Royal Gold
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

SUCCESS THROUGH SUSTAINABLE LEADERSHIP DENVER, COLORADO2020 ANNUAL REPORTPORTFOLIO — DIVERSE, GOLD FOCUSED PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES ANDACOLLO 1 Region IV, Chile CORTEZ Nevada, USA MOUNT MILLIGAN British Columbia, Canada PEÑASQUITO Zacatecas, Mexico 4 3 2 6 7 5 6 7 PUEBLO VIEJO Sanchez Ramirez, Dominican Republic WASSA Western Region, Ghana KHOEMACAU Botswana 3 2 4 5 1 187PROPERTIES1 41 PRODUCING 16 DEVELOPMENT 49 EVALUATION 81 EXPLORATION 1 As of June 30, 2020 REVENUE* BY COMMODITY REVENUE* BY COUNTRY CUMULATIVE FIVE YEAR RETURN GRAPH** 3% Other 9% Copper 9% Silver 79% Gold 3% Australia 7% Mexico 6% Africa 10% USA 15% Chile $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 2% Other 38% Canada 19% Dom. Rep $192 $185 $147 June '15 June '16 June '17 June '18 June '19 June '20 Royal Gold, Inc. S&P500 Index PHLX Gold/Silver Sector * Total Revenue for FY 2020 ** Returns have been indexed to June 30, 2015 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS REVENUE For the Fiscal Years Ended June 30 ($ Millions) OPERATING CASH FLOWS For the Fiscal Years Ended June 30 ($ Millions) CALENDAR YEAR DIVIDENDS1 ($ per share) 440.8 459.0 423.1 498.8 359.8 328.8 340.8 266.9 253.2 1.06 1.00 1.12 0.92 0.96 169.3 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 1 Dividends are paid on a calendar year basis. The dividend for calendar year 2020 is $1.12; dividends declared during fiscal year 2020 totaled $1.105. MESSAGE FROM OUR PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS, I was appointed as President and CEO on January 2, 2020, and while 2020 has been a challenging year for many people around the world in many respects, I am pleased to report that Royal Gold’s business continues to thrive. As businesses have grappled with the social and economic challenges caused by a global pandemic, Royal Gold stayed true to long-held strategic objectives. We have maintained our focus on gold, remained disciplined with our allocation of capital, managed our balance sheet prudently, and continued to return capital to shareholders. Our commitment to a long-term and proven strategy allowed us to navigate an uncertain operating environment and produce record financial results for fiscal 2020. We benefited as precious metals prices increased and our diversified portfolio of precious metal assets produced record operating cash flow in 2020. While we are pleased to see metal prices rise, we are also careful to consider long term returns and we will remain disciplined with respect to completing new acquisitions. Our portfolio includes a pipeline of earlier stage assets that are not yet cash-flowing, and higher metal prices may support production and reserve increases that will provide organic revenue growth in the future without any significant investment on our part. True to our history, we remain focused on measuring success on a per share basis and limiting equity dilution. While we have seen many other companies in the precious metals sector take advantage of renewed capital inflows, we have avoided dilutive equity issuances to provide our shareholders with as much exposure to our business as possible. COMPANY PERFORMANCE Fiscal 2020 saw exceptional financial performance, and we recognized records for revenue of $498.8 million, operating cash flow of $340.8 million, and earnings of $199.3 million. Our portfolio performed well, with gold equivalent volume1 of 320,000 ounces, and benefited from significantly higher gold and silver prices. During the year we experienced interruptions in the portfolio including a two-month strike at Andacollo, a one-month blockade of Peñasquito, and production curtailments and temporary stoppages at several assets due to actions taken by the operators to combat the spread of COVID-19. Despite these operational issues, the strength and diversity of our portfolio was evident as the overall gold equivalent volume1 was less than five percent lower than the previous year. 1 See page A-2 at the end of this document for additional information about gold equivalent ounces. Our commitment to a long-term and proven strategy allowed us to navigate an uncertain operating environment and produce record financial results for fiscal 2020. 1 2020 ANNUAL REPORTIN 2020 WE ACHIEVED NEW RECORDS FOR REVENUE OF $498.8 million OPERATING CASH FLOW OF $340.8 million AND EARNINGS OF $199.3 million Our new senior management team has made a seamless transition and we stand ready to build on the company’s success. CAPITAL ALLOCATION PRIORITIES Disciplined capital allocation is a key attribute of our approach to business, and our significant free cash flow2 during the year allowed us to: • reduce net debt2 by $115 million and end the year with a net cash2 position of $14 million; • fund approximately $136 million in advance payments towards our silver stream at the Khoemacau project, which we expect will provide a near-term contribution to the portfolio when it begins production in calendar 2021; and • maintain our commitment to paying a growing and sustainable dividend, which we raised for the 19th consecutive year to $1.12 per share per calendar year, with a total of $71.5 million paid back to shareholders during the year. We funded all these activities without issuing additional equity and ended the year with a strong balance sheet and access to liquidity that positions us to act on new business opportunities as they arise. LEADERSHIP TRANSITION A significant strategic achievement during the year was our transition to a new generation of leadership within the company. In addition to my appointment, Paul Libner, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, and Randy Shefman, Vice President and General Counsel, were promoted from within our organization as we implemented long standing succession planning strategies. Additionally, Mark Isto was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in recognition of his contribution to our long standing commitment to technical excellence in our due diligence and asset monitoring efforts. Our new senior management team, which consists of individuals with long careers with Royal Gold, has made a seamless transition and we stand ready to build on the company’s success. During the year, our previous President and CEO, Tony Jensen, and Vice President General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, Bruce Kirchhoff, decided to retire from Royal Gold. These individuals were long standing and respected leaders in our organization and I believe I speak for everyone at Royal Gold as I thank them for their dedicated service over the years. In addition, I would like to thank the employees of Royal Gold, who have successfully navigated the personal and corporate challenges of working in a COVID 19 environment and have ensured the smooth operation of our business, even in these trying times. We have built our business to appeal to investors who want exposure to precious metals through a conservatively managed vehicle. Our success this year demonstrates that this approach continues to work. I appreciate the opportunity to lead Royal Gold in its next phase of development and I value the continued support of the Board and management team. I look forward to continuing to earn your support into the future. Sincerely, William Heissenbuttel Free cash flow and net debt (cash) are non-GAAP financial measures. See pages A-1 and A-2 at the end of this document for additional information. 2 2 ROYAL GOLD, INC. ESG HIGHLIGHTS Royal Gold’s business model is designed to provide shareholders with long-term exposure to resource upside and metal price optionality for the life of a mining project. We understand that sustained economic performance cannot be obtained without sound environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices. As such, the sustainability of our investments is fundamental to our long-term success. COMMUNITY SUPPORT We believe that “good mines get better” through expansion, resource conversion and technological advancements. However, all operations will eventually come to an end and the impacts of mine closure are felt not only by the workforce and investors, but also by the local community. We actively seek opportunities to work with our operating partners to advance sustainability initiatives with the goal of aiding communities to thrive both during mining operations and beyond. We also believe in supporting the education of the industry’s next generation of leadership who will be at the forefront of the continued evolution of responsible resource development and sustainability standards. We also believe in giving back at home, supporting the communities where we live and work. Our annual charitable giving is administered by a committee of employees that selects donation targets and recipients in our local communities. We are proud to partner with leading charities in Denver, Luzern, Toronto and Vancouver who are actively responding to community needs with respect to medical supplies, homelessness, food security, elder care, and education. SUSTAINABILITY Royal Gold endorses the International Council on Mining and Metals’ (ICMM) 10 Principles of Sustainable Development and participated in implementation of the World Gold Council’s Responsible Gold Mining Principles (RGMPs), each of which promote ethical and sustainable resource development. We integrate these principles into Royal Gold’s own business planning and operations as appropriate and encourage our operating partners, whom we consider to be members of our supply chain, to adhere to these or similar principles in their own management and operations. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT With fewer than 30 employees across four professional offices in United States, Switzerland, and Canada, Royal Gold’s direct environmental footprint is modest, although we strive to limit this impact to the extent possible. We subsidize and encourage employees' use of public transportation for their daily commute, and in January 2020, we moved our Denver headquarters, where two-thirds of our employees are based, into a LEED Gold certified building. Also in 2020, we eliminated single use plastic water bottles across all of our offices. While we have limited influence over the mining operations in which we hold stream and royalty interests, we encourage our operators to implement industry best practices for emissions reduction. In 2020, we joined with leading mining companies to sponsor the Colorado Cleantech Industry Association’s Mining Cleantech Challenge, an industry judged competition to promote new clean technologies for mining projects. 3 2020 ANNUAL REPORT THE ROYAL GOLD BOARD OF DIRECTORS William Hayes INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Non-Executive Chair of Royal Gold, Inc.; retired Executive Vice President for Project Development and Corporate Affairs for Placer Dome Inc. William Heissenbuttel INSIDE DIRECTOR President and Chief Executive Officer of Royal Gold, Inc. Kevin McArthur INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Retired Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Tahoe Resources Inc. Jamie Sokalsky INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Retired Director and President and Chief Executive Officer of Barrick Gold Corporation Christopher Thompson* INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Gold Fields Limited Ronald Vance INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Retired Senior Vice President, Corporate Development for Teck Resources Limited Sybil Veenman INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR Retired General Counsel for Barrick Gold Corporation * Christopher Thompson has informed the Board of Directors that he does not intend to stand for reelection to the board at the November 2020 shareholders’ meeting. THE ROYAL GOLD MANAGEMENT TEAM William Heissenbuttel PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Paul Libner CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND TREASURER Mark Isto EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER, ROYAL GOLD CORP. Randy Shefman VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL Daniel Breeze VICE PRESIDENT, CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT, RGLD GOLD AG Jason Hynes VICE PRESIDENT, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGY, ROYAL GOLD CORP. Alistair Baker VICE PRESIDENT, INVESTOR RELATIONS AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, ROYAL GOLD CORP. Margaret McCandless ASSISTANT GENERAL COUNSEL, CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER, AND CORPORATE SECRETARY FORM 10-K 2020UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period From to Commission File Number 001-13357 Royal Gold, Inc. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 1144 15th Street, Suite 2500 Denver, Colorado (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 84-0835164 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 80202 (Zip Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (303) 573-1660 Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 par value Trading Symbol RGLD Name of the Exchange on which Registered Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ Aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of Royal Gold common stock on December 31, 2019, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market was $8.0 billion. There were 65,591,043 shares of Royal Gold common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of July 30, 2020. Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on November 18, 2020, and to be filed within 120 days after June 30, 2020, are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE   INDEX PAGE 2 7 15 15 28 28 28 28 29 39 40 72 72 73 74 74 74 74 74 74 80 81 Business PART I. ITEM 1. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. PART II. ITEM 5. Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosure Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 6. ITEM 7. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ITEM 8. ITEM 9. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures ITEM 9B. Other Information PART III. ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART IV. ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules ITEM 16 Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES 1 This report contains and incorporates by reference “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments. Actual results may differ, possibly materially, from forward-looking statements due to various factors. For a discussion of some of these factors, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”), of this report. Royal Gold does not own, develop, or mine the properties on which it holds stream or royalty interests, except for our interest in the Peak Gold, LLC joint venture (“Peak Gold JV”). Certain information provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K about operating properties in which we hold interests, including information about reserves, historical production, production estimates, property descriptions, and property developments, was provided to us by the operators of those properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or fairness of, such third-party information and refers the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Royal Gold, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview We acquire and manage precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for a discussion of the development at our principal properties. We manage our business under two segments: Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests—A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of June 30, 2020, we owned seven stream interests, which are on six producing properties and two development stage properties. Our stream interests accounted for approximately 72% of our total revenue for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant portion of our total revenue. Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests—Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of June 30, 2020, we owned royalty interests on 35 producing properties, 14 development stage properties and 130 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 49 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineralized material and on which operators are engaged in the search for reserves. Royalties accounted for approximately 28% of our total revenue for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests. Except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, we are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs, or other operating costs on those properties. In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new streams on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through the financing of mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our 2 engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, our analysis of technical, financial, legal and other confidential information of particular opportunities, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes. As discussed in further detail throughout this report, some highlights of our business during fiscal year 2020 were as follows:    Our revenue increased 18% to $498.8 million, compared to $423.1 million during fiscal 2019. We made several key leadership changes due to retirements and used our management succession planning to fill those roles. We increased our calendar year dividend to $1.12 per basic share, which is paid in quarterly installments throughout calendar year 2020. This represents a 6% increase compared with the dividend paid during calendar year 2019. Certain Definitions Dollar or “$”: Refers to U.S. dollars. We refer to Canadian dollars as C$. Gold equivalent ounces (GEOs): GEOs are calculated as Royal Gold’s revenue divided by the average gold price for the period. Gross smelter return (GSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation, less, if applicable, certain contract-defined costs paid by or charged to the operator. Metal stream: A purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Mineralized material: That part of a mineral system that has potential economic significance, but is not included in the proven and probable reserve estimates until further drilling and metallurgical work is completed, and until other economic and technical feasibility factors based on such work have been resolved. Net smelter return (NSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less a proportionate share of incidental transportation, insurance, refining and smelting costs. Net value royalty (NVR): A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less certain contract-defined costs. Probable reserves: Reserves for which quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation. Proven reserves: Reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes, grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling, and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth and mineral content of reserves are well established. Payable metal: Ounces or pounds of metal in concentrate after deduction of a percentage of metal in concentrate by a third-party smelter pursuant to smelting contracts. 3 Reserve: That part of a mineral deposit that could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. Royalty: The right to receive a percentage or other denomination of mineral production from a mining operation. Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms. Tonne: A unit of weight equal to 2,204.6 pounds or 1,000 kilograms. Fiscal 2020 Business Developments Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, for discussion on recent liquidity and capital resource developments. Alturas royalty acquisition On January 29, 2020, we entered into an agreement with various private individuals for the acquisition of an NSR royalty of up to 1.06% (gold) and up to 1.59% (copper) on mining concessions included as part of the Alturas project, which is located within the Coquimbo Region of Chile and held by Compañia Minera Salitrales Limitada, a subsidiary of Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”). Total consideration for the royalty is up to $41 million, of which $11 million was paid on January 29, 2020. A future payment of up to $20 million is conditioned based on a project construction decision by Barrick and the size of the minable mineralized material on the date of the construction decision. A further future payment of up to $10 million will be made upon first production from the mining concessions. Castelo de Sonhos royalty acquisition In August 2019, we entered into an agreement with TriStar Gold Inc. and its subsidiaries (together “TriStar”) to acquire (i) up to a 1.5% NSR royalty on the Castelo de Sonhos gold project (“CDS”), located in Brazil, and (ii) warrants to purchase up to 19,640,000 common shares of TriStar. Total consideration was $7.5 million, of which $4.5 million was paid in August 2019, $1.5 million was paid in November 2019, and $1.5 million was paid in March 2020. Aggregate funds we invested with TriStar will be used primarily to advance CDS to the feasibility stage, including advancing permitting activities. A preliminary economic assessment for CDS was prepared by TriStar in calendar 2018 and was based on a total of 2.0 million ounces of mineralized material at an average gold grade of approximately 1.0 gram per tonne. Since August 2019, TriStar has completed reverse circulation drilling, which will support the preparation of a preliminary feasibility study. Refer to Note 3 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion. Covid-19 and current economic environment Several of our operating counterparties previously announced temporary operational curtailments or the withdrawal or review of previously disclosed guidance due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The economic and societal impacts associated with COVID-19 are fluid and changing rapidly, and we are currently unable to predict the nature or extent of any impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. We will continue to monitor any further developments that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on stream or royalty interests as part of our regular asset impairment analysis. Leadership changes We made several key leadership changes as a result of our ongoing management succession planning. After a thorough search process, our Board of Directors appointed William Heissenbuttel as our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors, effective January 2, 2020. Mr. Heissenbuttel most recently served as our Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy. In addition, the Board of Directors promoted the following executives effective January 2, 2020: Mark Isto, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer; Paul Libner, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer; and Randy Shefman, Vice President and General Counsel. 4 Our Operational Information Reportable Segments and Financial Information We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Royal Gold’s long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts are in thousands): As of June 30, 2020 As of June 30, 2019 Canada Dominican Republic Chile Africa Mexico United States Australia Rest of world Total $ interests, net Royalty interest Royalty interest Total stream and royalty Total stream and royalty Stream interest interests, net 767,749 $ 200,251 $ 968,000 451,585 451,585 — 515,733 301,507 214,226 89,877 89,556 321 83,748 — 83,748 163,398 — 163,398 31,944 31,944 — 35,031 22,993 12,038 $ 1,614,363 $ 704,550 $ 2,318,913 $ 1,622,435 $ 716,881 $ 2,339,316 Stream interest 702,732 $ 189,855 $ 892,587 $ 406,469 406,469 — 501,583 277,661 223,922 215,784 215,463 321 75,951 — 75,951 159,445 — 159,445 30,006 30,006 — 37,088 25,050 12,038 Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance for our fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, and 2019 are shown below (amounts are in thousands): Stream interests Royalty interests Total Stream interests Canada Dominican Republic Chile Africa Total stream interests Royalty interests Canada United States Mexico Australia Africa Chile Rest of world Total royalty interests Total Year Ended June 30, 2020 Production taxes Cost of sales (1) Revenue $ 359,868 $ 138,951 $ 498,819 $ 83,890 $ — 83,890 $ Depletion (2) Segment gross profit(3) — $ 144,678 $ 131,300 3,824 104,758 30,369 3,824 $ 175,047 $ 236,058 Year Ended June 30, 2019 Production taxes Cost of sales Revenue $ 305,824 $ 81,021 $ $ 37,717 35,378 17,611 171,727 $ 117,232 17,717 $ 14,340 15,833 6,217 1,024 $- 4,738 59,869 $ 423,056 $ 77,535 $ 23,393 $ 17,675 7,684 5,012 53,764 — — $ — — — — — — — 77,535 $ Depletion Segment gross profit — $ 127,770 $ 100,519 57,628 — $ 20,042 — 27,694 — 12,599 — 117,963 — — $ — — — - 4,112 35,086 78,034 17,717 14,340 15,833 6,217 1,024 - 4,738 59,869 4,112 $ 162,856 $ 178,553 — $ — — — — — — - $- $ — — — — — — - (1) Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization. 5 (2) Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). (3) Refer to Note 14 to consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of total segment gross profit to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes. Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold and, to a lesser extent, the prices of silver and copper, together with the amounts of production from our producing-stage stream and royalty interests. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we derived approximately 88% of our revenue from precious metals (including 79% from gold and 9% from silver), 9% from copper, and 3% from other minerals. The prices of gold, silver, copper, and other metals have fluctuated widely in recent years. The marketability and the price of metals are influenced by numerous factors beyond our control. Significant declines in the prices of gold, silver, or copper could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Competition The mining industry in general, and streaming and royalty segments in particular, are very competitive. We compete with other streaming and royalty companies, mine operators, and financial buyers in efforts to acquire existing streaming and royalty interests. We also compete with the lenders, investors, and streaming and royalty companies providing financing to operators of mineral properties in our efforts to create new streaming and royalty interests. Our competitors may be larger than we are and may have greater resources and access to capital than we have. Key competitive factors in the stream and royalty acquisition and financing business include the ability to identify and evaluate potential opportunities, transaction structure and consideration, and access to capital. Regulation Operators of the mines that are subject to our stream and royalty interests must comply with numerous environmental, mine safety, land use, waste disposal, remediation and public health laws and regulations promulgated by federal, state, provincial and local governments in the United States, Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico, Botswana, Australia and other countries where we hold interests. Although we, as a stream or royalty interest owner, are not responsible for ensuring compliance with these laws and regulations, failure by the operators to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permits can result in injunctive action, orders to suspend or cease operations, damages, and civil and criminal penalties on the operators, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Corporate Information We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on January 5, 1981. Our executive offices are located at 1144 15th Street, Suite 2500, Denver, Colorado 80202. Our telephone number is (303) 573-1660. SEC Filings We file periodic and current reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. This includes our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those forms. These reports are available free of charge on our website at www.royalgold.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. These reports also can be obtained on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. Employees We currently have 27 employees, 18 of which work out of our office in Denver, Colorado. The remainder work out of our offices in Lucerne, Switzerland, Vancouver, Canada, and Toronto, Canada. Our employees are not subject to a labor contract or collective bargaining agreement. We consider our overall employee relations to be good. 6 Our global offices are adhering by the guidelines provided to the local health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The adoption of a remote work environment has not caused any material interruptions to the day-to-day activities of the Company. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS You should carefully consider the risks described in this section. Our future performance is subject to risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition and the trading price of our common stock. We may be subject to other risks and uncertainties not presently known to us. In addition, please see our note about forward-looking statements included in Part II, Item 7, MD&A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Risks Relating to our Business Our revenue is subject to volatility in metal prices, which could negatively affect our results of operations or cash flow. Market prices for gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals may fluctuate widely over time and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include metal supply and demand, industrial and jewelry fabrication, investment demand, central banking actions, inflation expectations, currency values, interest rates, forward sales by metal producers, and political, trade, economic, or banking conditions. Our revenue is directly tied to metal prices. Under our stream agreements, we purchase metal at a fixed price or a stated percentage of the market price and then sell the metal in the open market. If market prices decline, our revenue and cash flow from metal sales decline. A price decline can also impact our revenue under certain sliding-scale royalty agreements as we may receive a lower royalty rate when prices fall below specified thresholds. In addition, some of our royalty agreements are based on the operator’s concentrate sales to smelters and allow for price adjustments between the operator and the smelter based on metals prices on a future date, typically three to five months after shipment of concentrate. These price adjustments can decrease our revenue in future periods if metal prices decline following shipment. Price declines could cause an operator to reduce, suspend, or terminate production or development at a project, which would impact our future revenue from the project. These production or development decisions could prevent us from recovering our initial investment in the project or result in an impairment to the value of our initial investment. We own passive interests in mining properties and cannot ensure properties are developed or operated in our best interests. Our revenue is derived entirely from stream and royalty interests in properties owned and operated by third parties. In general, we have no decision-making authority regarding the development or operation of the mineral properties underlying our stream and royalty interests. Operators make all development and operating decisions, including decisions about permitting, feasibility analysis, mine design and operation, processing, plant and equipment matters, and temporary or permanent suspension of operations. We generally are not entitled to compensation if operations are shut down. This creates risk for us because operators may at times have business interests that are inconsistent with our interests or may act contrary to our interests. Our revenue is subject to operational and other risks faced by operators of the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests. We generally are not required to pay capital or operating costs on projects in which we hold stream or royalty interests. However, our revenue and the value of our investments are indirectly subject to hazards and risks normally associated with developing and operating mining properties, including the following: 7                              insufficient ore reserves increased capital or operating costs declines in the price of gold, silver, copper, nickel, or other metals construction or development delays operational disruptions, including those caused by pandemics or other global or local health crises inability to obtain or maintain necessary permits inability to replace or increase reserves as properties are mined inability to maintain, or challenges to, exploration or mining rights changes in mining taxes and royalties payable to governments significant changes to environmental, permitting, or other regulatory requirements challenges to operations, permits, or mining rights by local communities, indigenous populations, non-government organizations, or others litigation between operators and third parties relating to the properties community or civil unrest, including protests and blockades labor shortages, increased labor costs, labor disputes, strikes, or work stoppages unavailability of mining, drilling, or other equipment unanticipated geological conditions or metallurgical characteristics unanticipated ground or water conditions, including lack of access to sufficient water inadequate supplies of power or other raw materials pit wall or tailings dam failures or underground stability issues fires, explosions, or other industrial accidents injuries to humans, property, or the environment natural catastrophes and environmental hazards such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, forest fires, hurricanes, weather, or climate events physical effects of climate change and regulatory changes designed to reduce the effects of climate change; uncertain political and economic environments economic downturns insufficient financing or inability to obtain financing default by an operator on its obligations to us or its other creditors insolvency, bankruptcy, or other financial difficulty of the operator changes in laws or regulations or the enforcement of laws or regulations The occurrence of any of these events could negatively impact operations at the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and cash flow. The current COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, operations at some properties in which we have stream or royalty interests, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The world is currently experiencing a deadly outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19. Public health and government authorities have recommended and mandated precautions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including in some cases quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and restrictions on mining-related activities. As a result, several of our operating counterparties, including at our principal properties, have had temporary operational curtailments. There may be additional curtailments. The COVID-19 pandemic could also disrupt operators’ supply or distribution chains or access to workers, which in turn could adversely impact their production or sales. In addition, development and exploration activities at some properties may be delayed or suspended. Any of these events could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition in future periods. We are unable to predict the nature or extent of any impact the COVID-19 pandemic may have on our future results of operations and financial condition. The current COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global economy and markets over the past several months and may continue to do so, which could adversely affect our business or the trading price of our stock. 8 The global economy, metal prices, and financial markets have experienced significant volatility and uncertainty due to COVID-19. Our revenue is directly related to the market price of gold and other metals. Metal price volatility causes our revenue to fluctuate from period to period. This price volatility could also cause operators or developers to defer or forgo projects, which could adversely impact our future revenue. Moreover, in the ordinary course of business, we review opportunities to acquire new stream and royalty interests and currently have acquisition opportunities at various stages of review. Reduced economic and travel activities or illness among our management team as a result of COVID-19 could limit or delay acquisition opportunities or other business activities. In addition, economic volatility, disruptions in the financial markets, or severe price declines for gold or other metals could adversely affect our ability to obtain future debt or equity financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms. Government efforts to counter the economic effects of COVID- 19 through liquidity and stimulus programs may be insufficient or ineffective in preventing or reducing the effects of a recession. It is difficult to determine the extent of the economic and market impacts from COVID-19 and the many ways in which they may negatively affect our business and the trading price of our stock. A significant portion of our revenue comes from a small number of operating properties, which means that adverse developments at these properties could have a more significant or lasting impact on our results of operations than if our revenue was less concentrated. Approximately 75% of our revenue for fiscal year 2020 came from six properties: Mount Milligan, Andacollo, Pueblo Viejo, Wassa, Peñasquito, and Cortez. We expect these properties to continue to represent a significant portion of revenue going forward. This concentration of revenue could mean that adverse developments, including any adverse decisions made by the operators, at one or more of these properties could have a more significant or longer-term impact on our results of operations than if our revenue was less concentrated. Operators may fail to comply with their contractual arrangements with us or may interpret their obligations in a manner adverse to us, which could decrease our revenue or increase our costs. At times, operators may be unable or unwilling to fulfill their contractual obligations to us. In addition, we often rely on the operators for the calculation of our stream deliveries or royalty payments. When we enter into new stream or royalty interests, we attempt to secure contractual rights that allow us to monitor operators’ compliance with their obligations to us, such as audit or access rights. However, these rights may not be sufficient to ensure compliance. In addition, our stream and royalty agreements are often complex and may be subject to interpretation or uncertainties. Operators and other counterparties may interpret our interests in a manner adverse to us. For these or other reasons, we could be forced to expend resources or take legal action to enforce our contractual rights. We may not be successful in enforcing our contractual rights. As a result, our revenue relating to the disputed interests could be adversely affected. We may also need to expend significant monetary and human resources to defend our position, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, we may be required to make retroactive revenue adjustments in future periods relating to past period revenue as a result of information that we learn through audit or access rights. We often have limited access to data about operating properties, which may make it difficult for us to project or assess the performance of our stream and royalty interests. We often do not have the contractual right to receive production, operating, and other data from the operators of the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests. As a result, it may be difficult for us to project or assess the performance of a stream or royalty interest. This could result in delays in, or reductions of, our cash flow from the amounts that we anticipate based on the stage of development of or production from the properties, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Our stream and royalty interests may not result in the anticipated returns or may not otherwise ultimately benefit our business. We are continually reviewing opportunities to acquire new stream and royalty interests, and we have acquisition opportunities at various stages of review. Any acquisition could be material to us. At times, we also consider opportunities to restructure our existing stream or royalty interests where we believe the restructuring would provide a long-term benefit to us, even though it could reduce near-term revenues or result in the incurrence of transaction-related costs. The success 9 of our stream and royalty interests is based in part on our ability to make accurate assumptions at the time of acquisition about the amount and timing of revenue to be derived from those interests. These assumptions are based on a variety of factors, including the geological, metallurgical, permitting, environmental, and other aspects of the project. For development projects, we also make assumptions about the cost, timing, and conduct of development. If an operator fails to bring a project into production as expected or if actual performance otherwise falls short of our assumptions, our revenue derived from the project may not be sufficient to yield an adequate, or any, return on our investment. In addition, we could be required to decrease the carrying value of our investment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We cannot ensure that any acquisition or other transaction will ultimately benefit Royal Gold. We may not be able to acquire additional stream or royalty interests at appropriate valuations. Our future success depends largely on our ability to acquire additional stream and royalty interests at appropriate valuations. We may not be able to identify and complete acquisitions of additional interests at appropriate prices or terms. We may not have sufficient liquidity or may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing to fund acquisitions due to economic volatility, credit crises, declines in metal prices, or other reasons. Certain of our competitors are larger and have greater financial resources than we do, and we may not be able to compete effectively against them. In addition, changes to tax rules, accounting policies, or the treatment of stream interests by ratings agencies could make streams or royalties less attractive to counterparties. Any of these factors could adversely affect our ability to acquire new stream or royalty interests, which would adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition. Some of the agreements governing our stream and royalty interests contain terms that reduce or cap the revenue generated from those interests. Revenue from some of our stream and royalty interests decreases or stops after threshold production, delivery, or payment milestones are achieved. For example, our stream interests at Pueblo Viejo, Andacollo, Wassa, and Khoemacau, and certain of our royalty interests at other properties, contain these types of limitations. As a result, past production and revenue relating to these interests may not be indicative of future results. If the assumptions underlying operators’ production, reserve, or mineralized material estimates are inaccurate or if future events cause operators to negatively adjust their previous estimates, our future revenue or the value of our investments could be adversely affected. The operators of the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests generally prepare production and reserve estimates for the properties. We do not independently prepare or verify this information. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in these estimates, many of which are outside the operators’ control. As a result, production and reserve estimates are subjective and necessarily depend upon a number of assumptions, including, among others, reliability of historical data, geologic and mining conditions, metallurgical recovery, metal prices, operating costs, capital expenditures, development and reclamation costs, mining technology improvements, and the effects of government regulation. If any of the assumptions that operators make in connection with production or reserve estimates are incorrect, actual production could be significantly lower than the production or reserve estimates, which could adversely affect our future revenue and the value of our investments. In addition, if operators’ estimates with respect to the timing of production are incorrect, we may experience variances in expected revenue from period to period. Some operators also report publicly or to us estimates of mineralized material. The term “mineralized material” does not indicate proven or probable reserves as defined by the SEC. Mineralized material is subject to future exploration and development and associated risks and may never convert to future reserves. In addition, estimates of mineralized material are subject to similar uncertainties and assumptions as discussed above with respect to mineral reserves. Our disclosures relating to operating properties will change as a result of new SEC disclosure rules, and we continue to face uncertainty around how some of these rules apply to a streaming and royalty company. 10 In 2018, the SEC adopted amendments to its disclosure requirements for mining companies, including streaming and royalty companies. We are required to comply with the new rules for our fiscal year beginning on July 1, 2021. Our disclosures about operating properties will change under the new rules, and, in some cases, we may be required to disclose in our SEC filings more or less information than we currently disclose about these properties. There continues to be uncertainty about how the rules will apply to a streaming and royalty company with significant investments in properties run by international operators that are not required to report under SEC rules. Most of our revenue is derived from properties outside the United States, and risks associated with conducting business in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. Over 90% of our revenue comes from properties outside of the United States, and many of our operators are organized outside of the United States. Within the United States and other countries, indigenous people may be recognized as sovereign entities and may enforce their own laws and regulations. Our and operators’ activities are subject to the risks associated with conducting business in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions, including the following:         expropriation or nationalization of mining property or other government takings seizure of mineral production exchange and currency controls and fluctuations limitations on foreign exchange or repatriation of earnings restrictions on mineral production or price controls import or export regulations, including trade wars and sanctions and restrictions on metal exports changes in government taxation, royalties, tariffs, or duties changes in economic, trade, diplomatic, or other relationships between countries or the effects on global and economic conditions, the stability of global financial markets, or the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets high rates of inflation unfamiliar or uncertain foreign real estate, mineral tenure, safety, or environmental rules    war, crime, terrorism, sabotage, blockades, or other forms of civil unrest      uncertain political or economic environments corruption exposure to liabilities under anti-corruption or anti-money laundering laws suspension of the enforcement of creditors’ or stockholders’ rights loss of access to government-controlled infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, rails, ports, power sources, and water supplies These risks may limit or disrupt the development or operation of properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests or impair our rights or interests in these properties, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. We and our operating properties may be subject to environmental risks, including risks associated with climate change, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or the value of our investments. Mining operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing land use and the protection of the environment. In addition, many countries have implemented laws and regulations designed to address the effects of climate change, including rules to reduce industrial emissions and increase energy efficiency. These laws and regulations are constantly evolving in a manner generally expected to result in stricter standards, more liability, and increased costs. Compliance with these laws and regulations can impose substantial costs and burdens on operators of properties subject to our interests. In addition, an operator’s failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in injunctive action, orders to 11 suspend or cease operations, damages, or civil or criminal penalties on the operator. If any of these events were to occur, our revenue or the value of our investment could be adversely affected. Further, due to expansive environmental laws, it is possible that we could become subject to environmental liabilities for historic periods during which we owned or operated properties or relative to our current ownership interests in lease and underlying unpatented mining claims. These liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Unknown defects in our stream or royalty interests or the bankruptcy or insolvency of an operator could have a material adverse effect on the value of our investments. Despite our due diligence practices, it is possible that unknown defects or problems will exist relating to the existence, validity, enforceability, terms, or geographic extent of our stream and royalty interests. Similarly, stream interests and, in many jurisdictions, royalty interests are contractual in nature, rather than interests in land. As a result, these interests may not survive a bankruptcy or insolvency of an operator. We often do not have the protection of security interests that could help us recover all or part of our investment in a stream or royalty interest in the event of an operator’s bankruptcy or insolvency. If our stream or royalty interests were set aside through judicial or administrative proceedings, the value of our investments could be adversely affected. Anti-corruption laws and regulations could subject us to liability and require us to incur costs. We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA") and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to third parties, including foreign governments and their officials, for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In some cases, we invest in mining operations in jurisdictions that have experienced corruption in the past. Our international investment activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments in violation of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by one of our employees or agents in violation of our policies. In addition, the operators of the properties in which we own stream and royalty interests may fail to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations. Although we are passive investors in these properties, enforcement authorities could deem us to have some culpability for the operators’ actions. Any violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws could result in significant civil or criminal penalties to us and could have an adverse effect on our reputation. A significant disruption to our information technology systems could adversely affect our business and operating results. We rely on a variety of information technology and automated operating systems to manage and support our operations. For example, we depend on our information technology systems for financial reporting, operational and investment management, and email. These systems contain our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our employees. The proper functioning of these systems and the security of this data is critical to the efficient operation and management of our business. In addition, these systems could require modifications or upgrades as a result of technological changes or growth in our business. These changes could be costly and disruptive to our operations and could impose substantial demands on management time. Our systems, and those of third-party providers, could be vulnerable to damage or disruption caused by catastrophic events, power outages, natural disasters, computer system or network failures, viruses or malware, physical or electronic break-ins, unauthorized access, or cyber-attacks. Any security breach could compromise our networks, and the information stored on them could be improperly accessed, disclosed, lost, or stolen. The steps that we have taken to secure our systems and electronic information may not be adequate to prevent a disruption. Any unauthorized activities could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, or result in legal claims or proceedings, any of which could adversely affect our business, reputation, or operating results. We depend on the services of our executives and other key employees, and the loss of one or more members of our management team could harm our business. 12 We believe that our success depends on retaining qualified executives and other key employees. Our management team has significant industry and company-specific experience. If we are unsuccessful at retaining or attracting qualified personnel, our business could be disrupted and our ability to achieve our business objectives and grow effectively could be jeopardized. We do not currently maintain key person life insurance on any of our directors or employees. Current and future indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and impair our ability to operate our business. As of June 30, 2020, we had $305 million outstanding and $695 million available under our revolving credit facility. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. Current and future indebtedness could have important consequences, including the following:  require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund acquisitions, working capital, or dividends limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business restrict us from exploiting business opportunities    make us more vulnerable to a downturn in our business or the economy    place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors with less indebtedness require the consent of our existing lenders to incur additional indebtedness limit our ability to borrow additional funds for acquisitions, working capital, or debt-service requirements Our credit facility contains financial and other restrictive covenants. For example, the agreement includes financial covenants that require us to maintain a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio (as these terms are defined under the agreement). These covenants could limit our ability to engage in activities that are in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with these covenants would result in an event of default that, if not waived, could result in the acceleration of all outstanding indebtedness. Our credit facility expires in June 2024. In the future, we may be unable to obtain new financing or refinancing on acceptable terms. The proposed phase out of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. In 2017, the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of calendar 2021. The Federal Reserve Board has convened a group of private-market participants to identify a proposed alternative rate and address the transition from LIBOR to an alternative rate. In 2019, the FASB proposed guidance that would help facilitate the market transition from existing reference rates to alternative rates. Borrowings under our revolving credit facility bear interest at LIBOR plus an applicable margin. Under the agreement governing the facility, if LIBOR is phased out, we are required to negotiate in good faith to establish an alternative rate under the facility. There is currently no definitive information regarding the future use of LIBOR or a replacement rate. We are unable to predict whether and to what extent a LIBOR change would impact our future results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to our Common Stock Our stock price may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so in the future. For example, during fiscal year 2020, the market price of our common stock ranged from a low of $59.78 to a high of $139.63. Many 13 factors unrelated to operating performance can contribute to volatility in the market price of our common stock, including the following: economic, market, or political conditions, including the effects of COVID-19   market prices of gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals     developments relating to operating properties interest rates and expectations about inflation currency values credit market conditions These market fluctuations, regardless of cause, may materially and adversely affect our stock price. As a result, you could lose all or part of your investment. We may issue additional equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and reduce our per-share financial measures and could reduce the market price of our common stock. We may issue additional equity in the future in connection with acquisitions, strategic transactions, or for other purposes. If we issue additional equity securities, our existing stockholders would be diluted and our per-share financial measures would be reduced. In addition, shares of common stock that we issue in connection with an acquisition may not be subject to resale restrictions. The market price of our common stock could decline if our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock or are perceived by the market as intending to sell these shares other than in an orderly manner. We may change our practice of paying dividends, which could reduce the value of your investment. We have paid a cash dividend on our common stock since calendar year 2000. Our board of directors has discretion in determining whether to declare a dividend based on a number of factors, including metal prices, economic or market conditions, earnings, cash flow, financial condition, and funding requirements for future opportunities or operations. In addition, corporate law limitations or future contractual restrictions could limit our ability to pay dividends in the future. If our board of directors reduces or eliminates future dividends, our stock price could fall, and the success of your investment would depend largely on any future stock price appreciation. We have increased our dividend in prior years. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to do so or that we will pay any dividends. Provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents could delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us. The anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law impose barriers to the ability of a third party to acquire control of us, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding common stock. Among other things, these provisions provide for the following:       allow our board of directors to issue shares of common stock and preferred stock without stockholder approval, except as may be required by Nasdaq rules allow our board of directors to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued preferred stock provide for a classified board, whereby our board of directors is divided into three classes of directors serving staggered three-year terms prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders require advance notice of stockholder proposals and related information require vacancies and newly created directorships on the board of directors to be filled only by affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then serving on the board These provisions could increase the cost of acquiring us or discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, which could decrease the value of your investment. 14 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We do not own or operate the properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, and therefore much of the information disclosed in this Form 10-K regarding these properties is provided to us by the operators. For example, the operators of certain properties provide us information regarding metals production, estimates of mineral reserves and additional mineralized material and production estimates. A list of our producing and development stage streams and royalties, as well their respective reserves, are summarized in Table 1 “Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Gold Reserves” below within this Item 2. More information is available to the public regarding certain properties in which we have stream or royalty interests, including reports filed with the SEC or with the Canadian securities regulatory agencies available at www.sec.gov or www.sedar.com, respectively. We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. The description of our principal streams and royalties set forth below includes the location, operator, stream or royalty rate, access and any material current developments at the property. For any reported production amounts discussed below, we consider reported production to relate to the amount of metal sales subject to our stream and royalty interests. Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, for discussion on production estimates, historical production and revenue for our principal properties. The map below illustrates the location of our principal producing stage properties. Principal Producing Properties We consider both historical and future potential revenues to determine which stream and royalty interests in our portfolio are principal to our business. Estimated future potential revenues from producing properties are based on a number of factors, including reserves subject to our stream and royalty interests, production estimates, feasibility studies, technical reports, metal price assumptions, mine life, legal status and other factors and assumptions, any of which could change and could cause us to conclude that one or more of such stream and royalty interests are no longer principal to our business. Currently, we consider the properties discussed below (listed alphabetically by stream and royalty interest) to be principal to our business. Based on the factors discussed above, we no longer consider Rainy River to be a principal property. 15 Stream Interests Andacollo (Region IV, Chile) The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, RGLD Gold AG (“RGLD Gold”) owns the right to purchase 100% of the gold produced from the Andacollo copper-gold mine until 900,000 ounces of payable gold have been delivered, and 50% thereafter. The cash purchase price equals 15% of the monthly average gold price for the month preceding the delivery date for all gold purchased. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 237,100 ounces of payable gold have been delivered to RGLD Gold. Andacollo is an open-pit mine and milling operation located in central Chile, Region IV in the Coquimbo Province and is operated by Compañía Minera Teck Carmen de Andacollo (“CMCA”), a 90% owned subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”). The Andacollo mine is located in the foothills of the Andes Mountains approximately 1.5 miles southwest of the town of Andacollo. The regional capital of La Serena and the coastal city of Coquimbo are approximately 34 miles northwest of the Andacollo mine by road, and Santiago is approximately 215 miles south by air. Access to the mine is provided by Route 43 (R-43) south from La Serena to El Peñon. From El Peñon, D-51 is followed east and eventually curves to the south to Andacollo. Both R-43 and D-51 are paved roads. Stream deliveries from Andacollo were approximately 43,900 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 51,900 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. Stream deliveries decreased as a result of the temporary suspension of operations during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, due to a workers’ strike from October 14, 2019 through December 5, 2019, which was resolved with the ratification of a new 36- month collective agreement. 16 Teck expects grades to continue to decline towards reserve grades in calendar year 2020 and future years. The current life of mine for Andacollo is expected to continue until calendar year 2035. Additional permits or permit amendments will be required to execute the life of mine plan. Khoemacau Project (Botswana) In February 2019, RGLD Gold entered into a silver stream with Khoemacau Copper Mining (Pty.) Limited (“KCM”) for the purchase of silver produced from the Khoemacau Project (“Khoemacau”). Under the purchase and sale agreement, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, RGLD Gold will make advance payments totaling $212 million toward the purchase of 80% of the silver produced from Khoemacau until certain delivery thresholds are met (the “Base Silver Stream”). At KCM’s option and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to an additional $53 million in advance payments for up to the remaining 20% of the silver produced from Khoemacau (the “Option Silver Stream”). The stream rate will drop to 40% of silver produced from Khoemacau following delivery to RGLD Gold of 32 million silver ounces under the Base Silver Stream, or to 50% of the silver produced from Khoemacau following delivery of 40 million silver ounces to RGLD Gold should KCM exercise the entire Option Silver Stream. RGLD Gold will pay a cash price equal to 20% of the spot silver price for each ounce delivered under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream; however, if KCM achieves mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), RGLD Gold will pay a higher ongoing cash price under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream for silver ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds. Khoemacau is a copper-silver development project located within the North West and Ghanzi Districts of Botswana owned by KCM. The license area is generally southwest of the town of Maun and northeast of the town of Ghanzi. Khoemacau is accessed from the city of Maun, approximately 40 miles southwest to the town of Toteng on a major travel route, Botswana’s A3 highway, a paved road and then approximately 16 miles on gravel road to reach the Boseto plant site. The Zone 5 mining area is connected to the Boseto plant by a 20-mile gravel road. According to KCM, progress continued at Khoemacau during the June 2020 quarter and the project reached approximately 54% of construction completion as of June 30, 2020 with 81% of the capital committed. According to KCM, activities are focused on refurbishment of the Boseto mill, underground development, completion of accommodation, power and water infrastructure at Zone 5 and completing construction of the haul road between Zone 5 and the Boseto mill. Also, according to KCM, underground development has cumulatively advanced 2,360 meters in the five declines, which is in line with planned development rates. On July 5, 2020, RGLD Gold made its fourth advance payment of $11.1 million, which brings the total contribution to $146.8 million. RGLD Gold expects to commit approximately $35 - $45 million during the remainder of calendar year 2020, and assuming the midpoint of this range, the total remaining commitment in calendar year 2021 is expected to range from approximately $25 million for the Base Silver Stream up to approximately $78 million should KCM elect to fully exercise the Option Silver Stream. Further payments are subject to certain conditions and are scheduled to be made on a quarterly basis using an agreed formula and certification process as project spending progresses. According to KCM, although a six-month state of emergency has been declared by the Government of Botswana to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, mining has been designated an “essential service” and general development activity at Khoemacau is continuing. However, due to the impacts experienced from travel restrictions, some activities have been slowed or rescheduled. Barring any potential further impacts caused by COVID-19 considerations, we now expect the first shipment of concentrate to occur late in the third calendar quarter of 2021. Mount Milligan (British Columbia, Canada) RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 35% of the payable gold and 18.75% of the payable copper produced from the Mount Milligan copper-gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, which is operated by an indirect subsidiary of Centerra Gold Inc. (“Centerra”). The cash purchase price for gold is equal to the lesser of $435 per ounce, with no inflation adjustment, or the prevailing market price when purchased. The cash purchase price for copper is 15% of the spot price. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 516,500 ounces of payable gold and 34.71 million pounds of payable copper have been delivered to RGLD Gold. 17 Mount Milligan is an open-pit mine and is located within the Omenica Mining Division in North Central British Columbia, approximately 96 miles northwest of Prince George, 53 miles north of Fort St. James, and 59 miles west of Mackenzie. The Mount Milligan project is accessible by commercial air carrier to Prince George, British Columbia, then by vehicle from the east via Mackenzie on the Finlay Philip Forest Service Road and the North Philip Forest Service Road, and from the west via Fort St. James on the North Road and Rainbow Forest Service Road. Road travel to the Mount Milligan property site is 482 miles from Prince Rupert and 158 miles from Prince George. Gold stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 59,900 ounces during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 68,500 ounces during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The decrease reflects differences in the timing of shipments and settlements during the periods, in addition to lower gold grades processed and lower gold recovery, slightly offset by increased tonnage processed. Copper stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 12.7 million pounds during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 9.1 million pounds during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. Increased deliveries resulted from differences in the timing of shipments and settlements during the periods, in addition to higher tonnage and higher copper grades processed, slightly offset by lower copper recovery. On March 26, 2020, Centerra published an updated National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) technical report for the Mount Milligan mine, which provided a detailed update to the life of mine plan contained in the previous NI 43-101 report for Mount Milligan published by Centerra in calendar 2017. Centerra reported a reduction in proven and probable reserves due to increased costs, lower expected productivities, and lower process plant throughput compared to their calendar 2017 technical report, as well as an update to the resource model and re-estimation of metallurgical recoveries. Details for the reserves and updated mine plan, which does not contemplate any growth capital or inclusion of additional mineralized material, were reported by Centerra as follows:  Reserves as of December 31, 2019 containing 2.4 million ounces of gold and 959 million pounds of copper (comprised of 191.0 million tonnes grading 0.39 grams per tonne of gold and 0.23% of copper). Reserves were calculated using a gold price of $1,250 per ounce, a copper price of $3.00 per pound, and an exchange rate of US$ 1.00 to C$ 1.25;  Production based on a 9-year reserve life through calendar 2028;  Average life of mine recoveries of 61.8% for gold and 80.6% for copper;  Life of mine payable gold production of 1.45 million ounces, or an average of 161,000 ounces per year;  Life of mine payable copper production of 735.6 million pounds, or an average of 81.7 million pounds per year; and  Average life of mine all-in sustaining cost of $704 per ounce of gold sold on a by-product basis, which includes sustaining capital and copper revenue credits (assuming a copper price of $3.00 per pound and an exchange rate of US$ 1.00 to C$ 1.25). Significant reductions in proven and probable reserves or mineralized material are indicators of potential impairment for our stream and royalty interests. As part of our regular asset impairment analysis during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we determined that an impairment of our stream interest at Mount Milligan was not necessary as (i) the earlier financial impairment taken by Centerra does not impact the mine operating performance, and (ii) the reduction in reserves and mineralized material at Mount Milligan resulted in updated gold and copper depletion rates that remain well below current and long-term consensus gold and copper prices. Due to the reduction in gold and copper reserves, as reported by Centerra, the depletion rate of our investment at Mount Milligan increased from $402 to $764 per ounce of gold and from $0.81 to $1.48 per pound of copper. On April 1, 2020, Centerra announced that reductions of manpower and throughput at Mount Milligan would occur as a result of actions implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Centerra has since reported that workforce numbers returned to normal over the month of May resulting in mining and plant tonnages returning to planned levels. According to Centerra, process plant throughput averaged approximately 60% of target levels and mining operations experienced a four week partial shutdown during the reduction period, and during April, the process plant was shut down for eleven days to perform routine maintenance and reline the SAG mill. 18 Centerra also reported that stored water inventory at Mount Milligan, which is critical to the ability to process ore through the mill on a sustainable basis, was in excess of six million cubic meters as at June 30, 2020. Centerra reported that spring water pumping started in April, and substantial snowpack and a wet spring led to volumes pumped as of the end of June that exceeded those of the entire 2019 pumping season. In addition, Centerra reported that Mount Milligan continued to access ground water from the Lower Rainbow Valley wellfield and other groundwater wells near the tailings storage facility during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. Centerra also reported that it continued exploration activities focused on extending the groundwater capacity in the vicinity of the existing infrastructure, and these activities will continue for the remainder of 2020. Further, Centerra reported that it continues to pursue a longer-term solution to its water requirements at Mount Milligan. On July 31, 2020, Centerra confirmed that there is no change to the previously issued production guidance for Mount Milligan for calendar year 2020 of 140,000 to 160,000 payable ounces of gold and 80 to 90 million pounds of copper. Pueblo Viejo (Sanchez Ramirez, Dominican Republic) RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 7.5% of Barrick’s interest in the gold produced from the Pueblo Viejo mine until 990,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, and 3.75% thereafter. The cash purchase price for gold is 30% of the spot price of gold per ounce delivered until 550,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price of gold per ounce delivered thereafter. RGLD Gold also owns the right to purchase 75% of Barrick’s interest in the silver produced from the Pueblo Viejo mine, subject to a minimum silver recovery of 70%, until 50 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 37.5% thereafter. The cash purchase price for silver is 30% of the spot price of silver per ounce delivered until 23.1 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price of silver per ounce delivered thereafter. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 226,400 ounces of payable gold and 7.9 million ounces of payable silver have been delivered to RGLD Gold. The Pueblo Viejo mine is located in the province of Sanchez Ramirez, Dominican Republic, approximately 60 miles northwest of Santo Domingo, and is owned by a joint venture in which Barrick holds a 60% interest and is responsible for operations, and in which Newmont Corporation holds a 40% interest. Pueblo Viejo is accessed from Santo Domingo by traveling northwest on Autopista Duarte, Highway #1, approximately 48 miles to Piedra Blanca and proceeding east for approximately 14 miles on Highway #17 to the gatehouse for Pueblo Viejo. Both Highway #1 and Highway #17 are paved. Gold stream deliveries from Pueblo Viejo were approximately 45,000 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 41,200 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. Silver stream deliveries were approximately 1.7 million ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 2.0 million ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. Barrick reports that it continues to advance engineering and evaluation work towards a feasibility study for the process plant expansion and proposed tailings storage facility that could extend the mine life at Pueblo Viejo to beyond calendar year 2040. Barrick estimates that the process plant and tailings expansion project could significantly increase throughput and allow the mine to maintain average annual gold production of approximately 800,000 ounces after calendar year 2022 (on a 100% basis), and that the increase in tailings storage capacity has the potential to convert approximately 11 million ounces of mineralized material to reserves (on a 100% basis). Barrick expects the proportion of lower grade stockpile ore in the feed blend to steadily increase until the mine expansion pits are fully developed as part of the decision on the proposed plant and tailings expansion project. Barrick also reported lower gold production during the June 2020 quarter as a result of a planned maintenance shutdown. For calendar year 2020, Barrick indicated production attributable to their interest at Pueblo Viejo is expected to be between 530,000 and 580,000 ounces of gold. Wassa (Western Region, Ghana) RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 10.5% of the gold produced from the Wassa, Prestea and Bogoso mines, operated by Golden Star Resources Ltd. (“Golden Star”), until an aggregate 240,000 ounces have been delivered. Once the applicable delivery threshold is met, the stream percentage will decrease to 5.5%. The cash purchase price for gold is 20% 19 of the spot price per ounce delivered until 240,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, and 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered thereafter. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 110,500 ounces of payable gold have been delivered from Wassa, Prestea and Bogoso mines, of that 69,700 ounces of payable gold have been delivered from Wassa to RGLD Gold. The Wassa underground mine and oxide ore mill are located near the village of Akyempim in the Wassa East District, in the Western Region of Ghana, approximately 50 miles north of Cape Coast and 93 miles west of the capital Accra. The main access to the site is from the east, via the Cape Coast to Twifo-Praso road, then over the combined road-rail bridge on the Pra River. There is also an access road from Takoradi in the south via Mpohor. An airport at Takoradi is capable of handling jet aircraft and is serviced by several commercial flights each day. Stream deliveries from Wassa were approximately 16,500 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to approximately 16,600 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. On March 27, 2020, Golden Star reported that deep drilling in calendar year 2019 successfully extended the mineralization at Wassa by approximately 700 feet to the south where the deposit remains open to the south and down dip. Golden Star further reported that the exploration strategy during calendar year 2020 would transition away from growth of the overall resource to infill drilling to help define the potential mine plans for the southern extension of the operation. According to Golden Star, as of December 31, 2019 the proven mineral reserve at Wassa increased 87% over the prior year period to 1.4 million ounces of gold, and total underground mineralized material at Wassa contained approximately 11.2 million ounces of gold. On July 27, 2020, Golden Star announced that it had signed a binding agreement with Future Global Resources Limited (“FGR”) for the sale of the Prestea and Bogoso mines. This transaction will require the separation of the RGLD Gold stream agreement into separate stream agreements for each of Wassa and Prestea/Bogoso, which is conditional on, among other things, the approval of the board of directors of Royal Gold. Further, on July 28, 2020, Golden Star announced that, if approved, the separated Wassa stream agreement would require Golden Star to deliver 10.5% of the gold produced from Wassa in return for a cash purchase price for gold of 20% of the spot price per ounce delivered, until the delivery of 240,000 ounces, after which the obligation would decrease to 5.5% of the gold produced from Wassa in return for a cash purchase price for gold of 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered. On July 28, 2020, Golden Star reported calendar year 2020 gold production guidance for Wassa of between 165,000 to 170,000 ounces, up from the previous guidance range of 155,000 to 165,000 ounces. Royalty Interests Cortez (Nevada, USA) Cortez is a series of large open-pit and underground mines, utilizing mill and heap leach processing, which are operated by Nevada Gold Mines LLC (“NGM”), a joint venture between Barrick and Newmont Corporation (“Newmont”) with respect to their Nevada operations. The operation is located approximately 60 air miles southwest of Elko, Nevada, in Lander County. The site is reached by driving west from Elko on Interstate 80 approximately 46 miles and proceeding south on State Highway 306 approximately 23 miles. Our royalty interest at Cortez applies to the Pipeline and South Pipeline deposits, part of the Gap pit and the Crossroads deposit. The royalty interests we hold at Cortez include: (a) (b) Reserve Claims (“GSR1”). This is a sliding-scale GSR royalty for all products from an area originally known as the “Reserve Claims,” which includes the majority of the Pipeline and South Pipeline deposits. The GSR1 royalty rate is tied to the price of gold and does not include indexing for inflation or deflation. The GSR1 royalty rate is 5.0% at a gold price of $470 per ounce and higher. GAS Claims (“GSR2”). This is a sliding-scale GSR royalty for all products from an area outside of the Reserve Claims, originally known as the “GAS Claims,” which encompasses approximately 50% of the Gap deposit and all of the Crossroads deposit. The GSR2 royalty rate is tied to the gold price, without 20 indexing for inflation or deflation. The GSR2 royalty rate is 5.0% at a gold price of $470 per ounce and higher. (c) (d) Reserve and GAS Claims Fixed Royalty (“GSR3”). The GSR3 royalty is a fixed rate GSR royalty of 0.7125% and covers the same cumulative area as is covered by our two sliding-scale GSR royalties, GSR1 and GSR2, except mining claims that comprise the undeveloped Crossroads deposit. Net Value Royalty (“NVR1”) and Net Value Royalty (Crossroads) (“NVR1C”). The NVR1 royalty is a fixed royalty of 4.91% NVR that covers the area of the GAS Claims, excluding the majority of the Crossroads deposit. The NVR1C royalty, which covers the majority of the Crossroads deposit, is a fixed royalty of 4.52% NVR. On average, above a gold price of $470 per ounce after the relevant deductions, the combined royalty interests of GSR1, GSR2, GSR3, NVR1 and NVR1C are equivalent to an approximate 8.2% gross smelter return royalty to Royal Gold. We also own three other royalties in the Cortez area where there is currently no production and no reserves attributed to these royalty interests. Production attributable to our royalty interest at Cortez increased to 173,300 ounces of gold over the prior fiscal year of 96,700 ounces of gold, as a result of production ramping up at the Crossroads deposit, which is subject to our NVR1 (Crossroads) and GSR2 royalty interests and portions of the NVR1 and GSR3 royalty interests. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, Barrick provided us with an updated reserve statement and life of mine plan for Cortez. According to Barrick, as of December 31, 2019, total proven and probable reserves subject to our royalty interests contained 3.5 million ounces of gold (consisting of 87.0 million tonnes of ore at a grade of 1.26 grams per tonne). Reserves were calculated at a gold price of $1,200 per ounce. Further according to Barrick, total gold production at Cortez from the regions subject to our interests is expected to be approximately 175,000 ounces in calendar year 2020, increasing to an approximate average of 425,000 ounces from calendar 2021 through calendar 2026. The expected production increase from calendar year 2020 to calendar year 2021 is primarily due to higher contribution from the Crossroads deposit, which is expected to ramp up through calendar year 2023 and offset declining production from the other royalty regions. Peñasquito (Zacatecas, Mexico) We own a production payment equivalent to a 2.0% NSR royalty on all metal production from the Peñasquito open-pit mine, located in the State of Zacatecas, Mexico, and operated by a subsidiary of Newmont. The Peñasquito mine is located approximately 17 miles west of the town of Concepción del Oro, Zacatecas, Mexico. The mine, composed of two main deposits called Peñasco and Chile Colorado, hosts large gold, silver, zinc and lead reserves. The deposits contain both oxide and sulfide material, resulting in heap leach and mill processing. There are two access routes to the site. The first is via a turnoff from Highway 54 onto the State La Pardita road, then onto the Mazapil to Cedros State road. The second access is via the Salaverna by-pass road from Highway 54 approximately 16 miles south of Concepción del Oro. There is a private airport on site and commercial airports in the cities of Saltillo, Zacatecas and Monterrey. For fiscal 2020, gold production attributable to our royalty interest at Peñasquito increased to 312,200 ounces over the prior fiscal year of 158,800 ounces; silver production increased to 27.8 million ounces over the prior fiscal year of 16.4 million ounces; lead increased to 182.3 million pounds over the prior fiscal year of 117.4 million pounds; and zinc increased to 393.9 million pounds over the prior fiscal year of 216.2 million pounds. The increase in production is attributable to higher grades and recoveries and tons processed compared to the prior fiscal year, as well as the suspension of operations during the June 2019 quarter, resulting in significantly lower sales from Peñasquito during the prior fiscal year. 21 On April 22, 2020, Newmont announced Peñasquito reached a definitive agreement with the San Juan de Cedros community (one of 25 neighboring communities) in Zacatecas, Mexico on land use, water availability, infrastructure and social investments, which includes access to 10,000 hectares for exploration and operational purposes, and resolves all outstanding issues with the community. On May 5, 2020, Newmont announced that operations at Peñasquito were placed on care and maintenance on April 12 due to a Mexican federal government decree to temporarily suspend all non-essential activities in Mexico as part of a nationwide effort to help slow the spread of COVID-19. According to Newmont, a phased ramp-up began in mid-May with milling and mining activities ramping up at the beginning of June, and production in the plant was back to pre- COVID levels by mid-June. On July 30, Newmont provided full year 2020 production guidance for Peñasquito of 510,000 ounces of gold, 28 million ounces of silver, 360 million pounds of zinc, and 190 million pounds of lead. Reserve Information Table 1 below summarizes proven and probable reserves for gold, silver, copper, nickel, zinc, lead and cobalt that are subject to our stream and royalty interests as of December 31, 2019, as reported to us by the operators of the mines. Properties are currently in production unless noted as development (“DEV”) within the table. The exploration royalties we own do not contain proven and probable reserves as of December 31, 2019. Please refer to pages 22-26 for the footnotes to Table 1. 22 Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Gold Reserves As of December 31, 2019(1) Gold(2) PROVEN + PROBABLE Average PROPERTY Bald Mountain Cortez GSR1 Cortez GSR2 Cortez GSR3 Cortez NVR1 Cortez NVR1C Gold Hill Goldstrike (SJ Claims) Hasbrouck Mountain (DEV) Leeville Marigold Pinson (DEV) Relief Canyon (DEV) Robinson Ruby Hill Twin Creeks Wharf Back River - Goose Lake (DEV) Canadian Malartic Holt Kutcho Creek (DEV) LaRonde Zone 5 Mount Milligan Pine Cove Rainy River Williams Dolores Peñasquito Andacollo La Fortuna (DEV) Don Mario Don Nicolas Pueblo Viejo El Limon La India (DEV) Mara Rosa (DEV) Balcooma Gwalia Deeps Jaguar Nickel (DEV) King of the Hills Meekatharra South Laverton Southern Cross Wembley Durack (DEV) Inata Taparko(26) Prestea Wassa ROYALTY/METAL STREAM OPERATOR LOCATION Nevada Gold Mines LLC United States West Vault Mining/Clover Nevada United States United States Nevada Gold Mines LLC United States SSR Mining United States Waterton Precious Metals Fund Americas Silver KGHM Waterton Precious Metals Fund Nevada Gold Mines LLC Coeur Mining Sabina Gold & Silver Agnico Eagle/Yamana Kinross Nevada Gold Mines LLC Nevada Gold Mines LLC Nevada Gold Mines LLC Nevada Gold Mines LLC Nevada Gold Mines LLC Kinross 1.75% - 2.5% NSR(7) 0.40 - 5.0% GSR(8) 0.40 - 5.0% GSR(8) 0.71% GSR 4.91% NVR 4.52% NVR (9) 1.0 - 2.0% NSR(10,11) 0.6 - 0.9% NSR(12) 0.9% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.8% NSR 2.0% NSR 3.0% NSR(13,14) 2.94% NSR(13,15) 3.0% NSR(16) 3.0% NSR 3.0% NSR 2.0% GPR 0.0 - 2.0% GSR(17) 1.95% GSR(18) 1.0 - 1.5% NSR(19) 0.00013 x quarterly avg. gold price Kirkland Lake 2.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 35% of payable gold(20) 7.5% NPI 6.5% of gold produced(21) 0.97% NSR 3.25% NSR 2.0% NSR 100% of payable gold(22) 1.4% NSR(23) 3.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 7.5% of payable gold(24) 3.0% NSR 3.0% NSR 2.75% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR(25) 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.0% NSR 2.5% GSR 2.0% GSR 10.5% of payable gold (27) 10.5% of payable gold (27) Capstone Mining Agnico Eagle Centerra Gold Anaconda Mining New Gold Barrick Pan American Newmont Teck Newmont Orvana Cerrado Gold Barrick/Newmont Calibre Condor Gold Amarillo Gold Consolidated Tin St. Barbara Washington H. Soul Pattinson Red 5 Westgold Resources Saracen Shandong Tianye Westgold Resources Balaji Group Nord Gold Golden Star Resources Golden Star Resources United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Mexico Mexico Chile Chile Bolivia Argentina Dominican Republic Nicaragua Nicaragua Brazil Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Ghana Ghana Tons of Ore (M) 18.950 17.277 78.662 26.714 16.065 69.225 4.897 27.254 35.616 4.729 173.425 7.557 20.665 84.310 1.726 0.768 32.850 13.623 43.531 4.829 11.509 10.237 210.572 0.979 85.507 18.017 48.171 486.670 346.814 198.103 2.240 1.327 78.264 2.253 7.606 26.235 0.762 14.007 1.323 39.683 5.524 25.144 10.538 0.362 6.352 6.504 0.856 18.406 Gold Grade (opt) 0.023 0.020 0.040 0.017 0.016 0.044 0.016 0.081 0.017 0.288 0.014 0.064 0.022 0.005 0.014 0.060 0.026 0.184 0.028 0.116 0.009 0.067 0.011 0.037 0.031 0.059 0.024 0.017 0.003 0.013 0.054 0.148 0.072 0.127 0.089 0.034 0.002 0.170 0.008 0.036 0.082 0.071 0.096 0.055 0.054 0.074 0.353 0.077 RESERVES(3)(4)(5) Gold Contained Ozs(6) (M) 0.436 0.347 3.168 0.466 0.262 3.049 0.080 2.218 0.588 1.364 2.356 0.483 0.451 0.413 0.024 0.046 0.855 2.503 1.239 0.562 0.100 0.686 2.407 0.036 2.636 1.068 1.178 8.080 1.040 2.674 0.121 0.196 5.670 0.286 0.675 0.902 0.001 2.380 0.010 1.448 0.454 1.786 1.010 0.020 0.340 0.483 0.302 1.410 23 PROPERTY Gold Hill Hasbrouck Mountain (DEV) Relief Canyon (DEV) Kutcho Creek (DEV) Rainy River Dolores Peñasquito Don Mario Don Nicolas Pueblo Viejo La India (DEV) Balcooma Jaguar Nickel (DEV) Khoemacau (DEV) PROPERTY Robinson Kutcho Creek (DEV) Mount Milligan Voisey’s Bay Don Mario La Fortuna (DEV) Balcooma Jaguar Nickel (DEV) Las Cruces PROPERTY Peñasquito Balcooma Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Silver Reserves As of December 31, 2019(1) Silver(28) ROYALTY/METAL STREAM 1.0 - 2.0% NSR(10,11) 0.6 - 0.9% NSR(12) Kinross OPERATOR LOCATION United States PROVEN + PROBABLE RESERVES (3)(4)(5) Silver Average Tons of Silver Contained Grade Ozs(6) Ore (opt) (M) (M) 1.230 4.897 0.251 1.5% NSR 3.0% NSR(16) 2.0% NSR 60% of silver produced (21) 2.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 3.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 75% of payable silver(24) 3.0% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 80% of payable silver(29) West Vault Mining/Clover Nevada United States United States Americas Silver Canada Kutcho Copper Canada New Gold Mexico Pan American Mexico Newmont Bolivia Orvana Argentina Cerrado Gold Dominican Republic Barrick/Newmont Condor Gold Nicaragua Australia Consolidated Tin Australia Washington H. Soul Pattinson Botswana Khoemacau Copper Mining 35.616 0.297 20.665 0.037 11.509 1.008 85.507 0.073 48.171 0.762 486.670 0.969 2.240 1.438 1.327 0.302 78.264 0.469 7.606 0.156 0.762 0.498 1.323 2.268 33.521 0.567 10.569 0.760 11.600 6.266 36.700 471.360 3.221 0.401 36.700 1.185 0.380 3.000 19.011 Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Base Metal Reserves As of December 31, 2019(1) Copper(30) PROVEN + PROBABLE RESERVES(3)(4)(5) Average ROYALTY/METAL STREAM 3.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 18.75% of payable copper(20) 2.7% NVR 3.0% NSR 1.4% NSR(23) 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR OPERATOR LOCATION United States KGHM Canada Kutcho Copper Canada Centerra Gold Canada Vale Bolivia Orvana Chile Newmont Consolidated Tin Australia Washington H. Soul Pattinson Australia First Quantum Spain Grade Contained Lbs(6) (M) Tons of Base Metal Base Metal Ore (M) 84.310 11.509 210.572 31.857   2.240   198.103   0.762   1.323 1.874   (%) 0.41% 2.01% 0.23% 0.93% 1.89% 0.49% 2.13% 0.42% 4.82% 692.343 463.000 959.000 590.221 84.723 1,959.099 32.466 11.023 180.757 Lead(31) PROVEN + PROBABLE RESERVES(3)(4)(5) Average Tons of Base Metal Grade Base Metal Contained Lbs(6) (M) 3,261.055 7.879 (%) 0.34% 0.52% ROYALTY OPERATOR LOCATION Ore (M) 2.0% NSR 1.5% NSR Newmont Consolidated Tin Mexico Australia 483.474 0.762 24 Zinc(32) PROVEN + PROBABLE RESERVES(3)(4)(5) PROPERTY Kutcho Creek (DEV) Peñasquito Balcooma Jaguar Nickel (DEV) ROYALTY 2.0% NSR 2.0% NSR 1.5% NSR 1.5% NSR OPERATOR LOCATION Canada Kutcho Copper Mexico Newmont Consolidated Tin Australia Washington H. Soul Pattinson Australia Nickel(33) Average Tons of Base Metal Grade Ore (M) 11.509 483.474 0.762 1.323 (%) 3.19% 0.76% 1.92% 6.25% Base Metal Contained Lbs(6) (M) 734.000 7,389.628 29.274 165.347 PROPERTY Voisey’s Bay ROYALTY OPERATOR LOCATION 2.7% NVR Vale Canada PROVEN + PROBABLE Tons of Ore (M) 31.857 RESERVES(3)(4)(5) Base Metal Average Base Metal Contained Lbs(6) Grade (%) 2.11% (M) 1,345.172 Cobalt(34) PROVEN + PROBABLE RESERVES(3)(4)(5) PROPERTY Voisey’s Bay ROYALTY OPERATOR LOCATION 2.7% NVR Vale Canada Average Tons of Base Metal Ore (M) 31.857 Grade (%) 0.12% Base Metal Contained Lbs(6) (M) 79.410 1. Reserves have been reported by the operators of record as of December 31, 2019, with the exception of the following properties where reserves have been reported by the operators of record or their predecessors in interest and are unadjusted for production since these dates: Mara Rosa - May 31, 2020; Don Mario - September 30, 2019; Dolores, Gwalia Deeps, King of the Hills, Meekatharra, Relief Canyon and South Laverton - June 30, 2019; La India - January 25, 2019; Wharf - December 31, 2018; Wembley Durack - June 30, 2018; Khoemacau - April 17, 2018; Pine Cove, Taparko and Williams - December 31, 2017; Jaguar Nickel - June 30, 2017; Kutcho Creek - June 15, 2017; Bald Mountain, Gold Hill, Inata and Robinson - December 31, 2016; Southern Cross - July 24, 2016; Back River - August 15, 2015; Hasbrouck Mountain - June 3, 2015; La Fortuna, Pinson and Ruby Hill - December 31, 2014; Don Nicolas - December 31, 2011; and Balcooma - June 30, 2011. 2. Gold reserves were calculated by the operators at the following per ounce prices: A$1,800 - King of the Hills; A$1,725 - Meekatharra; A$1,600 - Southern Cross and South Laverton; $1,600 - Pine Cove; $1,500 - Don Mario; A$1,350 - Gwalia Deeps; $1,350 - El Limon; $1,300 - Andacollo, Dolores, La Fortuna, Mara Rosa, Pinson, Prestea, Relief Canyon and Wassa; $1,275 - Rainy River; $1,250 - Back River, Holt, Inata, La India, Marigold, Mount Milligan, Robinson, Taparko and Wharf; $1,225 - Hasbrouck Mountain; $1,200 - Bald Mountain, Canadian Malartic, Cortez, Gold Hill, Goldstrike, LaRonde Zone 5, Leeville, Peñasquito, Pueblo Viejo, Twin Creeks and Williams; and $1,100 - Don Nicolas and Ruby Hill. No gold price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel, Kutcho Creek, or Wembley Durack. 3. Set forth below are the definitions of proven and probable reserves used by the SEC. “Reserve” is that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. “Proven (Measured) Reserves” are reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling; and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that the size, shape, depth and mineral content of the reserves are well established. “Probable (Indicated) Reserves” are reserves for which the quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven (measured) reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven (measured) reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation. 4. Certain reserve estimates are provided by operators that are foreign issuers and are not based on the SEC's definitions for proven and probable reserves. For Canadian issuers, definitions of "mineral reserve," "proven mineral reserve," and "probable 25 mineral reserve" conform to the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum definitions of these terms as of the effective date of estimation as required by National Instrument 43-101 of the Canadian Securities Administrators. For Australian issuers, definitions of "mineral reserve," "proven mineral reserve," and "probable mineral reserve" conform with the Australasian Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia, as amended ("JORC Code"). We do not reconcile the reserve estimates provided by the operators with definitions of reserves used by the SEC. The reserves reported are either estimates received from the various operators or are based on documentation provided to us or are derived from publicly available information from the operators of the various properties or various National Instrument 43-101 or JORC Code reports filed by operators. We are not able to reconcile the reserve estimates prepared in reliance on National Instrument 43-101 or JORC Code with definitions of the SEC. “Contained ounces” or “contained pounds” do not take into account recovery losses in mining and processing the ore. 5. 6. 7. NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $375 - 1.75%; >$375 to $400 - 2.0%; >$400 to $425 - 2.25%; >$425 - 2.5%. All price points are stated in 1986 dollars and are subject to adjustment in accordance with a blended index comprised of labor, diesel fuel, industrial commodities and mining machinery. 8. GSR1 and GSR 2 sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $210 - 0.40%; $210 to $229.99 - 0.50%; $230 to $249.99 - 0.75%; $250 to $269.99 - 1.30%; $270 to $309.99 - 2.25%; $310 to $329.99 - 2.60%; $330 to $349.99 - 3.00%; $350 to $369.99 - 3.40%; $370 to $389.99 - $3.75%; $390 to $409.99 - 4.0%; $410 to $429.99 - 4.25%; $430 to $449.99 - 4.50%; $450 to $469.99 - 4.75%; $470 and higher - 5.00%. 9. NVR1C is the Crossroads portion of NVR1. 10. The royalty is capped at $10 million. As of June 30, 2020, royalty payments of approximately $7.78 million have been received. 11. The 1.0% to 2.0% sliding-scale NSR royalty will pay 2.0% when the price of gold is above $350 per ounce and 1.0% when the price of gold falls to $350 per ounce or below. The 0.6% to 0.9% NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $300 - 0.6%; $300 to $350 - 0.7%; > $350 to $400 - 0.8%; > $400 - 0.9%. The silver royalty rate is based on the price of gold. 12. The 0.6% to 0.9% sliding-scale NSR applies to the M-ACE claims. The operator did not break out reserves or resources subject to the M-ACE claims royalty. 13. Royalty only applies to Section 29 which currently holds about 95% of the reserves reported for the property. 14. A Cordilleran royalty of 5% NSR applies to a portion of Section 28. 15. Different Rayrock royalty rates apply to Sections 28, 32 and 33; these rates vary depending on pre-existing royalties. The Rayrock royalties take effect once 200,000 ounces of gold have been produced from open pit mines on the property. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 103,000 ounces have been produced. 16. Reserves represent our interest based on our royalty ground covering approximately 69% of the resource footprint by area. 17. NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): $0.00 to under $350 - 0.0%; $350 to under $400 - 0.5%; $400 to under $500 - 1.0%; $500 or higher - 2.0%. 18. Goose Lake royalty applies to production above 400,000 ounces. 19. NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): $0.00 to $350 - 1.0%; above $350 - 1.5%. 20. Centerra Gold will deliver 35% of payable gold produced, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 97%, and 18.75% of payable copper produced, subject to a minimum payable percentage of 95%. The purchase price for gold is equal to the lesser of $435 per ounce delivered or the prevailing market price and the purchase price for copper is 15% of the spot price per metric tonne delivered. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 516,500 ounces of payable gold and 34.7 million pounds of payable copper have been delivered. 26 21. New Gold will deliver: (a) gold in amounts equal to 6.50% of gold produced until 230,000 ounces have been delivered, and 3.25% of gold produced thereafter, and (b) silver in amounts equal to 60% of silver produced until 3.10 million ounces have been delivered, and 30% of silver produced thereafter, in each case at a purchase price equal to 25% of the spot price per ounce delivered. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 38,700 ounces of payable gold and 410,500 ounces of payable silver have been delivered. 22. Teck will deliver gold in amounts equal to 100% of payable gold until 900,000 ounces have been delivered, and 50% of payable gold thereafter, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 89%, at a purchase price equal to 15% of the monthly average gold price for the month preceding the delivery date for each ounce delivered. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 237,100 ounces of payable gold have been delivered. 23. The royalty covers approximately 30% of the La Fortuna deposit. Reserves attributable to our royalty represent 3/7 of Newmont's reporting of 70% of the total reserve. 24. Barrick will deliver: (a) gold in amounts equal to 7.50% of Barrick’s 60% interest in gold produced until 990,000 ounces have been delivered, and 3.75% of Barrick’s 60% interest in gold produced thereafter, at a purchase price equal to 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered until 550,000 ounces have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price per ounce delivered thereafter; and (b) silver in amounts equal to 75% of Barrick’s 60% interest in silver produced, subject to a fixed silver recovery of 70%, until 50 million ounces have been delivered, and 37.50% of Barrick’s 60% interest in silver produced thereafter, at a purchase price equal to 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered until 23.10 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price per ounce delivered thereafter. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 226,400 ounces of payable gold and 7.93 million ounces of payable silver have been delivered. 25. At Paddy's Flat an additional royalty of A$10 per ounce applies on production above 50,000 ounces; At Reedy's an additional 1.5% to 2.5% NSR sliding-scale royalty pays at a rate of 1.5% for the first 75,000 ounces produced in any 12-month period and at a rate of 2.5% on production above 75,000 ounces during that 12-month period and a 1.0% NSR royalty applies to the Rand area only. At Yaloginda the royalty is 0.45% NSR. 26. There is a 0.75% GSR milling royalty that applies to ore that is mined outside of the defined area of the Taparko-Bouroum project that is processed through the Taparko facilities up to a maximum of 1.1 million tons per year. 27. Golden Star will deliver 10.5% of payable gold produced until 240,000 ounces have been delivered from Wassa and Prestea, and 5.5% of payable gold produced thereafter. The purchase price for gold ounces delivered is 20% of the spot gold price until the threshold has been met, and 30% of the spot gold price thereafter. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 110,500 ounces of payable gold have been delivered from Wassa and Prestea. 28. Silver reserves were calculated by the operators at the following prices per ounce: $25.00 - Don Nicolas; $20.00 - Gold Hill; $17.50 - Hasbrouck Mountain; $17.00 - Don Mario, Dolores and Rainy River; $16.50 - Pueblo Viejo; $16.00 - Peñasquito; and $15.00 - Khoemacau. No silver price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek. 29. When production commences, KCM will deliver 80% of payable silver produced, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 90%. At KCM’s option and subject to various conditions, Royal Gold will make an additional advance payment for the right to purchase up to an additional 20% of the payable silver. The stream rate will drop by 50% upon the delivery of 32 million ounces of silver at the 80% stream level, and 40 million ounces of silver at the 100% stream level if the option is fully exercised. The purchase price is 20% of the spot price of silver. Depending on the achievement by Cupric of mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), we will pay higher ongoing cash payments for ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds. 30. Copper reserves were calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: $3.00 - Andacollo, La Fortuna and Mount Milligan; $2.95 - Robinson; $2.83 - Voisey's Bay; $2.75 - Las Cruces; and $2.50 - Don Mario and Khoemacau. No copper reserve price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek. 31. Lead reserve price was calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: $0.95 - Peñasquito. No lead reserve price was reported for Balcooma. 32. Zinc reserve price was calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: $1.15 - Peñasquito. No zinc reserve price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek. 33. Nickel reserve price was calculated by the operator at the following price per pound: $5.66 - Voisey's Bay. 34. Cobalt reserve price was calculated by the operator at the following price per pound: $26.25 - Voisey's Bay. 27 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Not applicable. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information and Holders Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “RGLD.” As of July 30, 2020, we had 773 holders of record of our common stock. This figure does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name. Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities None. Repurchases of Equity Securities None. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018 (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) 2019 2017 2016 Revenue(1) Operating income (loss)(2) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders Net income (loss) per share attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders: Basic Diluted Dividends declared per common share(3) $ 498,819 $ 423,056 $ 459,042 $ 440,814 $ 359,790 $ 198,945 $ 140,707 $ (74,535) $ 145,942 $ 4,816 $ 196,250 $ 89,079 $ (119,351) $ 92,425 $ (82,438) $ 199,343 $ 93,825 $ (113,134) $ 101,530 $ (77,149) $ $ $ 3.04 $ 3.03 $ 1.11 $ 1.43 $ 1.43 $ 1.05 $ (1.73) $ (1.73) $ 0.99 $ 1.55 $ 1.55 $ 0.95 $ (1.18) (1.18) 0.91 2020 2019 As of June 30, 2018 (Amounts in thousands) 2017 2016 Stream and royalty interests, net Total assets Debt Total liabilities Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity $ 2,318,913 $ 2,339,316 $ 2,501,117 $ 2,892,256 $ 2,848,087 $ 2,766,287 $ 2,544,151 $ 2,682,016 $ 3,094,065 $ 3,069,729 600,685 $ $ 783,844 $ 2,272,217 $ 2,136,681 $ 2,102,167 $ 2,275,377 $ 2,229,016 586,170 $ 773,801 $ 351,027 $ 540,747 $ 214,554 $ 373,698 $ 300,439 $ 464,168 $ (1) Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, of this report for a discussion of recent developments that contributed to our 18% increase in revenue during fiscal year 2020 when compared to fiscal year 2019. 28 (2) Please refer to Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for discussion on the impairment recognized at Pascua- Lama, which was attributable for the operating loss during our fiscal year 2018. (3) The 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 calendar year dividends were $1.12, $1.06, $1.00, $0.96, and $0.92, respectively, as approved by our board of directors. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS A discussion of the changes in our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, and 2018, has been omitted from this Annual Report, but may be found in Item 7, MD&A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2019, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2019, which is available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our website at www.royalgold.com. Overview We acquire and manage precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. We manage our business under two segments: Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests—A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of June 30, 2020, we owned seven stream interests, which are on six producing properties and two development stage properties. Our stream interests accounted for approximately 72% of our total revenue for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, and 2019. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant portion of our total revenue. Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests—Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of June 30, 2020, we owned royalty interests on 35 producing properties, 15 development stage properties and 129 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 48 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineralized material and on which operators are engaged in the search for reserves. Royalties accounted for approximately 28% of our total revenue for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, and 2019. We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests. Except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, we are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs, or other operating costs on those properties. In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new streams and royalties on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through the financing of mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, our analysis of technical, financial, legal and other confidential information of particular opportunities, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes. 29 Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold and, to a lesser extent, the prices of silver and copper, together with the amounts of production from our producing stage stream and royalty interests. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, gold, silver, and copper price averages and percentage of revenue by metal were as follows: Metal Gold ($/ounce) Silver ($/ounce) Copper ($/pound) Other Fiscal Year ended June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019 Average Price 1,560 16.90 2.57 N/A Percentage of Revenue 79% 9% 9% 3% $ $ $ Average Price 1,263 15.00 2.79 N/A Percentage of Revenue 78% 9% 9% 4% $ $ $ Operators’ Production Estimates by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2020 We received annual production estimates from many of the operators of our producing mines during the first calendar quarter of 2020. In some instances, an operator may revise its original calendar year guidance throughout the year. The following table shows such production estimates for our principal producing properties for calendar 2020 as well as the actual production reported to us by the various operators through June 30, 2020. The estimates and production reports are prepared by the operators. We do not participate in the preparation or calculation of the operators’ estimates or production reports and have not independently assessed or verified, and disclaim all responsibility for, the accuracy of such information. Please refer to Part I, Item 2, Properties, of this report for further discussion on any updates at our principal producing properties. Operators’ Estimated and Actual Production by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2020 Principal Producing Properties Stream/Royalty Stream: Calendar 2020 Operator’s Production Estimate(1) Silver (oz.) Gold (oz.) Base Metals (lbs.) Calendar 2020 Operator’s Production Actual(2) Silver (oz.) Gold (oz.) Base Metals (lbs.) Andacollo(3) Mount Milligan(4) 53,000 140,000 - 160,000 Copper Pueblo Viejo(5) Wassa(6) Royalty: Cortez GSR1 Cortez GSR2 Cortez GSR3 Cortez NVR1 Cortez NVR1C Peñasquito(7) Lead Zinc 530,000 - 580,000 165,000 - 170,000 N/A 80 - 90 Million 66,500 109,000 145,700 113,200 29,900 510,000 28 million 190 million 360 million 27,500 69,300 254,000 85,100 61,800 48,300 52,400 88,700 400 185,000 39.1 Million N/A 13.1 Million 84 Million 178 Million (1) Production estimates received from our operators are for calendar 2020. There can be no assurance that production estimates received from our operators will be achieved. Please also refer to our cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements following this MD&A, as well as the Risk Factors identified in Part I, Item 1A, of this report for information regarding factors that could affect actual results. (2) Actual production figures shown are from our operators and cover the period January 1, 2020 through June 30, 2020, unless otherwise noted in footnotes to this table. (3) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Andacollo are contained gold in concentrate. (4) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Mount Milligan are payable gold and copper in concentrate. 30 (5) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Pueblo Viejo are payable gold in doré and represent Barrick’s 60% interest in Pueblo Viejo. The operator did not provide estimated or actual silver production. (6) The estimated and actual production figures shown for Wassa is payable gold in doré. (7) The estimated and actual gold and silver production figures shown for Peñasquito are payable gold and silver in concentrate and doré. The estimated and actual lead and zinc production figures shown are payable lead and zinc in concentrate. COVID-19 and current economic environment Several of our operating counterparties announced temporary operational curtailments or the withdrawal or review of previously disclosed guidance due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The economic and societal impacts associated with COVID-19 are fluid and changing rapidly, and we are currently unable to predict the nature or extent of any impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We will continue to monitor any further developments that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on stream or royalty interests as part of our regular asset impairment analysis. Historical Production The following table discloses historical production for the past two fiscal years for the principal producing properties that are subject to our stream and royalty interests, as reported to us by the operators of the mines. We do not participate in the preparation or calculation of the operators’ production reports and have not independently assessed or verified, and disclaim all responsibility for, the accuracy of such information. Historical Production(1) by Stream and Royalty Interest Principal Producing Properties For the Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 Stream/Royalty Stream: Mount Milligan Andacollo Pueblo Viejo Wassa Royalty: Peñasquito Cortez GSR1 Cortez GSR2 Cortez GSR3 Cortez NVR1 Metal 2020 2019 Gold Copper Gold Gold Silver Gold Gold Silver Lead Zinc Gold Gold Gold Gold 63,700 oz. 12.7 Mlbs. 48,100 oz. 43,300 oz. 1.8 Moz. 15,000 oz. 312,200 oz. 27.8 Moz. 182.3 Mlbs. 393.9 Mlbs. 91,300 oz. 82,000 oz. 171,800 oz. 146,500 oz. 61,700 oz. 8.3 Mlbs. 55,000 oz. 41,000 oz. 2.1 Moz. 17,500 oz. 158,800 oz. 16.4 Moz. 117.4 Mlbs. 216.2 Mlbs. 84,600 oz. 12,100 oz. 96,700 oz. 77,400 oz. (1) Historical production for our stream interests relates to the amount of stream metal sales for each fiscal year presented and may differ from stream deliveries discussed in Item 2, Properties, or from the operators’ public reporting. For our royalty interests, historical production relates to the payable metal amounts as reported to us by the operators of the mines subject to our royalty rate for each fiscal year presented. Critical Accounting Policies Listed below are the accounting policies we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported. Please also refer to Note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion on recently adopted and issued accounting pronouncements. 31 Use of Estimates The preparation of our financial statements, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We rely on reserve estimates reported by the operators of the properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the potential impairments of long-lived assets and the ability to realize income tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions also affect the rate at which we recognize revenue or charge depreciation, depletion and amortization to earnings. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions; however, actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Differences between estimates and actual amounts are adjusted and recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties and Related Depletion Stream and royalty interests include acquired stream and royalty interests in production, development and exploration stage properties. The costs of acquired stream and royalty interests are capitalized as tangible assets as such interests do not meet the definition of a financial asset under U.S. GAAP. Production stage stream and royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the mineral property (as stream sales occur or royalty payments are recognized), which are estimated using proven and probable reserves as provided by the operator. Development stage mineral properties, which are not yet in production, are not depleted until the property begins production. Exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no proven and probable reserves, are not depleted. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to proven and probable reserves, the mineral property is depleted over its life, using proven and probable reserves. Exploration costs are expensed when incurred. Asset Impairment We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The recoverability of the carrying value of stream and royalty interests in production and development stage mineral properties is evaluated based upon estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from each stream and royalty interest using estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators. We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty interests in exploration stage mineral properties in the event of significant decreases in the price of gold, silver, copper and other metals, and whenever new information regarding the mineral properties is obtained from the operator indicating that production will not likely occur or may be reduced in the future, thus potentially affecting the future recoverability of our stream or royalty interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each property are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each property exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash flows. Estimates of gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices, and operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves or mineralized material related to our stream or royalty properties are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which may affect the recoverability of our investment in these stream and royalty interests in mineral properties. It is possible that changes could occur to these estimates, which could adversely affect the net cash flows expected to be generated from these stream and royalty interests. Refer to Note 4 to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the impairment assessment results for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. Revenue Under U.S. GAAP, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct 32 performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below. Stream Interests A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser. Royalty Interests Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurred. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production, comprising our royalty interest, to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable offsite treatment, refining, transportation and, if applicable, mining costs. Metal Sales Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between 10 days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales activity in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. Temporary modifications may be made to our metal sales guidelines from time to time as required to meet our needs. Revenue from gold, silver and copper sales is recognized on the date of the settlement, which is also the date that title to the metal passes to the purchaser. Cost of Sales Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery. 33 Exploration Costs Exploration costs are specific to our Peak Gold JV for exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold project as discussed further in Note 2 to consolidated financial statements. Exploration costs associated with the exploration and advancement of Peak Gold are expensed when incurred. Income Taxes Our annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates in effect and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax expense, current tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income, both as a whole and in various tax jurisdictions, for purposes of assessing our ability to realize future benefit from our deferred tax assets. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities. Our deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts measured by tax laws and regulations. In evaluating the realizability of the deferred tax assets, management considers both positive and negative evidence that may exist, such as earnings history, reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies in each tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance may be established to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is considered more likely than not to be realized through the generation of future taxable income and other tax planning strategies. Our operations may involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution could result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period which they are determined. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview At June 30, 2020, we had current assets of $362.2 million compared to current liabilities of $43.6 million resulting in working capital of $318.6 million and a current ratio of 8 to 1. This compares to current assets of $154.7 million and current liabilities of $33.6 million at June 30, 2019, resulting in working capital of $121.1 million and a current ratio of approximately 5 to 1. The increase in our current ratio was primarily attributable to an increase in our cash and equivalents, which is discussed further below under “Summary of Cash Flows.” During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, liquidity needs were met from $340.8 million in net cash provided by operating activities and our available cash resources. As of June 30, 2020, we had $695 million available and $305 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility. Working capital, combined with available capacity under our revolving credit facility, resulted in approximately $1 billion of total liquidity at June 30, 2020. Refer to Note 6 of our notes to consolidated financial statements and below (“Recent Liquidity and Capital Resource Developments”) for further discussion on our debt. On July 2, 2020, we repaid $30 million of the outstanding borrowings under the credit facility. This payment increased the amount available under our revolving credit facility to $725 million and decreased the amount outstanding to $275 million. 34 We believe that our current financial resources and funds generated from operations will be adequate to cover anticipated expenditures for debt service, general and administrative expense costs and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future. Our current financial resources are also available to fund dividends and for acquisitions of stream and royalty interests, including the remaining conditional funding schedule in connection with the Khoemacau silver stream acquisition. Our long-term capital requirements are primarily affected by our ongoing acquisition activities. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review. In the event of one or more substantial stream or royalty interest or other acquisitions, we may seek additional debt or equity financing as necessary. Please refer to our risk factors included in Part I, Item 1A of this report for a discussion of certain risks that may impact our liquidity and capital resources. Recent Liquidity and Capital Resource Developments Revolving Credit Facility Drawdown On April 3, 2020, we drew an additional $200 million on our revolving credit facility. There is no immediate requirement for the additional funds. However, due to the uncertain environment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact on certain operations where we hold a stream or royalty interest, we believe the drawdown was a prudent precautionary measure to help ensure cash is readily available to support continued business activities. We remain committed to reducing our debt, and absent the requirement to fund any new business opportunities, we expect to further manage our debt levels once the operating environment returns to normal. Dividend Increase On November 19, 2019, we announced an increase in our annual dividend for calendar 2020 from $1.06 to $1.12, payable on a quarterly basis of $0.28 per share. The newly declared dividend is 6% higher than the dividend paid during calendar 2019. We have steadily increased our annual dividend since calendar 2001. Revolving Credit Facility Amendment On September 20, 2019, we entered into a third amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017. Under the amendment, our Swiss subsidiary RGLD Gold was added as a co-borrower and joint and several obligor, certain of the Company’s Canadian subsidiaries were added as guarantors, and certain equity pledges that previously had been granted in favor of the lenders to support the facility were released, with the result that the facility is now unsecured. Summary of Cash Flows Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $340.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to $253.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to an increase in proceeds received from our stream interests, net of cost of sales, of approximately $49.5 million and lower income taxes paid of $12.9 million. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities totaled $152.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to cash used in investing activities of $5.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The increase in cash used in investing 35 activities was due to an increase in acquisitions of stream and royalty interests. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we made advance payments totaling $135.7 million for the Khoemacau silver stream acquisition. Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $11.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to cash used in financing activities of $216.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to a decrease in debt repayments (net of borrowings) when compared to the prior fiscal year. Contractual Obligations Our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2020, are as follows: Contractual Obligations Revolving credit facility(1) Operating leases Total Payments Due by Period (in thousands) Total $ 325,972 $ $ 9,210 $ $ 335,182 $ Less than 1 Year 1 - 3 Years 3 - 5 Years More than 5 Years 4,258 $ 901 $ 5,159 $ 12,775 $ 308,939 $ 1,931 $ 14,629 $ 310,870 $ 1,854 $ — 4,524 4,524 (1) Amounts represent principal ($305 million) and estimated interest payments ($21.0 million) assuming no early extinguishment. For information on our revolving credit facility, see Note 6 to consolidated financial statements. The above table does not include stream commitments as discussed in Note 15 to consolidated financial statements. We believe we will be able to fund all current obligations from net cash provided by operating activities. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. Results of Operations Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020, Compared with Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we recorded net income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $199.3 million, or $3.04 per basic share and $3.03 per diluted share, as compared to net income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $93.8 million, or $1.43 per basic and diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The increase in our earnings per share was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in revenue, (ii) a decrease in our interest expense and (iii) discrete income tax benefits recognized, primarily attributable to recent Swiss tax reform during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 and the release of an uncertain tax liability resulting from a settlement agreement with a foreign tax authority. Each are discussed further below. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we recognized total revenue of $498.8 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $359.9 million and royalty revenue of $138.9 million, at an average gold price of $1,560 per ounce, an average silver price of $16.90 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.57 per pound, compared to total revenue of $423.1 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $305.8 million and royalty revenue of $117.2 million, at an average gold price of $1,263 per ounce, an average silver price of $15.00 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.79 per pound, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. 36 Revenue and the corresponding production, attributable to our stream and royalty interests, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 is as follows: Revenue and Reported Production Subject to our Stream and Royalty Interests Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (In thousands, except reported production in ozs. and lbs.) Stream/Royalty Stream(2): Mount Milligan Pueblo Viejo Andacollo Wassa Other(3) Year Ended June 30, 2020 Reported Year Ended June 30, 2019 Reported Metal(s) Revenue Production(1) Revenue Production(1) Gold Copper Gold Silver Gold Gold Gold Silver $ 131,425 $ 101,010 63,700 oz. 12.7 Mlbs. $ 96,978 $ 82,844 $ $ $ 74,219 23,203 34,043 43,300 oz. 1.8 Moz. $ $ $ 69,264 22,098 30,608 48,100 oz. 15,000 oz. 20,300 oz. 188,800 oz. 61,700 oz. 8.3 Mlbs. 41,000 oz. 2.1 Moz. 55,000 oz. 17,500 oz. 22,600 oz. 144,700 oz. 158,800 oz. 16.4 Moz. 117.4 Mlbs. 216.2 Mlbs. 96,700 oz. N/A Total stream revenue $ 359,868 $ 305,824 Royalty(2): Peñasquito Cortez Other(3) Total royalty revenue Total revenue Gold Silver Lead Zinc Gold Various $ 25,498 $ 13,865 312,200 oz. 27.8 Moz. 182.3 Mlbs. 393.9 Mlbs. 22,342 $ $ 91,111 $ 138,951 $ 498,819 173,300 oz. N/A $ $ $ $ 11,383 91,984 117,232 423,056 (1) Reported production relates to the amount of metal sales, subject to our stream and royalty interests, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting. (2) Refer to Item 2, Properties, for further discussion on our principal stream and royalty interests. (3) Individually, with the exception of the Rainy River stream (5.5% in fiscal year 2020 and 5.2% in fiscal year 2019), no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 5% of our total revenue for either period. The increase in our total revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, resulted primarily from an increase in our stream revenue and an increase in the average gold and silver prices. The increase in our stream revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in gold and copper sales at Mount Milligan and gold sales at Pueblo Viejo. These increases were partially offset by lower gold sales at Andacollo which was due to a decrease in deliveries resulting from a temporary suspension of operations during the December 2019 quarter due to a worker’s strike. 37 Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, as well as gold, silver and copper in inventory as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, for our stream interests were as follows: Gold Stream Mount Milligan Andacollo Pueblo Viejo Wassa Other Total Silver Stream Pueblo Viejo Other Total Year Ended June 30, 2020 Year Ended June 30, 2019 Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) Purchases (oz.) Sales (oz.) 59,900 43,900 45,000 16,500 19,500 184,800 63,700 48,100 43,300 15,000 20,300 190,400 68,500 51,900 41,200 16,600 22,500 200,700 As of June 30, 2020 As of June 30, 2019 Inventory (oz.) Inventory (oz.) 7,100 4,300 9,500 1,500 2,200 24,600 3,300 100 11,100 2,900 1,500 18,900 61,700 55,000 41,000 17,500 22,600 197,800 Year Ended June 30, 2020 Year Ended June 30, 2019 Purchases (oz.) 1,726,100 175,700 1,901,800 Sales (oz.) 1,750,400 188,800 1,939,200 Purchases (oz.) 2,007,000 148,900 2,155,900 Sales (oz.) 2,071,700 144,700 2,216,400 As of June 30, 2020 Inventory (oz.) 451,200 23,400 474,600 As of June 30, 2019 Inventory (oz.) 475,600 36,500 512,100 Year Ended June 30, 2020 Year Ended June 30, 2019 As of June 30, 2020 As of June 30, 2019 Copper Stream Mount Milligan Purchases (Mlbs.) 12.6 Sales (Mlbs.) Purchases (Mlbs.) 9.1 12.7 Sales (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) Inventory (Mlbs.) 0.8 0.8 8.3 Our royalty revenue increased during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, primarily due to an increase in production at Peñasquito and Cortez and an increase in the average gold and silver prices. Refer to Part I, Item 2, Properties, for discussion and any updates on our principal producing properties. Cost of sales increased to $83.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, from $77.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased gold and copper sales from Mount Milligan and an increase in gold sales from Pueblo Viejo, partially offset by a decrease in silver sales from Pueblo Viejo. Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of RGLD Gold’s purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery. Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased to $175.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, from $163.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to higher gold and copper sales at Mount Milligan and an increase in gold sales at Pueblo Viejo. An increase in depletion rates at Mount Milligan as a result of updated reserves, as discussed in Part I, Item 2, Properties, also contributed to the increase in our depletion expense during the current period. We recognized a gain in fair value changes in equity securities of $1.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, compared to a loss in fair value changes in equity securities of $6.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The change was primarily due to an increase in the fair value of marketable equity securities as discussed further in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. Interest and other expense decreased to $9.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, from $29.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower interest expense as a result of a decrease in average debt amounts outstanding during the current period when compared to the prior period. During the prior period, we settled the $370 million aggregate principal amount due under our convertible senior notes that matured in June 2019. Refer to Note 6 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our outstanding debt. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we recognized an income tax benefit totaling $3.7 million compared with an expense of $17.5 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. This resulted in an effective tax rate of (1.9%) during the current period, compared with 16.4% in the prior period. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 38 was primarily impacted by a net step-up of tax assets due to the enactment of the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AHV Financing in Switzerland and the release of an uncertain tax liability resulting from a settlement agreement with a foreign tax authority. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 was primarily impacted by true-ups related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act partially offset by the implementation of the global intangible low-taxed income tax regime. Forward-Looking Statements This report and our other public communications include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may differ materially from these statements. Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “potential,” “intend,” “continue,” “project,” or negatives of these words or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: statements about our expected financial performance, including revenue, expenses, earnings or cash flow; operators’ expected operating and financial performance, including production, deliveries, mine plans and reserves, development, cash flows and capital expenditures; planned and potential acquisitions or dispositions, including funding schedules and conditions; liquidity, financing and dividends; our overall investment portfolio; macroeconomic and market conditions including the impacts of COVID-19; prices for gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals; potential impairments; or tax changes. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: a low-price environment for gold, silver, copper, nickel or other metals; operating activities or financial performance of properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, including variations between actual and forecasted performance, operators’ ability to complete projects on schedule and as planned, changes to mine plans and reserves, liquidity needs, mining and environmental hazards, labor disputes, distribution and supply chain disruptions, permitting and licensing issues, contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements, or operational disruptions due to COVID-19; risks associated with doing business in foreign countries; our ability to identify, finance, value and complete acquisitions; adverse economic and market conditions; changes in laws or regulations governing us, operators or operating properties; changes in management and key employees; and other factors described elsewhere in this report. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK Our earnings and cash flows are significantly impacted by changes in the market price of gold and other metals. Gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices can fluctuate significantly and are affected by numerous factors, such as demand, production levels, economic policies of central banks, producer hedging, world political and economic events and the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, we reported revenue of $498.8 million, with an average gold price for the period of $1,560 per ounce, an average silver price for the period of $16.90 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.57 per pound. Approximately 79% of our total recognized revenues for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 were attributable to gold sales from our gold producing interests, as shown within the MD&A. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, if the price of gold had averaged 10% higher or lower per ounce, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenue of approximately $41.6 million. Approximately 9% of our total reported revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 was attributable to silver sales from our silver producing interests. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, if the price of silver had averaged 10% higher or lower per ounce, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenues of approximately $4.4 million. Approximately 9% of our total reported revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020 was attributable to copper sales from our copper producing interests. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, if the price of copper had averaged 10% higher or lower per pound, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenues of approximately $5.0 million. 39 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to Financial Statements REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page 41 43 44 45 46 47 40 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Royal Gold, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Royal Gold, Inc. (the Company) as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated August 6, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Description of the Matter Impairment Assessment of Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties At June 30, 2020, the Company’s stream and royalty interest balance totaled $2.3 billion. As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates its stream and royalty interests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the asset or group of assets may not be recoverable (“triggering events”). Management evaluates various qualitative factors in determining whether or not events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The factors considered include, among others, significant changes in estimates of forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices, significant changes in operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators, which 41 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit may include operational or legal information that indicates production from mineral interests will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future. Auditing the Company’s impairment assessment involved our subjective judgment because, in determining whether a triggering event occurred, management uses estimates that include, among others, assumptions about forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices and total future production using reserve or other relevant information reported by the operators. Significant uncertainty exists with these assumptions. Further, management’s evaluation of any new information indicating that production will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future requires significant judgment. We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process over the impairment assessment. For example, we tested controls over the Company’s process for identifying and evaluating potential impairment triggers and related significant assumptions and judgments. To test the Company’s impairment assessment, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the significant assumptions, judgments and operating data used in the Company’s analysis. Specifically, we compared forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices to available market information, and we corroborated reserve information to available operator or publicly available information. We involved our specialist and searched for and evaluated other publicly available information that corroborates or contradicts the reserve estimates or indicates that production from mineral interests will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future. We also considered the professional qualifications and objectivity of management’s specialists and the reputation of the third-party operators. Further, we evaluated the reasonableness of changes to estimated proven and probable reserves using our experience with the Company’s stream and royalty interests and industry knowledge. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company's auditor since 2010. Denver, Colorado August 6, 2020 42 ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets As of June 30, (In thousands, except share data) ASSETS Cash and equivalents Royalty receivables Income tax receivable Stream inventory Prepaid expenses and other Total current assets Stream and royalty interests, net (Note 4) Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES Accounts payable Dividends payable Income tax payable Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Debt (Note 6) Deferred tax liabilities Uncertain tax positions Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities $ $ $ Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) EQUITY Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; and 0 shares issued Common stock, $.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; and 65,531,288 and 65,440,492 shares outstanding, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated earnings (losses) Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019 319,128 $ 27,689 2,435 11,671 1,227 362,150 2,318,913 85,224 119,475 20,733 2,702 11,380 389 154,679 2,339,316 50,156 2,766,287 $ 2,544,151 2,484 $ 18,364 13,323 9,384 43,555 300,439 86,439 25,427 8,308 464,168 2,890 17,372 6,974 6,374 33,610 214,554 88,961 36,573 - 373,698 — — 655 2,210,429 61,133 2,272,217 29,902 2,302,119 2,766,287 $ 655 2,201,773 (65,747) 2,136,681 33,772 2,170,453 2,544,151 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 43 ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Years Ended June 30, (In thousands, except share data) Revenue (Note 7) Costs and expenses Cost of sales (excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization) General and administrative Production taxes Exploration costs Depreciation, depletion and amortization Impairment of royalty interests Total costs and expenses Operating income (loss) Fair value changes in equity securities Interest and other income Interest and other expense Income (loss) before income taxes June 30, 2020 498,819 $ For The Year Ended June 30, 2019 423,056 $ June 30, 2018 459,042 $ 83,890 30,195 3,824 5,190 175,434 1,341 299,874 77,535 30,488 4,112 7,158 163,056 — 282,349 83,839 35,464 2,268 8,946 163,696 239,364 533,577 198,945 140,707 (74,535) 1,418 2,046 (9,813) 192,596 (6,800) 2,320 (29,650) 106,577 — 4,170 (34,214) (104,579) Income tax benefit (expense) Net income (loss) Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders 3,654 196,250 3,093 199,343 $ (17,498) 89,079 4,746 93,825 $ (14,772) (119,351) 6,217 (113,134) $ Net income (loss) Adjustments to comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Unrealized change in market value of available-for-sale securities $ 196,250 $ 89,079 $ (119,351) — — (2,080) Comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold stockholders $ 196,250 3,093 199,343 $ 89,079 4,746 93,825 $ (121,431) 6,217 (115,214) Net income (loss) per share attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders: Basic earnings (loss) per share Basic weighted average shares outstanding Diluted earnings (loss) per share Diluted weighted average shares outstanding Cash dividends declared per common share $ 3.04 $ 1.43 $ 65,523,024 65,394,627 $ 3.03 $ 1.43 $ 65,643,390 65,505,535 $ 1.11 $ 1.05 $ (1.73) 65,291,855 (1.73) 65,291,855 0.99 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 44 ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity For the Years Ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (In thousands, except share data) Royal Gold Stockholders Common Shares Shares 65,179,527 $ Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Balance at June 30, 2017 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances Distributions from non-controlling interests Net loss Other comprehensive loss Dividends declared Balance at June 30, 2018 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances Distributions from (to) non-controlling interests Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends declared Balance at June 30, 2019 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances Distributions from (to) non-controlling interests Net income (loss) Dividends declared Balance at June 30, 2020 652 $ 2,185,796 $ 879 $ 88,050 $ 44,887 $ 2,320,264 Accumulated (Losses) Earnings Non-controlling Interests Total Equity 180,514 — — — — 2 — — — — 4,236 2,580 — — — 65,360,041 $ 654 $ 2,192,612 $ 80,451 — — — — 1 — — — — 5,021 4,140 — — — 65,440,492 $ 655 $ 2,201,773 $ 90,796 — — — — — — — 4,936 3,720 — — 65,531,288 $ 655 $ 2,210,429 $ — — — (2,080) — (1,201) $ — — — 1,201 — — $ — — — — — $ — — (113,134) — (64,814) (89,898) $ — — 93,825 (1,201) (68,473) (65,747) $ — — 199,343 (72,463) 61,133 $ — 432 (6,217) — — 4,238 3,012 (119,351) (2,080) (64,814) 39,102 $ 2,141,269 — (584) (4,746) — — 5,022 3,556 89,079 — (68,473) 33,772 $ 2,170,453 — (777) (3,093) — 4,936 2,943 196,250 (72,463) 29,902 $ 2,302,119 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 45 ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended June 30, (In thousands) June 30, 2020 Year Ended June 30, 2019 June 30, 2018 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: $ 196,250 $ Depreciation, depletion and amortization Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs Non-cash employee stock compensation expense Fair value changes in equity securities Deferred tax benefit Impairment of royalty interests Other Changes in assets and liabilities: Royalty receivables Stream inventory Income tax receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable Income tax payable Uncertain tax positions Other liabilities 175,434 1,136 9,116 (1,418) (32,399) 1,341 (148) (6,957) (291) 268 (7,828) (275) 6,349 (11,146) 11,320 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 340,752 $ 89,079 $ (119,351) 163,056 15,288 6,617 6,800 (1,745) — (2) 5,623 (2,069) (2,663) 2,793 (6,426) (11,281) 3,180 (15,084) 253,166 $ 163,696 15,046 8,279 — (32,843) 239,364 (197) 530 (1,428) 22,130 2,813 5,173 12,601 7,767 5,244 328,824 Cash flows from investing activities: Acquisition of stream and royalty interests Repayment of Golden Star term loan Purchase of equity securities Other Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Repayment of debt Borrowings from revolving credit facility Net payments from issuance of common stock Common stock dividends Contributions from non-controlling interest Other Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents Cash and equivalents at beginning of period Cash and equivalents at end of period (155,985) — (461) 3,587 $ (152,859) $ (1,055) — (3,573) (967) (5,595) $ (11,812) 20,000 (17,869) (909) (10,590) (250,000) (370,000) (115,000) — 220,000 200,000 (4,042) (1,595) (4,180) (64,118) (67,477) (71,471) — 4,140 3,720 (1,309) 2,829 (1,914) 11,760 $ (216,846) $ (315,331) 2,903 30,725 199,653 85,847 119,475 88,750 88,750 $ 319,128 $ 119,475 $ $ See Note 11 for supplemental cash flow information. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 46                     ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. THE COMPANY Royal Gold, Inc. (“Royal Gold”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”), together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We rely on reserve estimates reported by the operators of properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the potential impairments of long-lived assets and the ability to realize income tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions also affect the rate at which we recognize revenue or charge depreciation, depletion and amortization to earnings. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions; however, actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Differences between estimates and actual amounts are adjusted and recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Royal Gold, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiaries and an entity over which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. All intercompany accounts, transactions, income and expenses, and profits or losses have been eliminated on consolidation. Peak Gold JV Royal Gold, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Royal Alaska, LLC (“Royal Alaska”), and Contango ORE, Inc., through its wholly owned subsidiary CORE Alaska, LLC, entered into a limited liability company agreement for the Peak Gold JV, a joint venture for exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project located near Tok, Alaska. We have identified the Peak Gold JV as a Variable Interest Entity, with Royal Alaska as the primary beneficiary, due to the legal structure and certain related factors of the limited liability company agreement for the Peak Gold JV. We determined that the Peak Gold JV should be fully consolidated at fair value initially. The fair value of our non-controlling interest is $45.7 million and is based on the underlying value of the mineral property assigned to the Peak Gold JV, which is recorded as an exploration stage property within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2020, and 2019, Royal Alaska held a 40% membership interest in the Peak Gold JV. Royal Alaska acts as the manager of the Peak Gold JV and will be responsible for managing, directing and controlling the overall operations 47 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) unless Royal Alaska is unanimously removed or resigns that position in the manner provided in the Peak Gold JV limited liability company agreement. Cash and Equivalents Cash and equivalents consist of all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash and equivalents were primarily held in cash deposit accounts as of June 30, 2020 and 2019. Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties and Related Depletion Stream and royalty interests include acquired stream and royalty interests in production, development and exploration stage properties. The costs of acquired stream and royalty interests are capitalized as tangible assets as such interests do not meet the definition of a financial asset under U.S. GAAP. Production stage stream and royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the mineral property (as stream sales occur or royalty payments are recognized), which are estimated using proven and probable reserves as provided by the operator. Development stage mineral properties, which are not yet in production, are not depleted until the property begins production. Exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no proven and probable reserves, are not depleted. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to proven and probable reserves, the mineral property is depleted over its life, using proven and probable reserves. Exploration costs are expensed when incurred. Asset Impairment We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. When impairment indicators are identified, the recoverability of the carrying value of stream and royalty interests in production and development stage mineral properties is evaluated based upon estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from each stream and royalty interest using estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators. We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty interests in exploration stage mineral properties in the event of significant decreases in the price of gold, silver, copper and other metals, and whenever new information regarding the mineral properties is obtained from the operator indicating that production will not likely occur or may be reduced in the future, thus potentially affecting the future recoverability of our stream or royalty interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each property are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each property exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash flows. Estimates of gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices, and operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves or mineralized material related to our stream or royalty properties are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which may affect the recoverability of our investment in these stream and royalty interests in mineral properties. It is possible that changes could occur to these estimates, which could adversely affect the net cash flows expected to be generated from these stream and royalty interests. Refer to Note 4 for discussion and the results of our impairment assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Revenue Under U.S. GAAP, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects 48 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed in Note 7. Metal Sales Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between 10 days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales activity in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. Revenue from gold, silver and copper sales is recognized on the date of the settlement, which is also the date that title to the metal passes to the purchaser. Cost of Sales Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery. Production Taxes Certain royalty payments are subject to production taxes (or mining proceeds taxes), which are recognized at the time of revenue recognition. Production taxes are not income taxes and are included within the costs and expenses section in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Exploration Costs Exploration costs are specific to the Peak Gold JV for the exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project, as discussed further above under Basis of Consolidation. Costs associated with the Peak Gold JV for the exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project are expensed when incurred. Stock-Based Compensation We recognize all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SSARs”), restricted stock and performance shares, in our financial statements based upon their fair values. Income Taxes Our annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates in effect, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax expense, current tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income, both as a whole and in various tax jurisdictions, for purposes of assessing our ability to realize future benefit from our deferred tax assets. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities. Our deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts measured by tax laws and regulations. In evaluating the realizability of the deferred tax assets, management considers both positive and negative evidence that may exist, such as earnings history, reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning 49 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) strategies in each tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance may be established to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is considered more likely than not to be realized through the generation of future taxable income and other tax planning strategies. Our operations may involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. We recognize potential liabilities and records tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution could result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period which they are determined. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Earnings per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to Royal Gold common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares for the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts that may require issuance of common shares were converted. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each fiscal year. Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards Recently Adopted Leases In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires recognition of right-of-use assets and lease payment liabilities on the balance sheet by lessees for all leases with terms greater than twelve months. Classification of leases as either a finance or operating lease will determine the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses. ASU 2016-02 also requires certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about material leasing arrangements. Subsequently, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”). ASU 2018-11 provides an additional modified retrospective transition method for adopting ASU 2016-02, which eliminates the need for adjusting prior period comparable financial statements prepared under legacy lease accounting guidance. ASU 2016-02, together with ASU 2018-11, was effective July 1, 2019. We adopted the new guidance using the modified retrospective approach set forth in ASU 2018-11, with the date of initial application on July 1, 2019. Comparative reporting periods were not adjusted upon adoption. As permitted under the transition guidance, we elected to use the following practical expedients at transition:  To not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts were or contained leases; and  To not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases. 50 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) In addition, we elected to use the following practical expedients at and subsequent to adoption in accordance with ASU 2016-02:  Not to separate non-lease from lease components, and instead account for each lease component and any associated non-lease components as a single lease component; and  Not to recognize right-of-use assets and associated liabilities for short-term contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less. Our significant lease arrangements relate to our corporate office spaces and office equipment. Through the implementation process, we evaluated our lease arrangements, which included an analysis of contracts, and updating the internal controls and processes that are necessary to track and calculate the additional accounting and disclosure requirements as required upon adoption of ASU 2016-02. We lease office space and office equipment under operating leases expiring at various dates through the fiscal year ending June 30, 2030. The following amounts were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2020 (amounts in thousands): Operating Leases Right-of-use assets - current Right-of-use assets - non-current Total right-of-use assets Lease liabilities - current Lease liabilities - non-current Total operating lease liabilities Classification June 30, 2020 Prepaid expenses and other $ Other assets Other current liabilities Other long-term liabilities $ $ $ 823 7,087 7,910 901 8,309 9,210 Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2020 are as follows (amounts in thousands): Fiscal Years: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total lease payments Less imputed interest Total $ Operating Leases 1,121 1,119 1,106 1,116 1,091 4,799 10,352 (1,142) 9,210 $ $ Other information pertaining to leases consist of the following: Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate Weighted average remaining lease term in years Weighted average discount rate June 30, 2020 9 2.5% We did not have any finance leases as of June 30, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 did not impact accumulated earnings (losses), our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), or our consolidated statements of cash flows. 51 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Recently Issued In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments, which, together with subsequent amendments, changes how an entity will record credit losses from an “incurred loss” approach to an “expected loss” approach. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 (i.e. July 1, 2020 for Royal Gold) and interim financial statement periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. We are currently undergoing our assessment of the new guidance and the impact it will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Based on procedures performed as of June 30, 2020, the adoption of the new guidance effective July 1, 2020 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 3. ACQUISITIONS Alturas royalty acquisition On January 29, 2020, we entered into an agreement with various private individuals for the acquisition of a net smelter return (“NSR”) royalty of up to 1.06% (gold) and up to 1.59% (copper) on mining concessions included as part of the Alturas project, which is located within the Coquimbo Region of Chile and held by Compañia Minera Salitrales Limitada, a subsidiary of Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”). Total consideration for the royalty is up to $41 million, of which $11 million was paid on January 29, 2020. The $11 million paid as part of the funding schedule, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded as an exploration stage royalty interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. A future payment of up to $20 million is conditioned based on a project construction decision by Barrick and the size of the minable mineralized material on the date of the construction decision. A further future payment of up to $10 million will be made upon first production from the mining concessions. Castelo de Sonhos royalty acquisition In August 2019, we entered into an agreement with TriStar Gold Inc. and its subsidiaries (together “TriStar”) to acquire (i) up to a 1.5% NSR royalty on the Castelo de Sonhos gold project (“CDS”), located in Brazil, and (ii) warrants to purchase up to 19,640,000 common shares of TriStar. Total consideration is $7.5 million and is payable over three payments, of which $4.5 million was paid in August 2019, $1.5 million was paid in November 2019, and the final payment of $1.5 million was paid on March 30, 2020. The CDS royalty acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The $7.5 million paid as part of the aggregate funding schedule, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded as an exploration stage royalty interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The warrants have been recorded within Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets and have a carrying value of approximately $4.0 million as of June 30, 2020. The warrants have been classified as a financial asset instrument and are recorded at fair value at each reporting date using the Black-Scholes model. Any change in fair value of the warrants at subsequent reporting periods will be recorded within Fair value changes in equity securities on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. As of June 30, 2020, the Company holds 19,640,000 warrants at an exercise price of C$0.25 per common share with a term of approximately five years. Acquisition of Silver Stream on Khoemacau Copper Project On February 25, 2019, our wholly owned subsidiary, RGLD Gold AG (“RGLD Gold”), entered into a life of mine purchase and sale agreement with Khoemacau Copper Mining (Pty.) Limited (“KCM”) for the purchase of silver produced from the Khoemacau Project (“Khoemacau” or the “Project”) located in Botswana and owned by KCM. Under the purchase and sale agreement, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, RGLD Gold will make advance payments totaling $212 52 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) million toward the purchase of 80% of the silver produced from Khoemacau until certain delivery thresholds are met (the “Base Silver Stream”). At KCM’s option and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to an additional $53 million in advance payments for up to the remaining 20% of the silver produced from Khoemacau (the “Option Silver Stream”). The stream rate will drop to 40% of silver produced from Khoemacau following delivery to RGLD Gold of 32 million silver ounces under the Base Silver Stream, or to 50% of the silver produced from Khoemacau following delivery of 40 million silver ounces to RGLD Gold should KCM exercise the entire Option Silver Stream. RGLD Gold will pay a cash price equal to 20% of the spot silver price for each ounce delivered under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream; however, if KCM achieves mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), RGLD Gold will pay a higher ongoing cash price under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream for silver ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds. RGLD Gold made its first advance payment of $65.8 million on November 5, 2019, its second advance payment of $22.0 million on February 2, 2020, and its third advance payment of $47.9 million on April 3, 2020. On July 5, 2020, RGLD Gold made its fourth advance payment of $11.1 million, which brings the total contribution under the Base Silver Stream to $146.8 million. Further payments are subject to certain conditions and are scheduled to be made on a quarterly basis using an agreed formula and certification process as project spending progresses. Separate from the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream, and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to $25 million available to KCM toward the end of development of Khoemacau under a subordinated debt facility. Any amounts drawn by KCM under the debt facility will carry interest at LIBOR + 11% and have a term of seven years. RGLD Gold will have the right to force repayment of the debt facility upon certain events. We have accounted for the Silver Stream and Option Stream (if exercised by KCM) as an asset acquisition, consistent with the treatment of our other acquired streams. The $135.7 million in advance payments for the Base Silver Stream made during our fiscal year 2020, plus direct transaction costs, have been recorded as a development stage stream interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2020. Further advance payments made under the Silver Stream or Option Stream (if exercised by KCM) will be recorded as a development stage interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets during the period the advance payment occurs. 53 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 4. STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET The following summarizes our stream and royalty interests as of June 30, 2020 and 2019: As of June 30, 2020 (Amounts in thousands): Production stage stream interests: Mount Milligan Pueblo Viejo Andacollo Rainy River Wassa Total production stage stream interests Production stage royalty interests: Voisey's Bay Peñasquito Holt Cortez Other Total production stage royalty interests Total production stage stream and royalty interests Development stage stream interests: Khoemacau Other Development stage royalty interests: Other Total development stage stream and royalty interests Exploration stage royalty interests: Pascua-Lama Other Total exploration stage royalty interests Total stream and royalty interests, net Cost Accumulated Depletion Impairments Net $ 790,635 $ (236,352) $ 610,404 388,182 175,727 146,475 2,111,423 (203,935) (110,521) (27,278) (67,619) (645,705) — $ 554,283 406,469 — 277,661 — 148,449 — — 78,856 1,465,718 — 205,724 99,172 34,612 80,681 487,225 907,414 3,018,837 (101,381) (44,614) (23,851) (15,065) (403,080) (587,991) (1,233,696) — — — — (1,341) (1,341) (1,341) 104,343 54,558 10,761 65,616 82,804 318,082 1,783,800 136,608 12,037 70,952 219,597 — — — — — — — — 136,608 12,037 70,952 219,597 177,690 137,826 315,516 — 177,690 — 137,826 315,516 — $ 3,553,950 $ (1,233,696) $ (1,341) $ 2,318,913 — — — 54 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) As of June 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands): Production stage stream interests: Mount Milligan Pueblo Viejo Andacollo Rainy River Wassa Total production stage stream interests Total production stage stream and royalty interests Production stage royalty interests: Voisey's Bay Peñasquito Holt Cortez Other Total production stage royalty interests Total production stage stream and royalty interests Development stage stream interests: Other Development stage royalty interests: Cortez Other Total development stage royalty interests Total development stage stream and royalty interests Exploration stage royalty interests: Pascua-Lama Other Total exploration stage royalty interests Total stream and royalty interests, net Mount Milligan Cost Accumulated Depletion Net $ 790,635 $ 610,404 388,182 175,727 146,475 2,111,423 (184,091) $ (158,819) (86,675) (14,522) (56,919) (501,026) 606,544 451,585 301,507 161,205 89,556 1,610,397 205,724 99,172 34,612 20,878 487,224 847,610 2,959,033 (95,564) (40,659) (22,570) (12,362) (386,501) (557,656) (1,058,682) 110,160 58,513 12,042 8,516 100,723 289,954 1,900,351 12,038 — 12,038 59,803 70,952 130,755 142,793 — — — — 59,803 70,952 130,755 142,793 177,690 118,482 296,172 177,690 118,482 296,172 $ 3,397,998 $ (1,058,682) $ 2,339,316 — — — RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 35% of the payable gold and 18.75% of the payable copper produced from the Mount Milligan copper-gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, which is operated by an indirect subsidiary of Centerra Gold Inc. (“Centerra”). The Company’s carrying value for its stream interest at Mount Milligan is $554.3 million as of June 30, 2020. On October 30, 2019, Centerra reported that issues identified with decreasing long-term gold recoveries and increased costs in the short-to medium-term led them to record an impairment charge against their carrying value of the Mount Milligan mine under applicable accounting standards, and that it had begun a comprehensive technical review of the operation with the objective of publishing an updated National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) technical report. On March 26, 2020, Centerra published an updated NI 43-101 technical report for Mount Milligan which provided, among other things, a detailed update to the life of mine plan and reductions to the proven and probable reserves due to increased costs, lower expected productivities and lower process plant throughput. Significant reductions in proven and probable reserves or mineralized material are indicators of potential impairment for Royal Gold’s stream and royalty interests. As part of our regular asset impairment analysis during the quarter ended March 55 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 31, 2020, we determined that an impairment of our stream interest at Mount Milligan was not necessary as (i) the financial impairment taken by Centerra does not impact the mine operating performance, and (ii) the reduction in reserves and mineralized material at Mount Milligan resulted in updated gold and copper depletion rates that remain well below current and long-term consensus gold and copper prices. As of June 30, 2020, the gold and copper depletion rates at our Mount Milligan stream interest are $764 per ounce of gold and $1.48 per pound of copper. Depletion rates well below current and long-term consensus metal prices are a strong indicator the carrying value of our stream or royalty interests are recoverable. Rainy River RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 6.50% of the gold produced from the Rainy River mine, which is located in northwestern Ontario, Canada and is operated by New Gold, Inc. (“New Gold”), until 230,000 gold ounces have been delivered, and 3.25% thereafter; and 60% of the silver produced from the Rainy River mine until 3.1 million silver ounces have been delivered, and 30% thereafter. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 38,700 ounces of gold and approximately 410,500 ounces of silver have been delivered to RGLD Gold. The Company’s carrying value for its stream interest at Rainy River is $148.5 million as of June 30, 2020. During the quarter ended December 31, 2019, New Gold reported that it continued to advance a comprehensive mine optimization study that would include a review of alternative open pit and underground mining scenarios at Rainy River On February 13, 2020, New Gold reported the results of the comprehensive optimization study that included an updated mine plan, which resulted in, among other things, a reduction in gold and silver reserves and the potential to extend the underground mine life beyond calendar 2028. New Gold published an updated NI 43-101 technical report for Rainy River on March 27, 2020, reflecting the updated mine plan and reserves. Significant reductions in proven and probable reserves or mineralized material are indicators of potential impairment for the Company’s stream and royalty interests. As a result of the new information from New Gold, and as part of the Company’s regular asset impairment analysis, the Company determined that an impairment on its Rainy River stream interest was not necessary as of March 31, 2020 as the reduction in gold and silver reserves resulted in updated depletion rates that remain well below current and long-term consensus gold and silver prices. As of June 30, 2020, the gold and silver depletion rates at our Rainy River stream interest are $848 per ounce of gold and $11.27 per ounce of silver. Depletion rates well below current and long-term metal prices are a strong indicator the carrying value of our stream or royalty interests are recoverable. COVID-19 and current economic environment Several of our operating counterparties announced temporary operational curtailments or the withdrawal or review of previously disclosed guidance due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The economic and societal impacts associated with COVID-19 are fluid and changing rapidly, and we are currently unable to predict the nature or extent of any impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We will continue to monitor any further developments that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on stream or royalty interests as part of our regular asset impairment analysis. Impairment of royalty interests In accordance with our impairment accounting policy discussed in Note 1, impairments in the carrying value of each royalty interests are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each royalty interest exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash-flows. For our regular asset impairment analysis, we did not identify the presence of any impairment indicators and did not record any impairment 56 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) charges for the fiscal year ended of June 30, 2019. We identified impairment indicators and recorded impairment charges for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, and 2018 as summarized in the following table and discussed in detail below: Royalty: Pascua-Lama Other Total impairment of royalty interests Other Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 2019 2018 (Amounts in thousands) — 1,341 1,341 $ $ — — — $ 239,080 284 239,364 During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, we were made aware of insolvency proceedings at one of our non-principal producing properties (El Toqui). During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, we obtained new information regarding the insolvency proceedings and determined our carrying value for El Toqui was not recoverable and an impairment of $1.3 million was necessary. Our carrying value for El Toqui is zero as of June 30, 2020. Pascua-Lama We own a 0.78% to 5.45% sliding-scale NSR royalty on gold and silver production from the Chilean portion of the Pascua- Lama project, which straddles the border between Argentina and Chile, and is owned by Barrick. We own an additional royalty equivalent to 1.09% of proceeds from copper produced from the Chilean portion of the project, net of allowable deductions, sold on or after January 1, 2017. On January 18, 2018, Barrick reported that it is analyzing a revised sanction related to the Pascua-Lama project issued by Chile’s Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente (“SMA”) on January 17, 2018. The sanction is part of a re-evaluation process ordered by Chile’s Environmental Court in 2014 and relates to historical compliance matters at the Pascua-Lama project. According to Barrick, the SMA has not revoked Pascua-Lama’s environmental permit, but has ordered the closure of existing facilities on the Chilean side of the project, in addition to certain monitoring activities. On February 6, 2018, in light of the SMA order to close surface facilities in Chile, and earlier plans to evaluate an underground mine, Barrick announced it reclassified Pascua-Lama’s proven and probable reserves, which are based on an open pit mine plan, as mineralized material. Barrick reported further details in its year-end results on February 14, 2018 and an update on the Pascua-Lama project at its February 22, 2018 Investor Day. A significant reduction in reserves or mineralized material are indicators of impairment. On April 23, 2018, Barrick announced that work performed to-date on the prefeasibility study for a potential underground project has been suspended, and they will focus on adjusting the project closure plan for surface infrastructure on the Chilean side of the project. Barrick will continue to evaluate opportunities to de-risk the project while maintaining Pascua- Lama as an option for development in the future if economics improve and related risks can be mitigated. As part of the impairment determination, the fair value for Pascua-Lama was estimated by calculating the net present value of the estimated future cash-flows, subject to our royalty interest, expected to be generated by the mining of the Pascua- Lama deposits. We applied a probability factor to our fair value calculation that Barrick will either proceed with an open- pit mine or an underground mine at Pascua. The estimates of future cash flows were derived from open-pit and underground mine models we developed using various information reported by Barrick. The metal price assumptions we used in the model were supported by consensus price estimates obtained by a number of industry analysts. The future cash flows were discounted using a discount rate which reflects specific market risk factors we associate with the Pascua-Lama royalty 57 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) interest. Following the impairment charge ($239.1 million) during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Pascua- Lama royalty interest has a remaining carrying value of $177.7 million as of June 30, 2020. As a result of Barrick’s reclassification of Pascua-Lama’s reserves to mineralized material, our Pascua-Lama royalty interest was reclassified to exploration stage from development stage during our fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. 5. MARKETABLE EQUITY SECURITIES As of June 30, 2020, our marketable equity securities include 809,744 common shares of Contango Ore, Inc., 3,949,575 common shares of Battle North Gold Corporation (formerly Rubicon Minerals Corporation), and warrants to purchase up to 19,640,000 common shares of TriStar. Our marketable equity securities are measured at fair value (Note 12) each reporting period with any changes in fair value recognized in net income. The fair value of our marketable equity securities increased $1.4 million and decreased $6.8 million for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and these changes are included in Fair value changes in equity securities on our consolidated statements of operation and comprehensive income (loss). The carrying value of our marketable equity securities as of June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 was $17.9 million and $16.0 million, respectively, and is included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. 6. DEBT The Company’s debt as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 consists of the following: As of June 30, 2020 Debt Issuance Costs (Amounts in thousands) As of June 30, 2019 Debt Issuance Costs (Amounts in thousands) Principal Total Principal Total Revolving credit facility Total debt Revolving Credit Facility $ 305,000 $ (4,561) $ 300,439 $ 220,000 $ (5,446) $ 214,554 $ 305,000 $ (4,561) $ 300,439 $ 220,000 $ (5,446) $ 214,554 On September 20, 2019, we entered into a third amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017. Under the amendment, our Swiss subsidiary RGLD Gold was added as a co-borrower and joint and several obligor, certain of the Company’s Canadian subsidiaries were added as guarantors, and certain equity pledges that previously had been granted in favor of the lenders to support the facility were released, with the result being the facility is now unsecured. As of June 30, 2020, we had $305 million outstanding and $695 million available under our revolving credit facility. As of June 30, 2020, the interest rate on borrowings under the revolving credit facility was LIBOR plus 1.10% for an all-in rate of 1.29%. Interest expense recognized on the revolving credit facility for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was approximately $7.0 million, $1.7 million and $5.7 million, respectively, and included interest on the outstanding borrowings and the amortization of the debt issuance costs. We were in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under the revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2020. Royal Gold may repay any borrowings under the revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty. The Company’s revolving credit facility matures on June 3, 2024. 58 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 7. REVENUE Revenue Recognition Under U.S. GAAP, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below. Stream Interests A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser. Royalty Interests Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurred. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production, comprising our royalty interest, to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable offsite treatment, refining, transportation and, if applicable, mining costs. Royalty Revenue Estimates For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, we will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ significantly 59 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in Note 2. For the quarter ended June 30, 2020, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to June 30, 2020, was not material. Disaggregation of Revenue We have identified two material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 14. Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): Stream revenue: Gold Silver Copper Total stream revenue Royalty revenue: Gold Silver Copper Other Total royalty revenue Total revenue Year Ended June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 294,490 32,744 32,634 359,868 98,153 9,996 13,528 17,274 138,951 498,819 $ $ $ $ $ 249,496 33,282 23,046 305,824 78,570 5,497 13,808 19,357 117,232 423,056 Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): Stream revenue: Mount Milligan Pueblo Viejo Andacollo Wassa Other Total stream revenue Royalty revenue: Peñasquito Cortez Other Total royalty revenue Total revenue Metal(s) Gold & Copper Gold & Silver Gold Gold Gold & Silver Gold, Silver, Lead & Zinc Gold Various Year Ended June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019 $ 131,425 $ 96,978 74,219 23,203 34,043 359,868 $ 25,498 $ 22,342 91,111 138,951 $ 498,819 $ $ $ $ $ 101,010 82,844 69,264 22,098 30,608 305,824 13,865 11,383 91,984 117,232 423,056 Refer to Note 14 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment. 8. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION In November 2015, our shareholders approved the 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2015 LTIP”). Under the 2015 LTIP, 2,500,000 shares of common stock have been authorized for future grants to officers, directors, key employees and other persons. The 2015 LTIP provides for the grant of stock options, unrestricted stock, restricted stock, dividend 60 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) equivalent rights, SSARs and cash awards. Any of these awards may, but need not, be made as performance incentives. Stock options granted under the 2015 LTIP may be non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options. We recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 Stock options Stock appreciation rights Restricted stock Performance stock Total stock-based compensation expense $ 221 $ 163 $ 318 1,988 4,487 1,486 $ 9,116 $ 6,617 $ 8,279 2,025 3,336 1,035 2,545 5,117 1,291 Stock-based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights Stock option and SSARs awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our stock at the date of grant. Stock option and SSARs awards granted to officers, key employees and other persons vest based on one to three years of continuous service. Stock option and SSARs awards have 10 year contractual terms. To determine stock-based compensation expense for stock options and SSARs, the fair value of each stock option and SSAR is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“Black-Scholes”) option pricing model for all periods presented. The Black-Scholes model requires key assumptions in order to determine fair value. Those key assumptions during the fiscal year 2020, 2019 and 2018 grants are noted in the following table: Weighted-average expected volatility Weighted-average expected life in years Weighted-average dividend yield Weighted-average risk free interest rate Stock Options SSARs 2019 2020 2018 34.4 % 36.5 % 42.2 % 34.6 % 37.6 % 42.4 % 2019 2018 2020 4.5 4.5 1.0 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 2.7 % 1.8 % 1.6 % 2.7 % 1.8 % 5.5 5.2 4.7 5.4 Our expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock over the expected option term. Our expected option term is determined by historical exercise patterns along with other known employee or company information at the time of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond at the time of grant with a term approximate to the expected option term. 61 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Stock Options A summary of stock option activity for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, is presented below. Weighted- Weighted- Average Outstanding at July 1, 2019 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Exercisable at June 30, 2020 Average Remaining Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Life (Years) Aggregate Price Number of Shares 42,298 $ 70.65 1,604 $ 124.60 (24,199) $ 72.92 (802) $ 124.60 18,901 $ 70.38 15,623 $ 65.96 6.0 $ 5.5 $ 1,020 912 The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018, was $17.42, $24.12 and $27.12, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018, were $1.3 million, $0.7 million, and $1.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, there was approximately $0.1 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. SSARs A summary of SSARs activity for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, is presented below. Weighted- Weighted- Average Number of Shares Average Remaining Exercise Contractual Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Life (Years) Aggregate Price Outstanding at July 1, 2019 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Exercisable at June 30, 2020 175,599 $ 79.20 53,616 $ 124.15 (101,823) $ 81.02 (4,788) $ 124.60 122,604 $ 95.57 42,386 $ 73.48 7.8 $ 6.3 $ 3,536 2,155 The weighted-average grant date fair value of SSARs granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $32.33, $26.37 and $29.17, respectively. The total intrinsic value of SSARs exercised during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018, was $4.6 million, $2.8 million, and $6.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2020, there was approximately $1.5 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested SSARs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. Other Stock-based Compensation Performance Shares During fiscal 2020, officers and certain employees were granted shares of restricted common stock that can only be earned upon the achievement of certain pre-defined performance measures. Specifically, for performance shares granted in fiscal 62 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 2020, one-half of the shares awarded may vest upon our achievement of annual growth in Net Gold Equivalent Ounces (“Net GEOs”) (“GEO Shares”). The second one-half of performance shares granted in fiscal 2020 may vest based on our total shareholder return (“TSR”) compared to the TSRs of other members of the Market Vectors Gold Miners ETF (GDX) (“TSR Shares”). GEO Shares and TSR Shares may vest by linear interpolation in a range between zero shares if neither threshold Net GEO and TSR metric is met; to 100% of GEO Shares and TSR Shares awarded if both target Net GEO and TSR metrics are met; to 200% of the Net GEO and TSR shares awarded if both the maximum Net GEO and TSR metrics are met. The GEO Shares will expire in five years from the date of grant if the performance measure is not met, while the TSR Shares will expire in three years from the date of grant if the TSR market condition and three year service condition are not met. We measure the fair value of the GEO Shares based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. The measurement date for the GEO Shares will be determined at such time that the performance goals are attained or that it is probable they will be attained. At such time that it is probable that a performance condition will be achieved, compensation expense will be measured by the number of shares that will ultimately be earned based on the grant date market price of our common stock. For shares that were previously estimated to be probable of vesting and are no longer deemed to be probable of vesting, compensation expense is reversed during the period in which it is determined they are no longer probable of vesting. Interim recognition of compensation expense will be made at such time as management can reasonably estimate the number of shares that will be earned. We measured the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The fair value of the TSR Shares ($77.50 per share) is multiplied by the target number (100%) of TSR Shares granted to determine total stock-based compensation expense. Total stock-based compensation expense of the TSR Shares is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, or three years. Stock-based compensation expense for the TSR Shares is recognized provided the requisite service period is rendered, regardless of when, if ever, the TSR market condition is satisfied. We will reverse previously recognized stock-based compensation expense attributable to the TSR Shares only if the requisite service period is not met. A summary of the status of our unvested Performance Shares at maximum (200%) attainment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, is presented below: Outstanding at July 1, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-attainment Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Weighted- Average Shares Number of Grant Date Fair Value 155,022 $ 68.35 32,840 $ 100.48 (15,753) $ 53.65 (15,525) $ 98.15 (11,672) $ 52.79 144,912 $ 80.59 As of June 30, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to Performance Shares was approximately $1.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over the average remaining vesting period of 2.2 years. Restricted Stock Officers, non-executive directors and certain employees may be granted shares of restricted stock that vest on continued service alone (“Restricted Stock”). During fiscal 2020, officers and certain employees were granted 17,710 shares of Restricted Stock. Restricted Stock granted to officers and certain employees vest over three years beginning after a two- year holding period from the date of grant with one-third of the shares vesting in years three, four and five, respectively. 63 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Also, our non-executive directors were granted 8,316 shares of Restricted Stock during fiscal year 2020. The non-executive directors’ shares of Restricted Stock vest 50% immediately and 50% one year after the date of grant. We measure the fair value of the Restricted Stock based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. Restricted Stock is amortized over the applicable vesting period using the straight-line method. Unvested shares of Restricted Stock are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment or service. A summary of the status of our unvested Restricted Stock for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, is presented below: Outstanding at July 1, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Weighted- Average Shares Number of Grant Date Fair Value 142,969 $ 77.13 26,026 $ 123.72 (63,054) $ 92.90 (9,894) $ 121.12 96,047 $ 90.40 As of June 30, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to Restricted Stock was approximately $3.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average vesting period of 3.1 years. 9. EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”) Basic earnings (loss) per common share were computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. Our unexercised stock options, unexercised SSARs and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two-class method, the earnings (loss) used to determine basic earnings (loss) per common share are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two-class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share. The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the period (amounts in thousands, except share data): Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders Weighted-average shares for basic EPS Effect of other dilutive securities Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS Basic earnings (loss) per share Diluted earnings (loss) per share June 30, 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, June 30, 2019 June 30, 2018 $ $ $ 199,343 65,523,024 120,366 65,643,390 3.04 3.03 $ $ $ 93,825 65,394,627 110,908 65,505,535 1.43 1.43 $ $ $ (113,134) 65,291,855 — 65,291,855 (1.73) (1.73) 64 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 10. INCOME TAXES For financial reporting purposes, Income (loss) before income taxes includes the following components: 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 United States Foreign Our Income tax (benefit) expense consisted of: $ 35,446 $ (3,776) $ (39,662) (64,917) 110,353 $ 192,596 $ 106,577 $ (104,579) 157,150 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 Current: Federal State Foreign Deferred and others: Federal State Foreign Total income tax (benefit) expense $ 18,320 $ (6,974) $ 24,621 253 22,741 $ 28,745 $ 19,243 $ 47,615 347 10,078 (13) 26,230 $ (1,047) $ (19) (31,333) 916 $ (2,253) (223) (30,367) $ (32,399) $ (1,745) $ (32,843) $ (3,654) $ 17,498 $ 14,772 17 (2,678) The provision for income taxes for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018, differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable United States statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income (net of non-controlling interest in income of consolidated subsidiary and loss from equity investment) from operations as a result of the following differences: 2020 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 Total expense (benefit) computed by applying federal rates State and provincial income taxes, net of federal benefit Excess depletion Estimates for uncertain tax positions Statutory tax attributable to non-controlling interest Effect of foreign earnings Effect of foreign earnings indefinitely reinvested Realized foreign exchange gains Unrealized foreign exchange gains Effects of US income tax reform Effects of Swiss income tax reform Changes in estimates Valuation allowance Other Total income tax (benefit) expense 65 $ 40,445 $ 22,381 $ (29,343) (104) (1,440) 8,574 1,736 1,230 (19,004) 18,330 (1,610) 30,675 — (70) 6,337 (539) $ (3,654) $ 17,498 $ 14,772 304 (1,291) (11,146) 654 (8,249) — — (286) — (72,669) 24 47,840 720 135 (867) 3,180 1,013 (6,921) — — (38) — — (1,538) (47) 200 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The current year effective tax rate includes the impact of the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AHV Financing in Switzerland and the release of an uncertain tax position resulting from a settlement agreement with a foreign tax authority. The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards, which give rise to our deferred tax assets and liabilities at June 30, 2020 and 2019, are as follows: Deferred tax assets: Stock-based compensation Net operating losses Foreign tax credits Amortizable tax goodwill Other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Mineral property basis Unrealized foreign exchange gains Investment in Peak Gold joint venture Other Total deferred tax liabilities Total net deferred taxes 2019 2020 (Amounts in thousands) $ 1,313 $ 104 17,159 67,287 7,713 93,576 (60,604) $ 32,972 $ 1,118 56 11,125 — 7,960 20,259 (12,764) 7,495 $ (67,639) $ (74,360) (582) (4,353) (150) (79,445) $ (39,550) $ (71,950) (582) (3,955) (346) (72,522) We review the measurement of our deferred tax assets at each balance sheet date. Considering all available positive and negative evidence, including but not limited to recent earnings history and forecasted future results, the Company believes it is more likely-than-not that all net deferred tax assets not currently burdened with a valuation allowance will be fully realized. As of June 30, 2020, and 2019, we recorded a valuation allowance of $60.6 million and $12.8 million, respectively. The valuation allowance remaining at June 30, 2020 is attributable to US foreign tax credits, Swiss amortizable tax goodwill, capital loss and other tax attribute carryforwards in non-US subsidiaries. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, we had $0.4 million and $0.2 million of net operating loss carry forwards, respectively. The majority of the tax loss carry forwards are in jurisdictions that allow a twenty-year carry forward period. As a result, these losses do not begin to expire until the 2038 tax year, and the Company anticipates the losses will be fully utilized. As of June 30, 2020, and 2019, we had $25.4 million and $36.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. If recognized, these unrecognized tax benefits would positively impact our effective income tax rate. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 Total gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year Additions / Reductions for tax positions of current year Additions / Reductions for tax positions of prior years Reductions due to settlements with taxing authorities Total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of year $ 36,547 $ 36,346 $ 28,542 1,624 6,180 — $ 25,389 $ 36,547 $ 36,346 537 (694) (11,001) 1,709 (912) (596) We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal, state and local, and non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years before 2014. As a result of possible settlements with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, the 66 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of its net unrecognized income tax benefits may decrease by $24 million in the next 12 months. Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of our income tax expense. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, the amount of accrued income-tax-related interest and penalties was $12.6 million. The gross unrecognized tax benefits reflected in the tabular reconciliation do not include interest and penalties and are not reduced by advanced deposits of $12.6 million made to taxing authorities. 11. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Our supplemental cash flow information for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is as follows: Cash paid (received) during the period for: Interest Income taxes, net of refunds Non-cash investing and financing activities: Dividends declared 12. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS 2020 2019 (Amounts in thousands) 2018 4,900 $ 10,638 $ 16,049 $ $ 31,555 $ 44,435 $ (3,058) $ 72,463 $ 68,473 $ 64,814 Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we utilize a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). The following table sets forth our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) by level within the fair value hierarchy. Assets (amounts in thousands): Marketable equity securities(1) $ 17,863 $ 17,863 $ 13,858 $ 4,005 $ — Carrying Amount Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 As of June 30, 2020 Fair Value (1) Included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Our marketable equity securities classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy are valued using quoted market prices in active markets multiplied by the quantity of shares held. The carrying value of our revolving credit facility (Note 6) approximates fair value as of June 30, 2020. The warrants issued by TriStar (Note 5) classified within Level 2 of the fair 67 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) value hierarchy are model-derived (Black-Scholes) valuations in which the significant inputs are observable in active markets. As of June 30, 2020, we had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, intangible assets and other long-lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs. Refer to Note 4 for discussion of inputs used to develop fair value for those stream and royalty interests that were determined to be impaired during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020. 13. MAJOR SOURCES OF REVENUE Operators that contributed greater than 10% of our total revenue for any of fiscal years 2020, 2019 or 2018 were as follows (revenue amounts in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 Percentage of total revenue Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 Percentage of total revenue Revenue Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018 Percentage of total revenue Revenue Operator Centerra Barrick Teck Revenue $ 131,425 125,458 74,219 26.3 % $ 101,011 25.2 % 14.9 % 99,283 69,264 23.9 % $ 133,534 23.5 % 108,285 57,413 16.4 % 29.1 % 23.6 % 12.5 % 14. SEGMENT INFORMATION We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Royal Gold’s long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): As of June 30, 2020 As of June 30, 2019 Canada Dominican Republic Chile Africa Mexico United States Australia Rest of world Total $ interests, net Stream interest Royalty interest Royalty interest Total stream and royalty Total stream and royalty Stream interests, net interest 702,732 $ 189,855 $ 892,587 $ 767,749 $ 200,251 $ 968,000 451,585 406,469 — 515,733 277,661 223,922 89,877 321 215,463 83,748 — 75,951 163,398 — 159,445 31,944 30,006 — 35,031 25,050 12,038 $ 1,614,363 $ 704,550 $ 2,318,913 $ 1,622,435 $ 716,881 $ 2,339,316 451,585 — 301,507 214,226 321 89,556 — 83,748 — 163,398 31,944 — 22,993 12,038 406,469 501,583 215,784 75,951 159,445 30,006 37,088 Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands): Stream interests Royalty interests Total Year Ended June 30, 2020 Production taxes Cost of sales Revenue $ 359,868 $ 138,951 $ 498,819 $ 83,890 $ — 83,890 $ Depletion Segment gross profit — $ 144,678 $ 131,300 104,758 30,369 3,824 3,824 $ 175,047 $ 236,058 68 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Stream interests Royalty interests Total Stream interests Royalty interests Total Year Ended June 30, 2019 Production taxes Cost of sales Revenue $ 305,824 $ 117,232 $ 423,056 $ 77,535 $ — 77,535 $ Depletion Segment gross profit — $ 127,770 $ 100,519 4,112 78,034 35,086 4,112 $ 162,856 $ 178,553 Year Ended June 30, 2018 Production taxes Cost of sales Revenue $ 324,516 $ 134,526 $ 459,042 $ 83,839 $ — 83,839 $ Depletion Segment gross profit — $ 129,662 $ 111,015 2,268 98,334 33,924 2,268 $ 163,586 $ 209,349 A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income (loss) before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands): Total segment gross profit Costs and expenses General and administrative expenses Exploration costs Depreciation Impairment of royalty interests Operating income (loss) Fair value changes in equity securities Interest and other income Interest and other expense Income (loss) before income taxes Year Ended June 30, 2020 236,058 $ 2019 178,553 $ 2018 209,349 $ 30,195 5,190 387 1,341 198,945 1,418 2,046 (9,813) 192,596 $ 30,488 7,158 200 — 140,707 (6,800) 2,320 (29,650) 106,577 35,464 8,946 110 239,364 (74,535) — 4,170 (34,214) (104,579) $ $ 69 ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Our revenue by reportable segment for the fiscal year’s ended June 30, 2020, 2019, and 2018 is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): Stream interests: Canada Dominican Republic Chile Africa Total stream interests Royalty interests: United States Canada Mexico Australia Africa Chile Rest of world Total royalty interests Total revenue 2020 2019 2018 Fiscal Year Ended June 30, $ $ $ $ $ 158,736 96,978 74,219 29,935 359,868 48,692 30,524 32,731 15,252 2,575 — 9,177 138,951 498,819 $ $ $ $ $ 123,152 82,844 69,264 30,564 305,824 34,845 32,602 27,224 12,806 1,416 — 8,339 117,232 423,056 $ $ $ $ $ 142,244 95,055 57,413 29,804 324,516 39,496 24,254 42,959 13,710 2,098 473 11,536 134,526 459,042 15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Khoemacau Silver Stream Acquisition Pursuant to its Khoemacau silver stream transaction in February 2019, RGLD Gold made its first advance payment of $65.8 million on November 5, 2019, its second advance payment of $22.0 million on February 2, 2020, and its third advance payment of $47.9 million on April 3, 2020. As of June 30, 2020, our conditional funding schedule for $76.3 million up to $129.3 million pursuant to our Khoemacau silver stream acquisition remains subject to certain conditions. On July 5, 2020, RGLD Gold made its fourth advance payment of $11.1 million. Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition As of June 30, 2020, our conditional funding schedule of $163.75 million, as part of the Ilovica gold stream acquisition in October 2014, remains subject to certain conditions. 70         ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 16. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED) The following is a summary of selected quarterly financial information (unaudited). Some amounts in the below table may not sum-up in total as a result of rounding. Net income attributable to Revenue Operating income (Amounts in thousands except per share data) Royal Gold Basic earnings Diluted earnings stockholders per share per share Fiscal year 2020 quarter-ended: September 30, December 31, March 31, June 30, Fiscal year 2019 quarter-ended: September 30, December 31, March 31, June 30, 1.07 0.63 0.59 0.75 3.03 0.23 0.36 0.44 0.40 1.43 $ 118,774 $ 48,781 $ 123,643 136,437 119,965 53,307 52,281 44,576 $ 498,819 $ 198,945 $ 199,343 $ 70,453 $ 41,321 38,554 49,015 1.07 $ 0.63 0.59 0.75 3.04 $ (Amounts in thousands except per share data) $ 99,992 $ 25,333 $ 97,592 109,778 115,694 31,449 43,201 40,724 $ 423,056 $ 140,707 $ 15,008 $ 23,586 28,772 26,459 93,825 $ 0.23 $ 0.36 0.44 0.40 1.43 $ 71 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2020, at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2020. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on management’s assessment and those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of June 30, 2020. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2020. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during our fourth fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020, that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Royal Gold have been detected. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Royal Gold, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Royal Gold, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the 72 Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Royal Gold, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2020, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated August 6, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Denver, Colorado August 6, 2020 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 73 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for our 2020 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) Financial Statements Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 74 Page 41 43 44 45 46 47 (b) Exhibits Exhibit Number Description 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 10.1▲ 10.2▲ Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 3, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended on August 28, 2014 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference) Amended and Restated Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 10, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference) Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Special Voting Preferred Stock of Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 23, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference) Description of capital stock (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on November 7, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference) 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Royal Gold’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on July 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.3▲ Royal Gold Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Royal Gold’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on July 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.4▲ Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and William Heissenbuttel, dated January 2, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8- K/A filed on January 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.5▲ Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold Corporation and Mark Isto effective January 2, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K/A on January 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.6▲ Employment Contract effective January 1, 2019, by and between RGLD Gold AG and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.7▲ Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and each of Paul Libner and Randy Shefman (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K/A on January 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference). 75 Exhibit Number 10.8▲ Form of Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement entered into between Royal Gold, Inc. or certain subsidiaries and the directors and executive officers thereof (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference) Description 10.9▲ Retirement Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Tony Jensen, dated January 1, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on January 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.10▲ Retirement Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Bruce Kirchhoff, dated January 1, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K/A on January 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.11▲ Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Tony Jensen (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.12▲ Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Bruce Kirchhoff (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.13▲ Form of First Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and each of Tony Jensen and Bruce Kirchhoff (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 8, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.14▲ Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.15▲ Performance Share Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.16▲ Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.17▲ Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.18▲ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.19▲ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 76 Exhibit Number 10.20▲ Description Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.21▲ Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.22▲ Form of Performance Share Award Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.23▲ Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.24▲ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.58 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.25▲ Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.59 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.26▲ Form of Amendment to Equity Award Agreements under Royal Gold's 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.27▲ Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.57 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.28▲ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.58 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.29▲ Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.59 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.30▲ Form of Performance Share Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.60 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.31▲ Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.61 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) 77 Exhibit Number 10.32▲ Description Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.33▲ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.34▲ Form of Performance Share Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.35▲ Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement—Stock Settled (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.36 Royalty Agreement between Royal Gold, Inc. and the Cortez Joint Venture dated April 1, 1999 (filed as part of Item 5 of Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on April 12, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.37 Firm offer to purchase royalty interest of “Idaho Group” between Royal Gold, Inc. and Idaho Group dated July 22, 1999 (filed as Attachment A to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 2, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.38 Royalty Deed and Agreement, dated effective as of April 15, 1991, between ECM, Inc. and Royal Crescent Valley, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10(1) to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 1991, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.39 Form of Agreement for Assignment of Partnership Interest in Crescent Valley Partners, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on January 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.40 10.41 Purchase and Sale Agreement for Peñasquito and Other Royalties among Minera Kennecott S.A. DE C.V., Kennecott Exploration Company and Royal Gold, Inc., dated December 28, 2006 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on February 9, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference) Contract for Assignment of Rights Granted, by Minera Kennecott, S.A. de C.V. Represented in this Agreement by Mr. Dave F. Simpson, and Minera Peñasquito, S.A. de C.V., Represented in this Agreement by Attorney, Jose Maria Gallardo Tamayo (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on February 9, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.42† Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of December 14, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on December 15, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference) 78 Exhibit Number 10.43† 10.44 10.45 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of August 8, 2012 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on August 9, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference) Description Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of December 11, 2014 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on January 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference). Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated October 20, 2016, among RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., and Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on November 3, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) Long Term Offtake Agreement, dated July 9, 2015, between Compania Minera Teck Carmen de 10.46 Andacollo and RGLD Gold AG (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.47 Precious Metals Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated August 5, 2015, among RGLD Gold AG, BGC Holdings Ltd., and Barrick Gold Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference) 10.48 10.49 10.50 10.51 Intercreditor Agreement, dated October 20, 2016, among The Bank of Nova Scotia for the Senior Debt Secured Parties identified therein, RGLD Gold AG and Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on November 3, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference) Revolving Facility Credit Agreement, dated June 2, 2017, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Mexico, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent for the lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference) Revolving Facility Credit Agreement Amendment, dated May 15, 2018, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Royalties, LLC (f/k/a RG Mexico, Inc.), Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto, and the Bank of Nova Scotia, as administrative agent for the lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.38 to Royal Gold’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 9, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference) Second Amendment to Revolving Facility Credit Agreement dated June 3, 2019, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Royalties, LLC (f/k/a RG Mexico, Inc.), Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc. RGLD UK Holdings Limited, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and the Bank of Nova Scotia, as administrative agent for the lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 79 Exhibit Number 10.52 Description Amendment No. 3 to Revolving Facility Credit Agreement dated as of September 20, 2019, and entered into by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, RG Royalties, LLC, Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc., the banks and financial institutions identified therein as a “Lender,” and The Bank of Nova Scotia as Administrative Agent for the Lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference) 21.1* Royal Gold and Its Subsidiaries 23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 31.1* Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.1* 32.2* Written Statement of the President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Written Statement of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * Filed or furnished herewith. ▲ Identifies a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement. † Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted by redacting a portion of the text (indicated by asterisks in the text). This exhibit has been filed separately with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY The optional summary in Item 16 has not been included in this Form 10-K. 80 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: August 6, 2020 ROYAL GOLD, INC. By: /s/ WILLIAM H. HEISSENBUTTEL William H. Heissenbuttel President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Date: August 6, 2020 By: /s/ WILLIAM H. HEISSENBUTTEL William H. Heissenbuttel President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date: August 6, 2020 By: /s/ PAUL K. LIBNER Paul K. Libner Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Date: August 6, 2020 Date: August 6, 2020 Date: August 6, 2020 By: /s/ WILLIAM M. HAYES William M. Hayes Chairman By: /s/ C. KEVIN MCARTHUR C. Kevin McArthur Director By: /s/ JAMIE C. SOKALSKY Jamie C. Sokalsky Director Date: August 6, 2020 By: /s/ CHRISTOPHER M.T. THOMPSON Date: August 6, 2020 Date: August 6, 2020 Chris M.T. Thompson Director By: /s/ RONALD J. VANCE Ronald J. Vance Director By: /s/ SYBIL E. VEENMAN Sybil E. Veenman Director 81 (This page intentionally left blank.)  Royal Gold, Inc. and its Subsidiaries As of June 30, 2020 Name Royal Gold, Inc. Denver Mining Finance Company, Inc. Crescent Valley Partners, L.P. Royal Crescent Valley, LLC RG Royalties, LLC RGLD Holdings, LLC RGLD Gold (Canada) ULC International Royalty Corporation 4324421 Canada Inc. Labrador Nickel Royalty Limited Partnership Royal Alaska, LLC Peak Gold, LLC Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc. RGLD UK Holdings Limited RGLD Gold AG Royal Gold Corporation EXHIBIT 21.1 State / Province / Country of Incorporation Delaware Colorado Colorado Delaware Delaware Delaware Alberta Canada Canada Ontario Delaware Delaware Delaware United Kingdom Switzerland Canada Ownership Percentage 100 % 93.077 % 100 % 100 % 100 % * 100 % 100 % 90 % 100 % 40 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % * Royal Gold, Inc. owns approximately 22% and RGLD Holdings, LLC owns approximately 77% of RGLD Gold (Canada) ULC EXHIBIT 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: 1) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-224626) of Royal Gold, Inc., 2) Registration Statement (Form S-4 No. 333-111590) of Royal Gold, Inc., 3) Registration Statement (Form S-4 No. 333-145213) of Royal Gold, Inc., 4) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-219378) of Royal Gold, Inc., and 5) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-209391) of Royal Gold, Inc. of our reports dated August 6, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Royal Gold, Inc., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Royal Gold, Inc., included in this Annual Report (Form 10- K) for the year ended June 30, 2020. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Denver, Colorado August 6, 2020 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, William H. Heissenbuttel, certify that: CERTIFICATION (1) (2) (3) (4) I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Royal Gold, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report fairly present in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. August 6, 2020 /s/ WILLIAM H. HEISSENBUTTEL William H. Heissenbuttel President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Paul K. Libner, certify that: CERTIFICATION (1) (2) (3) (4) I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Royal Gold, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. August 6, 2020 /s/ PAUL K. LIBNER Paul K. Libner Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Royal Gold, Inc. (the “Company”), for the year ended June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, William H. Heissenbuttel, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that, to my knowledge: (1) (2) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. August 6, 2020 /s/ WILLIAM H. HEISSENBUTTEL William H. Heissenbuttel President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Royal Gold, Inc. (the “Company”), for the year ended June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Paul K. Libner, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that, to my knowledge: (1) (2) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. August 6, 2020 /s/ PAUL K. LIBNER Paul K. Libner Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) APPENDIX A OVERVIEW OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standard meaning prescribed by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). These measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures varies among companies, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We have provided below reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP measures. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors for analysis of our business. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to compare period-over-period performance on a consistent basis and when planning and forecasting for future periods. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are used by professional research analysts and others in the valuation, comparison and investment recommendations of companies in our industry. Many investors use the published research reports of these professional research analysts and others in making investment decisions. The adjustments made to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures are subjective and involve significant management judgement. Non-GAAP financial measures used by management in this report or elsewhere include the following: 1. Net debt (cash) is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as debt (excluding debt issuance costs) at the end of a period minus cash and equivalents for that same date. Cash and equivalents are subtracted from the GAAP measure because it could be used to reduce our debt obligations. A limitation associated with using net debt is that it subtracts cash and equivalents and therefore may imply that there is less Company debt than the most comparable GAAP measure indicates. We believe that investors may find these measures useful to monitor leverage and evaluate the balance sheet. 2. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net cash provided by operating activities for a period minus acquisition of stream and royalty interests for that same period. We believe that free cash flow represents an additional way of viewing liquidity as it is adjusted for contractual investments made during such period. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. We believe it is important to view free cash flow as a complement to our consolidated statements of cash flows. A-1 RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES TO U.S. GAAP MEASURES NET DEBT (CASH): (amounts in thousands) Debt Debt issuance costs Cash and equivalents Net debt (cash) FREE CASH FLOW: June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019 $ 300,439 $ 214,554 4,561 5,446 (319,128) (119,475) $ (14,128) $ 100,526 (amounts in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities Acquisition of stream and royalty interests Free cash flow Three Months Ended June 30, Years Ended June 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 $ 91,557 $72,257 $ 340,752 $ 253,166 (48,130) — (155,985) (1,055) $ 43,427 $72,257 $ 184,767 $ 252,111 OTHER MEASURES We use certain other measures in managing and evaluating our business. We believe these measures may provide useful information to investors for analysis of our business. We use these measures to compare period-over- period performance and liquidity on a consistent basis and when planning and forecasting for future periods. We believe these measures are used by professional research analysts and others in the valuation, comparison, and investment recommendations of companies in our industry. Many investors use the published research reports of these professional research analysts and others in making investment decisions. Other measures used by management in this report and elsewhere include the following: 1. Gold equivalent ounces, or GEOs, is calculated by the Company as revenue (in total or by reportable segment) for a period divided by the average gold price for that same period. A-2  (This page intentionally left blank.)  (This page intentionally left blank.) 1144 15TH STREET, SUITE 2500 DENVER COLORADO 80202WWW.ROYALGOLD.COM

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