Ryder System
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

RYDER SYSTEM INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 02/13/15 for the Period Ending 12/31/14 Address Telephone CIK Symbol R 11690 N.W. 105TH STREET MIAMI, FL 33178 3055003726 0000085961 SIC Code 7510 - Automotive Rental And Leasing, Without Drivers Industry Rental & Leasing Sector Fiscal Year Services 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2015, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use.  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 OR For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 1-4364 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES (cid:3) NO (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES (cid:1) NO (cid:3) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES (cid:3) NO (cid:1) The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was sold at June 30, 2014 was $4,624,370,268. The number of shares of Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value per share) outstanding at January 31, 2015 was 52,988,075. (cid:1) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (cid:3) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Florida 59-0739250 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 11690 N.W. 105 th Street, Miami, Florida 33178 (305) 500-3726 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) (Telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of exchange on which registered Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value) New York Stock Exchange Large accelerated filer (cid:1) Accelerated filer (cid:3) Non-accelerated filer (cid:3) Smaller reporting company (cid:3) Documents Incorporated by Reference into this Report Part of Form 10-K into which Document is Incorporated Ryder System, Inc. 2015 Proxy Statement Part III   RYDER SYSTEM, INC. FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS i Page No. PART I ITEM 1 Business 1 ITEM 1A Risk Factors 10 ITEM 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 16 ITEM 2 Properties 17 ITEM 3 Legal Proceedings 17 ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures 17 PART II ITEM 5 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 18 ITEM 6 Selected Financial Data 22 ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 23 ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 56 ITEM 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 57 ITEM 9 Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 120 ITEM 9A Controls and Procedures 120 ITEM 9B Other Information 120 PART III ITEM 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 120 ITEM 11 Executive Compensation 120 ITEM 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 121 ITEM 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 121 ITEM 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 121 PART IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 122 Exhibit Index 123 SIGNATURES 127  PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder), a Florida corporation founded in 1933, is a global leader in commercial fleet management and supply chain solutions. We operate in two business segments: Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing, commercial rental, contract maintenance, and contract-related maintenance of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides comprehensive supply chain solutions including distribution and transportation services in North America and Asia. The SCS segment also provides dedicated services, which includes vehicles and drivers as part of a dedicated transportation solution in the U.S. Our customers range from small businesses to large international enterprises. For financial information and other information relating to each of our business segments and about our geographic areas, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” of this report and Note 29, "Segment Reporting," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. MISSION AND STRATEGY Ryder's mission is to provide innovative fleet management and supply chain solutions that are reliable, safe and efficient, enabling our customers to deliver on their promises. We seek to deliver valuable solutions that will compel customers to outsource their fleet management and supply chain needs to us. Our strategy is to grow our fleet management and supply chain outsourcing services by targeting private fleets (FMS) and key industries (SCS) with innovative solutions, operational excellence, best in class talent and information technology. This strategy is supported by: • offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen customer relationships; INDUSTRY AND OPERATIONS Value Proposition Through our FMS business, we provide our customers with a variety of fleet solutions that are designed to improve their competitive position. By outsourcing these services to us, our customers can focus on their core business, improve their efficiency and productivity, and lower their costs. Our FMS product offering is comprised of longer-term full service leasing and contract maintenance services; shorter-term commercial truck rental; flexible maintenance services; and value-added fleet support services such as insurance, vehicle administration and fuel services. In addition, we provide our customers the ability to purchase a large selection of used trucks, tractors and trailers through our used vehicle sales program. Market Trends The U.S. commercial fleet market is estimated to include 7.6 million vehicles (1) of which 3.9 million vehicles are with privately held companies, 1.4 million vehicles (2) are with for-hire carriers, 0.5 million vehicles are leased from banks or other financial institutions and 0.7 million vehicles are in the lease and rental market. The 3.9 million vehicles privately owned by companies provide all or a portion of the transportation services for themselves rather than outsourcing those services to third parties such as Ryder. Several trends have been increasing the need for outsourcing: increased demand for efficiency and reliability; increased complexity and cost of buying and maintaining vehicles including technology, diagnostics, and training; as well as increased regulation and enforcement of safety requirements. Because of these trends, we believe the privately held fleets and the for-hire carriers will increasingly decide to outsource. Ryder also targets customers who are already outsourcing with other providers. 1 • delivering operational excellence through continuous productivity and process improvements; • attracting, developing and retaining the best talent, and fostering a culture where leaders engage their people to innovate, pursue Ryder’s mission and build on its values; and • deploying technology that will enable growth while improving operational efficiencies. Fleet Management Solutions  Ryder has been operating in Canada for over 50 years. Similar trends apply to outsourcing in Canada, and the Canadian commercial fleet is estimated at 500,000 vehicles, of which approximately 23,000 are lease and rental (3) . In the U.K., the commercial rental and lease market is estimated at 200,000 units (4) . The total lease and rental market in Ryder’s major markets totals over 900,000 units. However, due to general trends and the trends in market sub-segments described above - combined with our success in converting owners to outsourcing - the total market potential for Ryder is significantly higher. Over the last several years, many key trends have been reshaping the transportation industry. We strongly believe these trends increase the value of our product offering. Because of increased demand for efficiency and reliability, companies that own and manage their own fleet of vehicles have put greater emphasis on the quality of their preventive maintenance and safety programs. The maintenance and operation of commercial vehicles has become more complicated and expensive, requiring companies to spend a significant amount of time and money to keep up with new technology, diagnostics, retooling and training. Increased regulation and active enforcement efforts by federal and state governments require more stringent and costly operational processes and oversight. Fluctuating energy prices and alternative fuel technologies make it difficult for businesses to predict and manage fleet costs. Finally, the tightened credit market has limited some businesses’ access to capital at a time when commercial vehicle costs have increased as a result of the more expensive, EPA-compliant engines. Operations For the year ended December 31, 2014 , our global FMS business accounted for 63% of our consolidated revenue. U.S. Our FMS customers in the U.S. range from small businesses to large national enterprises operating in a wide variety of industries, the most significant of which are food and beverage, transportation and warehousing, housing, business and personal services, and industrial. At December 31, 2014 , we had 529 operating locations, excluding ancillary storage locations, in 49 states and Puerto Rico. A location typically consists of a maintenance facility or “shop”, offices for sales and other personnel, and in many cases, a commercial rental vehicle counter. Our maintenance facilities typically include a service island for fueling, safety inspections and preliminary maintenance checks as well as a shop for preventive maintenance and repairs. We also operate on-site at 154 customer locations, which primarily provide vehicle maintenance. Canada . We have been operating in Canada for over 50 years. At December 31, 2014 , we had 34 operating locations throughout 8 Canadian provinces. We also operated 12 maintenance facilities on-site at customer properties in Canada. Europe. We began operating in the U.K. in 1971. At December 31, 2014 , we had 51 operating locations primarily throughout the U.K. We also managed a network of 499 independent maintenance facilities in the U.K. to serve our customers when it is more effective than providing the service in a Ryder location. In addition to our typical FMS operations, we supply and manage vehicles, equipment and personnel for military organizations in the U.K. and Germany. FMS Product Offerings Full Service Leasing . Through our full service lease product line, we provide customers with the vehicle, maintenance services, supplies, and related equipment necessary for operation of the vehicles while our customers furnish and supervise their own drivers and dispatch and exercise control over the vehicles. Our full service lease customers receive the following benefits: 2 • We are able to leverage our vehicle buying power for the benefit of our customers because we purchase a large number of vehicles from a limited number of manufacturers. Once we have signed an agreement with the customer, we acquire vehicles and components that are custom engineered to the customer’s requirements and lease the vehicles to the customer for periods generally ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and typically ten years for trailers. • We provide a complete maintenance program designed to reduce vehicle downtime through a preventive maintenance plan that is based on vehicle type and time or mileage intervals. Given our continued focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our maintenance services, particularly in light of changing technology and increased regulation, we provide our full service lease customers with a cost effective alternative to maintaining their own fleet of vehicles. • Our customers have access to our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians for maintenance, vehicle repairs, 24-hour emergency roadside service, and replacement vehicles for vehicles that are temporarily out of service. • We mitigate residual risk exposure for our customers through our maintenance expertise and retail used vehicle sales network. (1) (U.S. Fleet as of June 2014 , Class 3-8, IHS Global Insight (formerly RL Polk) (2) (U.S. Fleet as of June 2014, Class 3-8, IHS Global Insight (formerly RL Pol) and Blue Ridge Partners (3) Canada Outsourced Fleet Market as of December 2014 , Class 3-8, IHS Global Insight (formerly RL Polk) (4) U.K. Lease and Rental HGV Market, Projection for December 2014 , Source: The Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders (SMMT) 2010  For the year ended December 31, 2014 , full service lease revenue accounted for 50% of our FMS total revenue. Commercial Rental . We target rental customers that have a need to supplement their private fleet of vehicles on a short-term basis (one day up to one year in length), either because of seasonal increases in their business or discrete projects that require additional transportation resources. Full service lease customers utilize our commercial rental fleet to handle their peak or seasonal business needs. Although a portion of our commercial rental business is purely occasional in nature, we focus on building long-term relationships with customers so that we become their preferred source for commercial vehicle rentals. Our rental representatives assist in selecting a vehicle that satisfies a customer’s needs and supervise the rental process, which includes execution of a rental agreement and a vehicle inspection. In addition to vehicle rental, we may extend liability insurance coverage under our existing policies to our rental customers as well as the benefits of our comprehensive fuel services program. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , commercial rental revenue accounted for 19% of our FMS total revenue. Contract Maintenance . Through our contract maintenance product line, we provide customers with all or certain of the maintenance services provided under a full service lease. Our contract maintenance customers commit to utilizing our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians to maintain the vehicles they own or lease from third parties. We can also customize the services to include ancillary maintenance and/or fleet support services. Vehicles covered under this offering are typically serviced at our own facilities. However, based on the size and complexity of a customer’s fleet, we may operate an on-site maintenance facility at the customer’s location. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , contract maintenance revenue accounted for 4% of our FMS total revenue. The following table provides information regarding the number of vehicles and customers by FMS product offering at December 31, 2014 : ______________ Contract-Related Maintenance . Our full service lease and contract maintenance customers periodically require additional maintenance and repair services that are not included in their full service lease or contract maintenance contracts. For example, additional maintenance and repair services may arise when a customer damages a leased vehicle. In addition, because of our existing relationships with the customer, we may provide service on their owned vehicles and charge the customer on an hourly basis for work performed. By servicing all of our customers’ maintenance needs, we create stronger, long-term relationships and have greater opportunity to provide customers with a wide range of outsourcing solutions. More recently, we have contracted with large private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to provide maintenance on demand, particularly in geographic areas where these customers do not have their own maintenance operations. Although the contract for on-demand maintenance services is based on a maintenance program that is designed to meet the customers' specific needs, all maintenance is performed only when and as requested by the customer. This product allows us to expand our customer base to include customers that have traditionally chosen to own and maintain their fleet of vehicles. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , contract-related maintenance revenue accounted for 5% of our FMS total revenue. Fuel Services. We provide our FMS customers with access to diesel fuel at competitive prices at over 450 of our maintenance facilities across the United States and Canada. We also provide fuel services such as fuel planning, fuel tax reporting, centralized billing, fuel cards and fuel monitoring. Although fuel sales do not have a significant impact on our FMS earnings as it is largely a pass-through cost to customers, we believe allowing customers to leverage our fuel buying power is a significant and valuable benefit to our customers. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , fuel services revenue accounted for 22% of our FMS total revenue. 3 • Customers have an opportunity to enhance their standard full service lease with additional fleet support services including our fuel and related services as described below; liability insurance coverage under our existing insurance policies and related insurance services; safety services including safety training, driver certification, and loss prevention consulting; vehicle use and other tax reporting, permitting and licensing, and regulatory compliance (including hours of service administration); environmental services; and access to RydeSmart ® , a full-featured GPS fleet location, tracking, and vehicle performance management system and to Ryder FleetCARE SM , our web-based tool that provides customers with 24/7 access to key operational and maintenance management information about their fleets. U.S. Foreign Total Vehicles Customers Vehicles Customers Vehicles Customers Full service leasing 101,400 10,500 24,100 2,800 125,500 13,300 Commercial rental (1) 31,300 32,100 8,600 6,600 39,900 38,700 Contract maintenance (2) 36,700 1,400 5,700 300 42,400 1,700 (1) Commercial rental customers include customers who rented a vehicle for more than 3 days during the year and includes approximately 9,300 full service lease customers (2) Contract maintenance customers include approximately 911 full service lease customers  Used Vehicles. We primarily sell our used vehicles at one of our 58 retail sales centers throughout North America ( 18 of which are co-located at an FMS shop), at our branch locations or through our website at www.Usedtrucks.Ryder.com . Typically, before we offer used vehicles for sale, our technicians assure that they are Road Ready ® , which means that the vehicles have passed a comprehensive, multi-point performance inspection based on specifications formulated through our maintenance program. Our retail sales centers throughout North America allow us to leverage our maintenance expertise and strong brand reputation to realize higher sales proceeds than in the wholesale market. Given our focus on maximizing sales proceeds, we generally sell our used vehicles through retail centers for prices in excess of book value. However, the extent to which we are able to realize a gain on the sale of used vehicles is dependent upon various other factors, including the general state of the used vehicle market including the supply and demand for used commercial vehicles, the age and condition of the vehicle at the time of its disposal and vehicle depreciation rates. FMS Business Strategy Our FMS business strategy is to be the leading provider of fleet management outsourcing services for light, medium and heavy duty vehicles. Our strategy will be achieved if we focus on the following goals and priorities: Successfully driving our fleet growth strategy will require significant capital investments in full service lease and commercial rental vehicles. As a result, during periods of significant growth, our free cash flow may be negative. Competition As an alternative to using our fleet management services, most companies choose to provide these services for themselves, although some may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. Our FMS business segment competes with companies providing similar services on a national, regional and local level. Many regional and local competitors provide services on a national level through their participation in various cooperative programs. Competitive factors include price, equipment, maintenance, service and geographic coverage. We compete with finance lessors and also with truck and trailer manufacturers and independent dealers who provide full service lease products, finance leases, extended warranty maintenance, rental and other transportation services. With the growth of our on-demand maintenance product, we will also face competition from managed maintenance providers who are hired to coordinate and manage the maintenance of large fleets of vehicles through a network of third-party maintenance providers. Value-added differentiation of the full service leasing, maintenance and commercial rental service, as well as continued commitment to offer innovative products and solutions, such as natural gas vehicles, has been and will continue to be our emphasis. 4 • Drive fleet growth by (1) successfully implementing sales and marketing initiatives designed to compel private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to outsource all or some portion of their fleet management needs to us; (2) offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen new and existing customer relationships; and (3) completing targeted acquisitions; • Deliver a consistent, industry-leading and cost-effective maintenance program to our customers through continued process improvement and re-design, productivity initiatives, and technology improvements; and • Optimize asset utilization and management, particularly with respect to our rental fleet, used vehicle operations and maintenance facility infrastructure.  Value Proposition Through our SCS business, we offer a broad range of innovative logistics management services that are designed to optimize a customer’s supply chain and address customer's key business requirements. The organization is aligned by industry verticals (Automotive, Industrial, Consumer Packaged Goods, Retail, Technology and Healthcare) to enable the teams to focus on the specific needs of their customers. Our SCS product offerings are organized into four categories: dedicated services, distribution management, transportation management and professional services. These offerings are supported by a variety of information technology and engineering solutions that are an integral part of our other SCS services. These product offerings can be offered independently or as an integrated solution to optimize supply chain effectiveness. A key aspect of our value proposition is our operational execution, which is an important differentiator in the marketplace. Market Trends Global logistics is approximately an $8.6 trillion (1) market, of which approximately $700 billion (1) is outsourced. Logistics spending in the markets we are targeting in North America and Asia equates to approximately $3.3 trillion , of which $300 billion is outsourced. Outsourced logistics is a market with significant growth opportunity. More sophisticated supply chain practices are required as supply chains expand and become more complex, product needs continue to proliferate and companies look for lower cost supply chain alternatives. In addition, disruptions from unexpected events such as natural disasters have caused companies to focus on risk management of their supply chains. The more complicated the supply chain or the product requirements, the greater the need for companies to utilize the expertise of supply chain solution providers. (1) Armstrong & Associates Global logistics costs & third-party logistics revenue report, July 2014 Operations For the year ended December 31, 2014 , our global SCS business accounted for 37% of our consolidated revenue. U.S. At December 31, 2014 , we had 494 SCS customer accounts in the U.S., most of which are large enterprises that maintain large, complex supply chains. Most of our core SCS business operations are geographically located to maximize efficiencies and reduce costs. At December 31, 2014 , managed warehouse space totaled approximately 30 million square feet for the U.S. and Puerto Rico. We also concentrate certain logistics expertise in locations not associated with specific customer sites. For example, our carrier procurement, contract management, freight bill audit and payment services and transportation optimization and execution groups operate out of our logistics centers in Novi, Michigan and Fort Worth, Texas. Mexico . At December 31, 2014 , we had 105 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 3.4 million square feet. Our Mexico operations offer a full range of SCS services and manage approximately 11,200 border crossings each month between Mexico and the U.S. and Canada, often highly integrated with our distribution and transportation operations. Canada. At December 31, 2014 , we had 61 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 1.4 million square feet. Given the proximity of this market to our U.S. and Mexico operations, the Canadian operations are highly coordinated with their U.S. and Mexico counterparts, managing cross-border transportation and freight movements. Asia . Asia is a key component of our retail strategy, where we have a network of owned and agent offices, with headquarters in Shanghai. At December 31, 2014 , we had 78 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 410,000 square feet, primarily in Singapore. 5 Supply Chain Solutions  SCS Product Offerings Dedicated Services. Dedicated services are generally offered on a stand-alone basis or as part of an integrated supply chain solution to our customers. The dedicated services offering combines the equipment, maintenance and administrative services of a full service lease with drivers and additional services. This combination provides customers with a dedicated transportation solution that is designed to increase their competitive position, improve risk management and integrate their transportation needs with their overall supply chain. Additional services include routing and scheduling, fleet sizing, safety, regulatory compliance, risk management, technology and communication systems support including on-board computer, and other technical support. These additional services allow us to provide high service levels and efficient routing. They also address the challenging labor issues associated with maintaining a private fleet of vehicles, such as driver recruitment and turnover, government regulation (including hours of service regulations), Department of Transportation (DOT) audits and workers' compensation. Our dedicated services solution offers a high degree of specialization to meet the needs of customers with sophisticated service requirements such as tight delivery windows, high value or time sensitive freight, closed-loop distribution, multi-stop shipments, specialized equipment and integrated transportation needs. Although a significant portion of our dedicated services operations are located at customer facilities, our dedicated business utilizes and benefits from our extensive network of FMS facilities. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , approximately 57% of our SCS revenue was related to all of our dedicated services. Distribution Management . Our SCS business offers a wide range of services relating to a customer’s distribution operations, from designing a customer’s distribution network to managing distribution facilities. Services within the facilities generally include managing the flow of goods from the receiving function to the shipping function, coordinating warehousing and transportation for inbound and outbound material flows, handling import and export for international shipments, coordinating just-in-time replenishment of component parts to manufacturing and final assembly, and providing shipments to customer distribution centers or end customer delivery points. Additional value-added services such as light assembly of components into defined units (kitting), packaging and refurbishment are also provided. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , distribution management solutions accounted for 29% of our SCS revenue. Transportation Management . Our SCS business offers services relating to all aspects of a customer’s transportation network. Our team of transportation specialists provides shipment planning and execution, which includes shipment optimization, load scheduling and delivery confirmation through a series of technological and web-based solutions. Our transportation consultants, including our freight brokerage department, focus on carrier procurement of all modes of transportation with an emphasis on truck-based transportation, rate negotiation, and freight bill audit and payment services. In addition, our SCS business as well as our FMS business provide customers with capacity management services that are designed to meet backhaul opportunities and minimize excess miles. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , we purchased and/or executed over $5 billion in freight moves on our customers' behalf. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , transportation management solutions accounted for 7% of our SCS revenue. Professional Services . In conjunction with providing the SCS core services described previously, our SCS business offers a variety of knowledge-based services that support every aspect of a customer’s supply chain. Our SCS professionals are available to evaluate a customer’s existing supply chain to identify inefficiencies as well as opportunities for integration and improvement. Once the assessment is complete, we work with the customer to develop a supply chain strategy that will create the most value for the customer and their target clients. Once a customer has adopted a supply chain strategy, our SCS logistics team, supported by functional experts and representatives from our information technology, real estate and finance groups, work together to design a strategically focused supply chain solution. The solution may include both a network design that sets forth the number, location and function of key components of the network and a transportation solution that optimizes the mode or modes of transportation and route selection. In addition to providing the distribution and transportation expertise necessary to implement the supply chain solution, our SCS representatives can coordinate and manage all aspects of the customer’s supply chain provider network to assure consistency, efficiency and flexibility. For the year ended December 31, 2014 , knowledge-based professional services accounted for 7% of our SCS revenue. SCS Business Strategy Our SCS business strategy is to offer our customers differentiated functional execution and proactive solutions from deep expertise in key industry verticals. The strategy revolves around the following interrelated goals and priorities: 6 • Providing customers with a differentiated quality of service and best execution through reliable and flexible supply chain solutions; • Developing capabilities that can be applied and utilized in our targeted industry verticals; • Creating a culture of innovation that fosters new and high value solutions for our customers’ supply chain needs; • Focusing on continuous improvement and standardization; and • Successfully implementing targeted sales and marketing strategies.  Competition As an alternative to using our services, most companies choose to internally manage their own supply chains and logistics operations, although some may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. In the SCS business segment, we compete with a large number of companies providing similar services, each of which has a different set of core competencies. We compete with a handful of large, multi-service companies across all of our service offerings and industries. We also compete against other companies on specific service offerings (for example, in transportation management, distribution management or dedicated services) or in a specific industry. We face different competitors in each country or region where they may have a greater operational presence. Competitive factors include price, service, market knowledge, expertise in logistics-related technology and overall performance (e.g. timeliness, accuracy, and flexibility). ACQUISITIONS In addition to our continued focus on organic growth, acquisitions play an important role in enhancing our growth strategy. In assessing potential acquisition targets in our FMS business segment, we look for companies that would create value through operating synergies, leveraging our existing facility infrastructure, improving our geographic coverage and diversifying our customer base. In our SCS business segment, we focus on adding capabilities and product offerings, potentially expanding into new industries, diversifying our customer base within our current industries, and improving our competitive position. CYCLICALITY Ryder's business is impacted by economic and market conditions. In a strong economic cycle, there is generally more demand for our fleet management and supply chain services. In a weak or volatile economy, demand for our services decreases and is inconsistent and considerably more unpredictable. Because of these factors, we have continued to focus on increasing the diversity of our customer base and strengthening our long-term business partnerships with our customers. Although we believe these efforts help mitigate the immediate impact of an economic downturn, during a protracted or severe economic downturn, customers are often unwilling to commit to a full-service lease or long-term supply chain contract. Because commercial rental and used vehicle sales are transactional, they are more cyclical in nature, and results can vary significantly in both the short- and long-term. We mitigate some of the potential impact of an economic downturn through a disciplined and centralized approach to asset management. This approach allows us to manage the size, mix and location of our operating fleet and used vehicle inventories to try and maximize asset utilization and used vehicle proceeds in both strong and weak market conditions. ADMINISTRATION Our financial administrative functions for the U.S. and Canada, including credit, billing and collections are consolidated into our Shared Services Center operations, a centralized processing center located in Alpharetta, Georgia. Our Shared Services Center also manages contracted third parties providing administrative finance and support services outside of the U.S. in order to reduce ongoing operating expenses and maximize our technology resources. This centralization results in more efficient and consistent centralized processing of selected administrative operations. Certain administrative functions are also performed at the Shared Services Center for our customers. The Shared Services Center’s main objectives are to enhance customer service through process standardization, create an organizational structure that will improve market flexibility and allow future reengineering efforts to be attained more easily at lower implementation costs. REGULATION Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. The DOT and various federal and state agencies exercise broad powers over certain aspects of our business, generally governing such activities as authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, safety and financial reporting. In 2010, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) began implementation of the Compliance, Safety, Accountability program (CSA), a compliance and enforcement initiative partnering with State agencies designed to monitor and improve commercial vehicle motor safety. The CSA program includes a Safety Measurement System (SMS) that uses roadside inspections and violations to measure motor carriers and drivers and publishes scores related to these inspections and violations that compare the motor carriers and drivers against peers. The FMCSA established thresholds for each of seven different measurement areas that identify potential safety risks and result in direct intervention or enforcement action. We are also subject to a variety of requirements of national, state, provincial and local governments, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, that regulate safety, the management of hazardous materials, water discharges and air emissions, solid waste disposal and the release and cleanup of regulated substances. We must comply with licensing and other requirements imposed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs Service as a result of increased focus on homeland security and our Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism certification. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by these agencies or other authorities relating to carbon controls and reporting, engine exhaust emissions, drivers’ hours of service, wage and hour requirements, security including data privacy and cyber security and ergonomics. 7  ENVIRONMENTAL We have a long standing commitment to sound environmental practices that reduce risk and build value for us and our customers. We have a history of adopting “green” designs and processes because they are efficient, cost effective transportation solutions that improve our bottom line and bring value to our customers. We have maintained an environmental mission since 1991 and have updated it periodically as regulatory and customer needs have changed. Our environmental policy reflects our commitment to supporting the goals of sustainable development, environmental protection and pollution prevention in our business. We have adopted proactive environmental strategies that have advanced business growth and continued to improve our performance in ways that reduce emission outputs and environmental impact. Our environmental team works with operating employees to develop and administer programs in support of our environmental policy and to help ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into all business processes and decisions. In establishing appropriate environmental objectives and targets for our wide range of business activities around the world, we focus on (1) the needs of our customers; (2) the communities in which we provide services; and (3) relevant laws and regulations. We regularly review and update our environmental management procedures, and information regarding our environmental activities is routinely disseminated throughout Ryder. In 2014 , we substantially expanded our sustainability reporting with the publication of our 2012 / 2013 Corporate Sustainability Report that includes expanded and enhanced disclosures, as well as new metrics related to our environmental and safety performance for the years 2012 and 2013. In addition, we have voluntarily responded to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) since 2008, disclosing direct and indirect emissions resulting from our operations. These reports are, and will be, publicly available on the company website at www.ryder.com by clicking on About Us and then selecting Sustainability. SAFETY Our safety culture is founded upon a core commitment to the safety, health and well-being of our employees, customers and the community, a commitment that has made us a long-standing industry leader in safety. Safety is an integral part of our business strategy because preventing injuries and collisions improves employee quality of life, eliminates service disruptions to our customers, increases efficiency and improves customer satisfaction. As a core value, our focus on safety is imbedded in our day-to-day operations, reinforced by many safety programs and continuous operational improvement and supported by a talented and dedicated safety organization. Training is a critical component of our safety program. Monthly safety training delivered by location safety committees cover specific and relevant safety topics and managers receive annual safety leadership training. Quarterly and remedial training is also delivered online to each driver through our highly interactive Ryder Pro-TREAD comprehensive lesson platform. Regular safety behavioral observations are conducted by managers throughout the organization everyday and remedial training and coaching takes place on-the-spot. We also deploy state-of-the-art safety technologies in Ryder vehicles and our safety policies require that all managers, supervisors and employees incorporate safe processes in all aspects of our business. Monthly safety scorecards are tracked and reviewed by management for progress toward key safety objectives. Our proprietary web-based safety tracking system, RyderStar SM , delivers proactive safety programs tailored to every location and helps measure safety activity effectiveness across the organization. EMPLOYEES At December 31, 2014 , we had approximately 30,600 full-time employees worldwide, of which 28,900 were employed in North America, 1,300 in Europe and 400 in Asia. Currently we employ approximately 6,900 drivers and 5,400 technicians. We have approximately 18,600 hourly employees in the U.S., approximately 3,500 of which are organized by labor unions. Those employees organized by labor unions are principally represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and the United Auto Workers, and their wages and benefits are governed by 94 labor agreements that are renegotiated periodically. Although we have never experienced a material work stoppage or strike, these events can potentially occur given the types of businesses in which we currently engage. We consider that our relationship with our employees is good. 8  EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT Robert E. Sanchez was appointed Chair of Ryder's Board in May 2013 and promoted to Chief Executive Officer in January 2013. Previously, Mr. Sanchez served as President and Chief Operating Officer from February 2012 to December 2012. He also previously served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions from September 2010 to February 2012 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from October 2007 to September 2010. He also previously served as Executive Vice President of Operations, U.S. Fleet Management Solutions from October 2005 to October 2007 and as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer from January 2003 to October 2005. Mr. Sanchez joined Ryder in 1993 and has held various other positions of increasing responsibility, including leadership positions in both of Ryder's business segments. Art A. Garcia has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2010. Previously, Mr. Garcia served as Senior Vice President and Controller since October 2005 and as Vice President and Controller since February 2002. Mr. Garcia joined Ryder in 1997 and has held various other positions within Corporate Accounting. Dennis C. Cooke has served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions since February 2012. Previously, Mr. Cooke served as Senior Vice President and Chief of Operations, U.S. and Canada Fleet Management Solutions since July 2011. Prior to joining Ryder, Mr. Cooke held various positions with General Electric (GE) and related companies, including Vice President and General Manager of GE Healthcare’s Global MRI business from 2000 to 2005. He then served as President and Chief Executive Officer of GE Security’s Homeland Protection business from 2005 to 2009, and continued serving in those roles from 2009 to 2011 after the business was acquired by the Safran Group and became Morpho Detection, Inc. Robert D. Fatovic has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary since May 2004. He previously served as Senior Vice President, U.S. Supply Chain Operations, Hi-Tech and Consumer Industries from December 2002 to May 2004. Mr. Fatovic joined Ryder’s Law department in 1994 as Assistant Division Counsel and has held various other positions within the Law department including Vice President and Deputy General Counsel. Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino has served as Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer since September 2010. Previously, Ms. Gallo-Aquino served as Assistant Controller from November 2009 to September 2010, where she was responsible for Ryder’s Corporate Accounting, Benefits Accounting and Payroll Accounting departments. Ms. Gallo-Aquino joined Ryder in 2004 and has held various positions within Corporate Accounting. Gregory F. Greene has served as Chief Administrative Officer since September 2010, as Executive Vice President since December 2006 and as Chief Human Resources Officer since February 2006. Previously, Mr. Greene served as Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Development from April 2003 to February 2006. Mr. Greene joined Ryder in 1993 and has since held various positions within Human Resources. Karen M. Jones joined Ryder in September 2013. Prior to joining Ryder, Ms. Jones was Chief Marketing Officer for NRG/Reliant Energy, Inc from 2010 to 2013. Previously, Ms. Jones served as Senior Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communications for DHL Express U.S. from 2006 to 2009 and as Vice President of Advertising, Brand Management and Promotion from 2004 to 2006. In addition, Ms. Jones has served in key positions responsible for worldwide brand advertising, sponsorship, and strategic alliances for Hewlett Packard. John H. Williford has served as President, Global Supply Chain Solutions since June 2008. Prior to joining Ryder, Mr. Williford founded and served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Golden Gate Logistics LLC from 2006 to June 2008. From 2002 to 2005, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Menlo Worldwide, Inc., the supply chain business of CNF, Inc. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Williford was engaged as an advisor to Menlo Worldwide subsequent to the sale of Menlo Forwarding to United Parcel Service. As previously announced, Mr. Williford will retire as President, Global Supply Chain Solutions on March 31, 2015. As a result of Mr. Williford's retirement, Steven Sensing will be appointed President of Global Supply Chain Solutions, effective March 1, 2015. Previously, Mr. Sensing was the Vice President and General Manager of the High-Technology industry group. Mr. Sensing joined Ryder in 1992 and has held various positions within Operations. Additionally, John J. Diez will be appointed President of Ryder Dedicated, effective March 1, 2015. Previously, Mr. Diez served as Senior Vice President of Ryder Dedicated. Mr. Diez joined Ryder in 2002 and has held various positions within Finance and Operations. 9 Name Age Position Robert E. Sanchez 49 Chair and Chief Executive Officer Art A. Garcia 53 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Dennis C. Cooke 50 President, Global Fleet Management Solutions Robert D. Fatovic 49 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino 41 Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer Gregory F. Greene 55 Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer Karen M. Jones 52 Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer John H. Williford 58 President, Global Supply Chain Solutions  FURTHER INFORMATION For further discussion concerning our business, see the information included in Items 7 and 8 of this report. Industry and market data used throughout Item 1 was obtained through a compilation of surveys and studies conducted by industry sources, consultants and analysts. We make available free of charge through the Investor Relations page on our website at www.ryder.com our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The public may read and copy any materials we have filed with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and our other SEC filings. The address of the SEC's website is www.sec.gov. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Principles of Business Conduct and Board committee charters are posted on the Corporate Governance page of our website at www.ryder.com. Upon request, to our Investor Relations page on our website at www.ryder.com, we will provide a copy of our Finance Code of Conduct to anyone, free of charge. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The following contains all known material risks that could affect our business. Our business and operating results could be adversely affected by uncertain or unfavorable economic and industry conditions. Ryder's operating results are affected by cyclical economic and market conditions in the U.S. and globally. In a weak or volatile economy, demand for our contractual services decreases and may be inconsistent and less predictable as customers are often unwilling to commit to full-service leases or long-term supply chain contracts. Accordingly, any sustained weakness in demand or a protracted economic downturn can negatively impact our business. Although customer uncertainty can serve to increase demand for our transactional services, including commercial rental and used vehicles sales, which do not involve long-term commitments, these product lines are generally more cyclical due to their transactional nature, and results can vary in both the short- and long-term. Demand for commercial rental appeared to stabilize in 2014, however, rental demand may decline unexpectedly. Similarly, although we experienced growth in full service lease during 2014, our customers still remain cautious about entering into long-term leases. If uncertainty and lack of customer confidence around macroeconomic and transportation industry conditions return, they may impact our future growth prospects, our business, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected, including as follows: In addition, volatility in the global credit and financial markets may lead to: 10 • difficulty forecasting, budgeting and planning due to limited visibility into the spending plans of current or prospective customers; • increased competition for projects and sales opportunities; • pricing pressure that may adversely affect revenue and earnings; • higher overhead costs as a percentage of revenue; • increased risk of charges relating to asset impairments, including goodwill and other intangible assets; • customer financial difficulty and increased risk of uncollectible accounts receivable; • additional fleet downsizing which could adversely impact profitability; • increased risk of declines in the residual values of our vehicles; and • sudden changes in fuel prices and fuel shortages, which may adversely impact total vehicle miles driven by our customers. • unanticipated interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; • increased risk of default by counterparties under derivative instruments and hedging agreements; and • diminished liquidity and credit availability resulting in higher short-term borrowing costs and more stringent borrowing terms.  We bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles. We generally bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles. Therefore, if the market for used vehicles declines, or there is a concern regarding the quality, maintenance or condition of our vehicles, we may obtain lower sales proceeds upon the sale of used vehicles. We sell our used vehicles through various channels, including retail sales centers, at our branch locations, through our website at www.UsedTrucks.Ryder.com , as well as through the wholesale market. Pricing and demand for used vehicles varies among selling channels, particularly between the retail and wholesale markets, as we generally obtain lower proceeds on vehicles sold through wholesale channels. If we are unable to meet our targeted fleet counts through our projected mix of retail versus wholesale sales, we may be required to sell more vehicles than planned by wholesale, which will impact our sales proceeds. Changes in residual values also impact the overall competitiveness of our full service lease product line, as estimated sales proceeds are a significant component of the overall price of the lease. Additionally, technology changes and sudden changes in supply and demand together with other market factors beyond our control vary from year to year and from vehicle to vehicle, making it difficult to accurately predict residual values used in calculating our depreciation expense. Although we have developed disciplines related to the management and maintenance of our vehicles that are designed to prevent these losses, there is no assurance that these practices will sufficiently reduce the residual risk. For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to depreciation and residual values, please see the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates - Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees” in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Our profitability could be adversely impacted by our inability to maintain appropriate commercial rental utilization rates through our asset management initiatives. We typically do not purchase vehicles for our full service lease product line until we have an executed contract with a customer. However, in our commercial rental product line, we purchase vehicles and optimize the size and mix of the commercial rental fleet based upon our expectations of overall market demand. As a result, we bear the risk for ensuring that we have the proper vehicles in the right condition and location to effectively capitalize on market demand in order to drive the highest levels of utilization and revenue per unit. We employ a sales force and operations team on a full-time basis to manage and optimize this product line; however, their efforts may not be sufficient to overcome a significant change in market demand in the rental business. If we cannot continue to develop, market and consistently deliver services and solutions that meet customer requirements for innovative solutions and quality, or successfully execute on our growth strategy, our revenue and earnings growth may suffer. Our long-term strategy is to grow our outsourcing services by targeting private fleets and key industries with innovative solutions, operational excellence, and best-in-class talent and information technology. To successfully execute on this strategy, we need to continue our focus towards developing effective solutions that meet our existing and target customers’ evolving needs. That requires the skills, experience and efforts of our management team and continued investment in new technology, sales and marketing. Notwithstanding our efforts, these new or changed service offerings may not meet customer demands, or may not succeed in the long term, or prove to be profitable. If we do not make the right strategic investments to respond to current customer needs and establish and develop new customer relationships, our ability to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and continue to grow could be negatively affected. Even with the right solutions, our growth strategy is dependent on executing that strategy by delivering consistent operational excellence and strong customer service. If our services and solutions are not delivered as promised on a consistent basis or our customers have a negative experience or are otherwise dissatisfied, this can impair our relationships with new or existing customers and adversely affect our brand and reputation, which could, in turn, adversely affect revenue and earnings growth. 11  Failure to maintain, upgrade and consolidate our information technology networks could adversely affect us, and we may be subject to cybersecurity risks which may be beyond our control. The success of our strategic initiatives designed to increase our sales and capture a greater percentage of the outsourced transportation and supply chain markets is dependent in varying degrees on the timely delivery and the functionality of information technology systems to support them. Extended delays or cost overruns in securing, developing and otherwise implementing technology solutions to support the new business initiatives we are developing now, and will be developing in the future, would delay and possibly even prevent us from realizing the projected benefits of those initiatives. We are continuously upgrading and consolidating our systems, including making changes to legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality and acquiring new systems with new functionality. These types of activities subject us to additional costs and inherent risks associated with replacing and changing these systems, including impairment of our ability to provide our services, potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into our current systems. Our system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. In addition, the implementation of new technology systems may cause disruptions in our business operations and have an adverse effect on our business and operations, if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated. Advances in technology require increased investments to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments. In addition, our reputation with our customers may suffer if outages, system failures or delays in timely access to data occur in legacy information technology systems that support key business processes. We depend on the proper functioning and availability of our information systems, including communications and data processing systems, in operating our business. It is important that the data processed by these systems remains confidential, as it often includes competitive customer information, confidential customer transaction data, employee records, and key financial and operational results and statistics. Portions of our business utilize information systems that provide critical services to both our employees and our customers. Cyber incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy, or other proper functioning of these systems could have a significant impact on our operations. Certain of our software applications are utilized by third parties who provide certain outsourced administrative functions, which may increase the risk of a cybersecurity incident. Our information systems are protected through physical and software safeguards as well as backup systems considered appropriate by management. However, it is not practicable to protect against the possibility of damage created by natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, cybersecurity attacks and similar events in every potential circumstance that may arise. 12  We and the vehicle and equipment manufacturers in our FMS business rely on a small number of suppliers. We buy vehicles and related equipment from a relatively small number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in our FMS business. Further, some of our vehicle manufacturers rely on a small concentration of suppliers for certain vehicle parts, components and equipment. A discrete event in a particular OEM's or supplier's industry or location, or adverse regional economic conditions impacting an OEM or supplier's ability to provide vehicles or a particular component could adversely impact our FMS business and profitability. In addition, our business and reputation could also be negatively impacted if any parts, components or equipment from one of our suppliers suffer from broad-based quality control issues or become the subject of a product recall and we are unable to obtain replacement parts from another supplier in a timely manner. We derive a significant portion of our SCS revenue from a relatively small number of customers. During 2014 , sales to our top ten SCS customers representing all of the industry groups we service accounted for 39% of our SCS total revenue and 37% of our SCS operating revenue (revenue less subcontracted transportation). Additionally, approximately 27% of our global SCS revenue is from the automotive industry and is directly impacted by automotive vehicle production. The loss of any of these customers or a significant reduction in the services provided to any of these customers could impact our operations and adversely affect our SCS financial results. While we continue to focus our efforts on diversifying our customer base, we may not be successful in doing so in the short-term. Given the size of our relationships with larger SCS customers, they can exert downward pricing pressure and often require modifications to our standard commercial terms. While we believe our ongoing cost reduction initiatives have helped mitigate the effect of price reduction pressures from our SCS customers, there is no assurance that we will be able to maintain or improve profitability in those accounts. We are also subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of our accounts receivable from our SCS customers. If one or more of these customers were to become bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the services provided by us, we may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur lease or asset impairment charges that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, many of our customers operate in cyclical or seasonal industries, or operate in industries, including the food and beverage industry, that may be impacted by unanticipated weather, growing conditions (such as drought, insects or disease), natural disasters and other conditions over which we have no control. A downturn in our customers' business cycles or unanticipated events impacting their businesses could cause a reduction in freight volume shipped by those customers or a reduction in their need for our SCS services. We operate in a highly competitive industry and our business may suffer if we are unable to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other competitive factors. Numerous competitive factors could impair our ability to maintain our current profitability. These factors include the following: 13 • our inability to obtain expected customer retention levels or sales growth targets; • we compete with many other transportation and logistics service providers, some of which have greater capital resources than we do; • customers may choose to provide the services we provide for themselves; • some of our competitors periodically reduce their prices to gain business, and some of our smaller competitors may have lower cost structures than we do, which may limit our ability to maintain or increase prices; and • because cost of capital is a significant competitive factor, any increase in either the cost of our debt or equity as a result of reductions in our debt rating or stock price volatility could have a significant impact on our competitive position.  Our profitability could be negatively impacted if the key operational assumptions and pricing structure prove to be invalid. Substantially all of our lease and maintenance services and our SCS services are provided under contractual arrangements with our customers. The pricing structure for our lease and contract maintenance business is based on certain assumptions regarding capital costs, maintenance expense over the life of the contract particularly in light of new engine technologies, residual values, productivity and the mix of fixed and variable costs, many of which are derived from historical data and trends. Under most of our SCS contracts, all or a portion of our pricing is based on certain assumptions regarding the scope of services, production volumes, operational efficiencies, the mix of fixed versus variable costs, productivity and other factors. If we are incorrect in our assumptions, or as a result of subsequent changes in our customers' business needs or operations or market forces that are outside of our control, these assumptions prove to be invalid, we could have lower margins than anticipated. Although certain of our SCS contracts provide for renegotiation upon a material change, there is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining the necessary price adjustments. We may face difficulties in attracting and retaining drivers and technicians and may face issues with our union employees. We hire drivers primarily for our SCS business segment. There is significant competition for qualified drivers in the transportation industry. Additionally, interventions and enforcement under the FMCSA's Compliance, Safety, Accountability program may shrink the industry's pool of drivers as those drivers with unfavorable scores may no longer be eligible to drive for us. As a result of driver shortages, we could be required to increase driver compensation, let trucks sit idle, utilize lower quality drivers or face difficulty meeting customer demands, all of which could adversely affect our growth and profitability. Similarly, we hire technicians in our FMS business segment to perform vehicle maintenance services on our lease, contract maintenance and rental fleets. Recently there has been a decrease in the overall supply of skilled maintenance technicians, particularly new technicians with qualifications from technical programs and schools, which could make it more difficult to attract and retain skilled technicians. We have 3,500 employees that are organized by labor unions whose wages and benefits are governed by 94 labor agreements that are renegotiated periodically. Some of the industries in which we currently engage have experienced a material work stoppage, slowdown or strike. Our business and operations could be impacted in the event of labor strikes or work stoppages involving our employees organized by labor unions in our FMS or SCS business segments. We operate in a highly regulated industry, and costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future regulations could significantly increase our costs of doing business. Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental agencies. These agencies could institute new laws, rules or regulations or issue interpretation changes to existing regulations at any time. We have also seen an increase in proactive enforcement of existing regulations by some entities. Compliance with new laws, rules or regulations could substantially impair labor and equipment productivity and increase our costs. Conversely, our failure to comply with any applicable laws, rules or regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments. We are also subject to reputational risk and other detrimental business consequences associated with noncompliance, such as employees, customers, agents, suppliers or other persons using our supply chain or assets to commit illegal acts, including the use of company assets for terrorist activities, or a breach of data privacy laws, the ongoing development of which in the U.S. and other jurisdictions may require changes to our data security policies and procedures to comply with new standards. DOT and Other Regulatory Authorities. The U.S. Department of Transportation and various state and federal agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by the Department of Transportation, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs Service, the Environmental Protection Agency or other authorities, relating to the hours of service that our drivers may provide in any one-time period, homeland security, carbon emissions and reporting and other matters. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Program . The FMCSA's program may increase cost for our customers given the potential impact to the driver pool, the additional hours of service requirements and additional investment in vehicle equipment. In addition, although Ryder's published scores are below the thresholds, if performance changed, we could risk intervention that may create risk to our operating authority. 14  Labor. We maintain operations and employees in numerous states throughout the U.S., which are governed by federal and state labor and employment laws and regulations relating to compensation, benefits, healthcare and various workplace issues, all of which are applicable to our employees, and in some cases, independent contractors. State labor and employment rules vary from state to state and in some states, require us to meet much stricter standards than required in other states. Also, we are or may become subject to various class-action lawsuits related to wage and hour violations and improper pay in certain states. Unfavorable or unanticipated outcomes in any of the lawsuits could subject us to increased costs and impact our profitability. International. We currently operate in Canada, Europe, Mexico and Asia, where we are subject to compliance with local laws and regulatory requirements of foreign jurisdictions, including local tax laws, and compliance with the Federal Corrupt Practices Act. Local laws and regulatory requirements may vary significantly from country to country. Customary levels of compliance with local regulations and the tolerance for noncompliance by regulatory authorities may also vary in different countries and geographical locations, and impact our ability to successfully implement our compliance and business initiatives in certain jurisdictions. Also, adherence to rigorous local laws and regulatory requirements may limit our ability to expand into certain international markets and result in residual liability for legal claims and tax disputes arising out of previously discontinued operations. Environmental. Regulations governing exhaust emissions that have been enacted over the last few years could adversely impact our business. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations that required progressive reductions in exhaust emissions from certain diesel engines from 2007 through 2010. Emissions standards require reductions in the sulfur content of diesel fuel since June 2006. Also, the first phase of progressively stringent emissions standards relating to emissions after-treatment devices was introduced on newly-manufactured engines and vehicles utilizing engines built after January 1, 2007. The second phase, which required an additional after-treatment system, became effective after January 1, 2010. We face additional technology changes under EPA regulations that went into effect in 2014, which require modifications to existing vehicle chassis and engine combinations. The 2014 regulations require reductions in carbon dioxide, which can only be reduced by improving fuel economy, and which require compliance with different emissions standards for both engines and chassis, based on vocation. OEMs may be required to install additional engine componentry, additional aerodynamics on chassis and low-rolling resistance tires to comply with the regulations, which may result in a shorter useful tread life and increased operating costs for customers and us. Additional EPA regulations are expected to go into effect in 2017 that may further impact our business. Although customers may see reduced fuel consumption under the new standards, this could be offset by increased fuel costs on a per gallon basis. Each of these requirements could result in higher prices for vehicles, diesel engine fuel and vehicle maintenance, which are passed on to our customers, as well as higher maintenance costs and uncertainty as to reliability of the new engines, all of which could, over time, increase our costs and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The new technology may also impact the residual values of these vehicles when sold in the future. Future regulation of other environmental matters, including potential limits on carbon emissions under climate-change legislation, could also impact our business and profitability if enacted. Lease and Other Accounting Rules . Demand for our full service lease product line is based in part on customers' decisions to lease rather than buy vehicles. A number of factors can impact whether customers decide to lease or buy vehicles, including economic benefits, accounting considerations, tax treatment, interest rates and operational flexibility. In 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued its latest proposed update to accounting standards that would involve a new approach to lease accounting that differs from current practice. Most notably, the new approach would eliminate off-balance sheet treatment of leases and require lessees to record leased assets on their balance sheets. If the proposed accounting standard becomes effective in its current form, it could be perceived to make leasing a less attractive option for some of our full service lease customers. The U.S. government continues to discuss comprehensive tax reform which may significantly change the income tax rules applicable to U.S. domiciled corporations. It is difficult to assess the overall effect of such political legislation. However, these changes could impact our earnings and cash flows. Other changes in accounting rules, estimates, assumptions and accruals and changes in current financial, tax or regulatory requirements to which we are subject could also negatively impact our business. 15  Volatility in assumptions and asset values related to our pension plans may reduce our profitability and adversely impact current funding levels. We historically sponsored a number of defined benefit plans for employees in the U.S., U.K. and other foreign locations. The retirement benefits under the defined benefit plans are frozen for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees. Our major defined benefit plans are funded, with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio. The cash contributions made to our defined benefit plans are required to comply with minimum funding requirements imposed by employee benefit and tax laws. The projected benefit obligation and assets of our global defined benefit plans as of December 31, 2014 were $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion , respectively. The difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, is a significant factor in determining pension expense and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Macroeconomic factors, as well as changes in investment returns and discount rates used to calculate pension expense and related assets and liabilities can be volatile and may have an unfavorable impact on our costs and funding requirements. Although we have actively sought to control increases in these costs and funding requirements through investment policies and plan contributions, and more recently through a lump-sum buyout offer, there can be no assurance that we will succeed, and continued cost pressure could reduce the profitability of our business and negatively impact our cash flows. We also participate in six U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. In the event that we withdraw from participation in one of these plans, then applicable law could require us to make an additional lump-sum contribution to the plan. Our withdrawal liability for any MEP plan would depend on the extent of the plan's funding of vested benefits. Economic conditions have caused MEP plans to be significantly underfunded. As a result, although we have taken steps in recent years to withdraw from these MEP plans, we may still have liability for at least a period of time following our withdrawal. If the financial condition of the MEP plans were to continue to deteriorate, we could be subject to additional assessments. We establish self-insurance reserves based on historical loss development factors, which could lead to adjustments in the future based on actual development experience. We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability and workers' compensation insurance programs. Our self-insurance accruals are based on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. While we believe that our estimation processes are well designed, every estimation process is inherently subject to limitations. Fluctuations in the frequency or severity of accidents make it difficult to precisely predict the ultimate cost of claims. The actual cost of claims can be different than the historical selected loss development factors because of safety performance, payment patterns and settlement patterns. For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to our self-insurance reserves, please see the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates - Self-Insurance Accruals” in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Severe weather or other natural occurrences could result in significant business interruptions and expenditures in excess of available insurance coverage. Our operations may be affected by external factors such as severe weather and other natural occurrences, including floods, fires, hurricanes and earthquakes. As a result, our facilities may be damaged, our workforce may be unavailable, fuel costs may rise and significant business interruptions could occur. In addition, the performance of our vehicles could be adversely affected by extreme weather conditions. Insurance to protect against loss of business and other related consequences resulting from these natural occurrences is subject to coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our damages or damages to others and this insurance may not continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates. Even with insurance, if any natural occurrence leads to a catastrophic interruption of service, we may not be able to mitigate a significant interruption in operations. Our international operations subject us to operational and financial risks. We provide services outside of the U.S., which subjects our business to various risks, including changes in tariffs, trade restrictions, trade agreements and taxes; difficulties in managing or overseeing foreign operations and agents; foreign currency fluctuations and limitations on the repatriation of funds due to foreign currency controls; different liability standards; and intellectual property laws of countries that do not protect our rights in intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. The occurrence or consequences of any of these factors may restrict our ability to operate in the affected region and/or decrease the profitability of our operations in that region. Also, if we do not correctly anticipate changes in international economic and political conditions, we may not alter our business practices in time to avoid adverse effects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 16  ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our properties consist primarily of vehicle maintenance and repair facilities, warehouses and other real estate and improvements. We maintain 603 FMS properties in the U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada; we own 394 of these and lease the remaining 209 . Our FMS properties are primarily comprised of maintenance facilities generally including a repair shop, rental counter, fuel service island, administrative offices, and used vehicle retail sales centers. Additionally, we manage 166 on-site maintenance facilities, located at customer locations. We also maintain 134 locations in the U.S. and Canada in connection with our domestic SCS business. Almost all of our SCS locations are leased and generally include a warehouse and administrative offices. We maintain 108 international locations (locations outside of the U.S. and Canada) for our international businesses. These locations are in the U.K., Germany, Mexico, China and Singapore. The majority of these locations are leased and may be a repair shop, warehouse or administrative office. Additionally, we maintain 9 U.S. locations primarily used for Central Support Services. These facilities are generally administrative offices, of which we own two and lease the remaining seven . ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are involved in various claims, lawsuits and administrative actions arising in the normal course of our businesses. Some involve claims for substantial amounts of money and/or claims for punitive damages. While any proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty, management believes that the disposition of such matters, in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or liquidity. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 17  PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Ryder Common Stock Prices Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “R.” At January 31, 2015 , there were 7,614 common stockholders of record and our stock price on the New York Stock Exchange was $82.79 . 18 Stock Price Dividends per Common Share High Low 2014 First quarter $80.62 64.36 0.34 Second quarter 89.25 77.93 0.34 Third quarter 93.87 84.20 0.37 Fourth quarter 95.82 77.14 0.37 2013 First quarter $61.68 50.41 0.31 Second quarter 64.68 52.58 0.31 Third quarter 64.99 55.17 0.34 Fourth quarter 73.97 56.93 0.34  Performance Graph The following graph compares the performance of our common stock with the performance of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index and the Dow Jones Transportation 20 Index for a five year period by measuring the changes in common stock prices from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2014 . The stock performance graph assumes for comparison that the value of the Company’s Common Stock and of each index was $100 on December 31, 2009 and that all dividends were reinvested. Past performance is not necessarily an indicator of future results. 19  Purchases of Equity Securities The following table provides information with respect to purchases we made of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2014 : ______________ 20 Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (2) Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Anti-Dilutive Program (2) October 1 through October 31, 2014 58,939 $89.84 58,939 770,938 November 1 through November 30, 2014 80,278 91.98 80,278 690,660 December 1 through December 31, 2014 14,011 92.42 13,938 676,722 Total 153,228 $91.20 153,155 (1) During the three months ended December 31, 2014 , we purchased an aggregate of 73 shares of our common stock in employee-related transactions. Employee-related transactions may include: (i) shares of common stock delivered as payment for the exercise price of options exercised or to satisfy the option holders’ tax withholding liability associated with our share-based compensation programs and (ii) open-market purchases by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans relating to investments by employees in our stock, one of the investment options available under the plans. (2) In December 2013, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2013 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The December 2013 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management established prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the December 2013 program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan. For the three months ended December 31, 2014, we repurchased and retired 153,155 shares under this program at an aggregate cost of $14 million .  Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table includes information as of December 31, 2014 about certain plans which provide for the issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options and other share-based awards. _______________ 21 Plans Number of Securities to be issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighed-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a) (a) (b) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: Broad based employee stock plans 1,813,421 (1) $58.03 (3) 1,695,003 Employee stock purchase plan — — 312,434 Non-employee directors' stock plans 149,746 (2) — 39,802 Total 1,963,167 $58.03 2,047,239 (1) Includes 578,809 time-vested and performance-based restricted stock awards. Also includes 30,070 performance-based restricted stock rights not considered granted under accounting guidance for stock compensation. Refer to Note 22, "Share-Based Compensation", for additional information. (2) Includes 115,293 restricted stock units and time-vested restricted stock awards, of which 4,941 time-vested restricted stock awards vested in previous years and are not exercisable until six months after the director's retirement. (3) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options excludes restricted stock awards and restricted stock units.  ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with Items 7 and 8 of this report. _____________________ 22 Years ended December 31 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 (Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts) Operating Data: Revenue $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 6,050,534 5,136,435 Earnings from continuing operations $ 220,459 243,196 200,899 171,368 124,608 Comparable earnings from continuing operations (1) $ 297,102 256,561 226,815 191,685 133,123 Net earnings (2) $ 218,575 237,792 209,979 169,777 118,170 Per Share Data: Earnings from continuing operations -Diluted $ 4.14 4.63 3.91 3.31 2.37 Comparable earnings from continuing operations -Diluted (1) $ 5.58 4.88 4.41 3.71 2.53 Net earnings -Diluted (2) $ 4.11 4.53 4.09 3.28 2.25 Cash dividends $ 1.42 1.30 1.20 1.12 1.04 Book value (3) $ 34.30 35.56 28.57 25.77 27.44 Financial Data: Total assets $ 9,675,986 9,103,782 8,318,979 7,617,835 6,652,374 Average assets (4) $ 9,512,334 8,618,485 8,123,506 7,251,854 6,366,647 Return on average assets (%) (4) 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.3 1.9 Long-term debt $ 4,500,275 3,929,987 3,452,821 3,107,779 2,326,878 Total debt $ 4,512,482 4,189,425 3,820,796 3,382,145 2,747,002 Shareholders’ equity (3) $ 1,819,474 1,896,714 1,467,487 1,318,153 1,404,313 Debt to equity (%) (3) 248 221 260 257 196 Average shareholders’ equity (3), (4) $ 1,926,009 1,593,996 1,406,606 1,428,048 1,401,681 Return on average shareholders’ equity (%) (3), (4) 11.3 14.9 14.9 11.9 8.4 Adjusted return on average capital (%) (4), (5) 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.8 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations $ 1,369,991 1,223,082 1,134,124 1,041,956 1,028,034 Free cash flow (6) $ (202,118 ) (386,161 ) (384,240 ) (256,773 ) 257,574 Capital expenditures paid $ 2,259,164 2,140,464 2,133,235 1,698,589 1,070,092 Other Data: Average common shares — Diluted 53,036 52,071 50,740 50,878 51,884 Number of vehicles — Owned and leased 174,100 172,100 172,500 169,900 148,700 Average number of vehicles — Owned and leased 172,800 171,200 173,700 160,900 150,700 Number of employees 30,600 28,900 27,700 27,500 25,900 (1) Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the section titled “Overview” and “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of comparable earnings from continuing operations to net earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings from continuing operations per diluted common share to net earnings per diluted common share. (2) Net earnings in 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 and 2010 included (losses) earnings from discontinued operations of $ (2) million , or $(0.03) per diluted common share, $(5) million , or $(0.10) per diluted common share, $9 million , or $0.18 per diluted common share, $(2) million , or $(0.03) per diluted common share, and $(6) million, or $(0.12) per diluted common share, respectively. (3) Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 and 2010 reflected after-tax equity charges of $584 million , $474 million , $645 million , $595 million , and $423 million , respectively, related to our pension and postretirement plans. (4) Amounts were computed using an 8-point average based on quarterly information. (5) Our adjusted return on average capital (ROC), a non-GAAP financial measure, represents the rate of return generated by the capital deployed in our business. We use ROC as an internal measure of how effectively we use the capital invested (borrowed or owned) in our operations. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of adjusted return on average capital to return on average shareholders’ equity . (6) Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the section titled “Financial Resources and Liquidity” in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K. The following MD&A describes the principal factors affecting results of operations, financial resources, liquidity, contractual cash obligations, and critical accounting estimates. The information presented in the MD&A is for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 unless otherwise noted. OVERVIEW Ryder is a global leader in commercial fleet management and supply chain solutions. We operate in two business segments: FMS, which provides full service leasing, commercial rental, contract maintenance, and contract-related maintenance of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and SCS, which provides comprehensive supply chain consulting, including distribution and transportation services in North America and Asia. The SCS segment also provides dedicated services, which includes vehicles and drivers as part of a dedicated transportation solution in the U.S. The FMS business, our largest segment, had revenue (net of intercompany eliminations) and assets in 2014 of $4.18 billion and $8.82 billion , respectively, representing 63% of our consolidated revenue and 91% of consolidated assets. SCS revenue in 2014 was $2.46 billion and $0.90 billion , representing 37% of our consolidated revenue and 9% of consolidated assets. Our business operates in highly competitive markets. Our customers select us based on numerous factors including service quality, price, technology, and service offerings. As an alternative to using our services, customers may choose to provide these services for themselves, or may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. Our customer base includes enterprises operating in a variety of industries including automotive, industrial, food and beverage, consumer packaged goods, transportation and warehousing, technology and healthcare, retail, housing, business and personal services, and paper and publishing. 23 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following discussion provides a summary of financial highlights that are discussed in more detail throughout our MD&A and within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: _________________ In 2014 , we delivered revenue growth in both business segments. Consolidated revenue growth reflects higher full service lease revenue and higher commercial rental revenue in FMS, as well as new business and higher volumes in SCS. Revenue growth was partially offset by lower fuel services revenue from lower fuel costs passed through to customers. We increased our full service lease fleet by over 2,600 vehicles during the year due to new sales activity and commercial rental grew due to higher pricing and increased North American demand. Earnings from continuing operations declined 9% from 2013 , reflecting a lump sum settlement of a portion of our U.S. pension plan obligation, which resulted in a non-cash pension settlement loss of $61 million or $1.16 per diluted common share in the fourth quarter. Comparable EBT increased 18% from strong commercial rental performance, increased used vehicle sales activity and higher full service lease results. Improved results were partially offset by investments in marketing and information technology and start-up costs on an international SCS account. Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.37 billion in 2014 compared with $1.22 billion in 2013 . Free cash flow from continuing operations, a non-GAAP finance measure, improved to negative $202 million in 2014 from negative $386 million in 2013 . The improvement was driven by increased proceeds from the sale of used vehicles including a $126 million sale-leaseback transaction completed during the year. We made pension contributions of approximately $107 million and increased our annual dividend by 9% to $1.48 per share of common stock. Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 5% to $2.30 billion in 2014 reflecting planned higher investments in the commercial rental fleet and the purchase of our headquarter facility. Our debt balance increased 8% to $4.51 billion at December 31, 2014 due to negative free cash flow. Our debt to equity ratio increased to 248% from 221% in 2013 . Our total obligations (including off-balance sheet debt) to equity ratio also increased to 259% from 226% in 2013 , as a result of the year-end pension assumptions update. 24 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Total revenue $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 3% 3% Operating revenue (1) 5,546,840 5,270,494 5,066,322 5% 4% Earnings before income taxes (EBT) $ 338,549 368,895 303,117 (8)% 22% Comparable EBT (2) 463,273 393,026 351,208 18% 12% Earnings from continuing operations 220,459 243,196 200,899 (9)% 21% Comparable earnings from continuing operations (2) 297,102 256,561 226,815 16% 13% Net earnings 218,575 237,792 209,979 (8)% 13% Earnings per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 4.14 4.63 3.91 (11)% 18% Comparable (2) 5.58 4.88 4.41 14% 11% Net earnings 4.11 4.53 4.09 (9)% 11% (1) We use operating revenue, a non-GAAP financial measure, to evaluate the operating performance of our businesses and as a measure of sales activity. FMS fuel services revenue, which is directly impacted by fluctuations in market fuel prices, is excluded from the operating revenue computation as fuel is largely a pass-through to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by rapid changes in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. Subcontracted transportation is deducted from total revenue to arrive at operating revenue as subcontracted transportation is typically a pass-through to our customers. We realize minimal changes in profitability as a result of fluctuations in subcontracted transportation. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue. (2) Non-GAAP financial measure. We believe comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable earnings per diluted common share, all from continuing operations, provide useful information to investors because they exclude non-operating pension costs, which we consider to be those impacted by financial market performance and outside the operational performance of the business, and other significant items, that are unrelated to our ongoing business operations. Refer to the section titled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of EBT, net earnings and earnings per diluted common share to the comparable measures. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) 2015 Outlook Looking ahead to 2015 , we expect to continue our strong momentum and deliver increasing revenue growth and earnings improvement, assuming a moderate economic growth environment. We anticipate strong performance in our Fleet Management Solutions business with an accelerating organic growth rate in our full service lease fleet. We plan to expand our new on-demand maintenance product to more large fleet customers. We expect our dedicated solution to realize revenue and earnings growth and Supply Chain Solutions earnings performance to recover in 2015 . The earnings improvements will be partially offset by a higher tax rate due to increased earnings in higher tax rate jurisdictions as well as the negative impact of foreign exchange. We also plan to make significant investments to grow the business this year, with a focus on efficient use of capital. Growth capital spending in lease is driving negative free cash flow in 2015; however, we expect cash flows from operations to increase. We forecast full-year 2015 comparable earnings from continuing operations to be in the range of $6.25 to $6.40 per diluted share, up 12% to 15% from $5.58 per diluted share in 2014 . Full-year comparable earnings comparisons exclude non-operating pension costs of $0.21 per diluted share and restructuring and other charges of $0.04 in 2015 . Total revenue for the full-year 2015 is forecast to be approximately $ 6.8 billion , up 3% from $6.6 billion in 2014 . Operating revenue (revenue excluding all fuel and all subcontracted transportation) for the full-year 2015 is forecast to increase 7%. 25 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FULL YEAR CONSOLIDATED RESULTS Revenue and cost of revenue by source Total revenue increased 3% in 2014 to $6.64 billion and increased 3% in 2013 to $6.42 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding FMS fuel and all subcontracted transportation) increased 5% in 2014 to $5.55 billion and increased 4% in 2013 to $5.27 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: Lease and Rental Lease and rental revenues represent full service lease and commercial rental product offerings within our FMS business segment. Revenues increased 6% in 2014 to $2.94 billion and increased 3% in 2013 to $2.77 billion . In 2014 , the increase was primarily driven by higher prices on full service lease vehicles, full service lease fleet growth and increased commercial rental revenue. Commercial rental revenue increased due to an improvement in rental pricing (up 4% in 2014 ) and increased North American demand. In 2013 , the increase was primarily driven by higher prices on full service lease vehicles and, to a lesser extent, higher commercial rental revenue. Cost of lease and rental represents the direct costs related to lease and rental revenues. These costs are comprised of depreciation of revenue earning equipment, maintenance costs (primarily repair parts and labor), and other fixed costs such as licenses, insurance and operating taxes. Cost of lease and rental excludes interest costs from vehicle financing. Cost of lease and rental increased 6% in 2014 to $2.04 billion and increased 1% in 2013 to $1.93 billion . In 2014 , the change was due to increased depreciation and maintenance costs resulting from a 2% increase in average lease fleet and a 6% increase in average rental fleet. Cost of lease and rental benefited by $25 million in 2014 and $30 million in 2013 due to changes in estimated residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment effective January 1 of each respective year. Gross margin increased 7% to $900 million and gross margin as a percentage of revenue increased to 31% in 2014 . Gross margin increased 6% to $841 million and gross margin as a percentage of revenue increased to 30% in 2013 . The increase in both 2014 and 2013 was due to higher per-vehicle pricing, benefits from improved vehicle residual values. In 2013, increase utilization also contributed to margin improvement. 26 2014 2013 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 4% 5% 3% 4% FMS fuel (1) — — — Total increase 3% 5% 3% 4% Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Lease and rental revenues $ 2,939,422 2,770,026 2,695,376 6% 3% Cost of lease and rental 2,039,263 1,928,933 1,902,823 6% 1% Gross margin 900,159 841,093 792,553 7% 6% Gross margin % 31 % 30 % 29 % ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Services Services revenue represents all the revenues associated with our SCS business segment as well as contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and other services associated with our FMS business segment. Services revenue increased 3% in 2014 to $2.91 billion and increased 4% in 2013 to $2.82 billion . In 2014 , the revenue increase was due to new business and higher volumes in our SCS business segment and, to a lesser extent, higher contract maintenance and contract-related maintenance revenue in our FMS business segment. In 2013 , the revenue increase was primarily due to new business and higher volumes in our SCS business segment, especially around dedicated services, and higher contract-related maintenance revenue in our FMS business segment. Cost of services represents the direct costs related to services revenue and is primarily comprised of salaries and employee-related costs, SCS subcontracted transportation (purchased transportation from third parties) and maintenance costs. Cost of services increased 4% in 2014 to $2.45 billion and increased 4% in 2013 to $2.36 billion due to an increase in revenue. Services gross margin increased 1% to $464 million in 2014 and increased 4% to $460 million in 2013 due to higher revenue. Services gross margin as a percentage of revenue remained at 16% in 2014 and 2013 . Fuel Fuel services revenue decreased 5% in 2014 to $788 million and decreased 3% in 2013 to $830 million . In 2014 , the revenue decrease was due to lower fuel prices passed through to customers and fewer gallons sold. In 2013 , the decrease in revenue was due to lower fuel prices passed through to customers. Cost of fuel services includes the direct costs associated with providing our customers with fuel. These costs include fuel, salaries and employee-related costs of fuel island attendants and depreciation of our fueling facilities and equipment. Cost of fuel decreased 6% in 2014 to $768 million and decreased 3% in 2013 to $814 million . In 2014 , the cost decrease was due to lower fuel prices and fewer gallons sold. In 2013 , the cost decrease was due to lower fuel prices. Fuel services gross margin increased 26% to $20 million in 2014 and decreased 2% to $16 million in 2013 . Fuel is largely a pass-through to customers for which we realize minimal changes in margin during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, fuel services margin is impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel is established based on market fuel costs. Fuel services gross margin as a percentage of revenue remained at 2% in 2014 and 2013 . 27 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Services revenue $ 2,911,465 2,819,673 2,707,013 3% 4% Cost of services 2,447,867 2,359,880 2,266,884 4% 4% Gross margin 463,598 459,793 440,129 1% 4% Gross margin % 16 % 16 % 16 % Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Fuel services revenue $ 787,887 829,586 854,578 (5)% (3)% Cost of fuel services 768,292 814,058 838,673 (6)% (3)% Gross margin 19,595 15,528 15,905 26% (2)% Gross margin % 2 % 2 % 2 % ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Other operating expenses includes costs related to our owned and leased facilities within the FMS business segment such as depreciation, rent, insurance, utilities and taxes. These facilities are utilized to provide maintenance to our lease, rental, contract maintenance and fleet support services customers. Other operating expenses also include the costs associated with used vehicle sales such as writedowns of used vehicles to fair market value and facilities costs. Other operating expenses decreased 4% to $127 million in 2014 primarily due to lower write-downs on vehicles held for sale of $6 million partially offset by higher maintenance costs for FMS facilities due to severe winter weather. Other operating expenses decreased 2% to $132 million in 2013 due to lower operating property depreciation and lower write-downs on vehicles held for sale partially offset by higher maintenance costs on FMS facilities and higher insurance costs. SG&A expenses increased 3% to $817 million in 2014 and increased 4% to $791 million in 2013 . SG&A expenses as a percent of total revenue remained at 12% in 2014 and 2013 . The increase in SG&A expenses reflect higher pension expense driven by pension settlement charges related to our multi-employer pension plans of $13 million during 2014 , partially offset by higher than expected asset returns in 2013 and lower service costs. The increase in SG&A expense in 2014 and 2013 also reflects investments in information technology and marketing, as well as compensation-related expenses. The increase in SG&A expenses in 2013 also reflects a one-time, non-cash charge of $4 million to revise our pension benefit obligation as a result of inaccuracies in our census data used to determine the actuarial value, as well as planned investments in information technology and higher compensation-related expenses. During the fourth quarter of 2014 , we reduced the size and potential volatility of our U.S. pension plan obligation by offering former employees a one-time option to receive a lump sum distribution of their vested benefits. The offer was made to approximately 11,000 former employees and approximately 6,200 former employees accepted the offer. In December 2014 , we made payments totaling $224 million from the U.S. defined benefit plan assets, which resulted in a settlement of $259 million , or 12% , of our U.S. pension obligation. The transaction resulted in a non-cash pension settlement loss of $97 million . Refer to Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Gains on vehicle sales, net increased 32% to $127 million in 2014 due to higher average proceeds per unit partially offset by lower sales volume. Global average proceeds per unit increased 13% in 2014 reflecting increases in both average truck and tractor proceeds per unit. Lower sales volume in 2014 (down 11% ) reflects lower average used vehicle inventories. Used vehicle sales inventory dropped 30% from 7,900 to 5,500 at December 31, 2014 . Gains on vehicle sales, net increased 8% to $96 million in 2013 due to higher sales volume and higher average proceeds per unit. 28 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (In thousands) Other operating expenses $ 126,572 131,659 134,018 (4)% (2)% Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) $ 816,975 790,681 763,660 3% 4% Percentage of total revenue 12 % 12 % 12 % Percentage of operating revenue 15 % 15 % 15 % 2014 2013 2012 (Dollars in thousands) Pension lump sum settlement expense $ 97,231 — — Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (In thousands) Gains on vehicle sales, net $ 126,824 96,175 89,108 32% 8% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Interest expense increased 4% to $142 million in 2014 and decreased 2% to $137 million in 2013 . The increase in 2014 reflects higher average outstanding debt partially offset by a lower effective interest rate. The increase in average outstanding debt reflects planned higher vehicle capital spending. The lower effective interest rate in 2014 primarily reflects the replacement of higher interest rate debt with debt issuances at lower rates. In 2013 , the decrease in interest expense was due to a lower effective interest rate partially offset by higher average outstanding debt. Refer to Note 28, “Miscellaneous Income, Net” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the components of miscellaneous income. During the fourth quarter of 2014 , we approved plans to reduce our workforce in multiple locations as a result of cost containment actions. Workforce reductions resulted in a pre-tax charge of $2 million for severance. These actions will be substantially completed by the end of the first quarter of 2015. The workforce reduction is expected to result in annual cost savings of approximately $4 million. Refer to Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries)” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of prior year charges (recoveries). Our provision for income taxes and effective income tax rates are impacted by such items as enacted tax law changes, settlement of tax audits and the reversal of reserves for uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of statutes of limitation. In the aggregate, these items reduced the effective rate by 1.8% in 2014 , 0.8% in 2013 and 1.6% in 2012 . Excluding these items, our effective tax rate in 2014 increased as a result of a higher proportionate amount of earnings in higher tax rate jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate in 2013 benefited from lower foreign tax rates. On December 19, 2014, the U.S. enacted the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014. This enactment along with the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 and the 2010 Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act (collectively, the “Acts”) expanded and extended bonus depreciation to qualified property placed in service during 2010 through 2014. These changes will continue to significantly reduce our U.S. federal tax payments. Results of discontinued operations in 2014 , 2013 and 2012 included losses related to adverse legal developments and professional and administrative fees associated with our discontinued South American operations. 29 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Interest expense $ 142,075 137,196 140,557 4% (2)% Effective interest rate 3.2 % 3.5 % 3.8 % 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Miscellaneous income, net $ 13,613 15,372 11,727 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net $ 2,387 (470 ) 8,070 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Provision for income taxes $ 118,090 125,699 102,218 (6)% 23% Effective tax rate from continuing operations 34.9 % 34.1 % 33.7 % 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) (Loss) Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax $ (1,884 ) (5,404 ) 9,080 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FULL YEAR OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT As part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance, we define the primary measurement of our segment financial performance as EBT from continuing operations, which includes an allocation of Central Support Services (CSS), and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other (charges) recoveries net, as described in Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” and the items discussed in Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance, corporate services and public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal, marketing and corporate communications. The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment and each operating segment within each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Certain costs are considered to be overhead not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS. Included within the unallocated overhead remaining within CSS are the costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. See Note 29, “Segment Reporting,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of how the remainder of CSS costs are allocated to the business segments. Our FMS segment leases revenue earning equipment and provides fuel, maintenance and other ancillary services to our SCS segment. Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and SCS and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations”). Refer to Note 29, "Segment Reporting" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 30 Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 4,655,758 4,494,686 4,405,325 4 % 2 % Supply Chain Solutions 2,461,149 2,383,063 2,280,586 3 4 Eliminations (478,133 ) (458,464 ) (428,944 ) (4 ) (7 ) Total $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 3 % 3 % Operating Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 3,630,521 3,424,485 3,321,150 6 % 3 % Supply Chain Solutions 2,157,101 2,063,858 1,944,518 5 6 Eliminations (240,782 ) (217,849 ) (199,346 ) (11 ) (9 ) Total $ 5,546,840 5,270,494 5,066,322 5 % 4 % EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 434,018 344,049 307,628 26 % 12 % Supply Chain Solutions 122,356 129,959 115,193 (6 ) 13 Eliminations (41,361 ) (35,489 ) (29,265 ) (17 ) (21 ) 515,013 438,519 393,556 17 11 Unallocated Central Support Services (51,740 ) (45,493 ) (42,348 ) (14 ) (7 ) Non-operating pension costs (9,768 ) (24,285 ) (31,423 ) 60 23 Restructuring and other (charges) recoveries, net and other items (114,956 ) 154 (16,668 ) NM NM Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 338,549 368,895 303,117 (8 )% 22 % ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a reconciliation of items excluded from our segment EBT measure to their classification within our Consolidated Statements of Earnings: ________________ Fleet Management Solutions ____________________ 31 Description Consolidated Statements of Earnings Line Item 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Pension lump sum settlement expense (1) Pension lump sum settlement expense $ (97,231 ) — — Pension settlement charges (1) SG&A (12,564 ) (2,820 ) — Non-operating pension costs SG&A (9,768 ) (24,285 ) (31,423 ) Restructuring and other (charges) recoveries, net (2) Restructuring and other charges (2,387 ) 470 (8,070 ) Acquisition-related tax adjustment (3) SG&A (1,808 ) — — Acquisition transaction costs (4) SG&A (566 ) — (368 ) Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related recoveries (losses) (3) Cost of services — 600 (8,230 ) Foreign currency translation benefit (3) Miscellaneous income — 1,904 — Consulting fees (3) SG&A (400 ) — — $ (124,724 ) (24,131 ) (48,091 ) (1) See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (2) See Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (3) See Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (4) See Note 3, “Acquisitions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Full service lease $ 2,276,381 2,177,419 2,102,212 5% 4% Contract maintenance 184,591 180,282 187,229 2 (4) Contractual revenue 2,460,972 2,357,701 2,289,441 4 3 Commercial rental 876,994 789,496 772,799 11 2 Contract-related maintenance 221,491 205,258 186,955 8 10 Other 71,064 72,029 71,955 (1) — Operating revenue (1) 3,630,521 3,424,484 3,321,150 6 3 Fuel services revenue 1,025,237 1,070,201 1,084,175 (4) (1) Total revenue $ 4,655,758 4,494,685 4,405,325 4% 2% Segment EBT $ 434,018 344,049 307,628 26% 12% Segment EBT as a % of total revenue 9.3 % 7.7 % 7.0 % 160 bps 70 bps Segment EBT as a % of operating revenue (1) 12.0 % 10.0 % 9.3 % 200 bps 70 bps (1) We use operating revenue and EBT as a percent of operating revenue, non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate the operating performance of our FMS business segment and as a measure of sales activity. Fuel services revenue, which is directly impacted by fluctuations in market fuel prices, is excluded from our operating revenue computation as fuel is largely a pass-through to customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by rapid changes in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Total revenue increased 4% in 2014 to $4.66 billion and increased 2% in 2013 to $4.49 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding fuel) increased 6% in 2014 to $3.63 billion and increased 3% in 2013 to $3.42 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: 2014 versus 2013 Full service lease revenue increased 5% in 2014 due to lease fleet growth and higher pricing on replacement vehicles. The average number of full service lease vehicles increased 2% from the prior year. We expect favorable full service lease comparisons to continue next year primarily due to strong sales activity during 2014 . Commercial rental revenue increased 11% in 2014 reflecting increased global rental pricing (up 4% in 2014 ) and increased demand in North America. We expect favorable commercial rental comparisons next year driven by increased global pricing and increased demand. Contract-related maintenance revenue increased 8% in 2014 reflecting higher volumes of services and growth in our on-demand maintenance product. Contract maintenance revenue increased 2% in 2014 primarily due to new business. Both contract-related maintenance and contract maintenance were positively impacted by the acquisition of Bullwell Trailer Solutions, a U.K.-based trailer repair and maintenance company, on August 1, 2014 . Fuel services revenue declined 4% in 2014 due to lower prices passed through to customers and fewer gallons sold. FMS EBT increased 26% in 2014 to $434 million primarily due to strong commercial rental performance, significantly higher used vehicle sales results and better full service lease results. Commercial rental performance improved 16% in 2014 from the prior year reflecting higher pricing (up 4% in 2014 ) and increased North American demand. Rental power fleet utilization was 77.6% in 2014 , down slightly from 78.3% in 2013 on an 8% larger average rental power fleet. Used vehicle sales results increased due to higher proceeds per unit partially offset by lower volume. Full service lease and rental results benefited from lower depreciation of $25 million due to residual value policy changes implemented January 1, 2014 . Full service lease comparisons also benefited from growth in fleet size. 2013 versus 2012 Full service lease revenue increased 4% in 2013 primarily reflecting higher prices on new and replacement vehicles. The higher pricing on new and replacement vehicles was driven by higher costs on new engine technology. The average number of full service lease vehicles increased slightly from the prior year. Commercial rental revenue increased 2% in 2013 reflecting increased global rental pricing (up 3% in 2013 ) and increased demand in the U.S. partially offset by lower demand in the U.K. Contract-related maintenance revenue increased 10% in 2013 primarily due to our new on-demand maintenance product initiative and the benefit of a prior year acquisition. Contract maintenance revenue decreased 4% due to a higher proportion of trailer maintenance contract sales. Fuel services revenue declined 1% in 2013 due to lower prices passed through to customers. FMS EBT increased 12% in 2013 to $344 million primarily due to improved full service lease performance and the benefit of $30 million of lower depreciation due to residual value policy changes implemented January 1, 2013 . Full service lease comparisons also benefited from maintenance cost savings due to a younger fleet. Commercial rental performance improved 6% in 2013 from the prior year reflecting higher pricing and increased fleet utilization partially offset by lower performance in the U.K. Rental power fleet utilization was 78.3% in 2013 , up from 74.9% in 2012 . Used vehicle sales results also improved due to stronger volumes partially offset by lower proceeds per unit. The following table provides commercial rental statistics on our global fleet: ______________ 32 2014 2013 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 5% 6% 2% 3% FMS fuel (1) — — — Total increase 4% 6% 2% 3% Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Rental revenue from non-lease customers $ 523,063 463,890 442,520 13% 5% Rental revenue from lease customers (1) $ 353,931 325,606 330,279 9% (1)% Average commercial rental power fleet size – in service (2), (3) 31,200 28,900 30,200 8% (4)% Commercial rental utilization – power fleet 77.6 % 78.3 % 74.9 % (70) bps 340 bps (1) Represents revenue from rental vehicles provided to our existing full service lease customers, generally during peak periods in their operations. (2) Number of units rounded to nearest hundred and calculated using average counts. (3) Fleet size excluding trailers. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) __________________ Our global fleet of owned and leased revenue earning equipment and contract maintenance vehicles is summarized as follows (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred): Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 End of period vehicle count By type: Trucks (1) 68,900 68,700 68,800 —% —% Tractors (2) 62,400 60,200 58,800 4 2 Trailers (3), (4) 41,400 41,700 42,700 (1) (2) Other 1,400 1,500 2,200 (7) (32) Total 174,100 172,100 172,500 1% —% By ownership: Owned 169,800 169,000 168,000 —% 1% Leased 4,300 3,100 4,500 39 (31) Total 174,100 172,100 172,500 1% —% By product line: (4) Full service lease 125,500 122,900 122,400 2% —% Commercial rental 39,900 38,200 38,000 4 1 Service vehicles and other 3,200 3,100 2,900 3 7 Active units 168,600 164,200 163,300 3 1 Held for sale 5,500 7,900 9,200 (30) (14) Total 174,100 172,100 172,500 1 — Customer vehicles under contract maintenance 42,400 37,400 37,800 13 (1) Total vehicles serviced 216,500 209,500 210,300 3% —% Average vehicle count By product line: Full service lease 123,400 121,400 121,900 2% —% Commercial rental 39,800 37,700 40,100 6 (6) Service vehicles and other 3,100 3,000 2,900 3 3 Active units 166,300 162,100 164,900 3 (2) Held for sale 6,500 9,100 8,800 (29) 3 Total 172,800 171,200 173,700 1 (1) Customer vehicles under contract maintenance 39,500 37,700 36,500 5% 3% Customer vehicles under transactional maintenance (5) 17,000 10,600 — 60% NM Total vehicles serviced 229,300 219,500 210,200 4% 4% (1) Generally comprised of Class 1 through Class 6 type vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) up to 26,000 pounds. (2) Generally comprised of over the road on highway tractors and are primarily comprised of Classes 7 and 8 type vehicles with a GVW of over 26,000 pounds. (3) Generally comprised of dry, flatbed and refrigerated type trailers. (4) Includes 6,800 UK trailers ( 4,400 full service lease and 2,400 commercial rental), 7,700 UK trailers ( 5,000 full service lease and 2,700 commercial rental) and 9,400 UK trailers ( 6,200 full service lease and 3,200 commercial rental) as of December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively, primarily acquired as part of the Hill Hire acquisition. (5) Comprised of the number of unique vehicles serviced under transactional on-demand maintenance agreements. Vehicles included in the end of period count may have been serviced more than one time during the respective annual period. Note: Average vehicle counts were computed using 24-point average based on monthly information.  33 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The totals in the previous table include the following non-revenue earning equipment for the global fleet (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred): NYE units represent new vehicles on hand that are being prepared for deployment to a lease customer or into the rental fleet. Preparations include activities such as adding lift gates, paint, decals, cargo area and refrigeration equipment. For 2014 , the number of NYE units decreased compared with December 31, 2013 , reflecting the timing of lease replacements. NLE units represent all vehicles held for sale and vehicles for which no revenue has been earned in the previous 30 days. Accordingly, these vehicles may be temporarily out of service, being prepared for sale or awaiting redeployment. For 2014 , the number of NLE units decreased reflecting lower used vehicle inventories. We expect NLE units to remain at similar levels in 2015 . Supply Chain Solutions __________________ 34 Change Number of Units 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 Not yet earning revenue (NYE) 2,300 2,800 2,200 (18)% 27% No longer earning revenue (NLE): Units held for sale 5,500 7,900 9,200 (30) (14) Other NLE units 3,000 2,800 2,800 7 — Total 10,800 13,500 14,200 (20)% (5)% Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (Dollars in thousands) Operating revenue: Automotive $ 558,689 573,367 563,493 (3)% 2% Technology and healthcare 359,294 332,570 317,480 8 5 CPG and retail 776,327 737,101 711,189 5 4 Industrial and other 462,791 420,820 352,356 10 19 Total operating revenue (1) 2,157,101 2,063,858 1,944,518 5 6 Subcontracted transportation 304,048 319,205 336,068 (5) (5) Total revenue $ 2,461,149 2,383,063 2,280,586 3% 4% Segment EBT $ 122,356 129,959 115,193 (6)% 13% Segment EBT as a % of total revenue 5.0 % 5.5 % 5.1 % (50) bps 40 bps Segment EBT as a % of operating revenue (1) 5.7 % 6.3 % 5.9 % (60) bps 40 bps Memo: Dedicated services total revenue $ 1,400,003 1,350,448 1,295,094 4% 4% Dedicated services operating revenue (1) (2) $ 1,261,616 1,211,959 1,137,379 4% 7% Average fleet 12,600 12,000 11,500 5% 4% Fuel costs (3) $ 262,185 269,258 258,881 (3)% 4% (1) We use operating revenue and EBT as a percent of operating revenue, non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate the operating performance of our SCS business segment and as a measure of sales activity and profitability. In SCS transportation management arrangements, we may act as a principal or as an agent in purchasing transportation on behalf of our customer. We record revenue on a gross basis when acting as principal and we record revenue on a net basis when acting as an agent. As a result, total revenue may fluctuate depending on our role in subcontracted transportation arrangements yet our profitability remains unchanged as we typically realize minimal profitability from subcontracting transportation. We deduct subcontracted transportation expense from SCS total revenue to arrive at SCS operating revenue, and from dedicated services total revenue to arrive at dedicated services operating revenue. (2) Dedicated services operating revenue excludes dedicated subcontracted transportation as follows: $138 million , $138 million and $158 million for 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. (3) Fuel costs are largely a pass-through to customers and therefore have a direct impact on revenue with no impact on EBT except in the event of sudden changes. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Total revenue increased 3% in 2014 to $2.46 billion and increased 4% in 2013 to $2.38 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding subcontracted transportation) increased 5% in 2014 to $2.16 billion and 6% in 2013 to $2.06 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: We expect favorable revenue comparisons to continue next year primarily due to actual and planned new sales activity. 2014 versus 2013 SCS EBT decreased 6% in 2014 to $122 million due to lost automotive business including shutdown costs, start-up costs on an international distribution management account and downtime and other costs related to severe winter weather in the first quarter. In addition, comparisons in 2014 were negatively impacted by favorable insurance developments in 2013 . These declines were partially offset by new business and increased sales volume in our industrial, consumer packaged goods and retail industries. 2013 versus 2012 SCS EBT increased 13% in 2013 to $130 million due to new business and increased sales volume. The earnings improvement also reflected unusually high medical benefit costs in 2012 and favorable insurance developments in 2013 . Central Support Services __________________ 2014 versus 2013 Total CSS costs increased 8% in 2014 to $243 million primarily driven by investments in information technology and marketing, as well as higher compensation-related expenses. The increased costs were partially offset by benefits from the purchase of our headquarters facility and lower spending on public affairs. Unallocated CSS costs increased in 2014 to $52 million due to increased investments in marketing initiatives, higher compensation-related expenses, and increased legal and consulting fees. These increases were partially offset by lower spending on public affairs and benefits from the purchase of our headquarters facility during 2014. 35 2014 2013 Total Operating Total Operating Organic including price and volume 5% 6% 4% 5% Subcontracted transportation (1) — — — Foreign exchange (1) (1) — — Fuel cost pass-throughs — — — 1 Total increase 3% 5% 4% 6% Change 2014 2013 2012 2014/2013 2013/2012 (In thousands) Human resources $ 19,255 18,868 19,259 2% (2)% Finance 50,672 49,702 51,262 2 (3) Corporate services and public affairs 11,142 14,896 14,132 (25) 5 Information technology 79,498 68,416 60,093 16 14 Legal and safety 23,917 22,794 21,694 5 5 Marketing (1) 21,409 13,348 15,061 60 (11) Other 36,689 35,586 27,562 3 29 Total CSS 242,582 223,610 209,063 8 7 Allocation of CSS to business segments (190,842 ) (178,117 ) (166,715 ) 7 7 Unallocated CSS $ 51,740 45,493 42,348 14% 7% (1) Prior year amounts related to marketing have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Marketing costs were previously recorded as a direct expense of each business segment. We centralized the marketing function in the second half of 2013 and now record marketing costs within total CSS and allocate them to the segments. The change did not impact business segment EBT or unallocated CSS. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) 2013 versus 2012 Total CSS costs increased 7% in 2013 to $224 million due to planned higher investments in information technology initiatives and higher compensation-related expenses as a result of improved year over year company performance. Unallocated CSS costs increased in 2013 to $45 million due to higher compensation-related expenses. FOURTH QUARTER CONSOLIDATED RESULTS Total revenue increased 2% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $1.66 billion . Operating revenue (revenue excluding FMS fuel and all subcontracted transportation) increased 5% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $1.42 billion . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: EBT decreased 86% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $14 million . The decrease in EBT was driven by $109 million of pension settlement charges recorded as a result of the lump sum settlement of a portion of our U.S. pension plan obligation and settlements related to our multi-employer pension plans. These decreases were partially offset by better performance in both the FMS and SCS business segments. Comparable EBT increased 20% due to strong commercial rental, higher full service lease results, and, to a lesser extent, new business and higher volumes in SCS. See “Fourth Quarter Operating Results by Business Segment” for further discussion of segment operating results. 36 Three months ended December 31, Change 2014 2013 2014/2013 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Total revenue $ 1,656,316 1,617,729 2% Operating revenue 1,415,395 1,344,709 5 EBT $ 13,779 97,627 (86)% Comparable EBT 129,362 107,969 20 Earnings from continuing operations 11,700 65,944 (82) Comparable earnings from continuing operations 84,864 72,063 18 Net earnings 11,296 64,607 (83) Earnings per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 0.22 1.24 (82)% Comparable $ 1.60 1.35 19 Net earnings $ 0.21 1.22 (83) Three months ended December 31, 2014 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 4% 5% Fuel (2)% — Total increase 2% 5% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) FOURTH QUARTER OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT Fleet Management Solutions Total revenue increased 2% to $1.15 billion in the fourth quarter of 2014 . Operating revenue (revenue excluding fuel) increased 6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $931 million . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year. Fuel services revenue decreased 15% in the fourth quarter of 2014 due to lower fuel prices passed through to customers. Full service lease revenue increased 5% in the fourth quarter of 2014 reflecting higher prices on replacement vehicles and growth in fleet size. The lease fleet grew by 2% from the prior year. Commercial rental revenue improved 10% in the fourth quarter of 2014 reflecting increased demand and higher pricing in North America. FMS EBT increased 25% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $123 million primarily reflecting strong commercial rental performance and higher full service lease results. The improvement in commercial rental was driven by increased demand and higher pricing in North America. Rental power fleet utilization increased to 80.1% for the fourth quarter of 2014 from 78.9% in the year-earlier period. Full service lease results benefited from lower depreciation associated with increased residual values and growth in the fleet size. 37 Three months ended December 31, Change 2014 2013 2014/2013 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 1,152,527 1,135,479 2% Supply Chain Solutions 618,412 598,657 3 Eliminations (114,623 ) (116,407 ) 2 Total $ 1,656,316 1,617,729 2% Operating Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions $ 930,795 875,722 6% Supply Chain Solutions 546,272 525,881 4 Eliminations (61,672 ) (56,894 ) (8) Total $ 1,415,395 1,344,709 5% EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 122,538 98,209 25% Supply Chain Solutions 33,692 32,948 2 Eliminations (11,646 ) (9,707 ) (20) 144,584 121,450 19 Unallocated Central Support Services (15,222 ) (13,481 ) (13) Non-operating pension costs (2,455 ) (8,952 ) 73 Restructuring and other charges, net and other items (113,128 ) (1,390 ) NM Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes $ 13,779 $ 97,627 (86)% Three months ended December 31, 2014 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 5% 7% FMS fuel (3) — Foreign exchange — (1) Total increase 2% 6% ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Supply Chain Solutions Total revenue increased 3% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $618 million . Operating revenue (revenue excluding subcontracted transportation) increased 4% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $546 million . The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year: SCS operating revenue grew as a result of new business and increased sales volume, primarily in the technology and healthcare as well as CPG and retail industries. This was partially offset by lost automotive business earlier in the year, lower fuel costs passed through to customers and negative impacts from foreign exchange. SCS EBT increased 2% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $34 million due to new business and increased sales volume. The earnings improvement was partially offset by higher insurance costs. Central Support Services Unallocated CSS costs increased 13% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to $15 million primarily due to higher compensation-related expenses and investments in marketing. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY Cash Flows The following is a summary of our cash flows from operating, financing and investing activities from continuing operations: Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.37 billion in 2014 compared with $1.22 billion in 2013 higher earnings, excluding depreciation and pension settlement charges, in addition to reduced working capital needs. The reduced working capital needs were primarily driven by lower payments to vendors within trade accounts payable due to timing. Cash provided by financing activities decreased to $199 million in 2014 from $394 million in 2013 as a result of higher pay-downs of commercial paper borrowings. Cash used in investing activities decreased to $1.58 billion in 2014 compared with $1.62 billion in 2013 primarily due to proceeds from a sale-leaseback transaction completed in 2014. Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.22 billion in 2013 compared with $1.13 billion in 2012 reflecting reduced working capital needs and higher earnings. Cash provided by financing activities increased to $394 million in 2013 from $334 million in 2012 as a result of higher stock issuances. Cash used in investing activities increased to $1.62 billion in 2013 compared with $1.50 billion in 2012 primarily due to proceeds from a sale-leaseback transaction completed in 2012. 38 Three months ended December 31, 2014 Total Operating Organic including price and volume 6% 6% Subcontracted transportation (1) — Fuel costs pass throughs (1) (1) Foreign exchange (1) (1) Total increase 3% 4% 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 1,369,991 1,223,082 1,134,124 Financing activities 198,652 393,635 333,805 Investing activities (1,578,685 ) (1,621,654 ) (1,504,273 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 297 5,558 1,344 Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ (9,745 ) 621 (35,000 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Our principal sources of operating liquidity are cash from operations and proceeds from the sale of revenue earning equipment. We refer to the sum of operating cash flows, proceeds from the sales of revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment, collections on direct finance leases, sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment and other cash inflows as “total cash generated.” We refer to the net amount of cash generated from operating and investing activities (excluding changes in restricted cash and acquisitions) as “free cash flow.” Although total cash generated and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures, we consider them to be important measures of comparative operating performance. We also believe total cash generated to be an important measure of total cash inflows generated from our ongoing business activities. We believe free cash flow provides investors with an important perspective on the cash available for debt service, acquisitions and for shareholders after making capital investments required to support ongoing business operations. Our calculation of free cash flow may be different from the calculation used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. The following table shows the sources of our free cash flow computation: Free cash flow improved to negative $202 million in 2014 compared with negative $386 million in 2013 as the impacts of higher cash flows from operations in 2014 and the proceeds from the sale-leaseback were partially offset by higher capital expenditures. Free cash flow decreased slightly to negative $386 million in 2013 compared with negative $384 million in 2012 as the impacts of higher cash flows from operations were offset by proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction completed in 2012. We expect free cash flow in 2015 to be negative $300 million . Capital expenditures are generally used to purchase revenue earning equipment (trucks, tractors and trailers) within our FMS segment. These expenditures primarily support the full service lease and the commercial rental product lines. The level of capital required to support the full service lease product line varies directly with the customer contract signings for replacement vehicles and growth. These contracts are long-term agreements that result in predictable cash flows typically over a three to seven year term for trucks and tractors and ten years for trailers. The commercial rental product line utilizes capital for the purchase of vehicles to replenish and expand the fleet available for shorter-term use by contractual or occasional customers. Operating property and equipment expenditures primarily relate to FMS and SCS spending on items such as vehicle maintenance facilities and equipment, computer and telecommunications equipment, investments in technologies, and warehouse facilities and equipment. 39 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,369,991 1,223,082 1,134,124 Sales of revenue earning equipment 493,477 445,589 405,440 Sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment 125,825 — 130,184 Sales of operating property and equipment 3,486 6,782 7,350 Collections on direct finance leases 65,517 70,677 71,897 Insurance recoveries and other (1,250 ) 8,173 — Total cash generated 2,057,046 1,754,303 1,748,995 Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (2,259,164 ) (2,140,464 ) (2,133,235 ) Free cash flow $ (202,118 ) (386,161 ) (384,240 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following is a summary of capital expenditures: _____________ Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 5% to $2.30 billion in 2014 reflecting planned higher investments in the commercial rental fleet and the purchase of our headquarter facility. Capital expenditures (accrual basis) increased 1% to $2.18 billion in 2013 reflecting investments to fulfill contractual sales made to customers renewing and growing their full service lease fleets with us. We expect capital expenditures to increase to $2.6 billion in 2015 , reflecting investments to fullfill full service lease contractual sales. We expect to fund 2015 capital expenditures with both internally generated funds, additional debt financing, and proceeds from sale and leaseback transactions. Working Capital Our net working capital (current assets less current liabilities) was negative $17 million at December 31, 2014 compared with negative $169 million at December 31, 2013 . The increase in net working capital is primarily driven by a decline in the current portion of long term debt as a result of our ability and intent to finance on a long-term basis. Our global revolving credit facility is used primarily to finance working capital needs. See "Financing and Other Funding Transactions" for further discussion on the adequacy of our funding sources to meet our operating, investing and financing needs. Financing and Other Funding Transactions We utilize external capital primarily to support working capital needs and growth in our asset-based product lines. The variety of financing alternatives typically available to fund our capital needs include commercial paper, long-term and medium-term public and private debt, asset-backed securities, bank term loans, leasing arrangements and bank credit facilities. Our principal sources of financing are issuances of commercial paper and medium-term notes. Our ability to access unsecured debt in the capital markets is linked to both our short-term and long-term debt ratings. These ratings are intended to provide guidance to fixed income investors in determining the credit risk associated with particular Ryder securities based on current information obtained by the rating agencies from us or from other sources. Lower ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs as well as reduced access to unsecured capital markets. A downgrade of our short-term debt ratings to a lower tier would impair our ability to issue commercial paper. As a result, we would have to rely on alternative funding sources. A downgrade of our debt ratings would not affect our ability to borrow amounts under our revolving credit facility described below, assuming ongoing compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit facility. 40 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Revenue earning equipment: Full service lease $ 1,732,904 1,823,320 1,548,318 Commercial rental 415,186 275,023 542,301 2,148,090 2,098,343 2,090,619 Operating property and equipment 150,145 85,866 70,144 Total capital expenditures (1) 2,298,235 2,184,209 2,160,763 Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment (39,071 ) (43,745 ) (27,528 ) Cash paid for purchases of property and revenue earning equipment $ 2,259,164 2,140,464 2,133,235 (1) Non-cash additions exclude approximately $8 million , $6 million and $1 million in 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively, in assets held under capital leases resulting from the extension of existing operating leases and other additions. Capital expenditures also exclude non-cash additions of approximately $20 million in 2012 in assets held under capital leases resulting from the Euroway acquisition in 2012. 2014 2013 (In thousands) Current assets $ 1,076,197 $ 1,062,493 Current liabilities 1,093,591 1,231,139 Working capital $ (17,394 ) $ (168,646 ) ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Our debt ratings and rating outlooks at December 31, 2014 were as follows: Cash and equivalents totaled $50 million as of December 31, 2014 , which is available to meet our needs. Approximately $24 million was held outside the U.S. as of December 31, 2014 and is available to fund operations and other growth of non-U.S. subsidiaries. Should Ryder determine to repatriate cash and equivalents held outside the U.S., we may be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes. However, our intent is to permanently reinvest these foreign amounts outside the U.S. and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate these foreign amounts to fund our U.S. operations. We believe that our operating cash flows, together with our access to commercial paper markets and other available debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurance that unanticipated volatility and disruption in commercial paper markets would not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. If we cease to have access to commercial paper and other sources of unsecured borrowings, we would meet our liquidity needs by drawing upon contractually committed lending agreements as described below and/or by seeking other funding sources. At December 31, 2014 , we had the following amounts available to fund operations under the following facilities: We maintain a $900 million global revolving credit facility used primarily to finance working capital. In order to maintain availability of funding, we must maintain a ratio of debt to consolidated net worth, of less than or equal to 300% . Net worth, as defined in the credit facility, represents shareholders' equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss associated with our pension and other postretirement plans. The ratio at December 31, 2014 was 188% . On January 30, 2015, the maturity date of the global revolving credit facility was extended to January 2020 and total availability increased from $900 million to $1.2 billion. We also have a $175 million trade receivables purchase and sale program, pursuant to which we ultimately sell certain ownership interests in certain of our domestic trade accounts receivable to a receivables conduit or committed purchasers. We use this program to provide additional liquidity to fund our operations, particularly when it is cost effective to do so. The program contains provisions restricting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to our business operations or the collectibility of the collateralized receivables. If no event occurs which causes early termination, the 364-day program will expire on October 22, 2015 . At December 31, 2014, $60 million was outstanding under the program and was included within "Long-term debt" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. On February 6, 2013, Ryder filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC. The registration is for an indeterminate number of securities and is effective for three years. Under this universal shelf registration statement, we have the capacity to offer and sell from time to time various types of securities, including common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, subject to market demand and ratings status. Refer to Note 15, “Debt,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion around the global revolving credit facility, the trade receivables program, the issuance of medium-term notes under this shelf registration statement and debt maturities. 41 Short-term Long-term Rating Outlook Rating Outlook Moody’s Investors Service P2 Stable Baa1 Stable Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services A2 Stable BBB Positive Fitch Ratings F2 Stable A- Stable (In millions) Global revolving credit facility $612 Trade receivables program $115 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table shows the movements in our debt balance: In accordance with our funding philosophy, we attempt to match the aggregate average remaining re-pricing life of our debt with the aggregate average remaining re-pricing life of our assets. We utilize both fixed-rate and variable-rate debt to achieve this match and generally target a mix of 25% - 45% variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt outstanding. The variable-rate portion of our total obligations (including notional value of swap agreements) was 25% and 27% at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Ryder’s leverage ratios and a reconciliation of on-balance sheet debt to total obligations were as follows: _____________ On-balance sheet debt to equity consists of balance sheet debt divided by total equity. Total obligations to equity represents balance sheet debt plus the present value of minimum lease payments and guaranteed residual values under operating leases for vehicles, discounted based on our incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, all divided by total equity. Although total obligations is a non-GAAP financial measure, we believe that total obligations is useful as it provides a more complete analysis of our existing financial obligations and helps better assess our overall leverage position. The increase in our leverage ratios in 2014 was due to a decrease in our equity from pension actuarial losses, foreign currency translation and increased obligations to fund capital expenditures. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Sale and leaseback transactions. Refer to Note 14, “Leases,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our sale-leaseback transactions. Guarantees. Refer to Note 18, “Guarantees,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our agreements involving guarantees. 42 2014 2013 (In thousands) Debt balance at January 1 $ 4,189,425 3,820,796 Cash-related changes in debt: Net change in commercial paper borrowings (221,082 ) 146,382 Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes 748,676 549,036 Proceeds from issuance of other debt instruments 91,032 7,953 Retirement of medium-term notes and debentures (250,000 ) (250,000 ) Other debt repaid, including capital lease obligations (30,661 ) (82,624 ) 337,965 370,747 Non-cash changes in debt: Fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging (3,341 ) (8,554 ) Addition of capital lease obligations 7,968 5,698 Changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other non-cash items (19,535 ) 738 Total changes in debt 323,057 368,629 Debt balance at December 31 $ 4,512,482 4,189,425 2014 % of Equity 2013 % of Equity (Dollars in thousands) On-balance sheet debt $ 4,512,482 248% $ 4,189,425 221% Off-balance sheet debt — PV of minimum lease payments and guaranteed residual values under operating leases for vehicles (1) 193,365 94,519 Total obligations (2) $ 4,705,847 259% $ 4,283,944 226% (1) Present value (PV) does not reflect payments we would be required to make if we terminated the related leases prior to the scheduled expiration dates. (2) Non-GAAP financial measure. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Contractual Obligations and Commitments As part of our ongoing operations, we enter into arrangements that obligate us to make future payments under contracts such as debt agreements, lease agreements and unconditional purchase obligations. The following table summarizes our expected future contractual cash obligations and commitments at December 31, 2014 : ____________ 43 2015 2016-2017 2018-2019 Thereafter Total (In thousands) Debt $ 4,272 1,559,823 2,740,639 165,357 4,470,091 Capital lease obligations 8,434 16,496 12,630 — 37,560 Total debt, including capital leases (1) 12,706 1,576,319 2,753,269 165,357 4,507,651 Interest on debt (2) 122,470 177,100 64,565 76,288 440,423 Operating leases (3) 103,624 126,190 84,463 65,646 379,923 Purchase obligations (4) 393,030 23,990 3,540 2,159 422,719 Total contractual cash obligations 619,124 327,280 152,568 144,093 1,243,065 Insurance obligations (primarily self-insurance) 109,966 101,529 43,271 44,631 299,397 Other long-term liabilities (5), (6), (7) 3,942 4,456 4,596 55,121 68,115 Total $ 745,738 2,009,584 2,953,704 409,202 6,118,228 (1) Net of unamortized discount and excludes the fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging. (2) Total debt matures at various dates through fiscal year 2025 and bears interest principally at fixed rates. Interest on variable-rate debt is calculated based on the applicable rate at December 31, 2014 . Amounts are based on existing debt obligations, including capital leases, and do not consider potential refinancing of expiring debt obligations. (3) Represents future lease payments associated with vehicles, equipment and properties under operating leases. Amounts are based upon the general assumption that the leased asset will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. No effect has been given to renewals, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes. (4) The majority of our purchase obligations are pay-as-you-go transactions made in the ordinary course of business. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods or services that are legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. The most significant item included in the above table are purchase obligations related to vehicles. Purchase orders made in the ordinary course of business that are cancelable are excluded from the above table. Any amounts for which we are liable under purchase orders for goods received are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Accounts payable” and “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and are excluded from the above table. (5) Represents other long-term liability amounts reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets that have known payment streams. The most significant items included were asset retirement obligations and deferred compensation obligations. (6) The amounts exclude our estimated pension contributions. For 2015 , our pension contributions, including our minimum funding requirements as set forth by ERISA and international regulatory bodies, are expected to be $39 million . Our minimum funding requirements after 2015 are dependent on several factors. However, we estimate that the undiscounted required global contributions over the next five years are approximately $272 million (pre-tax) (assuming expected long-term rate of return realized and other assumptions remain unchanged). We also have payments due under our other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans. These plans are not required to be funded in advance, but are pay-as-you-go. See Note 23,“Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. (7) The amounts exclude $66 million of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions as we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate amount or timing of settlement. See Note 13, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Pension Information We have defined benefit retirement plans which are frozen for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom. The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon many factors, including returns on invested assets and the level of certain market interest rates. We review pension assumptions regularly and we may from time to time make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amounts required by statute. During 2014 , total global pension contributions were $107 million compared with $96 million in 2013 . We estimate 2015 required pension contributions will be $39 million . The projected present value of estimated global pension contributions that would be required over the next 5 years totals approximately $250 million (pre-tax). Changes in interest rates and the market value of the securities held by the plans could materially change, positively or negatively, the funded status of the plans and affect the level of pension expense and required contributions in future years. The ultimate amount of contributions is also dependent upon the requirements of applicable laws and regulations. See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Due to the underfunded status of our defined benefit plans, we had an accumulated net pension equity charge (after-tax) of $584 million and $474 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The increase in the equity charge in 2014 reflects the impact of a lower discount rate and changes in mortality assumptions to reflect lower mortality trends, partially offset by the recognition of a pension lump sum settlement loss. The total asset return was 10% in 2014 . Pension expense totaled $139 million in 2014 compared to $48 million in 2013 . The increase in pension expense primarily reflects pension settlement charges of $110 million, which includes a $97 million non-cash pension loss to settle the future pension obligations of approximately 6,200 former employees in our U.S. pension plan, partially offset by higher than expected return on plan assets. We expect 2015 pension expense to decrease approximately $96 million primarily because of the non-recurring settlement charges in 2014, partially offset by the impact of a lower discount rate and mortality assumption changes. Our 2015 pension expense estimates are subject to change based upon the completion of the actuarial analysis for all pension plans. See the section titled “Critical Accounting Estimates — Pension Plans” for further discussion on pension accounting estimates. We participate in six U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. At December 31, 2014 , approximately 1,000 employees (approximately 3% of total employees) participated in these MEP plans. The annual net pension cost of the MEP plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Our current annualized MEP plan contributions total approximately $9 million . Pursuant to current U.S. pension laws, if any MEP plans fail to meet certain minimum funding thresholds, we could be required to make additional MEP plan contributions, until the respective labor agreement expires, of up to 10% of current contractual requirements. Several factors could cause MEP plans not to meet these minimum funding thresholds, including unfavorable investment performance, changes in participant demographics, and increased benefits to participants. The plan administrators and trustees of the MEP plans provide us with the annual funding notice as required by law. This notice sets forth the funded status of the plan as of the beginning of the prior year but does not provide any company-specific information. Employers participating in MEP plans can elect to withdraw from the plans, contingent upon certain requirements, and be subject to a withdrawal obligation based on, among other factors, the MEP plan’s unfunded vested benefits. U.S. pension regulations provide that an employer can fund its withdrawal obligation in a lump sum or over a time period of up to 20 years based on previous contribution rates. Based on the most recently available plan information, obtained in 2014 , we estimate our pre-tax contingent MEP plan withdrawal obligation to be approximately $23 million . During 2014 , we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $13 million related to the transition of employees from two U.S. multi-employer plans into another multi-employer plan in which we participate, and our exit from two U.S. multi-employer pension plans. These charges were recorded within "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and are included in the Union-administered plans expense. See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 44 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Share Repurchase Programs and Cash Dividends Refer to Note 19, “Share Repurchase Programs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on our share repurchase programs. Cash dividend payments to shareholders of common stock were $75 million in 2014 , $68 million in 2013 , and $61 million in 2012 . During 2014 , we increased our annual dividend 9% to $1.48 per share of common stock. Market Risk In the normal course of business, we are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and fuel prices. We manage these exposures in several ways, including, in certain circumstances, the use of a variety of derivative financial instruments when deemed prudent. We do not enter into leveraged derivative financial transactions or use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates exists for our debt obligations. Our interest rate risk management program objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in short-term market interest rates would change annual pre-tax earnings by $11 million . We manage our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through the proportion of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt we hold in the total debt portfolio. From time to time, we also use interest rate swap and cap agreements to manage our fixed-rate and variable-rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. See Note 17, “Derivatives,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on interest rate swap agreements. At December 31, 2014 , we had $3.30 billion of fixed-rate debt outstanding (excluding capital leases) with a weighted-average interest rate of 3.6% and a fair value of $3.40 billion . A hypothetical 10% decrease or increase in the December 31, 2014 market interest rates would impact the fair value of our fixed-rate debt by approximately $28 million at December 31, 2014 . Changes in the relative sensitivity of the fair value of our financial instrument portfolio for these theoretical changes in the level of interest rates are primarily driven by changes in our debt maturities, interest rate profile and amount. At December 31, 2014 , we had $1.17 billion of variable-rate debt, including the impact of interest rate swaps, which effectively changed $600 million of fixed-rate debt instruments to LIBOR-based floating-rate debt. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps were offset by changes in the fair value of the debt instruments and no net gain or loss was recognized in earnings. The fair value of our interest rate swap agreements at December 31, 2014 was recorded as a net asset totaling $5 million . The fair value of our variable-rate debt at December 31, 2014 was $1.18 billion . A hypothetical 10% increase in market interest rates would have impacted 2014 pre-tax earnings from continuing operations by approximately $1 million . We are also subject to interest rate risk with respect to our pension and postretirement benefit obligations, as changes in interest rates will effectively increase or decrease our liabilities associated with these benefit plans, which also results in changes to the amount of pension and postretirement benefit expense recognized each period. Exposure to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies and to the carrying value of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. The majority of our transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars. The principal foreign currency exchange rate risks to which we are exposed include the Canadian dollar, British pound sterling and Mexican peso. We manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies by naturally offsetting assets and liabilities not denominated in local currencies to the extent possible. A hypothetical uniform 10% strengthening in the value of the dollar relative to all the currencies in which our transactions are denominated would result in a decrease to pre-tax earnings from continuing operations of approximately $9 million . We also use foreign currency option contracts and forward agreements from time to time to hedge foreign currency transactional exposure. We generally do not hedge the translation exposure related to our net investment in foreign subsidiaries, since we have no near-term intent to repatriate funds from such subsidiaries. Exposure to market risk for fluctuations in fuel prices relates to a small portion of our service contracts for which the cost of fuel is integral to service delivery and the service contract does not have a mechanism to adjust for increases in fuel prices. At December 31, 2014 , we also had various fuel purchase arrangements in place to ensure delivery of fuel at market rates in the event of fuel shortages. We are exposed to fluctuations in fuel prices in these arrangements since none of the arrangements fix the price of fuel to be purchased. Increases and decreases in the price of fuel are generally passed on to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. We believe the exposure to fuel price fluctuations would not materially impact our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. 45 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS Refer to Note 24, “Environmental Matters,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion surrounding environmental matters. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions. Our significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain of these policies require the application of subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, changes in the business environment and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Different estimates that could have been applied in the current period or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely can result in a material impact on our financial condition and operating results in the current and future periods. We review the development, selection and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates with Ryder’s Audit Committee on an annual basis. The following discussion, which should be read in conjunction with the descriptions in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, is furnished for additional insight into certain accounting estimates that we consider to be critical. Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees. We periodically review and adjust the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment of our FMS business segment as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation” and “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Residual Value Guarantees and Deferred Gains,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Reductions in residual values (i.e., the price at which we ultimately expect to dispose of revenue earning equipment) or useful lives will result in an increase in depreciation expense over the life of the equipment. Based on the mix of revenue earning equipment at December 31, 2014 , a 10% decrease in expected vehicle residual values would increase depreciation expense (or decrease gains on sales of vehicles) in 2015 by approximately $119 million . We review residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary for specific groups of our revenue earning equipment. Reviews are performed based on vehicle class, generally subcategories of trucks, tractors and trailers by weight and usage. Our annual review is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected life of vehicles included in the fleet and extent of alternative uses for leased vehicles (e.g., rental fleet, and SCS applications). As a result, future depreciation expense rates are subject to change based upon changes in these factors. While we believe that the carrying values and estimated sales proceeds for revenue earning equipment are appropriate, there can be no assurance that deterioration in economic conditions or adverse changes to expectations of future sales proceeds will not occur, resulting in lower gains or losses on sales. At the end of each year, we complete our annual review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Based on the results of our analysis, we adjust the residual values and useful lives of certain classes of our revenue earning equipment effective January 1. The following are the increases to pre-tax earnings as a result of our residual value reviews: Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the estimated results include significant changes in the used equipment market brought on by unforeseen changes in technology innovations and any resulting changes in the useful lives of used equipment. Depreciation expense was $1.0 billion , $957 million and $940 million in 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , respectively. Depreciation expense relates primarily to FMS revenue earning equipment. Depreciation expense increased 9% in 2014 , driven by higher full service lease and commercial rental fleet, partially offset by $25 million from changes in residual values. Depreciation expense increased 2% in 2013 driven by higher average net vehicle investments, partially offset by $30 million from changes in residual values. 46 2015 2014 2013 $40 million $25 million $30 million ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Pension Plans. We apply actuarial methods to determine the annual net periodic pension expense and pension plan liabilities on an annual basis, or on an interim basis if there is an event requiring remeasurement. Each December, we review actual experience compared with the more significant assumptions used and make adjustments to our assumptions, if warranted. In determining our annual estimate of periodic pension cost, we are required to make an evaluation of critical factors such as discount rate, expected long-term rate of return, expected increase in compensation levels, retirement rate and mortality. Discount rates are based upon a duration analysis of expected benefit payments and the equivalent average yield for high quality corporate fixed income investments as of our December 31 annual measurement date. In order to provide a more accurate estimate of the discount rate relevant to our plan, we use models that match projected benefits payments of our primary U.S. plan to coupons and maturities from a hypothetical portfolio of high quality corporate bonds. Long-term rate of return assumptions are based on actuarial review of our asset allocation strategy and long-term expected asset returns. Investment management and other fees paid using plan assets are factored into the determination of asset return assumptions. Assumptions as to mortality of the participants in our pension plan is a key estimate in measuring the expected payments a participant may receive over their lifetime and therefore the amount of expense we will recognize. During 2014, the Society of Actuaries released a series of updated mortality tables resulting from recent studies conducted by them measuring mortality rates for various groups of individuals. The updated mortality tables reflect improved trends in longevity and therefore have the effect of increasing the estimate of benefits to be received by plan participants. We updated our mortality assumptions by taking into consideration the newly issued mortality tables as well as our own historical experience. As part of our strategy to manage future pension costs and net funded status volatility, we regularly assess our pension investment strategy. In 2013 , we modified our U.S. pension investment policy and strategy to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities as a result of an asset-liability study. Under the new strategy, we have increased our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduced our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plan improves. The composition of our pension assets was 51% equity securities and alternative assets and 49% debt securities and other investments. We continually evaluate our mix of investments between equity and fixed income securities and adjust the composition of our pension assets when appropriate. In 2014 , we adjusted our long-term expected rate of return assumption for our primary U.S. plan down to 6.50% from 6.80% based on the factors reviewed. The expected rate of return assumption for the fixed income portion of our portfolio mirrors the discount rate in order to align the expected return on fixed income securities with the movement in the pension liability under our strategy. Accounting guidance applicable to pension plans does not require immediate recognition of the effects of a deviation between these assumptions and actual experience or the revision of an estimate. This approach allows the favorable and unfavorable effects that fall within an acceptable range to be netted and recorded within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.” We had a pre-tax actuarial loss of $906 million at the end of 2014 compared with a loss of $745 million at the end of 2013 . The increase in the net actuarial loss in 2014 resulted primarily from the adoption of new mortality assumptions and a lower discount rate. To the extent the amount of actuarial gains and losses exceed 10% of the larger of the benefit obligation or plan assets, such amount is amortized over the average remaining life expectancy of active participants or the remaining life expectancy of inactive participants if all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive. The amount of the actuarial loss subject to amortization in 2015 and future years will be $684 million . We expect to recognize approximately $32 million of the net actuarial loss as a component of pension expense in 2015 . The effect on years beyond 2015 will depend substantially upon the actual experience of our plans. Disclosure of the significant assumptions used in arriving at the 2014 net pension expense is presented in Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. A sensitivity analysis of 2014 net pension expense to changes in key underlying assumptions for our primary plan, the U.S. pension plan, is presented below. 47 Assumed Rate Change Impact on 2014 Net Pension Expense Effect on December 31, 2014 Projected Benefit Obligation Expected long-term rate of return on assets 6.50 % +/– 0.25 –/+ $ 3.4 million Discount rate increase 5.00 % + 0.25 - $ 0.6 million - $48 million Discount rate decrease 5.00 % – 0.25 + $ 0.3 million + $48 million Actual return on assets 6.50 % +/– 0.25 –/+ $ 0.3 million Contributions at the beginning of the year + $50 million – $ 3.3 million ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Self-Insurance Accruals. Self-insurance accruals were $301 million and $290 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The majority of our self-insurance relates to vehicle liability and workers’ compensation. We use a variety of statistical and actuarial methods that are widely used and accepted in the insurance industry to estimate amounts for claims that have been reported but not paid and claims incurred but not reported. In applying these methods and assessing their results, we consider such factors as frequency and severity of claims, claim development and payment patterns and changes in the nature of our business, among other factors. Such factors are analyzed for each of our business segments. Our estimates may be impacted by such factors as increases in the market price for medical services, unpredictability of the size of jury awards and limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , we recorded a benefit within earnings of $14 million , $5 million , and $1 million , respectively, from developments in estimated prior years’ self-insured loss reserves. Based on self-insurance accruals at December 31, 2014 , a 5% adverse change in actuarial claim loss estimates would increase operating expense in 2015 by approximately $14 million . Goodwill Impairment. We assess goodwill for impairment, as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary. At December 31, 2014 , goodwill totaled $393 million . To determine whether goodwill impairment indicators exist, we are required to assess the fair value of the reporting unit and compare it to the carrying value. A reporting unit is a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews its operating performance. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Our annual impairment test performed as of April 1, 2014 did not result in any impairment of goodwill. We performed a quantitative test for one reporting unit in the Supply Chain Solutions business segment consistent with our policy of periodically updating our reporting units' fair values. We performed a qualitative test for our other reporting units, which considered individual factors such as macroeconomic conditions, changes in our industry, and the markets in which we operate as well as our historical and expected future financial performance. Examples of factors we considered included the results of our most recent impairment tests, improvements in our financial performance, a lack of significant changes in our competitive landscape, increases in our stock price as compared to a relatively stable carrying value since our most recent impairment tests and improvements in macroeconomic conditions since 2013. After performing the qualitative test, we concluded it is more likely than not that fair values are greater than carrying values and no additional testing was performed. As of December 31, 2014 , there have been no events or changes in circumstances that would change our conclusion. Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the services have been rendered to customers or delivery has occurred, the pricing is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. In the normal course of business, we may act as or use an agent in executing transactions with our customers. In these arrangements, we evaluate whether we should report revenue based on the gross amount billed to the customer or on the net amount received from the customer after payments to third parties. 48 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Income Taxes. Our overall tax position is complex and requires careful analysis by management to estimate the expected realization of income tax assets and liabilities. Tax regulations require items to be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in the financial statements is different than that reported in the tax return. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on the tax return, and some are timing differences, such as depreciation expense. Timing differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in the tax return in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets amounted to $748 million and $608 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. We record a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets to reduce such assets to amounts expected to be realized. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , the deferred tax valuation allowance, principally attributed to foreign tax loss carryforwards in the SCS business segment, was $25 million and $34 million , respectively. In determining the required level of valuation allowance, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. This assessment is based on management’s expectations as to whether sufficient taxable income of an appropriate character will be realized within tax carryback and carryforward periods. Our assessment involves estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain, and unanticipated events or circumstances could cause actual results to differ from these estimates. Should we change our estimate of the amount of deferred tax assets that we would be able to realize, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would result in an increase or decrease to the provision for income taxes in the period such a change in estimate was made. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes, we determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. We accrue the largest amount of the benefit that is more than not of being sustained in our consolidated financial statements. These accruals requirement management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit. A number of years may elapse before a particular matter for which we have established a reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The tax benefit that has been previously reserved because of a failure to meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold would be recognized in our income tax expense in the first interim period when the uncertainty is resolved under any one of the following conditions: (1) the tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained, (2) the tax position, amount, and/or timing is ultimately settled through negotiation or litigation, or (3) the statute of limitations for the tax position has expired. Settlement of any particular issue would usually require the use of cash. See Note 13, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the status of tax audits and uncertain tax positions. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements. 49 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) NON-GAAP AND SEGMENT FINANCIAL MEASURES Non-GAAP Financial Measures. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes information extracted from consolidated financial information but not required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to be presented in the financial statements. Some of this information is considered a “non-GAAP financial measure” as defined by SEC rules. Specifically, we refer to adjusted return on average capital, operating revenue, FMS operating revenue, FMS EBT as a % of operating revenue, SCS operating revenue, SCS EBT as a % of operating revenue, dedicated services operating revenue, total cash generated, free cash flow, total obligations, total obligations to equity, comparable earnings from continuing operations, comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations and comparable earnings from continuing operations before income taxes. As required by SEC rules, we provide a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure and an explanation why management believes that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes (EBT), earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations to comparable earnings from continuing operations before income taxes, comparable earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 and 2010 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: 50 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) _________________ Continuing Operations 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) EBT $ 338,549 368,895 303,117 279,387 186,305 Non-operating pension costs (1) 9,768 24,285 31,423 18,654 26,552 Pension lump sum settlement expense (2) 97,231 — — — — Pension settlement charges (2) 12,564 2,820 — — — Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net (3) 2,387 (470 ) 8,070 3,655 — Acquisition-related tax adjustment (4) 1,808 — — — — Acquisition transaction costs (5) 566 — 368 2,134 4,097 Consulting fees (4) 400 — — — — Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related (recoveries) losses (4) — (600 ) 8,230 — — Foreign currency translation benefit (4) — (1,904 ) — — — International gain on sale — — — — (946 ) Comparable EBT $ 463,273 393,026 351,208 303,830 216,008 Earnings $ 220,459 243,196 200,899 171,368 124,608 Non-operating pension costs (1) 5,411 14,292 19,370 11,055 16,135 Pension lump sum settlement expense (2) 61,333 — — — — Pension settlement charges (2) 7,623 1,711 — — — Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net (3) 1,548 (360 ) 5,263 2,489 — Acquisition-related tax adjustment (4) 1,808 — — (568 ) — Acquisition transaction costs (5) 444 — 277 1,991 4,097 Consulting fees (4) 252 — — — — Tax law changes and/or benefits from reserve reversals (6) (1,776 ) — 856 5,350 (10,771 ) Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related (recoveries) losses (4) — (374 ) 5,117 — — Foreign currency translation benefit (4) — (1,904 ) — — — Tax benefit associated with resolution of prior year tax item — — (4,967 ) — — International gain on sale — — — — (946 ) Comparable Earnings $ 297,102 256,561 226,815 191,685 133,123 EPS $ 4.14 4.63 3.91 3.31 2.37 Non-operating pension costs (1) 0.10 0.28 0.37 0.22 0.31 Pension lump sum settlement expense (2) 1.16 — — — — Pension settlement charges (2) 0.14 0.03 — — — Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net (3) 0.03 (0.01 ) 0.11 0.05 — Acquisition-related tax adjustment (4) 0.03 — — (0.01 ) — Acquisition transaction costs (5) 0.01 — — 0.04 0.08 Consulting fees (4) — — — — — Tax law changes and/or benefits from reserve reversals (6) (0.03 ) — 0.02 0.10 (0.21 ) Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related (recoveries) losses (4) — (0.01 ) 0.10 — — Foreign currency translation benefit (4) — (0.04 ) — — — Tax benefit associated with resolution of prior year tax item — — (0.10 ) — — International gain on sale — — — — (0.02 ) Comparable EPS $ 5.58 4.88 4.41 3.71 2.53 (1) Includes the amortization of actuarial loss, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and post-retirement costs, which are tied to financial market performance. 2013 also includes $4 million ($2 million after-tax) or $0.05 charge related to an understatement of pension obligations. We consider these costs to be outside the operational performance of the business. (2) Refer to Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. (3) Refer to Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (4) Refer to Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. (5) Refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion. (6) Refer to Note 13, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.  51 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of EBT from continuing operations, earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations to comparable EBT from continuing operations, comparable earnings from continuing operations and comparable earnings per diluted common share from continuing operations for the three months ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 that was not provided within the MD&A discussion: _________________ 52 Continuing Operations Earnings Before Income Taxes (EBT) Earnings Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS) 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 (Dollars in thousands except per share amounts) Three months ended December 31 EBT/Earnings/EPS $13,779 97,627 $11,700 65,944 $0.22 1.24 Non-operating pension costs (1) 2,455 8,952 1,366 5,308 0.03 0.10 Pension lump sum settlement expense (2) 97,231 — 61,333 — 1.16 — Pension settlement charges (2) 11,302 1,562 6,857 948 0.13 0.01 Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net (3) 2,387 (172 ) 1,548 (137 ) 0.03 — Acquisition-related tax adjustment (4) 1,808 — 1,808 — 0.03 — Consulting fees (4) 400 — 252 — — — Comparable $129,362 107,969 $84,864 72,063 $1.60 1.35 (1) Includes the amortization of actuarial loss, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and post-retirement costs, which are tied to financial market performance. 2013 also includes $4 million ($2 million after-tax) or $0.05 charge related to an understatement of pension obligations. We consider these costs to be outside the operational performance of the business. (2) Refer to Note 23, "Employee Benefit Plans," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. (3) Refer to Note 4, "Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (4) Refer to Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow and to total cash generated for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: 53 2011 2010 (In thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,041,956 1,028,034 Sales of revenue earning equipment 290,336 220,843 Sales of operating property and equipment 9,905 13,844 Collections on direct finance leases 62,224 61,767 Sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment 37,395 — Other, net — 3,178 Total cash generated 1,441,816 1,327,666 Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (1,698,589 ) (1,070,092 ) Free cash flow $ (256,773 ) 257,574 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Total revenue $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 FMS fuel services and SCS subcontracted transportation revenue (1,329,285 ) (1,389,406 ) (1,420,243 ) Fuel eliminations 237,351 240,615 229,598 Operating revenue $ 5,546,840 5,270,494 5,066,322 Three months ended December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Total revenue $ 1,656,316 1,617,729 FMS fuel services and SCS subcontracted transportation revenue (293,872 ) (332,533 ) Fuel eliminations 52,951 59,513 Operating revenue $ 1,415,395 1,344,709 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) With respect to adjusted return on average capital, the following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net earnings and average total debt used to calculate return on average shareholders’ equity to adjusted net earnings and adjusted average total capital used to calculate adjusted return on average capital for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 and 2010 which was not provided within the MD&A discussion: ________________ 54 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 (Dollars in thousands) Net earnings [A] $ 218,575 237,792 209,979 169,777 118,170 Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net and other items (1) 114,956 (154 ) 16,668 5,748 6,225 Income taxes 118,168 125,653 90,912 108,425 60,610 Adjusted net earnings before income taxes 451,699 363,291 317,559 283,950 185,005 Adjusted interest expense (2) 144,675 140,100 143,353 135,127 132,778 Adjusted income taxes (3) (213,786 ) (177,267 ) (166,635 ) (156,581 ) (123,429 ) Adjusted net earnings [B] $ 382,588 326,124 294,277 262,496 194,354 Average total debt $ 4,505,161 3,950,533 3,707,095 3,078,516 2,512,005 Average off-balance sheet debt 131,484 131,316 126,069 77,605 114,212 Average obligations 4,636,645 4,081,849 3,833,164 3,156,121 2,626,217 Average shareholders’ equity [C] 1,926,009 1,593,996 1,406,606 1,428,048 1,401,681 Average adjustments to shareholders’ equity (4) 7,758 (2,088 ) (2,933 ) 4,165 2,059 Average adjusted shareholders’ equity 1,933,767 1,591,908 1,403,673 1,432,213 1,403,740 Average adjusted capital [D] $ 6,570,412 5,673,757 5,236,837 4,588,334 4,029,957 Return on average shareholders’ equity [A]/[C] 11.3 % 14.9 % 14.9 % 11.9 % 8.4 % Adjusted return on average capital [B]/[D] 5.8 % 5.7 % 5.6 % 5.7 % 4.8 % (1) For 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , see Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries)” and Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; 2011 includes $4 million of restructuring and other charges related to position eliminations and terminations of non-essential equipment contracts in our Hillhire and Scully acquisitions; 2010 includes $3 million of restructuring and other charges related to our discontinued operations. (2) Includes interest on off-balance sheet vehicle obligations. (3) Calculated by excluding taxes related to restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net and other items, impacts of tax law changes or reserve reversals and interest expense. (4) Represents shareholders’ equity adjusted for cumulative effect of accounting changes and tax benefits in the respective periods. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) Segment Financial Measures. The following table reconciles FMS segment revenue to revenue from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 : 55 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Full service lease revenue $ 2,276,381 2,177,419 2,102,212 Commercial rental revenue 876,994 789,496 772,799 Full service lease and commercial rental revenue 3,153,375 2,966,915 2,875,011 Intercompany revenue (213,953 ) (196,889 ) (179,635 ) Full service lease and commercial rental revenue from external customers $ 2,939,422 2,770,026 2,695,376 FMS services revenue $ 477,146 457,570 446,139 Intercompany revenue (26,830 ) (20,960 ) (19,712 ) FMS services revenue from external customers $ 450,316 436,610 426,427 FMS fuel services revenue $ 1,025,237 1,070,201 1,084,175 Intercompany revenue (237,350 ) (240,615 ) (229,597 ) Fuel services revenue from external customers $ 787,887 829,586 854,578 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued) SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Forward-looking statements (within the meaning of the Federal Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) are statements that relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends concerning matters that are not historical facts. These statements are often preceded by or include the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “should” or similar expressions. This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements regarding: These statements, as well as other forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, are based on our current plans and expectations and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. We caution readers that certain important factors could cause actual results and events to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. For a detailed description of certain of these risk factors, please see “Item 1A—Risk Factors” of this Annual Report. The risks included in the Annual Report are not exhaustive. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors or to assess the impact of such risk factors on our business. As a result, no assurance can be given as to our future results or achievements. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained herein, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We do not intend, or assume any obligation, to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The information required by ITEM 7A is included in ITEM 7 (page 45) of PART II of this report. 56 • our expectations as to anticipated revenue and earnings trends specifically, total revenue, operating revenue and product line revenues, used vehicle sales, pricing, inventory and volumes, contract revenues, accelerated full service lease growth, commercial rental and contract maintenance growth, commercial rental pricing and demand, and sales activity in lease and SCS; • the size and impact of strategic investments; • cost savings from restructuring actions; • the continuing benefits of our maintenance initiatives and a newer fleet; • our ability to successfully achieve the operational goals that are the basis of our business strategies, including driving fleet growth, delivering a consistent, industry-leading and cost-effective maintenance program, optimizing asset utilization and management, providing differentiated quality of service and best execution, developing broad-based capabilities, creating a culture of innovation, focusing on continuous improvement and standardization and successfully implementing sales and marketing strategies; • impact of losses from conditional obligations arising from guarantees; • number of NLE vehicles in inventory and the size of our commercial rental fleet; • estimates of free cash flow and capital expenditures for 2015 ; • the adequacy of our accounting estimates and reserves for pension expense, compensation-related expense, depreciation and residual value guarantees, rent expense under operating leases, self-insurance reserves, goodwill impairment, accounting changes and income taxes; • our ability to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future through internally generated funds and outside funding sources; • our expected level of use of outside funding sources, anticipated future payments under debt, lease and purchase agreements, and risk of losses resulting from counterparty default under hedging and derivative agreements; • the anticipated impact of fuel price fluctuations on our operations, cash flows and financial position; • our expectations as to future pension expense and contributions, as well as the continued effect of the freeze of our pension plans on our benefit funding requirements; • our expectations relating to withdrawal liabilities and funding levels of multi-employer plans; • the status of our unrecognized tax benefits related to the U.S. federal, state and foreign tax positions; • our expectations regarding the completion and ultimate outcome of certain tax audits; • the ultimate disposition of legal proceedings and estimated environmental liabilities; • our expectations relating to compliance with new regulatory requirements; and • our expectations regarding the effect of the adoption of a recent accounting pronouncement.  ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 57 Page No. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 58 Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm 59 Consolidated Statements of Earnings 60 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 61 Consolidated Balance Sheets 62 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 63 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity 64 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 65 Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements 75 Note 3. Acquisitions 76 Note 4. Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries) 77 Note 5. Receivables 78 Note 6. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets 78 Note 7. Revenue Earning Equipment 79 Note 8. Operating Property and Equipment 79 Note 9. Goodwill 80 Note 10. Intangible Assets 81 Note 11. Direct Financing Leases and Other Assets 81 Note 12. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities 82 Note 13. Income Taxes 83 Note 14. Leases 87 Note 15. Debt 89 Note 16. Fair Value Measurements 91 Note 17. Derivatives 93 Note 18. Guarantees 94 Note 19. Share Repurchase Programs 95 Note 20. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 95 Note 21. Earnings Per Share 96 Note 22. Share-Based Compensation Plans 96 Note 23. Employee Benefit Plans 101 Note 24. Environmental Matters 110 Note 25. Other Items Impacting Comparability 111 Note 26. Other Matters 112 Note 27. Supplemental Cash Flow Information 113 Note 28. Miscellaneous Income, Net 114 Note 29. Segment Reporting 118 Note 30. Quarterly Information (unaudited) 118 Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012: Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 119  MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF RYDER SYSTEM, INC.: Management of Ryder System, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (Ryder), is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a- 15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Ryder; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Ryder’s management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Ryder’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 . In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).” Based on our assessment and those criteria, management determined that Ryder maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 . Ryder’s independent registered certified public accounting firm has audited the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting. Their report appears on page 59. 58  REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS OF RYDER SYSTEM, INC.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ryder System, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP February 13, 2015 Miami, Florida 59 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 60 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands, except per share amounts) Lease and rental revenues $ 2,939,422 2,770,026 2,695,376 Services revenue 2,911,465 2,819,673 2,707,013 Fuel services revenue 787,887 829,586 854,578 Total revenues 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 Cost of lease and rental 2,039,263 1,928,933 1,902,823 Cost of services 2,447,867 2,359,880 2,266,884 Cost of fuel services 768,292 814,058 838,673 Other operating expenses 126,572 131,659 134,018 Selling, general and administrative expenses 816,975 790,681 763,660 Pension lump sum settlement expense 97,231 — — Gains on vehicle sales, net (126,824 ) (96,175 ) (89,108 ) Interest expense 142,075 137,196 140,557 Miscellaneous income, net (13,613 ) (15,372 ) (11,727 ) Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net 2,387 (470 ) 8,070 6,300,225 6,050,390 5,953,850 Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes 338,549 368,895 303,117 Provision for income taxes 118,090 125,699 102,218 Earnings from continuing operations 220,459 243,196 200,899 (Loss) earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax (1,884 ) (5,404 ) 9,080 Net earnings $ 218,575 237,792 209,979 Earnings (loss) per common share — Basic Continuing operations $ 4.18 4.67 3.93 Discontinued operations (0.04 ) (0.10 ) 0.18 Net earnings $ 4.14 4.57 4.11 Earnings (loss) per common share — Diluted Continuing operations $ 4.14 4.63 3.91 Discontinued operations (0.03 ) (0.10 ) 0.18 Net earnings $ 4.11 4.53 4.09 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 61 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Net earnings $ 218,575 237,792 209,979 Other comprehensive (loss) income: Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other (71,962 ) (21,985 ) 29,641 Amortization of pension and postretirement items 18,601 33,219 28,674 Income tax expense related to amortization of pension and postretirement items (6,411 ) (11,739 ) (10,016 ) Amortization of pension and postretirement items, net of tax 12,190 21,480 18,658 Reclassification of net actuarial loss from pension settlement 97,231 — — Change in net actuarial loss and prior service credit (281,173 ) 236,855 (109,765 ) Income tax benefit (expense) related to change in net actuarial loss and prior service credit 61,692 (86,979 ) 41,012 Change in net actuarial loss and prior service credit, net of taxes (122,250 ) 149,876 (68,753 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes (182,022 ) 149,371 (20,454 ) Comprehensive income $ 36,553 387,163 189,525 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 62 December 31, 2014 2013 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amount) Assets: Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 50,092 61,562 Receivables, net 794,864 777,370 Inventories 66,007 64,298 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 165,234 159,263 Total current assets 1,076,197 1,062,493 Revenue earning equipment, net 6,994,448 6,490,837 Operating property and equipment, net 699,594 633,826 Goodwill 393,029 383,719 Intangible assets 66,619 72,406 Direct financing leases and other assets 446,099 460,501 Total assets $ 9,675,986 9,103,782 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Current liabilities: Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt $ 12,207 259,438 Accounts payable 560,852 475,364 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 520,532 496,337 Total current liabilities 1,093,591 1,231,139 Long-term debt 4,500,275 3,929,987 Other non-current liabilities 786,676 616,305 Deferred income taxes 1,475,970 1,429,637 Total liabilities 7,856,512 7,207,068 Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock of no par value per share — authorized, 3,800,917; none outstanding, December 31, 2014 or 2013 — — Common stock of $0.50 par value per share — authorized, 400,000,000; outstanding, December 31, 2014 —53,039,688 ; December 31, 2013 — 53,335,386 26,520 26,667 Additional paid-in capital 962,328 917,539 Retained earnings 1,450,896 1,390,756 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (620,270 ) (438,248 ) Total shareholders’ equity 1,819,474 1,896,714 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 9,675,986 9,103,782 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Net earnings $ 218,575 237,792 209,979 Less: (Loss) earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax (1,884 ) (5,404 ) 9,080 Earnings from continuing operations 220,459 243,196 200,899 Depreciation expense 1,040,259 957,141 939,677 Gains on vehicle sales, net (126,824 ) (96,175 ) (89,108 ) Share-based compensation expense 20,905 19,310 18,864 Pension lump sum settlement expense 97,231 — — Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net 47,263 56,389 49,209 Deferred income tax expense 104,761 113,581 87,102 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Receivables (20,687 ) (14,272 ) 7,107 Inventories (2,153 ) (841 ) 729 Prepaid expenses and other assets (16,040 ) (23,114 ) 10,715 Accounts payable 53,481 34,431 (22,803 ) Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities (48,664 ) (66,564 ) (68,267 ) Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations 1,369,991 1,223,082 1,134,124 Cash flows from financing activities of continuing operations: Net change in commercial paper borrowings (221,082 ) 146,382 (64,751 ) Debt proceeds 839,708 556,989 745,777 Debt repaid, including capital lease obligations (280,661 ) (332,624 ) (283,937 ) Dividends on common stock (74,871 ) (67,720 ) (61,266 ) Common stock issued 46,568 90,646 28,386 Common stock repurchased (106,286 ) — (26,878 ) Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation 700 5,151 1,341 Debt issuance costs (5,424 ) (5,189 ) (4,867 ) Net cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations 198,652 393,635 333,805 Cash flows from investing activities of continuing operations: Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (2,259,164 ) (2,140,464 ) (2,133,235 ) Sales of revenue earning equipment 493,477 445,589 405,440 Sale and leaseback of revenue earning equipment 125,825 — 130,184 Sales of operating property and equipment 3,486 6,782 7,350 Acquisitions (9,972 ) (1,858 ) (5,113 ) Collections on direct finance leases 65,517 70,677 71,897 Changes in restricted cash 3,396 (10,553 ) 19,204 Insurance recoveries and other (1,250 ) 8,173 — Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations (1,578,685 ) (1,621,654 ) (1,504,273 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 297 5,558 1,344 (Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents from continuing operations (9,745 ) 621 (35,000 ) Decrease in cash and cash equivalents from discontinued operations (1,725 ) (5,451 ) (3,180 ) Decrease in cash and cash equivalents (11,470 ) (4,830 ) (38,180 ) Cash and cash equivalents at January 1 61,562 66,392 104,572 Cash and cash equivalents at December 31 $ 50,092 61,562 66,392 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 63 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY __________________ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 64 Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Amount Shares Par Total (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Balance at January 1, 2012 $ — 51,143,946 $ 25,572 769,383 1,090,363 (567,165 ) 1,318,153 Comprehensive income — — — — 209,979 (20,454 ) 189,525 Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.20 per share — — — — (61,266 ) — (61,266 ) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 782,783 391 27,995 — — 28,386 Benefit plan stock purchases (2) — (11,110 ) (5 ) (530 ) — — (535 ) Common stock repurchases — (543,923 ) (272 ) (8,185 ) (17,886 ) — (26,343 ) Share-based compensation — — — 18,864 — — 18,864 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 703 — — 703 Balance at December 31, 2012 — 51,371,696 25,686 808,230 1,221,190 (587,619 ) 1,467,487 Comprehensive income — — — — 237,792 149,371 387,163 Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.30 per share — — — — (68,226 ) — (68,226) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 1,913,067 956 86,212 — — 87,168 Benefit plan stock sales (2) — 50,623 25 3,453 — — 3,478 Share-based compensation — — — 19,310 — — 19,310 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 334 — — 334 Balance at December 31, 2013 — 53,335,386 26,667 917,539 1,390,756 (438,248 ) 1,896,714 Comprehensive income — — — — 218,575 (182,022 ) 36,553 Common stock dividends declared—$1.42 per share — — — — (75,631 ) — (75,631 ) Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) — 1,019,341 511 45,371 — — 45,882 Benefit plan stock sales (2) — 8,239 4 682 — — 686 Common stock repurchases — (1,323,278 ) (662 ) (22,820 ) (82,804 ) — (106,286 ) Share-based compensation — — — 20,905 — — 20,905 Tax benefits from share-based compensation — — — 651 — — 651 Balance at December 31, 2014 $ — 53,039,688 $ 26,520 962,328 1,450,896 (620,270 ) 1,819,474 (1) Net of common shares delivered as payment for the exercise price or to satisfy the holders’ withholding tax liability upon exercise of options. (2) Represents open-market transactions of common shares by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Consolidation and Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder) and all entities in which Ryder has a controlling voting interest (“subsidiaries”) and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where Ryder is determined to be the primary beneficiary. Ryder is deemed to be the primary beneficiary if we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and we share in the significant risks and rewards of the entity. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between consolidated companies have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications In 2014 , we reclassified our vehicle transportation costs within "Cost of services", "Selling, general and administrative expenses" and "Other operating expenses" to "Cost of lease and rental" within the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications were immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of historical trends, actions that we may take in the future, and other information available when the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Changes in estimates are recognized in accordance with the accounting rules for the estimate, which is typically in the period when new information becomes available. Areas where the nature of the estimate make it reasonably possible that actual results could materially differ from the amounts estimated include: depreciation and residual value guarantees, employee benefit plan obligations, self-insurance accruals, impairment assessments on long-lived assets (including goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets), revenue recognition, allowance for accounts receivable, income tax liabilities and contingent liabilities. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents represent cash in excess of current operating requirements invested in short-term, interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and are stated at cost. Restricted Cash Restricted cash primarily consists of cash proceeds from the sale of eligible vehicles set aside for the acquisition of replacement vehicles under our like-kind exchange tax program. See Note 13, “Income Taxes,” for a complete discussion of the vehicle like-kind exchange tax program. We classify restricted cash within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” if the restriction is expected to expire in the twelve months following the balance sheet date or within “Direct financing leases and other assets” if the restriction is expected to expire more than twelve months after the balance sheet date. The changes in restricted cash balances are reflected as an investing activity in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as they relate to the sales and purchases of revenue earning equipment. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the services have been rendered to customers or delivery has occurred, the pricing is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. In our evaluation of whether revenue is fixed or determinable, we determine whether the total contract consideration in the arrangement could change based on one or more factors. These factors, which vary among each of our segments, are further discussed below. Generally, the judgments made for these purposes do not materially impact the revenue recognized in any period. Sales tax collected from customers and remitted to the applicable taxing authorities is accounted for on a net basis, with no impact on revenue. Our judgments on collectibility are initially established when a business relationship with a customer is initiated and is continuously monitored as services are provided. We have a credit rating system based on internally developed standards and ratings provided by third parties. Our credit rating system, along with monitoring for delinquent payments, allows us to make decisions as to whether collectibility may not be reasonably assured. Factors considered during this process include historical payment trends, industry risks, liquidity of the customer, years in business, and judgments, liens or bankruptcies. When collectibility is not considered reasonably assured (typically when a customer is 120 days past due), revenue is not recognized until cash is collected from the customer. 65 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) We generate revenue primarily through the lease, rental and maintenance of revenue earning equipment and by providing logistics management and dedicated services. We classify our revenues in one of the following categories: Lease and rental Lease and rental includes full service lease and commercial rental revenues from our FMS business segment. Full service lease is marketed, priced and managed as a bundled lease arrangement, which includes equipment, service and financing components. We do not offer a stand-alone unbundled finance lease of vehicles. For these reasons, both the lease and service components of our full service leases are included within lease and rental revenues. Our full service lease arrangements include lease deliverables such as the lease of a vehicle and the executory agreement for the maintenance, insurance, taxes and other services related to the leased vehicles during the lease term. Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables based on management’s best estimate of the relative fair value of each deliverable. The arrangement consideration allocated to lease deliverables is accounted for pursuant to accounting guidance on leases. Our full service lease arrangements provide for a fixed charge billing and a variable charge billing based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears. Costs associated with the activities performed under our full service leasing arrangements are primarily comprised of labor, parts, outside work, depreciation, licenses, insurance, operating taxes and vehicle financing. These costs are expensed as incurred except for depreciation. Refer to “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation” for information regarding our depreciation policies. Non-chargeable maintenance costs have been allocated and reflected within “Cost of lease and rental” based on the maintenance-related labor costs relative to all product lines. Revenue from lease and rental agreements is recognized based on the classification of the arrangement, typically as either an operating or direct finance lease (DFL). 66 • The majority of our leases and all of our rental arrangements are classified as operating leases and therefore, we recognize lease and commercial rental revenue on a straight-line basis as it becomes receivable over the term of the lease or rental arrangement. Lease and rental agreements do not usually provide for scheduled rent increases or escalations. However, most lease agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Lease and rental agreements also provide for vehicle usage charges based on a time charge and/or a fixed per-mile charge. The fixed time charge, the fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are considered contingent rentals and are not considered fixed or determinable until the effect of CPI changes is implemented or the equipment usage occurs. • The non-lease deliverables of our full service lease arrangements are comprised of access to substitute vehicles, emergency road service, and safety services. These services are available to our customers throughout the lease term. Accordingly, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. • Leases not classified as operating leases are generally considered direct financing leases. We recognize revenue for direct financing leases using the effective interest method, which provides a constant periodic rate of return on the outstanding investment on the lease. Recognition of income on direct finance leases is suspended when management determines that collection of future income is not probable, which is at the point at which the customer’s delinquent balance is determined to be at risk (generally over 120 days past due). Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the receivable becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired direct finance lease receivables are first recorded against the direct finance lease receivable and then to any unrecognized income. A direct finance lease receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the lease. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Services Services include contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance and other revenues from our FMS business segment and all SCS revenues. Under our contract maintenance arrangements, we provide maintenance and repairs required to keep a vehicle in good operating condition, schedule preventive maintenance inspections and provide access to emergency road service and substitute vehicles. The vast majority of our services are routine services performed on a recurring basis throughout the term of the arrangement. From time to time, we provide non-routine major repair services in order to place a vehicle back in service. Revenue from maintenance service contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis as maintenance services are rendered over the terms of the related arrangements. Contract maintenance arrangements are generally cancelable, without penalty, after one year with 60 days prior written notice. Our maintenance service arrangement provides for a monthly fixed charge and a monthly variable charge based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears. Most contract maintenance agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the CPI. The fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are recognized as earned. Costs associated with the activities performed under our contract maintenance arrangements are primarily comprised of labor, parts and outside work. These costs are expensed as incurred. Non-chargeable maintenance costs have been allocated and reflected within “Cost of services” based on the proportionate maintenance-related labor costs relative to all product lines. Revenue from SCS service contracts is recognized as services are rendered in accordance with contract terms, which typically include discrete billing rates for the services. In certain SCS contracts, a portion of the contract consideration may be contingent upon the satisfaction of performance criteria, attainment of pain/gain share thresholds or volume thresholds. The contingent portion of the revenue in these arrangements is not considered fixed or determinable until the performance criteria or thresholds have been met. In transportation management arrangements where we act as principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis, without deducting third-party purchased transportation costs. To the extent that we are acting as an agent in the arrangement, revenue is reported on a net basis, after deducting purchased transportation costs. Fuel Fuel services include fuel services revenue from our FMS business segment. Revenue from fuel services is recognized when fuel is delivered to customers. Fuel is largely a pass-through to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on market fuel costs. Accounts Receivable Allowance We maintain an allowance for uncollectible customer receivables and an allowance for billing adjustments related to certain discounts and billing corrections. Estimates are updated regularly based on historical experience of bad debts and billing adjustments processed, current collection trends and aging analysis. Accounts are charged against the allowance when determined to be uncollectible. The allowance is maintained at a level deemed appropriate based on loss experience and other factors affecting collectibility. Historical results may not necessarily be indicative of future results. 67 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Inventories Inventories, which consist primarily of fuel, tires and vehicle parts, are valued using the lower of weighted-average cost or market. Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation Revenue earning equipment, comprised of vehicles and operating property and equipment are initially recorded at cost inclusive of vendor rebates. Revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment under capital lease are initially recorded at the lower of the present value of minimum lease payments or fair value. Vehicle repairs and maintenance that extend the life or increase the value of a vehicle are capitalized, whereas ordinary maintenance and repairs (including tire replacement or repair) are expensed as incurred. Direct costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining internal-use software are capitalized. Costs incurred during the preliminary software development project stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease, which may include one or more option renewal periods where failure to exercise such options would result in an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears, at the inception of the lease, to be reasonably assured. If a substantial additional investment is made in a leased property during the term of the lease, we re-evaluate the lease term to determine whether the investment, together with any penalties related to non-renewal, would constitute an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably assured. Provision for depreciation is computed using the straight-line method on all depreciable assets. Depreciation expense has been recorded throughout the Consolidated Statement of Earnings depending on the nature of the related asset. We periodically review and adjust, as appropriate, the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Our review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment, is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected lives of vehicles and extent of alternative uses. Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from estimates include but are not limited to unforeseen changes in technology innovations. We routinely dispose of used revenue earning equipment as part of our FMS business. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (tractors, trucks, and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. Fair value is determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition. Reductions in the carrying values of vehicles held for sale are recorded within “Other operating expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. While we believe our estimates of residual values and fair values of revenue earning equipment are reasonable, changes to our estimates of values may occur due to changes in the market for used vehicles, the condition of the vehicles, and inherent limitations in the estimation process. Gains and losses on sales of operating property and equipment are reflected in “Miscellaneous income, net.” 68 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill on acquisitions represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying acquired net tangible and intangible assets. Factors that contribute to the recognition of goodwill in our acquisitions include (i) expected growth rates and profitability of the acquired companies, (ii) securing buyer-specific synergies that increase revenue and profits and are not otherwise available to market participants, (iii) significant cost savings opportunities, (iv) experienced workforce and (v) our strategies for growth in sales, income and cash flows. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but rather, are tested for impairment at least annually (April 1 st ). In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Among other relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value of reporting units, we consider individual factors such as macroeconomic conditions, changes in our industry and the markets in which we operate as well as our reporting units' historical and expected future financial performance. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value, recoverability of goodwill is evaluated using a two-step process. The first step involves a comparison of the fair value of each of our reporting units with its carrying amount. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the second step is performed. The second step involves a comparison of the implied fair value and carrying value of that reporting unit’s goodwill. To the extent that a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of its goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized. Our valuation of fair value for certain reporting units is determined based on an average of discounted future cash flow models that use ten years of projected cash flows and various terminal values based on multiples, book value or growth assumptions. For certain reporting units, fair value is determined based on the application of current trading multiples for comparable publicly-traded companies and the historical pricing multiples for comparable merger and acquisition transactions that have occurred in our industry. Rates used to discount cash flows are dependent upon interest rates and the cost of capital at a point in time. Our discount rates reflect a weighted average cost of capital based on our industry and capital structure adjusted for equity and size risk premiums based on market capitalization. Estimates of future cash flows are dependent on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist, including long-term growth rates, capital requirements and useful lives. Our estimates of cash flows are also based on historical and future operating performance, economic conditions and actions we expect to take. In addition to these factors, our SCS reporting units are dependent on several key customers or industry sectors. The loss of a key customer may have a significant impact to one of our SCS reporting units, causing us to assess whether or not the event resulted in a goodwill impairment loss. While we believe our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, there can be no assurance that deterioration in economic conditions, customer relationships or adverse changes to expectations of future performance will not occur, resulting in a goodwill impairment loss. In making our assessments of fair value, we rely on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist in the future. These assumptions are based on a number of factors including future operating performance, economic conditions, actions we expect to take, and present value techniques. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. It is possible that assumptions underlying the impairment analysis will change in such a manner that impairment in value may occur in the future. Identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization are assessed for impairment using a similar process to that used to evaluate goodwill as described above. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment using a process similar to that used to evaluate long-lived assets described below. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill Long-lived assets held and used, including revenue earning equipment, operating property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives, are tested for recoverability when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is evaluated by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to management’s best estimate of the undiscounted future operating cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that the asset or asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined by a quoted market price, if available, or an estimate of projected future operating cash flows, discounted using a rate that reflects the related operating segment’s average cost of funds. Long-lived assets to be disposed of including revenue earning equipment, operating property and equipment and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. 69 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Contract Incentives Payments made to or on behalf of a lessee or customer upon entering into a lease of our revenue earning equipment or contract are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of revenue over the contract term. Amounts to be amortized in the next year have been classified as “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” with the remainder included in “Direct financing leases and other assets.” Self-Insurance Accruals We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability, workers’ compensation and other insurance programs. Under our insurance programs, we retain the risk of loss in various amounts up to $3 million on a per occurrence basis. Self-insurance accruals are based primarily on an actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe that the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our actuarial estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. Changes in the actuarial estimates of these accruals are charged or credited to earnings in the period determined. Amounts estimated to be paid within the next year have been classified as “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also maintain additional insurance at certain amounts in excess of our respective underlying retention. Amounts recoverable from insurance companies are not offset against the related accrual as our insurance policies do not extinguish or provide legal release from the obligation to make payments related to such risk-related losses. Amounts expected to be received within the next year from insurance companies have been included within “Receivables, net” with the remainder included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” and are recognized only when realization of the claim for recovery is considered probable. The accrual for the related claim has been classified within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” if it is estimated to be paid within the next year, otherwise it has been classified in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income Taxes Our provision for income taxes is based on reported earnings before income taxes. Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effects of changes in tax laws on deferred tax balances are recognized in the period the new legislation is enacted. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the likelihood of realization, management considers estimates of future taxable income. We calculate our current and deferred tax position based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified. We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and around the world. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes on earnings, we determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Such accruals require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit. Interest and penalties related to income tax exposures are recognized as incurred and included in “Provision for income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Accruals for income tax exposures, including penalties and interest, expected to be settled within the next year are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The federal benefit from state income tax exposures is included in “Deferred income taxes” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. 70 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Severance and Contract Termination Costs We recognize liabilities for severance and contract termination costs based upon the nature of the cost to be incurred. For involuntary separation plans that are completed within the guidelines of our written involuntary separation plan, we record the liability when it is probable and reasonably estimable. For one-time termination benefits, such as additional severance pay or benefit payouts, and other exit costs, such as contract termination costs, the liability is measured and recognized initially at fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred, with subsequent changes to the liability recognized as adjustments in the period of change. Severance related to position eliminations that are part of a restructuring plan are recorded within “Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. To the extent that severance costs are not part of a restructuring plan, the termination costs are recorded as a direct cost of revenue or within “Selling, general and administrative expenses,” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings depending upon the nature of the eliminated position. Environmental Expenditures We record liabilities for environmental assessments and/or cleanup when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Environmental liability estimates may include costs such as anticipated site testing, consulting, remediation, disposal, post-remediation monitoring and legal fees, as appropriate. The liability does not reflect possible recoveries from insurance companies or reimbursement of remediation costs by state agencies, but does include estimates of cost sharing with other potentially responsible parties. Estimates are not discounted, as the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. Subsequent adjustments to initial estimates are recorded as necessary based upon additional information developed in subsequent periods. In future periods, new laws or regulations, advances in remediation technology and additional information about the ultimate remediation methodology to be used could significantly change our estimates. Claims for reimbursement of remediation costs are recorded when recovery is deemed probable. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We use financial instruments, including forward exchange contracts, futures, swaps and cap agreements to manage our exposures to movements in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The use of these financial instruments modifies the exposure of these risks with the intent to reduce the risk or cost to us. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We limit our risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will default and not make payments by entering into derivative contracts only with counterparties comprised of large banks and financial institutions that meet established credit criteria. We do not expect to incur any losses as a result of counterparty default. On the date a derivative contract is entered into, we formally document, among other items, the intended hedging designation and relationship, along with the risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the derivative contract. We also formally assess, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives we used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items. Cash flows from derivatives that are accounted for as hedges are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same category as the items being hedged. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. The hedging designation may be classified as one of the following: No Hedging Designation. The gain or loss on a derivative instrument not designated as an accounting hedging instrument is recognized in earnings. Fair Value Hedge. A hedge of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment is considered a fair value hedge. For fair value hedges, both the effective and ineffective portions of the changes in the fair value of the derivative, along with the gain or loss on the hedged item that is attributable to the hedged risk, are both recorded in earnings. Cash Flow Hedge. A hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability is considered a cash flow hedge. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of a derivative that is declared as a cash flow hedge is recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the designated hedged item. Net Investment Hedge . A hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation is considered a net investment hedge. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative used as a net investment hedge of a foreign operation is recorded in the currency translation adjustment account within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.” The ineffective portion, if any, on the hedged item that is attributable to the hedged risk is recorded in earnings and reported in “Miscellaneous income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. 71 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Foreign Currency Translation Our foreign operations generally use the local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. If exchangeability between the functional currency and the U.S. dollar is temporarily lacking at the balance sheet date, the first subsequent rate at which exchanges can be made is used to translate assets and liabilities. Items in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings are translated at the average exchange rates for the year. The impact of currency fluctuations is recorded in “Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign operation, the currency translation adjustment attributable to that operation is removed from accumulated other comprehensive loss and is reported as part of the gain or loss on sale or liquidation of the investment for the period during which the sale or liquidation occurs. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in “Miscellaneous income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Share-Based Compensation The fair value of stock option awards and nonvested stock awards other than restricted stock units (RSUs), is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards. RSUs are expensed in the year they are granted. Cash flows from the tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation expense recognized for those options (windfall tax benefits) are classified as financing cash flows on an award-by-award basis. Tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of share-based compensation expense recognized are credited to additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized tax shortfalls are first offset against the cumulative balance of windfall tax benefits, if any, and then charged directly to income tax expense. Tax shortfalls are classified as operating cash flows on an award-by-award basis, with no netting of amounts credited to equity from windfall tax benefits. Earnings Per Share Earnings per share is computed using the two-class method. The two-class method of computing earnings per share is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Our nonvested stock (time-vested restricted stock rights and market-based restricted stock rights) issued prior to 2012 and restricted stock units are considered participating securities since the share-based awards contain a non-forfeitable right to dividend equivalents irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In applying the two-class method, undistributed earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflect the dilutive effect of potential common shares from stock options and other nonparticipating nonvested stock. The dilutive effect of stock options is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes any proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of stock options would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The assumed proceeds include the purchase price the grantee pays, the windfall tax benefit that we receive upon assumed exercise and the unrecognized compensation expense at the end of each period. Share Repurchases Repurchases of shares of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. The cost of share repurchases is allocated between common stock and retained earnings based on the amount of additional paid-in capital at the time of the share repurchase. 72 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans The funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of contributions made to irrevocable trust funds, held for the sole benefit of participants, which are invested by the trust funds. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. For postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. Overfunded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to this excess. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a pension and postretirement benefit liability equal to this excess. The current portion of pension and postretirement benefit liabilities represent the actuarial present value of benefits payable within the next year exceeding the fair value of plan assets (if funded), measured on a plan-by-plan basis. These liabilities are recorded in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Pension and postretirement benefit expense includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets (if funded), and amortization of prior service credit and net actuarial loss. Service cost represents the actuarial present value of participant benefits earned in the current year. Interest cost represents the time value of money cost associated with the passage of time. The expected return on plan assets represents the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the obligation. Prior service credit represents the impact of negative plan amendments. Net actuarial losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net actuarial loss and prior service credit not recognized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense as they arise are recognized as "Change in net actuarial loss and prior service credit, net of tax" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). These pension and postretirement items are subsequently amortized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense over the remaining service period, if the majority of the employees are active, otherwise over the remaining life expectancy, provided such amounts exceed thresholds which are based upon the benefit obligation or the value of plan assets. The measurement of benefit obligations and pension and postretirement benefit expense is based on estimates and assumptions approved by management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates. 73 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Fair Value Measurements We carry various assets and liabilities at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The most significant assets and liabilities are vehicles held for sale, which are stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, investments held in Rabbi Trusts and derivatives. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value measurements are classified based on the following fair value hierarchy: When available, we use unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value and classify such measurements within Level 1. If quoted prices are not available, fair value is based upon model-driven valuations that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using these models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts and derivatives are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds. Fair values for these investments are based on quoted prices in active markets. For derivatives, fair value is based on model-driven valuations using the LIBOR rate or observable forward foreign exchange rates, which are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the financial instrument. 74 Level 1 Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Disclosure of Going Concern Uncertainties On August 27, 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern , which requires an entity to evaluate whether conditions or events, in the aggregate, raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. The guidance will become effective January 1, 2017. The adoption of ASU 2014-15 is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Revenue Recognition On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This standard will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance when it becomes effective January 1, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition methods. We are evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We have not yet selected a transition method nor have we determined the effect of the standard on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Discontinued Operations and Significant Disposals On April 10, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The standard requires a reporting entity to present the assets and liabilities of a disposal group that includes a discontinued operation separately in the asset and liability sections, respectively, of the Consolidated Balance Sheet for each comparative period. The guidance is applied prospectively and became effective January 1, 2015. The adoption of ASU 2014-08 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Unrecognized Tax Benefits On July 18, 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit (UTB) When a Net Operating Loss (NOL) Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists . Under this guidance, an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. This accounting guidance resulted in a reclassification of approximately $39 million from other non-current liabilities to deferred income taxes in our 2013 Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other than the change in presentation, this accounting guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. 75 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 3. ACQUISITIONS 2014 Acquisition On August 1, 2014 , we acquired all of the common stock of Bullwell Trailer Solutions, Ltd, a U.K.-based trailer repair and maintenance company for a purchase price of approximately $ 15 million , net of cash acquired. The acquisition complements our FMS business segment coverage in the U.K. Approximately $ 8 million of the stock purchase price has been paid. The purchase price includes $6 million in contingent consideration to be paid to the seller provided certain conditions are met. As of December 31, 2014 , the fair value of the contingent consideration has been reflected in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" and "Other non-current liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase accounting for this acquisition resulted in goodwill and customer relationship intangible assets of $12 million and $2 million , respectively, with the remaining amount allocated to tangible assets, less liabilities assumed. Transaction costs related to the acquisition were $1 million during 2014 and were reflected within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The assets, liabilities and results of operations of the business acquired were not material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations and therefore pro forma financial information for the acquisition was not presented. 2012 Acquisition Euroway Ltd., — On August 1, 2012, we acquired all of the common stock of Euroway Ltd., a U.K.-based, full service leasing, rental and maintenance company for a purchase price of $2 million and assumed capital lease obligations and debt of $20 million . Approximately $2 million of the stock purchase price has been paid ( $1 million paid in both 2013 and in 2012), and the majority of the capital lease obligations have been repaid as of December 31, 2014 . The acquisition included Euroway's fleet of approximately 560 full service lease vehicles as well as 800 contract maintenance vehicles. Goodwill and customer relationship intangibles related to the Euroway acquisition were $6 million and $3 million , respectively, at the acquisition date. The combined network operates under the Ryder name, complementing our FMS business segment coverage in the U.K. Transaction costs related to the Euroway acquisition were $1 million during 2012 and were primarily reflected within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. 76 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 4. RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES (RECOVERIES) The components of restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net were as follows: As mentioned in Note 29, “Segment Reporting,” our primary measure of segment financial performance excludes, among other items, restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net. However, the applicable portion of the restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net that related to each segment in 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were as follows: 2014 Activity In the fourth quarter of 2014 , we approved plans to reduce our workforce in multiple locations as a result of cost containment actions. Workforce reductions resulted in a pre-tax charge of $2 million for severance. 2013 Activity The 2013 recoveries resulted from refining previous estimates of employee severance and benefit costs. 2012 Activity In the second quarter of 2012, we approved a plan to eliminate approximately 350 employees, primarily in the U.S., as a result of cost containment actions. These actions have been completed. Workforce reductions resulted in a a pre-tax charge of $7 million . Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net in 2012 also included severance and employee related costs associated with the elimination of certain positions assumed in the Euroway acquisition offset by benefits from refinements in estimates from restructuring charges in the prior year. During 2012, we also recorded a pre-tax charge of $1 million associated with non-essential leased facilities assumed in the Hill Hire acquisition. 77 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net: Severance and employee-related costs (recoveries) $ 2,387 (470 ) 7,205 Contract termination costs — — 865 2,387 (470 ) 8,070 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Fleet Management Solutions $ 515 (470 ) 6,448 Supply Chain Solutions 951 — 1,346 Central Support Services 921 — 276 Total $ 2,387 (470 ) 8,070 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 5. RECEIVABLES 6. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS 78 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Trade $ 693,114 680,345 Direct financing leases 85,946 79,787 Other, primarily warranty and insurance 32,192 34,193 811,252 794,325 Allowance (16,388 ) (16,955 ) Total $ 794,864 777,370 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Current deferred tax asset $ 32,553 37,431 Restricted cash 13,499 10,655 Prepaid vehicle licenses 47,561 49,121 Prepaid operating taxes 15,208 14,321 Prepaid sales commission 12,255 10,033 Other 44,158 37,702 Total $ 165,234 159,263 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 7. REVENUE EARNING EQUIPMENT _______________ Depreciation expense was $961 million , $884 million and $867 million in 2014 , 2013 and 2012, respectively. 8. OPERATING PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Depreciation expense was $79 million in 2014 and $73 million in both 2013 and 2012 , respectively. 79 Estimated Useful Lives December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Cost Accumulated Depreciation Net Book Value (1) Cost Accumulated Depreciation Net Book Value (1) (In years) (In thousands) Held for use: Full service lease 3 — 12 $ 7,918,497 (2,591,688 ) 5,326,809 7,436,093 (2,537,077 ) 4,899,016 Commercial rental 4.5 — 12 2,411,957 (830,683 ) 1,581,274 2,210,863 (747,283 ) 1,463,580 Held for sale 312,698 (226,333 ) 86,365 439,983 (311,742 ) 128,241 Total $ 10,643,152 (3,648,704 ) 6,994,448 10,086,939 (3,596,102 ) 6,490,837 (1) Revenue earning equipment, net includes vehicles under capital leases of $48 million , less accumulated depreciation of $22 million , at December 31, 2014 and $54 million , less accumulated depreciation of $22 million , at December 31, 2013 . Estimated Useful Lives December 31, 2014 2013 (In years) (In thousands) Land — $ 201,089 193,031 Buildings and improvements 10 — 40 766,360 715,965 Machinery and equipment 3 — 10 663,616 595,244 Other 3 — 10 103,557 120,703 1,734,622 1,624,943 Accumulated depreciation (1,035,028 ) (991,117 ) Total $ 699,594 633,826 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 9. GOODWILL The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable business segment with changes therein was as follows: Purchase accounting adjustments in 2013 primarily related to changes in the fair value of acquired revenue earning equipment. We did not adjust the December 31, 2012 balance sheet as the amounts were not material. We assess goodwill for impairment on April 1st of each year or more often if deemed necessary. For our annual goodwill impairment test on April 1, 2014 , we performed a quantitative test for one reporting unit in the Supply Chain Solutions business segment and determined there was no impairment. We performed a qualitative test for our other reporting units. After performing the qualitative assessment, we concluded it is more likely than not that fair values are greater than carrying values and determined that quantitative testing was not necessary. 80 Fleet Management Solutions Supply Chain Solutions Total (In thousands) Balance at January 1, 2013 Goodwill $ 223,129 190,308 413,437 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) 212,807 171,409 384,216 Purchase accounting adjustments 377 — 377 Foreign currency translation adjustment (302 ) (572 ) (874 ) Balance at December 31, 2013 Goodwill 223,204 189,736 412,940 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) 212,882 170,837 383,719 Acquisitions 11,839 — 11,839 Foreign currency translation adjustment (1,826 ) (703 ) (2,529 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 Goodwill 233,217 189,033 422,250 Accumulated impairment losses (10,322 ) (18,899 ) (29,221 ) $ 222,895 170,134 393,029 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS The Ryder trade name has been identified as having an indefinite useful life. Customer relationship intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally 7 - 19 years. We recorded amortization expense associated with finite lived intangible assets of approximately $7 million in 2014 and $8 million in both 2013 and 2012 . The future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years related to all intangible assets that are currently recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets is estimated to range from $6 - $7 million per year for 2015 - 2019. 11. DIRECT FINANCING LEASES AND OTHER ASSETS 81 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Indefinite lived intangible assets — Trade name $ 9,084 9,084 Finite lived intangible assets: Customer relationship intangibles 97,922 95,683 Other intangibles, primarily trade name 2,367 2,254 Accumulated amortization (42,374 ) (35,478 ) 57,915 62,459 Foreign currency translation adjustment (380 ) 863 Total $ 66,619 72,406 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Direct financing leases, net $ 331,065 320,327 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts 38,681 32,519 Contract incentives 21,475 20,355 Insurance receivables 13,957 14,933 Debt issuance costs 16,503 16,570 Prepaid pension asset 2,698 23,556 Interest rate swap agreements 4,565 9,333 Other 17,155 22,908 Total $ 446,099 460,501 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 12. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES _________________ (1) Insurance obligations are primarily comprised of self-insured claim liabilities. We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability and workers’ compensation insurance programs. Self-insurance accruals are based primarily on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, and include claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , we recorded a benefit within earnings from continuing operations of $14 million , $5 million , and $1 million , respectively, from development in estimated prior years’ self-insured loss reserves for the reasons noted above. 82 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Accrued Expenses Non-Current Liabilities Total Accrued Expenses Non-Current Liabilities Total (In thousands) Salaries and wages $ 114,446 — 114,446 106,281 — 106,281 Deferred compensation 3,209 37,093 40,302 2,505 31,896 34,401 Pension benefits 3,739 444,657 448,396 3,660 292,155 295,815 Other postretirement benefits 2,112 26,889 29,001 2,414 28,374 30,788 Other employee benefits 7,172 19,276 26,448 3,809 6,712 10,521 Insurance obligations (1) 132,246 189,431 321,677 125,835 186,700 312,535 Environmental liabilities 3,877 8,002 11,879 4,515 8,548 13,063 Operating taxes 92,330 — 92,330 94,188 — 94,188 Income taxes 5,066 22,843 27,909 2,623 23,813 26,436 Interest 32,441 — 32,441 33,654 — 33,654 Deposits, mainly from customers 59,388 5,929 65,317 55,854 6,239 62,093 Deferred revenue 11,759 — 11,759 15,123 — 15,123 Acquisition holdbacks 3,817 2,187 6,004 2,012 — 2,012 Other 48,930 30,369 79,299 43,864 31,868 75,732 Total $ 520,532 786,676 1,307,208 496,337 616,305 1,112,642 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 13. INCOME TAXES The components of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations were as follows: ______________ A reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate with the effective tax rate from continuing operations follows: 83 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes: United States $ 275,912 302,689 241,672 Foreign 62,637 66,206 61,445 Total $ 338,549 368,895 303,117 Current tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations: Federal (1) $ (230 ) 233 (4,157 ) State (1) 6,396 4,194 11,514 Foreign 7,163 7,691 7,759 13,329 12,118 15,116 Deferred tax expense from continuing operations: Federal 90,104 98,036 77,819 State 12,429 15,399 3,871 Foreign 2,228 146 5,412 104,761 113,581 87,102 Provision for income taxes from continuing operations $ 118,090 125,699 102,218 (1) Excludes federal and state tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards, which were credited directly to “Additional paid-in capital.” Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (Percentage of pre-tax earnings) Federal statutory tax rate 35.0 35.0 35.0 Impact on deferred taxes for changes in tax rates (0.9 ) 0.1 — State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 5.2 4.0 4.1 Foreign rates varying from federal (3.7 ) (4.1 ) (2.8 ) Tax reviews and audits (1.1 ) (0.8 ) (2.7 ) Miscellaneous items, net 0.4 (0.1 ) 0.1 Effective tax rate 34.9 34.1 33.7 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Tax Law Changes The effects of changes in tax laws on deferred tax balances are recognized in the period the new legislation is enacted. The following provides a summary of the increases (decreases) to net earnings from continuing operations from changes in tax laws by tax jurisdiction: Deferred Income Taxes The components of the net deferred income tax liability were as follows: ______________ U.S. deferred income taxes have not been provided on certain undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries,which were approximately $658 million at December 31, 2014 . The determination of the amount of the related unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable because of the complexities associated with the hypothetical calculations. We have historically reinvested such earnings overseas in foreign operations indefinitely and expect future earnings will also be reinvested overseas indefinitely. 84 Tax Jurisdiction Enactment Date Net Earnings (in thousands) 2014 New York March 31, 2014 $1,776 Rhode Island June 19, 2014 $626 2013 Puerto Rico June 30, 2013 $(503) United Kingdom July 17, 2013 $485 2012 United Kingdom July 17,2012 $(856) Canada June 20, 2012 $(671) December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Deferred income tax assets: Self-insurance accruals $ 81,908 69,291 Net operating loss carryforwards 377,740 322,380 Alternative minimum taxes 10,727 10,727 Accrued compensation and benefits 68,626 60,039 Federal benefit on state tax positions 18,847 18,417 Pension benefits 157,082 87,745 Miscellaneous other accruals 33,090 39,414 748,020 608,013 Valuation allowance (24,742 ) (33,793 ) 723,278 574,220 Deferred income tax liabilities: Property and equipment bases difference (2,149,699 ) (1,943,923 ) Other items (16,996 ) (22,503 ) (2,166,695 ) (1,966,426 ) Net deferred income tax liability (1) $ (1,443,417 ) (1,392,206 ) (1) Deferred tax assets of $33 million and $37 million have been included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) At December 31, 2014 , we had U.S. federal tax effected net operating loss carryforwards of $334 million and various U.S. subsidiaries had state tax effected net operating loss carryforwards of $21 million both expiring through tax year 2034. We also had foreign tax effected net operating losses of $23 million that are available to reduce future income tax payments in several countries, subject to varying expiration rules. A valuation allowance has been established to reduce deferred income tax assets, principally foreign tax loss carryforwards, to amounts more likely than not to be realized. We had unused alternative minimum tax credits of $11 million at December 31, 2014 which are available to reduce future income tax liabilities. The alternative minimum tax credits may be carried forward indefinitely. Uncertain Tax Positions The following is a summary of tax years that are no longer subject to examination: Federal — audits of our U.S. federal income tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008. State — for the majority of states, tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008. Foreign — we are no longer subject to foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2007 in Canada, 2009 in Brazil, 2009 in Mexico and 2013 in the U.K., which are our major foreign tax jurisdictions. The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (excluding the federal benefit received from state positions): Of the total unrecognized tax benefits, $47 million (net of the federal benefit on state issues) represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in future periods. The total amount includes $4 million and $5 million of interest and penalties, at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively, net of the federal benefit on state issues. For the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , we recognized an income tax benefit related to interest and penalties of $1 million in each period, within “Provision for income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign tax positions may decrease by $4 million by December 31, 2015 , if audits are completed or tax years close during 2015 . 85 December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Balance at January 1 $ 56,813 52,271 62,247 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 6,896 7,606 3,980 Reductions due to lapse of applicable statutes of limitation (3,227 ) (3,064 ) (13,956 ) Gross balance at December 31 60,482 56,813 52,271 Interest and penalties 5,125 5,756 5,319 Balance at December 31 $ 65,607 62,569 57,590 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Like-Kind Exchange Program We have a like-kind exchange program for certain of our U.S.-based revenue earning equipment. Pursuant to the program, we dispose of vehicles and acquire replacement vehicles in a form whereby tax gains on disposal of eligible vehicles are deferred. To qualify for like-kind exchange treatment, we exchange through a qualified intermediary eligible vehicles being disposed of with vehicles being acquired, allowing us to generally carryover the tax basis of the vehicles sold (“like-kind exchanges”). The program results in a material deferral of federal and state income taxes, and a decrease in cash taxes in periods when we are not in a net operating loss (NOL) position. As part of the program, the proceeds from the sale of eligible vehicles are restricted for the acquisition of replacement vehicles and other specified applications. Due to the structure utilized to facilitate the like-kind exchanges, the qualified intermediary that holds the proceeds from the sales of eligible vehicles and the entity that holds the vehicles to be acquired under the program are required to be consolidated in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The total assets, primarily revenue earning equipment, and the total liabilities, primarily vehicle accounts payable, held by these consolidated entities are equal in value as these entities are solely structured to facilitate the like-kind exchanges. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , these consolidated entities had total assets, primarily revenue earning equipment, and total liabilities, primarily accounts payable of $205 million and $246 million , respectively. In the second quarter of 2012, we began to restructure and centralize the administration of vehicle purchasing, licensing and sales in order to reduce vehicle acquisition costs as well as realize operational efficiencies. During 2012, we were in a NOL position for tax purposes and were not realizing any benefits from the like-kind exchange program. As a result of those events, effective April 1, 2012, we temporarily suspended the like-kind exchange program. Once we suspended the program, tax gains on vehicles sold during that period were no longer deferred. Those tax gains resulted in an immaterial decrease in the NOL. Although the suspension did not impact our 2012 tax provision or capital spending program, our cash flows increased by $19 million from the release of the program's restricted cash. In the first quarter of 2013, once we had completed our restructuring of the administrative processes for purchasing and selling vehicles, we reinstated our like-kind exchange program. The reinstated program operates, and will provide cash tax benefits, in the same manner as it did prior to suspension once we are no longer in a NOL position. In 2013, our cash flow declined $11 million as a result of the program's restricted cash. There were no other impacts to cash flow as a result of the program's reinstatement. 86 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 14. LEASES Leases as Lessor We lease revenue earning equipment to customers for periods ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and up to ten years for trailers. From time to time, we may also lease facilities to third parties. The majority of our leases are classified as operating leases. However, some of our revenue earning equipment leases are classified as direct financing leases and, to a lesser extent, sales-type leases. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases consisted of: Our direct financing lease customers operate in a wide variety of industries, and we have no significant customer concentrations in any one industry. We assess credit risk for all of our customers including those who lease equipment under direct financing leases. Credit risk is assessed using an internally developed model which incorporates credit scores from third party providers and our own custom risk ratings and is updated on a monthly basis. The external credit scores are developed based on the customer’s historical payment patterns and an overall assessment of the likelihood of delinquent payments. Our internal ratings are weighted based on the industry that the customer operates, company size, years in business, and other credit-related indicators (i.e., profitability, cash flow, liquidity, tangible net worth, etc.). Any one of the following factors may result in a customer being classified as high risk: i) the customer has a history of late payments; ii) the customer has open lawsuits, liens or judgments; iii) the customer has been in business less than three years ; and iv) the customer operates in an industry with low barriers to entry. For those customers who are designated as high risk, we typically require deposits to be paid in advance in order to mitigate our credit risk. Additionally, our receivables are collateralized by the vehicle’s fair value, which further mitigates our credit risk. The following table presents the credit risk profile by creditworthiness category of our direct financing lease receivables at December 31, 2014 : As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , the amount of direct financing lease receivables which were past due was not significant and there were no impaired receivables. Accordingly, there was no material risk of default with respect to the direct financing lease receivables. The allowance for credit losses was $0.3 million and $1 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. 87 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Total minimum lease payments receivable $ 659,551 633,445 Less: Executory costs (210,241 ) (198,755 ) Minimum lease payments receivable 449,310 434,690 Less: Allowance for uncollectibles (288 ) (501 ) Net minimum lease payments receivable 449,022 434,189 Unguaranteed residuals 55,992 57,424 Less: Unearned income (88,003 ) (91,499 ) Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases 417,011 400,114 Current portion (85,946 ) (79,787 ) Non-current portion $ 331,065 320,327 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Very low risk to low risk $ 198,496 203,556 Moderate 158,790 164,761 Moderately high to high risk 92,024 66,373 $ 449,310 434,690 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Leases as Lessee We lease vehicles, facilities and office equipment under operating lease agreements. Rental payments on certain vehicle lease agreements vary based on the number of miles run during the period. Generally, vehicle lease agreements specify that rental payments be adjusted periodically based on changes in interest rates and provide for early termination at stipulated values. None of our leasing arrangements contain restrictive financial covenants. We periodically enter into sale and leaseback transactions to lower the total cost of funding our operations and to diversify our funding among different types of funding instruments. These sale-leaseback transactions are often executed with third-party financial institutions not deemed to be VIEs. In general, these sale-leaseback transactions result in a reduction in revenue earning equipment and debt on the balance sheet, as proceeds from the sale of revenue earning equipment are used primarily to repay debt. Sale-leaseback transactions accounted for as operating leases will result in reduced depreciation and interest expense and increased equipment rental expense. During 2014 , we completed a sale-leaseback transaction of revenue earning equipment with third parties not deemed to be variable interest entities. The leaseback transaction qualified for off-balance sheet treatment. Proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction totaled $ 126 million . We did not enter into any sale-leaseback transactions during 2013. During 2012 , we completed a sale-leaseback transaction of revenue earning equipment with a third party and the leaseback was accounted for as an operating lease. Proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction totaled $130 million . Certain leases associated with sale-leaseback transactions contain purchase and/or renewal options, as well as limited guarantees for a portion of the lessor’s residual value. Certain residual value guarantees are conditional on termination of the lease prior to its contractual lease term. The amount of residual value guarantees expected to be paid is recognized as rent expense over the expected remaining term of the lease. Facts and circumstances that impact management’s estimates of residual value guarantees include the market for used equipment, the condition of the equipment at the end of the lease and inherent limitations in the estimation process. See Note 18, “Guarantees,” for additional information. During 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , rent expense (including rent of facilities and contingent rentals) was $ 147 million , $152 million , and $146 million , respectively. Lease Payments Future minimum payments for leases in effect at December 31, 2014 were as follows: ____________________ The amounts in the previous table related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are based upon the general assumption that revenue earning equipment will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. The future minimum payments presented above related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are not a projection of future lease revenue or expense; no effect has been given to renewals, new business, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes. 88 As Lessor (1) As Lessee Operating Leases Direct Financing Leases Operating Leases (In thousands) 2015 $ 974,684 108,433 103,624 2016 795,201 94,174 75,094 2017 627,594 75,385 51,096 2018 465,224 59,288 48,589 2019 296,028 41,929 35,874 Thereafter 219,924 70,101 65,646 Total $ 3,378,655 449,310 379,923 (1) Amounts do not include contingent rentals, which may be received under certain leases on the basis of miles of used or changes in the Consumer Price Index. Contingent rentals from operating leases included in revenue during 2014 , 2013 and 2012 were $ 318 million , $ 318 million , and $ 319 million , respectively. Contingent rentals from direct financing leases included in revenue during 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 were $ 11 million in all periods. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 15. DEBT _________________ Maturities of total debt are as follows: 89 Weighted-Average Interest Rate December 31, December 31, 2014 2013 Maturities 2014 2013 (In thousands) Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt: Short-term debt 1.30 % 1.70 % 2015 $ 3,773 1,315 Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases 8,434 258,123 Total short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt 12,207 259,438 Long-term debt: U.S. commercial paper (1) 0.35 % 0.28 % 2018 276,694 486,939 Canadian commercial paper (1) —% 1.13 % 2018 — 11,297 Global revolving credit facility 1.60 % —% 2018 11,190 — Unsecured U.S. notes – Medium-term notes (1) 3.29 % 3.76 % 2015-2025 3,772,159 3,271,734 Unsecured U.S. obligations, principally bank term loans 0.76 % 1.45 % 2015-2018 110,500 55,500 Unsecured foreign obligations 2.01 % 1.99 % 2015-2016 295,776 315,558 Capital lease obligations 3.65 % 3.81 % 2015-2019 37,560 38,911 Total before fair market value adjustment 4,503,879 4,179,939 Fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging (2) 4,830 8,171 4,508,709 4,188,110 Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases (8,434 ) (258,123 ) Long-term debt 4,500,275 3,929,987 Total debt $ 4,512,482 4,189,425 (1) We had unamortized original issue discounts of $8 million and $8 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. (2) The notional amount of the executed interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges was $600 million and $ 400 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Refer to Note 17, "Derivatives", for additional information. Capital Leases Debt (In thousands) 2015 $ 9,374 4,272 2016 8,362 860,339 2017 9,325 699,484 2018 6,906 1,741,992 2019 5,983 998,647 Thereafter — 165,357 Total 39,950 4,470,091 Imputed interest (2,390 ) Present value of minimum capitalized lease payments 37,560 Current portion (8,434 ) Long-term capitalized lease obligation $ 29,126 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Debt Facilities We maintain a $900 million global revolving credit facility with a syndicate of twelve lending institutions led by Bank of America N.A., Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., BNP Paribas, Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., Royal Bank of Canada, Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The global revolving credit facility is used primarily to finance working capital but can also be used to issue up to $75 million in letters of credit (there were no letters of credit outstanding against the facility at December 31, 2014 ). At our option, the interest rate on borrowings under the credit facility is based on LIBOR, prime, federal funds or local equivalent rates. The agreement provided for annual facility fees which ranged from 8 basis points to 27.5 basis points and were based on Ryder’s long-term credit ratings. The annual facility fee was 12.5 basis points , which applies to the total facility size of $900 million . The credit facility contains no provisions limiting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to Ryder’s business operations; however, the credit facility does contain standard representations and warranties, events of default, cross-default provisions and certain affirmative and negative covenants. In order to maintain availability of funding, we must maintain a ratio of debt to consolidated net worth of less than or equal to 300% . Net worth, as defined in the credit facility, represents shareholders' equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss associated with our pension and other postretirement plans. The ratio at December 31, 2014 was 188% . At December 31, 2014 , there was $612 million available under the credit facility, net of outstanding commercial paper borrowings. In January 2015 , the availability under our global revolving credit facility was increased from $900 million to $1.20 billion and the maturity date was extended from October 2018 to January 2020. The amended agreement provides for annual facility fees which range from 7.5 basis points to 25 basis points and are based on Ryder's long-term credit ratings. The annual facility fee was amended to 10 basis points , which applies to the total facility size of $1.20 billion . There were no changes in the syndicate of lenders nor to the provisions of the agreement. Our global revolving credit facility enables us to refinance short-term obligations on a long-term basis. Settlement of short-term commercial paper obligations not expected to require the use of working capital are classified as long-term as we have both the intent and ability to refinance on a long-term basis. In addition, we have the intent and ability to refinance the current portion of long-term debt on a long-term basis. At December 31, 2014 , we classified $277 million of short-term commercial paper, $60 million of trade receivables borrowings and $699 million of the current portion of long-term debt as long-term debt. At December 31, 2013 , we classified $498 million of short-term commercial paper as long-term debt. In May 2014, we issued $400 million of unsecured medium-term notes maturing in September 2019. In February 2014, we issued $350 million of unsecured medium-term notes maturing in June 2019. The proceeds from the notes were used to reduce commercial paper balances and for general corporate purposes. If the notes are downgraded below investment grade following, and as a result of, a change in control, the note holder can require us to repurchase all or a portion of the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of principal plus accrued and unpaid interest . We have a trade receivables purchase and sale program, pursuant to which we sell certain of our domestic trade accounts receivable to a bankruptcy remote, consolidated subsidiary of Ryder, that in turn sells, on a revolving basis, an ownership interest in certain of these accounts receivable to a receivables conduit or committed purchasers. The subsidiary is considered a VIE and is consolidated based on our control of the entity’s activities. We use this program to provide additional liquidity to fund our operations, particularly when it is cost effective to do so. The costs under the program may vary based on changes in interest rates. The available proceeds that may be received under the program are limited to $175 million . In October 2014 , we renewed the trade receivables purchase and sale program. If no event occurs which causes early termination, the 364-day program will expire on October 22, 2015 . The program contained provisions restricting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to our business operations or the collectibility of the collateralized receivables. At December 31, 2014 , $60 million was outstanding under the program. No amounts were outstanding under the program at December 31, 2013 . Sales of receivables under this program are accounted for as secured borrowings based on our continuing involvement in the transferred assets. No amounts were outstanding at December 31, 2013 . 90 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 16. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the levels of inputs used to measure fair value: 91 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2014 Using Balance Sheet Location Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) Assets: Interest rate swaps Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ — 477 — 477 Interest rate swaps DFL and other assets — 4,565 — 4,565 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts: Cash and cash equivalents 4,418 — — 4,418 U.S. equity mutual funds 23,589 — — 23,589 Foreign equity mutual funds 4,724 — — 4,724 Fixed income mutual funds 5,950 — — 5,950 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts DFL and other assets 38,681 — — 38,681 Total assets at fair value $ 38,681 5,042 — 43,723 Liabilities: Interest rate swaps Other non-current liabilities — 212 — 212 Total liabilities at fair value $ — 212 — 212 Fair Value Measurements At December 31, 2013 Using Balance Sheet Location Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (In thousands) Assets: Interest rate swaps DFL and other assets $ — 9,333 — 9,333 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts: Cash and cash equivalents 7,101 — — 7,101 U.S. equity mutual funds 16,479 — — 16,479 Foreign equity mutual funds 4,323 — — 4,323 Fixed income mutual funds 4,616 — — 4,616 Investments held in Rabbi Trusts DFL and other assets 32,519 — — 32,519 Total assets at fair value $ 32,519 9,333 — 41,852 Liabilities: Interest rate swaps Other non-current liabilities — 1,162 — 1,162 Total liabilities at fair value $ — 1,162 — 1,162 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents our assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and considered a Level 3 fair value measurement: ______________ Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Only certain vehicles held for sale have carrying amounts greater than the fair value and losses are recorded at the time they arrive at our used truck centers. We typically record gains on the remaining vehicles with carrying amounts greater than fair value at the time they are sold. Losses to reflect changes in fair value are presented within "Other operating expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (trucks, tractors and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. Fair value was determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition. Therefore, our revenue earning equipment held for sale was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. During the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , we recorded losses to reflect changes in fair value of $11 million , $16 million and $18 million , respectively. Total fair value of debt (excluding capital lease obligations) at December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $4.59 billion and $4.28 billion , respectively. For publicly-traded debt, estimates of fair value are based on market prices. Since our publicly-traded debt is not actively traded, the fair value measurement was classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. For other debt, fair value is estimated based on rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. Therefore, the fair value measurement of our other debt was classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturities of these financial instruments. 92 Total Losses (2) December 31, Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2014 2013 Assets held for sale: Revenue earning equipment: (1) Trucks $ 6,135 13,326 $ 6,274 9,926 Tractors 4,054 10,339 3,450 4,824 Trailers 789 723 1,040 1,678 Total assets at fair value $ 10,978 24,388 $ 10,764 16,428 (1) Represents the portion of all revenue earning equipment held for sale that is recorded at fair value, less costs to sell. (2) Total losses represent fair value adjustments for all vehicles held for sale throughout the period for which fair value less costs to sell was less than carrying value. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 17. DERIVATIVES From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap and cap agreements to manage our fixed and variable interest rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. We assess the risk that changes in interest rates will have either on the fair value of debt obligations or on the amount of future interest payments by monitoring changes in interest rate exposures and by evaluating hedging opportunities. We regularly monitor interest rate risk attributable to both our outstanding or forecasted debt obligations as well as our offsetting hedge positions. This risk management process involves the use of analytical techniques, including cash flow sensitivity analysis, to estimate the expected impact of changes in interest rates on our future cash flows. As of December 31, 2014 , we have interest rate swaps outstanding which are designated as fair value hedges whereby we receive fixed interest rate payments in exchange for making variable interest rate payments. The differential to be paid or received is accrued and recognized as interest expense. The following table provides a detail of the swaps outstanding and the related hedged items as of December 31, 2014 : Changes in the fair value of our interest rate swaps are offset by changes in the fair value of the debt instrument. Accordingly, there is no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swaps. The location and amount of (gains) losses on derivative instruments and related hedged items reported in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows: 93 Face value of Aggregate notional amount of interest Weighted-average variable interest rate on hedged debt as of December 31, Issuance date Maturity date medium-term notes rate swaps Fixed interest rate 2014 2013 (Dollars in thousands) February 2011 March 2015 $350,000 $150,000 3.15% 1.28% 1.34% May 2011 June 2017 $350,000 $150,000 3.50% 1.42% 1.44% November 2013 November 2018 $300,000 $100,000 2.45% 1.19% 1.19% February 2014 June 2019 $350,000 $100,000 2.55% 1.10% —% May 2014 September 2019 $400,000 $100,000 2.45% 0.86% —% Location of (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income December 31, Fair Value Hedging Relationship 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Derivative: Interest rate swap Interest expense $ (3,341 ) (8,554 ) (5,118 ) Hedged item: Fixed-rate debt Interest expense 3,341 8,554 5,118 Total $ — — — RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 18. GUARANTEES We have executed various agreements with third parties that contain standard indemnifications that may require us to indemnify a third party against losses arising from a variety of matters such as lease obligations, financing agreements, environmental matters, and agreements to sell business assets. In each of these instances, payment by Ryder is contingent on the other party bringing about a claim under the procedures outlined in the specific agreement. Normally, these procedures allow us to dispute the other party’s claim. Additionally, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of the amount and/or timing of any claim. We have entered into individual indemnification agreements with each of our independent directors, through which we will indemnify such director acting in good faith against any and all losses, expenses and liabilities arising out of such director’s service as a director of Ryder. The maximum amount of potential future payments under these agreements is generally unlimited. We cannot predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under certain of these agreements, including the indemnification agreements, due to the contingent nature of the potential obligations and the distinctive provisions that are involved in each individual agreement. Historically, no such payments made by us have had a material adverse effect on our business. We believe that if a loss were incurred in any of these matters, the loss would not have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , the maximum determinable exposure of each type of guarantee and the corresponding liability, if any, recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows: ________________ We have provided partial end of lease term residual value guarantees as part of the sale leaseback transactions. If the sales proceeds from the final disposition of the specified vehicles are less than the residual value guarantee, we are required to pay the difference to the lessor. The leases expire periodically through 2021. At December 31, 2014 , our maximum exposure for such guarantees was approximately $51 million . No liability has been recognized as of December 31, 2014 because we do not expect to pay any guaranteed amounts to the lessor based on current market conditions. The payments associated with the end of lease term residual value guarantees have been included in our future minimum lease payments for leases in effect as of December 31, 2014 . See Note 14, "Leases," for further information. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , we had letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding, which primarily guarantee various insurance activities as noted in the following table: 94 December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 Guarantee Maximum Exposure of Guarantee Carrying Amount of Liability Maximum Exposure of Guarantee Carrying Amount of Liability (In thousands) Vehicle residual value guarantees (end of lease term) — operating leases (1) $ 50,615 $ — 24,059 — Standby letters of credit — — 6,234 6,234 Total $ 50,615 $ — 30,293 6,234 (1) Amounts exclude contingent rentals associated with residual value guarantees on certain vehicles held under operating leases for which the guarantees are conditioned upon disposal of the leased vehicles prior to the end of their lease term. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , our maximum exposure for such guarantees was approximately $225 million and $120 million , respectively, with $0.2 million recorded as a liability at December 31, 2014 and 2013 . December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Letters of credit $ 234,482 210,995 Surety bonds 99,831 99,486 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 19. SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAMS In December 2013, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2013 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The December 2013 program limits aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management established prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the December 2013 program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan. During 2014, we repurchased and retired approximately 1.3 million shares under this program at an aggregate cost of $ 106 million . We did not repurchase any shares under this program in 2013. In December 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans. Under the December 2011 program, management is authorized to repurchase shares of common stock in an amount not to exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s various employee stock, stock option and employee stock purchase plans from December 1, 2011 through December 13, 2013. The December 2011 program limited aggregate share repurchases to no more than 2 million shares of Ryder common stock. We did not repurchase any shares under this program in 2013. During 2012, we repurchased and retired approximately 0.5 million shares under this program at an aggregate amount of $26 million . 20. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Comprehensive income (loss) presents a measure of all changes in shareholders’ equity except for changes resulting from transactions with shareholders in their capacity as shareholders. The following summary sets forth the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: _______________________ The loss from currency translation adjustments in 2014 of $ 72 million was due primarily to the weakening of the Canadian Dollar and British Pound against the U.S. Dollar. The loss from currency translation adjustments in 2013 of $ 22 million was due to the weakening of the Canadian Dollar compared to the U.S. Dollar, which was partially offset by the strengthening of the British Pound. The currency translation adjustment in 2012 of $ 30 million reflects the strengthening of the Canadian Dollar and the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar. 95 Currency Translation Adjustments and Other Net Actuarial Loss (1) Prior Service Credit (1) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (In thousands) January 1, 2012 $ 28,219 (599,675 ) 4,291 (567,165 ) Amortization — 20,315 (1,657 ) 18,658 Other current period change 29,641 (68,753 ) — (39,112 ) December 31, 2012 57,860 (648,113 ) 2,634 (587,619 ) Amortization — 22,820 (1,340 ) 21,480 Other current period change (21,985 ) 147,410 2,466 127,891 December 31, 2013 35,875 (477,883 ) 3,760 (438,248 ) Amortization — 14,866 (2,676 ) 12,190 Pension lump sum settlement expense — 61,333 — 61,333 Other current period change (71,962 ) (184,257 ) 674 (255,545 ) December 31, 2014 $ (36,087 ) (585,941 ) 1,758 (620,270 ) (1) These amounts are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost and pension settlement charge. See Note 23, "Employee Benefit Plans," for further information. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 21. EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share from continuing operations: 22. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS The following table provides information on share-based compensation expense and income tax benefits recognized in 2014 , 2013 and 2012 : Total unrecognized pre-tax compensation expense related to share-based compensation arrangements at December 31, 2014 was $23 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. The total fair value of equity awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 were $18 million , $12 million and $12 million , respectively. 96 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands, except per share amounts) Earnings per share — Basic: Earnings from continuing operations $ 220,459 243,196 200,899 Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested stock (858 ) (2,173 ) (2,566 ) Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Basic $ 219,601 241,023 198,333 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic 52,536 51,617 50,449 Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Basic $ 4.18 4.67 3.93 Earnings per share — Diluted: Earnings from continuing operations $ 220,459 243,196 200,899 Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested stock (853 ) (2,159 ) (2,556 ) Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Diluted $ 219,606 241,037 198,343 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic 52,536 51,617 50,449 Effect of dilutive equity awards 500 454 291 Weighted average common shares outstanding— Diluted 53,036 52,071 50,740 Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Diluted $ 4.14 4.63 3.91 Anti-dilutive equity awards and market-based restrictive stock rights not included above 161 785 2,278 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Stock option and stock purchase plans $ 9,023 8,303 9,469 Nonvested stock 11,882 11,007 9,395 Share-based compensation expense 20,905 19,310 18,864 Income tax benefit (7,300 ) (6,224 ) (6,309 ) Share-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 13,605 13,086 12,555 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Share-Based Incentive Awards Share-based incentive awards are provided to employees under the terms of various share-based compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”). The Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Awards under the Plans principally include at-the-money stock options, nonvested stock and cash awards. Nonvested stock awards include grants of market-based, performance-based, and time-vested restricted stock rights. Under the terms of our Plans, dividends may be paid on our nonvested stock awards. Dividends on nonvested stock granted after 2011 are not paid unless the award vests. Upon vesting, the amount of the dividends paid is equal to the aggregate dividends declared on common shares during the period from the date of grant of the award until the date the shares underlying the award are delivered. There are 1.7 million shares authorized and available to be granted under the Plans as of December 31, 2014 . There are 1.9 million unused shares available to be granted under the Plans as of December 31, 2014 Stock options are awards which allow employees to purchase shares of our stock at a fixed price. Stock option awards are granted at an exercise price equal to the market price of our stock at the time of grant. These awards, which generally vest one-third each year, are fully vested three years from the grant date. The stock options granted in 2014 and 2013 have contractual terms of ten years and stock options granted in 2012 have contractual terms of seven years. Restricted stock awards are nonvested stock rights that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the award vests. Time-vested restricted stock rights typically vest in three years regardless of company performance. The fair value of the time-vested awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. Performance-based restricted stock awards (PBRSRs) include a performance-based vesting condition. The awards are segmented into three one-year performance periods. For these awards, up to 125% of the awards may be earned based on Ryder's one-year adjusted return on capital (ROC) measured against an annual ROC target. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock three years after the grant date, provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. For accounting purposes, the awards are not considered granted until the Compensation Committee approves the annual ROC target. During 2014 and 2013, 23,000 and 16,000 PBRSRs, respectively, were considered granted for accounting purposes. The fair value of the PBRSRs is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based upon the probability that the performance target will be met. Market-based restricted stock awards include a market-based vesting provision. The awards are segmented into three performance periods of one, two and three years. At the end of each performance period, up to 125% of the award may be earned based on Ryder's total shareholder return (TSR) compared to the target TSR of a peer group over the applicable performance period. The 2014 and 2013 awards compared Ryder's TSR to the TSR of a custom peer group. The 2012 award compared Ryder's TSR to the TSR of the S&P 500. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock at the end of the relevant three year performance period provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. The fair value of the market-based awards was determined on the date of grant and considers the likelihood of Ryder achieving the market-based condition. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and is recognized regardless of whether the awards vest. Certain employees also received cash awards as part of our long-term incentive compensation program. The cash awards have the same vesting provisions as either the market-based restricted stock awards granted in the respective years. The cash awards are accounted for as liability awards as the awards are based upon our own stock performance and are settled in cash. As a result, the liability is adjusted to reflect fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the market-based cash awards was estimated using a lattice-based option pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. The liability related to the cash awards was $4 million and $2 million at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 , respectively. The following table is a summary of compensation expense recognized related to cash awards in addition to share-based compensation expense reported in the previous table. 97 Years ended December 31 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Cash awards $ 1,900 996 1,099 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) We grant restricted stock units (RSUs) to non-management members of the Board of Directors. Once granted, RSUs are eligible for non-forfeitable dividend equivalents but have no voting rights. The fair value of the awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. The board member receives the RSUs upon their departure from the Board. The initial grant of RSUs will not vest unless the director has served a minimum of one year. When the board member receives the RSUs, they are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our common stock. Share-based compensation expense is recognized for RSUs in the year the RSUs are granted. Option Awards The following is a summary of option activity under our stock option plans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 : The aggregate intrinsic values in the table above represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the market price of our stock on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options at year-end. The amount changes based on the fair market value of our stock. Information about options in various price ranges at December 31, 2014 follows: 98 Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Options outstanding at January 1 1,717 $ 49.99 Granted 407 71.49 Exercised (828 ) 47.85 Forfeited or expired (27 ) 61.41 Options outstanding at December 31 1,269 $ 58.03 6.3 $ 44,195 Vested and expected to vest at December 31 1,193 $ 57.64 5.8 $ 42,003 Exercisable at December 31 486 $ 48.21 3.7 $ 21,684 Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Price Ranges Shares Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Less than $50.00 255 2.5 $ 41.45 255 $ 41.45 50.00-55.00 273 4.1 53.63 133 53.63 55.00-60.00 334 7.6 58.23 94 58.28 60.00 and over 407 9.1 71.20 4 61.83 Total 1,269 6.3 $ 58.03 486 $ 48.21 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Restricted Stock Awards The following is a summary of the status of Ryder’s nonvested restricted stock awards as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 : (1) Includes awards canceled due to performance and market conditions not being achieved. Stock Purchase Plan We maintain an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), which enables eligible participants in the U.S. and Canada to purchase full or fractional shares of Ryder common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of eligible compensation. The ESPP provides for quarterly offering periods during which shares may be purchased at 85% of the fair market value on either the first or the last trading day of the quarter, whichever is less. Stock purchased under the ESPP must generally be held for 90 days. The amount of shares authorized to be issued under the existing ESPP was 4.5 million at December 31, 2014 . There were 0.3 million unused shares available to be purchased under the ESPP at December 31, 2014 . The following table summarizes the status of Ryder’s ESPP: Share-Based Compensation Fair Value Assumptions The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing valuation model that uses the weighted-average assumptions noted in the table below. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our stock and implied volatility from traded options on our stock. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option award is based on the yield curve of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond on the date the stock option award is granted with a maturity equal to the expected term of the stock option award. We use historical data to estimate stock option exercises and forfeitures within the valuation model. The expected term of stock option awards granted is derived from historical exercise experience under the share-based employee compensation arrangements and represents the period of time that stock option awards granted are expected to be outstanding. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by Ryder. 99 Time-Vested Market-Based Performance-Based Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value (In thousands) (In thousands) (In thousands) Nonvested stock outstanding at January 1 534 $ 52.58 205 $ 33.71 15 $ 58.27 Granted 186 78.31 41 61.07 23 71.89 Vested (186) 51.83 — 25.29 — 58.21 Forfeited (1) (20) 58.45 (136) 27.44 (3) 62.74 Nonvested stock outstanding at December 31 514 $ 61.83 110 $ 52.52 35 $ 66.85 Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) (In years) (In thousands) Outstanding at January 1 — $ — Granted 150 82.27 Exercised (150) 82.27 Forfeited or expired — — Outstanding at December 31 — $ — — $ — Exercisable at December 31 — $ — — $ — RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used for options granted: Exercise of Employee Stock Options and Purchase Plans The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was $28 million , $30 million , and $6 million , respectively. The total cash received from employees as a result of exercises under all share-based employee compensation arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 was $46 million , $87 million , and $28 million , respectively. In connection with these exercises, the tax benefits generated from share-based employee compensation arrangements were $1 million , $5 million , and $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , respectively. 100 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Option plans: Expected dividends 1.9% 2.1% 2.2% Expected volatility 29.1% 35.1% 40.7% Risk-free rate 1.3% 0.7% 0.6% Expected term in years 4.3 years 4.3 years 3.7 years Grant-date fair value $14.99 $13.97 $14.07 Purchase plan: Expected dividends 1.7% 2.2% 2.7% Expected volatility 20.3% 28.0% 32.7% Risk-free rate —% 0.1% 0.1% Expected term in years 0.25 years 0.25 years 0.25 years Grant-date fair value $15.53 $11.73 $9.53 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 23. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Pension Plans We historically sponsored several defined benefit pension plans covering most employees not covered by union-administered plans, including certain employees in foreign countries. These plans generally provided participants with benefits based on years of service and career-average compensation levels. We have a non-qualified supplemental pension plan covering certain U.S. employees, which provides for incremental pension payments from our funds so that total pension payments equal the amounts that would have been payable from our principal pension plans if it were not for limitations imposed by income tax regulations. The accrued pension liability related to this plan was $51 million and $44 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The retirement benefits for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom (U.K.) are frozen. Non-grandfathered plan participants ceased accruing benefits under the plan as of the respective amendment effective date and began receiving an enhanced benefit under a defined contribution plan. All retirement benefits earned as of the amendment effective date were fully preserved and will be paid in accordance with the plan and legal requirements. The funding policy for these plans is to make contributions based on annual service costs plus amortization of unfunded past service liability, but not greater than the maximum allowable contribution deductible for federal income tax purposes. We may, from time to time, make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amount required by statute. The majority of the plans’ assets are invested in a master trust that, in turn, is invested primarily in commingled funds whose investments are listed stocks and bonds. Pension Expense Pension expense from continuing operations was as follows: 101 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Company-administered plans: Service cost 13,023 15,991 15,479 Interest cost 100,909 89,682 94,605 Expected return on plan assets (115,410 ) (106,150 ) (96,342 ) Pension lump sum settlement expense 97,231 — — Census data adjustment — 3,905 — Amortization of: Net actuarial loss 23,573 35,282 31,200 Prior service credit (1,788 ) (1,818 ) (2,275 ) 117,538 36,892 42,667 Union-administered plans 21,118 11,226 6,746 Net pension expense $ 138,656 48,118 49,413 Company-administered plans: U.S. $ 118,797 37,636 38,992 Foreign (1,259 ) (744 ) 3,675 117,538 36,892 42,667 Union-administered plans 21,118 11,226 6,746 $ 138,656 48,118 49,413 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) In October 2014 , we offered approximately 11,000 former vested employees in our U.S. defined benefit plan a one-time option to receive a lump sum distribution of their benefits. Approximately 6,200 former employees representing 60% of former vested employees offered accepted the lump sum distribution offer. In December 2014 , we made payments totaling $224 million from the U.S. defined benefit plan assets, which resulted in a settlement of $259 million , representing approximately 12% of our U.S. pension plan obligations. We recognized pension lump sum settlement expense of $97 million for unrecognized actuarial losses as a result of the partial settlement of our pension plan liability. The amount of the lump sum settlement expense is based on the proportionate amount of unrecognized U.S. actuarial net losses equal to the settled percentage of our pension benefit obligation. During 2013, we determined certain census data used to actuarially determine the value of our pension benefit obligation for the years 1998 to 2012 was inaccurate. We recorded a one-time, non-cash charge of $4 million to adjust our pension benefit obligation for prior year census data. We recorded the cumulative adjustment within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings as the impact of revising our pension benefit obligation was not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual prior period, and the cumulative amount was not material to 2013 results. The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used for Ryder’s pension plans in determining annual pension expense: The return on plan assets assumption reflects the weighted-average of the expected long-term rates of return for the broad categories of investments held in the plans. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns or in asset allocation strategies of the plan assets. 102 U.S. Plans Years ended December 31, Foreign Plans Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012 Discount rate 5.00% 4.10% 4.90% 4.57% 4.43% 4.76% Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.00% 4.00% 4.00% 3.09% 3.55% 3.54% Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.50% 6.80% 7.05% 5.94% 6.57% 6.00% Gain and loss amortization in years 23 23 24 27 26 27 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Obligations and Funded Status The following table sets forth the benefit obligations, assets and funded status associated with our pension plans: Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of: Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of: In 2015 , we expect to recognize the remainder of the prior service credit and $32 million of the net actuarial loss as a component of pension expense. 103 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Change in benefit obligations: Benefit obligations at January 1 $ 2,104,749 2,207,421 Service cost 13,023 15,991 Interest cost 100,909 89,682 Actuarial loss (gain) 380,595 (129,259 ) Pension settlement (259,319 ) — Benefits paid (87,020 ) (82,120 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes (31,822 ) 3,034 Benefit obligations at December 31 2,221,115 2,104,749 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at January 1 1,832,490 1,612,927 Actual return on plan assets 178,061 201,019 Employer contribution 107,483 96,186 Benefits paid (87,020 ) (82,120 ) Pension settlement (223,654 ) — Foreign currency exchange rate changes (31,943 ) 4,478 Fair value of plan assets at December 31 1,775,417 1,832,490 Funded status $ (445,698 ) (272,259 ) Funded percent 80 % 87 % December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Noncurrent asset $ 2,698 23,556 Current liability (3,739 ) (3,660 ) Noncurrent liability (444,657 ) (292,155 ) Net amount recognized $ (445,698 ) (272,259 ) December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Prior service credit $ (195 ) (2,153 ) Net actuarial loss 905,976 745,356 Net amount recognized $ 905,781 743,203 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining funded status: At December 31, 2014 and 2013 , our pension obligations (accumulated benefit obligations (ABO) and projected benefit obligations (PBO) greater than the fair value of related plan assets for our U.S. and foreign plans were as follows: Plan Assets Our pension investment strategy is to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities. We increase our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduce our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plans improve. The plans utilize several investment strategies, including actively and passively managed equity and fixed income strategies. The investment policy establishes targeted allocations for each asset class that incorporate measures of asset and liability risks. Deviations between actual pension plan asset allocations and targeted asset allocations may occur as a result of investment performance and changes in the funded status from time to time. Rebalancing of our pension plan asset portfolios is evaluated periodically and rebalanced if actual allocations exceed an acceptable range. U.S. plans account for approximately 75% of our total pension plan assets. Equity securities primarily include investments in both domestic and international common collective trusts and publicly traded equities. Fixed income securities primarily include domestic collective trusts and corporate bonds. Other types of investments include private equity fund-of-funds and hedge fund-of-funds. Equity and fixed income securities in our international plans include actively and passively managed mutual funds. 104 U.S. Plans December 31, Foreign Plans December 31, 2014 2013 2014 2013 Discount rate 4.15% 5.00% 3.69% 4.58% Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.00% 3.00% 3.09% 3.09% U.S. Plans December 31, Foreign Plans December 31, Total December 31, 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 (In thousands) Accumulated benefit obligations $ 1,689,191 1,628,407 487,604 445,993 2,176,795 2,074,400 Plans with ABO in excess of plan assets: PBO $ 1,728,643 1,656,086 9,172 9,303 1,737,815 1,665,389 ABO $ 1,689,191 1,628,407 5,620 7,740 1,694,811 1,636,147 Fair value of plan assets $ 1,289,621 1,369,574 — — 1,289,621 1,369,574 Plans with PBO in excess of plan assets: PBO $ 1,728,643 1,656,086 9,172 9,303 1,737,815 1,665,389 ABO $ 1,689,191 1,628,407 5,620 7,740 1,694,811 1,636,147 Fair value of plan assets $ 1,289,621 1,369,574 — — 1,289,621 1,369,574 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table presents the fair value of each major category of pension plan assets and the level of inputs used to measure fair value as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 : 105 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2014 Asset Category Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) Equity securities: U.S. common collective trusts $ 421,185 — 421,185 — Foreign common collective trusts 405,224 — 405,224 — Fixed income securities: Corporate bonds 70,999 — 70,999 — Common collective trusts 788,282 — 788,282 — Private equity and hedge funds 89,727 — — 89,727 Total $ 1,775,417 — 1,685,690 89,727 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2013 Asset Category Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (In thousands) Equity securities: U.S. companies $ 63,346 63,346 — — U.S. common collective trusts 406,358 — 406,358 — Foreign common collective trusts 431,933 — 431,933 — Fixed income securities: Corporate bonds 59,917 — 59,917 — Common collective trusts 794,437 — 794,437 — Private equity and hedge funds 76,499 — — 76,499 Total $ 1,832,490 63,346 1,692,645 76,499 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for our pension assets as well as the level of input used to measure fair value: Equity securities — These investments include common and preferred stocks and index common collective trusts that track U.S. and foreign indices. Fair values for the common and preferred stocks were based on quoted prices in active markets and were therefore classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Fixed income securities — These investments include investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries, government issuers, index common collective trusts that track the Barclays Aggregate Index and other fixed income investments (primarily mortgage-backed securities). Fair values for the corporate bonds were valued using third-party pricing services. These sources determine prices utilizing market income models which factor in, where applicable, transactions of similar assets in active markets, transactions of identical assets in infrequent markets, interest rates, bond or credit default swap spreads and volatility. Since the corporate bonds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The other investments are not actively traded and fair values are estimated using bids provided by brokers, dealers or quoted prices of similar securities with similar characteristics or pricing models. Therefore, the other investments have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Private equity and hedge funds — These investments represent limited partnership interests in private equity and hedge funds. The partnership interests are valued by the general partners based on the underlying assets in each fund. The limited partnership interests are valued using unobservable inputs and have been classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents a summary of changes in the fair value of the pension plans’ Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 : The following table details pension benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter: For 2015 , required pension contributions to our pension plans are estimated to be $39 million . 106 2014 2013 (In thousands) Beginning balance at January 1 $ 76,499 71,207 Return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at the reporting date 4,903 4,258 Relating to assets sold during the period 1,882 2,194 Purchases, sales, settlements and expenses 6,443 (1,160 ) Ending balance at December 31 $ 89,727 76,499 (In thousands) 2015 $ 94,093 2016 98,874 2017 103,272 2018 108,311 2019 113,078 2020-2024 622,761 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Multi-employer Plans We also participate in multi-employer plans that provide defined benefits to certain employees covered by collective-bargaining agreements. Such plans are usually administered by a board of trustees comprised of the management of the participating companies and labor representatives. The net pension cost of these plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Assets contributed to such plans are not segregated or otherwise restricted to provide benefits only to our employees. The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following respects: 1) assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees and former employees of other participating employers; 2) if a participating employer is no longer able to contribute to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers at annual contribution rates under the collective bargaining agreements; 3) if there is a mass withdrawal of substantially all employers from the plan, we may be required to pay that plan an annual contribution based on historical contribution levels as prescribed by federal statute; and 4) if we choose to stop participating in some of our multi-employer plans, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, which is referred to as a withdrawal liability. During 2014 , we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $13 million related to the transition of employees from two U.S. multi-employer plans into another multi-employer plan in which we participate, and our exit from two U.S. multi-employer pension plans. During 2013 , we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $3 million for the exit from a U.S. multi-employer pension plan and the restructured agreement with another U.S. multi-employer pension plan. These charges were recorded within "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and is included in the Union-administered plans expense. Our participation in these plans is outlined in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2014 and 2013 is for the plan years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 , respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than sixty-five percent funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than eighty percent funded, and plans in the green zone are at least eighty percent funded. _____________ Our contributions are impacted by changes in contractual contributions rates as well as changes in the number of employees covered by each plan. Our contributions to the International Association of Machinists Motor City Pension Fund represented more than 5% of the total plan contributions for the plan year ended June 30, 2014 . We have exited out of this multi-employer plan as of December 31, 2014 . 107 Pension Protection Act Zone Status Ryder Contributions Expiration Date(s) of Collective-Bargaining Agreement(s) Pension Fund Employer Identification Number 2014 2013 FIP/RP Status Pending/ Implemented (1) 2014 2013 2012 Surcharge Imposed (Dollars in thousands) Western Conference Teamsters 91-6145047 Green Green No $ 2,315 2,180 1,943 No 1/12/15 to 6/30/19 IAM National 51-6031295 Green Green No 3,311 2,987 2,038 No 9/14/15 to 9/30/19 Automobile Mechanics Local No. 701 36-6042061 Red Red RP Adopted 1,632 1,530 1,527 Yes 5/31/16 to 10/31/17 Central States Southeast and Southwest Areas 36-6044243 Red Red RP adopted 211 226 226 No 10/31/15 to 5/31/17 Other funds 1,085 1,483 1,012 Total contributions 8,554 8,406 6,746 Pension settlement charges 12,564 2,820 — Union-administered plans $ 21,118 11,226 6,746 (1) The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP) is either pending or has been implemented. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Savings Plans Employees who do not actively participate in pension plans and are not covered by union-administered plans are generally eligible to participate in enhanced savings plans. These plans provide for (i) a company contribution even if employees do not make contributions, (ii) a company match of employee contributions of eligible pay, subject to tax limits and (iii) a discretionary company match. Savings plan costs totaled $35 million in 2014 , $35 million in 2013 , and $33 million in 2012 . Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Compensation Plans We have deferred compensation plans that permit eligible U.S. employees, officers and directors to defer a portion of their compensation. The deferred compensation liability, including Ryder matching amounts and accumulated earnings, totaled $40 million and $34 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. We have established grantor trusts (Rabbi Trusts) to provide funding for benefits payable under the supplemental pension plan, deferred compensation plans and long-term incentive compensation plans. The assets held in the trusts at December 31, 2014 and 2013 amounted to $41 million and $35 million , respectively. The Rabbi Trusts’ assets consist of short-term cash investments and a managed portfolio of equity securities, including our common stock. These assets, except for the investment in our common stock, are included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” because they are available to our general creditors in the event of insolvency. The equity securities are classified as trading securities and stated at fair value. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in “Miscellaneous income, net.” The Rabbi Trusts’ investment of $2 million and $2 million in our common stock at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively, is reflected at historical cost and recorded against shareholders’ equity. Other Postretirement Benefits We sponsor plans that provide retired U.S. and Canadian employees with certain healthcare and life insurance benefits. Substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees not covered by union-administered health and welfare plans are eligible for the healthcare benefits. Healthcare benefits for our principal plan are generally provided to qualified retirees under age 65 and eligible dependents. This plan requires employee contributions that vary based on years of service and include provisions that limit our contributions. Effective January 1, 2014, we made amendments to our healthcare benefits for early retirees which modified future eligibility requirements for non-grandfathered retirees in the U.S. The post-retirement medical plan was closed to participants who were not at least age 52 with 12 years of service as of December 31, 2013. Total postretirement benefit expense was as follows: 108 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Service cost $ 446 981 1,095 Interest cost 1,421 1,580 1,980 Amortization of: Net actuarial gain (725 ) (14 ) (20 ) Prior service credit (2,459 ) (231 ) (231 ) Postretirement benefit (income) expense $ (1,317 ) 2,316 2,824 U.S. $ (1,839 ) 1,625 2,142 Foreign 522 691 682 $ (1,317 ) 2,316 2,824 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table sets forth the weighted-average discount rates used in determining annual postretirement benefit expense: Our postretirement benefit plans are not funded. The following table sets forth the benefit obligations associated with our postretirement benefit plans: Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of: Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of: In 2015 , we expect to recognize approximately $2 million of the prior service credit as a component of postretirement benefit expense. The amount of net actuarial gain we expect to recognize in 2015 as a component of total postretirement benefit expense is not material. 109 U.S. Plan Years ended December 31, Foreign Plan Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012 Discount rate 5.00% 4.10% 4.90% 4.80% 4.00% 4.50% December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Benefit obligations at January 1 $ 30,788 40,599 Service cost 446 981 Interest cost 1,421 1,580 Actuarial gain (1,010 ) (9,332 ) Benefits paid (1,989 ) (2,515 ) Foreign currency exchange rate changes (655 ) (525 ) Benefit obligations at December 31 $ 29,001 30,788 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Current liability $ 2,112 2,414 Noncurrent liability 26,889 28,374 Amount recognized $ 29,001 30,788 December 31, 2014 2013 (In thousands) Prior service credit $ (2,527 ) (4,986 ) Net actuarial gain (5,933 ) (6,239 ) Net amount recognized $ (8,460 ) (11,225 ) RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Our annual measurement date is December 31 for both U.S. and foreign postretirement benefit plans. Assumptions used in determining accrued postretirement benefit obligations were as follows: Changing the assumed healthcare cost trend rates by 1% in each year would not have a material effect on the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2014 or annual postretirement benefit expense for 2014 . The following table details other postretirement benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter: 24. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS Our operations involve storing and dispensing petroleum products, primarily diesel fuel, regulated under environmental protection laws. These laws require us to eliminate or mitigate the effect of such substances on the environment. In response to these requirements, we continually upgrade our operating facilities and implement various programs to detect and minimize contamination. In addition, we have received notices from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others that we have been identified as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and similar state statutes and may be required to share in the cost of cleanup of 19 identified disposal sites. Our environmental expenses which are presented within “Cost of fuel services” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings, consist of remediation costs as well as normal recurring expenses such as licensing, testing and waste disposal fees. These expenses totaled $7 million in 2014 , $9 million in 2013 and $7 million in 2012 . The carrying amount of our environmental liabilities was $12 million and $13 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Our asset retirement obligations related to fuel tanks to be removed are not included above and are recorded within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The ultimate cost of our environmental liabilities cannot presently be projected with certainty due to the presence of several unknown factors, primarily the level of contamination, the effectiveness of selected remediation methods, the stage of investigation at individual sites, the determination of our liability in proportion to other responsible parties and the recoverability of such costs from third parties. Based on information presently available, we believe that the ultimate disposition of these matters, although potentially material to the results of operations in any one year, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity. 110 U.S. Plan December 31, Foreign Plan December 31, 2014 2013 2014 2013 Discount rate 4.15 % 5.00 % 4.00 % 4.80 % Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.00 % 3.00 % 3.00 % 3.00 % Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.00 % 7.25 % 6.00 % 6.50 % Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (ultimate trend rate) 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2023 2023 2017 2017 (In thousands) 2015 $ 2,156 2016 2,273 2017 2,324 2018 2,376 2019 2,404 2020-2024 10,824 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 25. OTHER ITEMS IMPACTING COMPARABILITY Our primary measure of segment performance as shown in Note 29, "Segment Reporting", excludes certain items we do not believe are representative of the ongoing operations of the segment. Excluding these items from our segment measure of performance allows for better year over year comparison: _______________ During 2014 , we incurred charges of $2 million related to tax adjustments for the 2011 Hill Hire acquisition. We recorded the cumulative adjustment within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings as the impact of the adjustments was not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual prior period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2014 results. During 2014 , we incurred charges of $0.4 million related to professional fees associated with cost savings initiatives. This charge was recorded within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. During 2013, we recognized a benefit of $2 million from the recognition of the accumulated currency translation adjustment from a FMS foreign operation which substantially liquidated its net assets. This benefit was recorded within “Miscellaneous income, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. During 2013, we recognized a benefit of $1 million from the recovery of Superstorm Sandy losses. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we incurred $8 million of losses for property damage to vehicles owned by full service lease customers for which Ryder had liability under certain agreements. The 2013 benefit and the 2012 charge were both recorded within “Cost of services” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. 111 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Pension lump sum settlement loss (1) $ (97,231 ) — — Pension settlement charges (1) (12,564 ) (2,820 ) — Restructuring and other (charges) recoveries, net (2) (2,387 ) 470 (8,070 ) Acquisition-related tax adjustment (1,808 ) — — Acquisition transaction costs (3) (566 ) — (368 ) Consulting fees (400 ) — — Foreign currency translation benefit — 1,904 — Superstorm Sandy vehicle-related recoveries (losses) — 600 (8,230 ) Restructuring and other (charges) recoveries, net and other items $ (114,956 ) $ 154 $ (16,668 ) (1) See Note 23, "Employee Benefit Plans," for additional information. (2) Refer to Note 4, "Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” for additional information. (3) See Note 3, "Acquisitions," for additional information RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 26. OTHER MATTERS We are a party to various claims, complaints and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our continuing business operations including but not limited to those relating to commercial and employment claims, environmental matters, risk management matters (e.g. vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, etc.) and administrative assessments primarily associated with operating taxes. We have established loss provisions for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. For matters from continuing operations where a reserve has not been established and for which we believe a loss is reasonably possible, as well as for matters where a reserve has been recorded but for which an exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we believe that such losses will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Our estimates regarding potential losses and materiality are based on our judgment and assessment of the claims utilizing currently available information. Although we will continue to reassess our reserves and estimates based on future developments, our objective assessment of the legal merits of such claims may not always be predictive of the outcome and actual results may vary from our current estimates. Although we discontinued our South American operations in 2009, we continue to be party to various federal, state and local legal proceedings involving labor matters, tort claims and tax assessments. We have established loss provisions for any matters where we believe a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Other than with respect to the matters discussed below, for matters where a reserve has not been established and for which we believe a loss is reasonably possible, as well as for matters where a reserve has been recorded but for which an exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we believe that such losses will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In Brazil, we were assessed $5 million (before and after tax) in prior years for various federal income taxes and social contribution taxes for the 1997 and 1998 tax years. We successfully overturned these federal tax assessments in the lower courts; however, there is a reasonable possibility that these rulings could be reversed and we would be required to pay the assessments. We believe it is more likely than not that our position will ultimately be sustained if appealed and no amounts have been reserved for these matters. We are entitled to indemnification for a portion of any resulting liability on these federal tax claims which, if honored, would reduce the estimated loss. 112 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 27. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Supplemental cash flow information was as follows: ____________________________ (1) The 2012 amount includes $20 million of capital leases assumed in the Euroway acquisition. In both 2014 and 2013, we paid $ 2 million related to acquisitions completed in prior years. 28. MISCELLANEOUS INCOME, NET (1) Refer to Note 25, "Other Items Impacting Comparability," for additional information 113 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Interest paid $ 139,595 132,946 126,764 Income taxes paid 11,382 13,063 11,613 Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment 39,071 43,745 27,528 Operating and revenue earning equipment acquired under capital leases (1) 7,972 5,698 20,670 Fair value of debt assumed on acquisition — — 379 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Contract settlement $ 3,014 $ — $ — Gains on sales of operating property and equipment 2,909 1,020 4,456 Business interruption insurance recoveries 808 2,743 1,991 Foreign currency translation benefit (1) — 1,904 — Rabbi trust investment (expense) income 2,726 4,475 1,497 Other, net 4,156 5,230 3,783 Total $ 13,613 $ 15,372 $ 11,727 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 29. SEGMENT REPORTING We operate in two business segments: Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing, commercial rental, contract maintenance, contract-related maintenance of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; and Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides comprehensive supply chain solutions including distribution and transportation services in North America and Asia. The SCS segment also provides dedicated services, which includes vehicles and drivers as part of a dedicated transportation solution in the U.S. Our primary measurement of segment financial performance, defined as “Earnings Before Tax” (EBT) from continuing operations, includes an allocation of CSS and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other charges, net described in Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries)” and excludes the items discussed in Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability.” CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance, corporate services, public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal and corporate communications. The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment and each operating segment within each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. Certain costs are considered to be overhead not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS. Included among the unallocated overhead remaining within CSS are the costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. CSS costs attributable to the business segments are predominantly allocated to FMS and SCS as follows: • Finance, corporate services, and health and safety — allocated based upon estimated and planned resource utilization; • Human resources — individual costs within this category are allocated in several ways, including allocation based on estimated utilization and number of personnel supported; • Information technology — principally allocated based upon utilization-related metrics such as number of users or minutes of CPU time. Customer-related project costs and expenses are allocated to the business segment responsible for the project; and • Other — represents legal and other centralized costs and expenses including certain share-based incentive compensation costs. Expenses, where allocated, are based primarily on the number of personnel supported. Our FMS segment leases revenue earning equipment and provides fuel, maintenance and other ancillary services to the SCS segment. Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and SCS and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations”). 114 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Each business segment follows the same accounting policies as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” Business segment revenue and EBT from continuing operations is as follows: ______________ 115 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Revenue: Fleet Management Solutions: Full service lease $ 2,102,703 2,016,570 1,956,812 Commercial rental 836,719 753,456 738,564 Full service lease and commercial rental 2,939,422 2,770,026 2,695,376 Contract maintenance 182,411 178,001 184,149 Contract-related maintenance 196,841 186,580 170,323 Other 71,064 72,029 71,955 Fuel services revenue 787,887 829,586 854,578 Total Fleet Management Solutions from external customers 4,177,625 4,036,222 3,976,381 Inter-segment revenue 478,133 458,464 428,944 Fleet Management Solutions 4,655,758 4,494,686 4,405,325 Supply Chain Solutions from external customers 2,461,149 2,383,063 2,280,586 Eliminations (478,133 ) (458,464 ) (428,944 ) Total revenue $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 EBT: Fleet Management Solutions $ 434,018 344,049 307,628 Supply Chain Solutions 122,356 129,959 115,193 Eliminations (41,361 ) (35,489 ) (29,265 ) $ 515,013 438,519 393,556 Unallocated Central Support Services (51,740 ) (45,493 ) (42,348 ) Non-operating pension costs (9,768 ) (24,285 ) (31,423 ) Restructuring and other (charges) recoveries, net and other items (1) (114,956 ) 154 (16,668 ) Earnings before income taxes from continuing operations $ 338,549 368,895 303,117 (1) See Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for a discussion of items excluded from our primary measure of segment performance. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) The following table sets forth share-based compensation, depreciation expense, gains on vehicle sales, net, other non-cash charges, net, interest expense (income), capital expenditures and total assets for the years ended December 31, 2014 , 2013 and 2012 as provided to the chief operating decision-maker for each of Ryder’s reportable business segments: ____________ 116 FMS SCS CSS Eliminations Total (In thousands) 2014 Share-based compensation expense $ 4,895 4,381 11,629 — 20,905 Depreciation expense (1) $ 1,011,227 28,847 185 — 1,040,259 Gains on vehicles sales, net $ (126,410 ) (414 ) — — (126,824 ) Pension lump sum settlement expense $ 76,239 6,612 14,380 — 97,231 Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net $ 19,936 1,825 25,502 — 47,263 Interest expense (income) (2) $ 144,583 (2,327 ) (181 ) — 142,075 Capital expenditures paid (3) $ 2,166,319 22,824 70,021 — 2,259,164 Total assets $ 8,818,816 898,196 198,734 (239,760 ) 9,675,986 2013 Share-based compensation expense $ 4,979 4,934 9,397 — 19,310 Depreciation expense (1) $ 926,724 29,560 857 — 957,141 Gains on vehicles sales, net $ (96,011 ) (164 ) — — (96,175 ) Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net $ 19,071 3,640 33,678 — 56,389 Interest expense (income) (2) $ 139,288 (1,864 ) (228 ) — 137,196 Capital expenditures paid (3) $ 2,092,544 22,677 25,243 — 2,140,464 Total assets $ 8,309,149 869,074 160,249 (234,690 ) 9,103,782 2012 Share-based compensation expense $ 5,359 4,433 9,072 — 18,864 Depreciation expense (1) $ 910,352 28,275 1,050 — 939,677 Gains on vehicle sales, net $ (89,075 ) (33 ) — — (89,108 ) Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net $ 15,567 2,768 30,874 — 49,209 Interest expense (income) (2) $ 140,747 11 (201 ) — 140,557 Capital expenditures paid (3) $ 2,090,443 19,278 23,514 — 2,133,235 Total assets $ 7,556,509 807,935 144,355 (189,820 ) 8,318,979 (1) Depreciation expense associated with CSS assets was allocated to business segments based upon estimated and planned asset utilization. Depreciation expense totaling $21 million , $14 million , and $12 million during 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , respectively, associated with CSS assets was allocated to other business segments. (2) Interest expense was primarily allocated to the FMS segment since such borrowings were used principally to fund the purchase of revenue earning equipment used in FMS; however, interest expense (income) was also reflected in SCS based on targeted segment leverage ratios. (3) Excludes acquisition payments of $10 million , $2 million , and $5 million in 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , respectively, comprised primarily of long-lived assets. See Note 3, “Acquisitions,” for additional information. RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) Geographic Information Certain Concentrations We have a diversified portfolio of customers across a full array of transportation and logistics solutions and across many industries. We believe this will help to mitigate the impact of adverse downturns in specific sectors of the economy. Our portfolio of full service lease and commercial rental customers is not concentrated in any one particular industry or geographic region. We derive a significant portion of our SCS revenue from the automotive industry, mostly from manufacturers and suppliers of original equipment parts. During 2014 , 2013 and 2012 , the automotive industry accounted for approximately 27% , 29% and 30% , respectively, of SCS total revenue. 117 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands) Revenue: United States $ 5,614,037 5,411,376 5,231,899 Foreign: Canada 435,280 455,440 477,495 Europe 400,853 372,209 384,105 Mexico 158,481 161,279 143,282 Asia 30,123 18,981 20,186 1,024,737 1,007,909 1,025,068 Total $ 6,638,774 6,419,285 6,256,967 Long-lived assets: United States $ 6,583,508 5,996,646 5,261,622 Foreign: Canada 530,316 529,880 557,351 Europe 553,467 568,850 534,728 Mexico 26,230 29,008 24,973 Asia 521 279 787 1,110,534 1,128,017 1,117,839 Total $ 7,694,042 7,124,663 6,379,461 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) 30. QUARTERLY INFORMATION (UNAUDITED) Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently; therefore, the sum of per-share amounts for the quarters may not equal per-share amounts for the year. See Note 4, “Restructuring and Other Charges (Recoveries),” and Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for items included in earnings during 2014 and 2013 . 118 Earnings from Continuing Operations Earnings from Continuing Operations per Common Share Net Earnings per Common Share Revenue Net Earnings Basic Diluted Basic Diluted (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2014 First quarter $ 1,610,737 49,098 48,232 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 Second quarter 1,684,571 75,694 75,358 1.43 1.42 1.43 1.41 Third quarter 1,687,150 83,967 83,689 1.60 1.58 1.59 1.57 Fourth quarter 1,656,316 11,700 11,296 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 Full year $ 6,638,774 220,459 218,575 4.18 4.14 4.14 4.11 2013 First quarter $ 1,563,017 40,802 39,924 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.77 Second quarter 1,603,999 62,575 62,194 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.19 Third quarter 1,634,540 73,875 71,067 1.41 1.40 1.36 1.35 Fourth quarter 1,617,729 65,944 64,607 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 Full year $ 6,419,285 243,196 237,792 4.67 4.63 4.57 $ 4.53 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARES SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS ______________ 119 Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Additions Description Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Earnings Transferred from (to) Other Accounts (1) Deductions (2) Balance at End of Period (In thousands) 2014 Accounts receivable allowance $ 16,955 7,086 — 7,653 16,388 Direct finance lease allowance $ 501 47 — 260 288 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 290,255 273,509 62,548 325,318 300,994 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 239 (11 ) — — 228 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 33,793 (976 ) — 8,075 24,742 2013 Accounts receivable allowance $ 15,429 7,561 — 6,035 16,955 Direct finance lease allowance $ 703 205 — 407 501 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 279,157 266,314 60,235 315,451 290,255 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 1,635 (413 ) — 983 239 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 38,182 1,627 — 6,016 33,793 2012 Accounts receivable allowance $ 14,489 10,478 — 9,538 15,429 Direct finance lease allowance $ 903 812 — 1,012 703 Self-insurance accruals (3) $ 253,424 272,357 57,285 303,909 279,157 Reserve for residual value guarantees $ 4,218 179 — 2,762 1,635 Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets $ 41,324 1,061 — 4,203 38,182 (1) Transferred from (to) other accounts includes employee contributions made to the medical and dental self-insurance plans. (2) Deductions represent write-offs, lease termination payments, insurance claim payments during the period and net foreign currency translation adjustments. (3) Self-insurance accruals include vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, property damage, cargo and medical and dental, which comprise our self-insurance programs. Amounts charged to earnings include developments in prior year selected loss development factors which benefited earnings by $14 million , $5 million , and $1 million in 2014 , 2013 , and 2012 , respectively.  ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Ryder’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that at December 31, 2014 , Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) were effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm thereon are set out in Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K Annual Report. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting During the three months ended December 31, 2014 , there were no changes in Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect such internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by Item 10 with respect to executive officers is included within Item 1 in Part I under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” of this Form 10-K Annual Report. The information required by Item 10 with respect to directors, audit committee, audit committee financial experts and Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance is included under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Audit Committee” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. Ryder has adopted a code of ethics applicable to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and Senior Financial Management. We will provide a copy of our Finance Code of Conduct to anyone, free of charge, upon request through our Investor Relations Page, on our website at www.ryder.com. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 is included under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. 120  ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 12 with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included under the captions “Security Ownership of Officers and Directors” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 12 with respect to related stockholder matters is included within Item 5 in Part II under the caption “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans” of this Form 10-K Annual Report. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 is included under the captions “Board of Directors” and “Related Person Transactions” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 is included under the caption “Ratification of Independent Auditor” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference. 121  PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. Supplementary Financial Information consisting of selected quarterly financial data is included in Item 8 of this report. 3. Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed with this report or, where indicated, incorporated by reference (Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K referenced herein have been filed under the Commission’s file No. 1-4364). Ryder will provide a copy of the exhibits filed with this report at a nominal charge to those parties requesting them. 122 (a) Items A through H and Schedule II are presented on the following pages of this Form 10-K Annual Report: Page No. 1. Financial Statements for Ryder System, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries: A) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 58 B) Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm 59 C) Consolidated Statements of Earnings 60 D) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 61 E) Consolidated Balance Sheets 62 F) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 63 G) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity 64 H) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 65 2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 119  EXHIBIT INDEX 123 Exhibit Number Description 3.1(a) The Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended through May 18, 1990, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1990, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.1(b) Articles of Amendment to Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended, previously filed with the Commission on April 3, 1996 as an exhibit to Ryder's Form 8-A, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.1(c) Articles of Amendment to Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended, previously filed with the Commission on May 9, 2013 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.1(d) Articles of Amendment to Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation, dated November 8, 1985, as amended, previously filed with the Commission on May 8, 2014 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K, are incorporated by reference into this report. 3.2 The Ryder System, Inc. By-Laws, as amended through May 3, 2013, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 9, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 4.1 Ryder hereby agrees, pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K, to furnish the Commission with a copy of any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Ryder, where such instrument has not been filed as an exhibit hereto and the total amount of securities authorized there under does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Ryder and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. 4.2(a) The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated as of June 1, 1984, filed with the Commission on November 19, 1985 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-1632), is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.2(b) The First Supplemental Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated October 1, 1987, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1994, is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.3 The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated as of May 1, 1987, and supplemented as of November 15, 1990 and June 24, 1992, filed with the Commission on July 30, 1992 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-50232), is incorporated by reference into this report. 4.4 The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Trust Company (National Association) dated as of October 3, 2003 filed with the Commission on August 29, 2003 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-108391), is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(a) Consulting Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2012, between Ryder System, Inc. and Gregory T. Swienton, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 17, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(b) The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(c) The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for other named executive officers, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.1(d) The Ryder System, Inc. Executive Severance Plan, effective as of January 1, 2013, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(a) The Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on March 30, 2005 as Appendix A to Ryder's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(b) The Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on March 21, 2008, as Appendix A to Ryder's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(c) The Ryder System, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Employees, previously filed with the Commission on March 29, 2010, as Appendix B to Ryder System, Inc.'s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(d) Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2007, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(e) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 8, 2008, are incorporated by reference into this report.  124 Exhibit Number Description 10.4(f) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 11, 2005, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(g) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(h) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(i) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(j) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Rights granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(k) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Cash Awards granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(l) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Performance-Based Cash Awards granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(m) Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Restricted Stock Rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(n) Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(o) Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(p) Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(q) Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based cash awards granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(r) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(s) Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(t) Terms and Conditions applicable to 2013 performance-based cash awards granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(u) Terms and Conditions applicable to 2013 performance-based restricted stock rights granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 14, 2013, are incorporated by reference into this report. 10.4(v) Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to 2014 annual cash incentive awards granted to named executive officers under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 13, 2014, are incorporated by reference into this report.  125 Exhibit Number Description 10.5(a) The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Award Plan, as amended and restated at February 10, 2005, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.5(b) The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Plan, as amended and restated at May 7, 2004, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.6 The Ryder System Benefit Restoration Plan, as amended and restated, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.7 Form of Indemnification Agreement for independent directors, effective as of October 6, 2006, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 10, 2006, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.10 The Ryder System, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference to this report. 10.14(a) Global Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of June 8, 2011, by and among, Ryder System, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc., and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 8, 2011, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.14(b) Amendment No. 1 dated as of April 20, 2012 to Global Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain Ryder System, Inc. subsidiaries, and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.14(c) Amendment No. 2 dated as of October 18, 2013 to Global Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc., and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013, is incorporated by reference into this report. 10.14(d) Amendment No. 3 dated as of January 30, 2015 to Global Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc., and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 2, 2015, is incorporated by reference into this report. 12 Statements re: Computation of Ratios. 21.1 List of subsidiaries of the registrant, with the state or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization of each, and the name under which each subsidiary does business. 23.1 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP consent to incorporation by reference in certain Registration Statements on Forms S-3 and S-8 of their report on Consolidated Financial Statements financial statement schedule and effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting of Ryder System, Inc. 24.1 Manually executed powers of attorney for each of: Robert J. Eck L. Patrick Hassey Michael F. Hilton Tamara L. Lundgren Luis P. Nieto, Jr. Robert Hagemann Abbie J. Smith E. Follin Smith John M. Berra Hansel E. Tookes, II 31.1 Certification of Robert E. Sanchez pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2 Certification of Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32 Certification of Robert E. Sanchez and Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.  Please refer to the description of Exhibits 10.1 through 10.10 set forth under Item 15(a)3 of this report for a listing of all management contracts and compensation plans and arrangements filed with this report pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. 126 (b) Executive Compensation Plans and Arrangements:  SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. 127 Date: February 13, 2015 RYDER SYSTEM, INC. By: /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer  128 Date: February 13, 2015 By: /s/ ROBERT E. SANCHEZ Robert E. Sanchez Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 13, 2015 By: /s/ ART A. GARCIA Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Date: February 13, 2015 By: /s/ CRISTINA A. GALLO-AQUINO Cristina A. Gallo-Aquino Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) Date: February 13, 2015 By: JOHN M. BERRA * John M. Berra Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: ROBERT J. ECK * Robert J. Eck Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: ROBERT HAGEMANN * Robert Hagemann Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: L. PATRICK HASSEY* L. Patrick Hassey Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: MICHAEL F. HILTON* Michael F. Hilton Director  129 Date: February 13, 2015 By: TAMARA L. LUNDGREN* Tamara L. Lundgren Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: LUIS P. NIETO, JR. * Luis P. Nieto, Jr. Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: ABBIE J. SMITH * Abbie J. Smith Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: E. FOLLIN SMITH * E. Follin Smith Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: HANSEL E. TOOKES, II * Hansel E. Tookes, II Director Date: February 13, 2015 By: FLORA R. PEREZ Flora R. Perez Attorney-in-Fact  EXHIBIT 12 Ryder System, Inc. and Subsidiaries Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges Continuing Operations (Dollars in thousands) Years Ended 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 EARNINGS: Earnings before income taxes $ 186,305 279,387 303,117 368,895 338,549 Fixed charges 181,860 183,948 189,412 188,144 191,271 Add: Amortization of capitalized interest 742 722 713 589 535 Less: Interest capitalized 195 17 — — — Earnings available for fixed charges (A) $ 368,712 464,041 493,242 557,628 530,355 FIXED CHARGES: Interest and other financial charges $ 130,654 133,496 140,841 137,461 142,295 Costs associated with sale of receivables — — — — — Portion of rents representing interest expense 51,206 50,452 48,571 50,683 48,976 Total fixed charges (B) $ 181,860 183,948 189,412 188,144 142,295 RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES (A) / (B) 2.03x 2.52x 2.60x 2.96x 2.77x  EXHIBIT 21.1 The following list sets forth (i) all subsidiaries of Ryder System, Inc. at December 31, 2014 , (ii) the state or country of incorporation or organization of each subsidiary, and (iii) the names under which certain subsidiaries do business. Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization 3241290 Nova Scotia Company Nova Scotia Associated Ryder Capital Services, Inc. Florida Bullwell Trailer Solutions Limited England CRTS Logistica Automotiva S.A. Brazil Euroway Vehicle Rental Limited England Euroway Group Holdings Limited England Euroway Group Limited England Euroway Vehicle Management Limited England Euroway Vehicle Engineering Limited England Euroway Vehicle Contracts Limited England Far East Freight, Inc. Florida Globe Master Insurance Company Vermont Hill Hire Limited England Network Vehicle Central, Inc. Florida Network Vehicle Central, LLC Florida Road Master, Limited Bermuda RSI Holding B.V. Netherlands RSI Purchase Corp. Delaware RTI Argentina S.A. Argentina RTRC Finance LP Canada RTR Holdings (B.V.I.) Limited British Virgin Islands RTR Leasing I, Inc. Delaware RTR Leasing II, Inc. Delaware Ryder Argentina S.A. Argentina Ryder Ascent Logistics Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Asia Pacific Holdings B.V. Netherlands Ryder Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Australia Pty Ltd. Australia Ryder Canadian Financing US LLC Delaware Ryder Capital Ireland Holdings II LLC Delaware Ryder Capital Luxembourg Limited, S.A.R.L. England Ryder Capital Luxembourg Limited, Corp. Florida Ryder Capital S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder Capital Services Corporation Delaware Ryder Capital UK Holdings LLP England Ryder Chile Sistemas Intergrados de Logistica Limitada (1) Chile Ryder Container Terminals Canada Ryder CRSA Logistics (2) Canada Ryder CRSA Logistics (HK) Limited Hong Kong Ryder de Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico  Ryder Dedicated Logistics, Inc. Delaware Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization Ryder Deutschland GmbH Germany Ryder Distribution Services Limited England Ryder do Brasil Ltda. Brazil Ryder Energy Distribution Corporation Florida Ryder European B.V. Netherlands Ryder Europe Operations B.V. Netherlands Ryder Fleet Products, Inc. Tennessee Ryder Fuel Services, LLC Florida Ryder Funding LP Delaware Ryder Funding II LP Delaware Ryder Global Services, LLC Florida Ryder Hungary Logistics LLC Hungary Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc .(3) Delaware Ryder Integrated Logistics of California Contractors, LLC Delaware Ryder Integrated Logistics of Texas, LLC Texas Ryder International Acquisition Corp. Florida Ryder International, Inc. Florida Ryder Limited England Ryder Logistica Ltda. Brazil Ryder Logistics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. China Ryder Mauritius Holdings, Ltd. Mauritius Ryder Mexican Holding B.V. Netherlands Ryder Mexican Investments I LP Delaware Ryder Mexican Investments II LP Delaware Ryder Mexicana, S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder Offshore Holdings III LLC Delaware Ryder Pension Fund Limited England Ryder Puerto Rico, Inc. Delaware Ryder Purchasing LLC Delaware Ryder Receivable Funding III, L.L.C. Delaware Ryder Services Corporation (4) Florida Ryder Servicios do Brasil Ltda. Brazil Ryder Servicios S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Ryder (Shanghai) Logistics Co., Ltd. China Ryder Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore Ryder Supply Chain Solutions Asia Limited Hong Kong Ryder System B.V. Netherlands Ryder System Holdings (UK) Limited England Ryder System (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Thailand Ryder Thailand I, LLC Florida Ryder Thailand II, LLC Florida Ryder Truck Rental Holdings Canada Ltd. Canada Name of Subsidiary State or Country of Incorporation or Organization  ____________________ (1) Chile: d/b/a Ryder Chile Limitada (2) British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec: d/b/a CRSA Logistics (3) Florida: d/b/a UniRyder (4) Ohio and Texas: d/b/a Ryder Claims Services Corporation Maryland and Virginia: d/b/a Ryder/Jacobs Michigan: d/b/a Atlas Trucking, Inc. Michigan: d/b/a Ryder Atlas of Western Michigan (6) French Name: Location de Camions Ryder du Canada Ltee Canadian Provinces: d/b/a Ryder Integrated Logistics, Ryder Dedicated Logistics, Ryder Canada, Ryder Carrier Management Services Ryder Truck Rental, Inc .(5) Florida Ryder Truck Rental I LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental II LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental III LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental IV LLC Delaware Ryder Truck Rental I LP Delaware Ryder Truck Rental II LP Delaware Ryder Truck Rental Canada Ltd .(6) Canada Ryder Truck Rental LT Delaware Ryder Vehicle Purchasing, LLC Delaware Ryder Vehicle Sales, LLC Florida Sistemas Logisticos Sigma S.A. Argentina Tandem Transport, L.P. Georgia Translados Americano S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico Truck Transerv, Inc. Delaware (5) Aabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming: d/b/a Ryder Transportation Services  EXHIBIT 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-186486) and Forms S-8 (No. 333-19515, No. 333-26653, No. 333-69628, No. 333-108364, No. 333-124828, No. 333-134113, No. 333-153123, No. 333-177285 and No. 333-181396) of Ryder System, Inc. of our report dated February 13, 2015 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Miami, Florida February 13, 2015  EXHIBIT 24.1 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned, being directors of Ryder System, Inc., a Florida corporation, hereby constitutes and appoints Robert D. Fatovic, Flora R. Perez and Julie Azuaje, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for the undersigned and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign the Ryder System, Inc. Form 10-K (Annual Report pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (the “Form 10-K”), and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and with the New York Stock Exchange and any other stock exchange on which the Company's common stock is listed, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to perform every act requisite and necessary to be done in connection with the execution and filing of the Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying all that each said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. This Power of Attorney may be signed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original and all of which, taken together, shall constitute one Power of Attorney. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned has hereunto set his or her hand effective the 13th day of February, 2015. /s/ John M. Berra /s/ Robert J. Eck John M. Berra Robert J. Eck /s/ Robert A. Hagemann /s/ L. Patrick Hassey Robert A Hagemann L. Patrick Hassey /s/ Michael F. Hilton /s/ Tamara L. Lundgren Michael F. Hilton Tamara L. Lundgren /s/ Luis P. Nieto, Jr. /s/ E. Follin Smith Luis P. Nieto, Jr. E. Follin Smith /s/ Abbie J. Smith Abbie J. Smith /s/ Hansel E. Tookes, II Hansel E. Tookes, II  EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION I, Robert E. Sanchez, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ryder System, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 13, 2015 /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez President and Chief Executive Officer  EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION I, Art A. Garcia, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Ryder System, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 13, 2015 /s/ Art A. Garcia Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  EXHIBIT 32 CERTIFICATION In connection with the Annual Report of Ryder System, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Robert E. Sanchez, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Art A. Garcia, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Robert E. Sanchez Robert E. Sanchez President and Chief Executive Officer February 13, 2015 /s/ Art A. Garcia Art A. Garcia Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 13, 2015 

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