanet and certain of its subsidiaries were added as additional guarantors in connection with the acquisition of IronPlanet. Short-term debt is comprised of drawings in different currencies on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities and have a weighted average interest rate of 2.3% (December 31, 2017: 2.7%). As at December 31, 2018, principal repayments for the remaining period to the contractual maturity dates are as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Face value 13,126 17,502 193,953 - - 500,000 724,581 $ As at December 31, 2018, the Company had unused committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $467,801,000 of which $463,673,000 is available until October 27, 2021. Ritchie Bros. 100 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 23. Other non-current liabilities As at December 31, Tax payable Finance lease obligation Share unit liabilities Other 24. Equity and dividends Share capital Preferred stock 2018 2017 $ $ 22,583 10,146 - 9,251 41,980 $ $ 25,958 7,875 2,865 10,075 46,773 Unlimited number of senior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series. Unlimited number of junior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series. All issued shares are fully paid. No preferred shares have been issued. Share repurchase In the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no common shares repurchased. In 2016 1,460,000 common shares were repurchased at a weighted average (“WA”) share price of $25.16 per common share. The repurchased shares were cancelled on March 15, 2016. Dividends Declared and paid The Company declared and paid the following dividends during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016: Declaration date Dividend per share Record date Total dividends Payment date Year ended December 31, 2018: Fourth quarter 2017 First quarter 2018 Second quarter 2018 Third quarter 2018 Year ended December 31, 2017: Fourth quarter 2016 First quarter 2017 Second quarter 2017 Third quarter 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016: Fourth quarter 2015 First quarter 2016 Second quarter 2016 Third quarter 2016 Ritchie Bros. January 26, 2018 $ May 9, 2018 August 7, 2018 November 8, 2018 January 23, 2017 $ May 4, 2017 August 4, 2017 November 8, 2017 January 15, 2016 $ May 9, 2016 August 5, 2016 November 8, 2016 0.1700 0.1700 0.1800 0.1800 0.1700 0.1700 0.1700 0.1700 0.1600 0.1600 0.1700 0.1700 February 16, 2018 $ May 30, 2018 August 29, 2018 November 28, 2018 February 10, 2017 $ May 23, 2017 August 25, 2017 November 29, 2017 February 12, 2016 $ May 24, 2016 September 2, 2016 November 28, 2016 18,246 18,342 19,528 19,562 18,160 18,188 18,210 18,227 17,154 17,022 18,127 18,156 March 9, 2018 June 20, 2018 September 19, 2018 December 19, 2018 March 3, 2017 June 13, 2017 September 15, 2017 December 20, 2017 March 4, 2016 June 14, 2016 September 23, 2016 December 19, 2016 101 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 24. Equity and dividends (continued) Declared and undistributed In addition to the above dividends, since the end of the year the Directors have recommended the payment of a final dividend of $0.18 cents per common share, accumulating to a total dividend of $19,569,000. The aggregate amount of the proposed final dividend is expected to be paid out of retained earnings on March 9, 2019 to stockholders of record on February 15, 2019. This dividend payable has not been recognized as a liability in the financial statements. The payment of this dividend will not have any tax consequence for the Company. 25. Share-based payments Share-based payments consist of the following compensation costs: Year ended December 31, Stock option compensation expense: SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Share unit expense: Equity-classified share units Liability-classified share units Employee share purchase plan - employer contributions 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 7,895 357 $ 11,256 1,764 $ 8,948 4,752 3,529 670 2,174 23,446 $ 1,813 19,712 $ 5,507 - 1,981 10,512 1,597 19,597 Share unit expense and employer contributions to the employee share purchase plan are recognized in SG&A expenses. Stock option plans The Company has three stock option plans that provide for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors, and officers of the Company: a) Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, b) IronPlanet 1999 Stock Plan, and c) IronPlanet 2015 Stock Plan. The IronPlanet 1999 Stock Plan and IronPlanet 2015 Stock Plan were assumed by the Company as part of the acquisition of IronPlanet (note 29). Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company‘s common shares at the grant date, with vesting periods ranging from immediate to five years and terms not exceeding 10 years. At December 31, 2018, there were 2,478,321 (December 31, 2017: 3,402,481) shares authorized and available for grants of options under the stock option plans. Ritchie Bros. 102 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Stock option plans (continued) Stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is presented below: Outstanding, December 31, 2015 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2016 Granted Assumed in acquisition Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding, December 31, 2018 Exercisable, December 31, 2018 Common shares under option WA exercise price WA remaining contractual life (in years) Aggregate intrinsic value 3,276,078 1,268,101 (1,081,531) (95,934) 3,366,714 970,947 737,358 (444,571) (170,704) 4,459,744 923,199 (1,235,154) (132,624) (1,302) 4,013,863 2,074,873 $ $ $ $ 23.40 24.34 22.50 24.32 24.02 31.07 14.26 22.35 19.38 24.29 32.14 23.10 25.91 25.76 26.41 24.06 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7.5 7.5 7.2 6.2 9,380 33,601 3,762 17,649 14,808 25,374 17,963 The options outstanding at December 31, 2018 expire on dates ranging to November 15, 2028. The WA grant date fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $7.69 per option (2017: $7.22; 2016: $4.72). The WA share price of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $35.08 (2017: $30.81; 2016: $31.18). The fair value of the stock option grants was estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the stock options Expected volatility Ritchie Bros. 2018 2017 2016 2.7% 2.11% 5 years 28.1% 2.0% 2.15% 5 years 27.8% 1.2% 2.66% 5 years 26.5% 103 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Stock option plans (continued) The fair value of the assumed stock options is estimated on the IronPlanet acquisition date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average fair value of the assumed options was $16.93. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these assumed stock options are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the stock options Expected volatility 2017 0.8% 2.19% 0.4 years 32.1% The compensation expense arising from option grants is amortized over the relevant vesting periods of the underlying options. As at December 31, 2018, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the non-vested stock options was $4,702,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. Cash received from stock-based award exercises for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $28,524,000 (2017: $9,936,000; 2016: $24,338,000). The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercise of the share based payment arrangements totaled $2,793,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: $1,017,000; 2016: $1,464,000). Ritchie Bros. 104 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans Share unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is presented below: Equity-classified awards PSUs RSUs PSUs Liability-classified awards RSUs WA grant date fair value Number WA grant date fair value Number WA grant date fair value Number WA grant date fair value Number DSUs WA grant date fair value Number 421,585 257,117 $ 24.03 23.32 332,954 4,543 $ 22.70 29.33 57,996 17,371 $ 24.21 29.41 Outstanding, December 31, 2015 Granted Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2016 Granted Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2017 Granted Transferred to equity awards on modification Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2018 - 7,714 $ - 31.40 257,934 - (21,680) 243,968 136,073 $ 81,533 (27,326) - 434,248 240,803 $ 257,659 (212,263) (50,159) 27.34 - 27.43 27.48 30.28 24.47 26.82 - 27.83 35.63 31.30 33.78 31.41 $ - - - - - - - - - - (257,934) (68,683) (40,756) - 125,152 $ - 26.93 311,329 98,775 $ - - - - - - (81,533) (49,873) (19,457) 125,152 91,251 $ 26.93 32.10 259,241 - $ - - (8,417) - - 32.00 (257,659) - (1,582) 23.86 23.08 22.75 23.96 31.21 24.66 23.64 26.39 26.38 - 26.38 - 26.45 - (162,306) (15,182) 160,009 878 $ - (156,221) - 4,666 66 $ - (4,732) - - 22.23 22.68 23.37 32.30 - 23.33 - 26.42 34.70 - 26.54 - - (1,847) - 73,520 19,967 $ - - - - 25.28 - 25.41 29.67 - - - 93,487 26,553 $ 26.32 33.42 - (6,605) - - 23.16 - 670,288 $ 31.46 207,986 $ 28.99 - $ - - $ - 113,435 $ 28.16 (1) Liability-classified PSUs include PSUs awarded under the employee PSU plan and the previous 2013 PSU plan, in place prior to 2015, that are cash- settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. The total market value of liability-classified share units vested and released during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $410,000 (2017: $6,521,000; 2016: $4,463,000). The Company modified the employee PSU plans from liability-classified to equity-classified share units prior to the 2018 vesting. Senior executive and employee PSU plans The Company grants PSUs under a senior executive PSU plan and an employee PSU plan (the “PSU Plans”). Under the PSU Plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and performance vesting conditions being met. The PSU Plans allow the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares. With respect to settling in shares, the Company has the option to either (i) arrange for the purchase shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) to issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest. Ritchie Bros. 105 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued) Prior to May 2, 2016, the Company was only able to settle the PSU awards under the PSU Plans in cash, and as such, both the PSU Plans were classified as liability awards. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the liability-classified PSUs awarded under the employee PSU plan during 2017 and 2016 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the PSUs Expected volatility Average expected volatility of comparable companies 2017 2016 1.5% 2.01% 3 years 28.9% 33.4% 1.2% 2.40% 3 years 29.7% 37.0% Risk free interest rate is estimated using Bloomberg’s United States dollar Swap Rate as of the valuation date. Expected dividend yield assumes a continuation of the most recent quarterly dividend payments. Given the limited historical information available for the PSUs, the Company estimated the expected life of PSUs with reference to the expected life of stock options. Stock options have five-year expected lives, whereas PSUs vest after three years. As such, the Company estimates the expected life of the PSUs to equal the three-year vesting period. Expected volatility is estimated from Bloomberg’s volatility surface of the common shares as of the valuation date. 2016 Modification On May 2, 2016, the shareholders approved amendments to the PSU Plans, allowing the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares. On May 2, 2016, the employee PSU plan remained classified as a liability and the senior executive PSU plan awards were reclassified to equity awards, based on the Company’s settlement intentions for each plan which remain unchanged at December 31, 2017. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the modification. Unrecognized compensation expense based on the fair value of the senior executive PSU awards on the modification date will be amortized over the remaining service period. 2018 Modification On March 1, 2018, the Company modified the market and performance vesting conditions for the PSUs. Concurrently, the PSUs under the employee PSU plan were reclassified to equity awards based on the Company’s settlement intentions. The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $31.35. The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $1,400,000. The share unit liability related to the employee PSUs, representing the portion of the fair value attributable to past service, was $6,701,000, which was reclassified to equity on that date. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the employee PSU settlement modification. Ritchie Bros. 106 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued) The fair value of the equity-classified PSUs awarded is estimated on modification date and on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs awarded during 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the PSUs Expected volatility Average expected volatility of comparable companies 2018 2017 2016 1.92% 2.09% 3 years 31.1% 34.1% 1.4% 1.92% 3 years 28.2% 37.0% 1.2% 2.50% 3 years 29.9% 37.0% As at December 31, 2018, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSUs was $7,874,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. Sign-on grant PSUs On August 11, 2014, the Company awarded 102,375 one-time sign-on grant PSUs (the “SOG PSUs”) that are subject to market vesting conditions related to the Company’s share performance over rolling two, three, four, and five-year periods. The SOG PSUs were modified in the current and comparative years, as detailed below in chronological order. 2017 modification Prior to May 1, 2017, the Company was only able to settle the SOG PSU award in cash, and as such, the plan was classified as a liability award. On May 1, 2017 (the “2017 SOG modification date”), the shareholders approved amendments to the SOG PSU grant, allowing the Company to choose whether to settle the award in cash or in shares. The Company chose to settle in shares and, accordingly: (cid:120) (cid:120) The shareholders authorized 150,000 shares to be issued for settlement of the SOG PSUs; and The share unit liability, representing the portion of the fair value attributable to past service, of $1,421,000 was reclassified to equity. The weighted average fair value of the SOG PSUs outstanding on the modification date was $24.47. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the modification. At the time of this modification, the SOG PSUs were contingently redeemable in cash in the event of death of the participant. Consequently, the Company reclassified $1,803,000 to temporary equity, representing the portion of the contingent redemption amount of the SOG PSUs as if redeemable on May 1, 2017, to the extent attributable to prior service. 2018 modification On September 11, 2018, the Company modified the performance vesting conditions of the SOG PSUs. The modification impacted the third and fourth tranches of PSUs to vest. As a result of the modification, the actual number of units to vest will be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company based on absolute Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) performance over the period commencing on July 1, 2017, and ending on the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date. Prior to this modification, the absolute TSR performance period commenced on August 11, 2014. Ritchie Bros. 107 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued) Sign-on grant PSUs The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $43.34. The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $838,000. It was determined based on the change in fair value of the equity-classified SOG PSUs immediately before and after modification. Significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified SOG PSUs to determine the incremental compensation cost were as follows: September 11, 2018 Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the PSU Expected volatility 2018 2.7% 1.53% 1 year 29.2% Unrecognized compensation expense based on the fair value of the SOG PSU award on the modification date will be amortized over the remaining service period. RSUs The Company has RSU plans that are equity-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. Prior to November 8, 2017, the Company was only able to settle the RSU awards in cash, and as such, the RSUs were classified as liability awards, which are fair valued on grant date and at each reporting date using the 20-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. On November 8, 2017 (the “RSU modification date”), the Board of Directors approved amendments to the RSU plans, allowing the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares for new RSUs granted after the RSU modification date. With respect to settling in shares, the Company has the option to either (i) arrange for the purchase shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) to issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest, net of any applicable withholding, if any. As at December 31, 2018, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified RSUs was $3,994,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. DSUs The Company has DSU plans that are cash-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. Fair values of DSUs are estimated on grant date and at each reporting date using the 20-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. DSUs are granted under the DSU plan to members of the Board of Directors. There is no unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified DSUs as they vest immediately and are expensed upon grant. As at December 31, 2018, the Company had a total share unit liability of $3,714,000 (2017: $2,645,000) in respect of share units under the DSU plans. Ritchie Bros. 108 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Share-based payments (continued) Employee share purchase plan The Company has an employee share purchase plan that allows all employees that have completed two months of service to contribute funds to purchase common shares at the current market value at the time of share purchase. Employees may contribute up to 4% of their salary. The Company will match between 50% and 100% of the employee‘s contributions, depending on the employee‘s length of service with the Company. 26. Commitments Commitments for expenditures As at December 31, 2018, the Company had committed to, but not yet incurred, $1,151,000 in capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (December 31, 2017: $1,612,000). Commitment for inventory purchase The Company entered into a two-year non-rolling stock surplus contract with the U.S. Government Defense Logistics Agency (the “DLA”) in December 2017 with the option to extend for up to four-years. Pursuant to the contract the performance period commenced in April 2018 and concludes in March 2020. The Company has committed to purchase between 150,000 and 245,900 units of property with an expected minimum value of $11,104,000 and up to $51,028,000 annually to the extent that goods are available from the DLA over the initial 12 month period relating to the purchase of inventory. At December 31, 2018, the Company has purchased $35,900,000 pursuant to the initial 12 month period of this contract which commenced in April 2018. Operating lease commitments – the Company as lessee The Company has entered into commercial leases for various auction sites and offices located in North America, Central America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. The majority of these leases are non-cancellable. The Company also has further operating leases for computer equipment, certain motor vehicles and small office equipment where it is not in the best interest of the Company to purchase these assets. The majority of the Company‘s operating leases have a fixed term with a remaining life between one month and 20 years with renewal options included in the contracts. The leases have varying contract terms, escalation clauses and renewal rights. There are no restrictions placed upon the lessee by entering into these leases, other than restrictions on use of property, sub-letting and alterations. In certain leases there are options to purchase; if the intention to take this option changes subsequent to the commencement of the lease, the Company re-assesses the classification of the lease as operating. The future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, excluding reimbursed costs to the lessor, are as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter $ $ 15,988 13,276 10,554 8,317 6,560 42,333 97,028 As at December 31, 2018, the total future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases is $1,187,000 (2017: $1,936,000; 2016 $577,000). The lease expenditure charged to earnings during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $27,734,000 (2017: $21,956,000; 2016: $20,075,000). Ritchie Bros. 109 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Commitments (continued) Capital lease commitments – the Company as lessee The Company has entered into capital lease arrangements for computer and yard equipment. The majority of the leases have a fixed term with a remaining life of one month to four years with renewal options included in the contracts. In certain of these leases, the Company has the option to purchase the leased asset at fair market value or a stated residual value at the end of the lease term. As at December 31, 2018, the net carrying amount of computer and yard equipment under capital leases is $14,976,000 (December 31, 2017: $10,692,000), and is included in the total property, plant and equipment as disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets. The future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable finance leases are as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Assets recorded under capital leases are as follows: As at December 31, 2018 Computer equipment Yard and others As at December 31, 2017 Computer equipment Yard and auto equipment 27. Contingencies Legal and other claims Cost 9,428 12,125 21,553 Cost 8,699 6,493 15,192 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,480 4,564 3,327 2,023 814 - 16,208 Accumulated amortization (3,992) $ (2,585) (6,577) $ Net book value 5,436 9,540 14,976 Accumulated amortization (3,604) $ (896) (4,500) $ Net book value 5,095 5,597 10,692 The Company is subject to legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management does not believe that the results of these claims will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet or consolidated income statement. Ritchie Bros. 110 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 27. Contingencies (continued) Guarantee contracts In the normal course of business, the Company will in certain situations guarantee to a consignor a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of that consignor’s equipment. At December 31, 2018, there were $41,461,000 of assets guaranteed under contract, of which 51% is expected to be sold prior to March 31, 2019 with the remainder to be sold by May 31, 2020 (December 31, 2017: $30,948,000 of which 27% is expected to be sold prior to the end of March 31, 2018 with the remainder to be sold by December 31, 2018). The outstanding guarantee amounts are undiscounted and before estimated proceeds from sale at auction. 28. Selected quarterly financial data (unaudited) Certain comparative figures have been restated to conform to current presentation (Note 2(y)). The following is a summary of selected quarterly financial information (unaudited): 2018 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2017 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2016 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Ritchie Bros. $ $ $ Revenues 260,178 308,530 245,346 355,972 Revenues 199,427 252,613 227,401 291,750 Revenues 255,504 275,667 300,976 294,830 $ $ $ Operating income Net income Net income Earnings per share Basic Diluted Attributable to stockholders $ 32,873 64,795 31,194 56,327 $ 17,207 45,727 23,112 35,460 $ 17,138 45,717 23,138 35,486 $ 0.16 0.42 0.21 0.33 Operating income Net income (loss) Attributable to stockholders Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per share Diluted Basic $ 23,597 26,888 16,931 40,038 $ 10,433 17,713 10,323 36,837 $ 10,377 17,635 10,261 36,754 $ 0.10 0.16 0.10 0.34 0.16 0.42 0.21 0.32 0.10 0.16 0.09 0.34 Operating income Net income Net income Earnings per share Basic Diluted Attributable to stockholders $ 39,174 53,635 2,285 40,628 $ 29,994 40,591 (5,000) 27,927 $ 29,406 39,710 (5,137) 27,853 $ 0.28 0.37 (0.05) 0.26 0.27 0.37 (0.05) 0.26 111 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 29. Business combinations IronPlanet acquisition On May 31, 2017 (the “IronPlanet Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of IronPlanet for a total fair value consideration of $776,474,000. As at the acquisition date, cash consideration of $772,706,000, of which approximately $35,000,000 was placed in escrow, was paid to the former shareholders, vested option holders and warrant holders of IronPlanet. In addition to the cash consideration, non-cash consideration of $2,330,000 was issued attributable to the assumption of outstanding IronPlanet options, $1,771,000 was paid in cash and placed in escrow, related to customary closing adjustments, and $333,000 was related to settlement of intercompany payable transactions. Funds placed in escrow of $36,771,000 were released in March 2018. A summary of the net cash flows and purchase price are detailed below Cash consideration paid to former equity holders Settlement of IronPlanet's debt Settlement of IronPlanet's transaction costs Cash consideration paid on closing Cash consideration paid related to closing adjustments Less: cash and cash equivalents acquired Less: restricted cash acquired Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired Cash consideration paid on closing Replacement stock option awards attributable to pre-combination services Stock option compensation expense from accelerated vesting of awards attributable to post-combination services Cash consideration paid relating to closing adjustments Settlement of pre-existing intercompany balances Purchase price May 31, 2017 723,810 36,313 12,583 772,706 1,771 (95,626) (3,000) 675,851 772,706 4,926 (2,596) 1,771 (333) 776,474 $ $ $ $ IronPlanet is a leading online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment and other durable assets and an innovative participant in the multi–billion dollar used equipment market. The acquisition expands the breadth and depth of equipment disposition and management solutions the Company can offer its customers. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values at the IronPlanet Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $568,566,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Ritchie Bros. 112 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 29. Business combinations (continued) IronPlanet acquisition (continued) IronPlanet purchase price allocation Purchase price Assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Trade and other receivables Inventory Advances against auction contracts Prepaid expenses and deposits Income taxes receivable Property, plant and equipment Other non-current assets Deferred tax assets Intangible assets ~ Liabilities assumed: Auction proceeds payable Trade and other payables Deferred tax liabilities Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill acquired on acquisition May 31, 2017 776,474 95,626 3,000 13,021 600 4,623 1,645 55 2,381 2,551 1,497 188,000 63,616 15,540 25,935 207,908 568,566 $ $ $ ~ Intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks, customer relationships with estimated useful lives of ranging from six to 13 years, and a technology platform with an estimated useful life of 7 years. Goodwill The main drivers generating goodwill are the anticipated synergies from (1) the Company's auction expertise and transactional capabilities to IronPlanet's existing customer base, (2) IronPlanet providing existing technology to the Company's current customer base, and (3) future growth from international expansion and new Caterpillar dealers. Other factors generating goodwill include the acquisition of IronPlanet's assembled work force and their associated technical expertise. Ritchie Bros. 113 ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures established by the Company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. The Company, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that its internal controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting In accordance with Item 308 of SEC Regulation S-K, management is required to provide an annual report regarding internal controls over our financial reporting. This report, which includes management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, is found below. Ritchie Bros. 114 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting for the Company as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s CEO and CFO, overseen by the Company’s Board of Directors and implemented by the Company’s management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and the requirements of the SEC. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate. Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria described in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (“COSO”). Based on its assessment under the framework in COSO, management has concluded that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm The attestation report required under this Item 9A is set forth below under the caption “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, concluded that there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Ritchie Bros. 115 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO” criteria). In our opinion, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated February 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chartered Professional Accountants Vancouver, Canada February 28, 2019 Ritchie Bros. 116 ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PART III The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed 120 days of December 31, 2018, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the 2019 Proxy Statement). We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics, which applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website, https://www.rbauction.com/cms_assets/pdf/corporate-governance/09-2018-Ritchie-Bros-Code-of-Business-Conduct-and-Ethics.pdf, and can be obtained by writing to Ritchie Bros. Investor Relations, 9500 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 0C6 or by sending an email to our Investor Relations department at IR@ritchiebros.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any amendments, other than technical, administrative or other non-substantive amendments, to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or waivers from the provisions of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer will be promptly disclosed on our website following the effective date of such amendment or waiver. ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2019 Proxy Statement. ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2019 Proxy Statement. ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2019 Proxy Statement. ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2019 Proxy Statement. Ritchie Bros. 117 PART IV ITEM 15: EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) Documents Filed with this Report: 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Income Statements Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES None. 3. EXHIBITS 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 The exhibits listed in (b) below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference. (b) Exhibits: Exhibit Number 2.1* 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 10.1# 10.2# 10.3# Document Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 29, 2016, by and among the Company, Topaz Mergersub, Inc., IronPlanet, and Fortis Advisors LLC (as representative of the indemnifying securityholders thereunder) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2016) Articles of Amalgamation and Amendments (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amended and Restated By-law No. 1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K furnished on February 27, 2015) Shareholder Rights Plan Agreement dated as of February 22, 2007, between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Computershare Investor Services, Inc., as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amending Agreement dated April 5, 2007 between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Computershare Investor Services, Inc., as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2016, among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and US Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025 (includes form of note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2016) Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, dated May 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2016) Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Stock Option Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Ravichandra Saligram, dated August 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Ritchie Bros. 118 10.4# 10.5# 10.6# 10.7# 10.8# 10.9# 10.10# 10.11# 10.12# 10.13# 10.14# 10.15# 10.16# 10.17# 10.18# 10.19# 10.20# 10.21# Amended and Restated Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Non-Executive Director Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amended and Restated Senior Executive Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed on November 9, 2017) Form of Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement for Amended and Restated Senior Executive Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018) Form of Restricted Share Unit Special Grant Agreement for Amended and Restated Senior Executive Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018) Amended and Restated Employee Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed on November 9, 2017) Form of Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement for Amended and Restated Employee Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018) Amended and Restated Non-Executive Director Deferred Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018) Performance Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Ravichandra Saligram, dated August 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment No. 1 to Grant Agreement and Amendment No. 1 to Performance Share Unit Plan, dated May 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) Amendment No. 2 to Grant Agreement dated September 11, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 13, 2018) Executive Nonqualified Excess Plan (United States 10/10 Program) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amended Executive Nonqualified Excess Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2018) Canada and All Non-United States Locations: 10/10 Compensation Arrangement (Canada 10/10 Program) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment No. 1 to Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan dated August 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2018) Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement for Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Ritchie Bros. 119 10.22# 10.23# 10.24# 10.25# 10.26# 10.27# 10.28# 10.29# 10.30# 10.31# 10.32# 10.33# 10.34# 10.35# 10.36 10.37 10.38 Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment No. 1 to Employee Performance Share Unit Plan dated August 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 11, 2018) Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement for Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended December 14, 2017) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Ravichandra Saligram, dated June 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Jim Barr, dated November 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Karl Werner, dated January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Todd Wohler, dated January 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment to Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Todd Wohler, dated January 20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Kieran Holm, dated March 29, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2018) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Darren Watt, dated May 25, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Sharon Driscoll, dated May 20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Change of Control Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Lease Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated August 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated August 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Pre-Handover Occupancy Rental Agreement and Amendment to Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated November 25, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Ritchie Bros. 120 10.39 10.40 10.41# 10.42# 10.43# 10.44** 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48# 10.49# 10.50# 10.51# 10.52# 10.53# Lease Modification Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated February 12, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Lease Confirmation and Amendment to Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated May 6, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Summary of Short-term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment to Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Sharon Driscoll, dated February 26, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2017) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Marianne Marck, dated February 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2016) Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement, entered into as of August 29, 2016, by and between the Company, IronPlanet, Inc. and Caterpillar, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2016) Amended and Restated Commitment Letter, dated September 16, 2016, from Goldman Sachs Bank USA and Royal Bank of Canada (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2016) Credit Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2016, by and among the Company, the other borrowers and guarantors party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, U.S. swing line lender and L/C issuer, Royal Bank of Canada, as Canadian swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on November 4, 2016) First Amendment, dated as of January 17, 2017, to Credit Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2016, by and among the Company, the other borrowers and guarantors party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, U.S. swing line lender and L/C issuer, Royal Bank of Canada, as Canadian swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2017) IronPlanet, Inc. 1999 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed on June 1, 2017) Form of Stock Option Agreement for IronPlanet, Inc. 1999 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. 2015 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 filed on June 1, 2017) Form of Stock Option Agreement for IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. 2015 Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) Form of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated Stock Option Assumption Notice (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Douglas Feick, dated August 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) Ritchie Bros. 121 10.54# 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE # * ** Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and James Jeter, dated August 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2017) List of Company Subsidiaries Consent of Ernst & Young LLP Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The registrant will furnish copies of any such schedules to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been filed separately with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. ITEM 16: FORM 10-K SUMMARY Not applicable. Ritchie Bros. 122 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 28, 2019 RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED By: /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: /s/ Sharon R. Driscoll Sharon R. Driscoll /s/ Beverley A. Briscoe Beverley A. Briscoe /s/ Robert G. Elton Robert G. Elton /s/ Erik Olsson Erik Olsson /s/ Edward B. Pitoniak Edward B. Pitoniak /s/ Sarah Raiss Sarah E. Raiss /s/ Christopher Zimmerman Christopher Zimmerman /s/ Amy Guggenheim Skenkan Amy Guggenheim Skenkan /s/ Kim Fennell Kim Fennell Chair of the Board February 28, 2019 Director Director Director Director Director February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 Director February 28, 2019 Director February 28, 2019 Ritchie Bros. 123 Name of subsidiary Ritchie Bros. Holdings Inc. RBA Holdings Inc. Ritchie Bros. Holdings (America) Inc. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. Ritchie Bros. Properties Inc. Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (America) Inc. Bridgeport Agencies Inc. AssetNation, Inc. Mascus USA Inc. Xcira, LLC SalvageSale Mexico Holding LLC IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. Associated Auction Services, LLC IronPlanet, Inc IronPlanet Real Estate LLC IronPlanet Motors, LLC Kruse Energy & Equipment Auctioneers, LLC IronPlanet Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. Leake Auction Company Ritchie Bros. Holdings Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Real Estate Service Ltd. Bridgeport Agencies Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Properties Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Financial Services Ltd. Mascus Canada Limited Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (International) Ltd. IronPlanet Canada Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Investment Holdings (Luxembourg) SARL Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (ME) Limited Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers India Private Limited Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Ireland Limited IronPlanet Limited Ritchie Bros. Holdings B.V. Ritchie Bros. B.V. Ritchie Bros. Shared Services B.V. Ritchie Bros. Properties B.V. Mascus International Holdings B.V. Mascus International B.V. Mascus IP B.V. Mascus A/S Ritchie Bros. Finland Oy Ritchie Bros. Sweden AB Ritchie Bros. Polska Sp. Z.o.o. Ritchie Bros. Properties S.r.l. Ritchie Bros. Italia S.r.l. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Spain) S.L.U. Ritchie Bros. Properties (Spain) S.L.U. Ritchie Bros. UK Limited IronPlanet UK Limited IronPlanet Field Ltd. Incorporation USA (Washington) USA (Delaware) USA (Washington) USA (Washington) USA (Washington) USA (Washington) USA (Washington) USA (Delaware) USA (Florida) USA (Delaware) USA (Delaware) USA (Delaware) USA (Delaware) USA (Delaware) USA (Georgia) USA (Delaware) USA (Texas) Mexico USA (Oklahoma) Canada Canada Canada Canada (B.C) Canada Canada Canada Canada (B.C) Canada Cyprus Cyprus India Ireland Ireland The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands The Netherlands Finland Sweden Poland Italy Italy Spain Spain United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Ownership Interest 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 75% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Exhibit 21.1 Principal activity Holding company Holding company Holding company Auction services Property management Brokerage services Asset management E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace Auction services Holding company Auction services Holding company Auction services Real estate services Asset management Property management Brokerage services E-commerce marketplace Holding company Holding company Auction services Auction services Holding company Holding company Auction services Administrative services Property management E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace E-commerce marketplace Auction services Property management Auction services Auction services Property management Auction services Ritchie Bros. Deutschland GmbH Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers France SAS R.B. Services SARL Ritchie Bros. Holdings SARL Ritchie Bros. Properties EURL Ritchie Bros. Holdings Pty Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Pty Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Properties Pty Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Properties Japan K.K. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Japan) K.K. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Pte Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Ritchie Auction (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Mexico Services, S. de R.L. de C.V. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. Ritchie Bros. Properties, S. de R.L. de C.V. SalvageSale De Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. SalvageSale Servicios, S. de R.L. de C.V. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Panama) S.A. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Comercial de Equipamentos Industriais Ltda Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Muzayede Danismanlik ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi Ritchie Bros. Holdings Luxembourg SARL Ritchie Bros. Luxembourg SARL Germany France France France France Australia Australia Australia Japan Japan Singapore China China Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Panama Brazil Turkey Luxembourg Luxembourg 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Auction services Auction services Administrative services Holding company Property management Holding company Auction services Property management Property management Auction services Auction services Auction services Auction services Administrative services Auction services Property management E-commerce marketplace Administrative services Auction services Administrative services Auction services Holding company Holding company CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-65533, 333-188350, 333-202636, 333-211112, 333- 213114, 333-218398 and 333-221439) of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated of our reports dated February 28, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated for the year ended December 31, 2018. Exhibit 23.1 Vancouver, Canada February 28, 2019 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chartered Professional Accountants CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Ravichandra K. Saligram, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2019 /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Sharon R. Driscoll, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2019 /s/ Sharon R. Driscoll Sharon R. Driscoll Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Ravichandra K. Saligram, Chief Executive Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 28, 2019 /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Sharon R. Driscoll, Chief Financial Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 28, 2019 /s/ Sharon R. Driscoll Sharon R. Driscoll Chief Financial Officer 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above