Ryder System
Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

RYDER SYSTEM INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 02/14/14 for the Period Ending 12/31/13 Address Telephone CIK Symbol R 11690 N.W. 105TH STREET MIAMI, FL 33178 3055003726 0000085961 SIC Code 7510 - Automotive Rental And Leasing, Without Drivers Industry Rental & Leasing Sector Fiscal Year Services 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2015, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use.  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 OR For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 1-4364 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: N one Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES (cid:3) NO (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES (cid:3) NO (cid:1) The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was sold at June 30, 2013 was $3,184,343,722. The number of shares of Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value per share) outstanding at January 31, 2014 was 53,399,863. (cid:1) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (cid:3) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Florida 59-0739250 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 11690 N.W. 105 th Street, Miami, Florida 33178 (305) 500-3726 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) (Telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of exchange on which registered Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value) New York Stock Exchange Large accelerated filer (cid:1) Accelerated filer (cid:3) Non-accelerated filer (cid:3) Smaller reporting company (cid:3) Documents Incorporated by Reference into this Report Part of Form 10-K into which Document is Incorporated Ryder System, Inc. 2014 Proxy Statement Part III   RYDER SYSTEM, INC. FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS i Page No. PART I ITEM 1 Business 1 ITEM 1A Risk Factors 9 ITEM 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 15 ITEM 2 Properties 16 ITEM 3 Legal Proceedings 16 ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures 16 PART II ITEM 5 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 17 ITEM 6 Selected Financial Data 21 ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 22 ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 54 ITEM 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 55 ITEM 9 Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 115 ITEM 9A Controls and Procedures 115 ITEM 9B Other Information 115 PART III ITEM 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 115 ITEM 11 Executive Compensation 115 ITEM 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 115 ITEM 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 116 ITEM 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 116 PART IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 117 Exhibit Index 118 SIGNATURES 122  PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder), a Florida corporation founded in 1933, is a global leader in transportation and supply chain management solutions. We operate in two business segments: Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing, commercial rental, contract maintenance, and contract-related maintenance of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides comprehensive supply chain consulting solutions including dedicated, distribution, and transportation services in North America and Asia. Our customers range from small businesses to large international enterprises. For financial information and other information relating to each of our business segments and about our geographic areas, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” of this report and Note 29, "Segment Reporting," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. MISSION AND STRATEGY Ryder's mission is to provide innovative fleet management and supply chain solutions that are reliable, safe and efficient, enabling our customers to deliver on their promises. We seek to deliver valuable solutions that will compel customers to outsource their fleet management and supply chain needs to us. Our strategy is to grow our fleet management and supply chain outsourcing services by targeting private fleets (FMS) and key industries (SCS) with innovative solutions, operational excellence, best in class talent and information technology. This strategy is supported by: • offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen customer relationships; INDUSTRY AND OPERATIONS Value Proposition Through our FMS business, we provide our customers with a variety of fleet solutions that are designed to improve their competitive position. By outsourcing these services to us, our customers can focus on their core business, improve their efficiency and productivity, and lower their costs. Our FMS product offering is comprised of longer-term full service leasing and contract maintenance services; shorter-term commercial truck rental; flexible maintenance services; and value-added fleet support services such as insurance, vehicle administration and fuel services. In addition, we provide our customers with access to purchase a large selection of used trucks, tractors and trailers through our used vehicle sales program. Market Trends The U.S. commercial fleet market is estimated to include approximately 7.4 million vehicles (1) of which approximately 900,000 are in the commercial lease and rental market. The Canadian commercial fleet market is estimated to be approximately 500,000 vehicles (2) of which approximately 23,000 vehicles (3) are in the commercial lease and rental market. The U.K. commercial lease and rental market is estimated to include approximately 200,000 vehicles. (4) A significant portion of the fleet market consists of vehicles privately owned by companies that provide all or a portion of the transportation services for themselves rather than outsourcing those services to third parties such as Ryder. Over the last several years, many key trends have been reshaping the transportation industry, which we strongly believe increase the value of our product offering. Because of increased demand for efficiency and reliability, companies that own and manage their own fleet of vehicles have put greater emphasis on the quality of their preventive maintenance and safety programs. The maintenance and operation of commercial vehicles has become more complicated and expensive, requiring companies to spend a significant amount of time and money to keep up with new technology, diagnostics, retooling and training. Increased regulation and active enforcement efforts by federal and state governments require more stringent and costly operational processes and oversight. Fluctuating energy prices and alternative fuel technologies make it difficult for businesses to predict and manage fleet costs. Finally, the tightened credit market has limited some businesses’ access to capital. (1) US Fleet as of June 2013 , Class 3-8, Source: RL Polk (2) Canada Private Fleet as of December 2013 , Class 3-8, Source: RL Polk (3) Canada Outsourced Fleet Market as of December 2013 Class 3-8, Source: RL Polk (4) UK Lease and Rental HGV Market, Projection for December 2013 , Source: The Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders (SMMT) 2010 1 • delivering operational excellence through continuous productivity and process improvements; • attracting, developing and retaining the best talent, and fostering a culture where leaders engage their people to innovate, pursue Ryder’s mission and build on its values; and • deploying technology that will enable growth while improving operational efficiencies. Fleet Management Solutions  Operations For the year ended December 31, 2013 , our global FMS business accounted for 63% of our consolidated revenue. U.S. Our FMS customers in the U.S. range from small businesses to large national enterprises operating in a wide variety of industries, the most significant of which are food and beverage, transportation and warehousing, housing, business and personal services, and industrial. At December 31, 2013 , we had 532 operating locations, excluding ancillary storage locations, in 49 states and Puerto Rico. A location typically consists of a maintenance facility or “shop”, offices for sales and other personnel, and in many cases, a commercial rental vehicle counter. Our maintenance facilities typically include a service island for fueling, safety inspections and preliminary maintenance checks as well as a shop for preventive maintenance and repairs. We also operate 161 locations on-site at customer properties, which primarily provide vehicle maintenance. Canada . We have been operating in Canada for over 50 years. At December 31, 2013 , we had 34 operating locations throughout 8 Canadian provinces. We also operated 13 maintenance facilities on-site at customer properties in Canada. Europe. We began operating in the U.K. in 1971. At December 31, 2013 , we had 57 operating locations primarily throughout the U.K. We also managed a network of 491 independent maintenance facilities in the U.K. to serve our customers when it is more effective than providing the service in a Ryder location. In addition to our typical FMS operations, we supply and manage vehicles, equipment and personnel for military organizations in the U.K. and Germany. FMS Product Offerings Full Service Leasing . Through our full service lease product line, we provide customers with the vehicle, vehicle maintenance services, supplies, and related equipment necessary for operation of the vehicles while our customers furnish and supervise their own drivers and dispatch and exercise control over the vehicles. Our full service lease customers receive the following benefits: For the year ended December 31, 2013, full service lease revenue accounted for 48% of our FMS total revenue. Commercial Rental . We target rental customers that have a need to supplement their private fleet of vehicles on a short-term basis (one day up to one year in length), either because of seasonal increases in their business or discrete projects that require additional transportation resources. Full service lease customers utilize our commercial rental fleet to handle their peak or seasonal business needs. Although a portion of our commercial rental business is purely occasional in nature, we focus on building long-term relationships with customers so that we become their preferred source for commercial vehicle rentals. Our rental representatives assist in selecting a vehicle that satisfies a customer’s needs and supervise the rental process, which includes execution of a rental agreement and a vehicle inspection. In addition to vehicle rental, we may extend liability insurance coverage under our existing policies to our rental customers as well as the benefits of our comprehensive fuel services program. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , commercial rental revenue accounted for 18% of our FMS total revenue. 2 • We are able to leverage our vehicle buying power for the benefit of our customers because we purchase a large number of vehicles from a limited number of manufacturers. Once we have signed an agreement with the customer, we acquire vehicles and components that are custom engineered to the customer’s requirements and lease the vehicles to the customer for periods generally ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and typically ten years for trailers. • We provide a complete maintenance program designed to reduce vehicle downtime through a preventive maintenance plan that is based on vehicle type and time or mileage intervals. Given our continued focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our maintenance services, particularly in light of changing technology and increased regulation, we provide our full service lease customers with a cost effective alternative to maintaining their own fleet of vehicles. • Our customers have access to our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians for maintenance, vehicle repairs, 24-hour emergency roadside service, and replacement vehicles for vehicles that are temporarily out of service. • We mitigate residual risk exposure for our customers through our maintenance expertise and retail used vehicle sales network. • Customers have an opportunity to enhance their standard full service lease with additional fleet support services including our fuel and related services as described below; liability insurance coverage under our existing insurance policies and related insurance services; safety services including safety training, driver certification, and loss prevention consulting; vehicle use and other tax reporting, permitting and licensing, and regulatory compliance (including hours of service administration); environmental services; and access to RydeSmart ® , a full-featured GPS fleet location, tracking, and vehicle performance management system and to Ryder FleetCARE SM , our web-based tool that provides customers with 24/7 access to key operational and maintenance management information about their fleets.  Contract Maintenance . Through our contract maintenance product line, we provide customers with all or certain of the maintenance services provided under a full service lease. Our contract maintenance customers commit to utilizing our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians to maintain the vehicles they own or lease from third parties. We can also customize the services to include ancillary maintenance and/or fleet support services. Vehicles covered under this offering are typically serviced at our own facilities. However, based on the size and complexity of a customer’s fleet, we may operate an on-site maintenance facility at the customer’s location. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , contract maintenance revenue accounted for 4% of our FMS total revenue. The following table provides information regarding the number of vehicles and customers by FMS product offering at December 31, 2013 : ______________ Contract-Related Maintenance . Our full service lease and contract maintenance customers periodically require additional maintenance and repair services that are not included in their full service lease or contract maintenance contracts. For example, additional maintenance and repair services may arise when a customer damages a leased vehicle. In addition, because of our existing relationships with the customer, we may provide service on their owned vehicles and charge the customer on an hourly basis for work performed. By servicing all of our customers’ maintenance needs, we create stronger, long-term relationships to provide a wide range of outsourcing solutions. More recently, we have contracted with large private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to provide maintenance on demand, particularly in geographic areas where these customers do not have their own maintenance operations. Although the contract for on-demand maintenance services includes the basic terms and conditions of the maintenance program that is designed to meet the customers' specific needs, all maintenance is performed only when and as requested by the customer. This product allows us to engage with customers that have traditionally chosen to own and maintain their fleet of vehicles. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , contract-related maintenance revenue accounted for 5% of our FMS total revenue. Fuel Services. We provide our FMS customers with access to diesel fuel at competitive prices at over 450 of our maintenance facilities across the United States and Canada. We also provide fuel services such as fuel planning, fuel tax reporting, centralized billing, fuel cards and fuel monitoring. Although fuel sales do not have a significant impact on our FMS margin as it is largely a pass-through cost to customers, we believe allowing customers to leverage our fuel buying power is a significant and valuable benefit to our customers. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , fuel services revenue accounted for 24% of our FMS total revenue. Used Vehicles. We primarily sell our used vehicles at one of our 58 retail sales centers throughout North America ( 18 of which are co-located at an FMS shop), at our branch locations or through our website at www.Usedtrucks.Ryder.com . Typically, before we offer used vehicles for sale, our technicians assure that they are Road Ready ® , which means that the vehicles have passed a comprehensive, multi-point performance inspection based on specifications formulated through our maintenance program. Our retail sales centers throughout North America allow us to leverage our maintenance expertise and strong brand reputation to realize higher sales proceeds than in the wholesale market. Given our focus on maximizing sales proceeds, we generally sell our used vehicles through retail centers for prices in excess of book value. However, the extent to which we are able to realize a gain on the sale of used vehicles is dependent upon various other factors, including the general state of the used vehicle market, the age and condition of the vehicle at the time of its disposal and vehicle depreciation rates. 3 U.S. Foreign Total Vehicles Customers Vehicles Customers Vehicles Customers Full service leasing 98,900 10,500 24,000 2,400 122,900 12,900 Commercial rental (1) 29,000 31,700 9,200 6,000 38,200 37,700 Contract maintenance (2) 33,300 1,300 4,100 200 37,400 1,500 (1) Commercial rental customers include customers who rented a vehicle for more than 3 days during the year and includes approximately 8,800 full service lease customers (2) Contract maintenance customers include approximately 850 full service lease customers  FMS Business Strategy Our FMS business strategy is to be the leading provider of fleet management outsourcing services for light, medium and heavy duty vehicles. Our strategy will be achieved if we achieve the following goals and priorities: Competition As an alternative to using our fleet management services, most companies choose to provide these services for themselves, although some may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. Our FMS business segment competes with companies providing similar services on a national, regional and local level. Many regional and local competitors provide services on a national level through their participation in various cooperative programs. Competitive factors include price, equipment, maintenance, service and geographic coverage. We compete with finance lessors and also with truck and trailer manufacturers and independent dealers who provide full service lease products, finance leases, extended warranty maintenance, rental and other transportation services. With the growth of our on-demand maintenance product, we will also face competition from managed maintenance providers who are hired to coordinate and manage the maintenance of large fleets of vehicles through a network of third-party maintenance providers. Value-added differentiation of the full service leasing, maintenance and commercial rental service, as well as continued commitment to offer innovative products and solutions, such as natural gas vehicles, has been and will continue to be our emphasis. Value Proposition Through our SCS business, we offer a broad range of innovative logistics management services that are designed to optimize a customer’s supply chain and address key customer business requirements. The organization is aligned by industry verticals (Automotive, Industrial, Consumer Packaged Goods, Hi-Tech and Retail) to enable the teams to focus on the specific needs of their customers. Our SCS product offerings are organized into four categories: dedicated services, distribution management, transportation management and professional services. These offerings are supported by a variety of information technology and engineering solutions that are an integral part of our other SCS services. These product offerings can be offered independently or as an integrated solution to optimize supply chain effectiveness. A key aspect of our value proposition is our operational execution, which is an important differentiator in the marketplace. Market Trends Global logistics is approximately an $8.3 trillion (1) market, of which approximately $643 billion (1) is outsourced. Logistics spending in the markets we are targeting in North America and Asia equates to approximately $3.2 trillion , of which $275 billion is outsourced. Outsourced logistics is a market with significant growth opportunity. More sophisticated supply chain practices are required as supply chains expand and become more complex, product needs continue to proliferate and companies look for lower cost supply chain alternatives. In addition, disruptions from unexpected events such as natural disasters have caused companies to focus on risk management of their supply chains. The more complicated the supply chain or the product requirements, the greater the need for companies to utilize the expertise of supply chain providers. (1) Armstrong & Associates Global logistics costs & third-party logistics revenue report, May 2013 4 • Drive fleet growth by (1) successfully implementing sales and marketing initiatives designed to compel private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to outsource all or some portion of their fleet management needs to us; (2) offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen new and existing customer relationships; and (3) completing targeted acquisitions; • Deliver a consistent, industry-leading and cost-effective maintenance program to our customers through continued process improvement and re-design, productivity initiatives, and technology improvements; and • Optimize asset utilization and management, particularly with respect to our rental fleet, used vehicle operations and maintenance facility infrastructure. Supply Chain Solutions  Operations For the year ended December 31, 2013 , our global SCS business accounted for 37% of our consolidated revenue. U.S. At December 31, 2013 , we had 473 SCS customer accounts in the U.S., most of which are large enterprises that maintain large, complex supply chains. Most of our core SCS business operations are geographically located to maximize efficiencies and reduce costs. At December 31, 2013 , managed warehouse space totaled approximately 28 million square feet for the U.S. and Puerto Rico. We also concentrate certain logistics expertise in locations not associated with specific customer sites. For example, our carrier procurement, contract management, freight bill audit and payment services and transportation optimization and execution groups operate out of our logistics centers in Novi, Michigan and Fort Worth, Texas. Mexico . At December 31, 2013 , we had 99 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 6 million square feet. Our Mexico operations offer a full range of SCS services and manage approximately 9,700 border crossings each month between Mexico and the U.S. and Canada, often highly integrated with our distribution and transportation operations. Canada. At December 31, 2013 , we had 59 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 1 million square feet. Given the proximity of this market to our U.S. and Mexico operations, the Canadian operations are highly coordinated with their U.S. and Mexico counterparts, managing cross-border transportation and freight movements. Asia . Asia is a key component of our retail strategy, where we have a network of owned and agent offices, with headquarters in Shanghai. At December 31, 2013 , we had 40 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 280,000 square feet, primarily in Singapore. SCS Product Offerings Dedicated Services. Dedicated services are generally offered on a stand-alone basis or as part of an integrated supply chain solution to our customers. The dedicated services offering combines the equipment, maintenance and administrative services of a full service lease with drivers and additional services. This combination provides customers with a dedicated transportation solution that is designed to increase their competitive position, improve risk management and integrate their transportation needs with their overall supply chain. Additional services include routing and scheduling, fleet sizing, safety, regulatory compliance, risk management, technology and communication systems support including on-board computers, and other technical support. These additional services allow us to provide high service levels and efficient routing. They also address the challenging labor issues associated with maintaining a private fleet of vehicles, such as driver recruitment and turnover, government regulation (including hours of service regulations), Department of Transportation (DOT) audits and workers' compensation. Our dedicated services solution offers a high degree of specialization to meet the needs of customers with sophisticated service requirements such as tight delivery windows, high value or time sensitive freight, closed-loop distribution, multi-stop shipments, specialized equipment and integrated transportation needs. Although a significant portion of our dedicated services operations are located at customer facilities, our dedicated business utilizes and benefits from our extensive network of FMS facilities. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , approximately 57% of our SCS revenue was related to dedicated services. Distribution Management . Our SCS business offers a wide range of services relating to a customer’s distribution operations, from designing a customer’s distribution network to managing distribution facilities. Services within the facilities generally include managing the flow of goods from the receiving function to the shipping function, coordinating warehousing and transportation for inbound and outbound material flows, handling import and export for international shipments, coordinating just-in-time replenishment of component parts to manufacturing and final assembly, and providing shipments to customer distribution centers or end customer delivery points. Additional value-added services such as light assembly of components into defined units (kitting), packaging and refurbishment are also provided. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , distribution management solutions accounted for 31% of our SCS revenue. Transportation Management . Our SCS business offers services relating to all aspects of a customer’s transportation network. Our team of transportation specialists provides shipment planning and execution, which includes shipment optimization, load scheduling and delivery confirmation through a series of technological and web-based solutions. Our transportation consultants, including our freight brokerage department, focus on carrier procurement of all modes of transportation with an emphasis on truck-based transportation, rate negotiation, and freight bill audit and payment services. In addition, our SCS business as well as our FMS business provide customers with capacity management services that are designed to meet backhaul opportunities and minimize excess miles. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , we purchased and/or executed over $4.6 billion in freight moves on our customers' behalf. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , transportation management solutions accounted for 7% of our SCS revenue. 5  Professional Services . In conjunction with providing the SCS core services described previously, our SCS business offers a variety of knowledge-based services that support every aspect of a customer’s supply chain. Our SCS professionals are available to evaluate a customer’s existing supply chain to identify inefficiencies as well as opportunities for integration and improvement. Once the assessment is complete, we work with the customer to develop a supply chain strategy that will create the most value for the customer and their target clients. Once a customer has adopted a supply chain strategy, our SCS logistics team, supported by functional experts and representatives from our information technology, real estate and finance groups, work together to design a strategically focused supply chain solution. The solution may include both a network design that sets forth the number, location and function of key components of the network and a transportation solution that optimizes the mode or modes of transportation and route selection. In addition to providing the distribution and transportation expertise necessary to implement the supply chain solution, our SCS representatives can coordinate and manage all aspects of the customer’s supply chain provider network to assure consistency, efficiency and flexibility. For the year ended December 31, 2013 , knowledge-based professional services accounted for 5% of our SCS revenue. SCS Business Strategy Our SCS business strategy is to offer our customers differentiated functional execution and proactive solutions from deep expertise in key industry verticals. The strategy revolves around the following interrelated goals and priorities: Competition As an alternative to using our services, most companies choose to internally manage their own supply chains and logistics operations, although some may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. In the SCS business segment, we compete with a large number of companies providing similar services, each of which has a different set of core competencies. We compete with a handful of large, multi-service companies across all of our service offerings and industries. We also compete against other companies on specific service offerings (for example, in transportation management, distribution management or dedicated services) or in a specific industry. We face different competitors in each country or region where they may have a greater operational presence. Competitive factors include price, service, market knowledge, expertise in logistics-related technology and overall performance (e.g. timeliness, accuracy, and flexibility). ACQUISITIONS In addition to our continued focus on organic growth, acquisitions play an important role in enhancing our growth strategy. In assessing potential acquisition targets in our FMS business segment, we look for companies that would create value through operating synergies, leveraging our existing facility infrastructure, improving our geographic coverage and diversifying our customer base. In our SCS business segment, we focus on adding capabilities and product offerings, potentially expanding into new industries, diversifying our customer base within our current industries, and improving our competitive position. CYCLICALITY Ryder's business is impacted by economic and market conditions. In a strong economic cycle, there is generally more demand for our fleet management and supply chain services. In a weak or volatile economy, demand for our services decreases and is inconsistent and considerably more unpredictable. Because of these factors, we have continued to focus on increasing the diversity of our customer base and strengthening our long-term business partnerships with our customers. Although we believe these efforts help mitigate the immediate impact of an economic downturn, during a protracted or severe economic downturn, customers are often unwilling to commit to a full-service lease or long-term supply chain contract. Because commercial rental and used vehicle sales are transactional, they are more cyclical in nature, and results can vary significantly in both the short- and long-term. We have a disciplined and centralized approach to asset management that allows us to manage the size, mix and location of our operating fleet and used vehicle inventories. 6 • Providing customers with a differentiated quality of service and best execution through reliable and flexible supply chain solutions; • Developing capabilities that can be applied and utilized in our targeted industry verticals; • Creating a culture of innovation that fosters new and high value solutions for our customers’ supply chain needs; • Focusing on continuous improvement and standardization; and • Successfully implementing targeted sales and marketing strategies.  ADMINISTRATION Our financial administrative functions for the U.S. and Canada, including credit, billing and collections are consolidated into our Shared Services Center operations, a centralized processing center located in Alpharetta, Georgia. Our Shared Services Center also manages contracted third parties providing administrative finance and support services outside of the U.S. in order to reduce ongoing operating expenses and maximize our technology resources. This centralization results in more efficient and consistent centralized processing of selected administrative operations. Certain administrative functions are also performed at the Shared Services Center for our customers. The Shared Services Center’s main objectives are to enhance customer service through process standardization, create an organizational structure that will improve market flexibility and allow future reengineering efforts to be attained more easily at lower implementation costs. REGULATION Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. The DOT and various federal and state agencies exercise broad powers over certain aspects of our business, generally governing such activities as authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, safety and financial reporting. We are also subject to a variety of requirements of national, state, provincial and local governments, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, that regulate safety, the management of hazardous materials, water discharges and air emissions, solid waste disposal and the release and cleanup of regulated substances. We must comply with licensing and other requirements imposed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs Service as a result of increased focus on homeland security and our Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism certification. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by these agencies or other authorities relating to carbon controls and reporting, engine exhaust emissions, drivers’ hours of service, security and ergonomics. ENVIRONMENTAL We have a long standing commitment to sound environmental practices that reduce risk and build value for us and our customers. We have a history of adopting “green” designs and processes because they are efficient, cost effective transportation solutions that improve our bottom line and bring value to our customers. We have maintained an environmental mission since 1991 and have updated it periodically as regulatory and customer needs have changed. Our environmental policy reflects our commitment to supporting the goals of sustainable development, environmental protection and pollution prevention in our business. We have adopted proactive environmental strategies that have advanced business growth and continued to improve our performance in ways that reduce emission outputs and environmental impact. Our environmental team works with operating employees to develop and administer programs in support of our environmental policy and to help ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into all business processes and decisions. In establishing appropriate environmental objectives and targets for our wide range of business activities around the world, we focus on (1) the needs of our customers; (2) the communities in which we provide services; and (3) relevant laws and regulations. We regularly review and update our environmental management procedures, and information regarding our environmental activities is routinely disseminated throughout Ryder. In 2012 , we substantially expanded our environmental sustainability reporting with the publication of our 2011 Corporate Sustainability Report that includes expanded and enhanced disclosures, as well as new metrics related to our environmental performance for the years 2009 through 2011. The Report details our sustainable business practices and environmental strategies to improve energy use, fuel costs and reduce overall carbon emissions. In addition, we have voluntarily responded to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) since 2008, disclosing direct and indirect emissions resulting from our operations. Both of these reports are publicly available on the company website at www.ryder.com by clicking on About Us and then selecting Sustainability. SAFETY Our safety culture is founded upon a core commitment to the safety, health and well-being of our employees, customers and the community, a commitment that has made us a long-standing industry leader in safety. Safety is an integral part of our business strategy because preventing injuries and collisions improves employee quality of life, eliminates service disruptions to our customers, increases efficiency and improves customer satisfaction. As a core value, our focus on safety is imbedded in our day-to-day operations, reinforced by many safety programs and continuous operational improvement and supported by a talented and dedicated safety organization. 7  Training is a critical component of our safety program. Monthly safety training delivered by location safety committees cover specific and relevant safety topics and managers receive annual safety leadership training. Quarterly and remedial training is also delivered online to each driver through our highly interactive Ryder Pro-TREAD comprehensive lesson platform. Regular safety behavioral observations are conducted by managers throughout the organization everyday and remedial training and coaching takes place on-the-spot. We also deploy state-of-the-art safety technologies in Ryder vehicles and our safety policies require that all managers, supervisors and employees incorporate safe processes in all aspects of our business. Monthly safety scorecards are tracked and reviewed by management for progress toward key safety objectives. Our proprietary web-based safety tracking system, RyderStar SM , delivers proactive safety programs tailored to every location and helps measure safety activity effectiveness across the organization. EMPLOYEES At December 31, 2013 , we had approximately 28,900 full-time employees worldwide, of which 27,300 were employed in North America, 1,300 in Europe and 300 in Asia. Currently we employ approximately 6,400 drivers and 5,200 technicians. We have approximately 17,800 hourly employees in the U.S., approximately 3,300 of which are organized by labor unions. Those employees organized by labor unions are principally represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and the United Auto Workers, and their wages and benefits are governed by 93 labor agreements that are renegotiated periodically. Although we have never experienced a material work stoppage or strike, these events can potentially occur given the types of businesses in which we currently engage. We consider that our relationship with our employees is good. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT Robert E. Sanchez was appointed Chair of Ryder's Board in May 2013 and promoted to Chief Executive Officer in January 2013. Previously, Mr. Sanchez served as President and Chief Operating Officer from February 2012 to December 2012. He also previously served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions from September 2010 to February 2012 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from October 2007 to September 2010. He also previously served as Executive Vice President of Operations, U.S. Fleet Management Solutions from October 2005 to October 2007 and as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer from January 2003 to October 2005. Mr. Sanchez joined Ryder in 1993 and has held various other positions of increasing responsibility, including leadership positions in both of Ryder's business segments. Art A. Garcia has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2010. Previously, Mr. Garcia served as Senior Vice President and Controller since October 2005 and as Vice President and Controller since February 2002. Mr. Garcia joined Ryder in December 1997 and has held various other positions within Corporate Accounting. Dennis C. Cooke has served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions since February 2012. Previously, Mr. Cooke served as Senior Vice President and Chief of Operations, U.S. and Canada Fleet Management Solutions since July 2011. Prior to joining Ryder, Mr. Cooke held various positions with General Electric (GE) and related companies, including Vice President and General Manager of GE Healthcare’s Global MRI business from 2000 to 2005. He then served as President and Chief Executive Officer of GE’s Security’s Homeland Protection business from 2005 to 2009, and continued serving in those roles from 2009 to 2011 after the business was acquired by the Safran Group and became Morpho Detection, Inc. Robert D. Fatovic has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary since May 2004. He previously served as Senior Vice President, U.S. Supply Chain Operations, Hi-Tech and Consumer Industries from December 2002 to May 2004. Mr. Fatovic joined Ryder’s Law department in 1994 as Assistant Division Counsel and has held various other positions within the Law department including Vice President and Deputy General Counsel. Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino has served as Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer since September 2010. Previously, Ms. Gallo-Aquino served as Assistant Controller from November 2009 to September 2010, where she was responsible for Ryder’s Corporate Accounting, Benefits Accounting and Payroll Accounting departments. Ms. Gallo-Aquino joined Ryder in 2004 and has held various positions within Corporate Accounting. 8 Name Age Position Robert E. Sanchez 48 Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer Art A. Garcia 52 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Dennis C. Cooke 49 President, Global Fleet Management Solutions Robert D. Fatovic 48 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino 40 Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer Gregory F. Greene 54 Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer John H. Williford 57 President, Global Supply Chain Solutions Karen M. Jones 51 Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer  Gregory F. Greene has served as Chief Administrative Officer since September 2010, as Executive Vice President since December 2006 and as Chief Human Resources Officer since February 2006. Previously, Mr. Greene served as Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Development from April 2003 to February 2006. Mr. Greene joined Ryder in August 1993 and has since held various positions within Human Resources. John H. Williford has served as President, Global Supply Chain Solutions since June 2008. Prior to joining Ryder, Mr. Williford founded and served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Golden Gate Logistics LLC from 2006 to June 2008. From 2002 to 2005, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Menlo Worldwide, Inc., the supply chain business of CNF, Inc. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Williford was engaged as an advisor to Menlo Worldwide subsequent to the sale of Menlo Forwarding to United Parcel Service. Karen M. Jones joined Ryder in September 2013. Prior to joining Ryder, Ms. Jones was Chief Marketing Officer for NRG/Reliant Energy, Inc from 2010 to 2013. Previously, Ms. Jones served as Senior Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communications for DHL Express U.S. from 2006 to 2009 and as Vice President of Advertising, Brand Management and Promotion from 2004 to 2006. In addition, Ms. Jones has served in key positions responsible for worldwide brand advertising, sponsorship, and strategic alliances for Hewlett Packard. FURTHER INFORMATION For further discussion concerning our business, see the information included in Items 7 and 8 of this report. Industry and market data used throughout Item 1 was obtained through a compilation of surveys and studies conducted by industry sources, consultants and analysts. We make available free of charge through the Investor Relations page on our website at www.ryder.com our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The public may read and copy any materials we have filed with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and our other SEC filings. The address of the SEC's web site is www.sec.gov. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Principles of Business Conduct (including our Finance Code of Conduct), and Board committee charters are posted on the Corporate Governance page of our website at www.ryder.com. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The following contains all known material risks that could affect our business. Our business and operating results could be adversely affected by uncertain or unfavorable economic and industry conditions. Ryder's operating results are affected by cyclical economic and market conditions in the U.S. and globally. In a weak or volatile economy, demand for our contractual services decreases and may be inconsistent and less predictable as customers are often unwilling to commit to full-service leases or long-term supply chain contracts. Accordingly, any sustained weakness in demand or a protracted economic downturn can negatively impact our business. Although customer uncertainty can serve to increase demand for our transactional services, including commercial rental and used vehicles sales, which do not involve long-term commitments, these product lines are generally more cyclical due to their transactional nature, and results can vary in both the short- and long-term. 9  2013 was a period of moderate economic recovery following a period of economic softness and uncertainty. Although demand for commercial rental has appeared to stabilize, rental demand may again decline unexpectedly in 2014. Similarly, although we experienced growth in full service lease during 2013, our customers still remain cautious about entering into long-term leases. If uncertainty and lack of customer confidence around macroeconomic and transportation industry conditions return, they may impact our future growth prospects, our business, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected, including as follows: In addition, volatility in the global credit and financial markets may lead to: We bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles. We generally bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles. Therefore, if the market for used vehicles declines, or there is a concern regarding the quality, maintenance or condition of our vehicles, we may obtain lower sales proceeds upon the sale of used vehicles. We sell our used vehicles through various channels, including retail sales centers, at our branch locations, through our website at www.UsedTrucks.Ryder.com , as well as through the wholesale market. Pricing and demand for used vehicles varies among selling channels, particularly between the retail and wholesale markets, as we generally obtain lower proceeds on vehicles sold through wholesale channels. If we are unable to meet our targeted fleet counts through our projected mix of retail versus wholesale sales, we may be required to sell more vehicles than planned by wholesale, which will impact our sales proceeds. Changes in residual values also impact the overall competitiveness of our full service lease product line, as estimated sales proceeds are a significant component of the overall price of the lease. Additionally, technology changes and sudden changes in supply and demand together with other market factors beyond our control vary from year to year and from vehicle to vehicle, making it difficult to accurately predict residual values used in calculating our depreciation expense. Although we have developed disciplines related to the management and maintenance of our vehicles that are designed to prevent these losses, there is no assurance that these practices will sufficiently reduce the residual risk. For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to depreciation and residual values, please see the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates - Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees” in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Our profitability could be adversely impacted by our inability to maintain appropriate commercial rental utilization rates through our asset management initiatives. We typically do not purchase vehicles for our full service lease product line until we have an executed contract with a customer. However, in our commercial rental product line, we purchase vehicles and optimize the size and mix of the commercial rental fleet based upon our expectations of overall market demand. As a result, we bear the risk for ensuring that we have the proper vehicles in the right condition and location to effectively capitalize on market demand in order to drive the highest levels of utilization and revenue per unit. We employ a sales force and operations team on a full-time basis to manage and optimize this product line; however, their efforts may not be sufficient to overcome a significant change in market demand in the rental business. 10 • difficulty forecasting, budgeting and planning due to limited visibility into the spending plans of current or prospective customers; • increased competition for projects and sales opportunities; • pricing pressure that may adversely affect revenue and gross margin; • higher overhead costs as a percentage of revenue; • increased risk of charges relating to asset impairments, including goodwill and other intangible assets; • customer financial difficulty and increased risk of uncollectible accounts receivable; • additional fleet downsizing which could adversely impact profitability; • increased risk of declines in the residual values of our vehicles; and • sudden changes in fuel prices and fuel shortages, which may adversely impact total vehicle miles driven by our customers. • unanticipated interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; • increased risk of default by counterparties under derivative instruments and hedging agreements; and • diminished liquidity and credit availability resulting in higher short-term borrowing costs and more stringent borrowing terms.  Failure to maintain, upgrade and consolidate our information technology networks could adversely affect us, and we may be subject to cybersecurity risks which may be beyond our control. The success of our strategic initiatives designed to increase our sales and capture a greater percentage of the outsourced transportation and supply chain markets is dependent in varying degrees on the timely delivery and the functionality of information technology systems to support them. Extended delays or cost overruns in securing, developing and otherwise implementing technology solutions to support the new business initiatives we are developing now, and will be developing in the future, would delay and possibly even prevent us from realizing the projected benefits of those initiatives. We are continuously upgrading and consolidating our systems, including making changes to legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality and acquiring new systems with new functionality. These types of activities subject us to additional costs and inherent risks associated with replacing and changing these systems, including impairment of our ability to provide our services, potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into our current systems. Our system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. In addition, the implementation of new technology systems may cause disruptions in our business operations and have an adverse effect on our business and operations, if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated. Advances in technology require increased investments to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments, and our reputation with our customers may suffer if outages, system failures or delays in timely access to data occur in legacy information technology systems that support key business processes. We depend on the proper functioning and availability of our information systems, including communications and data processing systems, in operating our business. It is important that the data processed by these systems remains confidential, as it often includes competitive customer information, confidential customer transaction data, employee records, and key financial and operational results and statistics. Portions of our business utilize information systems that provide critical services to both our employees and our customers. Cyber incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy, or other proper functioning of these systems could have a significant impact on our operations. Certain of our software applications are utilized by third parties who provide certain outsourced administrative functions, which may increase the risk of a cybersecurity incident. Our information systems are protected through physical and software safeguards as well as backup systems considered appropriate by management. However, it is not practicable to protect against the possibility of damage created by natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, cybersecurity attacks and similar events in every potential circumstance that may arise. We and the vehicle and equipment manufacturers in our FMS business rely on a small number of suppliers. We buy vehicles and related equipment from a relatively small number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in our FMS business. Further, some of our vehicle manufacturers rely on a small concentration of suppliers for certain vehicle parts, components and equipment. A discrete event in a particular OEM's or supplier's industry or location, or adverse regional economic conditions impacting an OEM or supplier's ability to provide vehicles or a particular component could adversely impact our FMS business and profitability. In addition, our business and reputation could also be negatively impacted if any parts, components or equipment from one of our suppliers suffer from broad-based quality control issues or become the subject of a product recall and we are unable to obtain replacement parts from another supplier in a timely manner. We derive a significant portion of our SCS revenue from a relatively small number of customers. During 2013 , sales to our top ten SCS customers representing all of the industry groups we service accounted for 40% of our SCS total revenue and 39% of our SCS operating revenue (revenue less subcontracted transportation). Additionally, approximately 29% of our global SCS revenue is from the automotive industry and is directly impacted by automotive vehicle production. The loss of any of these customers or a significant reduction in the services provided to any of these customers could impact our operations and adversely affect our SCS financial results. In 2010, we further diversified our customer base with the acquisition of Total Logistic Control, which is concentrated in the consumer packaged goods industry. While we continue to focus our efforts on diversifying our customer base, we may not be successful in doing so in the short-term. Given the size of our relationships with larger SCS customers, they can exert downward pricing pressure and often require modifications to our standard commercial terms. While we believe our ongoing cost reduction initiatives have helped mitigate the effect of price reduction pressures from our SCS customers, there is no assurance that we will be able to maintain or improve profitability in those accounts. 11  We are also subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of our accounts receivable from our SCS customers. If one or more of these customers were to become bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the services provided by us, we may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur lease or asset impairment charges that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, many of our customers operate in cyclical or seasonal industries, or operate in industries, including the food and beverage industry, that may be impacted by unanticipated weather, growing conditions (such as drought, insects or disease), natural disasters and other conditions over which we have no control. A downturn in our customers' business cycles or unanticipated events impacting their businesses could cause a reduction in freight volume shipped by those customers or a reduction in their need for our SCS services. We operate in a highly competitive industry and our business may suffer if we are unable to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other competitive factors. Numerous competitive factors could impair our ability to maintain our current profitability. These factors include the following: Our profitability could be negatively impacted if the key assumptions and pricing structure prove to be invalid. Substantially all of our lease and maintenance services and our SCS services are provided under contractual arrangements with our customers. The pricing structure for our lease and contract maintenance business is based on certain assumptions regarding capital costs, maintenance expense over the life of the contract, residual values, productivity and the mix of fixed and variable costs, many of which are derived from historical data and trends. Under most of our SCS contracts, all or a portion of our pricing is based on certain assumptions regarding the scope of services, production volumes, operational efficiencies, the mix of fixed versus variable costs, productivity and other factors. If we are incorrect in our assumptions, or as a result of subsequent changes in our customers' business needs or operations or market forces that are outside of our control, these assumptions prove to be invalid, we could have lower margins than anticipated. Although certain of our SCS contracts provide for renegotiation upon a material change, there is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining the necessary price adjustments. We may face difficulties in attracting and retaining drivers and technicians and may face issues with our union employees. We hire drivers primarily for our SCS business segment. There is significant competition for qualified drivers in the transportation industry. Additionally, interventions and enforcement under the Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) program may shrink the industry's pool of drivers as those drivers with unfavorable scores could leave the industry. As a result of driver shortages, we could be required to increase driver compensation, let trucks sit idle, utilize lower quality drivers or face difficulty meeting customer demands, all of which could adversely affect our growth and profitability. Similarly, we hire technicians in our FMS business segment to perform vehicle maintenance services on our lease, contract maintenance and rental fleets. Recently there has been a decrease in the overall supply of skilled maintenance technicians, particularly new technicians with qualifications from technical programs and schools, which could make it more difficult to attract and retain skilled technicians. We have 3,300 employees that are organized by labor unions whose wages and benefits are governed by 93 labor agreements that are renegotiated periodically. Some of the industries in which we currently engage have experienced a material work stoppage, slowdown or strike. Our business and operations could be impacted in the event of labor strikes or work stoppages involving our employees organized by labor unions in our FMS or SCS business segments. 12 • our inability to obtain expected customer retention levels or sales growth targets; • we compete with many other transportation and logistics service providers, some of which have greater capital resources than we do; • customers may choose to provide the services we provide for themselves; • some of our competitors periodically reduce their prices to gain business, and some of our smaller competitors may have lower cost structures than we do, which may limit our ability to maintain or increase prices; and • because cost of capital is a significant competitive factor, any increase in either the cost of our debt or equity as a result of reductions in our debt rating or stock price volatility could have a significant impact on our competitive position.  We operate in a highly regulated industry, and costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future regulations could significantly increase our costs of doing business. Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental agencies. These agencies could institute new laws, rules or regulations or issue interpretation changes to existing regulations at any time. We have also seen an increase in proactive enforcement of existing regulations by some entities. Compliance with new laws, rules or regulations could substantially impair labor and equipment productivity and increase our costs. Conversely, our failure to comply with any applicable laws, rules or regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments. We are also subject to reputational risk and other detrimental business consequences associated with noncompliance, such as employees, customers, agents, suppliers or other persons using our supply chain or assets to commit illegal acts, including the use of company assets for terrorist activities, or a breach of data privacy laws, the ongoing development of which in the U.S. and other jurisdictions may require changes to our data security policies and procedures to comply with new standards. DOT and Other Regulatory Authorities. The U.S. Department of Transportation and various state and federal agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by the Department of Transportation, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs Service, the Environmental Protection Agency or other authorities, relating to the hours of service that our drivers may provide in any one-time period, homeland security, carbon emissions and reporting and other matters. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration CSA Program. In 2010, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) began implementation of the Compliance, Safety, Accountability program (CSA), a compliance and enforcement initiative partnering with State agencies designed to monitor and improve commercial vehicle motor safety. The CSA program includes a Safety Measurement System (SMS) that uses roadside inspections and violations to measure motor carriers and drivers and publishes scores related to these inspections and violations that compare the motor carriers and drivers against peers. The FMCSA established thresholds for each of seven different measurement areas that identify potential safety risks and result in direct intervention or enforcement action. Ryder's published scores are below the thresholds, but if performance changed, we could risk intervention that may create risk to our operating authority. Labor. We maintain operations and employees in numerous states throughout the U.S., which are governed by federal and state labor and employment laws and regulations relating to compensation, benefits, healthcare and various workplace issues, all of which are applicable to our employees, and in some cases, independent contractors. State labor and employment rules vary from state to state and in some states, require us to meet much stricter standards than required in other states. Also, we are or may become subject to various class-action lawsuits related to wage and hour violations and improper pay in certain states. Unfavorable or unanticipated outcomes in any of the lawsuits could subject us to increased costs and impact our profitability. International. We currently operate in Canada, Europe, Mexico and Asia, where we are subject to compliance with local laws and regulatory requirements of foreign jurisdictions, including local tax laws, and compliance with the Federal Corrupt Practices Act. Local laws and regulatory requirements may vary significantly from country to country. Customary levels of compliance with local regulations and the tolerance for noncompliance by regulatory authorities may also vary in different countries and geographical locations, and impact our ability to successfully implement our compliance and business initiatives in certain jurisdictions. Also, adherence to rigorous local laws and regulatory requirements may limit our ability to expand into certain international markets and result in residual liability for legal claims and tax disputes arising out of previously discontinued operations. 13  Environmental. Regulations governing exhaust emissions that have been enacted over the last few years could adversely impact our business. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations that required progressive reductions in exhaust emissions from certain diesel engines from 2007 through 2010. Emissions standards require reductions in the sulfur content of diesel fuel since June 2006. Also, the first phase of progressively stringent emissions standards relating to emissions after-treatment devices was introduced on newly-manufactured engines and vehicles utilizing engines built after January 1, 2007. The second phase, which required an additional after-treatment system, became effective after January 1, 2010. We face additional technology changes under EPA regulations that will go into effect in 2014 and 2017, which will require modifications to existing vehicle chassis and engine combinations. The 2014 and 2017 regulations will require reductions in carbon dioxide, which can only be reduced by improving fuel economy, and which requires compliance with different emissions standards for both engines and chassis, based on vocation. OEMs may be required to install additional engine componentry, additional aerodynamics on chassis and low-rolling resistance tires to comply with the upcoming regulations, which may result in a shorter useful tread life and increased operating costs for customers and us. Although customers may see reduced fuel consumption under the new standards, this could be offset by increased fuel costs on a per gallon basis. Each of these requirements could result in higher prices for vehicles, diesel engine fuel and vehicle maintenance, which are passed on to our customers, as well as higher maintenance costs and uncertainty as to reliability of the new engines, all of which could, over time, increase our costs and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The new technology may also impact the residual values of these vehicles when sold in the future. Future regulation of other environmental matters, including potential limits on carbon emissions under climate-change legislation, could also impact our business and profitability if enacted. Lease and Other Accounting Rules . Demand for our full service lease product line is based in part on customers' decisions to lease rather than buy vehicles. A number of factors can impact whether customers decide to lease or buy vehicles, including economic benefits, accounting considerations, tax treatment, interest rates and operational flexibility. In 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued its latest proposed update to accounting standards that would involve a new approach to lease accounting that differs from current practice. Most notably, the new approach would eliminate off-balance sheet treatment of leases and require lessees to record leased assets on their balance sheets. If the proposed accounting standard becomes effective in its current form, it could be perceived to make leasing a less attractive option for some of our full service lease customers. Other changes in accounting rules, estimates, assumptions and accruals and changes in current financial, tax or regulatory requirements to which we are subject could also negatively impact our business. Volatility in assumptions and asset values related to our pension plans may reduce our profitability and adversely impact current funding levels. We historically sponsored a number of defined benefit plans for employees in the U.S., U.K. and other foreign locations. The retirement benefits under the defined benefit plans are frozen for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees. Our major defined benefit plans are funded, with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio. The cash contributions made to our defined benefit plans are required to comply with minimum funding requirements imposed by employee benefit and tax laws. The projected benefit obligation and assets of our global defined benefit plans as of December 31, 2013 were $2.1 billion and $1.8 billion , respectively. The difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, is a significant factor in determining pension expense and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Macroeconomic factors, as well as changes in investment returns and discount rates used to calculate pension expense and related assets and liabilities can be volatile and may have an unfavorable impact on our costs and funding requirements. Although we have actively sought to control increases in these costs and funding requirements through investment policies and plan contributions, there can be no assurance that we will succeed, and continued cost pressure could reduce the profitability of our business and negatively impact our cash flows. We also participate in ten U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. In the event that we withdraw from participation in one of these plans, then applicable law could require us to make an additional lump-sum contribution to the plan. Our withdrawal liability for any MEP plan would depend on the extent of the plan's funding of vested benefits. Economic conditions have caused MEP plans to be significantly underfunded. If the financial condition of the MEP plans were to continue to deteriorate, participating employers could be subject to additional assessments. 14  We establish self-insurance reserves based on historical loss development factors, which could lead to adjustments in the future based on actual development experience. We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability and workers' compensation insurance programs. Our self-insurance accruals are based on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. While we believe that our estimation processes are well designed, every estimation process is inherently subject to limitations. Fluctuations in the frequency or severity of accidents make it difficult to precisely predict the ultimate cost of claims. The actual cost of claims can be different than the historical selected loss development factors because of safety performance, payment patterns and settlement patterns. For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to our self-insurance reserves, please see the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates - Self-Insurance Accruals” in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Severe weather or other natural occurrences could result in significant business interruptions and expenditures in excess of available insurance coverage. Our operations may be affected by external factors such as severe weather and other natural occurrences, including floods, fires, hurricanes and earthquakes. As a result, our facilities may be damaged, our workforce may be unavailable, fuel costs may rise and significant business interruptions could occur. In addition, the performance of our vehicles could be adversely affected by extreme weather conditions. Insurance to protect against loss of business and other related consequences resulting from these natural occurrences is subject to coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our damages or damages to others and this insurance may not continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates. Even with insurance, if any natural occurrence leads to a catastrophic interruption of service, we may not be able to mitigate a significant interruption in operations. Our international operations subject us to operational and financial risks. We provide services outside of the U.S., which subjects our business to various risks, including changes in tariffs, trade restrictions, trade agreements and taxes; difficulties in managing or overseeing foreign operations and agents; foreign currency fluctuations and limitations on the repatriation of funds due to foreign currency controls; different liability standards; and intellectual property laws of countries that do not protect our rights in intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. The occurrence or consequences of any of these factors may restrict our ability to operate in the affected region and/or decrease the profitability of our operations in that region. Also, if we do not correctly anticipate changes in international economic and political conditions, we may not alter our business practices in time to avoid adverse effects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 15  ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our properties consist primarily of vehicle maintenance and repair facilities, warehouses and other real estate and improvements. We maintain 606 FMS properties in the U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada; we own 391 of these and lease the remaining 215. Our FMS properties are primarily comprised of maintenance facilities generally including a repair shop, rental counter, fuel service island, administrative offices, and used vehicle retail sales centers. Additionally, we manage 174 on-site maintenance facilities, located at customer locations. We also maintain 128 locations in the U.S. and Canada in connection with our domestic SCS business. Almost all of our SCS locations are leased and generally include a warehouse and administrative offices. We maintain 108 international locations (locations outside of the U.S. and Canada) for our international businesses. These locations are in the U.K., Germany, Mexico, China and Singapore. The majority of these locations are leased and may be a repair shop, warehouse or administrative office. Additionally, we maintain 9 U.S. locations primarily used for Central Support Services. These facilities are generally administrative offices, of which we own one and lease the remaining eight. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are involved in various claims, lawsuits and administrative actions arising in the normal course of our businesses. Some involve claims for substantial amounts of money and/or claims for punitive damages. While any proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty, management believes that the disposition of such matters, in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or liquidity. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 16  PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Ryder Common Stock Prices Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “R.” At January 31, 2014 , there were 8,266 common stockholders of record and our stock price on the New York Stock Exchange was $71.19 . 17 Stock Price Dividends per Common Share High Low 2013 First quarter $61.68 50.41 0.31 Second quarter 64.68 52.58 0.31 Third quarter 64.99 55.17 0.34 Fourth quarter 73.97 56.93 0.34 2012 First quarter $57.63 51.41 0.29 Second quarter 54.28 33.95 0.29 Third quarter 43.36 32.76 0.31 Fourth quarter 51.01 38.69 0.31  Performance Graph The following graph compares the performance of our common stock with the performance of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index and the Dow Jones Transportation 20 Index for a five year period by measuring the changes in common stock prices from December 31, 2008 to December 31, 2013 . The stock performance graph assumes for comparison that the value of the Company’s Common Stock and of each index was $100 on December 31, 2008 and that all dividends were reinvested. Past performance is not necessarily an indicator of future results. 18  Purchases of Equity Securities The following table provides information with respect to purchases we made of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2013 : ______________ 19 Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (2), (3) Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Anti-Dilutive Program (2), (3) October 1 through October 31, 2013 5,380 $59.59 — 1,456,077 November 1 through November 30, 2013 2,220 65.60 — 1,456,077 December 1 through December 31, 2013 717 69.73 — 2,000,000 Total 8,317 $62.07 — (1) During the three months ended December 31, 2013 , we purchased an aggregate of 8,317 shares of our common stock in employee-related transactions. Employee-related transactions may include: (i) shares of common stock delivered as payment for the exercise price of options exercised or to satisfy the option holders’ tax withholding liability associated with our share-based compensation programs and (ii) open-market purchases by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans relating to investments by employees in our stock, one of the investment options available under the plans. (2) In December 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2011 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2011 through December 13, 2013. The December 2011 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management established prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the December 2011 program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan. For the three months ended December 31, 2013 , we did not repurchase any shares under this program. (3) In December 2013, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2013 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The December 2013 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management may establish prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the December 2013 program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan. We did not repurchase any shares under this program in 2013.  Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table includes information as of December 31, 2013 about certain plans which provide for the issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options and other share-based awards. _______________ (1) Includes 630,585 time-vested and performance-based restricted stock awards. Also includes 31,000 performance-based restricted stock rights not considered granted under accounting guidance for stock compensation. Refer to Note 23, "Share-Based Compensation", for additional information. (2) Includes 158,639 restricted stock units and time-vested restricted stock awards, of which 4,941 time-vested restricted stock awards vested in previous years and are not exercisable until six months after the director's retirement. (3) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options excludes restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. 20 Plans Number of Securities to be issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighed-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a) (a) (b) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: Broad based employee stock plans 2,348,127 (1) $49.99 (3) 2,594,162 Employee stock purchase plan — — 462,153 Non-employee directors' stock plans 158,639 (2) — 39,802 Total 2,506,766 $49.99 3,096,117  ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with Items 7 and 8 of this report. _____________________ 21 Years ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating Data: Revenue $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 5,136,435 4,887,254 Earnings from continuing operations $ 243,196 200,899 171,368 124,608 90,117 Comparable earnings from continuing operations (1) $ 256,561 226,815 180,630 116,988 94,630 Net earnings (2) $ 237,792 209,979 169,777 118,170 61,945 Per Share Data: Earnings from continuing operations -Diluted $ 4.63 3.91 3.31 2.37 1.62 Comparable earnings from continuing operations -Diluted (1) $ 4.88 4.41 3.49 2.22 1.70 Net earnings -Diluted (2) $ 4.53 4.09 3.28 2.25 1.11 Cash dividends $ 1.30 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.96 Book value (3) $ 35.56 28.57 25.77 27.44 26.71 Financial Data: Total assets $ 9,103,782 8,318,979 7,617,835 6,652,374 6,259,830 Average assets (4) $ 8,618,485 8,123,506 7,251,854 6,366,647 6,507,432 Return on average assets (%) (4) 2.8 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.0 Long-term debt $ 3,929,987 3,452,821 3,107,779 2,326,878 2,265,074 Total debt $ 4,189,425 3,820,796 3,382,145 2,747,002 2,497,691 Shareholders’ equity (3) $ 1,617,406 1,188,179 1,318,153 1,404,313 1,426,995 Debt to equity (%) (3) 221 260 257 196 175 Average shareholders’ equity (3), (4) $ 1,593,996 1,406,606 1,428,048 1,401,681 1,395,629 Return on average shareholders’ equity (%) (3), (4) 14.9 14.9 11.9 8.4 4.4 Adjusted return on average capital (%) (4), (5) 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.8 4.1 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations $ 1,223,082 1,134,124 1,041,956 1,028,034 984,956 Free cash flow (6) $ (386,161 ) (384,240 ) (256,773 ) 257,574 614,090 Capital expenditures paid $ 2,140,464 2,133,235 1,698,589 1,070,092 651,953 Other Data: Average common shares — Diluted 52,071 50,740 50,878 51,884 55,094 Number of vehicles — Owned and leased 172,100 172,500 169,900 148,700 152,400 Average number of vehicles — Owned and leased 171,200 173,700 160,900 150,700 159,500 Number of employees 28,900 27,700 27,500 25,900 22,900 (1) Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the section titled “Overview” and “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of comparable earnings from continuing operations to net earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings from continuing operations per diluted common share to net earnings per diluted common share. (2) Net earnings in 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 and 2009 included (losses) earnings from discontinued operations of $ (5) million , or $(0.10) per diluted common share, $9 million , or $0.18 per diluted common share, $(2) million , or $(0.03) per diluted common share, $(6) million , or $(0.12) per diluted common share, and $(28) million , or $(0.51) per diluted common share, respectively. (3) Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 and 2009 reflected after-tax equity charges of $474 million , $645 million , $595 million , $423 million , and $412 million , respectively, related to our pension and postretirement plans. (4) Amounts were computed using an 8-point average based on quarterly information. (5) Our adjusted return on average capital (ROC), a non-GAAP financial measure, represents the rate of return generated by the capital deployed in our business. We use ROC as an internal measure of how effectively we use the capital invested (borrowed or owned) in our operations. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of adjusted return on average capital to return on average shareholders’ equity . (6) Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the section titled “Financial Resources and Liquidity” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K. The following MD&A describes the principal factors affecting results of operations, financial resources, liquidity, contractual cash obligations, and critical accounting estimates. The information presented in the MD&A is for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 unless otherwise noted. OVERVIEW Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder) is a global leader in transportation and supply chain management solutions. Our business operates in highly competitive markets. Our customers select us based on numerous factors including service quality, price, technology, and service offerings. As an alternative to using our services, customers may choose to provide these services for themselves, or may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. Our customer base includes enterprises operating in a variety of industries including automotive, industrial, food and beverage service, consumer packaged goods, transportation and warehousing, hi-tech and electronics, retail, housing, business and personal services, and paper and publishing. We operate in two business segments: Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing, contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and commercial rental of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides comprehensive supply chain consulting, including distribution and transportation services in North America and Asia. The SCS segment also provides dedicated services, which includes vehicles and drivers as part of a dedicated transportation solution in the U.S. The FMS business segment is our largest segment. FMS revenue (net of intercompany eliminations) and assets in 2013 were $4.04 billion and $8.31 billion , respectively, representing 63% of our consolidated revenue and 91% of consolidated assets. SCS revenue in 2013 was $2.38 billion , representing 37% of our consolidated revenue. In 2013 , we delivered revenue and earnings growth in both business segments. Consolidated revenue grew 3% and earnings from continuing operations grew 21% . In FMS, we increased our full service lease fleet by over 2,600 vehicles during the second half of the year driven by significantly improved sales activity. Our commercial rental business also performed well with higher pricing and increased U.S. demand. Additionally, solid used vehicle sales activity drove inventories to the lowest levels in two years. In SCS, we had strong overall performance and continued growth in our dedicated services offering. We also improved the spread between our return on capital and cost of capital. Total revenue was $6.42 billion , up 3% while operating revenue from continuing operations (total revenue less FMS fuel and subcontracted transportation) was $5.27 billion in 2013 , up 4% . The increase in total and operating revenue was driven by growth in both the SCS and FMS business segments. Earnings from continuing operations before taxes (EBT) increased 22% in 2013 to $369 million . The improvement in EBT reflects better performance in the FMS and SCS business segments, lower restructuring and other charges and lower pension expense. 22 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) EBT, earnings and EPS from continuing operations included certain items we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operations and have been excluded from our comparable earnings measure. The following discussion provides a summary of the 2013 and 2012 items which are discussed in more detail throughout our MD&A and within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: _________________ ( 1) Includes the amortization of actuarial loss, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and post-retirement costs, which are tied to financial market performance. 2013 also includes $4 million ($2 million after-tax) or $0.05 charge related to an understatement of pension obligations. We consider these costs to be outside the operational performance of the business. (2) Refer to Note 24, "Employee Benefit Plans," for further discussion. (3) Refer to Note 5, "Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (4) Refer to Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. (5) Non-GAAP financial measure. We believe comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable earnings per diluted common share all from continuing operations measures provide useful information to investors because they exclude non-operating pension costs, which we consider to be those impacted by financial market performance and outside the operational performance of the business, and other significant items that are unrelated to our ongoing business operations. (6) See Note 14, "Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Excluding the items listed above, comparable earnings from continuing operations increased 13% to $257 million in 2013 and increased 18% to $227 million in 2012 . Comparable EPS from continuing operations increased 11% to $4.88 per diluted common share in 2013 and 19% to $4.41 per diluted common share in 2012 . EBT growth exceeded the EPS growth during 2013 because the average number of shares outstanding has increased 3% over prior year reflecting the impact of stock issuances under employee stock option and stock purchase plans. Net earnings (including discontinued operations) increased 13% in 2013 to $238 million or $4.53 per diluted common share. Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.22 billion in 2013 compared with $1.13 billion in 2012 reflecting reduced working capital needs and higher earnings. Free cash flow from continuing operations was negative $386 million in 2013 compared to negative $384 million in 2012 . The slight decline in free cash flow was driven by a $130 million sale-lease back transaction in the prior year partially offset by higher cash from operating activities. We made pension contributions of approximately $96 million and increased our annual dividend by 10% to $1.36 per share of common stock. 23 Continuing Operations Earnings Before Income Taxes (EBT) Earnings Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS) (Dollars in thousands except per share amounts) 2013 EBT/Earnings/EPS from Continuing Operations $368,895 $243,196 $4.63 Non-operating pension costs (1) 24,285 14,292 0.28 Pension settlement charges (2) 2,820 1,711 0.03 Restructuring and other recoveries, net (3) (470 ) (360 ) (0.01 ) Superstorm Sandy recoveries (4) (600 ) (374 ) (0.01 ) Foreign currency translation benefit (4) (1,904 ) (1,904 ) (0.04 ) Comparable (5) $393,026 $256,561 $4.88 2012 EBT/Earnings/EPS from Continuing Operations $303,117 $200,899 $3.91 Non-operating pension costs (1) 31,423 19,370 0.37 Restructuring and other charges, net (3) 8,070 5,263 0.11 Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related losses (4) 8,230 5,117 0.10 Acquisition-related transaction costs (4) 368 277 — Charge related to tax law change in the U.K. (6) — 856 0.02 Tax benefit associated with resolution of prior year tax item (6) — (4,967 ) (0.10 ) Comparable (5) $351,208 $226,815 $4.41 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 1% to $2.18 billion in 2013 reflecting higher investments to fulfill contractual sales made to customers growing and renewing their fleets offset by planned lower investments in the commercial rental fleet. Our debt balance increased 10% to $4.19 billion at December 31, 2013 due to negative free cash flow. Our debt to equity ratio decreased to 221% from 260% in 2012 . Our total obligations (including off-balance sheet debt) to equity ratio also decreased to 226% from 270% in 2012 . 2014 Outlook Looking ahead to 2014 , we expect to build on our strong 2013 performance with accelerating revenue growth and double-digit earnings improvement. We anticipate revenue growth in all product lines. Based on recent sales results and trends, we anticipate continued growth in our lease fleet with a higher number of vehicles under long-term contracts with customers. We are forecasting another year of record earnings per share, driven by improved performance in contractual full service lease and supply chain solutions, as well as commercial rental. We also expect increasing contributions from new products including our on-demand maintenance and natural gas vehicle offerings. In addition, we anticipate depreciation benefits associated with strong used vehicle pricing realized over the past few years. These earnings improvements will be partially offset by a higher tax rate due to increased earnings in higher tax rate jurisdictions. Our strong earnings growth will also allow us to make strategic investments in the business to drive future growth. Lastly, with our leverage ratio now at the low end of our target range, we will begin implementing our recently announced anti-dilutive share repurchase program to deliver additional value to our shareholders. We forecast full-year 2014 comparable earnings from continuing operations to be in the range of $5.30 to $5.45 per diluted share, up 9% to 12% from $4.88 per diluted share in 2013. Full-year earnings comparisons exclude non-operating pension costs of $0.15 per diluted share in 2014 and $0.28 per diluted share in 2013. Total revenue for the full-year 2014 is forecast to be approximately $6.8 billion, up 5% from $6.4 billion in 2013. Operating revenue (revenue excluding FMS fuel and all subcontracted transportation) for the full-year 2014 is forecast to be approximately $5.6 billion, up 6% from $5.3 billion in 2013. ACQUISITIONS We completed the following acquisitions from 2011 to 2012 (there were no acquisitions in 2013), under which we acquired a company’s fleet and contractual customers. The acquisitions operate under Ryder’s name and complement our existing market coverage and service network. The results of these acquisitions have been included in our consolidated results since the dates of acquisition. See Note 3, “Acquisitions,” for further discussion. 24 Company Acquired Date Vehicles Contractual Customers Segment Market Euroway Ltd. August 1, 2012 1,360 60 FMS U.K. Hill Hire plc June 8, 2011 13,700 400 FMS U.K. B.I.T. Leasing April 1, 2011 490 130 FMS California The Scully Companies January 28, 2011 2,100 200 FMS/SCS Western U.S. Carmenita Leasing, Inc. January 10, 2011 190 60 FMS California ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FULL YEAR CONSOLIDATED RESULTS _________________ Revenue and cost of revenue by source Total revenue increased 3% in 2013 to $6.42 billion and increased 3% in 2012 to $6.26 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding FMS fuel and all subcontracted transportation) increased 4% in 2013 to $5.27 billion and increased 5% in 2012 to $5.07 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: See “Full Year Operating Results by Business Segment” for a further discussion of the revenue impact from organic growth and acquisitions. Lease and Rental Lease and rental revenues represent full service lease and commercial rental product offerings within our FMS business segment. Revenues increased 3% in 2013 to $2.77 billion and increased 6% in 2012 to $2.70 billion . In 2013 , the increase was primarily driven by higher prices on full service lease vehicles and, to a lesser extent, higher commercial rental revenue. Commercial rental revenue increased due to an improvement in rental pricing (up 3% in 2013 ) partially offset by lower demand in the U.K. In 2012 , the increase was primarily driven by higher prices on lease and commercial rental vehicles, organic full service lease fleet growth and the impact of the Hill Hire acquisition partially offset by lower commercial rental demand. Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Total revenue $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 3% 3% Operating revenue (1) 5,270,494 5,066,322 4,814,557 4 5 Pre-tax earnings from continuing operations $ 368,895 303,117 279,387 22 8 Earnings from continuing operations 243,196 200,899 171,368 21 17 Net earnings 237,792 209,979 169,777 13 24 Earnings per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 4.63 3.91 3.31 18% 18% Net earnings 4.53 4.09 3.28 11% 25% (1) We use operating revenue, a non-GAAP financial measure, to evaluate the operating performance of our businesses and as a measure of sales activity. FMS fuel services revenue, which is directly impacted by fluctuations in market fuel prices, is excluded from the operating revenue computation as fuel is largely a pass-through to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by rapid changes in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. Subcontracted transportation is deducted from total revenue to arrive at operating revenue as subcontracted transportation is typically a pass-through to our customers. We realize minimal changes in profitability as a result of fluctuations in subcontracted transportation. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue. 2013 2012 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 3% 4% 2% 3% Acquisitions — — 1 2 Total increase 3% 4% 3% 5% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Lease and rental revenues $ 2,770,026 2,695,376 2,553,877 3% 6% Cost of lease and rental 1,915,736 1,890,659 1,746,057 1% 8% Gross margin 854,290 804,717 807,820 6% —% Gross margin % 31% 30% 32% 25 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Cost of lease and rental represents the direct costs related to lease and rental revenues. These costs are comprised of depreciation of revenue earning equipment, maintenance costs (primarily repair parts and labor), and other fixed costs such as licenses, insurance and operating taxes. Cost of lease and rental excludes interest costs from vehicle financing. Cost of lease and rental increased 1% in 2013 to $1.92 billion and increased 8% in 2012 to $1.89 billion . In 2013 , the change was due to increased maintenance costs and depreciation from higher lease vehicle investments, partially offset by lower depreciation of $30 million from changes in the residual value policy and a smaller average rental fleet (down 6% in 2013 ). The increased costs in 2012 were due to the growth in the lease fleet and refreshment of the lease and rental fleets partially offset by lower depreciation of $18 million from changes in the residual value policy. Gross margin increased to $854 million and gross margin as a percentage of revenue increased to 31% in 2013 . The increase was due to higher per-vehicle pricing, benefits from improved vehicle residual values and increased utilization on a smaller average rental fleet. Gross margin declined slightly to $805 million and gross margin as a percentage of revenue declined to 30% in 2012 . The slight decline in 2012 was a result of lower commercial rental performance from lower fleet utilization partially offset by the impact of the Hill Hire acquisition and improved full service lease performance. Services Services revenue represents all the revenues associated with our SCS business segment as well as contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and other services associated with our FMS business segment. Services revenue increased 4% in 2013 to $2.82 billion and increased 4% in 2012 to $2.71 billion . In 2013 , the revenue increase was primarily due to new business and higher volumes in our SCS business segment, especially around dedicated services, and higher contract-related maintenance revenue in our FMS business segment. In 2012 , the revenue increase was primarily driven by increased volumes and new business in our SCS automotive sector and higher fuel costs passed through to our SCS segment customers. Cost of services represents the direct costs related to services revenue and is primarily comprised of salaries and employee-related costs, SCS subcontracted transportation (purchased transportation from third parties) and maintenance costs. Cost of services increased 4% in 2013 to $2.37 billion and increased 4% in 2012 to $2.27 billion . In 2013 and 2012 , the cost increase was due to an increase in revenue. The increase in 2012 also reflects higher medical benefit costs as well as $ 8 million of vehicle-related losses from Superstorm Sandy. Services gross margin increased 5% to $453 million in 2013 and increased 2% to $433 million in 2012 primarily due to higher revenue. Services gross margin as a percentage of revenue remained at 16% in 2013 and 2012 . Fuel Fuel services revenue decreased 3% in 2013 to $830 million and decreased 4% in 2012 to $855 million . In 2013 , the revenue decrease was due to lower fuel prices passed through to customers. In 2012 , the decrease in revenue was due to fewer gallons sold partially offset by higher fuel prices passed through to customers. 26 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Services revenue $ 2,819,673 2,707,013 2,609,174 4% 4% Cost of services 2,366,820 2,274,118 2,186,353 4% 4% Gross margin 452,853 432,895 422,821 5% 2% Gross margin % 16% 16% 16% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Fuel services revenue $ 829,586 854,578 887,483 (3)% (4)% Cost of fuel services 814,058 838,673 873,466 (3)% (4)% Gross margin 15,528 15,905 14,017 (2)% 13% Gross margin % 2% 2% 2% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Cost of fuel services includes the direct costs associated with providing our customers with fuel. These costs include fuel, salaries and employee-related costs of fuel island attendants and depreciation of our fueling facilities and equipment. Cost of fuel decreased 3% in 2013 to $814 million and decreased 4% in 2012 to $839 million . In 2013 , the cost decrease was due to lower fuel prices. In 2012 , the cost decrease was due to fewer gallons sold. Fuel services gross margin decreased 2% in 2013 and increased 13% to $16 million in 2012 . Fuel is largely a pass-through to customers for which we realize minimal changes in margin during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, fuel services margin is impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel is established based on market fuel costs. Fuel services gross margin as a percentage of revenue remained at 2% in 2013 and 2012 . Other operating expenses includes costs related to our owned and leased facilities within the FMS business segment such as depreciation, rent, insurance, utilities and taxes. These facilities are utilized to provide maintenance to our lease, rental, contract maintenance and fleet support services customers. Other operating expenses also include the costs associated with used vehicle sales such as writedowns of used vehicles to fair market value and facilities costs. Other operating expenses increased 1% to $138 million in 2013 due to higher maintenance costs on FMS facilities and higher insurance costs partially offset by lower operating property depreciation. Other operating expenses increased 5% to $136 million in 2012 due to higher writedowns on vehicles held for sale of $10 million . SG&A expenses increased 3% to $791 million in 2013 and decreased 1% to $767 million in 2012 . SG&A expenses as a percent of total revenue remained at 12% in 2013 and decreased to 12% in 2012 . The increase in SG&A expenses in 2013 reflect planned investments in information technology and higher compensation-related expenses. The decrease in SG&A expenses in 2012 reflect lower incentive-based compensation of $31 million partially offset by higher pension expense and commissions from new sales activity as well as an increase in salaries and employee-related costs from organic growth and acquisitions. Pension expense, which primarily impacts SG&A expenses, decreased $1 million in 2013 and increased $15 million in 2012 . The decrease in pension expense in 2013 primarily reflects higher than expected pension asset returns in 2012 as well as contributions, partially offset by a lower discount rate at December 31, 2012 and 2013 and pension settlement charges of $3 million . In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2013 , we determined certain census data used to actuarially determine the value of our pension benefit obligations for the years 1998 to 2012 was inaccurate. We recorded a one-time, non-cash charge of $4 million to adjust our pension benefit obligation. The impact of revising our pension benefit obligation was not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual prior period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2013 results. The increase in pension expense in 2012 primarily reflects lower than expected pension asset returns in 2011 and lower assumed returns in 2012 . Gains on vehicle sales, net increased 8% to $96 million in 2013 due to higher sales volume and higher average proceeds per unit. Increased sales volume in 2013 (up 5% ) reflects higher average used vehicle inventories and improved sales performance. Used vehicle sales inventory dropped 14% to 7,900 at December 31, 2013 . Global average proceeds per unit increased 1% in 2013 reflecting an increase in average truck proceeds per unit partially offset by modestly lower average tractor proceeds per unit. Gains on vehicle sales, net increased 42% to $89 million in 2012 due to higher sales volume and improved pricing. 27 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (In thousands) Other operating expenses $ 137,916 135,904 129,180 1% 5% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) $ 790,681 766,704 771,244 3% (1)% Percentage of total revenue 12% 12% 13% Percentage of operating revenue 15% 15% 16% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (In thousands) Gains on vehicle sales, net $ 96,175 89,108 62,879 8% 42% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Interest expense decreased 2% to $137 million in 2013 and increased 6% to $141 million in 2012 . The decrease in 2013 was due to a lower effective interest rate partially offset by higher average outstanding debt. The lower effective interest rate in 2013 primarily reflects the replacement of higher interest rate debt with debt issuances at lower rates. The increase in average outstanding debt reflects capital spending over the last twelve months. In 2012 , the increase reflects higher average outstanding debt partially offset by a lower effective interest rate. Miscellaneous income, net consists of investment income on securities held to fund certain benefit plans, interest income, gains and losses from sales of property, foreign currency transaction gains, and non-operating items. Miscellaneous income, net improved $4 million in 2013 primarily from higher investment income from securities used to fund certain benefit plans and insurance recoveries, including business interruption claims primarily related to Superstorm Sandy. In addition, miscellaneous income, net increased due to a benefit from the recognition of the accumulated currency translation adjustment in a foreign operation partially offset by lower gains on sales of property. Miscellaneous income, net improved $3 million in 2012 primarily due to insurance-related recoveries and higher income on investment securities. Refer to Note 5, “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of these (recoveries) charges. Our provision for income taxes and effective income tax rates are impacted by such items as enacted tax law changes, settlement of tax audits and the reversal of reserves for uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of statutes of limitation. In the aggregate, these items reduced the effective rate by 1.6% in 2012 and increased the effective rate by 2.6% in 2011 . These items did not have a significant impact on the effective rate in 2013. Excluding these items, our effective tax rate in 2013 and 2012 benefited from lower foreign tax rates. In 2012 , our effective tax rate also benefited from a higher proportionate amount of earnings in lower tax rate jurisdictions. On January 2, 2013, the U.S. enacted the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. This enactment along with the 2010 Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act (collectively, the “Acts”) expanded and extended bonus depreciation to qualified property placed in service during 2010 through 2013. These changes will continue to significantly reduce our U.S. federal tax payments through 2017. Refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of results from discontinued operations. 28 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Interest expense 137,196 140,557 133,164 (2)% 6% Effective interest rate 3.5% 3.8% 4.3% 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Miscellaneous income, net $ 15,372 11,727 9,093 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net $ (470 ) 8,070 3,655 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Provision for income taxes $ 125,699 102,218 108,019 23% (5)% Effective tax rate from continuing operations 34.1 % 33.7 % 38.7 % 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) (Loss) Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax $ (5,404 ) 9,080 (1,591 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FULL YEAR OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT As part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance, we define the primary measurement of our segment financial performance as “Earnings Before Tax” (EBT) from continuing operations, which includes an allocation of Central Support Services (CSS), and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net, as described in Note (5), “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges,” and the items discussed in Note (26), “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment and each operating segment within each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance, corporate services and public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal and corporate communications. Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Certain costs are considered to be overhead not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS. Included within the unallocated overhead remaining within CSS are the costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. See Note 29, “Segment Reporting,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of how the remainder of CSS costs are allocated to the business segments. Our FMS segment leases revenue earning equipment and provides fuel, maintenance and other ancillary services to our SCS segment. Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and SCS and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations”). Refer to Note 29, "Segment Reporting" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 29 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 4,494,686 4,405,325 4,218,330 2 % 4 % Supply Chain Solutions 2,383,063 2,280,586 2,206,038 4 3 Eliminations (458,464 ) (428,944 ) (373,834 ) (7 ) (15 ) Total $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 3 % 3 % Operating Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 3,424,485 3,321,150 3,135,857 3 % 6 % Supply Chain Solutions 2,063,858 1,944,518 1,857,544 6 5 Eliminations (217,849 ) (199,346 ) (178,844 ) (9 ) (11 ) Total $ 5,270,494 5,066,322 4,814,557 4 % 5 % EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 344,049 307,628 265,691 12 % 16 % Supply Chain Solutions 129,959 115,193 104,898 13 10 Eliminations (35,489 ) (29,265 ) (24,212 ) (21 ) (21 ) 438,519 393,556 346,377 11 14 Unallocated Central Support Services (45,493 ) (42,348 ) (42,549 ) (7 ) — Non-operating pension costs (24,285 ) (31,423 ) (18,652 ) 23 (68 ) Restructuring and other recoveries (charges), net and other items 154 (16,668 ) (5,789 ) NM NM Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 368,895 303,117 279,387 22 % 8 % ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a reconciliation of items excluded from our segment EBT measure to their classification within our Consolidated Statements of Earnings: ________________ Fleet Management Solutions ____________________ 30 Description Consolidated Statements of Earnings Line Item 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Severance and employee-related benefit (costs) (1) Restructuring and other charges $ 470 (7,205 ) (3,162 ) Contract termination costs (1) Restructuring and other charges — (865 ) (493 ) Restructuring and other recoveries (charges), net 470 (8,070 ) (3,655 ) Superstorm Sandy recoveries (losses) (2) Cost of services 600 (8,230 ) — Non-operating pension costs SG&A (24,285 ) (31,423 ) (18,652 ) Foreign currency translation benefit (2) Miscellaneous income 1,904 — — Acquisition transaction costs (2) SG&A — (368 ) (2,134 ) Pension settlement charge (3) SG&A (2,820 ) — — $ (24,131 ) (48,091 ) (24,441 ) (1) See Note 5, “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (2) See Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (3) See Note 24, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Full service lease $ 2,177,419 2,102,212 1,996,273 4% 5% Contract maintenance 180,282 187,229 182,282 (4) 3 Contractual revenue 2,357,701 2,289,441 2,178,555 3 5 Commercial rental 789,496 772,799 722,557 2 7 Contract-related maintenance 205,258 186,955 165,621 10 13 Other 72,030 71,955 69,124 — 4 Operating revenue (1) 3,424,485 3,321,150 3,135,857 3 6 Fuel services revenue 1,070,201 1,084,175 1,082,473 (1) — Total revenue $ 4,494,686 4,405,325 4,218,330 2% 4% Segment EBT $ 344,049 307,628 265,691 12% 16% Segment EBT as a % of total revenue 7.7% 7.0% 6.3% 70 bps 70 bps Segment EBT as a % of operating revenue (1) 10.0% 9.3% 8.5% 70 bps 80 bps (1) We use operating revenue and EBT as a percent of operating revenue, non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate the operating performance of our FMS business segment and as a measure of sales activity. Fuel services revenue, which is directly impacted by fluctuations in market fuel prices, is excluded from our operating revenue computation as fuel is largely a pass-through to customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by rapid changes in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Total revenue increased 2% in 2013 to $4.49 billion and increased 4% in 2012 to $4.41 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding fuel) increased 3% in 2013 to $3.42 billion and increased 6% in 2012 to $3.32 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: 2013 versus 2012 Full service lease revenue increased 4% in 2013 primarily reflecting higher prices on new and replacement vehicles. The higher pricing on new and replacement vehicles was driven by higher costs on new engine technology. The average number of full service lease vehicles increased slightly from the prior year. We expect favorable full service lease comparisons to continue next year primarily due to strong sales activity in the second half of 2013 . Commercial rental revenue increased 2% in 2013 reflecting increased global rental pricing (up 3% in 2013 ) and increased demand in the U.S. partially offset by lower demand in the U.K. We expect favorable commercial rental comparisons next year driven by increased global pricing and increased demand. Contract-related maintenance revenue increased 10% in 2013 due primarily to our new on-demand maintenance product initiative and the benefit of a prior year acquisition. Contract maintenance revenue decreased 4% in 2013 due to a higher proportion of trailer maintenance contract sales. Fuel services revenue declined 1% in 2013 due to lower prices passed through to customers. FMS EBT increased 12% in 2013 to $344 million primarily due to improved full service lease performance and the benefit of $30 million of lower depreciation due to residual value policy changes implemented January 1, 2013 . Full service lease comparisons also benefited from maintenance cost savings due to a younger fleet. Commercial rental performance improved 6% in 2013 from the prior year reflecting higher pricing and increased fleet utilization partially offset by lower performance in the U.K. Rental power fleet utilization was 78.3% in 2013 , up from 74.9% in 2012 . Used vehicle sales results also improved due to stronger volumes partially offset by lower proceeds per unit. 2012 versus 2011 Full service lease revenue increased 5% in 2012 reflecting higher prices on replacement vehicles and organic fleet growth as well as the impact of the Hill Hire acquisition. The higher pricing on new and replacement vehicles was driven by higher costs on new engine technology. Commercial rental revenue increased 7% in 2012 reflecting higher pricing (up 4% in 2012 ) as well as the impact of the Hill Hire acquisition. Fuel services revenue was $1.08 billion in 2012 , unchanged from prior year, as higher fuel prices passed through to customers were offset by fewer gallons sold. FMS EBT increased 16% in 2012 to $308 million primarily due to lower compensation-related expenses, organic growth of the lease fleet and the impact of the Hill Hire acquisition. Year over year comparisons also benefited from improved used vehicle sales results. The increase in EBT was partially offset by lower commercial rental results. Acquisitions increased FMS EBT by 5% . Used vehicle sales results improved primarily due to stronger volumes on 8% higher pricing, partially offset by increased carrying costs on a larger inventory. Although pricing increased, commercial rental performance decreased 3% as a result of lower utilization on a 10% larger average fleet (including trailers). FMS EBT in 2012 includes a benefit of $18 million resulting from residual value changes on revenue earning equipment. 31 2013 2012 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 2% 3% 2% 4% Acquisitions — — 2 2 Total increase 2% 3% 4% 6% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides commercial rental statistics on our global fleet: ______________ 32 Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Rental revenue from non-lease customers $ 463,890 442,520 434,043 5% 2% Rental revenue from lease customers (1) $ 325,606 330,279 288,514 (1)% 14% Average commercial rental power fleet size – in service (2), (3) 28,900 30,200 28,500 (4)% 6% Commercial rental utilization – power fleet 78.3% 74.9% 77.6% 340 bps (270) bps (1) Represents revenue from rental vehicles provided to our existing full service lease customers, generally during peak periods in their operations. (2) Number of units rounded to nearest hundred and calculated using average counts. (3) Fleet size excluding trailers. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) __________________ 33 Our global fleet of owned and leased revenue earning equipment and contract maintenance vehicles is summarized as follows (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred): Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 End of period vehicle count By type: Trucks (1) 68,700 68,800 68,400 —% 1% Tractors (2) 60,200 58,800 55,700 2 6 Trailers (3), (4) 41,700 42,700 43,300 (2) (1) Other 1,500 2,200 2,500 (32) (12) Total 172,100 172,500 169,900 —% 2% By ownership: Owned 169,000 168,000 166,500 1% 1% Leased 3,100 4,500 3,400 (31) 32 Total 172,100 172,500 169,900 —% 2% By product line: (4) Full service lease 122,900 122,400 121,000 —% 1% Commercial rental 38,200 38,000 39,600 1 (4) Service vehicles and other 3,100 2,900 3,000 7 (3) Active units 164,200 163,300 163,600 1 — Held for sale 7,900 9,200 6,300 (14) 46 Total 172,100 172,500 169,900 — 2 Customer vehicles under contract maintenance 37,400 37,800 35,300 (1) 7 Total vehicles under service 209,500 210,300 205,200 —% 2% Average vehicle count By product line: Full service lease 121,400 121,900 116,200 —% 5% Commercial rental 37,700 40,100 36,600 (6) 10 Service vehicles and other 3,000 2,900 2,900 3 — Active units 162,100 164,900 155,700 (2) 6 Held for sale 9,100 8,800 5,200 3 69 Total 171,200 173,700 160,900 (1) 8 Customer vehicles under contract maintenance 37,700 36,500 34,100 3% 7% (1) Generally comprised of Class 1 through Class 6 type vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) up to 26,000 pounds. (2) Generally comprised of over the road on highway tractors and are primarily comprised of Classes 7 and 8 type vehicles with a GVW of over 26,000 pounds. (3) Generally comprised of dry, flatbed and refrigerated type trailers. (4) Includes 7,700 trailers ( 5,000 full service lease and 2,700 commercial rental), 9,400 trailers ( 6,200 full service lease and 3,200 commercial rental) and 10,000 trailers ( 6,600 full service lease and 3,400 commercial rental) as of December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively, primarily acquired as part of the Hill Hire acquisition. Note: Average vehicle counts were computed using 24-point average based on monthly information. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The totals in the previous table include the following non-revenue earning equipment for the global fleet (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred): NYE units represent new vehicles on hand that are being prepared for deployment to a lease customer or into the rental fleet. Preparations include activities such as adding lift gates, paint, decals, cargo area and refrigeration equipment. For 2013 , the number of NYE units increased compared with prior year reflecting the timing of lease replacements and new sales activity. NLE units represent all vehicles held for sale and vehicles for which no revenue has been earned in the previous 30 days. Accordingly, these vehicles may be temporarily out of service, being prepared for sale or awaiting redeployment. For 2013 , the number of NLE units decreased reflecting lower used vehicle inventories and increased commercial rental demand in North America. We expect NLE units to remain at similar levels in 2014 . Supply Chain Solutions __________________ Total revenue increased 4% in 2013 to $2.38 billion and increased 3% in 2012 to $2.28 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding subcontracted transportation) increased 6% in 2013 to $2.06 billion and increased 5% in 2012 to $1.94 billion . 34 Change Number of Units 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 Not yet earning revenue (NYE) 2,800 2,200 2,600 27% (15)% No longer earning revenue (NLE): Units held for sale 7,900 9,200 6,300 (14) 46 Other NLE units 2,800 2,800 2,600 — 8 Total 13,500 14,200 11,500 (5)% 23% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (Dollars in thousands) Operating revenue: Automotive $ 573,367 563,493 469,245 2% 20% High-tech 332,570 317,480 333,603 5 (5) Retail and CPG 737,101 711,189 711,037 4 — Industrial and other 420,820 352,356 343,659 19 3 Total operating revenue (1) 2,063,858 1,944,518 1,857,544 6 5 Subcontracted transportation 319,205 336,068 348,494 (5) (4) Total revenue $ 2,383,063 2,280,586 2,206,038 4% 3% Segment EBT $ 129,959 115,193 104,898 13% 10% Segment EBT as a % of total revenue 5.5% 5.1% 4.8% 40 bps 30 bps Segment EBT as a % of operating revenue (1) 6.3% 5.9% 5.6% 40 bps 30 bps Memo: Dedicated services total revenue $ 1,350,448 1,295,094 1,192,967 4% 9% Dedicated services operating revenue (1) (2) $ 1,211,959 1,137,379 1,027,192 7% 11% Average fleet 12,000 11,500 11,100 4% 4% Fuel costs (3) $ 269,258 258,881 223,664 4% 16% (1) We use operating revenue and EBT as a percent of operating revenue, non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate the operating performance of our SCS business segment and as a measure of sales activity and profitability. In SCS transportation management arrangements, we may act as a principal or as an agent in purchasing transportation on behalf of our customer. We record revenue on a gross basis when acting as principal and we record revenue on a net basis when acting as an agent. As a result, total revenue may fluctuate depending on our role in subcontracted transportation arrangements yet our profitability remains unchanged as we typically realize minimal profitability from subcontracting transportation. We deduct subcontracted transportation expense from SCS total revenue to arrive at SCS operating revenue, and from dedicated services total revenue to arrive at dedicated services operating revenue. (2) Dedicated services operating revenue excludes dedicated subcontracted transportation as follows: $138 million , $158 million and $166 million for 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. (3) Fuel costs are largely a pass-through to customers and therefore have a direct impact on revenue. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: We expect favorable revenue comparisons to continue next year primarily due to actual and planned new sales activity and higher volumes. 2013 versus 2012 SCS EBT increased 13% in 2013 to $130 million due to new business and increased sales volume. The earnings improvement also reflects unusually high medical benefit costs in the prior year and favorable insurance developments in the current year. 2012 versus 2011 SCS EBT increased 10% in 2012 to $115 million due to stronger earnings in the automotive sector and lower compensation-related expenses partially offset by higher medical benefit costs and lower results in the consumer packaged goods and high tech sectors. Central Support Services 2013 versus 2012 Total CSS costs increased 8% in 2013 to $210 million due to planned higher investments in information technology initiatives and higher compensation-related expenses as a result of improved company performance. Unallocated CSS costs increased in 2013 to $45 million due to higher compensation-related expenses. 2012 versus 2011 Total CSS costs decreased 4% in 2012 to $194 million due to lower compensation-related expenses. Unallocated CSS costs decreased slightly in 2012 to $42 million due to lower compensation-related expenses offset by higher professional fees and medical benefits. 35 2013 2012 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 4% 5% 1% 3% Fuel cost pass-throughs — 1 2 2 Total increase 4% 6% 3% 5% Change 2013 2012 2011 2013/2012 2012/2011 (In thousands) Human resources $ 18,868 19,259 19,416 (2)% (1)% Finance 49,702 51,262 49,771 (3) 3 Corporate services and public affairs 14,896 14,132 12,964 5 9 Information technology 68,416 60,093 61,591 14 (2) Health and safety 8,077 7,887 7,540 2 5 Other 50,303 41,369 51,378 22 (19) Total CSS 210,262 194,002 202,660 8 (4) Allocation of CSS to business segments (164,769 ) (151,654 ) (160,111 ) 9 (5) Unallocated CSS $ 45,493 42,348 42,549 7% —% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FOURTH QUARTER CONSOLIDATED RESULTS Revenue Total revenue increased 2% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $1.62 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding FMS fuel and all subcontracted transportation) increased 4% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $1.34 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: EBT EBT increased 19% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $98 million . The increase in EBT was primarily driven by strong performance in both the FMS and SCS business segments. See “Fourth Quarter Operating Results by Business Segment” for further discussion of operating results. Earnings and Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) from Continuing Operations Earnings from continuing operations increased 20% to $66 million and EPS from continuing operations increased 16% to $1.24 per diluted common share in the fourth quarter of 2013 . Earnings and EPS from continuing operations in the fourth quarter of 2013 included $5 million , or $0.10 per diluted common share, of non-operating pension costs. Earnings and EPS from continuing operations in the fourth quarter of 2012 included $5 million , or $0.10 per diluted common share, of Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related losses. Excluding these items and other nominal restructuring and other items, comparable earnings and EPS from continuing operations increased 11% to $72 million and 7% to $1.35 per diluted common share, respectively. We believe that comparable EBT, comparable earnings from continuing operations and comparable EPS from continuing operations measures provide useful information to investors because they exclude non-operating pension costs, which we consider to be those impacted by financial market performance and outside the operational performance of the business, and other significant items that are unrelated to our ongoing business operations. See Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for information regarding items excluded from the 2013 results. Net Earnings and EPS Net earnings increased 20% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $65 million or $1.22 per diluted common share. Net earnings in the fourth quarter were impacted by losses from discontinued operations of $1 million in both 2013 and 2012 . The losses from discontinued operations were due to adverse legal developments and professional and administrative fees associated with our discontinued South American operations. 36 Three months ended December 31, Change 2013 2012 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Total revenue $ 1,617,729 1,583,536 2% Operating revenue 1,344,709 1,287,571 4 Pre-tax earnings from continuing operations $ 97,627 81,840 19% Pre-tax comparable earnings 107,969 97,917 10 Earnings from continuing operations 65,944 54,945 20 Net earnings 64,607 53,844 20 Earnings per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 1.24 1.07 16% Comparable earnings $ 1.35 1.26 7 Net earnings $ 1.22 1.05 16 Three months ended December 31, 2013 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 3% 4% Fuel (1) — Total increase 2% 4% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FOURTH QUARTER OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT Fleet Management Solutions Total revenue increased 2% to $1.14 billion in the fourth quarter of 2013 . Operating revenue (revenue excluding fuel) increased 3% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $876 million . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year. Fuel services revenue decreased 3% in the fourth quarter of 2013 due to lower fuel prices passed through to customers. Full service lease revenue increased 3% in the fourth quarter of 2013 primarily reflecting higher prices on replacement vehicles. The higher pricing on replacement vehicles was driven by increased costs on new engine technology. The quarter-end lease fleet grew by 2,100 vehicles sequentially versus last quarter, reflecting stronger than expected sales activity. Commercial rental revenue increased 6% in the fourth quarter of 2013 reflecting increased global rental pricing and increased demand. FMS EBT increased 14% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $98 million primarily due to improved used vehicle sales results, strong commercial rental performance and better full service lease results partially offset by higher compensation-related expenses. Used vehicle sales results improved due to higher sales volumes and increased pricing. The improvement in commercial rental was driven by higher pricing and increased demand in the U.S. Rental power fleet utilization increased to 78.9% for the fourth quarter of 2013 from 78.2% in the year-earlier period. Full service lease results improved primarily due to lower depreciation from changes in the residual value policy, as well as higher prices on lease vehicles. Three months ended December 31, Change 2013 2012 2013/2012 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 1,135,479 1,117,679 2% Supply Chain Solutions 598,657 575,254 4 Eliminations (116,407 ) (109,397 ) (6) Total $ 1,617,729 1,583,536 2% Operating Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 875,722 849,457 3% Supply Chain Solutions 525,881 489,113 8 Eliminations (56,894 ) (50,999 ) (12) Total $ 1,344,709 1,287,571 4% EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 98,209 86,044 14% Supply Chain Solutions 32,948 31,010 6 Eliminations (9,707 ) (8,637 ) (12) 121,450 108,417 12 Unallocated Central Support Services (13,481 ) (10,500 ) (28) Non-operating pension costs (8,952 ) (7,858 ) (14) Restructuring and other charges, net and other items (1,390 ) (8,219 ) NM Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 97,627 81,840 19% Three months ended December 31, 2013 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 3% 3% FMS fuel (1) — Total increase 2% 3% 37 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Supply Chain Solutions Total revenue increased 4% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $599 million . Operating revenue (revenue excluding subcontracted transportation) increased 8% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $526 million . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: SCS EBT increased 6% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $33 million due to new business and increased sales volume. The earnings improvement was partially offset by $1 million in costs incurred for legal claims. Central Support Services Total CSS costs increased 14% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $56 million primarily due to planned investments in information technology initiatives. Unallocated CSS costs increased 28% in the fourth quarter of 2013 to $13 million primarily due to higher compensation-related expenses and increased spending on public affairs. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY Cash Flows The following is a summary of our cash flows from operating, financing and investing activities from continuing operations: Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.22 billion in 2013 compared with $1.13 billion in 2012 reflecting reduced working capital needs and higher earnings. The reduced working capital needs were primarily driven by lower payments to vendors within trade accounts payable. Cash provided by financing activities increased to $394 million in 2013 from $334 million in 2012 as a result of higher stock issuances. Cash used in investing activities increased to $1.62 billion in 2013 compared with $1.50 billion in 2012 primarily due to proceeds from a sale-leaseback transaction completed in 2012. Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.13 billion in 2012 compared with $1.04 billion in 2011 because of higher earnings. Cash provided by financing activities decreased to $334 million in 2012 from $504 million in 2011 due to lower borrowing needs to fund acquisitions and capital spending. Cash used in investing activities decreased to $1.50 billion in 2012 compared with $1.66 billion in 2011 primarily due to lower acquisition-related spending partially offset by higher vehicle capital spending. Our principal sources of operating liquidity are cash from operations and proceeds from the sale of revenue earning equipment. We refer to the sum of operating cash flows, proceeds from the sales of revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment, collections on Three months ended December 31, 2013 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 6% 8% Subcontracted transportation (1) — Foreign exchange (1) — Total increase 4% 8% 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 1,223,082 1,134,124 1,041,956 Financing activities 393,635 333,805 504,202 Investing activities (1,621,654 ) (1,504,273 ) (1,657,172 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 5,558 1,344 3,219 Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ 621 (35,000 ) (107,795 ) direct finance leases, sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment and other cash inflows as “total cash generated.” We refer to the net amount of cash generated from operating and investing activities (excluding changes in restricted cash and acquisitions) as “free cash flow.” Although total cash generated and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures, we consider them to be important measures of comparative operating performance. We also believe total cash generated to be an important measure of total cash inflows generated from our ongoing business activities. We believe free cash flow provides investors with an important perspective on the cash available for debt service, acquisitions and for shareholders after making capital investments required to support ongoing business operations. Our calculation of free cash flow may be different from the calculation used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. The following table shows the sources of our free cash flow computation: Free cash flow decreased slightly to negative $386 million in 2013 compared with negative $384 million in 2012 as the impacts of higher cash flows from operations in 2013 were offset by proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction completed in 2012. Free cash flow decreased to negative $384 million in 2012 compared with negative $257 million in 2011 primarily due to higher vehicle capital spending partially offset by higher proceeds from sale (and lease-back) of revenue earning equipment. We expect free cash flow in 2014 to improve to negative $300 million . Capital expenditures are generally used to purchase revenue earning equipment (trucks, tractors and trailers) within our FMS segment. These expenditures primarily support the full service lease and the commercial rental product lines. The level of capital required to support the full service lease product line varies directly with the customer contract signings for replacement vehicles and growth. These contracts are long-term agreements that result in predictable cash flows typically over a three to seven year term for trucks and tractors and ten years for trailers. The commercial rental product line utilizes capital for the purchase of vehicles to replenish and expand the fleet available for shorter-term use by contractual or occasional customers. Operating property and equipment expenditures primarily relate to FMS and SCS spending on items such as vehicle maintenance facilities and equipment, computer and telecommunications equipment, investments in technologies, and warehouse facilities and equipment. 38 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,223,082 1,134,124 1,041,956 Sales of revenue earning equipment 445,589 405,440 290,336 Sales of operating property and equipment 6,782 7,350 9,905 Collections on direct finance leases 70,677 71,897 62,224 Sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment — 130,184 37,395 Insurance recoveries 8,173 — — Total cash generated 1,754,303 1,748,995 1,441,816 Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (2,140,464 ) (2,133,235 ) (1,698,589 ) Free cash flow $ (386,161 ) (384,240 ) (256,773 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following is a summary of capital expenditures: _____________ Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 1% to $2.18 billion in 2013 reflecting investments to fulfill contractual sales made to customers renewing and growing their full service lease fleets with us. Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 23% to $2.16 billion in 2012 reflecting higher lease spending partially offset by lower commercial rental spending. We expect capital expenditures to remain at $2.2 billion in 2014 , reflecting a reduction in full service lease spending offset by increased investments in the commercial rental fleet. We expect to fund 2014 capital expenditures with both internally generated funds and additional debt financing. Working Capital Our net working capital (current assets less current liabilities) was negative $169 million at December 31, 2013 compared with negative $232 million at December 31, 2012 . The improvement in net working capital was primarily due to higher days payable outstanding. Our global revolving credit facility is used primarily to finance working capital needs. See "Financing and Other Funding Transactions" for further discussion on the adequacy of our funding sources to meet our operating, investing and financing needs. Financing and Other Funding Transactions We utilize external capital primarily to support working capital needs and growth in our asset-based product lines. The variety of financing alternatives typically available to fund our capital needs include commercial paper, long-term and medium-term public and private debt, asset-backed securities, bank term loans, leasing arrangements and bank credit facilities. Our principal sources of financing are issuances of commercial paper and medium-term notes. Our ability to access unsecured debt in the capital markets is linked to both our short-term and long-term debt ratings. These ratings are intended to provide guidance to fixed income investors in determining the credit risk associated with particular Ryder securities based on current information obtained by the rating agencies from us or from other sources. Lower ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs as well as reduced access to unsecured capital markets. A downgrade of our short-term debt ratings to a lower tier would impair our ability to issue commercial paper. As a result, we would have to rely on alternative funding sources. A downgrade of our debt ratings would not affect our ability to borrow amounts under our revolving credit facility described below, assuming ongoing compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit facility. 39 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Revenue earning equipment: Full service lease $ 1,823,320 1,548,318 1,067,025 Commercial rental 275,023 542,301 622,181 2,098,343 2,090,619 1,689,206 Operating property and equipment 85,866 70,144 70,673 Total capital expenditures (1) 2,184,209 2,160,763 1,759,879 Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment (43,745 ) (27,528 ) (61,290 ) Cash paid for purchases of property and revenue earning equipment $ 2,140,464 2,133,235 1,698,589 (1) Non-cash additions exclude approximately $6 million , $1 million and $2 million in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively, in assets held under capital leases resulting from the extension of existing operating leases and other additions. Capital expenditures also exclude non-cash additions of approximately $20 million in 2012 and $37 million in 2011 in assets held under capital leases resulting from the Euroway acquisition in 2012 and a sale-leaseback transaction in 2011. 2013 2012 (In thousands) Current assets $ 1,062,493 $ 1,040,237 Current liabilities 1,231,139 1,272,665 Working capital $ (168,646 ) $ (232,428 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Our debt ratings and rating outlooks at December 31, 2013 were as follows: Cash and equivalents totaled $62 million as of December 31, 2013, which is available to meet our needs. Approximately $20 million was held outside the U.S. as of December 31, 2013 and is available to fund operations and other growth of non-U.S. subsidiaries. Should Ryder determine to repatriate cash and equivalents held outside the U.S., we may be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes. However, our intent is to permanently reinvest these foreign amounts outside the U.S. and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate these foreign amounts to fund our U.S. operations. We believe that our operating cash flows, together with our access to commercial paper markets and other available debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurance that unanticipated volatility and disruption in commercial paper markets would not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. If we cease to have access to commercial paper and other sources of unsecured borrowings, we would meet our liquidity needs by drawing upon contractually committed lending agreements as described below and/or by seeking other funding sources. At December 31, 2013 , we had the following amounts available to fund operations under the following facilities: We maintain a $900 million global revolving credit facility with a syndicate of twelve lending institutions led by Bank of America N.A., Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., BNP Paribas, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., Royal Bank of Canada, Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. On October 18, 2013, the maturity date of the global revolving credit facility was extended from June 2016 to October 2018. The global facility is used primarily to finance working capital. In order to maintain availability of funding, we must maintain a ratio of debt to consolidated net worth, of less than or equal to 300% . Net worth, as defined in the credit facility, represents shareholders' equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss associated with our pension and other postretirement plans. The ratio at December 31, 2013 was 177% . We also have a $175 million trade receivables purchase and sale program, pursuant to which we ultimately sell certain ownership interests in certain of our domestic trade accounts receivable to a receivables conduit or committed purchasers. We use this program to provide additional liquidity to fund our operations, particularly when it is cost effective to do so. The program contains provisions restricting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to our business operations or the collectibility of the collateralized receivables. If no event occurs which causes early termination, the 364-day program will expire on October 24, 2014. On February 6, 2013, Ryder filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC. The registration is for an indeterminate number of securities and is effective for three years. Under this universal shelf registration statement, we have the capacity to offer and sell from time to time various types of securities, including common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, subject to market demand and ratings status. Refer to Note 16, “Debt,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion around the global revolving credit facility, the trade receivables program, the issuance of medium-term notes under this shelf registration statement and debt maturities. 40 Short-term Long-term Rating Outlook Rating Outlook Moody’s Investors Service P2 Stable Baa1 Stable Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services A2 Stable BBB Stable Fitch Ratings F2 Stable A- Stable (In millions) Global revolving credit facility $402 Trade receivables program 175 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table shows the movements in our debt balance: In accordance with our funding philosophy, we attempt to match the aggregate average remaining re-pricing life of our debt with the aggregate average remaining re-pricing life of our assets. We utilize both fixed-rate and variable-rate debt to achieve this match and generally target a mix of 25% - 45% variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt outstanding. The variable-rate portion of our total obligations (including notional value of swap agreements) was 27% and 33% at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Ryder’s leverage ratios and a reconciliation of on-balance sheet debt to total obligations were as follows: _____________ On-balance sheet debt to equity consists of balance sheet debt divided by total equity. Total obligations to equity represents balance sheet debt plus the present value of minimum lease payments and guaranteed residual values under operating leases for vehicles, discounted based on our incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, all divided by total equity. Although total obligations is a non-GAAP financial measure, we believe that total obligations is useful as it provides a more complete analysis of our existing financial obligations and helps better assess our overall leverage position. The decrease in our leverage ratios in 2013 was due to an increase in our equity from net earnings and pension actuarial gains partially offset by increased obligations to fund capital expenditures. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Sale and leaseback transactions. Refer to Note 15, “Leases,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our sale-leaseback transactions. Guarantees. Refer to Note 19, “Guarantees,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our agreements involving guarantees. 41 2013 2012 (In thousands) Debt balance at January 1 $ 3,820,796 3,382,145 Cash-related changes in debt: Net change in commercial paper borrowings 146,382 (64,751 ) Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes 549,036 698,635 Proceeds from issuance of other debt instruments 7,953 47,142 Retirement of medium-term notes and debentures (250,000 ) (214,000 ) Other debt repaid, including capital lease obligations (82,624 ) (69,937 ) 370,747 397,089 Non-cash changes in debt: Fair market value of debt and capital leases assumed on acquisition — 20,308 Fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging (8,554 ) (5,118 ) Addition of capital lease obligations 5,698 740 Changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other non-cash items 738 25,632 Total changes in debt 368,629 438,651 Debt balance at December 31 $ 4,189,425 3,820,796 2013 % of Equity 2012 % of Equity (Dollars in thousands) On-balance sheet debt $ 4,189,425 221% $ 3,820,796 260% Off-balance sheet debt — PV of minimum lease payments and guaranteed residual values under operating leases for vehicles (1) 94,519 147,987 Total obligations $ 4,283,944 226% $ 3,968,783 270% (1) Present value (PV) does not reflect payments we would be required to make if we terminated the related leases prior to the scheduled expiration dates. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Contractual Obligations and Commitments As part of our ongoing operations, we enter into arrangements that obligate us to make future payments under contracts such as debt agreements, lease agreements and unconditional purchase obligations. The following table summarizes our expected future contractual cash obligations and commitments at December 31, 2013 : ____________ 42 2014 2015-2016 2017-2018 Thereafter Total (In thousands) Debt $ 251,315 1,585,299 1,889,919 415,810 4,142,343 Capital lease obligations 8,123 13,051 12,763 4,974 38,911 Total debt, including capital leases (1) 259,438 1,598,350 1,902,682 420,784 4,181,254 Interest on debt (2) 123,502 181,904 66,710 76,300 448,416 Operating leases (3) 83,844 107,317 54,008 33,473 278,642 Purchase obligations (4) 464,308 27,756 5,703 521 498,288 Total contractual cash obligations 671,654 316,977 126,421 110,294 1,225,346 Insurance obligations (primarily self-insurance) 125,835 104,655 41,967 40,078 312,535 Other long-term liabilities (5), (6), (7) 4,163 4,227 3,909 50,657 62,956 Total $ 1,061,090 2,024,209 2,074,979 621,813 5,782,091 (1) Net of unamortized discount and excludes the fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging. (2) Total debt matures at various dates through fiscal year 2025 and bears interest principally at fixed rates. Interest on variable-rate debt is calculated based on the applicable rate at December 31, 2013 . Amounts are based on existing debt obligations, including capital leases, and do not consider potential refinancing of expiring debt obligations. (3) Represents future lease payments associated with vehicles, equipment and properties under operating leases. Amounts are based upon the general assumption that the leased asset will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. No effect has been given to renewals, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes. (4) The majority of our purchase obligations are pay-as-you-go transactions made in the ordinary course of business. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods or services that are legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. The most significant item included in the above table are purchase obligations related to vehicles. Purchase orders made in the ordinary course of business that are cancelable are excluded from the above table. Any amounts for which we are liable under purchase orders for goods received are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Accounts payable” and “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and are excluded from the above table. (5) Represents other long-term liability amounts reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets that have known payment streams. The most significant items included were asset retirement obligations and deferred compensation obligations. (6) The amounts exclude our estimated pension contributions. For 2014 , our pension contributions, including our minimum funding requirements as set forth by ERISA and international regulatory bodies, are expected to be $75 million . Our minimum funding requirements after 2014 are dependent on several factors. However, we estimate that the undiscounted required global contributions over the next five years are approximately $473 million (pre-tax) (assuming expected long-term rate of return realized and other assumptions remain unchanged). We also have payments due under our other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans. These plans are not required to be funded in advance, but are pay-as-you-go. See Note 24,“Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. (7) The amounts exclude $63 million of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions as we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate amount or timing of settlement. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Pension Information In past years, we made amendments to defined benefit retirement plans which froze the retirement benefits for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom. As a result of these amendments, non-grandfathered plan participants ceased accruing benefits under the plan as of the respective amendment effective date and began receiving an enhanced benefit under a defined contribution plan. All retirement benefits earned as of the amendment effective date were fully preserved and will be paid in accordance with the plan and legal requirements. There was no material impact to our financial condition and operating results from the plan amendments. Due to the underfunded status of our defined benefit plans, we had an accumulated net pension equity charge (after-tax) of $474 million and $645 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. The lower equity charge in 2013 reflects the impact of a higher discount rate and higher than expected asset returns. The total asset return for our U.S. qualified pension plan (our primary plan) was 13% in 2013 . The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon many factors, including returns on invested assets and the level of certain market interest rates. We review pension assumptions regularly and we may from time to time make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amounts required by statute. During 2013 , total global pension contributions were $96 million compared with $81 million in 2012 . We estimate 2014 required pension contributions will be $75 million . The projected present value of estimated global pension contributions that would be required over the next 5 years totals approximately $436 million (pre-tax). Changes in interest rates and the market value of the securities held by the plans could materially change, positively or negatively, the funded status of the plans and affect the level of pension expense and required contributions in future years. The ultimate amount of contributions is also dependent upon the requirements of applicable laws and regulations. See Note 24, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Pension expense totaled $48 million in 2013 compared to $49 million in 2012 . The decrease in pension expense primarily reflects higher than expected pension asset returns in 2012 as well as contributions. The decrease was partially offset by a lower discount rate in 2013 compared to 2012 and 2013 pension settlement charges of $3 million . Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2013 , we determined certain census data used to actuarially determine the value of our pension benefit obligations for the years 1998 to 2012 was inaccurate. We recorded a one-time, non-cash charge of $4 million to adjust our pension benefit obligation. We recorded the cumulative adjustment within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings as the impact of revising our pension benefit obligation was not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual prior period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2013 results. We expect 2014 pension expense to decrease approximately $16 million primarily because of a higher than expected actual return on plan assets in 2013 , as well as the 2013 non-recurring pension settlement charges and the one-time pension benefit obligation adjustment. Our 2014 pension expense estimates are subject to change based upon the completion of the actuarial analysis for all pension plans. See the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates — Pension Plans” for further discussion on pension accounting estimates. We participate in ten U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. At December 31, 2013 , approximately 1,000 employees (approximately 4% of total employees) participated in these MEP plans. The annual net pension cost of the MEP plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Our current annualized MEP plan contributions total approximately $8 million . Pursuant to current U.S. pension laws, if any MEP plans fail to meet certain minimum funding thresholds, we could be required to make additional MEP plan contributions, until the respective labor agreement expires, of up to 10% of current contractual requirements. Several factors could cause MEP plans not to meet these minimum funding thresholds, including unfavorable investment performance, changes in participant demographics, and increased benefits to participants. The plan administrators and trustees of the MEP plans provide us with the annual funding notice as required by law. This notice sets forth the funded status of the plan as of the beginning of the prior year but does not provide any company-specific information. Employers participating in MEP plans can elect to withdraw from the plans, contingent upon certain requirements, and be subject to a withdrawal obligation based on, among other factors, the MEP plan’s unfunded vested benefits. U.S. pension regulations provide that an employer can fund its withdrawal obligation in a lump sum or over a time period of up to 20 years based on previous contribution rates. Based on the most recently available plan information, obtained in 2013 , we estimate our pre-tax contingent MEP plan withdrawal obligation to be approximately $36 million . During 2013, we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $3 million for the exit from a U.S. multi-employer pension plan and a restructured agreement with another U.S. multi-employer pension plan. These charges were recorded within "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and are included in the Union-administered plans expense. See Note 24, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 43 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Share Repurchase Programs and Cash Dividends Refer to Note 20, “Share Repurchase Programs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on our share repurchase programs. Cash dividend payments to shareholders of common stock were $68 million in 2013 , $61 million in 2012 , and $58 million in 2011 . During 2013 , we increased our annual dividend 10% to $1.36 per share of common stock. Market Risk In the normal course of business, we are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and fuel prices. We manage these exposures in several ways, including, in certain circumstances, the use of a variety of derivative financial instruments when deemed prudent. We do not enter into leveraged derivative financial transactions or use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates exists for our debt obligations. Our interest rate risk management program objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in short-term market interest rates would change annual pre-tax earnings by $10 million . We manage our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through the proportion of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt we hold in the total debt portfolio. From time to time, we also use interest rate swap and cap agreements to manage our fixed-rate and variable-rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. See Note 18, “Derivatives,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on interest rate swap agreements. At December 31, 2013 , we had $3.01 billion of fixed-rate debt outstanding (excluding capital leases) with a weighted-average interest rate of 4.0% and a fair value of $3.13 billion . A hypothetical 10% decrease or increase in the December 31, 2013 market interest rates would impact the fair value of our fixed-rate debt by approximately $27 million at December 31, 2013 . Changes in the relative sensitivity of the fair value of our financial instrument portfolio for these theoretical changes in the level of interest rates are primarily driven by changes in our debt maturities, interest rate profile and amount. At December 31, 2013 , we had $1.14 billion of variable-rate debt, including the impact of interest rate swaps, which effectively changed $400 million of fixed-rate debt instruments to LIBOR-based floating-rate debt. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps were offset by changes in the fair value of the debt instruments and no net gain or loss was recognized in earnings. The fair value of our interest rate swap agreements at December 31, 2013 was recorded as a net asset totaling $8 million . The fair value of our variable-rate debt at December 31, 2013 was $1.15 billion . A hypothetical 10% increase in market interest rates would have impacted 2013 pre-tax earnings from continuing operations by approximately $1 million . We are also subject to interest rate risk with respect to our pension and postretirement benefit obligations, as changes in interest rates will effectively increase or decrease our liabilities associated with these benefit plans, which also results in changes to the amount of pension and postretirement benefit expense recognized each period. Exposure to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies and to the carrying value of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. The majority of our transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars. The principal foreign currency exchange rate risks to which we are exposed include the Canadian dollar, British pound sterling and Mexican peso. We manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies by naturally offsetting assets and liabilities not denominated in local currencies to the extent possible. A hypothetical uniform 10% strengthening in the value of the dollar relative to all the currencies in which our transactions are denominated would result in a decrease to pre-tax earnings from continuing operations of approximately $8 million . We also use foreign currency option contracts and forward agreements from time to time to hedge foreign currency transactional exposure. We generally do not hedge the translation exposure related to our net investment in foreign subsidiaries, since we have no near-term intent to repatriate funds from such subsidiaries. Exposure to market risk for fluctuations in fuel prices relates to a small portion of our service contracts for which the cost of fuel is integral to service delivery and the service contract does not have a mechanism to adjust for increases in fuel prices. At December 31, 2013 , we also had various fuel purchase arrangements in place to ensure delivery of fuel at market rates in the event of fuel shortages. We are exposed to fluctuations in fuel prices in these arrangements since none of the arrangements fix the price of fuel to be purchased. Increases and decreases in the price of fuel are generally passed on to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. We believe the exposure to fuel price fluctuations would not materially impact our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. 44 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS Refer to Note 25, “Environmental Matters,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion surrounding environmental matters. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions. Our significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain of these policies require the application of subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, changes in the business environment and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Different estimates that could have been applied in the current period or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely can result in a material impact on our financial condition and operating results in the current and future periods. We review the development, selection and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates with Ryder’s Audit Committee on an annual basis. The following discussion, which should be read in conjunction with the descriptions in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, is furnished for additional insight into certain accounting estimates that we consider to be critical. Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees. We periodically review and adjust the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment of our FMS business segment as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation” and “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Residual Value Guarantees and Deferred Gains,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Reductions in residual values (i.e., the price at which we ultimately expect to dispose of revenue earning equipment) or useful lives will result in an increase in depreciation expense over the life of the equipment. Based on the mix of revenue earning equipment at December 31, 2013 , a 10% decrease in expected vehicle residual values would increase depreciation expense in 2014 by approximately $116 million . We review residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary for specific groups of our revenue earning equipment. Reviews are performed based on vehicle class, generally subcategories of trucks, tractors and trailers by weight and usage. Our annual review is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected life of vehicles included in the fleet and extent of alternative uses for leased vehicles (e.g., rental fleet, and SCS applications). As a result, future depreciation expense rates are subject to change based upon changes in these factors. While we believe that the carrying values and estimated sales proceeds for revenue earning equipment are appropriate, there can be no assurance that deterioration in economic conditions or adverse changes to expectations of future sales proceeds will not occur, resulting in lower gains or losses on sales. At the end of each year, we complete our annual review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Based on the results of our analysis, we adjust the residual values and useful lives of certain classes of our revenue earning equipment effective January 1. The following are the increases to pre-tax earnings as a result of our residual value reviews: Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the estimated results include significant changes in the used equipment market brought on by unforeseen changes in technology innovations and any resulting changes in the useful lives of used equipment. Depreciation expense was $957 million , $940 million and $872 million in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Depreciation expense relates primarily to FMS revenue earning equipment. Depreciation expense increased 2% in 2013 , driven by higher average net vehicle investments, partially offset by $30 million from changes in residual values. Depreciation expense increased 8% in 2012 driven by higher average net vehicle investments and higher writedowns of $10 million on vehicles held for sale. The increase was partially offset by $18 million from changes in residual values. 45 2014 2013 2012 $25 million $30 million $18 million ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Pension Plans. We apply actuarial methods to determine the annual net periodic pension expense and pension plan liabilities on an annual basis, or on an interim basis if there is an event requiring remeasurement. Each December, we review actual experience compared with the more significant assumptions used and make adjustments to our assumptions, if warranted. In determining our annual estimate of periodic pension cost, we are required to make an evaluation of critical factors such as discount rate, expected long-term rate of return, expected increase in compensation levels, retirement rate and mortality. Discount rates are based upon a duration analysis of expected benefit payments and the equivalent average yield for high quality corporate fixed income investments as of our December 31 annual measurement date. In order to provide a more accurate estimate of the discount rate relevant to our plan, we use models that match projected benefits payments of our primary U.S. plan to coupons and maturities from a hypothetical portfolio of high quality corporate bonds. Long-term rate of return assumptions are based on actuarial review of our asset allocation strategy and long-term expected asset returns. Investment management and other fees paid using plan assets are factored into the determination of asset return assumptions. As part of our strategy to manage future pension costs and net funded status volatility, we regularly assess our pension investment strategy. In the fourth quarter of 2012 , we modified our U.S. pension investment policy and strategy to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities as a result of an asset-liability study. Under the new strategy, we have increased our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduced our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plan improves. In 2013 , we adjusted our long-term expected rate of return assumption for our primary U.S. plan down to 6.80% from 7.05% based on the factors reviewed. The composition of our pension assets was 53% equity securities and alternative assets and 47% debt securities and other investments. We continually evaluate our mix of investments between equity and fixed income securities and adjust the composition of our pension assets when appropriate. For 2014, our expected rate of return assumption for the fixed income portion of our portfolio will mirror the discount rate in order to align the expected return on fixed income securities with the movement in the pension liability under our new strategy. Accounting guidance applicable to pension plans does not require immediate recognition of the effects of a deviation between these assumptions and actual experience or the revision of an estimate. This approach allows the favorable and unfavorable effects that fall within an acceptable range to be netted and recorded within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.” We had a pre-tax actuarial loss of $745 million at the end of 2013 compared with a loss of $1.01 billion at the end of 2012 . The decrease in the net actuarial loss in 2013 resulted primarily from a higher discount rate and higher than expected pension asset returns. To the extent the amount of actuarial gains and losses exceed 10% of the larger of the benefit obligation or plan assets, such amount is amortized over the average remaining life expectancy of active participants or the remaining life expectancy of inactive participants if all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive. The amount of the actuarial loss subject to amortization in 2014 and future years will be $535 million . We expect to recognize approximately $25 million of the net actuarial loss as a component of pension expense in 2014 . The effect on years beyond 2014 will depend substantially upon the actual experience of our plans. Disclosure of the significant assumptions used in arriving at the 2013 net pension expense is presented in Note 24, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. A sensitivity analysis of 2013 net pension expense to changes in key underlying assumptions for our primary plan, the U.S. pension plan, is presented below. 46 Assumed Rate Change Impact on 2013 Net Pension Expense Effect on December 31, 2013 Projected Benefit Obligation Expected long-term rate of return on assets 6.80 % +/– 0.25 –/+ $ 3.0 million Discount rate increase 4.10 % + 0.25 – $ 0.3 million – $49 million Discount rate decrease 4.10 % – 0.25 + $ 0.1 million + $49 million Actual return on assets 6.80 % +/– 0.25 –/+ $ 0.3 million Contributions at the beginning of the year + 50 million – $ 3.4 million ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Self-Insurance Accruals. Self-insurance accruals were $290 million and $279 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. The majority of our self-insurance relates to vehicle liability and workers’ compensation. We use a variety of statistical and actuarial methods that are widely used and accepted in the insurance industry to estimate amounts for claims that have been reported but not paid and claims incurred but not reported. In applying these methods and assessing their results, we consider such factors as frequency and severity of claims, claim development and payment patterns and changes in the nature of our business, among other factors. Such factors are analyzed for each of our business segments. Our estimates may be impacted by such factors as increases in the market price for medical services, unpredictability of the size of jury awards and limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , we recorded a benefit within earnings of $5 million , $1 million , and $4 million , respectively, from developments in estimated prior years’ self-insured loss reserves. Based on self-insurance accruals at December 31, 2013 , a 5% adverse change in actuarial claim loss estimates would increase operating expense in 2014 by approximately $13 million . Goodwill Impairment. We assess goodwill for impairment, as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary. At December 31, 2013 , goodwill totaled $384 million . To determine whether goodwill impairment indicators exist, we are required to assess the fair value of the reporting unit and compare it to the carrying value. A reporting unit is a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews its operating performance. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Our annual impairment test performed as of April 1, 2013 did not result in any impairment of goodwill. We performed a qualitative test for all of our reporting units. The qualitative test involves an assessment of changes in fair value since the last valuation date, in which business operations and overall economic factors are considered with a focus on drivers of fair value. Examples of factors we considered included the results of our most recent impairment tests, improvements in our financial performance, a lack of significant changes in our competitive landscape, increases in our stock price as compared to a relatively stable carrying value since our most recent impairment tests and improvements in macroeconomic conditions since 2012. After performing the qualitative test, we concluded it is more likely than not that fair values are greater than carrying values and no additional testing was performed. As of December 31, 2013, there have been no events or changes in circumstances that would change our conclusion. Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the services have been rendered to customers or delivery has occurred, the pricing is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. In the normal course of business, we may act as or use an agent in executing transactions with our customers. In these arrangements, we evaluate whether we should report revenue based on the gross amount billed to the customer or on the net amount received from the customer after payments to third parties. Determining whether revenue should be reported as gross or net is based on an assessment of whether we are acting as the principal or the agent in the transaction and involves judgment based on the terms of the arrangement. To the extent we are acting as the principal in the transaction, revenue is reported on a gross basis. To the extent we are acting as an agent in the transaction, revenue is reported on a net basis. In the majority of our arrangements, we are acting as a principal and therefore report revenue on a gross basis. However, our SCS business segment engages in some transactions where we act as agents and thus record revenue on a net basis. The impact on net earnings is the same whether we record revenue on a gross or net basis. From time to time, the terms and conditions of our transportation management arrangements may change, which could require a change in revenue recognition from a gross basis to a net basis or vice versa. Our non-GAAP measure of operating revenue would not be impacted from this change in revenue reporting. 47 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Income Taxes. Our overall tax position is complex and requires careful analysis by management to estimate the expected realization of income tax assets and liabilities. Tax regulations require items to be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in the financial statements is different than that reported in the tax return. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on the tax return, and some are timing differences, such as depreciation expense. Timing differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in the tax return in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets amounted to $647 million and $643 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. We record a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets to reduce such assets to amounts expected to be realized. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the deferred tax valuation allowance, principally attributed to foreign tax loss carryforwards in the SCS business segment, was $34 million and $38 million , respectively. In determining the required level of valuation allowance, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. This assessment is based on management’s expectations as to whether sufficient taxable income of an appropriate character will be realized within tax carryback and carryforward periods. Our assessment involves estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain, and unanticipated events or circumstances could cause actual results to differ from these estimates. Should we change our estimate of the amount of deferred tax assets that we would be able to realize, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would result in an increase or decrease to the provision for income taxes in the period such a change in estimate was made. We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and around the world. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes on earnings, we determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we accrue the largest amount of the benefit that is more likely than not of being sustained in our consolidated financial statements. Such accruals require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as progress of a tax audit. A number of years may elapse before a particular matter for which we have established a reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The tax benefit that has been previously reserved because of a failure to meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold would be recognized in our income tax expense in the first interim period when the uncertainty is resolved under any one of the following conditions: (1) the tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained, (2) the tax position, amount, and/or timing is ultimately settled through negotiation or litigation, or (3) the statute of limitations for the tax position has expired. Settlement of any particular issue would usually require the use of cash. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the status of tax audits and uncertain tax positions. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements. NON-GAAP AND SEGMENT FINANCIAL MEASURES Non-GAAP Financial Measures. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes information extracted from consolidated financial information but not required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to be presented in the financial statements. Certain of this information are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” as defined by SEC rules. Specifically, we refer to adjusted return on average capital, operating revenue, FMS operating revenue, FMS EBT as a % of operating revenue, SCS operating revenue, SCS EBT as a % of operating revenue, dedicated services operating revenue, total cash generated, free cash flow, total obligations, total obligations to equity, comparable earnings from continuing operations, comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations and comparable earnings from continuing operations before income taxes. As required by SEC rules, we provide a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure and an explanation why management believes that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. 48 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes to comparable earnings from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2011 , 2010 and 2009 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations to comparable earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2011 , 2010 and 2009 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: 49 2011 2010 2009 (In thousands) Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 279,387 186,305 143,769 Restructuring and other charges 3,655 — 6,406 International asset (gain on sale)/impairment — (946 ) 6,676 Acquisition transaction costs 2,134 4,097 — Comparable earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 285,176 189,456 156,851 2011 2010 2009 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Earnings from continuing operations $ 171,368 124,608 90,117 Restructuring and other charges 2,489 — 4,176 Tax law changes and/or benefits from reserve reversals 5,350 (10,771 ) (6,339 ) International (gain on sale)/impairment — (946 ) 6,676 Acquisition transaction costs 1,991 4,097 — Tax benefit from acquisition-related transaction costs (568 ) — — Comparable earnings from continuing operations $ 180,630 116,988 94,630 Earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations $ 3.31 2.37 1.62 Restructuring and other charges 0.05 — 0.07 Tax law changes/or benefits from reserve reversals 0.10 (0.21 ) (0.11 ) International (gain on sale)/impairment — (0.02 ) 0.12 Acquisition transaction costs 0.04 0.08 — Tax benefit from acquisition-related transaction costs $ (0.01 ) — — Comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations $ 3.49 2.22 1.70 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of EBT from continuing operations, earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations to comparable EBT from continuing operations, comparable earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations for the three months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow and to total cash generated for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: 50 Continuing Operations Earnings Before Income Taxes (EBT) Earnings Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS) (Dollars in thousands except per share amounts) Three months ended December 31, 2013 EBT/Earnings/EPS from Continuing Operations $97,627 65,944 $1.24 Non-operating pension costs 8,952 5,308 0.10 Pension settlement charge 1,562 948 0.01 Restructuring and other recoveries, net (172 ) (137 ) — Comparable $107,969 72,063 $1.35 Three months ended December 31, 2012 EBT/Earnings/EPS from Continuing Operations $81,840 54,945 $1.07 Non-operating pension costs 7,858 4,838 0.09 Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net (11 ) 36 — Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related losses 8,230 5,117 0.10 Comparable $97,917 64,936 $1.26 2010 2009 (In thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,028,034 984,956 Sales of revenue earning equipment 220,843 211,002 Sales of operating property and equipment 13,844 4,634 Collections on direct finance leases 61,767 65,242 Other, net 3,178 209 Total cash generated 1,327,666 1,266,043 Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (1,070,092 ) (651,953 ) Free cash flow $ 257,574 614,090 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: 51 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Total revenue $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 FMS fuel services and SCS subcontracted transportation revenue (1,389,406 ) (1,420,243 ) (1,430,967 ) Fuel eliminations 240,615 229,598 194,990 Operating revenue $ 5,270,494 5,066,322 4,814,557 Three months ended December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Total revenue $ 1,617,729 1,583,536 FMS fuel services and SCS subcontracted transportation revenue (332,533 ) (354,363 ) Fuel eliminations 59,513 58,398 Operating revenue $ 1,344,709 1,287,571 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) With respect to adjusted return on average capital, the following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net earnings and average total debt used to calculate return on average shareholders’ equity to adjusted net earnings and adjusted average total capital used to calculate adjusted return on average capital for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 and 2009 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: ________________ 52 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 (Dollars in thousands) Net earnings [A] $ 237,792 209,979 169,777 118,170 61,945 Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net and other items (1) (154 ) 16,668 5,748 6,225 29,943 Income taxes 125,653 90,912 108,425 60,610 53,737 Adjusted net earnings before income taxes 363,291 317,559 283,950 185,005 145,625 Adjusted interest expense (2) 140,100 143,353 135,127 132,778 149,968 Adjusted income taxes (3) (177,267 ) (166,635 ) (156,581 ) (123,429 ) (121,758 ) Adjusted net earnings [B] $ 326,124 294,277 262,496 194,354 173,835 Average total debt $ 3,950,533 3,707,095 3,078,516 2,512,005 2,691,569 Average off-balance sheet debt 131,316 126,069 77,605 114,212 141,629 Average obligations 4,081,849 3,833,164 3,156,121 2,626,217 2,833,198 Average shareholders’ equity [C] 1,593,996 1,406,606 1,428,048 1,401,681 1,395,629 Average adjustments to shareholders’ equity (4) (2,088 ) (2,933 ) 4,165 2,059 15,645 Average adjusted shareholders’ equity 1,591,908 1,403,673 1,432,213 1,403,740 1,411,274 Average adjusted capital [D] $ 5,673,757 5,236,837 4,588,334 4,029,957 4,244,472 Return on average shareholders’ equity [A]/[C] 14.9% 14.9% 11.9% 8.4% 4.4% Adjusted return on average capital [B]/[D] 5.7% 5.6% 5.7% 4.8% 4.1% (1) For 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , see Note 4, “Discontinued operations,” Note 5, “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges” and Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; 2010 includes $3 million of restructuring and other charges related to our discontinued operations; 2009 includes $23 million of restructuring and other charges, of which $17 million related to our discontinued operations, and a $7 million impairment charge on an international asset. (2) Includes interest on off-balance sheet vehicle obligations. (3) Calculated by excluding taxes related to restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net and other items, impacts of tax law changes or reserve reversals and interest expense. (4) Represents shareholders’ equity adjusted for cumulative effect of accounting changes and tax benefits in the respective periods. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Segment Financial Measures. The following table reconciles FMS segment revenue to revenue from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 : 53 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Full service lease revenue $ 2,177,419 2,102,212 1,996,273 Commercial rental revenue 789,496 772,799 722,557 Full service lease and commercial rental revenue 2,966,915 2,875,011 2,718,830 Intercompany revenue (196,889 ) (179,635 ) (164,953 ) Full service lease and commercial rental revenue from external customers $ 2,770,026 2,695,376 2,553,877 FMS services revenue $ 457,570 446,139 417,027 Intercompany revenue (20,960 ) (19,712 ) (13,891 ) FMS services revenue from external customers $ 436,610 426,427 403,136 FMS fuel services revenue $ 1,070,201 1,084,175 1,082,473 Intercompany revenue (240,615 ) (229,597 ) (194,990 ) Fuel services revenue from external customers $ 829,586 854,578 887,483 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Forward-looking statements (within the meaning of the Federal Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) are statements that relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends concerning matters that are not historical facts. These statements are often preceded by or include the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “should” or similar expressions. This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements regarding: These statements, as well as other forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, are based on our current plans and expectations and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. We caution readers that certain important factors could cause actual results and events to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. For a detailed description of certain of these risk factors, please see “Item 1A—Risk Factors” of this Annual Report. The risks included in the Annual Report are not exhaustive. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors or to assess the impact of such risk factors on our business. As a result, no assurance can be given as to our future results or achievements. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained herein, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We do not intend, or assume any obligation, to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The information required by ITEM 7A is included in ITEM 7 (page 45) of PART II of this report. 54 • our expectations as to anticipated revenue and earnings trends specifically, total revenue, operating revenue and product line revenues, used vehicle sales inventory and volumes, contract revenues, full service lease, commercial rental and contract maintenance growth, pricing trends in used vehicle sales and commercial rental and new SCS business, improved SCS retention levels, and higher SCS volumes; • the continuing benefits of our maintenance initiatives and a newer fleet; • our ability to successfully achieve the operational goals that are the basis of our business strategies, including driving fleet growth, delivering a consistent, industry-leading and cost-effective maintenance program, optimizing asset utilization and management, providing differentiated quality of service and best execution, developing broad-based capabilities, creating a culture of innovation, focusing on continuous improvement and standardization and successfully implementing sales and marketing strategies; • impact of losses from conditional obligations arising from guarantees; • number of NLE vehicles in inventory and the size of our commercial rental fleet; • estimates of free cash flow and capital expenditures for 2014 ; • the adequacy of our accounting estimates and reserves for pension expense, compensation-related expense, depreciation and residual value guarantees, rent expense under operating leases, self-insurance reserves, goodwill impairment, accounting changes and income taxes; • our ability to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future through internally generated funds and outside funding sources; • our expected level of use of outside funding sources, anticipated future payments under debt, lease and purchase agreements, and risk of losses resulting from counterparty default under hedging and derivative agreements; • the anticipated impact of fuel price fluctuations on our operations, cash flows and financial position; • our expectations as to future pension expense and contributions, as well as the continued effect of the freeze of our pension plans on our benefit funding requirements; • our expectations relating to withdrawal liabilities and funding levels of multi-employer plans; • the status of our unrecognized tax benefits related to the U.S. federal, state and foreign tax positions; • our expectations regarding the completion and ultimate outcome of certain tax audits; • the ultimate disposition of legal proceedings and estimated environmental liabilities; • our expectations relating to compliance with new regulatory requirements; and • our expectations regarding the effect of the adoption of a recent accounting pronouncement.  ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 55 Page No. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 56 Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm 57 Consolidated Statements of Earnings 58 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 59 Consolidated Balance Sheets 60 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 61 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity 62 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 63 Note 2. Accounting Changes 72 Note 3. Acquisitions 72 Note 4. Discontinued Operations 74 Note 5. Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges 75 Note 6. Receivables 77 Note 7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets 77 Note 8. Revenue Earning Equipment 77 Note 9. Operating Property and Equipment 78 Note 10. Goodwill 78 Note 11. Intangible Assets 79 Note 12. Direct Financing Leases and Other Assets 79 Note 13. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities 80 Note 14. Income Taxes 81 Note 15. Leases 85 Note 16. Debt 88 Note 17 Fair Value Measurements 90 Note 18. Derivatives 92 Note 19. Guarantees 92 Note 20. Share Repurchase Programs 93 Note 21. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 94 Note 22. Earnings Per Share Information 95 Note 23. Share-Based Compensation Plans 95 Note 24. Employee Benefit Plans 99 Note 25. Environmental Matters 107 Note 26. Other Items Impacting Comparability 108 Note 27. Other Matters 108 Note 28. Supplemental Cash Flow Information 109 Note 29. Segment Reporting 109 Note 30. Quarterly Information (unaudited) 113 Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 114  MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF RYDER SYSTEM, INC.: Management of Ryder System, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (Ryder), is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a- 15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Ryder; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Ryder’s management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Ryder’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 . In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (1992).” Based on our assessment and those criteria, management determined that Ryder maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 . Ryder’s independent registered certified public accounting firm has audited the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting. Their report appears on page 58. 56  REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS OF RYDER SYSTEM, INC.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ryder System, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP February 13, 2014 Miami, Florida 57 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 58 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands, except per share amounts) Lease and rental revenues $ 2,770,026 2,695,376 2,553,877 Services revenue 2,819,673 2,707,013 2,609,174 Fuel services revenue 829,586 854,578 887,483 Total revenues 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 Cost of lease and rental 1,915,736 1,890,659 1,746,057 Cost of services 2,366,820 2,274,118 2,186,353 Cost of fuel services 814,058 838,673 873,466 Other operating expenses 137,916 135,904 129,180 Selling, general and administrative expenses 790,681 766,704 771,244 Gains on vehicle sales, net (96,175 ) (89,108 ) (62,879 ) Interest expense 137,196 140,557 133,164 Miscellaneous income, net (15,372 ) (11,727 ) (9,093 ) Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net (470 ) 8,070 3,655 6,050,390 5,953,850 5,771,147 Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes 368,895 303,117 279,387 Provision for income taxes 125,699 102,218 108,019 Earnings from continuing operations 243,196 200,899 171,368 (Loss) earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax (5,404 ) 9,080 (1,591 ) Net earnings $ 237,792 209,979 169,777 Earnings (loss) per common share — Basic Continuing operations $ 4.67 3.93 3.34 Discontinued operations (0.10 ) 0.18 (0.03 ) Net earnings $ 4.57 4.11 3.31 Earnings (loss) per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 4.63 3.91 3.31 Discontinued operations (0.10 ) 0.18 (0.03 ) Net earnings $ 4.53 4.09 3.28 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 59 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Net earnings $ 237,792 209,979 169,777 Other comprehensive income (loss): Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other, before and after tax (21,985 ) 29,641 (17,768 ) Amortization of pension and postretirement items 33,219 28,674 17,917 Income tax expense related to amortization of pension and postretirement items (11,739 ) (10,016 ) (6,414 ) Amortization of pension and postretirement items, net of tax 21,480 18,658 11,503 Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost 236,855 (109,765 ) (282,943 ) Income tax (expense) benefit related to change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost (86,979 ) 41,012 98,642 Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of taxes 149,876 (68,753 ) (184,301 ) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 149,371 (20,454 ) (190,566 ) Comprehensive income (loss) $ 387,163 189,525 (20,789 ) RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 60 December 31, 2013 2012 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amount) Assets: Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 61,562 66,392 Receivables, net 777,370 775,765 Inventories 64,298 64,146 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 159,263 133,934 Total current assets 1,062,493 1,040,237 Revenue earning equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $3,596,102 and $3,514,910, respectively 6,490,837 5,754,608 Operating property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $991,117 and $966,220, respectively 633,826 624,853 Goodwill 383,719 384,216 Intangible assets 72,406 80,475 Direct financing leases and other assets 460,501 434,590 Total assets $ 9,103,782 8,318,979 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Current liabilities: Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt $ 259,438 367,975 Accounts payable 475,364 398,983 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 496,337 505,707 Total current liabilities 1,231,139 1,272,665 Long-term debt 3,929,987 3,452,821 Other non-current liabilities 655,061 948,932 Deferred income taxes 1,390,881 1,177,074 Total liabilities 7,207,068 6,851,492 Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock of no par value per share — authorized, 3,800,917; none outstanding, December 31, 2013 or 2012 — — Common stock of $0.50 par value per share — authorized, 400,000,000; outstanding, December 31, 2013 — 53,335,386; December 31, 2012 — 51,371,696 26,667 25,686 Additional paid-in capital 917,539 808,230 Retained earnings 1,390,756 1,221,190 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (438,248 ) (587,619 ) Total shareholders’ equity 1,896,714 1,467,487 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 9,103,782 8,318,979 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Net earnings $ 237,792 209,979 169,777 Less: (Loss) earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax (5,404 ) 9,080 (1,591 ) Earnings from continuing operations 243,196 200,899 171,368 Depreciation expense 957,141 939,677 872,262 Gains on vehicle sales, net (96,175 ) (89,108 ) (62,879 ) Share-based compensation expense 19,310 18,864 17,423 Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net 56,389 49,209 39,928 Deferred income tax expense 113,581 87,102 90,016 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Receivables (14,272 ) 7,107 (92,020 ) Inventories (841 ) 729 (6,154 ) Prepaid expenses and other assets (23,114 ) 10,715 (25,040 ) Accounts payable 34,431 (22,803 ) 24,657 Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities (66,564 ) (68,267 ) 12,395 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations 1,223,082 1,134,124 1,041,956 Cash flows from financing activities of continuing operations: Net change in commercial paper borrowings 146,382 (64,751 ) 46,749 Debt proceeds 556,989 745,777 966,402 Debt repaid, including capital lease obligations (332,624 ) (283,937 ) (419,287 ) Dividends on common stock (67,720 ) (61,266 ) (57,504 ) Common stock issued 90,646 28,386 33,359 Common stock repurchased — (26,878 ) (59,689 ) Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation 5,151 1,341 1,710 Debt issuance costs (5,189 ) (4,867 ) (7,538 ) Net cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations 393,635 333,805 504,202 Cash flows from investing activities of continuing operations: Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (2,140,464 ) (2,133,235 ) (1,698,589 ) Sales of revenue earning equipment 445,589 405,440 290,336 Sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment — 130,184 37,395 Sales of operating property and equipment 6,782 7,350 9,905 Acquisitions (1,858 ) (5,113 ) (361,921 ) Collections on direct finance leases 70,677 71,897 62,224 Changes in restricted cash (10,553 ) 19,204 3,478 Insurance recoveries 8,173 — — Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations (1,621,654 ) (1,504,273 ) (1,657,172 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 5,558 1,344 3,219 Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents from continuing operations 621 (35,000 ) (107,795 ) Cash flows from discontinued operations: Operating cash flows (5,793 ) (3,219 ) (500 ) Financing cash flows — — (140 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 342 39 (46 ) Decrease in cash and cash equivalents from discontinued operations (5,451 ) (3,180 ) (686 ) Decrease in cash and cash equivalents (4,830 ) (38,180 ) (108,481 ) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 61 Cash and cash equivalents at January 1 66,392 104,572 213,053 Cash and cash equivalents at December 31 $ 61,562 66,392 104,572 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY __________________ (1 ) Net of common shares delivered as payment for the exercise price or to satisfy the holders’ withholding tax liability upon exercise of options. (2) Represents open-market transactions of common shares by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans. See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 62 Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Amount Shares Par Total (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Balance at January 1, 2011 $ — 51,174,757 $ 25,587 735,540 1,019,785 (376,599 ) 1,404,313 Net earnings — — — — 169,777 — 169,777 Other comprehensive loss — — — — — (190,566 ) (190,566 ) Comprehensive loss — — — — — — (20,789 ) Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.12 per share — — — — (57,504 ) — (57,504 ) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 1,157,548 579 32,780 — — 33,359 Benefit plan stock purchases (2) — (12,576 ) (6 ) (581 ) — — (587 ) Common stock repurchases — (1,175,783 ) (588 ) (16,819 ) (41,695 ) — (59,102 ) Share-based compensation — — — 17,423 — — 17,423 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 1,040 — — 1,040 Balance at December 31, 2011 — 51,143,946 25,572 769,383 1,090,363 (567,165 ) 1,318,153 Net earnings — — — — 209,979 — 209,979 Other comprehensive loss — — — — — (20,454 ) (20,454 ) Comprehensive income — — — — — — 189,525 Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.20 per share — — — — (61,266 ) — (61,266 ) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 782,783 391 27,995 — — 28,386 Benefit plan stock purchases (2) — (11,110 ) (5 ) (530 ) — — (535 ) Common stock repurchases — (543,923 ) (272 ) (8,185 ) (17,886 ) — (26,343 ) Share-based compensation — — — 18,864 — — 18,864 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 703 — — 703 Balance at December 31, 2012 — 51,371,696 25,686 808,230 1,221,190 (587,619 ) 1,467,487 Net earnings — — — — 237,792 — 237,792 Other comprehensive income — — — — — 149,371 149,371 Comprehensive income — — — — — — 387,163 Common stock dividends declared—$1.30 per share — — — — (68,226 ) — (68,226 ) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 1,913,067 956 86,212 — — 87,168 Benefit plan stock sales (2) — 50,623 25 3,453 — — 3,478 Share-based compensation — — — 19,310 — 19,310 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 334 — — 334 Balance at December 31, 2013 $ — 53,335,386 $ 26,667 917,539 1,390,756 (438,248 ) 1,896,714 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Consolidation and Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder) and all entities in which Ryder has a controlling voting interest (“subsidiaries”) and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where Ryder is determined to be the primary beneficiary. Ryder is deemed to be the primary beneficiary if we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and we share in the significant risks and rewards of the entity. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between consolidated companies have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications In 2013 , we revised our classification of product line revenue between "Contract maintenance" and "Contract-related maintenance" within the Fleet Management Solutions revenue in Note 29, "Segment Reporting." Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications were immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of historical trends, actions that we may take in the future, and other information available when the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Changes in estimates are recognized in accordance with the accounting rules for the estimate, which is typically in the period when new information becomes available. Areas where the nature of the estimate make it reasonably possible that actual results could materially differ from the amounts estimated include: depreciation and residual value guarantees, employee benefit plan obligations, self-insurance accruals, impairment assessments on long-lived assets (including goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets), revenue recognition, allowance for accounts receivable, income tax liabilities and contingent liabilities. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents represent cash in excess of current operating requirements invested in short-term, interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and are stated at cost. Restricted Cash Restricted cash primarily consists of cash proceeds from the sale of eligible vehicles set aside for the acquisition of replacement vehicles under our like-kind exchange tax program. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” for a complete discussion of the vehicle like-kind exchange tax program. We classify restricted cash within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” if the restriction is expected to expire in the twelve months following the balance sheet date or within “Direct financing leases and other assets” if the restriction is expected to expire more than twelve months after the balance sheet date. The changes in restricted cash balances are reflected as an investing activity in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as they relate to the sales and purchases of revenue earning equipment. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the services have been rendered to customers or delivery has occurred, the pricing is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. In our evaluation of whether revenue is fixed or determinable, we determine whether the total contract consideration in the arrangement could change based on one or more factors. These factors, which vary among each of our segments, are further discussed below. Generally, the judgments made for these purposes do not materially impact the revenue recognized in any period. Sales tax collected from customers and remitted to the applicable taxing authorities is accounted for on a net basis, with no impact on revenue. Our judgments on collectibility are initially established when a business relationship with a customer is initiated and is continuously monitored as services are provided. We have a credit rating system based on internally developed standards and ratings provided by third parties. Our credit rating system, along with monitoring for delinquent payments, allows us to make decisions as to whether collectibility may not be reasonably assured. Factors considered during this process include historical payment trends, industry risks, liquidity of the customer, years in business, and judgments, liens or bankruptcies. When collectibility is not considered reasonably assured ( typically when a customer is 120 days past due ), revenue is not recognized until cash is collected from the customer. 63 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) We generate revenue primarily through the lease, rental and maintenance of revenue earning equipment and by providing logistics management and dedicated services. We classify our revenues in one of the following categories: Lease and rental Lease and rental includes full service lease and commercial rental revenues from our FMS business segment. Full service lease is marketed, priced and managed as a bundled lease arrangement, which includes equipment, service and financing components. We do not offer a stand-alone unbundled finance lease of vehicles. For these reasons, both the lease and service components of our full service leases are included within lease and rental revenues. Our full service lease arrangements include lease deliverables such as the lease of a vehicle and the executory agreement for the maintenance, insurance, taxes and other services related to the leased vehicles during the lease term. Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables based on management’s best estimate of the relative fair value of each deliverable. The arrangement consideration allocated to lease deliverables is accounted for pursuant to accounting guidance on leases. Our full service lease arrangements provide for a fixed charge billing and a variable charge billing based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears. Costs associated with the activities performed under our full service leasing arrangements are primarily comprised of labor, parts, outside work, depreciation, licenses, insurance, operating taxes and vehicle financing. These costs are expensed as incurred except for depreciation. Refer to “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation” for information regarding our depreciation policies. Non-chargeable maintenance costs have been allocated and reflected within “Cost of lease and rental” based on the maintenance-related labor costs relative to all product lines. Revenue from lease and rental agreements is recognized based on the classification of the arrangement, typically as either an operating or direct finance lease (DFL). Services Services include contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and other revenues from our FMS business segment and all SCS revenues. Under our contract maintenance arrangements, we provide maintenance and repairs required to keep a vehicle in good operating condition, schedule preventive maintenance inspections and access to emergency road service and substitute vehicles. The vast majority of our services are routine services performed on a recurring basis throughout the term of the arrangement. From time to time, we provide non-routine major repair services in order to place a vehicle back in service. Revenue from maintenance service contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis as maintenance services are rendered over the terms of the related arrangements. 64 • The majority of our leases and all of our rental arrangements are classified as operating leases and therefore, we recognize lease and commercial rental revenue on a straight-line basis as it becomes receivable over the term of the lease or rental arrangement. Lease and rental agreements do not usually provide for scheduled rent increases or escalations. However, most lease agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Lease and rental agreements also provide for vehicle usage charges based on a time charge and/or a fixed per-mile charge. The fixed time charge, the fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are considered contingent rentals and are not considered fixed or determinable until the effect of CPI changes is implemented or the equipment usage occurs. • The non-lease deliverables of our full service lease arrangements are comprised of access to substitute vehicles, emergency road service, and safety services. These services are available to our customers throughout the lease term. Accordingly, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. • Leases not classified as operating leases are generally considered direct financing leases. We recognize revenue for direct financing leases using the effective interest interest method, which provides a constant periodic rate of return on the outstanding investment on the lease. Recognition of income on direct finance leases is suspended when management determines that collection of future income is not probable, which is at the point at which the customer’s delinquent balance is determined to be at risk ( generally over 120 days past due ). Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the receivable becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired direct finance lease receivables are first recorded against the direct finance lease receivable and then to any unrecognized income. A direct finance lease receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the lease. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Contract maintenance arrangements are generally cancelable, without penalty, after one year with 60 days prior written notice . Our maintenance service arrangement provides for a monthly fixed charge and a monthly variable charge based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears. Most contract maintenance agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the CPI. The fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are recognized as earned. Costs associated with the activities performed under our contract maintenance arrangements are primarily comprised of labor, parts and outside work. These costs are expensed as incurred. Non-chargeable maintenance costs have been allocated and reflected within “Cost of services” based on the relative maintenance-related labor costs relative to all product lines. Revenue from SCS service contracts is recognized as services are rendered in accordance with contract terms, which typically include discrete billing rates for the services. In certain SCS contracts, a portion of the contract consideration may be contingent upon the satisfaction of performance criteria, attainment of pain/gain share thresholds or volume thresholds. The contingent portion of the revenue in these arrangements is not considered fixed or determinable until the performance criteria or thresholds have been met. In transportation management arrangements where we act as principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis, without deducting third-party purchased transportation costs. To the extent that we are acting as an agent in the arrangement, revenue is reported on a net basis, after deducting purchased transportation costs. Fuel Fuel services include fuel services revenue from our FMS business segment. Revenue from fuel services is recognized when fuel is delivered to customers. Fuel is largely a pass-through to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. Accounts Receivable Allowance We maintain an allowance for uncollectible customer receivables and an allowance for billing adjustments related to certain discounts and billing corrections. Estimates are updated regularly based on historical experience of bad debts and billing adjustments processed, current collection trends and aging analysis. Accounts are charged against the allowance when determined to be uncollectible. The allowance is maintained at a level deemed appropriate based on loss experience and other factors affecting collectibility. Historical results may not necessarily be indicative of future results. Inventories Inventories, which consist primarily of fuel, tires and vehicle parts, are valued using the lower of weighted-average cost or market. Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation Revenue earning equipment, comprised of vehicles and operating property and equipment are initially recorded at cost inclusive of vendor rebates. Revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment under capital lease are initially recorded at the lower of the present value of minimum lease payments or fair value. Vehicle repairs and maintenance that extend the life or increase the value of a vehicle are capitalized, whereas ordinary maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The cost of vehicle replacement tires and tire repairs are expensed as incurred. Direct costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining internal-use software are capitalized. Costs incurred during the preliminary software development project stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease, which may include one or more option renewal periods where failure to exercise such options would result in an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears, at the inception of the lease, to be reasonably assured. If a substantial additional investment is made in a leased property during the term of the lease, we re-evaluate the lease term to determine whether the investment, together with any penalties related to non-renewal, would constitute an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably assured. 65 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Provision for depreciation is computed using the straight-line method on all depreciable assets. Depreciation expense has been recorded within "Cost of lease and rental," "Cost of services," and "Cost of fuel services" and "Other operating expenses" depending on the nature of the related asset.We periodically review and adjust, as appropriate, the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Our review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment, is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected life of vehicles and extent of alternative uses. Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from estimates include but are not limited to unforeseen changes in technology innovations. We routinely dispose of used revenue earning equipment as part of our FMS business. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (tractors, trucks, and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. Fair value is determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition. Reductions in the carrying values of vehicles held for sale are recorded within “Other operating expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. While we believe our estimates of residual values and fair values of revenue earning equipment are reasonable, changes to our estimates of values may occur due to changes in the market for used vehicles, the condition of the vehicles, and inherent limitations in the estimation process. Gains and losses on sales of operating property and equipment are reflected in “Miscellaneous income, net.” Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill on acquisitions represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying acquired net tangible and intangible assets. Factors that contribute to the recognition of goodwill in our acquisitions include (i) expected growth rates and profitability of the acquired companies, (ii) securing buyer-specific synergies that increase revenue and profits and are not otherwise available to market participants, (iii) significant cost savings opportunities, (iv) experienced workforce and (v) our strategies for growth in sales, income and cash flows. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but rather, are tested for impairment at least annually (April 1 st ). In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Among other relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value of reporting units, we consider individual factors such as macroeconomic conditions, changes in our industry and the markets in which we operate as well as our reporting units' historical and expected future financial performance. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value, recoverability of goodwill is evaluated using a two-step process. The first step involves a comparison of the fair value of each of our reporting units with its carrying amount. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the second step is performed. The second step involves a comparison of the implied fair value and carrying value of that reporting unit’s goodwill. To the extent that a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of its goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized. Our valuation of fair value for each reporting unit is determined based on an average of discounted future cash flow models that use ten years of projected cash flows and various terminal values based on multiples, book value or growth assumptions. We consider the current trading multiples for comparable publicly-traded companies and the historical pricing multiples for comparable merger and acquisition transactions that have occurred in our industry. Rates used to discount cash flows are dependent upon interest rates and the cost of capital at a point in time. Our discount rates reflect a weighted average cost of capital based on our industry and capital structure adjusted for equity risk premiums and size risk premiums based on market capitalization. Estimates of future cash flows are dependent on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist, including long-term growth rates, capital requirements and useful lives. Our estimates of cash flows are also based on historical and future operating performance, economic conditions and actions we expect to take. In addition to these factors, our SCS reporting units are dependent on several key customers or industry sectors. The loss of a key customer may have a significant impact to one of our SCS reporting units, causing us to assess whether or not the event resulted in a goodwill impairment loss. While we believe our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, there can be no assurance that deterioration in economic conditions, customer relationships or adverse changes to expectations of future performance will not occur, resulting in a goodwill impairment loss. In making our assessments of fair value, we rely on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist in the future. These assumptions are based on a number of factors including future operating performance, economic conditions, actions we expect to take, and present value techniques. Rates used to discount future cash flows are dependent upon interest rates and the cost of capital at a point in time. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. It is possible that assumptions underlying the impairment analysis will change in such a manner that impairment in value may occur in the future. 66 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization are assessed for impairment using a similar process to that used to evaluate goodwill as described above. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment using a process similar to that used to evaluate long-lived assets described below. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill Long-lived assets held and used, including revenue earning equipment, operating property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives, are tested for recoverability when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is evaluated by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to management’s best estimate of the undiscounted future operating cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that the asset or asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined by a quoted market price, if available, or an estimate of projected future operating cash flows, discounted using a rate that reflects the related operating segment’s average cost of funds. Long-lived assets to be disposed of including revenue earning equipment, operating property and equipment and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Debt Issuance Costs Costs incurred to issue debt are generally deferred and amortized as a component of interest expense over the estimated term of the related debt using the effective interest rate method. Debt issuance costs associated with our global revolving credit facility are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the facility. Contract Incentives Payments made to or on behalf of a lessee or customer upon entering into a lease of our revenue earning equipment or contract are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of revenue over the contract term. Amounts to be amortized in the next year have been classified as “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” with the remainder included in “Direct financing leases and other assets.” Self-Insurance Accruals We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability, workers’ compensation and other insurance programs. Under our insurance programs, we retain the risk of loss in various amounts up to $3 million on a per occurrence basis. Self-insurance accruals are based primarily on an actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe that the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our actuarial estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. Changes in the actuarial estimates of these accruals are charged or credited to earnings in the period determined. Amounts estimated to be paid within the next year have been classified as “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also maintain additional insurance at certain amounts in excess of our respective underlying retention. Amounts recoverable from insurance companies are not offset against the related accrual as our insurance policies do not extinguish or provide legal release from the obligation to make payments related to such risk-related losses. Amounts expected to be received within the next year from insurance companies have been included within “Receivables, net” with the remainder included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” and are recognized only when realization of the claim for recovery is considered probable. The accrual for the related claim has been classified within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” if it is estimated to be paid within the next year, otherwise it has been classified in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. 67 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Residual Value Guarantees and Deferred Gains We periodically enter into agreements for the sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment. These leases contain purchase and/or renewal options as well as limited guarantees of the lessor’s residual value (“residual value guarantees”). We review the residual values of revenue earning equipment that we lease from third parties and our exposures under residual value guarantees. The review is conducted in a manner similar to that used to analyze residual values and fair values of owned revenue earning equipment. Certain residual value guarantees are conditioned on termination of the lease prior to its contractual lease term. For sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment accounted for as operating leases, the amount of residual value guarantees expected to be paid is recognized as rent expense over the expected remaining term of the lease. Adjustments in the estimate of residual value guarantees are recognized prospectively over the expected remaining lease term. While we believe that the amounts are adequate, changes to our estimates of residual value guarantees may occur due to changes in the market for used vehicles, the condition of the vehicles at the end of the lease and inherent limitations in the estimation process. See Note 19, “Guarantees,” for additional information. Gains on the sale and operating leaseback of revenue earning equipment are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as an adjustment of rent expense (operating leases) or depreciation expense (capital lease). Income Taxes Our provision for income taxes is based on reported earnings before income taxes. Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effects of changes in tax laws on deferred tax balances are recognized in the period the new legislation is enacted. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the likelihood of realization, management considers estimates of future taxable income. We calculate our current and deferred tax position based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified. We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and around the world. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. We determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we recognize the largest amount of the benefit that is more likely than not of being sustained in our consolidated financial statements. For all other tax positions, we do not recognize any portion of the benefit in our consolidated financial statements. To the extent that our assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. Interest and penalties related to income tax exposures are recognized as incurred and included in “Provision for income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Accruals for income tax exposures, including penalties and interest, expected to be settled within the next year are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The federal benefit from state income tax exposures is included in “Deferred income taxes” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Severance and Contract Termination Costs We recognize liabilities for severance and contract termination costs based upon the nature of the cost to be incurred. For involuntary separation plans that are completed within the guidelines of our written involuntary separation plan, we record the liability when it is probable and reasonably estimable. For one-time termination benefits, such as additional severance pay or benefit payouts, and other exit costs, such as contract termination costs, the liability is measured and recognized initially at fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred, with subsequent changes to the liability recognized as adjustments in the period of change. Severance related to position eliminations that are part of a restructuring plan are recorded within “Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. To the extent that severance costs are not part of a restructuring plan, the termination costs are recorded as a direct cost of revenue or within “Selling, general and administrative expenses,” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings depending upon the nature of the eliminated position. 68 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Environmental Expenditures We record liabilities for environmental assessments and/or cleanup when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Environmental liability estimates may include costs such as anticipated site testing, consulting, remediation, disposal, post-remediation monitoring and legal fees, as appropriate. The liability does not reflect possible recoveries from insurance companies or reimbursement of remediation costs by state agencies, but does include estimates of cost sharing with other potentially responsible parties. Estimates are not discounted, as the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. Subsequent adjustments to initial estimates are recorded as necessary based upon additional information developed in subsequent periods. In future periods, new laws or regulations, advances in remediation technology and additional information about the ultimate remediation methodology to be used could significantly change our estimates. Claims for reimbursement of remediation costs are recorded when recovery is deemed probable. Asset Retirement Obligations Asset retirement obligations (AROs) are legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets. Our AROs are associated with underground tanks, tires and leasehold improvements. These liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and the related asset retirement costs are capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related assets by the same amount as the liability. Asset retirement costs are subsequently depreciated over the useful lives of the related assets. Subsequent to initial recognition, we expense period-to-period changes in the ARO liability resulting from the passage of time. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We use financial instruments, including forward exchange contracts, futures, swaps and cap agreements to manage our exposures to movements in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The use of these financial instruments modifies the exposure of these risks with the intent to reduce the risk or cost to us. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We limit our risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will default and not make payments by entering into derivative contracts only with counterparties comprised of large banks and financial institutions that meet established credit criteria. We do not expect to incur any losses as a result of counterparty default. On the date a derivative contract is entered into, we formally document, among other items, the intended hedging designation and relationship, along with the risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the derivative contract. We also formally assess, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives we used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items. Cash flows from derivatives that are accounted for as hedges are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same category as the items being hedged. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. The hedging designation may be classified as one of the following: No Hedging Designation. The gain or loss on a derivative instrument not designated as an accounting hedging instrument is recognized in earnings. Fair Value Hedge. A hedge of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment is considered a fair value hedge. For fair value hedges, both the effective and ineffective portions of the changes in the fair value of the derivative, along with the gain or loss on the hedged item that is attributable to the hedged risk, are both recorded in earnings. Cash Flow Hedge. A hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability is considered a cash flow hedge. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of a derivative that is declared as a cash flow hedge is recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the designated hedged item. Net Investment Hedge . A hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation is considered a net investment hedge. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative used as a net investment hedge of a foreign operation is recorded in the currency translation adjustment account within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.” The ineffective portion, if any, on the hedged item that is attributable to the hedged risk is recorded in earnings and reported in “Miscellaneous income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. 69 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Foreign Currency Translation Our foreign operations generally use the local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. If exchangeability between the functional currency and the U.S. dollar is temporarily lacking at the balance sheet date, the first subsequent rate at which exchanges can be made is used to translate assets and liabilities. Items in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings are translated at the average exchange rates for the year. The impact of currency fluctuations is recorded in “Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other, before and after tax” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as a currency translation adjustment. Upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign operation, the currency translation adjustment attributable to that operation is removed from accumulated other comprehensive loss and is reported as part of the gain or loss on sale or liquidation of the investment for the period during which the sale or liquidation occurs. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in “Miscellaneous income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Share-Based Compensation The fair value of stock option awards and nonvested stock awards other than restricted stock units (RSUs), is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards. RSUs are expensed in the year they are granted. Cash flows from the tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation expense recognized for those options (windfall tax benefits) are classified as financing cash flows on an award-by-award basis. Tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of share-based compensation expense recognized are credited to additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized tax shortfalls are first offset against the cumulative balance of windfall tax benefits, if any, and then charged directly to income tax expense. Tax shortfalls are classified as operating cash flows on an award-by-award basis, with no netting of amounts credited to equity from windfall tax benefits. Earnings Per Share Earnings per share is computed using the two-class method. The two-class method of computing earnings per share is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Our nonvested stock (time-vested restricted stock rights, market-based restricted stock rights and restricted stock units) issued prior to 2012 are considered participating securities since the share-based awards contain a non-forfeitable right to dividend equivalents irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In applying the two-class method, undistributed earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflect the dilutive effect of potential common shares from stock options and other nonparticipating nonvested stock. The dilutive effect of stock options is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes any proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of stock options would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The assumed proceeds include the purchase price the grantee pays, the windfall tax benefit that we receive upon assumed exercise and the unrecognized compensation expense at the end of each period. Share Repurchases Repurchases of shares of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. The cost of share repurchases is allocated between common stock and retained earnings based on the amount of additional paid-in capital at the time of the share repurchase. Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans The funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of contributions made to irrevocable trust funds, held for the sole benefit of participants, which are invested by the trust funds. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. For postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. Overfunded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to this excess. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a pension and postretirement benefit liability equal to this excess. 70 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The current portion of pension and postretirement benefit liabilities represent the actuarial present value of benefits payable within the next year exceeding the fair value of plan assets (if funded), measured on a plan-by-plan basis. These liabilities are recorded in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Pension and postretirement benefit expense includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets (if funded), and amortization of prior service credit and net actuarial loss. Service cost represents the actuarial present value of participant benefits earned in the current year. Interest cost represents the time value of money cost associated with the passage of time. The expected return on plan assets represents the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the obligation. Prior service credit represents the impact of negative plan amendments. Net actuarial loss arises as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net actuarial loss and prior service credit not recognized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense as they arise are recognized as "Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These pension and postretirement items are subsequently amortized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense over the remaining service period, if the majority of the employees are active, otherwise over the remaining life expectancy, provided such amounts exceed thresholds which are based upon the benefit obligation or the value of plan assets. The measurement of benefit obligations and pension and postretirement benefit expense is based on estimates and assumptions approved by management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates. Fair Value Measurements We carry various assets and liabilities at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The most significant assets and liabilities are vehicles held for sale, which are stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, investments held in Rabbi Trusts and derivatives. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value measurements are classified based on the following fair value hierarchy: When available, we use unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value and classify such measurements within Level 1. If quoted prices are not available, fair value is based upon model-driven valuations that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using these models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts, derivatives, and contingent consideration are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds. Fair values for these investments are based on quoted prices in active markets. For derivatives, fair value is based on model-driven valuations using the LIBOR rate or observable forward foreign exchange rates, which are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the financial instrument. Fair value of contingent consideration is based on significant unobservable inputs based on contractual provisions and our expectations of what will be paid. 71 Level 1 Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 2. ACCOUNTING CHANGES In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued accounting guidance on the balance sheet presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward exists. Under this guidance, an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. This accounting guidance will result in a reclassification of approximately $40 million from other non-current liabilities to deferred income taxes. Other than the change in presentation within the Consolidated Balance Sheet, this accounting guidance will not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. 3. ACQUISITIONS 2012 Acquisition Euroway Ltd., — On August 1, 2012, we acquired all of the common stock of Euroway Ltd., a U.K.-based, full service leasing, rental and maintenance company for a purchase price of $2 million and assumed capital lease obligations and debt of $20 million . Approximately $2 million of the stock purchase price has been paid ($1 million paid in both 2013 and in 2012), and the majority of the capital lease obligations have been repaid as of December 31, 2013 . The acquisition included Euroway's fleet of approximately 560 full service lease vehicles as well as 800 contract maintenance vehicles. As of December 31, 2013 , goodwill and customer relationship intangibles related to the Euroway acquisition were $6 million and $3 million , respectively. The combined network operates under the Ryder name, complementing our FMS business segment coverage in the U.K. Transaction costs related to the Euroway acquisition were $1 million during 2012 and were primarily reflected within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The purchase price included $0.5 million in contingent consideration to be paid to the seller provided certain conditions were met by January 31, 2014. We determined that the payment of the contingent consideration was not probable as of December 31, 2013 and recorded a gain of $0.5 million . 2011 Acquisitions Hill Hire plc — On June 8, 2011, we acquired all of the common stock of Hill Hire plc (Hill Hire), a U.K. based full service leasing, rental and maintenance company for a purchase price of $251 million , net of cash acquired, all of which was paid in 2011. The acquisition included Hill Hire’s fleet of approximately 8,000 full service lease and 5,700 rental vehicles, and approximately 400 contractual customers. The fleet included 9,700 trailers. The combined network operates under the Ryder name, complementing our business segment market coverage in the U.K. Transaction costs related to the Hill Hire acquisition were $2 million during 2011 and were primarily reflected within ‘‘Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The following table provides the final allocated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of the Hill Hire acquisition: 72 Assets: (In thousands) Revenue earning equipment $ 202,837 Operating property and equipment 18,780 Customer relationships and other intangibles 10,133 Other assets, primarily accounts receivable 60,179 291,929 Liabilities, primarily accrued liabilities (40,434 ) Net assets acquired $ 251,495 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) During 2012, purchase price adjustments totaled $2 million and related to adjustments to the fair value of revenue earning equipment and liabilities assumed. Other Acquisitions— During 2011, we completed three other acquisitions of full service leasing and fleet service companies, one of which included the assets of the seller’s SCS business. The combined networks operate under the Ryder name, complementing our FMS and SCS business segment market coverage throughout the United States. The purchase price of these acquisitions totaled $114 million , of which $1 million , $3 million and $107 million was paid during 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively. Goodwill and customer relationship intangibles related to these acquisitions totaled $28 million and $12 million , respectively. The following table provides further information regarding each of these acquisitions: Pro Forma Information – The operating results of each acquisition has been included in the consolidated financial statements from the dates of acquisition. The following table provides the unaudited pro forma revenues, net earnings and earnings per common share as if the results of the Hill Hire acquisition had been included in operations commencing January 1, 2010. This pro forma information is not necessarily indicative either of the combined results of operations that actually would have been realized had the acquisition been consummated during the periods for which the pro forma information is presented, or of future results. Pro forma information for the Euroway acquisition in 2012 and the other acquisitions in 2011 is not disclosed because the pro forma effect of these acquisitions is not significant. We paid approximately $1 million and $4 million in 2012 and 2011 , respectively, related to other acquisitions completed in prior years. All recent acquisitions have been accounted for as an acquisition of a business. 73 Company Acquired Date Acquired Segment Purchase Price Vehicles Contractual Customers Carmenita Leasing, Inc. January 10, 2011 FMS $ 9 million 190 60 The Scully Companies January 28, 2011 FMS/SCS $91 million 2,100 200 B.I.T. Leasing April 1, 2011 FMS $14 million 490 130 Year ended December 31, 2011 (In thousands, except per share amounts) Revenue — As reported $ 6,050,534 Revenue — Pro forma $ 6,118,104 Net earnings — As reported $ 169,777 Net earnings — Pro forma $ 184,849 Net earnings per common share: Basic — As reported $ 3.31 Basic — Pro forma $ 3.60 Diluted — As reported $ 3.28 Diluted — Pro forma $ 3.58 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 4. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS In December 2008, we announced strategic initiatives to improve our competitive advantage and drive long-term profitable growth. As part of these initiatives, we decided to discontinue SCS operations in South America and Europe. In 2009, we ceased SCS service operations in Brazil, Argentina, Chile and European markets. Accordingly, results of these operations, financial position and cash flows are separately reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto. Summarized results of discontinued operations were as follows: Results of discontinued operations in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 included $5 million , $3 million and $2 million , respectively, of pre-tax losses related to adverse legal developments and professional and administrative fees associated with our discontinued South American operations. As previously disclosed, we were assessed $5 million (before and after tax) in prior years for certain state operating tax credits utilized between 2001 and 2003. During 2013, we received an adverse tax ruling related to this matter. We incurred and paid $2 million to the Brazilian tax authority to settle all of these state operating tax-credit assessments. Results of discontinued operations in 2012 also included $1 million of pre-tax income related to the sub-lease of a European SCS facility as well as a tax benefit of $11 million resulting from the expiration of a statute of limitations. Results of discontinued operations in 2011 also included $1 million of pre-tax income from a favorable prior year insurance claim development. The following is a summary of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations: Although we discontinued our South American operations in 2009, we continue to be party to various federal, state and local legal proceedings involving labor matters, tort claims and tax assessments. We have established loss provisions for any matters where we believe a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Other than with respect to the matters discussed below, for matters where a reserve has not been established and for which we believe a loss is reasonably possible, as well as for matters where a reserve has been recorded but for which an exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we believe that such losses will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In Brazil, in addition to the settlement noted above for tax years 2001 through 2003, we were previously assessed $5 million (before and after tax) in prior years for various federal income taxes and social contribution taxes for the 1997 and 1998 tax years. We successfully overturned these federal tax assessments in the lower courts; however, there is a reasonable possibility that these rulings could be reversed and we would be required to pay the assessments. We believe it is more likely than not that our position will ultimately be sustained if appealed and no amounts have been reserved for these matters. We are entitled to indemnification for a portion of any resulting liability on these federal tax claims which, if honored, would reduce the estimated loss. 74 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Pre-tax loss from discontinued operations $ (5,450 ) $ (2,226 ) $ (1,185 ) Income tax benefit (expense) 46 11,306 (406 ) (Loss) earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax $ (5,404 ) $ 9,080 $ (1,591 ) December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 (In thousands) Total assets, primarily deposits (included in other assets) $ 3,627 $ 4,460 Total liabilities, primarily contingent accruals (included in other non-current liabilities) $ 4,501 $ 5,329 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 5. RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER (RECOVERIES) CHARGES The components of restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 were as follows: As mentioned in Note 29, “Segment Reporting,” our primary measure of segment financial performance excludes, among other items, restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net. However, the applicable portion of the restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net that related to each segment in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 were as follows: 2013 Activity The 2013 recoveries resulted from refining previous estimates of employee severance and benefit costs. 2012 Activity In the second quarter of 2012 , we approved a plan to eliminate approximately 350 employees, primarily in the U.S., as a result of cost containment actions. These actions have been completed. Workforce reductions resulted in a a pre-tax charge of $7 million . Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net in 2012 also included severance and employee related costs associated with the elimination of certain positions assumed in the Euroway acquisition offset by benefits from refinements in estimates from restructuring charges in the prior year. During 2012, we also recorded a pre-tax charge of $1 million associated with non-essential leased facilities assumed in the Hill Hire acquisition. 2011 Activity During 2011, we eliminated certain positions and terminated non-essential equipment contracts assumed in the Hill Hire and Scully acquisitions, which resulted in a pre-tax charge of $4 million . 75 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net: Severance and employee-related (recoveries) costs $ (470 ) 7,205 3,162 Contract termination costs — 865 493 (470 ) 8,070 3,655 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Fleet Management Solutions $ (470 ) 6,448 3,531 Supply Chain Solutions — 1,346 124 Central Support Services — 276 — Total $ (470 ) 8,070 3,655 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents a roll-forward of the activity and balances of our restructuring reserves, including discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 : ____________ At December 31, 2013 , the majority of outstanding restructuring obligations are required to be paid by December 31, 2014 . 76 Deductions Beginning Balance Additions Cash Payments Non-Cash Reductions (1) Foreign Translation Adjustment Ending Balance (In thousands) Year ended December 31, 2013: Employee severance and benefits $ 3,147 84 2,297 554 (40 ) 340 Contract termination costs 1,728 — 1,365 — (44 ) 319 Total $ 4,875 84 3,662 554 (84 ) 659 Year ended December 31, 2012: Employee severance and benefits $ 2,607 8,460 6,711 1,307 98 3,147 Contract termination costs 2,639 1,084 1,519 575 99 1,728 Total $ 5,246 9,544 8,230 1,882 197 4,875 (1) Non-cash reductions represent adjustments to the restructuring reserve as actual costs were less than originally estimated. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 6. RECEIVABLES ____________ 7. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS 8. REVENUE EARNING EQUIPMENT _______________ 77 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Trade $ 680,345 670,717 Direct financing leases 79,787 76,395 Income tax 2,920 6,596 Insurance (1) 6,911 17,345 Vendor rebates 5,916 5,547 Warranty claims 7,441 4,229 Other 11,005 10,365 794,325 791,194 Allowance (16,955 ) (15,429 ) Total $ 777,370 775,765 (1) The 2012 balance includes $7 million of insurance recoveries from Superstorm Sandy. Refer to Note 27, "Other Matters," for additional information. December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Current deferred tax asset $ 37,431 29,129 Restricted cash 10,655 102 Prepaid vehicle licenses 49,121 46,784 Prepaid operating taxes 14,321 13,322 Prepaid real estate rent 4,507 4,351 Prepaid contract incentives 4,556 4,789 Prepaid software maintenance costs 2,813 3,928 Interest rate swap agreement — 1,313 Prepaid insurance 8,798 8,810 Prepaid sales commissions 10,033 7,908 Other 17,028 13,498 Total $ 159,263 133,934 Estimated Useful Lives December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Cost Accumulated Depreciation Net Book Value (1) Cost Accumulated Depreciation Net Book Value (1) (In years) (In thousands) Held for use: Full service lease 3 — 12 $ 7,436,093 (2,537,077 ) 4,899,016 6,728,746 (2,500,786 ) 4,227,960 Commercial rental 4.5 — 12 2,210,863 (747,283 ) 1,463,580 2,041,698 (660,356 ) 1,381,342 Held for sale 439,983 (311,742 ) 128,241 499,074 (353,768 ) 145,306 Total $ 10,086,939 (3,596,102 ) 6,490,837 9,269,518 (3,514,910 ) 5,754,608 (1) Revenue earning equipment, net includes vehicles under capital leases of $54 million , less accumulated depreciation of $22 million , at December 31, 2013 and $56 million , less accumulated depreciation of $17 million , at December 31, 2012 . RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Depreciation expense was $884 million , $867 million and $800 million in 2013 , 2012 and 2011, respectively. At the end of each fiscal year, we review residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Based on the results of these analyses, we adjust the estimated residual values and useful lives of certain classes of revenue earning equipment effective January 1 of the following year. The change in estimated residual values and useful lives increased pre-tax earnings by approximately $30 million in 2013 compared with 2012 , and approximately $18 million in 2012 compared with 2011 . 9. OPERATING PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Depreciation expense was $73 million in both 2013 and 2012 , respectively, and $72 million in 2011. 10. GOODWILL The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable business segment with changes therein was as follows: Purchase accounting adjustments in 2013 primarily related to changes in the fair value of acquired revenue earning equipment. We did not adjust the December 31, 2012 balance sheet as the amounts are not material. We assess goodwill for impairment on April 1st of each year or more often if deemed necessary. For our annual goodwill impairment test on April 1, 2013, we performed a qualitative test for all of our reporting units. After performing the qualitative assessment, we concluded it is more likely than not that fair values are greater than carrying values and determined that quantitative testing was not necessary. 78 Estimated Useful Lives December 31, 2013 2012 (In years) (In thousands) Land — $ 193,031 190,357 Buildings and improvements 10 — 40 715,965 716,743 Machinery and equipment 3 — 10 595,244 578,718 Other 3 — 10 120,703 105,255 1,624,943 1,591,073 Accumulated depreciation (991,117 ) (966,220 ) Total $ 633,826 624,853 Fleet Management Solutions Supply Chain Solutions Total (In thousands) Balance at January 1, 2012 Goodwill $ 216,559 189,968 406,527 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) 206,237 171,069 377,306 Acquisitions 6,033 — 6,033 Purchase accounting adjustments 215 97 312 Foreign currency translation adjustment 322 243 565 Balance at December 31, 2012 Goodwill 223,129 190,308 413,437 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) 212,807 171,409 384,216 Purchase accounting adjustments 377 — 377 Foreign currency translation adjustment (302 ) (572 ) (874 ) Balance at December 31, 2013 Goodwill 223,204 189,736 412,940 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) $ 212,882 170,837 383,719 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 11. INTANGIBLE ASSETS The Ryder trade name has been identified as having an indefinite useful life. Customer relationship intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally 10 - 16 years. We recorded amortization expense associated with finite lived intangible assets of approximately $8 million in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 . The future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years related to all intangible assets that are currently recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets is estimated to be as follows at December 31, 2013 : 12. DIRECT FINANCING LEASES AND OTHER ASSETS 79 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Indefinite lived intangible assets — Trade name $ 9,084 9,084 Finite lived intangible assets: Customer relationship intangibles 95,683 95,683 Other intangibles, primarily trade name 2,254 2,254 Accumulated amortization (35,478 ) (27,860 ) 62,459 70,077 Foreign currency translation adjustment 863 1,314 Total $ 72,406 80,475 (In thousands) 2014 $ 6,545 2015 6,428 2016 6,420 2017 6,420 2018 5,948 Total $ 31,761 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Direct financing leases, net $ 320,327 315,528 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts 32,519 22,426 Insurance receivables 14,933 21,695 Debt issuance costs 16,570 16,323 Prepaid pension asset 23,556 6,090 Contract incentives 20,355 17,613 Interest rate swap agreements 9,333 15,412 Other 22,908 19,503 Total $ 460,501 434,590 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 13. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES _________________ (1) Insurance obligations are primarily comprised of self-insured claim liabilities. We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability and workers’ compensation insurance programs. Self-insurance accruals are based primarily on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, and include claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , we recorded a benefit within earnings from continuing operations of $5 million , $1 million , and $4 million , respectively, from development in estimated prior years’ self-insured loss reserves for the reasons noted above. 80 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Accrued Expenses Non-Current Liabilities Total Accrued Expenses Non-Current Liabilities Total (In thousands) Salaries and wages $ 106,281 — 106,281 86,776 — 86,776 Deferred compensation 2,505 31,896 34,401 1,630 24,918 26,548 Pension benefits 3,660 292,155 295,815 3,309 597,275 600,584 Other postretirement benefits 2,414 28,374 30,788 2,683 37,916 40,599 Insurance obligations (1) 125,835 186,700 312,535 133,459 178,714 312,173 Residual value guarantees — 239 239 1,505 130 1,635 Accrued rent 4,373 3,372 7,745 9,244 9,405 18,649 Environmental liabilities 4,515 8,548 13,063 4,201 8,415 12,616 Asset retirement obligations 6,144 19,403 25,547 3,642 17,116 20,758 Operating taxes 94,188 — 94,188 91,419 — 91,419 Income taxes 2,623 62,569 65,192 8,288 57,590 65,878 Interest 33,654 — 33,654 35,798 — 35,798 Deposits, mainly from customers 55,854 6,239 62,093 51,671 6,236 57,907 Deferred revenue 15,123 — 15,123 21,557 — 21,557 Acquisition holdbacks 2,012 — 2,012 1,637 2,673 4,310 Other 37,156 15,566 52,722 48,888 8,544 57,432 Total $ 496,337 655,061 1,151,398 505,707 948,932 1,454,639 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 14. INCOME TAXES The components of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations were as follows: ______________ A reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate with the effective tax rate from continuing operations follows: 81 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes: United States $ 302,689 241,672 223,209 Foreign 66,206 61,445 56,178 Total $ 368,895 303,117 279,387 Current tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations: Federal (1) $ 233 (4,157 ) 1,615 State (1) 4,194 11,514 7,785 Foreign 7,691 7,759 8,603 12,118 15,116 18,003 Deferred tax expense from continuing operations: Federal 98,036 77,819 67,849 State 15,399 3,871 17,247 Foreign 146 5,412 4,920 113,581 87,102 90,016 Provision for income taxes from continuing operations $ 125,699 102,218 108,019 (1) Excludes federal and state tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards, which were credited directly to “Additional paid-in capital.” Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (Percentage of pre-tax earnings) Federal statutory tax rate 35.0 35.0 35.0 Impact on deferred taxes for changes in tax rates 0.1 — 2.6 State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 4.0 4.1 3.9 Foreign rates varying from federal (4.1 ) (2.8 ) (2.3 ) Tax reviews and audits (0.8 ) (2.7 ) (0.9 ) Miscellaneous items, net (0.1 ) 0.1 0.4 Effective tax rate 34.1 33.7 38.7 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Tax Law Changes The effects of changes in tax laws on deferred tax balances are recognized in the period the new legislation is enacted. The following provides a summary of the impact of changes in tax laws on net earnings from continuing operations by tax jurisdiction: Deferred Income Taxes The components of the net deferred income tax liability were as follows: ______________ We do not provide for U.S. deferred income taxes on temporary differences related to our foreign investments that are considered permanent in duration. These temporary differences consist primarily of undistributed foreign earnings of $600 million at December 31, 2013 . A full foreign tax provision has been made on these undistributed foreign earnings. Determination of the amount of deferred taxes on these temporary differences is not practicable due to foreign tax credits and exclusions. 82 Tax Jurisdiction Enactment Date Net Earnings (in thousands) 2013 Puerto Rico June 30, 2013 $(503) United Kingdom July 17, 2013 $485 2012 United Kingdom July 17, 2012 $(856) Canada June 20, 2012 $(671) 2011 State of Michigan May 25, 2011 $(5,350) State of Illinois January 13, 2011 $(1,221) December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Deferred income tax assets: Self-insurance accruals $ 69,291 52,177 Net operating loss carryforwards 361,136 258,808 Alternative minimum taxes 10,727 9,679 Accrued compensation and benefits 60,039 61,095 Federal benefit on state tax positions 18,417 17,925 Pension benefits 87,745 204,069 Miscellaneous other accruals 39,414 39,708 646,769 643,461 Valuation allowance (33,793 ) (38,182 ) 612,976 605,279 Deferred income tax liabilities: Property and equipment bases difference (1,943,923 ) (1,734,508 ) Other items (22,503 ) (18,716 ) (1,966,426 ) (1,753,224 ) Net deferred income tax liability (1) $ (1,353,450 ) (1,147,945 ) (1) Deferred tax assets of $37 million and $29 million have been included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) At December 31, 2013 , we had U.S. federal tax effected net operating loss carryforwards of $274 million and various U.S. subsidiaries had state tax effected net operating loss carryforwards of $57 million both expiring through tax year 2029. We also had foreign tax effected net operating losses of $30 million that are available to reduce future income tax payments in several countries, subject to varying expiration rules. A valuation allowance has been established to reduce deferred income tax assets, principally foreign tax loss carryforwards, to amounts more likely than not to be realized. We had unused alternative minimum tax credits, for tax purposes, of $11 million at December 31, 2013 available to reduce future income tax liabilities. The alternative minimum tax credits may be carried forward indefinitely. Uncertain Tax Positions We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and foreign countries. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes on earnings, we recognize the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions that are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Such calculations require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. The following is a summary of tax years that are no longer subject to examination: Federal — audits of our U.S. federal income tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008. State — for the majority of states, tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008. Foreign — we are no longer subject to foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2006 in Canada, 2008 in Brazil, 2008 in Mexico and 2011 in the U.K., which are our major foreign tax jurisdictions. Refer to Note 4, "Discontinued Operations," for further discussion on various assessments related to our former South American operations. The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (excluding the federal benefit received from state positions): Of the total unrecognized tax benefits, $44 million (net of the federal benefit on state issues) represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in future periods. The total amount includes $5 million and $4 million of interest and penalties, at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively, net of the federal benefit on state issues. For the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , we recognized an income tax benefit related to interest and penalties of $1 million in each period, within “Provision for income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign tax positions may decrease by $3 million by December 31, 2014 , if audits are completed or tax years close during 2014 . 83 December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Balance at January 1 $ 52,271 62,247 61,236 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 7,606 3,980 3,776 Reductions due to lapse of applicable statutes of limitation (3,064 ) (13,956 ) (2,765 ) Gross balance at December 31 56,813 52,271 62,247 Interest and penalties 5,756 5,319 6,933 Balance at December 31 $ 62,569 57,590 69,180 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Like-Kind Exchange Program We have a like-kind exchange program for certain of our U.S.-based revenue earning equipment. Pursuant to the program, we dispose of vehicles and acquire replacement vehicles in a form whereby tax gains on disposal of eligible vehicles are deferred. To qualify for like-kind exchange treatment, we exchange through a qualified intermediary eligible vehicles being disposed of with vehicles being acquired, allowing us to generally carryover the tax basis of the vehicles sold (“like-kind exchanges”). The program results in a material deferral of federal and state income taxes, and a decrease in cash taxes in periods when we are not in a net operating loss (NOL) position. As part of the program, the proceeds from the sale of eligible vehicles are restricted for the acquisition of replacement vehicles and other specified applications. Due to the structure utilized to facilitate the like-kind exchanges, the qualified intermediary that holds the proceeds from the sales of eligible vehicles and the entity that holds the vehicles to be acquired under the program are required to be consolidated in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The total assets, primarily revenue earning equipment, and the total liabilities, primarily vehicle accounts payable, held by these consolidated entities are equal in value as these entities are solely structured to facilitate the like-kind exchanges. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , these consolidated entities had total assets, primarily revenue earning equipment, and total liabilities, primarily accounts payable of $246 million and $26 million , respectively. In the second quarter of 2012, we began to restructure and centralize the administration of vehicle purchasing, licensing and sales in order to reduce vehicle acquisition costs as well as realize operational efficiencies. During 2012, we were in a NOL position for tax purposes and were not realizing any benefits from the like-kind exchange program. As a result of those events, effective April 1, 2012, we temporarily suspended the like-kind exchange program. Once we suspended the program, tax gains on vehicles sold during that period were no longer deferred. Those tax gains resulted in an immaterial decrease in the NOL. Although the suspension did not impact our 2012 tax provision or capital spending program, our cash flows increased by $19 million from the release of the program's restricted cash. In the first quarter of 2013, once we had completed our restructuring of the administrative processes for purchasing and selling vehicles, we reinstated our like-kind exchange program. The reinstated program operates, and will provide cash tax benefits, in the same manner as it did prior to suspension once we are no longer in a NOL position. Our cash flow declined $11 million as a result of the program's restricted cash. There were no other impacts to cash flow as a result of the program's reinstatement. 84 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 15. LEASES Leases as Lessor We lease revenue earning equipment to customers for periods ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and up to ten years for trailers. From time to time, we may also lease facilities to third parties. The majority of our leases are classified as operating leases. However, some of our revenue earning equipment leases are classified as direct financing leases and, to a lesser extent, sales-type leases. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases consisted of: Our direct financing lease customers operate in a wide variety of industries, and we have no significant customer concentrations in any one industry. We assess credit risk for all of our customers including those who lease equipment under direct financing leases. Credit risk is assessed using an internally developed model which incorporates credit scores from third party providers and our own custom risk ratings and is updated on a monthly basis. The external credit scores are developed based on the customer’s historical payment patterns and an overall assessment of the likelihood of delinquent payments. Our internal ratings are weighted based on the industry that the customer operates, company size, years in business, and other credit-related indicators (i.e., profitability, cash flow, liquidity, tangible net worth, etc.). Any one of the following factors may result in a customer being classified as high risk: i) the customer has a history of late payments; ii) the customer has open lawsuits, liens or judgments; iii) the customer has been in business less than three years ; and iv) the customer operates in an industry with low barriers to entry. For those customers who are designated as high risk, we typically require deposits to be paid in advance in order to mitigate our credit risk. Additionally, our receivables are collateralized by the vehicle’s fair value, which further mitigates our credit risk. The following table presents the credit risk profile by creditworthiness category of our direct financing lease receivables at December 31, 2013 : 85 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Total minimum lease payments receivable $ 633,445 629,919 Less: Executory costs (198,755 ) (201,777 ) Minimum lease payments receivable 434,690 428,142 Less: Allowance for uncollectibles (501 ) (703 ) Net minimum lease payments receivable 434,189 427,439 Unguaranteed residuals 57,424 60,764 Less: Unearned income (91,499 ) (96,280 ) Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases 400,114 391,923 Current portion (79,787 ) (76,395 ) Non-current portion $ 320,327 315,528 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Very low risk to low risk $ 203,556 193,123 Moderate 164,761 177,400 Moderately high to high risk 66,373 57,619 $ 434,690 428,142 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table is a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on direct financing lease receivables for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012: As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the amount of direct financing lease receivables which were past due was not significant and there were no impaired receivables. Accordingly, there was no material risk of default with respect to the direct financing lease receivables as of December 31, 2013 or 2012 . Leases as Lessee We lease vehicles, facilities and office equipment under operating lease agreements. Rental payments on certain vehicle lease agreements vary based on the number of miles run during the period. Generally, vehicle lease agreements specify that rental payments be adjusted periodically based on changes in interest rates and provide for early termination at stipulated values. None of our leasing arrangements contain restrictive financial covenants. We periodically enter into sale and leaseback transactions to lower the total cost of funding our operations and to diversify our funding among different types of funding instruments. These sale-leaseback transactions are often executed with third-party financial institutions not deemed to be VIEs. In general, these sale-leaseback transactions result in a reduction in revenue earning equipment and debt on the balance sheet, as proceeds from the sale of revenue earning equipment are used primarily to repay debt. Sale-leaseback transactions accounted for as operating leases will result in reduced depreciation and interest expense and increased equipment rental expense. We did not enter into any sale-leaseback transactions during 2013. During 2012 , we completed a sale-leaseback transaction of revenue earning equipment with a third party and the leaseback was accounted for as an operating lease. Proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction totaled $130 million . During 2011 , we completed a sale-leaseback transaction of revenue earning equipment with a third party and the leaseback was accounted for as a capital lease. Proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction totaled $37 million . Certain leases contain purchase and/or renewal options, as well as limited guarantees for a portion of the lessor’s residual value. Certain residual value guarantees are conditional on termination of the lease prior to its contractual lease term. The amount of residual value guarantees expected to be paid is recognized as rent expense over the expected remaining term of the lease. Facts and circumstances that impact management’s estimates of residual value guarantees include the market for used equipment, the condition of the equipment at the end of the lease and inherent limitations in the estimation process. See Note 19, “Guarantees,” for additional information. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , rent expense (including rent of facilities but excluding contingent rentals) was $ 153 million , $ 148 million , and $ 154 million , respectively. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , contingent rental expense comprised of residual value guarantees, payments based on miles run and adjustments to rental payments for changes in interest rates on all other leased vehicles was $ 1 million , $1 million , and $2 million , respectively. 86 (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2011 $ 903 Charged to earnings 812 Deductions (1,012 ) Balance at December 31, 2012 703 Charged to earnings 205 Deductions (407 ) Balance at December 31, 2013 $ 501 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Lease Payments Future minimum payments for leases in effect at December 31, 2013 were as follows: ____________________ The amounts in the previous table related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are based upon the general assumption that revenue earning equipment will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. The future minimum payments presented above related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are not a projection of future lease revenue or expense; no effect has been given to renewals, new business, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes. 87 As Lessor (1) As Lessee Operating Leases Direct Financing Leases Operating Leases (In thousands) 2014 $ 887,604 105,071 83,844 2015 718,429 91,281 65,934 2016 568,155 77,785 41,383 2017 420,288 59,161 25,205 2018 277,665 42,024 28,803 Thereafter 216,440 59,368 33,473 Total $ 3,088,581 434,690 278,642 (1) Amounts do not include contingent rentals, which may be received under certain leases on the basis of miles of used or changes in the Consumer Price Index. Contingent rentals from operating leases included in revenue during 2013 , 2012 and 2011 were $ 318 million , $ 319 million , and $ 303 million , respectively. Contingent rentals from direct financing leases included in revenue during 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 were $ 11 million in all periods. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 16. DEBT _________________ Maturities of total debt are as follows: Weighted-Average Interest Rate December 31, December 31, 2013 2012 Maturities 2013 2012 (In thousands) Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt: Short-term debt 1.70 % 2.27 % 2014 $ 1,315 9,820 Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases 258,123 358,155 Total short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt 259,438 367,975 Long-term debt: U.S. commercial paper (1) 0.28 % 0.41 % 2018 486,939 329,925 Canadian commercial paper (1) 1.13 % 1.14 % 2018 11,297 23,165 Global revolving credit facility —% 1.58 % 2018 — 8,924 Unsecured U.S. notes – Medium-term notes (1) 3.76 % 4.01 % 2014-2025 3,271,734 2,971,313 Unsecured U.S. obligations, principally bank term loans 1.45 % 1.56 % 2015-2018 55,500 105,500 Unsecured foreign obligations 1.99 % 1.91 % 2015-2016 315,558 313,406 Capital lease obligations 3.81 % 4.08 % 2014-2019 38,911 42,018 Total before fair market value adjustment 4,179,939 3,794,251 Fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging (2) 8,171 16,725 4,188,110 3,810,976 Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases (258,123 ) (358,155 ) Long-term debt 3,929,987 3,452,821 Total debt $ 4,189,425 3,820,796 (1) We had unamortized original issue discounts of $8 million and $9 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. (2) The notional amount of the executed interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges was $400 million and $ 550 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Refer to Note 18, "Derivatives", for additional information. Capital Leases Debt (In thousands) 2014 $ 9,383 251,315 2015 8,096 712,305 2016 6,505 872,994 2017 7,602 704,270 2018 5,807 1,185,649 Thereafter 4,987 415,810 Total 42,380 4,142,343 Imputed interest (3,469 ) Present value of minimum capitalized lease payments 38,911 Current portion (8,123 ) Long-term capitalized lease obligation $ 30,788 88 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Debt Facilities We maintain a $900 million global revolving credit facility with a syndicate of twelve lending institutions led by Bank of America N.A., Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., BNP Paribas, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., Royal Bank of Canada, Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. In October 2013 , the maturity date of the global credit facility was extended from June 2016 to October 2018. The global facility is used primarily to finance working capital but can also be used to issue up to $75 million in letters of credit (there were no letters of credit outstanding against the facility at December 31, 2013 ). At our option, the interest rate on borrowings under the credit facility is based on LIBOR, prime, federal funds or local equivalent rates. The agreement previously provided for annual facility fees ranging from 10.0 basis points to 32.5 basis points. The amended agreement provides for annual facility fees which range from 8.0 basis points to 27.5 basis points and are based on Ryder’s long-term credit ratings. The previous annual facility fee was 15.0 basis points. This fee was amended to 12.5 basis points, which applies to the total facility size of $900 million . The credit facility contains no provisions limiting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to Ryder’s business operations; however, the credit facility does contain standard representations and warranties, events of default, cross-default provisions and certain affirmative and negative covenants. In order to maintain availability of funding, we must maintain a ratio of debt to consolidated net worth of less than or equal to 300% . Net worth, as defined in the credit facility, represents shareholders' equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss associated with our pension and other postretirement plans. The ratio at December 31, 2013 was 177% . At December 31, 2013 , $402 million was available under the credit facility, net of outstanding commercial paper borrowings. Our global revolving credit facility enables us to refinance short-term obligations on a long-term basis. Settlement of short-term commercial paper obligations not expected to require the use of working capital are classified as long-term as we have both the intent and ability to refinance on a long-term basis. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , we classified $498 million and $353 million , respectively, of short-term commercial paper as long-term debt. In February 2013 , we issued $250 million of unsecured medium-term notes maturing in February 2019 and in November 2013 , we issued $300 million of unsecured medium-term notes maturing in November 2018. The proceeds from these notes were used to pay down commercial paper and for general corporate purposes. If either of the notes are downgraded following, and as a result of, a change in control, the note holders can require us to repurchase all or a portion of the respective notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of principal plus accrued and unpaid interest . We have a trade receivables purchase and sale program, pursuant to which we sell certain of our domestic trade accounts receivable to a bankruptcy remote, consolidated subsidiary of Ryder, that in turn sells, on a revolving basis, an ownership interest in certain of these accounts receivable to a receivables conduit or committed purchasers. The subsidiary is considered a VIE and is consolidated based on our control of the entity’s activities. We use this program to provide additional liquidity to fund our operations, particularly when it is cost effective to do so. The costs under the program may vary based on changes in interest rates. The available proceeds that may be received under the program are limited to $175 million . In October 2013 , we renewed the trade receivables purchase and sale program. If no event occurs which causes early termination, the 364-day program will expire on October 24, 2014 . The program contained provisions restricting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to our business operations or the collectibility of the collateralized receivables. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , no amounts were outstanding under the program. Sales of receivables under this program will be accounted for as secured borrowings based on our continuing involvement in the transferred assets. On February 6, 2013 , we filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The registration is for an indeterminate number of securities and is effective for three years. Under this universal shelf registration statement, we have the capacity to offer and sell from time to time various types of securities, including common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, subject to market demand and ratings status. 89 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 17. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the levels of inputs used to measure fair value: 90 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2013 Using Balance Sheet Location Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) Assets: Interest rate swaps DFL and other assets $ — 9,333 — 9,333 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts: Cash and cash equivalents 7,101 — — 7,101 U.S. equity mutual funds 16,479 — — 16,479 Foreign equity mutual funds 4,323 — — 4,323 Fixed income mutual funds 4,616 — — 4,616 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts DFL and other assets 32,519 — — 32,519 Total assets at fair value $ 32,519 9,333 — 41,852 Liabilities: Interest rate swaps Other non-current liabilities — 1,162 — 1,162 Total liabilities at fair value $ — 1,162 — 1,162 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2012 Using Balance Sheet Location Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) Assets: Interest rate swap Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ — 1,313 — 1,313 Interest rate swaps DFL and other assets — 15,412 — 15,412 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts: Cash and cash equivalents 4,055 — — 4,055 U.S. equity mutual funds 10,871 — — 10,871 Foreign equity mutual funds 2,974 — — 2,974 Fixed income mutual funds 4,526 — — 4,526 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts DFL and other assets 22,426 — — 22,426 Total assets at fair value $ 22,426 16,725 — 39,151 Liabilities: Contingent consideration Other non-current liabilities — — 478 478 Total liabilities at fair value $ — — 478 478 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents our assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and the levels of inputs used to measure fair value: ______________ Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Losses to reflect changes in fair value are presented within “Other operating expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (tractors, trucks and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. Fair value was determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition. Therefore, our revenue earning equipment held for sale was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. During the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , we recorded losses to reflect changes in fair value of $16 million , $18 million and $9 million , respectively. Total fair value of debt (excluding capital lease obligations) at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $4.28 billion and $ $3.99 billion , respectively. For publicly-traded debt, estimates of fair value are based on market prices. Since our publicly-traded debt is not actively traded, the fair value measurement was classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. For other debt, fair value is estimated based on rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. Therefore, the fair value measurement of our other debt was classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturities of these financial instruments. 91 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2013 Using Year ended December 31, 2013 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Losses (2) Assets held for sale: Revenue earning equipment: (1) Trucks $ — — 13,326 $ 9,926 Tractors — — 10,339 4,824 Trailers — — 723 1,678 Total assets at fair value $ — — 24,388 $ 16,428 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2012 Using Year ended December 31, 2012 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Losses (2) Assets held for sale: Revenue earning equipment (1) Trucks $ — — 14,263 $ 12,853 Tractors — — 11,619 4,058 Trailers — — 585 1,489 Total assets at fair value $ — — 26,467 $ 18,400 (1) Represents the portion of all revenue earning equipment held for sale that is recorded at fair value, less costs to sell. (2) Total losses represent fair value adjustments for all vehicles held for sale throughout the period for which fair value less costs to sell was less than carrying value. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 18. DERIVATIVES From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap and cap agreements to manage our fixed and variable interest rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. We assess the risk that changes in interest rates will have either on the fair value of debt obligations or on the amount of future interest payments by monitoring changes in interest rate exposures and by evaluating hedging opportunities. We regularly monitor interest rate risk attributable to both our outstanding or forecasted debt obligations as well as our offsetting hedge positions. This risk management process involves the use of analytical techniques, including cash flow sensitivity analysis, to estimate the expected impact of changes in interest rates on our future cash flows. As of December 31, 2013 , we have interest rate swaps outstanding which are designated as fair value hedges whereby we receive fixed interest rate payments in exchange for making variable interest rate payments. The differential to be paid or received is accrued and recognized as interest expense. The following table provides a detail of the swaps outstanding and the related hedged items as of December 31, 2013 : Changes in the fair value of our interest rate swaps are offset by changes in the fair value of the debt instrument. Accordingly, there is no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swaps. The location and amount of (gains) losses on derivative instruments and related hedged items reported in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows: Refer to Note 17, “Fair Value Measurements,” for disclosures of the fair value and line item caption of derivative instruments recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 19. GUARANTEES We have executed various agreements with third parties that contain standard indemnifications that may require us to indemnify a third party against losses arising from a variety of matters such as lease obligations, financing agreements, environmental matters, and agreements to sell business assets. In each of these instances, payment by Ryder is contingent on the other party bringing about a claim under the procedures outlined in the specific agreement. Normally, these procedures allow us to dispute the other party’s claim. Additionally, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of the amount and/or timing of any claim. We have entered into individual indemnification agreements with each of our independent directors, through which we will indemnify such director acting in good faith against any and all losses, expenses and liabilities arising out of such director’s service as a director of Ryder. The maximum amount of potential future payments under these agreements is generally unlimited. We cannot predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under certain of these agreements, including the indemnification agreements, due to the contingent nature of the potential obligations and the distinctive provisions that are involved in each individual agreement. Historically, no such payments made by us have had a material adverse effect on our business. We believe that if a loss were incurred in any of these matters, the loss would not have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. 92 Face value of medium-term notes Aggregate notional amount of interest rate swaps Weighted-average variable interest rate on hedged debt as of December 31, Issuance date Maturity date Fixed interest rate 2013 2012 (Dollars in thousands) May 2011 June 2017 $350,000 $150,000 3.50% 1.44% 1.62% February 2011 March 2015 $350,000 $150,000 3.15% 1.34% 1.66% November 2013 November 2018 $300,000 $100,000 2.45% 1.19% — Location of (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income December 31, Fair Value Hedging Relationship 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Derivative: Interest rate swap Interest expense $ (8,554 ) (5,118 ) 6,414 Hedged item: Fixed-rate debt Interest expense 8,554 5,118 (6,414 ) Total $ — — — RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , the maximum determinable exposure of each type of guarantee and the corresponding liability, if any, recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows: ________________ We have provided partial end of lease term residual value guarantees as part of a sale leaseback transaction in 2012. If the sales proceeds from the final disposition of the specified vehicles are less than the residual value guarantee, we are required to pay the difference to the lessor. The leases expire periodically through 2019 . At December 31, 2013 , our maximum exposure for such guarantees was approximately $24 million . No liability has been recognized as of December 31, 2013 because we do not expect to pay any guaranteed amounts to the lessor based on current market conditions. The payments associated with the end of lease term residual value guarantees have been included in our future minimum lease payments for leases in effect as of December 31, 2013 . See Note 15, "Leases," for further information. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , we had letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding, which primarily guarantee various insurance activities as noted in the following table: Certain of these letters of credit and surety bonds guarantee insurance activities associated with insurance claim liabilities transferred in conjunction with the sale of our automotive transport business, reported as discontinued operations in previous years. To date, the insurance claims representing per-claim deductibles payable under third-party insurance policies have been paid and continue to be paid by the company that assumed such liabilities. However, if all or a portion of the estimated outstanding assumed claims of approximately $6 million at December 31, 2013 are unable to be paid, the third-party insurers may have recourse against certain of the outstanding letters of credit provided by Ryder in order to satisfy the unpaid claim deductibles. In 2009, in order to reduce our potential exposure to these claims, we drew upon an outstanding letter of credit provided by the purchaser and have a deposit and corresponding liability, both of which are outstanding at December 31, 2013 . Periodically, an actuarial valuation is made in order to better estimate the amount of outstanding insurance claim liabilities. 20. SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAMS In December 2013, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2013 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The December 2013 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management may establish prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the December 2013 program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan. We did not repurchase any shares under this program in 2013. 93 December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Guarantee Maximum Exposure of Guarantee Carrying Amount of Liability Maximum Exposure of Guarantee Carrying Amount of Liability (In thousands) Vehicle residual value guarantees (end of lease term) — operating leases (1) $ 24,059 $ — 24,558 11 Standby letters of credit 6,234 6,234 6,234 6,234 Total $ 30,293 $ 6,234 30,792 6,245 (1) Amounts exclude contingent rentals associated with residual value guarantees on certain vehicles held under operating leases for which the guarantees are conditioned upon disposal of the leased vehicles prior to the end of their lease term. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , our maximum exposure for such guarantees was approximately $120 million and $183 million , respectively, with $0.2 million and $2 million recorded as a liability at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Letters of credit $ 210,995 198,227 Surety bonds 99,486 95,856 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) In December 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2011 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2011 through December 13, 2013. The December 2011 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. During 2012, we repurchased and retired 543,923 shares under this program at an aggregate amount of $26 million . We did not repurchase any shares under this program in 2013 or 2011. In December 2009, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year anti-dilutive share repurchase program. The December 2009 program limited aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. During 2011, we repurchased and retired 1,175,783 shares under this program at an aggregate cost of $59 million . 21. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS The Comprehensive income (loss) presents a measure of all changes in shareholders’ equity except for changes resulting from transactions with shareholders in their capacity as shareholders. The following summary sets forth the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: _______________________ The loss from currency translation adjustments in 2013 of $22 million was due to the weakening of the Canadian Dollar compared to the U.S. Dollar, which was partially offset by the strengthening of the British Pound. The currency translation adjustment in 2012 of $30 million reflects the strengthening of the Canadian Dollar and the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar. The loss from currency translation adjustments in 2011 of $18 million was due to the weakening of the Canadian Dollar compared to the U.S. Dollar. 94 Currency Translation Adjustments Net Actuarial Loss (1) Prior Service Credit (1) Transition Obligation (1) Unrealized Gain on Derivatives Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (In thousands) January 1, 2011 $ 45,987 (428,532 ) 5,912 34 — (376,599 ) Amortization — 13,146 (1,621 ) (22 ) — 11,503 Current period change (17,768 ) (184,301 ) — — — (202,069 ) December 31, 2011 28,219 (599,687 ) 4,291 12 — (567,165 ) Amortization — 20,315 (1,657 ) — — 18,658 Current period change 29,629 (68,753 ) — — 12 (39,112 ) December 31, 2012 57,848 (648,125 ) 2,634 12 12 (587,619 ) Amortization — 22,832 (1,340 ) (12 ) — 21,480 Current period change (22,079 ) 147,410 2,466 — 94 127,891 December 31, 2013 $ 35,769 (477,883 ) 3,760 — 106 (438,248 ) (1) These amounts are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 24, "Employee Benefit Plans," for further information. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 22. EARNINGS PER SHARE INFORMATION The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share from continuing operations: 23. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS The following table provides information on share-based compensation expense and income tax benefits recognized in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 : Total unrecognized pre-tax compensation expense related to share-based compensation arrangements at December 31, 2013 was $22 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.60 years. The total fair value of equity awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 were $12 million , $12 million and $23 million , respectively. Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands, except per share amounts) Earnings per share — Basic: Earnings from continuing operations $ 243,196 200,899 171,368 Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested stock (2,173 ) (2,566 ) (2,751 ) Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Basic $ 241,023 198,333 168,617 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic 51,617 50,449 50,500 Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Basic $ 4.67 3.93 3.34 Earnings per share — Diluted: Earnings from continuing operations $ 243,196 200,899 171,368 Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested stock (2,159 ) (2,556 ) (2,737 ) Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Diluted $ 241,037 198,343 168,631 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic 51,617 50,449 50,500 Effect of dilutive equity awards 454 291 378 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Diluted 52,071 50,740 50,878 Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Diluted $ 4.63 3.91 3.31 Anti-dilutive equity awards and market-based restrictive stocks rights not included above 785 2,278 1,514 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Stock option and stock purchase plans $ 8,303 9,469 9,497 Nonvested stock 11,007 9,395 7,926 Share-based compensation expense 19,310 18,864 17,423 Income tax benefit (6,224 ) (6,309 ) (5,794 ) Share-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 13,086 12,555 11,629  95 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Share-Based Incentive Awards Share-based incentive awards are provided to employees under the terms of various share-based compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”). The Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Awards under the Plans principally include at-the-money stock options, nonvested stock and cash awards. Nonvested stock awards include grants of market-based, performance-based, and time-vested restricted stock rights. Under the terms of our Plans, dividends may be paid on our stock options and nonvested stock awards. We have historically paid dividends on nonvested stock awards but not on our stock option awards. Dividends on nonvested stock granted after 2011 are not paid unless the award vests. Upon vesting, the amount of the dividends paid is equal to the aggregate dividends declared on common shares during the period from the date of grant of the award until the date the shares underlying the award are delivered. For grants prior to 2012 , participants are entitled to non-forfeitable dividend equivalents on such awarded shares, but the sale or transfer of these shares is restricted during the vesting period. There are 2.6 million shares authorized and available to be granted under the Plans as of December 31, 2013 . A majority of share-based compensation expense is generated from stock options. Stock options are awards which allow employees to purchase shares of our stock at a fixed price. Stock option awards are granted at an exercise price equal to the market price of our stock at the time of grant. These awards, which generally vest one-third each year, are fully vested three years from the grant date. The stock options granted in 2013 have contractual terms of ten years and stock options granted in 2012 and 2011 have contractual terms of seven years. Restricted stock awards are nonvested stock rights that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the award vests. Time-vested restricted stock rights typically vest in three years regardless of company performance. The fair value of the time-vested awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. During 2013, performance-based restricted stock awards were granted, which include a performance-based vesting condition. The awards are segmented into three performance periods of one, two and three years. For these awards, 25% - 125% of the awards may be earned based on Ryder's 2013 adjusted return on capital (ROC) measured against a ROC target. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock three years after the grant date, provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. The fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based upon the probability that the performance target will be met. During 2013, 31,000 performance-based restricted stock rights were also awarded under the Plans for which the annual ROC target will be determined in future years. These awards will be considered granted under accounting guidance for stock compensation once the Compensation Committee approves the annual ROC target and communicates the terms of the awards to the recipients. Market-based restricted stock awards include a market-based vesting provision. The awards are segmented into three performance periods of one, two and three years. At the end of each performance period, 25% - 125% of the award may be earned based on Ryder's total shareholder return (TSR) compared to the target TSR of a peer group over the applicable performance period. For the 2013 awards, Ryder's TSR will be compared to the TSR of a custom peer group. For the 2012 awards, Ryder's TSR will be compared to the TSR of the S&P 500. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock at the end of the relevant three year performance period provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. The fair value of the market-based awards is determined on the date of grant and is based on the likelihood of Ryder achieving the market-based condition. Share-based compensation expense on the market-based restricted stock awards is recognized regardless of whether the awards vest. Certain employees also received market-based cash awards as part of our long-term incentive compensation program. The cash awards have the same vesting provisions as the market-based restricted stock rights granted in the respective years except that, for 2011, Ryder’s TSR must at least meet the TSR of the 33rd percentile of the S&P 500 . The cash awards are accounted for as liability awards as the awards are based upon the performance of our common stock and are settled in cash. As a result, the liability is adjusted to reflect fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the cash awards was estimated using a lattice-based option pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. The liability related to the cash awards was $2 million and $4 million at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 , respectively. 96 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table is a summary of compensation expense recognized related to cash awards in addition to share-based compensation expense reported in the previous table. We grant restricted stock units (RSUs) to non-management members of the Board of Directors. Once granted, RSUs are eligible for non-forfeitable dividend equivalents but have no voting rights. The fair value of the awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. The board member receives the RSUs upon their departure from the Board. The initial grant of RSUs will not vest unless the director has served a minimum of one year. When the board member receives the RSUs, they are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our common stock. Share-based compensation expense is recognized for RSUs in the year the RSUs are granted. Option Awards The following is a summary of option activity under our stock option plans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 : The aggregate intrinsic values in the table above represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the market price of our stock on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options at year-end. The amount changes based on the fair market value of our stock. Information about options in various price ranges at December 31, 2013 follows: 97 Years ended December 31 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Cash awards $ 996 1,099 1,882 Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Options outstanding at January 1 3,148 $ 46.36 Granted 391 58.27 Exercised (1,730 ) 45.28 Forfeited or expired (92 ) 49.56 Options outstanding at December 31 1,717 $ 49.99 4.9 $ 40,861 Vested and expected to vest at December 31 1,653 $ 49.75 4.5 $ 39,730 Exercisable at December 31 889 $ 45.34 3.2 $ 25,285 Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Price Ranges Shares Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Less than $45.00 354 2.9 $ 33.14 354 $ 33.14 45.00-50.00 412 4.1 49.39 254 49.39 50.00-55.00 413 4.9 53.57 128 53.47 55.00 and over 538 6.9 58.79 153 60.07 Total 1,717 4.9 $ 49.99 889 $ 45.34 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Restricted Stock Awards The following is a summary of the status of Ryder’s nonvested restricted stock awards as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013 : Stock Purchase Plan We maintain an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), which enables eligible participants in the U.S. and Canada to purchase full or fractional shares of Ryder common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of eligible compensation. The ESPP provides for quarterly offering periods during which shares may be purchased at 85% of the fair market value on either the first or the last trading day of the quarter, whichever is less. Stock purchased under the ESPP must generally be held for 90 days. The amount of shares authorized to be issued under the existing ESPP was 4.5 million at December 31, 2013 . There were 0.5 million unused shares available to be purchased under the ESPP at December 31, 2013 . The following table summarizes the status of Ryder’s ESPP: Share-Based Compensation Fair Value Assumptions The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing valuation model that uses the weighted-average assumptions noted in the table below. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our stock and implied volatility from traded options on our stock. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option award is based on the yield curve of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond on the date the stock option award is granted with a maturity equal to the expected term of the stock option award. We use historical data to estimate stock option exercises and forfeitures within the valuation model. The expected term of stock option awards granted is derived from historical exercise experience under the share-based employee compensation arrangements and represents the period of time that stock option awards granted are expected to be outstanding. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by Ryder. 98 Time-Vested Market-Based Vested Performance-Based Vested Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value (In thousands) (In thousands) (In thousands) Nonvested stock outstanding at January 1 440 $ 49.16 387 $ 25.35 — $ — Granted 162 58.39 23 53.66 16 58.27 Vested (58) 40.19 — — — — Forfeited (10) 58.85 (205) 20.19 (1) 58.21 Nonvested stock outstanding at December 31 534 $ 52.58 205 $ 33.71 15 $ 58.27 Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Outstanding at January 1 — $ — Granted 194 48.72 Exercised (194) 48.72 Forfeited or expired — — Outstanding at December 31 — $ — — $ — Exercisable at December 31 — $ — — $ — RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used for options granted: Exercise of Employee Stock Options and Purchase Plans The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $30 million , $6 million , and $9 million , respectively. The total cash received from employees as a result of exercises under all share-based employee compensation arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $87 million , $28 million , and $33 million , respectively. In connection with these exercises, the tax benefits generated from share-based employee compensation arrangements were $4 million , $1 million , and $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively. 24. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Pension Plans We historically sponsored several defined benefit pension plans covering most employees not covered by union-administered plans, including certain employees in foreign countries. These plans generally provided participants with benefits based on years of service and career-average compensation levels. The funding policy for these plans is to make contributions based on annual service costs plus amortization of unfunded past service liability, but not greater than the maximum allowable contribution deductible for federal income tax purposes. We may, from time to time, make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amount required by statute. The majority of the plans’ assets are invested in a master trust that, in turn, is invested primarily in commingled funds whose investments are listed stocks and bonds. As discussed under the Pension Amendments section, we have frozen all of our major defined benefit pension plans. We have a non-qualified supplemental pension plan covering certain U.S. employees, which provides for incremental pension payments from our funds so that total pension payments equal the amounts that would have been payable from our principal pension plans if it were not for limitations imposed by income tax regulations. The accrued pension liability related to this plan was $44 million and $46 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. 99 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Option plans: Expected dividends 2.1% 2.2% 2.2% Expected volatility 35.1% 40.7% 38.7% Risk-free rate 0.7% 0.6% 1.7% Expected term in years 4.3 years 3.7 years 3.6 years Grant-date fair value $13.97 $14.07 $12.88 Purchase plan: Expected dividends 2.2% 2.7% 2.4% Expected volatility 28.0% 32.7% 32.8% Risk-free rate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Expected term in years 0.25 years 0.25 years 0.25 years Grant-date fair value $11.73 $9.53 $10.21 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Pension Expense Pension expense from continuing operations was as follows: In the fourth quarter of 2013 , we determined certain census data used to actuarially determine the value of our pension benefit obligations for the years 1998 to 2012 was inaccurate. We recorded a one-time, non-cash charge of $4 million for the adjustment of our pension benefit obligation. We recorded the cumulative adjustment within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings as the impact of revising our pension benefit obligation was not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual prior period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2013 results. The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used for Ryder’s pension plans in determining annual pension expense: The return on plan assets assumption reflects the weighted-average of the expected long-term rates of return for the broad categories of investments held in the plans. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns or in asset allocation strategies of the plan assets. Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Company-administered plans: Service cost $ 15,991 15,479 14,719 Interest cost 89,682 94,605 97,526 Expected return on plan assets (106,150 ) (96,342 ) (101,803 ) Census data adjustment 3,905 — — Amortization of: Transition obligation (20 ) — (31 ) Net actuarial loss 35,302 31,200 20,226 Prior service credit (1,818 ) (2,275 ) (2,278 ) 36,892 42,667 28,359 Union-administered plans 11,226 6,746 5,988 Net pension expense $ 48,118 49,413 34,347 Company-administered plans: U.S. $ 37,636 38,992 28,974 Foreign (744 ) 3,675 (615 ) 36,892 42,667 28,359 Union-administered plans 11,226 6,746 5,988 $ 48,118 49,413 34,347 U.S. Plans Years ended December 31, Foreign Plans Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 Discount rate 4.10% 4.90% 5.70% 4.43% 4.76% 5.55% Rate of increase in compensation levels 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 3.55% 3.54% 3.55% Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.80% 7.05% 7.45% 6.57% 6.00% 6.84% Transition amortization in years — — — — 1 1 Gain and loss amortization in years 23 24 25 26 27 27 100 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Pension Amendments In past years, we made amendments to defined benefit retirement plans which froze the retirement benefits for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom (U.K.). As a result of these amendments, non-grandfathered plan participants ceased accruing benefits under the plan as of the respective amendment effective date and began receiving an enhanced benefit under a defined contribution plan. All retirement benefits earned as of the amendment effective date were fully preserved and will be paid in accordance with the plan and legal requirements. There was no material impact to our financial condition and operating results from the plan amendments. Obligations and Funded Status The following table sets forth the benefit obligations, assets and funded status associated with our pension plans: Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of: December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Change in benefit obligations: Benefit obligations at January 1 $ 2,207,421 1,967,586 Service cost 15,991 15,479 Interest cost 89,682 94,605 Actuarial (gain) loss (129,259 ) 189,936 Benefits paid (82,120 ) (76,742 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes 3,034 16,557 Benefit obligations at December 31 2,104,749 2,207,421 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at January 1 1,612,927 1,418,042 Actual return on plan assets 201,019 174,650 Employer contribution 96,183 81,116 Participants’ contributions 3 52 Benefits paid (82,120 ) (76,742 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes 4,478 15,809 Fair value of plan assets at December 31 1,832,490 1,612,927 Funded status $ (272,259 ) (594,494 ) December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Noncurrent asset $ 23,556 6,090 Current liability (3,660 ) (3,309 ) Noncurrent liability (292,155 ) (597,275 ) Net amount recognized $ (272,259 ) (594,494 ) 101 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of: In 2014 , we expect to recognize approximately $2 million of the prior service credit and $25 million of the net actuarial loss as a component of pension expense. The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining funded status: At December 31, 2013 and 2012 , our pension obligations (accumulated benefit obligations (ABO) and projected benefit obligations (PBO)) greater than the fair value of related plan assets for our U.S. and foreign plans were as follows: Plan Assets Our pension investment strategy is to generate a total rate of return that is sufficient, coupled with existing assets and funding contributions, to support payment of the ongoing plan obligations with an acceptable, appropriate and reasonable level of total asset-liability risk. The plans utilize several investment strategies, including actively and passively managed equity and fixed income strategies. The investment policy establishes targeted allocations for each asset class that incorporate measures of asset and liability risks. Deviations between actual pension plan asset allocations and targeted asset allocations may occur as a result of investment performance and changes in the funded status from time to time. Rebalancing of our pension plan asset portfolios is evaluated periodically and rebalanced if actual allocations exceed an acceptable range. U.S. plans account for approximately 75% of our total pension plan assets. Equity securities primarily include investments in both domestic and international common collective trusts and publicly traded equities. Fixed income securities primarily include domestic collective trusts and corporate bonds. Other types of investments include private equity fund-of-funds and hedge fund-of-funds. Equity and fixed income securities in our international plans include actively and passively managed mutual funds. In the fourth quarter of 2012 , we modified our U.S. pension investment policy and strategy to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities as a result of an asset-liability study. Under the new strategy, we increase our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduce our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plan improves. December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Transition obligation $ — (20 ) Prior service credit (2,153 ) (3,077 ) Net actuarial loss 745,356 1,007,315 Net amount recognized $ 743,203 1,004,218 U.S. Plans December 31, Foreign Plans December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 Discount rate 5.00% 4.10% 4.58% 4.43% Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.00% 4.00% 3.09% 3.55% U.S. Plans December 31, Foreign Plans December 31, Total December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 (In thousands) Accumulated benefit obligations $ 1,628,407 1,747,610 445,993 418,245 2,074,400 2,165,855 Plans with ABO in excess of plan assets: PBO $ 1,656,086 1,786,025 9,303 83,618 1,665,389 1,869,643 ABO $ 1,628,407 1,747,610 7,740 80,468 1,636,147 1,828,078 Fair value of plan assets $ 1,369,574 1,202,565 — 66,494 1,369,574 1,269,059 Plans with PBO in excess of plan assets: PBO $ 1,656,086 1,786,025 9,303 83,618 1,665,389 1,869,643 ABO $ 1,628,407 1,747,610 7,740 80,648 1,636,147 1,828,258 Fair value of plan assets $ 1,369,574 1,202,565 — 66,494 1,369,574 1,269,059 102 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents the fair value of each major category of pension plan assets and the level of inputs used to measure fair value as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 : The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for our pension assets as well as the level of input used to measure fair value: Equity securities — These investments include common and preferred stocks and index common collective trusts that track U.S. and foreign indices. Fair values for the common and preferred stocks were based on quoted prices in active markets and were therefore classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Fixed income securities — These investments include investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries, government issuers, index common collective trusts that track the Barclays Aggregate Index and other fixed income investments (primarily mortgage-backed securities). Fair values for the corporate bonds were valued using third-party pricing services. These sources determine prices utilizing market income models which factor in, where applicable, transactions of similar assets in active markets, transactions of identical assets in infrequent markets, interest rates, bond or credit default swap spreads and volatility. Since the corporate bonds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The other investments are not actively traded and fair values are estimated using bids provided by brokers, dealers or quoted prices of similar securities with similar characteristics or pricing models. Therefore, the other investments have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. 103 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2013 Asset Category Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) Equity securities: U.S. companies $ 63,346 63,346 — — U.S. common collective trusts 406,358 — 406,358 — Foreign common collective trusts 431,933 — 431,933 — Fixed income securities: Corporate bonds 59,917 — 59,917 — Common collective trusts 794,437 — 794,437 — Private equity and hedge funds 76,499 — — 76,499 Total $ 1,832,490 63,346 1,692,645 76,499 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2012 Asset Category Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) Equity securities: U.S. companies $ 76,660 76,660 — — U.S. common collective trusts 471,504 — 471,504 — Foreign common collective trusts 497,315 — 497,315 — Fixed income securities: Corporate bonds 61,571 — 61,571 — Common collective trusts 434,670 — 434,670 — Private equity and hedge funds 71,207 — — 71,207 Total $ 1,612,927 76,660 1,465,060 71,207 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Private equity and hedge funds — These investments represent limited partnership interests in private equity and hedge funds. The partnership interests are valued by the general partners based on the underlying assets in each fund. The limited partnership interests are valued using unobservable inputs and have been classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents a summary of changes in the fair value of the pension plans’ Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 : The following table details pension benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter: For 2014 , required pension contributions to our pension plans are estimated to be $75 million . Multi-employer Plans We also participate in multi-employer plans that provide defined benefits to certain employees covered by collective-bargaining agreements. Such plans are usually administered by a board of trustees comprised of the management of the participating companies and labor representatives. The net pension cost of these plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Assets contributed to such plans are not segregated or otherwise restricted to provide benefits only to our employees. The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following respects: 1) assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees and former employees of other participating employers; 2) if a participating employer is no longer able to contribute to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers at annual contribution rates under the collective bargaining agreements; 3) if there is a mass withdrawal of substantially all employers from the plan, we may be required to pay that plan an annual contribution based on historical contribution levels as prescribed by federal statute; and 4) if we choose to stop participating in some of our multi-employer plans, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, which is referred to as a withdrawal liability. During 2013 , we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $3 million for the exit from a U.S. multi-employer pension plan and the restructured agreement with another U.S. multi-employer pension plan. These charges were recorded within "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and is included in the Union-administered plans expense. 104 2013 2012 (In thousands) Beginning balance at January 1 $ 71,207 68,543 Return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at the reporting date 4,258 (551 ) Relating to assets sold during the period 2,194 5,990 Purchases, sales, settlements and expenses (1,160 ) (2,775 ) Ending balance at December 31 $ 76,499 71,207 (In thousands) 2014 $ 94,446 2015 98,893 2016 105,008 2017 109,681 2018 115,414 2019-2023 649,051 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Our participation in these plans is outlined in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2013 and 2012 is for the plan years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 , respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than sixty-five percent funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than eighty percent funded, and plans in the green zone are at least eighty percent funded. _____________ Our contributions are impacted by changes in contractual contributions rates as well as changes in the number of employees covered by each plan. Our contributions to the International Association of Machinists Motor City Pension Fund represented more than 5% of the total plan contributions for the plan year ended June 30, 2012. Savings Plans Employees who do not actively participate in pension plans and are not covered by union-administered plans are generally eligible to participate in enhanced savings plans. These plans provide for (i) a company contribution even if employees do not make contributions, (ii) a company match of employee contributions of eligible pay, subject to tax limits and (iii) a discretionary company match. Savings plan costs totaled $35 million in 2013 , $33 million in 2012 , and $33 million in 2011 . Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Compensation Plans We have deferred compensation plans that permit eligible U.S. employees, officers and directors to defer a portion of their compensation. The deferred compensation liability, including Ryder matching amounts and accumulated earnings, totaled $34 million and $27 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively. We have established grantor trusts (Rabbi Trusts) to provide funding for benefits payable under the supplemental pension plan, deferred compensation plans and long-term incentive compensation plans. The assets held in the trusts at December 31, 2013 and 2012 amounted to $35 million and $26 million , respectively. The Rabbi Trusts’ assets consist of short-term cash investments and a managed portfolio of equity securities, including our common stock. These assets, except for the investment in our common stock, are included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” because they are available to our general creditors in the event of insolvency. The equity securities are classified as trading securities and stated at fair value. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in “Miscellaneous income, net.” The Rabbi Trusts’ investment of $2 million and $4 million in our common stock at December 31, 2013 and 2012 , respectively, is reflected at historical cost and recorded against shareholders’ equity. 105 Pension Protection Act Zone Status Ryder Contributions Expiration Date(s) of Collective-Bargaining Agreement(s) Pension Fund Employer Identification Number 2013 2012 FIP/RP Status Pending/ Implemented (1) 2013 2012 2011 Surcharge Imposed (Dollars in thousands) Western Conference Teamsters 91-6145047 Green Green No $ 2,180 1,943 1,855 No 6/30/14 to 4/1/16 IAM National 51-6031295 Green Green No 2,987 2,038 1,794 No 4/30/14 to 3/31/17 Automobile Mechanics Local No. 701 36-6042061 Red Red RP Adopted 1,530 1,527 1,203 Yes 10/31/14 to 5/31/16 International Association of Machinists Motor City 38-6237143 Red (2) Red (2) RP adopted 555 437 392 No 1/31/14 to 3/31/16 Central States Southeast and Southwest Areas 36-6044243 Red Red RP adopted 226 226 182 No 10/31/15 to 5/31/17 Other funds 928 575 562 Total contributions 8,406 6,746 5,988 Pension settlement charges 2,820 — — Union-administered plans $ 11,226 6,746 5,988 (1) The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP) is either pending or has been implemented. (2) Plan years ended June 30, 2012 and 2011. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Other Postretirement Benefits We sponsor plans that provide retired U.S. and Canadian employees with certain healthcare and life insurance benefits. Substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees not covered by union-administered health and welfare plans are eligible for the healthcare benefits. Healthcare benefits for our principal plan are generally provided to qualified retirees under age 65 and eligible dependents. This plan requires employee contributions that vary based on years of service and include provisions that limit our contributions. Effective January 1, 2014, we made amendments to our healthcare benefits for early retirees which modified future eligibility requirements for non-grandfathered retirees in the U.S. The post-retirement medical plan was closed on December 31, 2013 to participants who were not at least age 52 with 12 years of service as of December 31, 2013. Total postretirement benefit expense was as follows: The following table sets forth the weighted-average discount rates used in determining annual postretirement benefit expense: Our postretirement benefit plans are not funded. The following table sets forth the benefit obligations associated with our postretirement benefit plans: Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of: Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Service cost $ 981 1,095 1,294 Interest cost 1,580 1,980 2,503 Amortization of: Net actuarial (gain) loss (14 ) (20 ) 231 Prior service credit (231 ) (231 ) (231 ) Postretirement benefit expense $ 2,316 2,824 3,797 U.S. $ 1,625 2,142 3,155 Foreign 691 682 642 $ 2,316 2,824 3,797 U.S. Plan Years ended December 31, Foreign Plan Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 2013 2012 2011 Discount rate 4.10% 4.90% 5.70% 4.00% 4.50% 5.25% December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Benefit obligations at January 1 $ 40,599 42,992 Service cost 981 1,095 Interest cost 1,580 1,980 Actuarial gain (9,332 ) (1,746 ) Benefits paid (2,515 ) (3,947 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes (525 ) 225 Benefit obligations at December 31 $ 30,788 40,599 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Current liability $ 2,414 2,683 Noncurrent liability 28,374 37,916 Amount recognized $ 30,788 40,599  106 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of: In 2014 , we expect to recognize approximately $2 million of the prior service credit as a component of postretirement benefit expense. The amount of net actuarial gain we expect to recognize in 2014 as a component of total postretirement benefit expense is not material. Our annual measurement date is December 31 for both U.S. and foreign postretirement benefit plans. Assumptions used in determining accrued postretirement benefit obligations were as follows: Changing the assumed healthcare cost trend rates by 1% in each year would not have a material effect on the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2013 or annual postretirement benefit expense for 2013 . The following table details other postretirement benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter: 25. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS Our operations involve storing and dispensing petroleum products, primarily diesel fuel, regulated under environmental protection laws. These laws require us to eliminate or mitigate the effect of such substances on the environment. In response to these requirements, we continually upgrade our operating facilities and implement various programs to detect and minimize contamination. In addition, we have received notices from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others that we have been identified as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and similar state statutes and may be required to share in the cost of cleanup of 19 identified disposal sites. Our environmental expenses which are presented within “Other operating expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings, consist of remediation costs as well as normal recurring expenses such as licensing, testing and waste disposal fees. These expenses totaled $9 million in 2013 and $7 million in both 2012 and 2011 , respectively. The carrying amount of our environmental liabilities was $13 million at both December 31, 2013 and 2012 . Capital expenditures related to our environmental programs totaled approximately $1 million , $2 million , and $3 million in 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively. Our asset retirement obligations related to fuel tanks to be removed are not included above and are recorded within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. 107 December 31, 2013 2012 (In thousands) Prior service credit $ (4,986 ) (1,307 ) Net actuarial gain (6,239 ) (859 ) Net amount recognized $ (11,225 ) (2,166 ) U.S. Plan December 31, Foreign Plan December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 Discount rate 5.00 % 4.10 % 4.80 % 4.00 % Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.00 % 4.00 % 3.00 % 3.50 % Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.25 % 7.50 % 6.50 % 7.00 % Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (ultimate trend rate) 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2023 2023 2017 2017 (In thousands) 2014 $ 2,462 2015 2,602 2016 2,705 2017 2,758 2018 2,806 2019-2023 13,133 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The ultimate cost of our environmental liabilities cannot presently be projected with certainty due to the presence of several unknown factors, primarily the level of contamination, the effectiveness of selected remediation methods, the stage of investigation at individual sites, the determination of our liability in proportion to other responsible parties and the recoverability of such costs from third parties. Based on information presently available, we believe that the ultimate disposition of these matters, although potentially material to the results of operations in any one year, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity. 26. OTHER ITEMS IMPACTING COMPARABILITY Our primary measure of segment performance excludes certain items we do not believe are representative of the ongoing operations of the segment. Excluding these items from our segment measure of performance allows for better year over year comparison. Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment During 2013, we recognized a benefit of $2 million from the recognition of the accumulated currency translation adjustment from a FMS foreign operation which substantially liquidated its net assets. This benefit was recorded within “Miscellaneous income, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Superstorm Sandy During 2013, we recognized a benefit of $1 million from the recovery of Superstorm Sandy losses. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we incurred $8 million of losses for property damage to vehicles owned by full service lease customers for which Ryder had liability under certain agreements. The 2013 benefit and the 2012 charge were both recorded within “Cost of services” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. See Note 27, "Other Matters" for further discussion on the financial impact from Superstorm Sandy. Acquisition-related Transaction Costs During 2012 and 2011 , we incurred transaction costs totaling $0.4 million and $2 million , respectively. These charges, which were primarily reflected within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings, related to the acquisitions of Euroway in 2012 and Hill Hire in 2011. 27. OTHER MATTERS On October 28, 2012, Superstorm Sandy caused widespread property damage and flooding to large areas of the East Coast and the northeastern United States. As a result of the storm, we incurred a liability of $8 million for property damage to vehicles owned by contractual FMS customers for which Ryder has liability under certain agreements. In December 2012, we enhanced our insurance coverage to mitigate this type of risk in the future. Additionally, company-owned units with a carrying value of $16 million were damaged or completely destroyed as a direct result of Superstorm Sandy. We are a party to various claims, complaints and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our continuing business operations including but not limited to those relating to commercial and employment claims, environmental matters, risk management matters (e.g. vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, etc.) and administrative assessments primarily associated with operating taxes. We have established loss provisions for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. For matters from continuing operations where a reserve has not been established and for which we believe a loss is reasonably possible, as well as for matters where a reserve has been recorded but for which an exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we believe that such losses will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Our estimates regarding potential losses and materiality are based on our judgment and assessment of the claims utilizing currently available information. Although we will continue to reassess our reserves and estimates based on future developments, our objective assessment of the legal merits of such claims may not always be predictive of the outcome and actual results may vary from our current estimates.. Refer to Note 4, "Discontinued Operations," for additional matters. 108 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 28. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Supplemental cash flow information was as follows: ____________________________ (1) The 2012 amount includes $20 million of capital leases assumed in the Euroway acquisition. 29. SEGMENT REPORTING We operate in two business segments: Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing, contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and commercial rental of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides comprehensive supply chain consulting including distribution and transportation services in North America and Asia. The SCS segment also provides dedicated services, which includes vehicles and drivers as part of a dedicated transportation solution in the U.S. Our primary measurement of segment financial performance, defined as “Earnings Before Tax” (EBT) from continuing operations, includes an allocation of CSS and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other charges, net described in Note 5, “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges” and excludes the items discussed in Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability.” CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance, corporate services, public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal and corporate communications. The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment and each operating segment within each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. Certain costs are considered to be overhead not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS. Included among the unallocated overhead remaining within CSS are the costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. CSS costs attributable to the business segments are predominantly allocated to FMS and SCS as follows: • Finance, corporate services, and health and safety — allocated based upon estimated and planned resource utilization; • Human resources — individual costs within this category are allocated in several ways, including allocation based on estimated utilization and number of personnel supported; • Information technology — principally allocated based upon utilization-related metrics such as number of users or minutes of CPU time. Customer-related project costs and expenses are allocated to the business segment responsible for the project; and • Other — represents legal and other centralized costs and expenses including certain share-based incentive compensation costs. Expenses, where allocated, are based primarily on the number of personnel supported. Our FMS segment leases revenue earning equipment and provides fuel, maintenance and other ancillary services to the SCS segment. Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and SCS and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations”). In 2013 , we revised the methodology used to allocate intercompany earnings to SCS and recasted the SCS EBT and Eliminations previously presented in 2013 . The results in 2012 and 2011 were not materially impacted by the new methodology. 109 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Interest paid $ 132,946 126,764 126,916 Income taxes paid 13,063 11,613 21,541 Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment 43,745 27,528 61,290 Operating and revenue earning equipment acquired under capital leases (1) 5,698 20,670 39,279 Fair value of debt assumed on acquisition — 379 — RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Each business segment follows the same accounting policies as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” Business segment revenue and EBT from continuing operations is as follows: ______________ 110 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions: Full service lease $ 2,016,570 1,956,812 1,862,304 Commercial rental 753,456 738,564 691,573 Full service lease and commercial rental 2,770,026 2,695,376 2,553,877 Contract maintenance 178,001 184,149 181,003 Contract-related maintenance 186,580 170,323 153,009 Other 72,029 71,955 69,124 Fuel services revenue 829,586 854,578 887,483 Total Fleet Management Solutions from external customers 4,036,222 3,976,381 3,844,496 Inter-segment revenue 458,464 428,944 373,834 Fleet Management Solutions 4,494,686 4,405,325 4,218,330 Supply Chain Solutions from external customers 2,383,063 2,280,586 2,206,038 Eliminations (458,464 ) (428,944 ) (373,834 ) Total revenue $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 344,049 307,628 265,691 Supply Chain Solutions 129,959 115,193 104,898 Eliminations (35,489 ) (29,265 ) (24,212 ) $ 438,519 393,556 346,377 Unallocated Central Support Services (45,493 ) (42,348 ) (42,549 ) Non-operating pension costs (24,285 ) (31,423 ) (18,652 ) Restructuring and other recoveries (charges), net and other items (1) 154 (16,668 ) (5,789 ) Earnings before income taxes from continuing operations $ 368,895 303,117 279,387 (1) See Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for a discussion of items, in addition to restructuring and other (recoveries) charges, net that are excluded from our primary measure of segment performance. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table sets forth share-based compensation, depreciation expense, gains on vehicle sales, net, other non-cash charges, net, interest expense (income), capital expenditures and total assets for the years ended December 31, 2013 , 2012 and 2011 as provided to the chief operating decision-maker for each of Ryder’s reportable business segments: ____________ 111 FMS SCS CSS Eliminations Total (In thousands) 2013 Share-based compensation expense $ 4,979 4,934 9,397 — 19,310 Depreciation expense (1) $ 926,724 29,560 857 — 957,141 Gains on vehicles sales, net $ (96,011 ) (164 ) — — (96,175 ) Other non-cash charges, net (2) $ 19,071 3,640 33,678 — 56,389 Interest expense (income) (3) $ 139,288 (1,864 ) (228 ) — 137,196 Capital expenditures paid (4) $ 2,092,544 22,677 25,243 — 2,140,464 Total assets $ 8,309,149 869,074 160,249 (234,690 ) 9,103,782 2012 Share-based compensation expense $ 5,359 4,433 9,072 — 18,864 Depreciation expense (1) $ 910,352 28,275 1,050 — 939,677 Gains on vehicles sales, net $ (89,075 ) (33 ) — — (89,108 ) Other non-cash charges, net (2) $ 15,567 2,768 30,874 — 49,209 Interest expense (income) (3) $ 140,747 11 (201 ) — 140,557 Capital expenditures paid (4) $ 2,090,443 19,278 23,514 — 2,133,235 Total assets $ 7,556,509 807,935 144,355 (189,820 ) 8,318,979 2011 Share-based compensation expense $ 5,388 4,312 7,723 — 17,423 Depreciation expense (1) $ 842,094 29,118 1,050 — 872,262 Gains on vehicle sales, net $ (62,496 ) (383 ) — — (62,879 ) Other non-cash charges, net (2) $ 16,271 3,214 20,443 — 39,928 Interest expense (income) (3) $ 133,245 (74 ) (7 ) — 133,164 Capital expenditures paid (4) $ 1,653,425 30,209 14,955 — 1,698,589 Total assets $ 6,815,404 827,169 198,476 (223,214 ) 7,617,835 (1) Depreciation expense associated with CSS assets was allocated to business segments based upon estimated and planned asset utilization. Depreciation expense totaling $14 million , $12 million , and $9 million during 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively, associated with CSS assets was allocated to other business segments. (2) Includes amortization expense. (3) Interest expense was primarily allocated to the FMS segment since such borrowings were used principally to fund the purchase of revenue earning equipment used in FMS; however, interest expense (income) was also reflected in SCS based on targeted segment leverage ratios. (4) Excludes acquisition payments of $2 million , $5 million , and $362 million in 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively, comprised primarily of long-lived assets. See Note 3, “Acquisitions,” for additional information. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Geographic Information Certain Concentrations We have a diversified portfolio of customers across a full array of transportation and logistics solutions and across many industries. We believe this will help to mitigate the impact of adverse downturns in specific sectors of the economy. Our portfolio of full service lease and commercial rental customers is not concentrated in any one particular industry or geographic region. We derive a significant portion of our SCS revenue from the automotive industry, mostly from manufacturers and suppliers of original equipment parts. During 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , the automotive industry accounted for approximately 29% , 30% and 27% , respectively, of SCS total revenue. 112 Years ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 (In thousands) Revenue: United States $ 5,411,376 5,231,899 5,075,432 Foreign: Canada 455,440 477,495 481,593 Europe 372,209 384,105 324,214 Mexico 161,279 143,282 147,464 Asia 18,981 20,186 21,831 1,007,909 1,025,068 975,102 Total $ 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 Long-lived assets: United States $ 5,996,646 5,261,622 4,708,086 Foreign: Canada 529,880 557,351 481,139 Europe 568,850 534,728 463,848 Mexico 29,008 24,973 19,931 Asia 279 787 847 1,128,017 1,117,839 965,765 Total $ 7,124,663 6,379,461 5,673,851 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 30. QUARTERLY INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently; therefore, the sum of per-share amounts for the quarters may not equal per-share amounts for the year. See Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” Note 5, “Restructuring and Other (Recoveries) Charges,” and Note 26, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for items included in earnings during 2013 and 2012 . Earnings in the first quarter of 2012 included an income tax benefit of $5 million , or $0.10 per diluted common share, related to a favorable resolution of a tax item from prior periods. Earnings in the third quarter of 2012 included an income tax charge of $1 million , or $0.02 per diluted common share, relating to a tax law change in the UK. 113 Earnings from Continuing Operations Earnings from Continuing Operations per Common Share Net Earnings per Common Share Revenue Net Earnings Basic Diluted Basic Diluted (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2013 First quarter $ 1,563,017 40,802 39,924 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.77 Second quarter 1,603,999 62,575 62,194 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.19 Third quarter 1,634,540 73,875 71,067 1.41 1.40 1.36 1.35 Fourth quarter 1,617,729 65,944 64,607 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 Full year $ 6,419,285 243,196 237,792 4.67 4.63 4.57 4.53 2012 First quarter $ 1,536,276 34,876 34,321 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.67 Second quarter 1,563,860 46,767 46,723 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.91 Third quarter 1,573,295 64,311 75,091 1.26 1.26 1.47 1.47 Fourth quarter 1,583,536 54,945 53,844 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.05 Full year $ 6,256,967 200,899 209,979 3.93 3.91 4.11 $ 4.09 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARES SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS ______________ 114 Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Additions Description Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Earnings Transferred from (to) Other Accounts (1) Deductions (2) Balance at End of Period (In thousands) 2013 Accounts receivable allowance $ 15,429 7,561 — 6,035 16,955 Direct finance lease allowance $ 703 205 — 407 501 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 279,157 266,314 60,235 315,451 290,255 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 1,635 (413 ) — 983 239 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 38,182 1,627 — 6,016 33,793 2012 Accounts receivable allowance $ 14,489 10,478 — 9,538 15,429 Direct finance lease allowance $ 903 812 — 1,012 703 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 253,424 272,357 57,285 303,909 279,157 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 4,218 179 — 2,762 1,635 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 41,324 1,061 — 4,203 38,182 2011 Accounts receivable allowance $ 13,867 7,466 — 6,844 14,489 Direct finance lease allowance $ 784 867 — 748 903 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 243,248 217,980 54,833 262,637 253,424 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 4,497 347 — 626 4,218 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 39,216 672 — (1,436 ) 41,324 (1) Transferred from (to) other accounts includes employee contributions made to the medical and dental self-insurance plans. (2) Deductions represent receivables written-off, lease termination payments, insurance claim payments during the period and net foreign currency translation adjustments. (3) Self-insurance accruals include vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, property damage, cargo and medical and dental, which comprise our self-insurance programs. Amounts charged to earnings include developments in prior year selected loss development factors which benefited earnings by $5 million , $1 million , and $4 million in 2013 , 2012 , and 2011 , respectively.  ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Ryder’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that at December 31, 2013 , Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) were effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm thereon are set out in Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K Annual Report. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting During the three months ended December 31, 2013 , there were no changes in Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect such internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by Item 10 with respect to executive officers is included within Item 1 in Part I under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” of this Form 10-K Annual Report. The information required by Item 10 with respect to directors, audit committee, audit committee financial experts and Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance is included under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Audit Committee” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. Ryder has adopted a code of ethics applicable to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and Senior Financial Management. The Code of Ethics forms part of Ryder’s Principles of Business Conduct which are posted on the Corporate Governance page of Ryder’s website at www.ryder.com. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 is included under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 12 with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included under the captions “Security Ownership of Officers and Directors” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. 115  The information required by Item 12 with respect to related stockholder matters is included within Item 5 in Part II under the caption “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans” of this Form 10-K Annual Report. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 is included under the captions “Board of Directors” and “Related Person Transactions” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 is included under the caption “Ratification of Independent Auditor” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. 116  PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. Supplementary Financial Information consisting of selected quarterly financial data is included in Item 8 of this report. 3. Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed with this report or, where indicated, incorporated by reference (Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K referenced herein have been filed under the Commission’s file No. 1-4364). Ryder will provide a copy of the exhibits filed with this report at a nominal charge to those parties requesting them. 117 (a) Items A through H and Schedule II are presented on the following pages of this Form 10-K Annual Report: Page No. 1. Financial Statements for Ryder System, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries: A) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 56 B) Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm 57 C) Consolidated Statements of Earnings 58 D) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 59 E) Consolidated Balance Sheets 60 F) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 61 G) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity 62 H) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 63 2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 114  EXHIBIT INDEX 118 Exhibit Number Description 3.1(a) The Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended through May 18, 1990, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1990, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.1(b) Articles of Amendment to Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended, previously filed with the Commission on April 3, 1996 as an exhibit to Ryder's Form 8-A, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.1(c) Articles of Amendment to Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended, previously filed with the Commission on May 9, 2013 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.2 The Ryder System, Inc. By-Laws, as amended through May 3, 2013, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 9, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 4.1 Ryder hereby agrees, pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K, to furnish the Commission with a copy of any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Ryder, where such instrument has not been filed as an exhibit hereto and the total amount of securities authorized there under does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Ryder and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. 4.2(a) The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated as of June 1, 1984, filed with the Commission on November 19, 1985 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-1632), is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.2(b) The First Supplemental Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated October 1, 1987, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1994, is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.3 The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated as of May 1, 1987, and supplemented as of November 15, 1990 and June 24, 1992, filed with the Commission on July 30, 1992 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-50232), is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.4 The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Trust Company (National Association) dated as of October 3, 2003 filed with the Commission on August 29, 2003 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-108391), is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(a) Consulting Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2012, between Ryder System, Inc. and Gregory T. Swienton, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 17, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(b) The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(c) The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for other named executive officers, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(d) The Ryder System, Inc. Executive Severance Plan, effective as of January 1, 2013, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(a) The Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on March 30, 2005 as Appendix A to Ryder's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(b) The Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on March 21, 2008, as Appendix A to Ryder's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(c) The Ryder System, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Employees, previously filed with the Commission on March 29, 2010, as Appendix B to Ryder System, Inc.'s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(d) Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2007, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(e) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 8, 2008, are incorporated by reference into this report.  119 Exhibit Number Description 10.4(f) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 11, 2005, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(g) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(h) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(i) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(j) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Rights granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(k) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Cash Awards granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(l) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Cash Awards granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(m) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Restricted Stock Rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(n) Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(o) Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(p) Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(q) Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based cash awards granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(r) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(s) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(t) Terms and Conditions applicable to 2013 performance-based cash awards granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(u) Terms and Conditions applicable to 2013 performance-based restricted stock rights granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(v) Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to 2014 annual cash incentive awards granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 13, 2014, are incorporated by reference into this report.  120 Exhibit Number Description 10.5(a) The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Award Plan, as amended and restated at February 10, 2005, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.5(b) The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Plan, as amended and restated at May 7, 2004, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.6 The Ryder System Benefit Restoration Plan, as amended and restated, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.7 Form of Indemnification Agreement for independent directors, effective as of October 6, 2006, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 10, 2006, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.10 The Ryder System, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference to this report. 10.14(a) Global Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and among, Ryder System, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc., and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 8, 2011, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.14(b) Amendment No. 1 dated as of April 20, 2012 to Global Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain Ryder System, Inc. subsidiaries, and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.14(c) Amendment No. 2 dated as of October 18, 2013 to Global Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc., and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 12 Statements re: Computation of Ratios. 21.1 List of subsidiaries of the registrant, with the state or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization of each, and the name under which each subsidiary does business. 23.1 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP consent to incorporation by reference in certain Registration Statements on Forms S-3 and S-8 of their report on Consolidated Financial Statements financial statement schedule and effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting of Ryder System, Inc. 24.1 Manually executed powers of attorney for each of: Robert J. Eck L. Patrick Hassey Michael F. Hilton Tamara L. Lundgren Luis P. Nieto, Jr. Eugene A. Renna Abbie J. Smith E. Follin Smith Robert E. Sanchez Hansel E. Tookes, II John M. Berra 31.1 Certification of Robert E. Sanchez pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2 Certification of Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32 Certification of Robert E. Sanchez and Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.  Please refer to the description of Exhibits 10.1 through 10.10 set forth under Item 15(a)3 of this report for a listing of all management contracts and compensation plans and arrangements filed with this report pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. 121 (b) Executive Compensation Plans and Arrangements:  SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. 122 Date: February 13, 2014 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. By: /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 13, 2014 By: /s/ ROBERT E. SANCHEZ Robert E. Sanchez Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 13, 2014 By: /s/ ART A. GARCIA Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Date: February 13, 2014 By: /s/ CRISTINA A. GALLO-AQUINO Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) Date: February 13, 2014 By: JOHN M. BERRA * John M. Berra Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: ROBERT J. ECK * Robert J. Eck Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: L. PATRICK HASSEY* L. Patrick Hassey Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: MICHAEL F. HILTON* Michael F. Hilton Director  123 Date: February 13, 2014 By: TAMARA L. LUNDGREN* Tamara L. Lundgren Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: LUIS P. NIETO, JR. * Luis P. Nieto, Jr. Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: EUGENE A. RENNA * Eugene A. Renna Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: ABBIE J. SMITH * Abbie J. Smith Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: E. FOLLIN SMITH * E. Follin Smith Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: HANSEL E. TOOKES, II * Hansel E. Tookes, II Director Date: February 13, 2014 By: FLORA R. PEREZ Flora R. Perez Attorney-in-Fact  EXHIBIT 12 Ryder System, Inc. and Subsidiaries Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges Continuing Operations (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 EARNINGS: Earnings before income taxes 143,769 186,305 279,387 303,117 368,895 Fixed charges 204,528 181,860 183,948 189,412 188,144 Add: Amortization of capitalized interest 620 742 722 713 589 Less: Interest capitalized 1,361 195 17 0 0 Earnings available for fixed charges (A) 347,555 368,712 464,041 493,242 557,628 FIXED CHARGES: Interest and other financial charges 147,891 130,654 133,496 140,841 137,461 Costs associated with sale of receivables 0 0 0 0 0 Portion of rents representing interest expense 56,637 51,206 50,452 48,571 50,683 Total fixed charges (B) 204,528 181,860 183,948 189,412 188,144 RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES (A) / (B) 1.70x 2.03x 2.52x 2.60x 2.96x  EXHIBIT 21.1 The following list sets forth (i) all subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc. at December 31, 2013 , (ii) the state or country of incorporation or organization of each subsidiary, and (iii) the names under which certain subsidiaries do business. Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization 3241290 Nova Scotia Company Nova Scotia Associated Ryder Capital Services, Inc. Florida CRTS Logistica Automotiva S.A. Brazil Euroway Vehicle Rental Limited England Euroway Group Holdings Limited England Euroway Group Limited England Euroway Vehicle Management Limited England Euroway Vehicle Engineering Limited England Euroway Vehicle Contracts Limited England Far East Freight, Inc. Florida Globe Master Insurance Company Vermont Hill Hire Limited England Network Vehicle Central, Inc. Florida Network Vehicle Central, LLC Florida Road Master, Limited Bermuda RSI Holding B.V. Netherlands RSI Purchase Corp. Delaware RTI Argentina S.A. Argentina RTRC Finance LP Canada RTR Holdings (B.V.I.) Limited British Virgin Islands RTR Leasing I, Inc. Delaware RTR Leasing II, Inc. Delaware Ryder Argentina S.A. Argentina Ryder Ascent Logistics Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Asia Pacific Holdings B.V. Netherlands Ryder Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Australia Pty Ltd. Australia Ryder Canadian Financing US LLC Delaware Ryder Capital Ireland Holdings II LLC Delaware Ryder Capital Luxembourg Limited, S.A.R.L. England Ryder Capital Luxembourg Limited, Corp. Florida Ryder Capital S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder Capital Services Corporation Delaware Ryder Capital UK Holdings LLP England Ryder Chile Sistemas Intergrados de Logistica Limitada (1) Chile Ryder Container Terminals Canada Ryder CRSA Logistics (2) Canada Ryder CRSA Logistics (HK) Limited Hong Kong Ryder de Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder Dedicated Logistics, Inc. Delaware  Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization Ryder Deutschland GmbH Germany Ryder Distribution Services Limited England Ryder do Brasil Ltda. Brazil Ryder Energy Distribution Corporation Florida Ryder European B.V. Netherlands Ryder Europe Operations B.V. Netherlands Ryder Fleet Products, Inc. Tennessee Ryder Fuel Services, LLC Florida Ryder Funding LP Delaware Ryder Funding II LP Delaware Ryder Global Services, LLC Florida Ryder Hungary Logistics LLC Hungary Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc .(3) Delaware Ryder Integrated Logistics of California Contractors, LLC Delaware Ryder Integrated Logistics of Texas, LLC Texas Ryder International Acquisition Corp. Florida Ryder International, Inc. Florida Ryder Limited England Ryder Logistica Ltda. Brazil Ryder Logistics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. China Ryder Mauritius Holdings, Ltd. Mauritius Ryder Mexican Holding B.V. Netherlands Ryder Mexican Investments I LP Delaware Ryder Mexican Investments II LP Delaware Ryder Mexicana, S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder Offshore Holdings I LLC Delaware Ryder Offshore Holdings II LLC Delaware Ryder Offshore Holdings III LLC Delaware Ryder Offshore Holdings LP Delaware Ryder Pension Fund Limited England Ryder Puerto Rico, Inc. Delaware Ryder Purchasing LLC Delaware Ryder Receivable Funding III, L.L.C. Delaware Ryder Services Corporation (4) Florida Ryder Servicios do Brasil Ltda. Brazil Ryder Servicios S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder (Shanghai) Logistics Co., Ltd. China Ryder Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Supply Chain Solutions Asia Limited Hong Kong Ryder System B.V. Netherlands Ryder System Holdings (UK) Limited England Ryder System (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Thailand Ryder Thailand I, LLC Florida Ryder Thailand II, LLC Florida Ryder Truck Rental Holdings Canada Ltd. Canada  ____________________ (1) Chile: d/b/a Ryder Chile Limitada (2) British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec: d/b/a CRSA Logistics (3) Florida: d/b/a UniRyder (4) Ohio and Texas: d/b/a Ryder Claims Services Corporation Maryland and Virginia: d/b/a Ryder/Jacobs Michigan: d/b/a Atlas Trucking, Inc. Michigan: d/b/a Ryder Atlas of Western Michigan (6) French Name: Location de Camions Ryder du Canada Ltee Canadian Provinces: d/b/a Ryder Integrated Logistics, Ryder Dedicated Logistics, Ryder Canada, Ryder Carrier Management Services Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization Ryder Truck Rental, Inc .(5) Florida Ryder Truck Rental I LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental II LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental III LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental IV LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental I LP Delaware Ryder Truck Rental II LP Delaware Ryder Truck Rental Canada Ltd .(6) Canada Ryder Truck Rental LT Delaware Ryder Vehicle Purchasing, LLC Delaware Ryder Vehicle Sales, LLC Florida Sistemas Logisticos Sigma S.A. Argentina Spring Hill Integrated Logistics Management, Inc. (in process being dissolved) Delaware Tandem Transport, L.P. Georgia Translados Americano S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Truck Transerv, Inc. Delaware (5) Aabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming: d/b/a Ryder Transportation Services  EXHIBIT 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM W e hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-186486) and Forms S-8 (No. 333-19515, No. 333-26653, No. 333-69628, No. 333-108364, No. 333-124828, No. 333-134113, No. 333-153123, No. 333-177285 and No. 333-181396) of Ryder System, Inc. of our report dated February 13, 2014 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K . /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Miami, Florida February 13, 2014  EXHIBIT 24.1 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned, being directors of Ryder System, Inc., a Florida corporation, hereby constitutes and appoints Robert D. Fatovic, Flora R. Perez and Julie Azuaje, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for the undersigned and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign the Ryder System, Inc. Form 10-K (Annual Report pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (the “Form 10-K”), and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and with the New York Stock Exchange and any other stock exchange on which the Company's common stock is listed, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to perform every act requisite and necessary to be done in connection with the execution and filing of the Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying all that each said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. This Power of Attorney may be signed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original and all of which, taken together, shall constitute one Power of Attorney. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned has hereunto set his or her hand effective the 13th day of February, 2013. /s/ John M. Berra /s/ Robert J. Eck John M. Berra Robert J. Eck /s/ L. Patrick Hassey /s/ Michael F. Hilton L. Patrick Hassey Michael F. Hilton /s/ Tamara L. Lundgren /s/ Luis P. Nieto, Jr. Tamara L. Lundgren Luis P. Nieto, Jr. /s/ Eugene A. Renna /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Eugene A. Renna Robert E. Sanchez /s/ Abbie J. Smith /s/ E. Follin Smith Abbie J. Smith E. Follin Smith /s/ Hansel E. Tookes, II Hansel E. Tookes, II  EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION I, Robert E. Sanchez, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ryder System, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 13, 2014 /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez President and Chief Executive Officer  EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION I, Art A. Garcia, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ryder System, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 13, 2014 /s/ Art A. Garcia Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  EXHIBIT 32 CERTIFICATION In connection with the Annual Report of Ryder System, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Robert E. Sanchez, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Art A. Garcia, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez President and Chief Executive Officer February 13, 2014 /s/ Art A. Garcia Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 13, 2014 

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