The Greenbrier Companies, Inc.

    Morningstar® Document Research℠    FORM 10-KGREENBRIER COMPANIES INC - GBXFiled: October 30, 2015 (period: August 31, 2015)Annual report with a comprehensive overview of the companyThe information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The userassumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information, except to the extent such damages or losses cannot belimited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549-1004FORM 10-Kx ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2015or¨ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934for the transition period from              to             Commission File No. 1-13146THE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Oregon 93-0816972(State of Incorporation) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)One Centerpointe Drive, Suite 200, Lake Oswego, OR 97035(Address of principal executive offices)(503) 684-7000(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (Title of Each Class)    (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)Common Stock without par value    New York Stock ExchangeSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  X    No          Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Act.    Yes          No  X Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periodthat the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  X     No       Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  X    No       Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy orinformation statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [    ]Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and“smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)Large accelerated filer  X        Accelerated filer             Non-accelerated filer            Smaller reporting company      Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes          No X Aggregate market value of the Registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of February 28, 2015 (based on the closing price of such shares on such date) was $1,418,743,180.The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock on October 23, 2015 was 28,464,454, without par value.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCECertain portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement prepared in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on January 7, 2016 are incorporated by reference into Parts II and III ofthis Report.Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsTHE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.FORM 10-KTABLE OF CONTENTS       PAGE   FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS   1  PART I  Item 1.  BUSINESS   4  Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS   11  Item 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS   27  Item 2.  PROPERTIES   27  Item 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS   28  Item 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES   28  PART II  Item 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASESOF EQUITY SECURITIES   29  Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA   32  Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS   33  Item 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK   48  Item 8.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA   50  Item 9.  CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE   93  Item 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES   93  Item 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION   96  PART III  Item 10.  DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE   96  Item 11.  EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION   96  Item 12.  SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDERMATTERS   96  Item 13.  CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE   96  Item 14.  PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES   96  PART IV  Item 15.  EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES   97    SIGNATURES   101    CERTIFICATIONS   102     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsForward-Looking StatementsFrom time to time, The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Greenbrier or the Company) or their representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, asamended, including, without limitation, statements as to expectations, beliefs and strategies regarding the future. Such forward-looking statements may beincluded in, but not limited to, press releases, oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer or in various filings made by us withthe Securities and Exchange Commission, including this filing on Form 10-K and in the Company’s President’s letter to stockholders that is typicallydistributed to the stockholders in conjunction with this Form 10-K and the Company’s Proxy Statement. These statements involve known and unknown risks,uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results,performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements rely on a number of assumptionsconcerning future events and include statements relating to:• availability of financing sources and borrowing base for working capital, other business development activities, capital spending and leased railcars forsyndication (sale of railcars with lease attached);• ability to renew, maintain or obtain sufficient credit facilities and financial guarantees on acceptable terms;• ability to utilize beneficial tax strategies;• ability to grow our businesses;• ability to obtain lease and sales contracts which provide adequate protection against attempted modifications or cancellations, changes in interest ratesand increased costs of materials and components;• ability to obtain adequate insurance coverage at acceptable rates;• ability to convert backlog of railcar orders and lease syndication commitments;• ability to obtain adequate certification and licensing of products; and• short-term and long-term revenue and earnings effects of the above items.The following factors, among others, could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from the forward-looking statements:• fluctuations in demand for newly manufactured railcars or marine barges;• fluctuations in demand for wheels, repair and parts;• delays in receipt of orders, risks that contracts may be canceled or modified during their term, not renewed, unenforceable or breached by the customerand that customers may not purchase the amount of products or services under the contracts as anticipated;• ability to maintain sufficient availability of credit facilities and to maintain compliance with or to obtain appropriate amendments to covenants undervarious credit agreements;• domestic and global economic conditions including such matters as embargoes or quotas;• global political or security conditions in the U.S., Europe, Latin America and the Middle East including such matters as terrorism, war, civil disruptionand crime;• sovereign risk related to international governments that includes, but is not limited to, governments stopping payments, repudiating their contracts,nationalizing private businesses and assets or altering foreign exchange regulations;• growth or reduction in the surface transportation industry;• ability to maintain good relationships with our labor force, third party labor providers and collective bargaining units representing our direct andindirect labor force;• ability to maintain good relationships with our customers and suppliers;• ability to renew or replace expiring customer contracts on satisfactory terms;• ability to obtain and execute suitable contracts for leased railcars for syndication;• steel and specialty component price fluctuations and availability, scrap surcharges, steel scrap prices and other commodity price fluctuations andavailability and their impact on product demand and margin;• delay or failure of acquired businesses or joint ventures, assets, start-up operations, or new products or services to compete successfully;• changes in product mix and the mix of revenue levels among reporting segments;• labor disputes, energy shortages or operating difficulties that might disrupt operations or the flow of cargo;• production difficulties and product delivery delays as a result of, among other matters, costs or inefficiencies associated with expansion, start-up, orchanging of production lines or changes in production rates,   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   1  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents equipment failures, changing technologies, transfer of production between facilities or non-performance of alliance partners, subcontractors or suppliers;• lower than anticipated lease renewal rates, earnings on utilization based leases or residual values for leased equipment;• discovery of defects in railcars or services resulting in increased warranty costs or litigation;• physical damage, business interruption or product or service liability claims that exceed our insurance coverage;• commencement of and ultimate resolution or outcome of pending or future litigation and investigations;• natural disasters or severe weather patterns that may affect either us, our suppliers or our customers;• loss of business from, or a decline in the financial condition of, any of the principal customers that represent a significant portion of our total revenues;• competitive factors, including introduction of competitive products, new entrants into certain of our markets, price pressures, limited customer base, andcompetitiveness of our manufacturing facilities and products;• industry overcapacity and our manufacturing capacity utilization;• decreases or write-downs in carrying value of inventory, goodwill, intangibles or other assets due to impairment;• severance or other costs or charges associated with lay-offs, shutdowns, or reducing the size and scope of operations;• changes in future maintenance or warranty requirements;• ability to adjust to the cyclical nature of the industries in which we operate;• changes in interest rates and financial impacts from interest rates;• ability and cost to maintain and renew operating permits;• actions or failures to act by various regulatory agencies including potential environmental remediation obligations or changing tank car or other rail carregulation;• changes in commodity prices, including oil and gas;• risks associated with our intellectual property rights or those of third parties, including infringement, maintenance, protection, validity, enforcement andcontinued use of such rights;• expansion of warranty and product support terms beyond those which have traditionally prevailed in the rail supply industry;• availability of a trained work force at a reasonable cost and with reasonable terms of employment;• availability and/or price of essential raw materials, specialties or components, including steel castings, to permit manufacture of units on order;• failure to successfully integrate joint ventures or acquired businesses;• discovery of previously unknown liabilities associated with acquired businesses;• failure of or delay in implementing and using new software or other technologies;• the impact of cybersecurity risks and the costs of mitigating and responding to a data security breach;• ability to replace maturing lease and management services revenue and earnings with revenue and earnings from new commercial transactions, includingnew railcar leases, additions to the lease fleet and new management services contracts;• credit limitations upon our ability to maintain effective hedging programs;• financial impacts from currency fluctuations and currency hedging activities in our worldwide operations;• changes in legislation and increased costs related to health care; and• fraud, misconduct by employees and potential exposure to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws andregulations.Any forward-looking statements should be considered in light of these factors. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “forecast,” “potential,” “goal,”“contemplates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “hopes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “could,” “would,” “will,” “may,” “can,” “designed to,” “foreseeablefuture” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and aresubject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Many ofthe important factors that will determine these results and values are beyond our ability to control or predict. You are cautioned not to put undue reliance onany forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise required by law, we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements. 2  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsIn assessing forward-looking statements contained herein, readers are urged to read carefully all cautionary statements contained in this Form 10-K,including, without limitation, those contained under the heading, “Risk Factors,” contained in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.All references to years refer to the fiscal years ended August 31 unless otherwise noted.The Greenbrier Companies is a registered trademark of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Gunderson, Maxi-Stack, Auto-Max and YSD are registered trademarksof Gunderson LLC.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   3  stSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsPART I Item 1.BUSINESSIntroductionWe are one of the leading designers, manufacturers and marketers of railroad freight car equipment in North America and Europe, a manufacturer and marketerof marine barges in North America, a leading provider of wheel services, parts, leasing and other services to the railroad and related transportation industriesin North America and a provider of railcar repair, refurbishment and retrofitting services in North America through a joint venture partnership. We alsoproduce rail castings and tank heads through unconsolidated joint ventures and have a 19.5% ownership stake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil with anoption to acquire an additional 40.5% ownership interest which can be exercised no later than December 30, 2017.We operate an integrated business model in North America that combines freight car manufacturing, wheel services, repair, refurbishment, retrofitting,component parts, leasing and fleet management services. Our model is designed to provide customers with a comprehensive set of freight car solutionsutilizing our substantial engineering, mechanical and technical capabilities as well as our experienced commercial personnel. This model allows us todevelop cross-selling opportunities and synergies among our various business segments and to enhance our margins. We believe our integrated model isdifficult to duplicate and provides greater value for our customers.We operate in four reportable segments: Manufacturing; Wheels & Parts; Leasing & Services; and GBW Joint Venture. Financial information about ourbusiness segments as well as geographic information is located in Note 19 Segment Information to our Consolidated Financial Statements.The Greenbrier Companies, Inc., which was incorporated in Delaware in 1981, consummated a merger on February 28, 2006 with its affiliate, GreenbrierOregon, Inc., an Oregon corporation, for the sole purpose of changing its state of incorporation from Delaware to Oregon. Greenbrier Oregon survived themerger and assumed the name, The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at One Centerpointe Drive, Suite 200, LakeOswego, Oregon 97035, our telephone number is (503) 684-7000 and our Internet website is located at http://www.gbrx.com.Products and ServicesManufacturingNorth American Railcar Manufacturing - We manufacture a broad array of railcar types in North America, which includes most railcar types other than coalcars. We have demonstrated an ability to capture high market shares in many of the car types we produce. The primary products we produce for the NorthAmerican market are:Intermodal Railcars - We manufacture a comprehensive range of intermodal railcars. Our most important intermodal product is our articulated double-stackrailcar. The double-stack railcar is designed to transport containers stacked two-high on a single platform. An articulated double-stack railcar is composed ofup to five platforms, each of which is linked by a common set of wheels and axles. Our comprehensive line of articulated and non-articulated double-stackintermodal railcars offers varying load capacities and configurations. The double-stack railcar provides significant operating and capital savings over othertypes of intermodal railcars.Tank Cars - We produce a variety of tank cars, including both general and certain pressurized tank cars, which are designed for the transportation of productssuch as crude oil, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, caustic soda, urea ammonium nitrate, vegetable oils, bio-diesel and various other products for the NorthAmerican market. We continue to expand our product lines. 4  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsAutomotive - We manufacture a full line of railcar equipment specifically designed for the transportation of automotive products. Our automotive offeringsinclude our proprietary Auto-Max railcar, Multi-Max auto rack and flat cars for automotive transportation.Conventional Railcars - We produce a wide range of boxcars, which are used in the transport of forest products, perishables, general merchandise andcommodities. We also produce a variety of covered hopper cars for the grain, fertilizer, sand, cement and petrochemical industries as well as gondolas for thesteel and metals markets and various other conventional railcar types. Our flat car products include center partition cars for the forest products industry,bulkhead flat cars and solid waste service flat cars.European Railcar Manufacturing - Our European manufacturing operation produces a variety of tank, automotive and conventional freight railcar (wagon)types, including a comprehensive line of pressurized tank cars for liquid petroleum gas and ammonia and non-pressurized tank cars for light oil, chemicalsand other products. In addition, we produce flat cars, coil cars for the steel and metals market, coal cars, gondolas, sliding wall cars and automobile transportercars for both the continental European and United Kingdom markets. In 2016, we expect to begin production of railcars for the Saudi Arabian market fordelivery beginning in 2017.Marine Vessel Fabrication - Our Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility, located on a deep-water port on the Willamette River, includes marine vesselfabrication capabilities. The marine facilities also increase utilization of steel plate burning and fabrication capacity providing flexibility for railcarproduction. United States (U.S.) coastwise law, commonly referred to as the Jones Act, requires all commercial vessels transporting merchandise between portsin the U.S. to be built, owned, operated and manned by U.S. citizens and to be registered under the U.S. flag. We manufacture a broad range of Jones Actocean-going and river barges for transporting merchandise between ports within the U.S. including conventional deck barges, double-hull tank barges,railcar/deck barges, barges for aggregates and other heavy industrial products and dump barges. Our primary focus is on the larger ocean-going vesselsalthough the facility has the capability to compete in other marine-related products.Wheels & PartsWheel Services and Component Parts Manufacturing - We operate a large wheel services and component parts network in North America. Our wheel shops,operating in nine locations, provide complete wheel services including reconditioning of wheels and axles in addition to new axle machining and finishingand axle downsizing. Our component parts facilities, operating in four locations, recondition and manufacture railcar cushioning units, couplers, yokes, sideframes, bolsters and various other parts. We also produce roofs, doors and associated parts for boxcars.GBW Joint VentureRailcar Repair, Refurbishment, Maintenance and Retrofitting - On July 18, 2014, we and Watco Companies, LLC (Watco), our joint venture partner,contributed our railcar repair, refurbishment, maintenance and retrofitting (Repair) operations to GBW Railcar Services LLC (GBW), an unconsolidated 50/50joint venture which became our fourth reportable segment (GBW Joint Venture) upon formation. The results of GBW are included as part of Earnings (loss)from unconsolidated affiliates as we account for our interest in GBW under the equity method of accounting. GBW operates the largest independent railcarrepair shop network in North America consisting of 33 Repair shops including 12 tank car repair shops certified by the Association of American Railroads(AAR). This network of Repair shops performs heavy railcar repair and refurbishment, as well as routine railcar maintenance for third parties, as well as for ourleased and managed fleet.Leasing & ServicesLeasing - Our relationships with financial institutions, combined with our ownership of a lease fleet of approximately 9,300 railcars (6,300 railcars held asequipment on operating leases, 2,800 held as leased railcars for syndication and 200 held as finished goods inventory), enables us to offer flexible financingprograms including operating leases and “by the mile” leases to our customers. In addition, we frequently originate leases of railcars, which are either newlybuilt or refurbished by us, or buy railcars from the secondary market, and sell   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   5  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsthe railcars and attached leases to financial institutions and subsequently provide such institutions with management services under multi-year agreements.As an equipment owner and an originator of leases, we participate principally in the operating lease segment of the market. The majority of our leases are“full service” leases whereby we are responsible for maintenance and administration. Maintenance of the fleet is provided, in part, through our GBW JointVenture. Assets from our owned lease fleet are periodically sold to take advantage of market conditions, manage risk and maintain liquidity.Management Services - Our management services business offers a broad array of software and services that include railcar maintenance management, railcaraccounting services (such as billing and revenue collection, car hire receivable and payable administration), total fleet management (including railcartracking using proprietary software), administration and railcar remarketing. We currently own or provide management services for a fleet of approximately269,000 railcars for railroads, shippers, carriers, institutional investors and other leasing and transportation companies in North America.    Fleet Profile As of August 31, 2015     OwnedUnits   ManagedUnits   TotalUnits Customer Profile:      Leasing Companies   81     115,062     115,143  Class I Railroads   3,254     95,585     98,839  Shipping Companies   4,755     36,285     41,040  Non-Class I Railroads   893     12,724     13,617  En route to Customer Location   23     23     46  Off-lease   318     287     605  Total Units   9,324     259,966     269,290   Each platform of a railcar is treated as a separate unit. Percent of owned units on lease is 96.6% with an average remaining lease term of 3.3 years. The average age of owned units is 12 years.BacklogMulti-year supply agreements are a part of rail industry practice. The following table depicts our reported third party railcar backlog in number of railcars andestimated future revenue value attributable to such backlog, at the dates shown:    August 31,     2015   2014   2013 New railcar backlog units    41,300     31,500     14,400  Estimated future revenue value (in millions)  $4,710    $3,330    $1,520   Each platform of a railcar is treated as a separate unit. Subject to change based on finalization of product mix.Our total manufacturing backlog of railcar units as of August 31, 2015 included 36,000 units with a value of $4.24 billion for direct sales and 5,300 unitswith a value of $0.47 billion intended for syndications to third parties with a lease attached.Based on current production plans, at least 17,000 units in the August 31, 2015 backlog are scheduled for delivery in 2016. The balance of the production isprimarily scheduled for delivery in 2017 and 2018. Currently no orders in our backlog are intended to be placed into our owned lease fleet. Multi-yearsupply agreements are a part of rail industry practice. A portion of the orders included in backlog reflects an assumed product mix. Under terms of the orders,the exact mix will be determined in the future which may impact the dollar amount of backlog. Marine backlog as of August 31, 2015 was $52 millioncompared to $112 million as of August 31, 2014.Our backlog of railcar units and marine vessels is not necessarily indicative of future results of operations. Certain orders in backlog are subject to customarydocumentation and completion of terms. Customer orders 6  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  (1) (2)(1)(2)(1) (2)(1)(2)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentscontain terms and conditions customary in the industry. Customers may attempt to cancel or modify orders in backlog. In most cases, little variation has beenexperienced between the quantity ordered and the quantity actually delivered, though the timing of deliveries may be modified from time to time.CustomersOur customers include railroads, leasing companies, financial institutions, shippers, carriers and transportation companies. We have strong, long-termrelationships with many of our customers. We believe that our customers’ preference for high quality products, our technological leadership in developinginnovative products and competitive pricing of our railcars have helped us maintain our long-standing relationships with our customers.In 2015, revenue from one customer, TTX Company (TTX), accounted for approximately 17% of total revenue, 18% of Manufacturing revenue and 11% ofWheels & Parts revenue. No other customers accounted for greater than 10% of total revenue.Raw Materials and ComponentsOur products require a supply of materials including steel and specialty components such as brakes, wheels and axles. Specialty components purchased fromthird parties represent a significant amount of the cost of most freight cars. Our customers often specify particular components and suppliers of suchcomponents. Although the number of alternative suppliers of certain specialty components has declined in recent years, there are at least two suppliers formost such components.Certain materials and components are periodically in short supply which could potentially impact production at our new railcar and refurbishment facilities.In an effort to mitigate shortages and reduce supply chain costs, we have entered into strategic alliances and multi-year arrangements for the global sourcingof certain materials and components, we operate a replacement parts business and we continue to pursue strategic opportunities to protect and enhance oursupply chain. We periodically make advance purchases to avoid possible shortages of material due to capacity limitations of component suppliers, shippingand transportation delays and possible price increases.In 2015, the top ten suppliers for all inventory purchases accounted for approximately 45% of total purchases. Amsted Rail Company, Inc. accounted for 18%of total inventory purchases in 2015. No other suppliers accounted for more than 10% of total inventory purchases. The Company believes it maintains goodrelationships with its suppliers.CompetitionThere are currently six major railcar manufacturers competing in North America. In addition, a number of small manufacturers have recently entered themarket. We compete on the basis of quality, price, reliability of delivery, product design and innovation, reputation and customer service and support.Competition in the marine industry is dependent on the type of product produced. There are two principal competitors that build product types similar toours. We compete on the basis of experienced labor, launch ways capacity, quality, price and reliability of delivery.We believe that we are among the top three European railcar manufacturers, which maintain a combined market share of approximately 70%. Europeanfreight car manufacturers are largely located in central and eastern Europe where labor rates are lower and work rules are more flexible.Competition in the wheels & parts and repair businesses is dependent on the type of product or service provided. There are many competitors in the railcarrepair and refurbishment business and an increasing number of competitors in the wheel services and other parts businesses. We compete primarily on thebasis of quality, timeliness of delivery, customer service, location of shops, price and engineering expertise.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   7  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThere are at least twenty institutions that provide railcar leasing and services similar to ours. Many of them are also customers that buy new railcars from ourmanufacturing facilities and used railcars from our lease fleet, as well as utilize our management services. Many of these institutions have greater resourcesthan we do on our own balance sheet. We compete primarily on the basis of quality, price, delivery, reputation, service offerings and deal structuring andsyndication ability. We believe our strong servicing capability and our ability to sell railcars with a lease attached (syndicate railcars), integrated with ourmanufacturing, repair shops, railcar specialization and expertise in particular lease structures provide a strong competitive position.Marketing and Product DevelopmentIn North America, we use an integrated marketing and sales effort to coordinate relationships in our various segments. We provide our customers with adiverse range of equipment and financing alternatives designed to satisfy each customer’s unique needs, whether the customer is buying new equipment,refurbishing existing equipment or seeking to outsource the maintenance or management of equipment. These custom programs may involve a combinationof railcar products, leasing, refurbishing and remarketing services. In addition, we provide customized maintenance management, equipment management,accounting services and proprietary software solutions.Outside of North America, we maintain relationships with customers through country-specific sales personnel. Our engineering and technical staff worksclosely with their customer counterparts on the design and certification of railcars. Many European railroads are state-owned and are subject to EuropeanUnion regulations covering the tender of government contracts.Through our customer relationships, insights are derived into the potential need for new products and services. Marketing and engineering personnelcollaborate to evaluate opportunities and identify and develop new products. For example, we continue to expand our tank car, automotive and coveredhopper product offerings in North America. Research and development costs incurred during the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were$2.5 million, $3.6 million and $2.0 million.Patents and TrademarksWe have a number of U.S. and non-U.S. patents of varying duration, and pending patent applications, registered trademarks, copyrights and trade names thatare important to our products and product development efforts. The protection of our intellectual property is important to our business and we have aproactive program aimed at protecting our intellectual property and the results from our research and development.Environmental MattersWe are subject to national, state and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other matters, air emissions, wastewater discharge, solidand hazardous waste disposal and employee health and safety. Prior to acquiring facilities, we usually conduct investigations to evaluate the environmentalcondition of subject properties and may negotiate contractual terms for allocation of environmental exposure arising from prior uses. We operate our facilitiesin a manner designed to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Environmental studies have been conducted on certain ofour owned and leased properties that indicate additional investigation and some remediation on certain properties may be necessary.Our Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility is located adjacent to the Willamette River. We have entered into a Voluntary Clean-up Agreement with theOregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in which we agreed to conduct an investigation of whether, and to what extent, past or presentoperations at the Portland property may have released hazardous substances to the environment. We are also conducting groundwater remediation relating toa historical spill on the property that preceded our ownership.Portland Harbor SiteIn December 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified portions of the Willamette River bed known as the Portland Harbor, includingthe portion fronting our manufacturing facility, as a federal “National Priority List” or “Superfund” site due to sediment contamination (the Portland HarborSite). We, along 8  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentswith more than 140 other parties, have received a “General Notice” of potential liability from the EPA relating to the Portland Harbor Site. The letter advisedus that we may be liable for the costs of investigation and remediation (which liability may be joint and several with other potentially responsible parties) aswell as for natural resource damages resulting from releases of hazardous substances to the site. At this time, ten private and public entities, including us (theLower Willamette Group or LWG), have signed an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) to perform a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) ofthe Portland Harbor Site under EPA oversight, and several additional entities have not signed such consent, but are nevertheless contributing money to theeffort. The EPA-mandated RI/FS is being conducted by the LWG and has cost over $110 million during a 14-year period. We have agreed to initially bear apercentage of the total costs incurred by the LWG in connection with the investigation. Our aggregate expenditure has not been material during the 14-yearperiod. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties. The EPA expects the investigation to continue until 2017.Eighty-three parties, including the State of Oregon and the federal government, have entered into a non-judicial mediation process to try to allocate costsassociated with the Portland Harbor site. Approximately 110 additional parties have signed tolling agreements related to such allocations. On April 23, 2009,the Company and the other AOC signatories filed suit against 69 other parties due to a possible limitations period for some such claims; Arkema Inc. et al v. A& C Foundry Products, Inc.et al, US District Court, District of Oregon, Case #3:09-cv-453-PK. All but 12 of these parties elected to sign tolling agreementsand be dismissed without prejudice, and the case has now been stayed by the court, pending completion of the RI/FS. Although, as described below, the draftfeasibility study has been submitted, the RI/FS will not be complete until the EPA approves it, which is not likely to occur until at least 2016.A draft of the remedial investigation study was submitted to the EPA on October 27, 2009. The draft feasibility study was submitted to the EPA on March 30,2012. That draft feasibility study evaluates several alternative cleanup approaches. The approaches submitted would take from 2 to 28 years with costsranging from $169 million to $1.8 billion for cleanup of the entire Portland Harbor Site, depending primarily on the selected remedial action levels. The draftfeasibility study suggests costs ranging from $9 million to $163 million for cleanup of the area of the Willamette River adjacent to our Portland, Oregonmanufacturing facility, depending primarily on the selected remedial action level. In August 2015, the EPA released its own draft feasibility study thatsuggests a significantly higher range of site-wide costs (from $790 million to $2.4 billion), and clean-up durations ranging from 4 to 18 years. The EPA studydoes not break those costs down by sub-area.Neither draft feasibility study addresses responsibility for the costs of clean-up, allocates such costs among the potentially responsible parties, or definesprecise boundaries for the cleanup. Responsibility for funding and implementing the EPA’s selected cleanup will be determined after the issuance of theRecord of Decision, currently scheduled by the EPA for 2017. Based on the investigation to date, we believe that we did not contribute in any material wayto contamination in the river sediments or the damage of natural resources in the Portland Harbor Site and that the damage in the area of the Portland HarborSite adjacent to our property precedes our ownership of the Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility. Because these environmental investigations are stillunderway, sufficient information is currently not available to determine our liability, if any, for the cost of any required remediation or restoration of thePortland Harbor Site or to estimate a range of potential loss. Based on the results of the pending investigations and future assessments of natural resourcedamages, we may be required to incur costs associated with additional phases of investigation or remedial action, and may be liable for damages to naturalresources. In addition, we may be required to perform periodic maintenance dredging in order to continue to launch vessels from our launch ways in Portland,Oregon, on the Willamette River, and the river’s classification as a Superfund site could result in some limitations on future dredging and launch activities.Any of these matters could adversely affect our business and Consolidated Financial Statements, or the value of our Portland property.We have also signed an Order on Consent (Order) with DEQ to finalize the investigation of potential onsite sources of contamination that may have a releasepathway to the Willamette River. Interim precautionary measures are also required in the Order and we are currently discussing with the DEQ potentialremedial actions which may be required. Our aggregate expenditure has not been material during the 14-year period. However, we could incur significantexpenses for remediation. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   9  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsRegulationThe Federal Railroad Administration in the U.S. and Transport Canada in Canada administer and enforce laws and regulations relating to railroad safety.These regulations govern equipment and safety appliance standards for freight cars and other rail equipment used in interstate commerce. The AARpromulgates a wide variety of rules and regulations governing the safety and design of equipment, relationships among railroads and other railcar ownerswith respect to railcars in interchange, and other matters. The AAR also certifies railcar builders and component manufacturers that provide equipment for useon North American railroads. These regulations require us to maintain our certifications with the AAR as a railcar builder and component manufacturer, andproducts sold and leased by us in North America must meet AAR, Transport Canada, and Federal Railroad Administration standards.The primary regulatory and industry authorities involved in the regulation of the ocean-going barge industry are the U.S. Coast Guard, the MaritimeAdministration of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and private industry organizations such as the American Bureau of Shipping.The regulatory environment in Europe consists of a combination of European Union (EU) regulations and country specific regulations, including aharmonized set of Technical Standards for Interoperability of freight wagons throughout the EU.U.S. and Canadian railroad industry regulatory authorities released new regulations related to tank railcar manufacturing and retrofitting standards on May 1,2015. These regulatory changes could materially affect the tank railcar manufacturing and retrofitting process industry-wide, which could negatively affectthe potential availability of certain critical components and raw materials including, in particular, steel.EmployeesAs of August 31, 2015, we had 10,689 full-time employees, consisting of 9,858 employees in Manufacturing, 593 in Wheels & Parts and 238 employees inLeasing & Services and corporate. In Manufacturing, 5,815 employees, all of whom are located in Mexico and Poland, are represented by unions. At ourWheels & Parts locations, 24 employees are represented by a union. We believe that our relations with our employees are generally good.Additional InformationWe are a reporting company and file annual, quarterly, current and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and ExchangeCommission (SEC). Through a link on the Investor Relations section of our website, http://www.gbrx.com, we make available the following filings as soon asreasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC: our Annual Report on Form 10-K; Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q;Current Reports on Form 8-K; and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of1934, as amended. All such filings are available free of charge. Copies of our Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating andCorporate Governance Committee Charter and the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines are also available on our web site at http://www.gbrx.com.In addition, each of the reports and documents listed above are available free of charge by contacting our Investor Relations Department at The GreenbrierCompanies, Inc., One Centerpointe Drive, Suite 200, Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035. 10  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 1A.RISK FACTORSIn addition to the risks outlined in this annual report under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements,” as well as other comments included herein regardingrisks and uncertainties, the following risk factors should be carefully considered when evaluating our company. Our business, financial condition or financialresults could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks.During economic downturns or a rising interest rate environment, the cyclical nature of our business results in lower demand for our products and servicesand reduced revenue.Our business is cyclical. Overall economic conditions and the purchasing practices of buyers have a significant effect upon our business due to the impact ondemand for our products and services. As a result, during downturns, we could operate with a lower level of backlog and may slow down or halt production atsome or all of our facilities. Economic conditions that result in higher interest rates increase the cost of new leasing arrangements, which could cause some ofour leasing customers to lease fewer of our railcars or demand shorter lease terms. An economic downturn or increase in interest rates may reduce demand forour products and services, resulting in lower sales volumes, lower prices, lower lease utilization rates and decreased profits.Currently, interest rates remain at historically low levels. Higher interest rates could increase the cost of, or potentially deter, new leasing arrangements withour customers, reduce our ability to syndicate railcars under lease to financial institutions, or impact the sales price we may receive on such syndications, anyof which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.Changes in the credit markets and the financial services industry could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition orliquidity.The credit markets and the financial services industry may experience volatility which can result in tighter availability of credit on more restrictive terms andlimit our ability to sell railcar assets. Our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted if our ability to borrow moneyto finance operations, obtain credit from trade creditors, offer leasing products to our customers or sell railcar assets were to be impaired. In addition, scarcityof capital could also adversely affect our customers’ ability to purchase or pay for products from us or our suppliers’ ability to provide us with product, eitherof which could negatively affect our business and results of operations.Exposure to fluctuations in commodity and energy prices may impact our results of operations.Fluctuations in commodity and energy prices, including crude oil and gas prices, could negatively impact the activities of our customers resulting in acorresponding adverse effect on the demand for our products and services. These shifts in demand could affect our results of operations and could have anadverse effect on our profitability. Demand for railcars that are used to transport crude oil and other energy related products is dependent on the demand forthese commodities. Prices for oil and gas are subject to large fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in the supply of, and demand for, oil andgas, market uncertainty and a variety of other economic factors that are beyond our control.In recent years, oil and gas prices and, therefore, the level of exploration, development and production activity, have experienced significant fluctuations.Worldwide economic, political and military events, including war, terrorist activity, events in the Middle East and initiatives by the Organization of thePetroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), have contributed, and are likely to continue to contribute, to price and volume volatility. Crude oil prices havedeclined significantly in the past year. Increasing global supply of oil in conjunction with weakening demand from slowing economic growth in Europe andAsia and increased fuel-efficiency has created downward pressure on crude oil prices.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   11  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsA portion of our backlog and Leased railcars for syndication relates to the energy sector. A decline in energy prices could negatively impact thecreditworthiness of our customers, lead to attempted modifications or cancellations of contracts or negatively impact our ability to syndicate our railcars, allof which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.Volatility in the global financial markets may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.During periods of volatility in the global financial markets, certain of our customers could delay or otherwise reduce their purchases of railcars and otherproducts and services. If volatile conditions in the global credit markets impact our customers’ access to credit, product order volumes may decrease orcustomers may default on payments owed to us.Likewise, if our suppliers face challenges obtaining credit, or otherwise operating their businesses, the supply of materials we purchase from them tomanufacture our products may be interrupted. Any of these conditions or events could result in reductions in our revenues, increased price competition, orincreased operating costs, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.We face aggressive competition by a concentrated group of competitors and a number of factors may influence our performance. If we are unable tocompete successfully, our market share, margin and results of operations may be adversely affected.We face aggressive competition by a concentrated group of competitors in all geographic markets and in each area of our business. The railcar manufacturingand repair industry is intensely competitive and we expect it to remain so in the foreseeable future. Competitive factors, including introduction ofcompetitive products, new entrants into certain of our markets, price pressures, limited customer base and the relative competitiveness of our manufacturingfacilities and products affect our ability to compete effectively. In addition, new technologies or the introduction of new railcars or other product offerings byour competitors could render our products obsolete or less competitive. If we do not compete successfully, our market share, margin and results of operationmay be adversely affected.A number of factors may influence our performance, including without limitation: fluctuations in the demand for newly manufactured railcars or marinebarges; fluctuations in demand for wheels, repair and parts; our ability to adjust to the cyclical nature of the industries in which we operate; delays in receiptof orders, risks that contracts may be canceled during their term or not renewed and that customers may not purchase the amount of products or services underthe contracts as anticipated; our customers may be financially unable to pay for products and services already provided; domestic and global economicconditions including such matters as embargoes or quotas; growth or reduction in the surface transportation industry; steel and specialty component pricefluctuations and availability, scrap surcharges, steel scrap prices and other commodity price fluctuations and their impact on product demand and margin;loss of business from, or a decline in the financial condition of, any of the principal customers that represent a significant portion of our total revenues;industry overcapacity and our manufacturing capacity utilization; and other risks, uncertainties and factors. If we are unfavorably affected by any of thesefactors, our market share, margin and results of operation may be adversely affected.Our actual results may differ significantly from our announced strategic initiatives.From time to time, we have released, and may continue to release information in our quarterly earnings releases, quarterly earnings conference calls, orotherwise, regarding our anticipated future performance and goals. Our actual results may differ significantly and we may not be successful in achieving theobjectives outlined in our announced strategic initiatives. Failure to meet these goals could have a material adverse effect on the trading price or volume ofour stock. 12  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsA change in our product mix due to shifts in demand could have an adverse effect on our profitability.We manufacture and, through our GBW Joint Venture, repair a variety of railcars. The demand for specific types of these railcars and mix of refurbishmentwork varies from time to time. These shifts in demand could affect our revenue and margins and could have an adverse effect on our profitability. Currently aportion of our backlog and railcar demand includes a concentrated product mix of covered hoppers and tank cars used in energy related transportation. Asudden change in these markets could have an adverse effect on our profitability. For example, a change in environmental and governmental regulations,competitive pricing, pipeline capacity, the price of crude oil and related products and other factors could reduce demand for railcars in the energytransportation industry.Our backlog is not necessarily indicative of the level of our future revenues.Our manufacturing backlog represents future production for which we have written orders from our customers in various periods, and estimated potentialrevenue attributable to those orders. Some of this backlog is subject to our fulfillment of certain competitive conditions. Our reported backlog may not beconverted to revenue in any particular period and some of our contracts permit cancellations with limited compensation that would not replace lost revenueor margins. In addition, some customers may attempt to cancel or modify a contract even if the contract does not allow for such cancellation or modification,and we may not be able to recover all revenue or earnings lost due to a breach of contract. The likelihood of attempted cancellations or modifications ofcontracts generally increases during periods of market weakness. Actual revenue from such contracts may not equal our anticipated revenues based on ourbacklog, and therefore, our backlog is not necessarily indicative of the level of our future revenues.We rely on limited suppliers for certain components and services needed in our production. If we are not able to procure specialty components or serviceson commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.Our manufacturing operations depend in part on our ability to obtain timely deliveries of materials, components and services in acceptable quantities andquality from our suppliers. In 2015, the top ten suppliers for all inventory purchases accounted for approximately 45% of total purchases. Amsted RailCompany, Inc. accounted for 18% of total inventory purchases in 2015. No other suppliers accounted for more than 10% of total inventory purchases. Certaincomponents of our products, particularly specialized components like castings, bolsters, trucks, wheels and axels, and certain services, such as liningcapabilities, are currently available from only a limited number of suppliers. Increases in the number of railcars manufactured have increased the demand forsuch components and services and strong demand may cause industry-wide shortages if suppliers are in the process of ramping up production or reachcapacity production. Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers involves risks, including limited control over pricing, availability and deliveryschedules. If any one or more of our suppliers cease to provide us with sufficient quantities of our components or services in a timely manner or on termsacceptable to us, or cease to provide services or manufacture components of acceptable quality, we could incur disruptions or be limited in our production ofour products and we could have to seek alternative sources for these components or services. We could also incur delays while we attempt to locate andengage alternative qualified suppliers and we might be unable to engage acceptable alternative suppliers on favorable terms, if at all. In addition, we areincreasing the number of components and services we manufacture or provide ourselves, directly or through joint ventures. If we are not successful atmanufacturing such components or providing such services or have production problems after transitioning to self-produced supplies, we may not be able toreplace such components or services from third party suppliers in a timely manner. Any such disruption in our supply of specialized components and servicesor increased costs of those components or services could harm our business and adversely affect our results of operations.U.S. and Canadian railroad industry regulatory authorities released new regulations related to tank railcar manufacturing and retrofitting standards on May 1,2015. These regulatory changes could materially affect the tank railcar manufacturing and retrofitting process industry-wide, which could negatively affectthe potential   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   13  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsavailability of certain critical components and raw materials including, in particular, steel. If we are unable to source critical components and raw materialslike steel in a timely manner and at reasonable cost, we may be unable to manufacture or retrofit railcars that comply with the new regulations or takeadvantage of any increase in demand for our products and services as a result of any such new regulations, and our business, financial condition and results ofoperations could be materially adversely affected.We derive a significant amount of our revenue from a limited number of customers, the loss of or reduction of business from one or more of which couldhave an adverse effect on our business.A significant portion of our revenue is generated from a few major customers. Although we have some long-term contractual relationships with our majorcustomers, we cannot be assured that our customers will continue to use our products or services or that they will continue to do so at historical levels. Areduction in the purchase or leasing of our products or a termination of our services by one or more of our major customers could have an adverse effect onour business and operating results.Train derailments or other accidents or claims could subject us to legal claims that adversely impact our business, financial condition and our results ofoperations.We provide a number of services which include the manufacture and supply of wheels, components and parts and lease of railcars for our customers thattransport a variety of commodities, including tank railcars that transport hazardous materials such as crude oil, ethanol and other products. We could besubject to various legal claims, including claims for negligence, personal injury, physical damage and product or service liability, or in some cases strictliability, as well as potential penalties and liability under environmental laws and regulations, in the event of a derailment or other accident involvingrailcars, including tank railcars. Additionally, the severity of injury or property damage arising from an incident may influence the causation responsibilityanalysis exposing us to potentially greater liability. If we become subject to any such claims and are unable successfully to resolve them or have inadequateinsurance for such claims, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.On July 6, 2013, a train carrying crude oil and operated by Montreal, Main & Atlantic Railway, Inc. derailed in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, causingsevere damage and resulting in a number of human fatalities. Some of our competitors and a number of other parties, have been named as a defendant in aclass action lawsuit regarding this derailment alleging wrongful death and negligence claims. While we are not currently aware of circumstances that wouldindicate we are likely to have liability in this matter, the amount of potential damages at issue in the class action could be extremely large. If we were to befound liable for significant damages with respect to this claim, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adverselyaffected.Changes in legal and regulatory requirements applicable to the industries in which we operate may adversely impact our business, financial condition andresults of operations.In May 2015, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) adopted a final rule that, among other things, imposes a new tank cardesign standard, a phase out by as early as January 2018 for older DOT-111 cars that are not retrofitted, and a classification and testing program for unrefinedpetroleum based products, including crude oil. The rule also includes new operational requirements such as speed restrictions. Transport Canada has alsoissued new regulations that align with the U.S. rule in many respects. Additional laws and regulations have been proposed or adopted that will potentiallyhave a significant impact on railroad operations, including the implementation of “positive train control” (PTC) requirements. PTC is a collision avoidancetechnology intended to override engineer controlled locomotives and stop certain types of train accidents.While certain of these legal and regulatory changes could result in increased levels of repair or refurbishment work for our GBW Joint Venture and/or newtank car manufacturing activity, if we are unable to manage to 14  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsadapt our business successfully to changing regulations, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. We have made investments in ourGBW Joint Venture and our new railcar facilities in anticipation of increased demand for retrofits and new tank cars as a result of new regulations. If thisdemand does not begin to materialize, we may not realize the revenue we anticipated. Or if the demand does materialize, we may not be able to adapt to meetthis demand.We have 312 tank railcars in our lease fleet with a net book value of approximately $26.3 million as of August 31, 2015. As a result of the final rule, certainof our tank cars could be deemed unfit for further commercial use or require retrofits or modifications, and the costs associated with any required retrofits ormodifications could be substantial. In addition, the new tank car design requirements may result in significant constraints on transportation capacity duringthe period while tank cars are being retrofitted or newly constructed to comply with the new regulations. Such transportation capacity constraints couldincrease the cost of transporting crude oil by rail.We cannot provide assurance that costs incurred to comply with any new standards and regulations, including those finalized by PHMSA in May 2015, willnot be material to our business, financial condition or results of operations.In addition, the speed restrictions imposed by the new regulations on trains transporting certain types of potentially hazardous cargo may have an adverseimpact on demand for tank cars, or potentially other types of freight cars. While rail velocity is affected by many factors including general economicconditions, and has increased since the adoption of the regulations, in some circumstances the specific velocity restrictions imposed by the regulations maysignificantly reduce overall velocity on congested rail networks. This in turn could lead to an increase in the cost of rail freight transportation and impactavailability, making rail less competitive compared to alternative modes of freight transportation. It could also lead to reduced demand for our products asrailroads limit additional equipment on their lines.The use of railcars as a significant mode of transporting freight could decline, become more efficient over time, experience a shift in types of modaltransportation, and/or certain railcar types could become obsolete.As the freight transportation markets we serve continue to evolve and become more efficient, the use of railcars may decline in favor of other more economicmodes of transportation. Features and functionality specific to certain railcar types could result in those railcars becoming obsolete as customer requirementsfor freight delivery change. Our operations may be adversely impacted by changes in the preferred method used by customers to ship their products orchanges in demand for particular products. The industries in which our customers operate are driven by dynamic market forces and trends, which are in turninfluenced by economic and political factors. Demand for our railcars may be significantly affected by changes in the markets in which our customersoperate. A significant reduction in customer demand for transportation or manufacture of a particular product or change in the preferred method oftransportation used by customers to ship their products could result in the economic obsolescence of our railcars, including those leased by our customers. Inaddition, if railcar transportation becomes more efficient from an increase in velocity or a decrease in dwell times, this could reduce the demand for newrailcars.Any failure by us to comply with regulations imposed by federal and foreign agencies could negatively affect our financial results.Our operations and the industry we serve, including our customers, are subject to extensive regulation by governmental, regulatory and industry authoritiesand by federal and foreign agencies. These organizations establish rules and regulations for the railcar industry, including construction specifications andstandards for the design and manufacture of railcars; mechanical, maintenance and related standards; and railroad safety. New regulatory rulings andregulations from these entities could impact our financial results, demand for our products and the economic value of our assets. In addition, if we fail tocomply with the requirements and regulations of these entities, we could face sanctions and penalties that could negatively affect our financial results.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   15  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsRisks related to our operations outside of the U.S. could adversely affect our operating results.Our current operations outside of the U.S. and any future expansion of our international operations are subject to the risks associated with cross-borderbusiness transactions and activities. Political, legal, trade, financial market or economic changes or instability could limit or curtail our foreign businessactivities and operations. Some foreign countries in which we operate or may operate have regulatory authorities that regulate railroad safety, railcar designand railcar component part design, performance and manufacturing. If we fail to obtain and maintain certifications of our railcars and railcar parts within thevarious foreign countries where we operate or may operate, we may be unable to market and sell our railcars in those countries. In addition, unexpectedchanges in regulatory requirements, tariffs and other trade barriers, more stringent rules relating to labor or the environment, adverse tax consequences andcurrency and price exchange controls could limit operations and make the manufacture and distribution of our products difficult. The uncertainty of the legalenvironment or geo-political risks in these and other areas could limit our ability to enforce our rights effectively. Because we have operations outside theU.S., we could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws. We operate in parts ofthe world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-corruption laws mayconflict with local customs and practices. The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial penalties andfines. Any international expansion or acquisition that we undertake could amplify these risks related to operating outside of the U.S.In addition, in 2015, we began to establish a presence in the Gulf Cooperation Council region and Latin America and are exploring market opportunities inEastern Europe and other emerging markets. Our development of customer relationships in these areas may expose us to certain additional risks, including,but not limited to, the following:• Ongoing instability or changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, including inflation, recession, currency fluctuations andactual or anticipated civil and political unrest, terrorist actions, armed hostilities, kidnapping and extortion;• Longer payment cycles and difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;• Sovereign risk related to international governments that include, but may not be limited to, governments stopping payments or repudiating theircontracts, nationalizing private businesses and assets or altering foreign exchange regulations;• Renegotiation or nullification of existing contracts;• An inability to effectively protect intellectual property;• Uncertainties arising from local business practices, cultural considerations and international political and trade tensions; and• Our limited knowledge of this market or our inability to protect our interests.If we are unable to successfully manage the risks associated with our global business, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flowsmay be negatively impacted.We depend on our senior management team and other key employees, and significant attrition within our management team or unsuccessful successionplanning for members of our senior management team and other key employees who are at or nearing retirement age, could adversely affect our business.Our success depends in part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate senior management and other key employees. Achieving this objective may bedifficult due to many factors, including fluctuations in global economic and industry conditions, competitors’ hiring practices, cost reduction activities, andthe effectiveness of our compensation programs. Competition for qualified personnel can be very intense. We must continue to recruit, retain and motivatesenior management and other key employees sufficient to maintain our current business and support our future projects. We are vulnerable to attrition amongour current senior management team and other key employees. A loss of any such personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in thefuture, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 16  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsMany members of our senior management team and other key employees are at or nearing retirement age. If we are unsuccessful in our succession planningefforts, the continuity of our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.Risks related to potential misconduct by employees may adversely impact us.Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with our policies or regulatory standards and requirements,which could subject us to regulatory sanctions and materially harm our business. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautionswe take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, including risks associated withwhistleblower complaints and litigation. There can be no assurance that we will succeed in preventing misconduct by employees in the future. In addition,the investigation of alleged misconduct disrupts our operations and may be costly. Any such events in the future may have a material adverse impact on ourfinancial condition or results of operations.Our relationships with our joint venture and alliance partners could be unsuccessful, which could adversely affect our business.We have entered into several joint venture agreements and other alliances with other companies to increase our sourcing alternatives, reduce costs, toproduce new railcars and repair and retrofit railcars for the North American marketplace. We may seek to expand our relationships or enter into newagreements with other companies. If our joint venture or alliance partners are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations or if these relationships areotherwise not successful in the future, our manufacturing and other costs could increase, we could encounter production disruptions, growth opportunitiescould fail to materialize, or we could be required to fund such joint venture or alliances in amounts significantly greater than initially anticipated, any ofwhich could adversely affect our business.If any of our joint ventures generate significant losses, including future potential intangible asset or goodwill impairment charges, it could adversely affectour results of operations or cause our investment to be impaired.The price of our common stock is subject to volatility.The market price for our common stock has varied between a high closing sales price of $77.54 per share and a low closing sales price of $22.80 per share inthe twenty-four months ended August 31, 2015. This volatility affects the price at which our common stock can be sold. The broader stock market has alsoexperienced price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to theiroperating performance and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. The price for our common stock is likely to continue to be volatile andsubject to price and volume fluctuations in response to market and other factors, including the factors discussed elsewhere in these risk factors and thefollowing:• financial market and general economic changes;• changes in governmental regulation;• significant railcar industry announcements or developments;• the introduction of new products or technologies by us or our competitors;• actual or anticipated variations in our or our competitors’ quarterly or annual financial results;• financial results failing to meet expectations of analysts or investors, including the level of our backlog and number of orders received during the period;• changes in securities analysts’ estimates of our future performance; and• the general health and outlook of our industry.In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of their stock, many companies have been the subject of securities class actionlitigation. If we became involved in securities class action litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’sattention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   17  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsShortages of skilled labor could adversely affect our operations.We depend on skilled labor in the manufacture of railcars and marine barges, repair, refurbishment, retrofitting and maintenance of railcars and provision ofwheel services and supply of parts. Some of our facilities are located in areas where demand for skilled laborers often exceeds supply. Shortages of some typesof skilled laborers such as welders and machine operators could restrict our ability to maintain or increase production rates, lead to production inefficienciesand increase our labor costs.A failure to design or manufacture products or technologies or to achieve timely certification or market acceptance of new products or technologies couldhave an adverse effect on our profitability.We continue to introduce new railcar products and technologies, and we periodically accept orders prior to receipt of railcar certification or proof of ability tomanufacture a quality product that meets customer standards. We could be unable to successfully design or manufacture these new railcar products andtechnologies. Our inability to develop and manufacture such new products and technologies in a timely fashion and profitable manner, obtain timelycertification, or achieve market acceptance, or the existence of quality problems in our new products, could have a material adverse effect on our revenue andresults of operations and subject us to penalties, cancellation of orders and/or other damages.We could be unable to lease railcars at satisfactory rates, remarket leased railcars on favorable terms upon lease termination or realize the expectedresidual values upon lease termination, which could reduce our revenue and decrease our overall return.The profitability of our railcar leasing business depends on our ability to lease railcars to our customers at satisfactory rates, and to re-lease or sell railcars weown or manage upon the expiration of existing lease terms. The total rental payments we receive under our operating leases do not fully amortize theacquisition costs of the leased equipment, which exposes us to risks associated with remarketing the railcars. Our ability to lease or remarket leased railcarsprofitably is dependent upon several factors, including, but not limited to, market and industry conditions, cost of and demand for competing used or newermodels, costs associated with the refurbishment of the railcars, market demand or governmental mandate for refurbishment, and interest rates. Our inability tolease, re-lease or sell leased railcars on favorable terms could result in reduced revenues and margins or net gain on disposition of equipment and decrease ouroverall returns and affect our ability to syndicate railcars to investors.We could have difficulty integrating the operations of any companies that we acquire or joint ventures we enter into, which could adversely affect ourresults of operations.The success of our acquisition and joint venture strategy depends upon our ability to successfully complete acquisitions, to enter into joint ventures andintegrate any businesses that we acquire into our existing business. The integration of acquired business operations could disrupt our business by causingunforeseen operating difficulties, diverting management’s attention from day-to-day operations and requiring significant financial resources that wouldotherwise be used for the ongoing development of our business. The difficulties of integration could be increased by the necessity of coordinatinggeographically dispersed organizations, integrating personnel with disparate business backgrounds and combining different corporate cultures. Each of thesecircumstances could be more likely to occur or more severe in consequence in the case of an acquisition or joint venture involving a business that is outsideof our core areas of expertise. In addition, we could be unable to retain key employees or customers of the combined businesses. We could face integrationissues pertaining to the internal controls, information systems and operational functions of the acquired companies and we also could fail to realize costefficiencies or synergies that we anticipated when selecting our acquisition candidates and joint ventures. Any of these items could adversely affect ourresults of operations. 18  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsOur product and service warranties could expose us to potentially significant claims.We offer our customers limited warranties for many of our products and services. Accordingly, we may be subject to significant warranty claims in the future,such as multiple claims based on one defect repeated throughout our production or servicing process or claims for which the cost of repairing the defectivepart is highly disproportionate to the original cost of the part. These types of warranty claims could result in costly product recalls, customers seekingmonetary damages, significant repair costs and damage to our reputation.If warranty claims attributable to actions of third party component manufacturers are not recoverable from such parties due to their poor financial condition orother reasons, we could be liable for warranty claims and other risks for using these materials on our products.Many of our products are sold to third parties who may misuse, improperly install or improperly or inadequately maintain or repair such products therebypotentially exposing us to claims that could increase our costs and weaken our financial condition.The products we manufacture are designed to work optimally when properly operated, installed, repaired, and maintained. When this does not occur, we maybe subjected to claims or litigation associated with injuries or property damage that could increase our costs and weaken our financial condition.The timing of our asset sales and related revenue recognition could cause significant differences in our quarterly results and liquidity.We may build railcars or marine barges in anticipation of a customer order, or that are leased to a customer and ultimately planned to be sold to a third party.The difference in timing of production and the ultimate sale is subject to risk. In addition, we periodically sell railcars from our own lease fleet and the timingand volume of such sales is difficult to predict. As a result, comparisons of our manufacturing revenue, deliveries, quarterly net gain on disposition ofequipment, income and liquidity between quarterly periods within one year and between comparable periods in different years may not be meaningful andshould not be relied upon as indicators of our future performance.Our financial performance and market value could cause future write-downs of goodwill or intangibles in future periods.We are required to perform an annual impairment review of goodwill and indefinite lived assets which could result in an impairment charge if it is determinedthat the carrying value of the asset is in excess of the fair value. We perform a goodwill impairment test annually during our third fiscal quarter. Goodwill isalso tested more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that a potential impairment exists. When changes incircumstances, such as a decline in the market price of our common stock, changes in demand or in the numerous variables associated with the judgments,assumptions and estimates made in assessing the appropriate valuation of goodwill indicate the carrying amount of certain indefinite lived assets may not berecoverable, the assets are evaluated for impairment. Among other things, our assumptions used in the valuation of goodwill, which relate to our wheels &parts and Repair operations, include growth of revenue and margins and increased cash flows over time. If actual operating results were to differ from theseassumptions, it may result in an impairment of our goodwill. A non-cash impairment charge of $76.9 million ($71.8 million, net of tax) was recorded for theyear ended August 31, 2013 which related to our wheels & parts and Repair operations. As of August 31, 2015, we had $43.3 million of goodwill in ourWheels & Parts segment, relating to our wheels & parts business. Future write-downs of goodwill and intangibles could affect certain of the financialcovenants under debt instruments and could restrict our financial flexibility. In the event of goodwill impairment, we may have to test other intangible assetsfor impairment. Impairment charges to our or our joint venture’s goodwill or our indefinite lived assets would impact our results of operations.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   19  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsIf we or our joint ventures fail to complete capital expenditure projects on time and within budget, or if these projects, once completed, fail to operate asanticipated, such failure could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.From time-to-time, we, or our joint ventures, undertake strategic capital projects in order to enhance, expand and/or upgrade facilities and operationalcapabilities. Our ability, and our joint ventures’ ability, to complete these projects on time and within budget, and for us to realize the anticipated increasedrevenues or otherwise realize acceptable returns on these investments or other strategic capital projects that may be undertaken is subject to a number of risks.Many of these risks are beyond our control, including a variety of market, operational, permitting, and labor related factors. In addition, the cost to implementany given strategic capital project ultimately may prove to be greater than originally anticipated. If we, or our joint ventures, are not able to achieve theanticipated results from the implementation of any of these strategic capital projects, or if unanticipated implementation costs are incurred, our business,financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.We have potential exposure to environmental liabilities, which could increase costs or have an adverse effect on results of operations.We are subject to extensive national, state, provincial and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, air emissions, waterdischarge, solid waste and hazardous substances handling and disposal and employee health and safety. These laws and regulations are complex andfrequently change. We could incur unexpected costs, penalties and other civil and criminal liability if we fail to comply with environmental laws or permitsissued to us pursuant to those laws. We also could incur costs or liabilities related to off-site waste disposal or remediating soil or groundwater contaminationat our properties, including these set forth below and in the “Environmental Matters” section of this Report. In addition, future environmental laws andregulations may require significant capital expenditures or changes to our operations.In addition to environmental, health and safety laws, the transportation of commodities by railcar raises potential risks in the event of a derailment or otheraccident. Generally, liability under existing law in the U.S. and Canada for accidents such as derailments depends on the negligence of the party. However,for certain hazardous commodities being shipped, strict liability concepts may apply.Our Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility is located adjacent to the Willamette River. We have entered into a Voluntary Cleanup Agreement with theOregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in which we agreed to conduct an investigation of whether, and to what extent, past or presentoperations at the Portland property may have released hazardous substances to the environment. We are also conducting groundwater remediation relating toa historical spill on the property which preceded our ownership.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified portions of the river bed of the Portland Harbor, including the portion fronting theCompany’s manufacturing facility, as a federal “National Priority List” or “Superfund” site due to sediment contamination (the Portland Harbor Site). We,along with more than 140 other parties, have received a “General Notice” of potential liability from the EPA relating to the Portland Harbor Site. The letteradvised us that we may be liable for the costs of investigation and remediation (which liability may be joint and several with other potentially responsibleparties) as well as for natural resource damages resulting from releases of hazardous substances to the site. We are part of a group that signed anAdministrative Order on Consent (AOC) to perform a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) of the Portland Harbor Site under EPA oversight, andseveral additional entities have not signed such consent, but are nevertheless contributing money to the effort. We have agreed to initially bear a percentageof the total costs incurred in connection with the investigation. The EPA expects the investigation to continue until 2017. We cannot provide assurance thatany such costs will be recoverable from third parties.A draft of the remedial investigation study was submitted to the EPA on October 27, 2009. The draft feasibility study was submitted to the EPA on March 30,2012. That draft feasibility study evaluates several alternative cleanup approaches. The approaches submitted would take from 2 to 28 years with costsranging from $9 million 20  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsto $163 million for cleanup of the area of the Willamette River adjacent to our Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility, depending primarily on the selectedremedial action level. In August 2015, the EPA released its own draft feasibility study that suggests a significantly higher range of site-wide costs (from $790million to $2.4 billion), but does not break those costs down by sub-area. The EPA’s feasibility study predicts construction durations of from 4 to 18 years forthe various alternative cleanup approaches. Neither draft feasibility study addresses responsibility for the costs of clean-up or allocates such costs amongpotentially responsible parties, or defines precise boundaries for the cleanup. Responsibility for funding and implementing the EPA’s selected cleanup willbe determined after the issuance of the Record of Decision.We have also signed an Order on Consent with DEQ to finalize the investigation of potential onsite sources of contamination that may have a releasepathway to the Willamette River. Interim precautionary measures are also required in the order and we are currently discussing with the DEQ potentialremedial actions which may be required. Our aggregate expenditure has not been material during the 14-year period, however, we could incur significantexpenses for remediation. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties. However, we cannot assure that any such costswill be recoverable from third parties.Because these environmental investigations are still underway, sufficient information is currently not available to determine our liability, if any, for the costof any required remediation of the Portland Harbor Site on our adjacent land or to estimate a range of potential loss. Based on the results of the pendinginvestigations and future assessments of natural resource damages, we may be required to incur costs associated with additional phases of investigation orremedial action, and may be liable for damages to natural resources. In addition, we may be required to perform periodic maintenance dredging in order tocontinue to launch vessels from our launch ways in Portland, Oregon, on the Willamette River, and the river’s classification as a Superfund site could result insome limitations on future dredging and launch activities. Any of these matters could adversely affect our business and Consolidated Financial Statements, orthe value of our Portland property.We are subject to cybersecurity risks and may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize those risks.Our business employs systems and websites that allow for the storage and transmission of proprietary or confidential information regarding our customers,employees, job applicants and other parties, including financial information, intellectual property and personal identification information. Security breachesand other disruptions could compromise our information, expose us to liability and harm our reputation and business. The steps we take to deter and mitigatethese risks may not be successful. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent current or rapidly evolving types ofcyber-attacks. Attacks may be targeted at us, our customers, or others who have entrusted us with information. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us toincur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts orconsultants. Advances in computer capabilities, or other technological developments may result in the technology and security measures used by us toprotect transaction or other data being breached or compromised. In addition, data and security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues,including intentional or inadvertent breach by our employees or by persons with whom we have commercial relationships. Any compromise or breach of oursecurity could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, legal and financial exposure, negative impacts on our customers’ willingness totransact business with us and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and our reputation.We have indebtedness, which could have negative consequences to our business or results of operations.As of August 31, 2015, our total debt was approximately $377.3 million, consisting of borrowings under our convertible notes, credit facilities and termloans. Our indebtedness could have negative consequences to us, and could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveragedcompetitors. It may be difficult for us to satisfy our repayment and other obligations with respect to such indebtedness, and we may not be able to refinanceour existing indebtedness as it matures. Indebtedness may also increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic, industry or competitive developmentsor conditions and limit our flexibility in planning for, or   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   21  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsreacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate. We may be limited in our ability to raise additional capital or obtain additionalfinancing to fund our operations, capital expenditures or other growth initiatives, and other general corporate requirements and may be required to dedicate asignificant portion of our cash flow from operations to interest and principal payments on our indebtedness. We are more exposed to the risk of increasedinterest rates as certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest. As a consequence of our level of indebtedness, a significant portion of our cash flowfrom operations may be dedicated to debt service requirements. In addition, the terms of our revolving credit facility limit our ability to incur additionalindebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants, a default may occur, in which case the lender could accelerate the debt. We cannot be assured that wewould be able to renegotiate, refinance, restructure or otherwise obtain the necessary funds to satisfy the indebtedness or these obligations.Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could lead to increased costs and lower profitability.Outside of the U.S., we conduct business in Mexico, Poland, other European countries, Brazil and Saudi Arabia, and our non-U.S. businesses conduct theiroperations in local currencies and other regional currencies. We also source materials worldwide. Fluctuations in exchange rates may affect demand for ourproducts in foreign markets or our cost competitiveness and may adversely affect our profitability. Although we attempt to mitigate a portion of our exposureto changes in currency rates through currency rate hedge contracts and other activities, these efforts cannot fully eliminate the risks associated with theforeign currencies. In addition, some of our borrowings are in foreign currency, giving rise to risk from fluctuations in exchange rates. A material or adversechange in exchange rates could result in significant deterioration of profits or in losses for us.Fluctuations in the availability and price of energy, freight transportation, steel and other raw materials, and our fixed price contracts could have anadverse effect on our ability to manufacture and sell our products on a cost-effective basis and could adversely affect our margins and revenue of ourManufacturing and wheels & parts and Repair businesses.A significant portion of our business depends upon the adequate supply of steel, components and other raw materials at competitive prices and a smallnumber of suppliers provide a substantial amount of our requirements. The cost of steel and all other materials used in the production of our railcarsrepresents more than half of our direct manufacturing costs per railcar and in the production of our marine barges represents more than 30% of our directmanufacturing costs per marine barge.Our businesses also depend upon the adequate supply of energy at competitive prices. When the price of energy increases, it adversely impacts our operatingcosts and could have an adverse effect upon our ability to conduct our businesses on a cost-effective basis. We cannot be assured that we will continue tohave access to supplies of energy or necessary components for manufacturing railcars and marine barges. Our ability to meet demand for our products couldbe adversely affected by the loss of access to any of these supplies, the inability to arrange alternative access to any materials, or suppliers limiting allocationof materials to us.In some instances, we have fixed price contracts which anticipate material price increases and surcharges, or contracts that contain actual or formulaic pass-through of material price increases and surcharges. However, if the price of steel or other raw materials were to fluctuate in excess of anticipated increases onwhich we have based our fixed price contracts, or if we were unable to adjust our selling prices or have adequate protection in our contracts against changesin material prices, or if we are unable to reduce operating costs to offset any price increases, our margins would be adversely affected. The loss of suppliers ortheir inability to meet our price, quality, quantity and delivery requirements could have an adverse effect on our ability to manufacture and sell our productson a cost-effective basis.Decreases in the price of scrap adversely impact our Wheels & Parts and GBW Joint Venture margins and revenue and the residual value and futuredepreciation of our leased assets. A portion of our wheels & parts and Repair businesses involves scrapping steel parts and the resulting revenue from suchscrap steel increases our margins and revenues. When the price of scrap steel declines, our revenues and margins in such business therefore decrease. 22  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsSome of our employees belong to labor unions and strikes or work stoppages could adversely affect our operations.We are a party to collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions at some of our operations. Disputes with regard to the terms of these agreementsor our potential inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with these unions in the future could result in, among other things, strikes, work stoppages or otherslowdowns by the affected workers. We cannot be assured that our relations with our workforce will remain positive. Union organizers are actively working toorganize at some of our other facilities. If our workers were to engage in a strike, work stoppage or other slowdown, or other employees were to becomeunionized or the terms and conditions in future labor agreements were renegotiated, or if union representation is implemented at such sites and we are unableto agree with the union on reasonable employment terms, including wages, benefits, and work rules, we could experience a significant disruption of ouroperations and higher ongoing labor costs. In addition, we could face higher labor costs in the future as a result of severance or other charges associated withlay-offs, shutdowns or reductions in the size and scope of our operations or due to the difficulties of restarting our operations that have been temporarilyshuttered.A prolonged decline in performance of the rail freight industry would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.Our future success depends in part upon the performance of the rail freight industry, which in turn depends on the health of the economy. If railcar loadings,railcar and railcar components replacement rates or refurbishment rates or industry demand for our railcar products weaken or otherwise do not materialize,our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.Updates or changes to our information technology systems may result in problems that could negatively impact our business.We have information technology systems, comprising hardware, network, software, people, processes and other infrastructure that are important to theoperation of our businesses. We continue to evaluate and implement upgrades and changes to information technology systems that support substantially allof our operating and financial functions. We could experience problems in connection with such implementations, including compatibility issues, trainingrequirements, higher than expected implementation costs and other integration challenges and delays. A significant problem with an implementation,integration with other systems or ongoing management and operation of our systems could negatively impact our business by disrupting operations. Such aproblem could also have an adverse effect on our ability to generate and interpret accurate management and financial reports and other information on atimely basis, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial reporting system and internal controls and adversely affect our ability to manage ourbusiness.An adverse outcome in any pending or future litigation could negatively impact our business and results of operations.We are a defendant in several pending cases in various jurisdictions. If we are unsuccessful in resolving these claims, our business and results of operationscould be adversely affected. In addition, future claims that may arise relating to any pending or new matters, whether brought against us or initiated by usagainst third parties, could distract management’s attention from business operations and increase our legal and related costs, which could also negativelyimpact our business and results of operations.We could be liable for physical damage, business interruption or product liability claims that exceed our insurance coverage.The nature of our business subjects us to physical damage, business interruption and product liability claims, especially in connection with the repair andmanufacture of products that carry hazardous or volatile materials. Although we maintain liability insurance coverage at commercially reasonable levelscompared to similarly-sized   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   23  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsheavy equipment manufacturers, an unusually large physical damage, business interruption or product liability claim or a series of claims based on a failurerepeated throughout our production process could exceed our insurance coverage or result in damage to our reputation.Some of our customers place orders for our products in reliance on their ability to utilize tax benefits or tax credits such as accelerated depreciation.There is no assurance that tax authorities will reauthorize, modify, or otherwise not allow the expiration of such tax benefits, tax credits, or reimbursementpolicies, and in cases where such subsidies and policies are materially modified to reduce the available benefit, credit, or reimbursement or are otherwiseallowed to expire, the demand for our products could decrease, thereby creating the potential for a material adverse effect on our financial condition or resultsof operations.We could be unable to procure adequate insurance on a cost-effective basis in the future.The ability to insure our businesses, facilities and rail assets is an important aspect of our ability to manage risk. As there are only limited providers of thisinsurance to the railcar industry, there is no guarantee that such insurance will be available on a cost-effective basis in the future. In addition, we cannotassure that our insurance carriers will be able to pay current or future claims.Changes in accounting standards or inaccurate estimates or assumptions in the application of accounting policies could adversely affect our financialresults.Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policiesrequire use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported value of our assets or liabilities and financial results and are critical because they requiremanagement to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. Accounting standard setters and those whointerpret the accounting standards (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, and our independent registered public accounting firm) mayamend or even reverse their previous interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. In some cases, we could be required to apply anew or revised standard retrospectively, resulting in the revision of prior period financial statements. Changes in accounting standards can be hard to predictand can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.From time to time we may take tax positions that the Internal Revenue Service or other tax authorities may contest.We have in the past and may in the future take tax positions that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or other tax authorities may contest. We are required byan IRS regulation to disclose particular tax positions to the IRS as part of our tax returns for that year and future years. If the IRS or other tax authoritiessuccessfully contests a tax position that we take, we may be required to pay additional taxes, interest or fines that may adversely affect our results ofoperation and financial position.Fires, natural disasters, severe weather conditions or public health crisis could disrupt our business and result in loss of revenue or higher expenses. Any serious disruption at any of our facilities due to fire, hurricane, earthquake, flood, or any other natural disaster, or an epidemic or other public healthcrisis, or a panic reaction to a perceived health risk, could impair our ability to use our facilities and have a material adverse impact on our revenues andincrease our costs and expenses. If there is a natural disaster or other serious disruption at any of our facilities, particularly any of our Mexican facilities, itcould impair our ability to adequately supply our customers, cause a significant disruption 24  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsto our operations, cause us to incur significant costs to relocate or reestablish these functions and negatively impact our operating results. While we insureagainst certain business interruption risks, such insurance may not adequately compensate us for any losses incurred as a result of natural or other disasters.Repercussions from terrorist activities or armed conflict could harm our business.Terrorist activities, anti-terrorist efforts, and other armed conflict involving the U.S. or its interests abroad may adversely affect the U.S. and globaleconomies, potentially preventing us from meeting our financial and other obligations. In particular, the negative impacts of these events may affect theindustries in which we operate. This could result in delays in or cancellations of the purchase of our products or shortages in raw materials, parts, orcomponents. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.Compliance with health care legislation and increases in the cost of providing health care plans to our employees may adversely affect our business.In March 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act(collectively, the Acts). Among other things, the Acts contain provisions that affect employer-sponsored health care plans, impose excise taxes on certainplans, and reduce the tax benefits available to employers that receive the Medicare Part D subsidy. Nationally, the cost of providing health care plans to acompany’s employees has increased at annual rates in excess of inflation. There continues to be uncertainty whether the Acts will increase the cost ofemployee health plan coverage. Continued significant annual increases in the cost of providing employee health coverage may adversely affect our businessand results of operations.Unanticipated changes in our tax provisions or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our financial condition and profitability.We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provisionfor income taxes. Changes in estimates of projected future operating results, loss of deductibility of items, recapture of prior deductions (including related tointerest on convertible notes), or changes in assumptions regarding our ability to generate future taxable income could result in significant increases to ourtax expense and liabilities that could adversely affect our financial condition and profitability.If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and prevent its improper use by third parties or if third parties assert that our products or servicesinfringe their intellectual property rights, our ability to compete in the market may be harmed, and our business and financial condition may be adverselyaffected.The protection of our intellectual property is important to our business. We rely on a combination of trademarks, copyrights, patents and trade secrets toprotect our intellectual property. However, these protections might be inadequate. Our pending or future trademark, copyright and patent applications mightnot be approved or, if allowed, might not be sufficiently broad. If our intellectual property rights are not adequately protected we may not be able tocommercialize our technologies, products or services and our competitors could commercialize our technologies, which could result in a decrease in our salesand market share and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, third parties might assert thatour products, services, or other business activities infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. Infringement and other intellectual propertyclaims and proceedings brought against us, whether successful or not, could result in substantial costs and harm our reputation. Such claims and proceedingscan also distract and divert our management and key personnel from other tasks important to the success of our business. In addition, intellectual propertylitigation or claims could force us to cease selling or using products that incorporate the asserted intellectual property, which would adversely affect ourrevenues, pay substantial damages for past use of   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   25  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsthe asserted intellectual property or pay substantial fees to obtain a license from the holder of the asserted intellectual property, which license may not beavailable on reasonable terms, if at all. In the event of an adverse determination in an intellectual property suit or proceeding, or our failure to licenseessential technology or redesign our products so as not to infringe third party intellectual property rights, our sales could be harmed and our costs couldincrease, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term shareholder value although we cannot assure this will occur and this program may besuspended or terminated at any time.The Board of Directors has authorized our company to repurchase our common stock through a share repurchase program. Our share repurchase program maybe modified, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Although the share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-termshareholder value, we cannot provide assurance that this will occur.Payments of cash dividends on our common stock may be made only at the discretion of our board of directors and may be restricted by Oregon law.Any decision to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our operating results, strategic plans, capitalrequirements, financial condition, provisions of our borrowing arrangements and other factors our Board of Directors considers relevant. Furthermore, Oregonlaw imposes restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. Accordingly, we may not be able to continue to pay dividends in any given amount in the future, orat all. 26  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSNone. Item 2.PROPERTIESWe operate at the following primary facilities as of August 31, 2015: Description  Location  StatusManufacturing Segment    Manufacturing facilities:  Portland, Oregon  Owned  Sahagun, Mexico  Owned  Tlaxcala, Mexico  Owned  Frontera, Mexico  Leased  3 locations in Poland  OwnedAdministrative offices:  Colleyville, Texas  LeasedWheels & Parts SegmentWheels & Parts facilities:  13 locations in the U.S.  Leased — 7 locationsOwned — 6 locationsRepair facilities leased to our GBW Joint Venture:  14 locations in the U.S.  1 location in Canada  Leased — 8 locationsOwned — 3 locationsCustomer premises — 3 locationsCustomer premisesAdministrative offices:  Birmingham, Alabama  LeasedLeasing & Services Segment    Corporate offices, railcar marketing and leasingactivities:  Lake Oswego, Oregon  LeasedWe believe that our facilities are in good condition and that the facilities, together with anticipated capital improvements and additions, are adequate to meetour operating needs for the foreseeable future. We continually evaluate our facilities in order to remain competitive and to take advantage of marketopportunities.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   27  1Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGSThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information disclosed in Note 22 to Consolidated Financial Statements, Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Item 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURESNot applicable. 28  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsPARTII Item 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERSAND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIESOur common stock has been traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol GBX since July 14, 1994. There were approximately 366 holders ofrecord of common stock as of October 23, 2015. The following table shows the reported high and low sales prices of our common stock on the New YorkStock Exchange for the fiscal periods indicated.     High   Low   DividendsDeclared 2015      Fourth quarter  $62.95    $33.10    $0.15  Third quarter  $66.50    $49.61    $0.15  Second quarter  $60.77    $42.62    $0.15  First quarter  $78.32    $45.09    $0.15  2014      Fourth quarter  $72.79    $54.00    $0.15  Third quarter  $56.65    $41.40    $–  Second quarter  $43.20    $30.46    $–  First quarter  $33.20    $22.57    $–  DividendsIn July 2014, the Board of Directors authorized the reinstatement of our company’s dividend program. There is no assurance as to the payment of futuredividends as they are dependent upon future earnings, capital requirements, customary debt covenant restrictions and our financial condition.Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesIn October 2013, the Board of Directors authorized our company to repurchase up to $50 million of our common stock. We completed this share repurchaseprogram in October 2014. In October 2014, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for us to repurchase up to an additional $50million of our common stock. In January 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $25 million increase to the October 2014 share repurchase program and inOctober 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $100 million increase to the October 2014 repurchase program, bringing the total to $175million. The share repurchase program expiration was extended from June 30, 2016 to January 1, 2018, but may be modified, suspended or discontinued atany time without prior notice. Under the share repurchase programs, shares of common stock may be purchased on the open market or through privatelynegotiated transactions from time-to-time. The timing and amount of purchases will be based upon market conditions, securities law limitations and otherfactors. The share repurchase programs do not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares in any period.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   29  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsShares repurchased under these share repurchase programs in aggregate during the three months ended August 31, 2015 were as follows: Period  Total Number ofShares Purchased   Average PricePaid Per Share(IncludingCommissions)  Total Number ofShares Purchasedas Part ofPublicallyAnnounced Plansor Programs   ApproximateDollar Value ofShares that MayYet Be PurchasedUnder the Plans orPrograms June 1, 2015 – June 30, 2015   –     –    –    $42,130,010  July 1, 2015 – July 31, 2015   181,295    $45.23    181,295    $33,930,031  August 1, 2015 – August 31, 2015   314,657    $43.12    314,657    $20,362,445     495,952      495,952    Performance GraphThe following graph demonstrates a comparison of cumulative total returns for the Company’s Common Stock, the Dow Jones US Industrial TransportationIndex and the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on August 31, 2010 in each of the Company’s Common Stockand the stocks comprising the indices. Each of the indices assumes that all dividends were reinvested and that the investment was maintained to andincluding August 31, 2015, the end of the Company’s 2015 fiscal year.The comparisons in this table are required by the SEC, and therefore, are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of ourCommon Stock.  30  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsEquity Compensation Plan InformationEquity Compensation Plan Information is hereby incorporated by reference to the “Equity Compensation Plan Information” table in Registrant’s definitiveProxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement is anticipated to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commissionwithin 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s year ended August 31, 2015.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   31  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA   YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, (In thousands, except unit and per share data) 2015  2014  2013  2012   2011 Statement of Operations Data      Revenue:      Manufacturing $2,136,051   $1,624,916   $1,215,734   $1,253,964    $721,102  Wheels & Parts  371,237    495,627    469,222    481,865     452,865  Leasing & Services  97,990    83,419    71,462    71,887     69,323   $2,605,278   $2,203,962   $1,756,418   $1,807,716    $1,243,290  Earnings from operations $386,892   $239,520   $41,651   $118,788    $67,574  Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier $192,832   $111,919  $(11,048)  $58,708    $6,466 Basic earnings (loss) per common share attributable toGreenbrier: $6.85   $3.97   $(0.41)  $2.21    $0.27  Diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable toGreenbrier: $5.93   $3.44   $(0.41)  $1.91    $0.24  Weighted average common shares outstanding:      Basic  28,151    28,164    26,678    26,572     24,100  Diluted  33,328    34,209    26,678    33,718     26,501  Cash dividends paid per share $.60   $.15   $.00   $.00    $.00  Balance Sheet Data      Total assets $1,790,512   $1,517,168   $1,289,741   $1,384,544    $1,301,655  Revolving notes and notes payable $377,317   $458,172   $422,098   $488,834    $519,479  Total equity $863,489   $573,721   $456,827   $453,645    $375,901  Other Operating Data      New railcar units delivered  21,100    16,200    11,600    15,000     9,400  New railcar backlog (units)  41,300    31,500    14,400    10,700     15,400  New railcar backlog (value in millions) $4,710   $3,330   $1,520   $1,200    $1,230  Lease fleet:      Units managed  259,966    237,849    223,911    219,020     215,843  Units owned  9,324    8,550    8,581    10,841     8,684  Cash Flow Data      Capital expenditures:      Manufacturing $84,354   $55,979   $37,017   $33,313    $20,016  Wheels & Parts  9,381    8,774    7,492    11,248     20,087  Leasing & Services  12,254    5,474    16,318    73,324     44,199   $105,989   $70,227   $60,827   $117,885    $84,302  Proceeds from sale of assets $5,295   $54,235   $75,338   $33,560    $18,730  Depreciation and amortization:      Manufacturing $20,668   $15,341   $13,469   $11,754    $9,853  Wheels & Parts  11,748    12,582    12,843    13,265     11,853  Leasing & Services  12,740    12,499    15,135    17,352     16,587   $45,156   $40,422   $41,447   $42,371    $38,293    2014 includes a non-cash gain on contribution to joint venture of $13.6 million net of tax and a restructuring charge of $1.0 million net of tax. The gainrelated to the Company contributing its Repair operations to the GBW Joint Venture. 2013 includes a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $71.8 million net of tax and a restructuring charge of $1.8 million net of tax. 2011 includes a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9.4 million net of tax for the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, prepayment premiums,debt discount and other costs associated with the repayment of senior unsecured notes and certain term loans. 32  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  (1)(2)(3)(1)(2)(3)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION ANDRESULTS OF OPERATIONSExecutive SummaryWe operate in four reportable segments: Manufacturing; Wheels & Parts; Leasing & Services; and GBW Joint Venture. Our segments are operationallyintegrated. The Manufacturing segment, operating from facilities in the United States, Mexico and Poland, produces double-stack intermodal railcars, tankcars, conventional railcars, automotive railcar products and marine vessels. The Wheels & Parts segment performs wheel and axle servicing, as well asproduction of a variety of parts for the railroad industry in North America. The Leasing & Services segment owns approximately 9,300 railcars (6,300 railcarsheld as equipment on operating leases, 2,800 held as leased railcars for syndication and 200 held as finished goods inventory) and provides managementservices for approximately 260,000 railcars for railroads, shippers, carriers, institutional investors and other leasing and transportation companies in NorthAmerica. The GBW Joint Venture segment provides Repair services through 33 shops throughout North America, 12 of which are currently tank car certifiedby the AAR. The results of these operations were included as part of Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates as we account for our interest in GBWunder the equity method of accounting. We also produce rail castings and tank heads through unconsolidated joint ventures and have a 19.5% ownershipstake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil with an option to acquire an additional 40.5% ownership interest which can be exercised no later than December 30,2017.Our total manufacturing backlog of railcar units as of August 31, 2015 was approximately 41,300 units with an estimated value of $4.71 billion of which36,000 units with a value of $4.24 billion are for direct sales and 5,300 units with a value of $0.47 billion are intended for syndications to third parties with alease attached. Backlog as of August 31, 2014 was 31,500 units with an estimated value of $3.33 billion. Currently no orders in our backlog are intended tobe placed into our owned lease fleet. Multi-year supply agreements are a part of rail industry practice. A portion of the orders included in backlog reflects anassumed product mix. Under terms of the orders, the exact mix will be determined in the future which may impact the dollar amount of backlog. Marinebacklog as of August 31, 2015 was $52 million compared to $112 million as of August 31, 2014.Our backlog of railcar units and marine vessels is not necessarily indicative of future results of operations. Certain orders in backlog are subject to customarydocumentation and completion of terms. Customer orders contain terms and conditions customary in the industry. Customers may attempt to cancel ormodify orders in backlog. In most cases, little variation has been experienced between the quantity ordered and the quantity actually delivered, though thetiming of deliveries may be modified from time to time.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   33  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsOverviewRevenue, cost of revenue, margin and operating profit presented below, include amounts from external parties and exclude intersegment activity that iseliminated in consolidation. (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Revenue:    Manufacturing  $2,136,051   $1,624,916   $1,215,734  Wheels & Parts   371,237    495,627    469,222  Leasing & Services   97,990    83,419    71,462     2,605,278    2,203,962    1,756,418  Cost of revenue:    Manufacturing   1,691,414    1,374,008    1,082,889  Wheels & Parts   334,680    463,938    431,501  Leasing & Services   41,831    43,796    35,655     2,067,925    1,881,742    1,550,045  Margin:    Manufacturing   444,637    250,908    132,845  Wheels & Parts   36,557    31,689    37,721  Leasing & Services   56,159    39,623    35,807     537,353    322,220    206,373  Selling and administrative   151,791    125,270    103,175  Net gain on disposition of equipment   (1,330)   (15,039)   (18,072) Gain on contribution to joint venture   –    (29,006)   –  Goodwill impairment   –    –    76,900  Restructuring charges   –    1,475    2,719  Earnings from operations   386,892    239,520    41,651  Interest and foreign exchange   11,179    18,695    22,158  Earnings before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   375,713    220,825    19,493  Income tax expense   (112,160)   (72,401)   (25,060) Earnings (loss) before earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   263,553    148,424    (5,567) Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   1,756    1,355    186  Net earnings (loss)   265,309    149,779    (5,381) Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest   (72,477)   (37,860)   (5,667) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $192,832   $111,919   $(11,048) Diluted earnings (loss) per common share  $5.93   $3.44   $(0.41) Performance for our segments is evaluated based on operating profit. Corporate includes selling and administrative costs not directly related to goods andservices and certain costs that are intertwined among segments due to our integrated business model. Management does not allocate Interest and foreignexchange or Income tax expense for either external or internal reporting purposes. (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Operating profit:    Manufacturing  $396,921   $202,555   $88,822  Wheels & Parts   27,563    40,597    (60,966) Leasing & Services   41,887    41,055    42,411  Corporate   (79,479)   (44,687)   (28,616)   $386,892   $239,520   $41,651   34  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsConsolidated Results (In thousands)  Years ended August 31,  Increase(Decrease)  %Change       2015          2014       Revenue  $2,605,278   $2,203,962   $401,316    18.2% Cost of revenue  $2,067,925   $1,881,742   $186,183    9.9% Margin (%)   20.6%   14.6%   6.0%   *  Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier  $192,832   $111,919   $80,913    72.3% *Not meaningfulThrough our integrated business model, we provide a broad range of custom products and services in each of our segments which have various averageselling prices and margins. The demand for and mix of products and services delivered changes from year to year which causes fluctuations in our results ofoperations.The 18.2% increase in revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2014 was primarily due to a 31.5% increase inManufacturing revenue. The increase in Manufacturing revenue was primarily due to a 30% increase in the volume of deliveries in response to strongdemand in the freight car market and an increase in marine activity as compared to the prior comparable period. The increase in revenue also included a17.5% increase in Leasing & Services revenue which was primarily the result of a higher average volume of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication.These were partially offset by a 25.1% decrease in Wheels & Parts revenue primarily due to 2015 excluding repair revenue as a result of contributing ourRepair business to GBW, while 2014 included repair revenue through July 18, 2014.The 9.9% increase in cost of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2014 was primarily due to a 23.1%increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue. The increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was primarily due to an increase of 30% in the volume of railcardeliveries with a mix which had a lower average labor and material content. This was partially offset by improved production efficiencies and favorableforeign currency exchange rates. The increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was partially offset by a 27.9% decrease in Wheels & Parts cost of revenueprimarily due to 2015 excluding repair cost of revenue as a result of contributing our Repair business to GBW, while 2014 included repair cost of revenuethrough July 18, 2014. In addition, the increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was partially offset by a 4.5% decrease in Leasing & Services cost ofrevenue. This was primarily due to lower transportation costs and a decrease in the cost of revenue associated with purchased railcars that were sold.Margin as a percentage of revenue was 20.6% and 14.6% for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The overall 6.0% increase in marginpercentage was due to an increase in margin in all three of our consolidated segments. Manufacturing margin increased to 20.8% for 2015 compared to 15.4%for 2014 primarily due to favorable pricing, improved production efficiencies and favorable foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, 2015 had highervolumes of new railcar sales with leases attached which typically result in higher sales prices and margins. Wheels & Parts margin increased to 9.8% for 2015compared to 6.4% for 2014, primarily as the result of 2015 excluding the results of our Repair operations which in the recent past have had lower margins as apercentage of revenue than the rest of the segment. Leasing & Services margin increased to 57.3% for 2015 compared to 47.5% for 2014 which was primarilythe result of a higher average volume of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication as compared to the prior year and lower transportation costs.The $80.9 million increase in net earnings for the year ended August 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2014 was primarily attributable toan increase in margin. This was partially offset by an increase in selling and administrative expense as compared to the prior year and a Gain on contributionto joint venture in 2014.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   35  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents(In thousands)  Years ended August 31,  Increase(Decrease)  %Change       2014          2013       Revenue  $2,203,962   $1,756,418   $447,544    25.5% Cost of revenue  $1,881,742   $1,550,045   $331,697    21.4% Margin (%)   14.6%   11.7%   2.9%   *  Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $111,919   $(11,048)  $122,967    *  *Not meaningfulThe 25.5% increase in revenue for the year ended August 31, 2014 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2013 was primarily due to a 33.7% increase inManufacturing revenue which accounted for 91% of the total revenue increase. The increase in Manufacturing revenue was primarily due to a higher volumeof deliveries due to strong demand in the freight car market and our increased product diversification. Growth in revenues in Wheels & Parts and Leasing &Services of approximately 5.6% and 16.7% respectively also contributed to the year-over-year increase in consolidated revenue.The 21.4% increase in cost of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2014 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2013 was primarily due to an increase inManufacturing cost of revenue which represented 88% of the total increase. Cost of revenue for Manufacturing increased 26.9%, primarily due to a 40%increase in railcar deliveries with a mix which had a lower average labor and material content partially offset by improved production efficiencies. Costs ofrevenue also increased by approximately 7.5% and 22.8% in Wheels & Parts and Leasing & Services, respectively primarily due to higher volumes.Margin as a percentage of revenue was 14.6% and 11.7% for the years ended August 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The overall 2.9% increase in marginpercentage was driven principally by Manufacturing margin which increased from 10.9% to 15.4% primarily due to a favorable change in product mix andimproved production efficiencies. Offsetting improved margin in Manufacturing was a decline in margin in Wheels & Parts to 6.4% in 2014 from 8.0% in2013 and a decline in margin in Leasing & Services to 47.5% in 2014 from 50.1% in 2013.The $123.0 million increase in net earnings for the year ended August 31, 2014 as compared to the year ended August 31, 2013 was primarily attributable toa non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $71.8 million, net of tax in 2013 and an increase in Manufacturing gross margin and a non-cash Gain oncontribution to joint venture of $13.6 million, net of tax both in 2014.Manufacturing Segment    Years ended August 31,  2015 vs 2014  2014 vs 2013 (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013  Increase(Decrease)  %Change  Increase(Decrease)  %Change Revenue  $2,136,051   $1,624,916   $1,215,734   $511,135    31.5%  $409,182    33.7% Cost of revenue  $1,691,414   $1,374,008   $1,082,889   $317,406    23.1%  $291,119    26.9% Margin (%)   20.8%   15.4%   10.9%   5.4%   *    4.5%   *  Operating profit ($)  $396,921   $202,555   $88,822   $194,366    96.0%  $113,733    128.0% Operating profit (%)   18.6%   12.5%   7.3%   6.1%   *    5.2%   *  Deliveries   21,100    16,200    11,600    4,900    30.2%   4,600    39.7% *Not meaningfulManufacturing revenue was $2.136 billion, $1.625 billion and $1.216 billion for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Manufacturing revenueincreased $511.1 million or 31.5% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to a 30% increase in the volume of deliveries in response to strong demand in thefreight car market and an increase in marine activity as compared to the prior comparable period. Manufacturing revenue increased $409.2 million or 33.7%in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to a 40% increase in the volume of deliveries with a mix that had a lower average selling price as compared to 2013.These higher deliveries were a result of improved efficiencies and an increase in capacity in response to higher demand in the freight car market and ourincreased product diversification compared to 2013. 36  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsManufacturing cost of revenue was $1.691 billion, $1.374 billion and $1.083 billion for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Cost of revenueincreased $317.4 million or 23.1% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to an increase of 30% in the volume of railcar deliveries with a mix that had alower average labor and material content. This was partially offset by improved production efficiencies and favorable foreign currency exchange rates. Inaddition, the increase in Manufacturing cost of revenue was attributed to an increase in marine activity as compared to the prior comparable period. Cost ofrevenue increased $291.1 million or 26.9% in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to an increase of 40% in the volume of railcar deliveries with a mix thathad a lower average labor and material content partially offset by improved production efficiencies.Manufacturing margin as a percentage of revenue was 20.8% in 2015, 15.4% in 2014 and 10.9% in 2013. The 5.4% increase in margin in 2015 compared to2014 was primarily due to favorable pricing, improved production efficiencies and favorable foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, 2015 had highervolumes of new railcar sales with leases attached which typically result in higher sales prices and margins. The 4.5% increase in margin in 2014 compared to2013 was primarily the result of a favorable change in product mix and pricing, higher volumes of new railcars syndicated with leases attached and improvedproduction efficiencies and overhead absorption.Manufacturing operating profit was $396.9 million and 18.6% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015, $202.6 million and 12.5% of revenue for theyear ended August 31, 2014 and $88.8 million and 7.3% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2013. The $194.4 million or 96.0% increase in operatingprofit in 2015 compared to 2014 and the $113.7 million or 128.0% increase in operating profit in 2014 compared to 2013 were both primarily attributed tohigher margins.Wheels & Parts SegmentThis segment included the results of operations for our Repair operations through July 18, 2014. On July 18, 2014 we and Watco, our joint venture partner,contributed our respective Repair operations to GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture. After July 18, 2014, the results of GBW were included as partof Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates as we account for our interest in GBW under the equity method of accounting.    Years ended August 31,  2015 vs 2014   2014 vs 2013 (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013  Increase(Decrease)  %Change   Increase(Decrease)   %Change Revenue  $371,237   $495,627   $469,222   $(124,390)   (25.1%)   $26,405     5.6% Cost of revenue  $334,680   $463,938   $431,501   $(129,258)   (27.9%)   $32,437     7.5% Margin (%)   9.8%   6.4%   8.0%   3.4%   *     (1.6%)     * Operating profit ($)  $27,563   $40,597   $(60,966)  $(13,034)   (32.1%)   $101,563      * Operating profit (%)   7.4%   8.2%   *    (0.8%)   *     *      * *Not meaningfulWheels & Parts revenue was $371.2 million, $495.6 million and $469.2 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The $124.4 million or25.1% decrease in revenue in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to 2015 excluding repair revenue as a result of contributing our Repair business toGBW, while 2014 included $138.4 million of repair revenue. The decrease in revenue was also attributed to a decrease in scrap metal pricing. The $26.4million or 5.6% increase in revenue in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily the result of an 11% increase in wheel set and component volumes as a result ofincreased demand, and a change in wheel set and component product mix resulting in a higher average selling price. These were partially offset by an 18%decrease in repair volume primarily due to the closure of facilities as part of our previously disclosed restructuring plan to sell or close certain wheels, repairand parts facilities to enhance margins and improve capital efficiency and the contribution of our Repair operations to GBW which reduced the number ofworking days in which we consolidated the Repair operations during 2014 by approximately 12% compared to 2013.Wheels & Parts cost of revenue was $334.7 million, $463.9 million and $431.5 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Cost of revenuedecreased $129.3 million or 27.9% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to 2015 excluding repair cost of revenue as a result of contributing our Repairbusiness to GBW,   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   37  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentswhile 2014 included repair cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased $32.4 million or 7.5% in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to an 11% increase inwheel set and component volumes as a result of increased demand and operating inefficiencies at certain of our Repair facilities. This was partially offset by adecrease of 18% in repair volumes primarily due to the closure of facilities as part of our previously disclosed restructuring plan and the contribution of ourRepair operations to GBW which reduced the number of working days in which we consolidated the Repair operations during 2014 by approximately 12%compared to 2013.Wheels & Parts margin as a percentage of revenue was 9.8% for 2015, 6.4% for 2014 and 8.0% for 2013. The 3.4% increase in margin as a percentage ofrevenue in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily the result of 2015 excluding the results of our Repair operations which in the recent past have had lowermargins as a percentage of revenue than the rest of the segment. In addition, the increase in margin was due to a favorable change in wheel pricing and a morefavorable parts product mix. These were partially offset by the adverse effect of a decline in scrap metal pricing on wheel margins during 2015. The 1.6%decrease in margin as a percentage of revenue in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily the result of operating inefficiencies at certain of our Repair facilitiesand a less favorable parts product mix.Wheels & Parts operating profit was $27.6 million and 7.4% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015, operating profit was $40.6 million and 8.2% ofrevenue for the year ended August 31, 2014 and an operating loss was $61.0 million for the year ended August 31, 2013. The $13.0 million or 32.1%decrease in operating profit in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributed to a $29.0 million pre-tax non-cash gain on contribution to joint venture in2014. This was partially offset by repair selling and administrative expense being excluded in 2015 as a result of contributing our Repair business to GBWand an increase in margin in the current year. The $101.6 million increase in operating profit in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily attributed to a pre-taxnon-cash goodwill impairment charge of $76.9 million in 2013 and a $29.0 million pre-tax non-cash gain on contribution to joint venture in 2014.Leasing & Services Segment    Years ended August 31,  2015 vs 2014  2014 vs 2013 (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013  Increase(Decrease)  %Change  Increase(Decrease)   %Change Revenue  $97,990   $83,419   $71,462   $14,571    17.5%  $11,957     16.7% Cost of revenue  $41,831   $43,796   $35,655   $(1,965)   (4.5%)  $8,141     22.8% Margin (%)   57.3%   47.5%   50.1%   9.8%   *    (2.6%)    *  Operating profit ($)  $41,887   $41,055   $42,411   $832    2.0%  $(1,356)    (3.2%) Operating profit (%)   42.7%   49.2%   59.3%   (6.5%)   *    (10.1%)    *  *Not meaningfulLeasing & Services revenue was $98.0 million, $83.4 million and $71.5 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The $14.6 million or17.5% increase in revenue in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily the result of a higher average volume of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication,which is classified as Leased railcars for syndication on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, held short-term. The increase in revenue was also attributed to a29% increase in management services revenue due to the addition of new management service agreements. The $12.0 million or 16.7% increase in revenue in2014 compared to 2013 was primarily the result of a sale of railcars we purchased from a third party. These railcars were not manufactured by our company,but rather purchased from a third party with a lease attached, with the intent to resell them. The gross proceeds from the sale of these railcars with leasesattached were recorded as revenue and the cost of purchasing these railcars from a third party was recorded in cost of sales. The increase in revenue ascompared to 2013 was also a result of a 44% increase in management services revenue due to the addition of new management service agreements and higheraverage volumes of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication. These were partially offset by a 12% decline in leasing revenue resulting from a smalleraverage owned lease fleet as compared to 2013.Leasing & Services cost of revenue was $41.8 million, $43.8 million and $35.7 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Cost of revenuedecreased $2.0 million or 4.5% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to lower transportation costs and a decrease in the cost of revenue associated withpurchased railcars that were sold. Cost of revenue increased $8.1 million or 22.8% in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due 38  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsto a $5.9 million increase in costs associated with the sale of railcars we purchased from a third party and new management service agreements. This waspartially offset by lower railcar leasing cost of revenues of $3.4 million primarily associated with a smaller average owned lease fleet as compared to 2013.Leasing & Services margin as a percentage of revenue was 57.3% in 2015 compared to 47.5% in 2014 and 50.1% in 2013. The 9.8% increase in 2015compared to 2014 was primarily the result of a higher average volume of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication as compared to the prior year andlower transportation costs. The 2.6% decrease in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily the result of a lower margin sale of railcars we purchased from a thirdparty and the $1.2 million reduction in the maintenance accrual on terminated maintenance management agreements during 2013. These were partially offsetby higher average volumes of rent-producing leased railcars for syndication as compared to 2013.Leasing & Services operating profit was $41.9 million and 42.7% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015, $41.1 million and 49.2% of revenue for theyear ended August 31, 2014 and $42.4 million and 59.3% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2013. The $0.8 million or 2.0% increase in operatingprofit in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributed to a $16.5 million increase in gross margin. This was partially offset by a $12.8 million decrease inNet gain on disposition of equipment and an increase of $2.9 million in selling and administrative costs primarily associated with an increase in employeerelated costs. The $1.4 million or 3.2% decrease in operating profit in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily attributed to a $4.5 million decrease in Net gainon disposition of equipment.The percentage of owned units on lease as of August 31, 2015 was 96.6% compared to 98.2% at August 31, 2014 and 97.4% at August 31, 2013.GBW Joint Venture SegmentOn July 18, 2014, we and Watco, our joint venture partner, contributed our respective Repair operations to GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venturewhich became our fourth reportable segment (GBW Joint Venture) upon formation. The results of operations for the GBW Joint Venture are not consolidatedin our financial statements as the investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting.For the year ended August 31, 2015, GBW generated total revenue of $349.8 million from its 33 Repair shops. For the year ended August 31, 2015, GBWmargin as a percentage of revenue was 6.2%.To reflect our 50% share of GBW’s results, we recorded earnings of $0.8 million in Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates associated with GBW for the yearended August 31, 2015.Selling and Administrative    Years ended August 31,   2015 vs 2014  2014 vs 2013 (In thousands)  2015   2014   2013   Increase(Decrease)   %Change  Increase(Decrease)   %Change Selling and Administrative  $151,791    $125,270    $103,175    $26,521     21.2%  $22,095     21.4% Selling and administrative expense was $151.8 million, or 5.8% of revenue for the year ended August 31, 2015, $125.3 million, or 5.7% of revenue for theyear ended August 31, 2014 and $103.2 million, or 5.9% of revenue, for the year ended August 31, 2013.The $26.5 million increase in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributed to a $14.6 million increase in employee-related costs including long-term andshort-term incentive compensation and additional headcount based on current levels of activity, $6.2 million in professional fees and other transaction costsin the current year in connection with a potential acquisition, a $3.4 million increase in travel and entertainment expenses primarily for new businessdevelopment, $2.4 million in costs in the current year associated with our advocacy of new tank car regulations and $1.9 million in legal, accounting andconsulting costs in the current year associated with the previously disclosed investigation at our Concarril manufacturing facility. These were partially offsetby our Repair operations being excluded from 2015. Discussions related to the potential acquisition were terminated.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   39  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe $22.1 million or 21.4% increase in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to increased levels of activity resulting in a $16.0 million increase inemployee related costs, including incentive compensation associated with increased levels of profitability. The increase was also attributed to a $5.7 millionincrease in legal and consulting costs primarily associated with the formation of the GBW Joint Venture and other strategic initiatives.Net Gain on Disposition of EquipmentNet gain on disposition of equipment was $1.3 million, $15.0 million and $18.1 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Assets fromGreenbrier’s lease fleet are periodically sold in the normal course of business in order to take advantage of market conditions and manage risk and liquidity.All of the gain for the year ended August 31, 2015 of $1.3 million was realized on the disposition of leased assets. The gain for the year ended August 31,2014 consists of $14.6 million in gains realized on the disposition of leased assets and $0.4 million on the disposition of equipment related to ourrestructuring plan to sell or close certain wheels, repair and parts facilities to enhance margins and improve capital efficiency. The gain for the year endedAugust 31, 2013 consists of $19.0 million in gains realized on the disposition of leased assets, a $0.6 million other gain and a $1.5 million loss related to thesale of certain assets from our roller bearing operation in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.Gain on Contribution to Joint VentureOn July 18, 2014, we and Watco contributed our respective Repair operations to a newly formed entity, GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture withWatco. As a result of the formation of GBW, we recognized a pre-tax non-cash gain of $29.0 million for the year ended August 31, 2014 which was calculatedas the fair value of our 50% share in GBW, less cash and intangibles contributed to GBW and an allocation in goodwill attributed to the Repair businesscontributed to GBW.Goodwill ImpairmentThe results of our annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2013 indicated that the carrying amount related to Wheels & Parts was inexcess of fair value. As a result, a non-cash impairment loss was recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeded theimplied fair value of that goodwill. A non-cash impairment charge of $76.9 million ($71.8 million, net of tax) was recorded for the year ended August 31,2013. The primary drivers of the impairment charge were lower than expected operating results and changes in forecasted future results, accompanied by areduction in observed market multiples.Restructuring ChargesDuring 2013, we implemented a restructuring plan to sell or close certain wheels, repair and parts facilities to enhance margins and improve capitalefficiency. Restructuring charges related to this plan totaled $1.5 million and $2.7 million for the years ended August 31, 2014 and 2013 and consisted ofemployee related termination costs, contract termination expenses and other costs.Interest and Foreign ExchangeInterest and foreign exchange expense was composed of the following: (In thousands)  Years ended August 31,   Increase(decrease)       2015          2014       Interest and foreign exchange:     Interest and other expense  $18,975   $18,306    $669  Foreign exchange (gain) loss   (7,796)   389     (8,185)   $11,179   $18,695    $(7,516)  40  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsInterest and other expense decreased $7.5 million in 2015 from 2014 primarily due to the strengthening of the US Dollar against the Mexican Peso whichresulted in a $7.8 million foreign exchange gain in the current year compared to a $0.4 million foreign exchange loss in the prior year. This was partiallyoffset by an increase of $0.7 million due to higher interest expense on increased levels of average borrowings as compared to the prior comparable period.Interest and foreign exchange expense was composed of the following: (In thousands)  Years ended August 31,   Increase(decrease)       2014           2013       Interest and foreign exchange:               Interest and other expense  $18,306    $19,203    $(897) Accretion of convertible debt discount   –     2,455     (2,455) Foreign exchange loss   389     500     (111)   $18,695    $22,158    $(3,463) Interest and other expense decreased $3.5 million in 2014 from 2013 primarily due to the convertible note debt discount being fully amortized in 2013 andlower interest expense on reduced levels of average borrowings in 2014.Income TaxIn 2015 our tax expense was $112.2 million on $375.7 million of pre-tax earnings for an effective tax rate of 29.9%. In 2014 our tax expense was $72.4million on $220.8 million of pre-tax earnings for an effective tax rate of 32.8%. The 2014 rate would have been 29.5% had nondeductible goodwill notreduced the gain recognized on the contribution of our Repair operations to the GBW Joint Venture. In 2013 our tax expense was $25.1 million on $19.5million of pre-tax earnings that had been reduced by a goodwill impairment charge of $76.9 million that was largely nondeductible. The 2013 rate wouldhave been 30.4% without the impairment charge. The 2013 rate also benefited from the reversal of uncertain tax positions.Even without regard to any changes caused by nondeductible goodwill, our tax rate can fluctuate year-to-year due to discrete items and due to changes in themix of foreign and domestic pre-tax earnings. It can also fluctuate with changes in the proportion of pre-tax earnings attributable to our Mexican railcarmanufacturing joint venture because the joint venture is predominantly treated as a partnership for tax purposes and, as a result, the partnership’s entire pre-tax earnings are included in Earnings before income taxes and Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates, whereas only our 50% share of the tax is included inIncome tax expense.Earnings from Unconsolidated AffiliatesEarnings from unconsolidated affiliates was $1.8 million, $1.4 million and $0.2 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Earnings fromunconsolidated affiliates for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014 primarily included our share of after-tax earnings from our castings joint venture andour share of after-tax results from our GBW Joint Venture including eliminations associated with GBW transactions with other Greenbrier entities. Earningsfrom unconsolidated affiliates for the year ended August 31, 2013 primarily included the results of operations from our castings joint venture.Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling InterestThe years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 include net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest of $72.5 million, $37.9 million and $5.7million which primarily represents our joint venture partner’s share in the results of operations of our Mexican railcar manufacturing joint venture, adjustedfor intercompany sales. The increase of $34.6 million in 2015 compared to 2014 is primarily a result of operating at higher production rates and improvedefficiencies partially offset by higher intercompany activity which is eliminated in consolidation. The $32.2 million increase in 2014 compared to 2013 isprimarily a result of operating at higher production rates, improved efficiencies and lower intercompany activity in 2014.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   41  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsLiquidity and Capital Resources    Years Ended August 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Net cash provided by operating activities  $192,333   $135,907   $104,592  Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities   (131,531)   (30,078)   6,159  Net cash used in financing activities   (62,824)   (17,561)   (65,732) Effect of exchange rate changes   (9,964)   (787)   (1,155) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents  $(11,986)  $87,481   $43,864  We have been financed through cash generated from operations and borrowings. At August 31, 2015 cash and cash equivalents was $172.9 million, adecrease of $12.0 million from $184.9 million at the prior year end.Cash provided by operating activities was $192.3 million, $135.9 million and $104.6 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Theincrease in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to higher earnings and a change in working capital needs partially offset by an increase in leasedrailcars for syndication due to higher levels of production moving through our lease syndication model. The increase in 2014 compared to 2013 wasprimarily due to higher earnings, a change in the timing of working capital needs, the timing of sales of leased railcars for syndication as well as billings inexcess of costs, which are recorded in deferred revenue, for our marine barges recorded under the percentage of completion method.Cash provided by (used in) investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures less proceeds from the sale of assets. Cash used in investing activitieswas $131.5 million and $30.1 million for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $6.2 million forthe year ended August 31, 2013.Capital expenditures totaled $106.0 million, $70.2 million and $60.8 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Proceeds from the sale ofassets, which primarily related to sales of railcars from our lease fleet within Leasing & Services, were approximately $5.3 million, $54.2 million and $75.3million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.Approximately $84.4 million, $56.0 million and $37.0 million of capital expenditures for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were attributableto Manufacturing operations. Capital expenditures for Manufacturing are expected to be approximately $50.0 million in 2016 and primarily relate tomaintenance and enhancements of our existing manufacturing facilities.Approximately $12.2 million, $5.4 million and $16.3 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 of capital expenditures were attributableto Leasing & Services operations and corporate. Leasing & Services and corporate capital expenditures for 2016 are expected to be approximately $30.0million. Proceeds from sales of leased railcar equipment are expected to be approximately $14.0 million for 2016. Assets from our lease fleet are periodicallysold in the normal course of business in order to take advantage of market conditions and to manage risk and liquidity.Wheels & Parts capital expenditures for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $9.4 million, $8.8 million and $7.5 million and are expectedto be approximately $9.0 million in 2016 for maintenance and enhancements of our existing facilities.Cash used in financing activities was $62.8 million, $17.6 million and $65.7 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The change incash provided by financing activities in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributed to a $36.4 million increase in the repurchase of stock, a $15.3million increase in cash distributions to our joint venture partner and a $12.4 million increase in dividend payments. The change in cash provided byfinancing activities in 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily attributed to an increase in proceeds from debt, net of repayments and $33.6 million for therepurchase of stock in 2014.A quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share was declared on October 29, 2015. 42  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsOur 3.5% convertible senior notes will mature on April 1, 2018, unless earlier repurchased by us or converted in accordance with their terms. Holders mayconvert at their option at any time prior to the business day immediately preceding the stated maturity date. During 2015, $110.9 million in principal of theoriginal $230.0 million was converted into 2.9 million shares of our common stock which resulted in a principal balance of $119.1 million as of August 31,2015. Associated debt issuance costs of $1.5 million were removed from Intangibles and other assets, net and charged against additional paid-in-capital.In October 2013, the Board of Directors authorized our company to repurchase up to $50 million of our common stock. We completed this share repurchaseprogram in October 2014. In October 2014, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for our company to repurchase up to $50million of our common stock. In January 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $25 million increase to the October 2014 share repurchase program and inOctober 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $100 million increase to the October 2014 repurchase program, bringing the total to $175million. During the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, we repurchased a total of 1,386,993 and 764,546 shares for approximately $70.2 and $34.4million under our share repurchase programs. As of August 31, 2015 we had $20.4 million available under the $75 million share repurchase program.In March 2014, we refinanced approximately $125 million of existing senior term debt, due in March 2014 and May 2015, secured by a pool of leasedrailcars with new 6-year $200 million senior term debt also secured by a pool of leased railcars and cash. The new debt bears a floating interest rate of LIBORplus 1.75% with principal of $1.75 million paid quarterly in arrears and a balloon payment of $159.8 million due at maturity. An interest rate swap agreementwas entered into on 50% of the initial balance to swap the floating interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.75% to a fixed rate of 3.7375%.Senior secured credit facilities, consisting of three components, aggregated to $366.1 million as of August 31, 2015. We had an aggregate of $268.0 millionavailable to draw down under committed credit facilities as of August 31, 2015. This amount consists of $193.8 million available on the North Americancredit facility, $16.1 million on the European credit facilities and $58.1 million on the Mexican joint venture credit facilities as of August 31, 2015.As of August 31, 2015, a $290.0 million revolving line of credit secured by substantially all of our assets in the U.S. not otherwise pledged as security forterm loans, maturing June 2016, was available to provide working capital and interim financing of equipment, principally for the U.S. and Mexicanoperations. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.25% or Prime plus 1.25% depending on the type of borrowing. Available borrowingsunder the credit facility are generally based on defined levels of inventory, receivables, property, plant and equipment and leased equipment, as well as totaldebt to consolidated capitalization and fixed charges coverage ratios. In October 2015, this revolving line of credit was renewed on terms similar to theexisting facility and increased to $550.0 million with a new maturity date of October 2020. In addition, advances under this renewed facility bear interest atLIBOR plus 1.75% or Prime plus 0.75% depending on the type of borrowing.As of August 31, 2015, lines of credit totaling $16.1 million secured by certain of our European assets, with various variable rates that range from WarsawInterbank Offered Rate (WIBOR) plus 1.2% to WIBOR plus 1.3%, were available for working capital needs of the European manufacturing operation.European credit facilities are continually being renewed. Currently these European credit facilities have maturities that range from February 2016 throughJune 2017.As of August 31, 2015, our Mexican joint venture had three lines of credit totaling $60.0 million. The first line of credit provides up to $10.0 million and issecured by certain of the joint venture’s accounts receivable and inventory. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.5%. The Mexican jointventure will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2016. The second line of credit provides up to $30.0 million and is fullyguaranteed by each of the joint venture partners, including our company. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. The Mexican jointventure will be able to draw against this facility through January 2019. The third line of credit provides up to $20.0 million, of which we and our jointventure partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. The Mexican joint venture will be able to drawamounts available under this facility through August 2017.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   43  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsAs of August 31, 2015, outstanding commitments under the senior secured credit facilities consisted of $47.2 million in letters of credit and $49.0 million inrevolving notes under the North American credit facility and $1.9 million outstanding in revolving notes under the Mexican joint venture credit facilities.The revolving and operating lines of credit, along with notes payable, contain covenants with respect to us and our various subsidiaries, the most restrictiveof which, among other things, limit our ability to: incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends or repurchase stock; enter into sale leasebacktransactions; create liens; sell assets; engage in transactions with affiliates, including joint ventures and non U.S. subsidiaries, including but not limited toloans, advances, equity investments and guarantees; enter into mergers, consolidations or sales of substantially all our assets; and enter into new lines ofbusiness. The covenants also require certain maximum ratios of debt to total capitalization and minimum levels of fixed charges (interest plus rent) coverage.We may from time to time seek to repurchase or otherwise retire or exchange securities, including outstanding borrowings and equity securities, and takeother steps to reduce our debt or otherwise improve our balance sheet. These actions may include open market repurchases, unsolicited or solicited privatelynegotiated transactions or other retirements, repurchases or exchanges. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on a number of factors, including,but not limited to, prevailing market conditions, trading levels of our debt, our liquidity requirements and contractual restrictions, if applicable.We have global operations that conduct business in their local currencies as well as other currencies. To mitigate the exposure to transactions denominated incurrencies other than the functional currency, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts with established financial institutions to protect themargin on a portion of foreign currency sales in firm backlog. Given the strong credit standing of the counterparties, no provision has been made for creditloss due to counterparty non-performance.As of August 31, 2015, the Mexican joint venture had $3.0 million of third party debt, of which we and our joint venture partner have each guaranteedapproximately $1.5 million.In accordance with customary business practices in Europe, we have $3.7 million in bank and third party warranty guarantee facilities as of August 31, 2015.To date no amounts have been drawn under these guarantee facilities.On July 18, 2014, we and Watco contributed our respective Repair operations to GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture. We made $12.5 million incash contributions during the year ended August 31, 2014 and $3.8 million in cash contributions and $31.5 million in loans during the year endedAugust 31, 2015. We expect to loan additional amounts, approximately $5.0 million, during 2016. We are likely to make additional capital contributions orloans to GBW in the future. As of August 31, 2015, we had a $31.5 million note receivable balance from GBW, which included a $21.0 million accountreceivable which was converted into a note receivable during the fourth quarter of 2015. The original account receivable from GBW was for the initial sale ofinventory to GBW. We receive $4.9 million annually from GBW in lease payments for our owned facilities and equipment leased to GBW as well as quarterlydistributions of a portion of GBW’s earnings. During the year ended August 31, 2015, we received $1.3 million in quarterly distributions from GBW.We expect existing funds and cash generated from operations, together with proceeds from financing activities including borrowings under existing creditfacilities and long-term financings, to be sufficient to fund dividends, working capital needs, additional investments in GBW, planned capital expendituresand expected debt repayments during the next twelve months. 44  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe following table shows our estimated future contractual cash obligations as of August 31, 2015:    Years Ending August 31, (In thousands)  Total   2016   2017   2018   2019   2020   Thereafter Notes payable  $326,429    $22,460    $7,437    $126,282    $7,000    $163,250     –  Interest    36,097     10,204     9,377     9,161     4,777     2,578     –  Revolving notes   50,888     50,888     –     –     –     –     –  Operating leases   14,902     3,798     2,956     2,432     2,163     1,997     1,556  Railcar leases   5,073     2,464     1,563     1,046     –     –     –  Other   204     98     42     29     31     4     –    $433,593    $89,912    $21,375    $138,950    $13,971    $167,829    $1,556   A portion of the estimated future cash obligation relates to interest on variable rate borrowings.Due to uncertainty with respect to the timing of future cash flows associated with our unrecognized tax benefits at August 31, 2015, we are unable to estimatethe period of cash settlement with the respective taxing authority. Therefore, approximately $1.3 million in uncertain tax positions, including interest, havebeen excluded from the contractual table above. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on income taxes.Off Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe do not currently have off balance sheet arrangements that have or are likely to have a material current or future effect on our Consolidated FinancialStatements.Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires judgment on the part of managementto arrive at estimates and assumptions on matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates may affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue andexpenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within the financial statements.Estimates and assumptions are periodically evaluated and may be adjusted in future periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.Income taxes - For financial reporting purposes, income tax expense is estimated based on amounts anticipated to be reported on tax return filings. Thoseanticipated amounts may change from when the financial statements are prepared to when the tax returns are filed. Further, because tax filings are subject toreview by taxing authorities, there is risk that a position taken in preparation of a tax return may be challenged by a taxing authority. If a challenge issuccessful, differences in tax expense or between current and deferred tax items may arise in future periods. Any material effect of such differences would bereflected in the financial statements when management considers the effect probable of occurring and the amount reasonably estimable. Valuation allowancesreduce deferred tax assets to amounts more likely than not that will be realized based on information available when the financial statements are prepared.This information may include estimates of future income and other assumptions that are inherently uncertain.Maintenance obligations - We are responsible for maintenance on a portion of the managed and owned lease fleet under the terms of maintenanceobligations defined in the underlying lease or management agreement. The estimated maintenance liability is based on maintenance histories for each typeand age of railcar. These estimates involve judgment as to the future costs of repairs and the types and timing of repairs required over the lease term. As wecannot predict with certainty the prices, timing and volume of maintenance needed in the future on railcars under long-term leases, this estimate is uncertainand could be materially different from maintenance requirements. The liability is periodically reviewed and updated based on maintenance trends and knownfuture repair or refurbishment requirements. These adjustments could be material due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future maintenancerequirements.Warranty accruals - Warranty costs to cover a defined warranty period are estimated and charged to operations. The estimated warranty cost is based onhistorical warranty claims for each particular product type. For new   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   45  (1)(1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsproduct types without a warranty history, preliminary estimates are based on historical information for similar product types. These estimates are inherentlyuncertain as they are based on historical data for existing products and judgment for new products. If warranty claims are made in the current period for issuesthat have not historically been the subject of warranty claims and were not taken into consideration in establishing the accrual or if claims for issues alreadyconsidered in establishing the accrual exceed expectations, warranty expense may exceed the accrual for that particular product. Conversely, there is thepossibility that claims may be lower than estimates. The warranty accrual is periodically reviewed and updated based on warranty trends. However, as wecannot predict future claims, the potential exists for the difference in any one reporting period to be material.Environmental costs - At times we may be involved in various proceedings related to environmental matters. We estimate future costs for knownenvironmental remediation requirements and accrue for them when it is probable that we have incurred a liability and the related costs can be reasonablyestimated based on currently available information. If further developments or resolution of an environmental matter result in facts and circumstances that aresignificantly different than the assumptions used to develop these reserves, the accrual for environmental remediation could be materially understated oroverstated. Adjustments to these liabilities are made when additional information becomes available that affects the estimated costs to study or remediate anyenvironmental issues or when expenditures for which reserves are established are made. Due to the uncertain nature of environmental matters, there can be noassurance that we will not become involved in future litigation or other proceedings or, if we were found to be responsible or liable in any litigation orproceeding, that such costs would not be material to us.Revenue recognition - Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, theprice is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.Railcars are generally manufactured, repaired or refurbished and wheels and parts produced under firm orders from third parties. Revenue is recognized whenthese products or services are completed, accepted by an unaffiliated customer and contractual contingencies removed. Certain leases are operated under carhire arrangements whereby revenue is earned based on utilization, car hire rates and terms specified in the lease agreement. Car hire revenue is reported from athird party source two months in arrears; however, such revenue is accrued in the month earned based on estimates of use from historical activity and isadjusted to actual as reported. These estimates are inherently uncertain as they involve judgment as to the estimated use of each railcar. Adjustments to actualhave historically not been significant. Revenues from construction of marine barges are either recognized on the percentage of completion method during theconstruction period or on the completed contract method based on the terms of the contract. Under the percentage of completion method, judgment is used todetermine a definitive threshold against which progress towards completion can be measured to determine timing of revenue recognition. Under thepercentage of completion method, revenue is recognized based on the progress toward contract completion measured by actual costs incurred to date inrelation to the estimate of total expected costs. Under the completed contract method, revenue is not recognized until the project has been fully completed.We will periodically sell railcars with leases attached to financial investors. Revenue associated with railcars that the Company has manufactured arerecognized in Manufacturing once sold. Revenue associated with railcars which were obtained from a third party and subsequently sold are recognized inLeasing & Services. In addition we will often perform management or maintenance services at market rates for these railcars. Pursuant to the guidance inAccounting Standards Codification (ASC) 840-20-40, we evaluate the terms of any remarketing agreements and any contractual provisions that representretained risk and the level of retained risk based on those provisions. We determine whether the level of retained risk exceeds 10% of the individual fair valueof the railcars with leases attached that are delivered. For any contracts with multiple elements (i.e. railcars, maintenance, management services, etc.) weallocate revenue among the deliverables primarily based upon objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of each element in the arrangement. Ifobjective and reliable evidence of fair value of any element is not available, we will use the element’s estimated selling price for purposes of allocating thetotal arrangement consideration among the elements.Impairment of long-lived assets - When changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of certain long-lived assets may not be recoverable, the assetsare evaluated for impairment. If the forecast undiscounted future 46  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentscash flows are less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the assets to fair value is recognized in thecurrent period. These estimates are based on the best information available at the time of the impairment and could be materially different if circumstanceschange. If the forecast undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of the assets it would indicate that the assets were not impaired.Goodwill and acquired intangible assets - We periodically acquire businesses in purchase transactions in which the allocation of the purchase price mayresult in the recognition of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the value of such intangible assets requires management to makeestimates and assumptions. These estimates affect the amount of future period amortization and possible impairment charges.Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually during the third quarter. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assetsare also tested more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that a potential impairment exists. When changes incircumstances, such as a decline in the market price of our common stock, changes in demand or in the numerous variables associated with the judgments,assumptions and estimates made in assessing the appropriate valuation of goodwill indicate the carrying amount of certain indefinite lived assets may not berecoverable, the assets are evaluated for impairment. Among other things, our assumptions used in the valuation of goodwill include growth of revenue andmargins, market multiples, discount rates and increased cash flows over time. If actual operating results were to differ from these assumptions, it may result inan impairment of our goodwill.The provisions of ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, require that we perform a two-step impairment test on goodwill. In the first step, we comparethe fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying value. We determine the fair value of our reporting units based on a weighting of income and marketapproaches. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Under themarket approach, we estimate the fair value based on observed market multiples for comparable businesses. The second step of the goodwill impairment testis required only in situations where the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value as determined in the first step. In the second step, we wouldcompare the implied fair value of goodwill to its carrying value. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of a reportingunit to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unitwas the price paid to acquire the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the amounts assigned to its assets and liabilities is theimplied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fairvalue of that goodwill. The goodwill balance relates to the Wheels & Parts segment.New Accounting PronouncementsSee Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   47  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKForeign Currency Exchange RiskWe have global operations that conduct business in their local currencies as well as other currencies. To mitigate the exposure to transactions denominated incurrencies other than the functional currency of each entity, we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to protect revenue or margin on aportion of forecast foreign currency sales. At August 31, 2015, forward exchange contracts for the purchase of Polish Zloty and the sale of Euro and for thepurchase of U.S. Dollars and the sale of Saudi Riyal aggregated $386.2 million. Because of the variety of currencies in which purchases and sales aretransacted and the interaction between currency rates, it is not possible to predict the impact a movement in a single foreign currency exchange rate wouldhave on future operating results.In addition to exposure to transaction gains or losses, we are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to the net asset position of our foreignsubsidiaries. At August 31, 2015, net assets of foreign subsidiaries aggregated $58.1 million and a 10% strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to the foreigncurrencies would result in a decrease in equity of $5.8 million, or 0.8% of Total equity – Greenbrier. This calculation assumes that each exchange rate wouldchange in the same direction relative to the U.S. Dollar.Interest Rate RiskWe have managed a portion of our variable rate debt with interest rate swap agreements, effectively converting $95.6 million of variable rate debt to fixedrate debt. As a result, we are exposed to interest rate risk relating to our revolving debt and a portion of term debt, which are at variable rates. At August 31,2015, 61% of our outstanding debt had fixed rates and 39% had variable rates. At August 31, 2015, a uniform 10% increase in variable interest rates wouldresult in approximately $0.4 million of additional annual interest expense. 48  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmThe Board of Directors and StockholdersThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.:We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2015and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-yearperiod ended August 31, 2015. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to expressan opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The GreenbrierCompanies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of August 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-yearperiod ended August 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal controlover financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee ofSponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated October 30, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion on theeffectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting./s/ KPMG LLPPortland, OROctober 30, 2015   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   49  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATAConsolidated Balance SheetsAS OF AUGUST 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014 Assets   Cash and cash equivalents  $172,930   $184,916  Restricted cash   8,869    20,140  Accounts receivable, net   196,029    199,679  Inventories   445,535    305,656  Leased railcars for syndication   212,534    125,850  Equipment on operating leases, net   255,391    258,848  Property, plant and equipment, net   303,135    243,698  Investment in unconsolidated affiliates   87,270    69,359  Intangibles and other assets, net   65,554    65,757  Goodwill   43,265    43,265    $1,790,512   $1,517,168  Liabilities and Equity   Revolving notes  $50,888   $13,081  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   455,213    383,289  Deferred income taxes   60,657    81,383  Deferred revenue   33,836    20,603  Notes payable   326,429    445,091  Commitments and contingencies (Notes 21 & 22)   Equity:Greenbrier   Preferred stock - without par value; 25,000 shares authorized; none outstanding   –    –  Common stock - without par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 28,907 and 27,364 outstanding at August 31, 2015and 2014   –    –  Additional paid-in capital   295,444    235,763  Retained earnings   458,599    282,559  Accumulated other comprehensive loss   (21,205)   (6,932) Total equity – Greenbrier   732,838    511,390  Noncontrolling interest   130,651    62,331  Total equity   863,489    573,721    $1,790,512   $1,517,168  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 50  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsConsolidated Statements of OperationsYEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, (In thousands, except per share amounts)  2015  2014  2013 Revenue    Manufacturing  $2,136,051   $1,624,916   $1,215,734  Wheels & Parts   371,237    495,627    469,222  Leasing & Services   97,990    83,419    71,462     2,605,278    2,203,962    1,756,418  Cost of revenue    Manufacturing   1,691,414    1,374,008    1,082,889  Wheels & Parts   334,680    463,938    431,501  Leasing & Services   41,831    43,796    35,655     2,067,925    1,881,742    1,550,045  Margin   537,353    322,220    206,373  Selling and administrative   151,791    125,270    103,175  Net gain on disposition of equipment   (1,330)   (15,039)   (18,072) Gain on contribution to joint venture   –    (29,006)   –  Goodwill impairment   –    –    76,900  Restructuring charges   –    1,475    2,719  Earnings from operations   386,892    239,520    41,651  Other costs    Interest and foreign exchange   11,179    18,695    22,158  Earnings before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   375,713    220,825    19,493  Income tax expense   (112,160)   (72,401)   (25,060) Earnings (loss) before earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   263,553    148,424    (5,567) Earnings from unconsolidated affiliates   1,756    1,355    186  Net earnings (loss)   265,309    149,779    (5,381) Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest   (72,477)   (37,860)   (5,667) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $192,832   $111,919   $(11,048) Basic earnings (loss) per common share:  $6.85   $3.97   $(0.41) Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:  $5.93   $3.44   $(0.41) Weighted average common shares:    Basic   28,151    28,164    26,678  Diluted   33,328    34,209    26,678  Dividends declared per common share  $0.60   $0.15   $–  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   51  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Net earnings (loss)  $265,309   $149,779   $(5,381) Other comprehensive income (loss)    Translation adjustment   (14,009)   116    1,056  Reclassification of derivative financial instruments recognized in net earnings (loss)    737    471    (561) Unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments    (1,330)   (1,019)   (399) Other (net of tax effect)   173    10    (203)    (14,429)   (422)   (107) Comprehensive income (loss)   250,880    149,357    (5,488) Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest   (72,321)   (37,866)   (5,695) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $178,559   $111,491   $(11,183)  Net of tax of effect of $0.6 million, $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Net of tax of effect of $1.0 million, $0.7 million and $0.2 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 52  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  1212Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsConsolidated Statements of Equity   Attributable to Greenbrier       (In thousands) CommonStockShares  AdditionalPaid-inCapital  RetainedEarnings  AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveLoss  TotalAttributableto Greenbrier  Attributable toNoncontrollingInterest  TotalEquity Balance September 1, 2012  27,143   $252,256   $185,890   $(6,369)  $431,777   $21,868   $453,645  Net earnings (loss)  –    –    (11,048)   –    (11,048)   5,667    (5,381) Other comprehensive income (loss), net  –    –    –    (135)   (135)   28    (107) Noncontrolling interest adjustments  –    –    –    –    –    (2,144)   (2,144) Investment by joint venture partner  –    –    –    –    –    3,206    3,206  Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations and expense)  27    8,913    –    –    8,913    –    8,913  Unamortized restricted stock  –    (8,921)   –    –    (8,921)   –    (8,921) Restricted stock amortization  –    6,716    –    –    6,716    –    6,716  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards  –    900    –    –    900    –    900  Warrants exercised  914    –    –    –    –    –    –  Balance August 31, 2013  28,084   $259,864   $174,842   $(6,504)  $428,202   $28,625   $456,827  Net earnings  –    –    111,919    –    111,919    37,860    149,779  Other comprehensive income (loss), net  –    –    –    (428)   (428)   6    (422) Noncontrolling interest adjustments  –    –    –    –    –    2,774    2,774  Investment by joint venture partner  –    –    –    –    –    419    419  Joint venture partner distribution declared  –    –    –    –    –    (7,353)   (7,353) Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations and expense)  44    11,303    –    –    11,303    –    11,303  Unamortized restricted stock  –    (12,360)   –    –    (12,360)   –    (12,360) Restricted stock amortization  –    11,285    –    –    11,285    –    11,285  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards  –    109    –    –    109    –    109  Cash dividends  –    –    (4,202)   –    (4,202)   –    (4,202) Repurchase of stock  (764)   (34,438)   –    –    (34,438)   –    (34,438) Balance August 31, 2014  27,364   $235,763   $282,559   $(6,932)  $511,390   $62,331   $573,721  Net earnings  –    –    192,832    –    192,832    72,477    265,309  Other comprehensive loss, net  –    –    –    (14,273)   (14,273)   (156)   (14,429) Noncontrolling interest adjustments  –    –    –    –    –    17,215    17,215  Purchase of noncontrolling interest  –    –    –    –    –    (80)   (80) Joint venture partner distribution declared  –    –    –    –    –    (21,136)   (21,136) Restricted stock awards (net of cancellations)  (15)   22,622    –    –    22,622    –    22,622  Unamortized restricted stock  –    (24,477)   –    –    (24,477)   –    (24,477) Restricted stock amortization  –    19,459    –    –    19,459    –    19,459  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards  –    2,908    –    –    2,908    –    2,908  Conversion of convertible notes, net of debt issuance costs  2,945    109,387    –    –    109,387    –    109,387  Cash dividends  –    –    (16,792)   –    (16,792)   –    (16,792) Repurchase of stock  (1,387)   (70,218)   –    –    (70,218)   –    (70,218) Balance August 31, 2015  28,907   $295,444   $458,599   $(21,205)  $732,838   $130,651   $863,489  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   53  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsConsolidated Statements of Cash FlowsYEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Cash flows from operating activities:    Net earnings (loss)  $265,309   $149,779   $(5,381) Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:    Deferred income taxes   (20,151)   (4,687)   (9,662) Depreciation and amortization   45,156    40,422    41,447  Net gain on disposition of equipment   (1,330)   (15,039)   (18,072) Accretion of debt discount   –    –    2,455  Stock based compensation expense   19,459    11,285    6,302  Gain on contribution to joint venture   –    (29,006)   –  Goodwill impairment   –    –    76,900  Noncontrolling interest adjustments   17,215    2,774    (2,144) Other   1,184    576    1,089  Decrease (increase) in assets:    Accounts receivable, net   13,652    (23,749)   (7,323) Inventories   (143,849)   (9,675)   19,045  Leased railcars for syndication   (90,614)   (57,779)   22,881  Other   575    (4,069)   969  Increase (decrease) in liabilities:    Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   72,419    63,362    (15,429) Deferred revenue   13,308    11,713    (8,485) Net cash provided by operating activities   192,333    135,907    104,592  Cash flows from investing activities:    Proceeds from sales of assets   5,295    54,235    75,338  Capital expenditures   (105,989)   (70,227)   (60,827) Decrease (increase) in restricted cash   271    (333)   (2,530) Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates   (34,453)   (13,753)   (2,240) Other   3,345    –    (3,582) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities   (131,531)   (30,078)   6,159  Cash flows from financing activities:    Net changes in revolving notes with maturities of 90 days or less   49,000    –    (16,396) Proceeds from revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   44,451    37,819    38,177  Repayments of revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   (55,644)   (72,947)   (34,966) Proceeds from issuance of notes payable   –    200,000    2,186  Repayments of notes payable   (7,475)   (128,797)   (58,831) Debt issuance costs   –    (382)   –  Decrease (increase) in restricted cash   11,000    (11,000)   –  Repurchase of stock   (69,950)   (33,583)   –  Dividends   (16,491)   (4,123)  Cash distribution to joint venture partner   (20,375)   (5,076)   –  Investment by joint venture partner   –    419    3,206  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards   2,908    109    900  Other   (248)   –    (8) Net cash used in financing activities   (62,824)   (17,561)   (65,732) Effect of exchange rate changes   (9,964)   (787)   (1,155) Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents   (11,986)   87,481    43,864  Cash and cash equivalents    Beginning of period   184,916    97,435    53,571  End of period  $172,930   $184,916   $97,435  Cash paid during the period for:    Interest  $15,535   $14,347   $14,964  Income taxes, net  $139,960   $69,263   $29,680  Non-cash activity    Conversion of convertible notes, net of debt issuance costs  $109,387   $–   $–  Capital expenditures accrued in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities  $8,758   $3,349   $–  Transfer of Property, plant and equipment, net to Intangibles and other assets, net  $4,045   $–   $1,856  Transfer of Leased railcars for syndication to Equipment on operating leases  $3,313   $–   $6,437  Repurchase of stock accrued in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities  $1,125   $–   $–  Dividends declared and accrued in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities  $301   $79   $–  Transfer of Inventories to Accounts receivable, net  $–   $20,986   $–  Transfer of Equipment on operating leases to Inventories  $–   $–   $17,826  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 54  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNotes to Consolidated Financial StatementsNote 1 - Nature of OperationsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries currently operate in four reportable segments: Manufacturing; Wheels & Parts; Leasing & Services; andGBW Joint Venture. The segments are operationally integrated. The Manufacturing segment, operating from facilities in the United States, Mexico andPoland, produces double-stack intermodal railcars, tank cars, conventional railcars, automotive railcar products and marine vessels. The Wheels & Partssegment performs wheel and axle servicing in North America and production of a variety of parts for the railroad industry. The Leasing & Services segmentowns approximately 9,300 railcars (6,300 railcars held as equipment on operating leases, 2,800 held as leased railcars for syndication and 200 held asfinished goods inventory) and provides management services for approximately 260,000 railcars for railroads, shippers, carriers, institutional investors andother leasing and transportation companies in North America. The Company’s GBW Joint Venture provides Repair services through 33 shops throughoutNorth America, 12 of which are currently tank car certified by the AAR. Greenbrier also produces rail castings and tank heads through unconsolidated jointventures and has a 19.5% ownership stake in a railcar manufacturer in Brazil with an option to acquire an additional 40.5% ownership interest which can beexercised no later than December 30, 2017.The Wheels & Parts segment (previously known as Wheels, Repair & Parts through 2014) included the results of operations for the Company’s Repairoperations through July 18, 2014. On July 18, 2014 the Company and Watco, its joint venture partner, contributed their respective Repair operations toGBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture. After July 18, 2014, the results of GBW were included as part of Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliatesas the Company accounts for its interest in GBW under the equity method of accounting.Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesPrinciples of consolidation - The financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries in which it has a controlling interest. Allintercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.Unclassified balance sheet - The balance sheets of the Company are presented in an unclassified format as a result of significant leasing activities for whichthe current or non-current distinction is not relevant. In addition, the activities of the Manufacturing; Wheels & Parts; and Leasing & Services segments are sointertwined that in the opinion of management, any attempt to separate the respective balance sheet categories would not be meaningful and may lead to thedevelopment of misleading conclusions by the reader.Foreign currency translation - Certain operations outside the U.S., primarily in Poland, prepare financial statements in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the year, while assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Translationadjustments are accumulated as a separate component of equity in other comprehensive income (loss). The foreign currency translation adjustment balanceswere $18.7 million, $4.8 million and $4.9 million as of August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.Cash and cash equivalents - Cash may temporarily be invested primarily in money market funds. All highly-liquid investments with a maturity of threemonths or less at the date of acquisition are considered cash equivalents.Restricted cash - Restricted cash primarily relates to amounts held in restricted accounts to support a target minimum rate of return on certain agreements anda pass through account for activity related to management services provided for certain third party customers.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   55  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsAccounts receivable - Accounts receivable includes receivables from related parties (see Note 17 – Related Party Transactions) and is stated net of allowancefor doubtful accounts of $2.4 million and $2.0 million as of August 31, 2015 and 2014.    As of August 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Allowance for doubtful accounts    Balance at beginning of period  $2,033   $3,894   $3,525  Additions, net of reversals   684    604    543  Usage   (108)   (2,524)   (285) Currency translation effect   (160)   59    111  Balance at end of period  $2,449   $2,033   $3,894  Inventories - Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market using the first-in first-out method. Work-in-process includes material, labor and overhead.Leased railcars for syndication - Leased railcars for syndication consist of newly-built railcars manufactured at one of the Company’s facilities or railcarspurchased from a third party, which have been placed on lease to a customer and which the Company intends to sell to an investor with the lease attached.These railcars are generally anticipated to be sold within six months of delivery of the last railcar or six months from when the Company acquires the railcarfrom a third party and are typically not depreciated during that period as the Company does not believe any economic value of a railcar is lost in the first sixmonths. In the event the railcars are not sold in the first six months, the railcars are either held in Leased railcars for syndication and are depreciated or aretransferred to Equipment on operating leases and are depreciated. As of August 31, 2015, Leased railcars for syndication was $212.5 million compared to$125.9 million as of August 31, 2014.Equipment on operating leases, net - Equipment on operating leases is stated net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation to estimated salvage value isprovided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of up to thirty-five years. Management periodically reviews salvage value estimatesbased on current scrap prices and what the Company expects to receive upon disposal.Investment in unconsolidated affiliates - Investment in unconsolidated affiliates includes the Company’s interests which are accounted for under the equitymethod of accounting. As of August 31, 2015 this included the Company’s 50% interest in GBW Railcar Services LLC, 33% interest in Ohio CastingsCompany LLC, 19.5% interest in Amsted-Maxion Hortolândia, 50% interest in GGSynergy SA de C.V., 8% interest in MUL Greenbrier LLC and a 1%interest in each of Green Union I Trust, Green Union II Trust and Green Union III Trust.Property, plant and equipment - Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over estimated useful lives which are as follows:    DepreciableLife Buildings and improvements   10 – 25 years  Machinery and equipment   3 – 15 years  Other   3 – 7 years  Goodwill - Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair market value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortizedand is tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if material changes in events or circumstances arise. The provisions of ASC 350,Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, require the Company to perform a two-step impairment test on goodwill. In the first step, the Company compares the fairvalue of each reporting unit with its carrying value. The second step of the goodwill impairment test is required only in situations where the carrying value ofthe reporting unit exceeds its fair value as determined in the first step. In the second step, the Company compares the implied fair value of goodwill to itscarrying value. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeded the implied fair value of thatgoodwill. 56  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsIntangible and other assets, net - Intangible assets are recorded when a portion of the purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to assets such as customercontracts and relationships and trade names. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight line method over their estimated useful livesand primarily include long-term customer agreements which are amortized over 5 to 20 years. Other assets include loan fees and debt acquisition costs whichare capitalized and amortized as interest expense over the life of the related borrowings.Impairment of long-lived assets - When changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of certain long-lived assets may not be recoverable, the assetsare evaluated for impairment. If the forecasted undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment charge to reducethe carrying value of the assets to estimated realizable value is recognized in the current period. No impairment was recorded in the years ended August 31,2015, 2014 and 2013.Maintenance obligations - The Company is responsible for maintenance on a portion of the managed and owned lease fleet under the terms of maintenanceobligations defined in the underlying lease or management agreement. The estimated liability is based on maintenance histories for each type and age ofrailcar. The liability, included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, is reviewed periodically and updated based on maintenance trends and knownfuture repair or refurbishment requirements.Warranty accruals - Warranty costs are estimated and charged to operations to cover a defined warranty period. The estimated warranty cost is based onhistory of warranty claims for each particular product type. For new product types without a warranty history, preliminary estimates are based on historicalinformation for similar product types. The warranty accruals, included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, are reviewed periodically and updatedbased on warranty trends.Income taxes - The liability method is used to account for income taxes. Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary effects of differences betweenassets and liabilities recognized for financial statement and income tax reporting purposes. Valuation allowances reduce deferred tax assets to an amount thatwill more likely than not be realized. As a result, we recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on whether evidence indicates that it is more likelythan not that the position will be sustained on audit. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as this requires us to estimate theprobability of various possible outcomes. The Company reevaluates these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. Changes in assumptions may result inthe recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision.Noncontrolling interest - The Company has a joint venture with Grupo Industrial Monclova, S.A. (GIMSA) that manufactures new railroad freight cars for theNorth American marketplace at GIMSA’s existing manufacturing facility located in Frontera, Mexico. Each party owns a 50% interest in the joint venture.The financial results of this operation are consolidated for financial reporting purposes as the Company maintains a controlling interest as evidenced by theright to appoint the majority of the Board of Directors, control over accounting, financing, marketing and engineering and approval and design of products.The noncontrolling interest reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements primarily represents the joint venture partner’s equity in thisventure.Accumulated other comprehensive loss – Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax as appropriate, consisted of the following: (In thousands)  UnrealizedLoss onDerivativeFinancialInstruments  ForeignCurrencyTranslationAdjustment  Other  AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveLoss Balance, August 31, 2014  $(1,601)  $(4,813)  $(518)  $(6,932) 2015 activity   (593)   (13,853)   173    (14,273) Balance, August 31, 2015  $(2,194)  $(18,666)  $(345)  $(21,205)  Primarily relates to the foreign currency translation of the Company’s Zloty functional currency operations in Poland to U.S. Dollars.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   57  11Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss into the Consolidated Statements of Operations, with presentation location, were asfollows:    Year Ended August 31,   (In thousands)      2015          2014      Financial StatementLocation(Gain) loss on derivative financial instruments:    Foreign exchange contracts  $(457)  $(741)  RevenueInterest rate swap contracts   1,786    1,737   Interest and foreign exchange   1,329    996   Total before tax   (592)   (525)  Tax expense  $737   $471   Net of taxRevenue recognition - Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, theprice is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.Railcars are generally manufactured, repaired or refurbished under firm orders from third parties. Revenue is recognized when new, used, refurbished orrepaired railcars are completed, accepted by an unaffiliated customer and contractual contingencies removed. Marine revenues are either recognized on thepercentage of completion method during the construction period or on the completed contract method based on the terms of the contract. Under thepercentage of completion method, revenue is recognized based on the progress toward contract completion measured by actual costs incurred to date inrelation to the estimate of total expected costs. Under the completed contract method, revenue is not recognized until the project has been fully completed.Cash payments received prior to meeting revenue recognition criteria are accounted for in Deferred revenue. Operating lease revenue is recognized as earnedunder the lease terms. Certain leases are operated under car hire arrangements whereby revenue is earned based on utilization, car hire rates and termsspecified in the lease agreement.The Company sells railcars with leases attached to financial investors. Revenue associated with railcars that the Company has manufactured are recognized inManufacturing once sold. Revenue associated with railcars which were obtained from a third party and subsequently sold are recognized in Leasing &Services. In addition the Company will often perform management or maintenance services at market rates for these railcars. The Company evaluates theterms of any remarketing agreements and any contractual provisions that represent retained risk and the level of retained risk based on those provisions. TheCompany applies a 10% threshold to determine whether the level of retained risk exceeds 10% of the individual fair value of the rail cars delivered. For anycontracts with multiple elements (i.e. railcars, maintenance, management services, etc) the Company allocates revenue among the deliverables primarilybased upon objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of each element in the arrangement. If objective and reliable evidence of fair value of anyelement is not available, the company will use its estimated selling price for purposes of allocating the total arrangement consideration among the elements.Interest and foreign exchange - Includes foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, amortization of loan fee expense, accretion of debt discounts andexternal interest expense.    Years ended August 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014   2013 Interest and foreign exchange:     Interest and other expense  $18,975   $18,306    $19,203  Accretion of convertible debt discount   –    –     2,455  Foreign exchange (gain) loss   (7,796)   389     500    $11,179   $18,695    $22,158  Research and development - Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs incurred for new productdevelopment during the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $2.5 million, $3.6 million and $2.0 million. 58  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsForward exchange contracts - Foreign operations give rise to risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Forward exchange contracts withestablished financial institutions are used to hedge a portion of such risk. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are deferred in other comprehensiveincome (loss) and recognized in earnings concurrent with the hedged transaction or when the occurrence of the hedged transaction is no longer consideredprobable. Ineffectiveness is measured and any gain or loss is recognized in foreign exchange gain or loss. Even though forward exchange contracts areentered into to mitigate the impact of currency fluctuations, certain exposure remains, which may affect operating results. In addition, there is risk forcounterparty non-performance.Interest rate instruments - Interest rate swap agreements are used to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates on certain debt. The net cash amounts paidor received under the agreements are accrued and recognized as an adjustment to interest expense.Net earnings per share - Basic earnings per common share (EPS) excludes the potential dilution that would occur if additional shares were issued uponconversion of bonds. Restricted share grants are treated as outstanding when issued and restricted stock units are not treated as outstanding when issued.Restricted share grants and restricted stock units are included in weighted average basic common shares outstanding when calculating EPS when theCompany is in a net earnings position.Diluted EPS is calculated using the more dilutive of two approaches. The first approach includes the dilutive effect, using the treasury stock method,associated with shares underlying the 2026 Convertible notes and restricted stock units that are subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels ofperformance above target have been achieved. The second approach supplements the first by including the “if converted” effect of the 2018 Convertiblenotes. Under the “if converted method”, debt issuance and interest costs, both net of tax, associated with the convertible notes are added back to net earningsand the share count is increased by the shares underlying the convertible notes. The 2026 Convertible notes would only be included in the calculation ofboth approaches if the average stock price is greater than the initial conversion price using the treasury stock method.Stock-based compensation - The value, at the date of grant, of stock awarded under restricted share grants and restricted stock unit grants is amortized ascompensation expense over the vesting period of one to three years or to the recipients eligible retirement date. Compensation expense recognized related torestricted stock for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $19.5 million, $11.3 million and $6.3 million and was recorded in Selling andadministrative on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.Management estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires judgmenton the part of management to arrive at estimates and assumptions on matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates may affect the amount of assets,liabilities, revenue and expenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within thefinancial statements. Estimates and assumptions are periodically evaluated and may be adjusted in future periods. Actual results could differ from thoseestimates.Prospective accounting changes – In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)jointly issued a converged standard on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The issued guidance converges the criteria for reportingrevenue, as well as requiring disclosures sufficient to describe the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from thesecontracts. Companies can transition to the standard either retrospectively or as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The FASB issued aone year deferral and the new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Companyplans to adopt this guidance beginning September 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact of this standard as well as its method of adoption on itsconsolidated financial statements and disclosures.In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (ASU 2015-03). The FASBissued this update to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to present the debt issuance costs as a directdeduction from the carrying value of the debt liability rather than showing the debt issuance costs as an asset. The guidance is limited to the   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   59  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentspresentation of debt issuance costs and does not impact the recognition and measurement. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periodswithin those years beginning after December 15, 2015 with early adoption permitted and is required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Companyplans to adopt ASU 2015-03 beginning September 1, 2016. As the adoption of this new accounting standard will only amend presentation and disclosurerequirements, the adoption will not affect the Company’s financial position or results of operations.Note 3 - Gain on Contribution to Joint VentureOn July 18, 2014 the Company and Watco contributed its respective Repair operations to a newly formed entity, GBW, a 50/50 unconsolidated joint venture.The Company accounts for its interest in GBW under the equity method of accounting.Upon formation of GBW, the Company recognized a pre-tax non-cash gain of $29.0 million for the year ended August 31, 2014 which was calculated as thefair value of the Company’s 50% share in GBW, less cash and intangibles contributed to GBW and an allocation of goodwill attributed to the Repair businessthe Company contributed to GBW. The gain was included as Gain on contribution to joint venture in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.Note 4 - RestructuringDuring 2013, the Company implemented a restructuring plan to sell or close certain wheels, repair and parts facilities to enhance margins and improve capitalefficiency and completed the restructuring plan during 2014. Restructuring charges related to this plan totaled $1.5 million and $2.7 million for the yearsended August 31, 2014 and 2013 and were included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. All of the restructuring charges for the years endedAugust 31, 2014 and 2013 and the restructuring reserve related to the Company’s wheels, repair and parts operations. (In thousands)  Accrual atAugust 31,2013   Charged toExpense   Paid orSettled   Accrual atAugust 31,2014 Employee termination costs  $1,409    $1,290    $2,699    $        –  Other costs   299     185     484     –  Balance, August 31, 2014  $1,708    $1,475    $3,183    $–   (In thousands)  Accrual atAugust 31,2012   Charged toExpense   Paid orSettled   Accrual atAugust 31,2013 Employee termination costs  $        –    $1,610    $201    $1,409  Contract termination costs   –     50     50     –  Other costs   –     1,059     760     299  Balance, August 31, 2013  $        –    $2,719    $1,011    $1,708  Note 5 - Inventories    As of August 31, (In thousands)      2015          2014     Manufacturing supplies and raw materials  $311,880   $235,903  Work-in-process   75,032    48,853  Finished goods   61,302    23,766  Excess and obsolete adjustment   (2,679)   (2,866)   $445,535   $305,656   60  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents   As of August 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Excess and obsolete adjustment    Balance at beginning of period  $2,866   $4,228   $5,132  Charge to cost of revenue   2,564    1,945    2,661  Disposition of inventory   (2,434)   (3,307)   (3,614) Currency translation effect   (317)   –    49  Balance at end of period  $2,679   $2,866   $4,228  Note 6 - Equipment on Operating Leases, netEquipment on operating leases is reported net of accumulated depreciation of $96.6 million and $93.9 million as of August 31, 2015 and 2014. Depreciationexpense was $9.4 million, $9.8 million and $12.0 million as of August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. In addition, certain railcar equipment leased-in by theCompany on operating leases (see Note 21 Lease Commitments) is subleased to customers under non-cancelable operating leases. Aggregate minimum futureamounts receivable under all non-cancelable operating leases and subleases are as follows: (In thousands)     Year ending August 31,  2016  $26,074  2017   21,411  2018   13,664  2019   8,239  2020   3,508  Thereafter   1,043    $73,939  Certain equipment is also operated under daily, monthly or car hire utilization arrangements. Associated revenue amounted to $20.2 million, $24.8 millionand $24.3 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.Note 7 - Property, Plant and Equipment, net    As of August 31, (In thousands)      2015          2014     Land and improvements  $46,849   $38,356  Machinery and equipment   283,032    242,911  Buildings and improvements   130,577    118,795  Construction in progress   63,518    58,164  Other   41,252    38,636     565,228    496,862  Accumulated depreciation   (262,093)   (253,164)   $303,135   $243,698  Depreciation expense was $31.4 million, $25.8 million and $25.1 million as of August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.Note 8 - GoodwillThe Company’s goodwill balance of $43.3 million as of August 31, 2015 and 2014 related to our Wheels & Parts segment. The gross goodwill balance beforeaccumulated goodwill impairment losses and other reductions was $195.8 million as of August 31, 2015. The total accumulated goodwill impairment losseswere $128.2 million and other reductions of $24.3 million as of August 31, 2015.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   61  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Company performs a goodwill impairment test annually during the third quarter. Goodwill is also tested more frequently if changes in circumstances orthe occurrence of events indicates that a potential impairment exists. The provisions of ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, require the Company toperform a two-step impairment test on goodwill.In the first step, the Company compares the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying value. The Company determines the fair value of the reportingunit based on a weighting of income and market approaches. Under the income approach, the Company calculates the fair value of a reporting unit based onthe present value of estimated future cash flows. Under the market approach, the Company estimates the fair value based on observed market multiples forcomparable businesses.In the second step, the Company compares the implied fair value of goodwill to its carrying value. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined byallocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combinationand the fair value of the reporting unit was the price paid to acquire the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the amountsassigned to its assets and liabilities is considered the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount ofthe reporting unit goodwill exceeded the implied fair value of that goodwill.The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2015 and concluded that goodwill was not impaired.In July 2014, the Company and Watco formed GBW, a 50/50 joint venture. The Company contributed cash at closing and other assets to GBW. As a result,the Company reduced goodwill by $14.2 million during the year ended August 31, 2014, which relates to goodwill associated with the Company’s Repairoperations contributed to GBW.The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2013 and a pre-tax non-cash impairment charge of $76.9 million wasrecorded for the year ended August 31, 2013, related to the Wheels & Parts segment, as the carrying amount exceeded the implied fair value of goodwill.Note 9 - Intangibles and Other Assets, netIntangible assets that are determined to have finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortizedand are periodically evaluated for impairment.The following table summarizes the Company’s identifiable intangible and other assets balance:    As of August 31, (In thousands)      2015          2014     Intangible assets subject to amortization:   Customer relationships  $65,023   $65,023  Accumulated amortization   (33,828)   (30,282) Other intangibles   3,422    3,699  Accumulated amortization   (3,121)   (3,156)    31,496    35,284  Intangible assets not subject to amortization   912    912  Prepaid and other assets   13,111    11,347  Nonqualified savings plan investments   11,815    10,223  Debt issuance costs, net   3,823    7,602  Assets held for sale   4,397    389    $65,554   $65,757  Amortization expense for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $3.7 million, $4.5 million and $4.3 million. Amortization expense for theyears ending August 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 is expected to be $3.6 million, $3.5 million, $3.4 million, $3.4 million and $3.4 million. 62  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 10 - Revolving NotesSenior secured credit facilities, consisting of three components, aggregated to $366.1 million as of August 31, 2015.As of August 31, 2015, a $290.0 million revolving line of credit, maturing June 2016, secured by substantially all the Company’s assets in the U.S. nototherwise pledged as security for term loans, was available to provide working capital and interim financing of equipment, principally for the U.S. andMexican operations. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.25% or Prime plus 1.25% depending on the type of borrowing. Availableborrowings under the credit facility are generally based on defined levels of inventory, receivables, property, plant and equipment and leased equipment, aswell as total debt to consolidated capitalization and fixed charges coverage ratios. In October 2015, this revolving line of credit was renewed on terms similarto the existing facility and increased to $550.0 million with a new maturity date of October 2020. In addition, advances under this renewed facility bearinterest at LIBOR plus 1.75% or Prime plus 0.75% depending on the type of borrowing.As of August 31, 2015, lines of credit totaling $16.1 million secured by certain of the Company’s European assets, with various variable rates that range fromWarsaw Interbank Offered Rate (WIBOR) plus 1.2% to WIBOR plus 1.3%, were available for working capital needs of the European manufacturing operation.European credit facilities are continually being renewed. Currently these European credit facilities have maturities that range from February 2016 throughJune 2017.As of August 31, 2015, the Company’s Mexican joint venture has three lines of credit totaling $60.0 million. The first line of credit provides up to $10.0million and is secured by certain of the joint venture’s accounts receivable and inventory. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.5%. TheMexican joint venture will be able to draw amounts available under this facility through June 2016. The second line of credit provides up to $30.0 millionand is fully guaranteed by each of the joint venture partners, including the Company. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. TheMexican joint venture will be able to draw against this facility through January 2019. The third line of credit provides up to $20.0 million, of which theCompany and its joint venture partner have each guaranteed 50%. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%. The Mexican joint venturewill be able to draw amounts available under this facility through August 2017.As of August 31, 2015, outstanding commitments under the senior secured credit facilities consisted of $47.2 million in letters of credit and $49.0 million inrevolving notes under the North American credit facility and $1.9 million outstanding in revolving notes under the Mexican joint venture credit facilities.As of August 31, 2014, outstanding borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities consisted of $9.6 million in letters of credit under the NorthAmerican credit facility and $13.1 million outstanding in revolving notes under the Mexican joint venture credit facilities.Note 11 - Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities   As of August 31, (In thousands)     2015           2014     Trade payables $263,665    $204,744  Accrued payroll and related liabilities  70,836     64,959  Other accrued liabilities  64,584     66,421  Income taxes payable  22,465     19,709  Accrued maintenance  18,642     14,329  Accrued warranty  11,512     9,340  Other  3,509     3,787   $455,213    $383,289     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   63  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 12 - Maintenance and Warranty Accruals    As of August 31, (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Accrued maintenance    Balance at beginning of period  $14,329   $11,420   $11,475  Charged to cost of revenue   13,622    11,423    9,003  Payments   (9,309)   (8,514)   (9,058) Balance at end of period  $18,642   $14,329   $11,420  Accrued warranty    Balance at beginning of period  $9,340   $12,128   $9,221  Charged to cost of revenue   7,206    2,205    6,157  Payments   (4,703)   (5,122)   (3,315) Currency translation effect   (331)   129    65  Balance at end of period  $11,512   $9,340   $12,128  Note 13 - Notes Payable   As of August 31, (In thousands)     2015           2014     Convertible senior notes, due 2018 $119,063    $230,000  Convertible senior notes, due 2026  14,851     14,856  Term loans  192,515     199,985  Other notes payable  –     250   $326,429    $445,091  Convertible senior notes, due 2018, bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.5%, paid semi-annually in arrears on April 1and October 1. The convertible notes willmature on April 1, 2018, unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted in accordance with their terms. Holders may convert at their option at anytime prior to the business day immediately preceding the stated maturity date. The convertible notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank equally withother senior unsecured debt. The convertible notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, at an initial conversion rate of 26.2838shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $38.05 per share). The initial conversion rate and conversionprice are subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, such as distributions, dividends or stock splits. There were $7.9 million in original debtissuance costs, included in Intangibles and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are being amortized using the effective interest method.The amortization expense is being included in Interest and foreign exchange on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During 2015, $110.9 million inprincipal of the original $230.0 million was converted into 2.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock which resulted in a principal balance of$119.1 million as of August 31, 2015. Associated debt issuance costs of $1.5 million were removed from Intangibles and other assets, net and charged againstadditional paid in capital.Convertible senior notes, due 2026, bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.375%, paid semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15. In May 2013, theCompany retired $52.9 million of its outstanding notes pursuant to a scheduled put option. The Company may be required to also pay contingent interest of0.375% on the notes in certain circumstances. Greenbrier may redeem all or a portion of the notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principalamount of the notes plus accrued and unpaid interest. On May 15, 2016 and May 15, 2021 or in the event of certain circumstances or fundamental changes,holders can require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes plus accrued andunpaid interest. Payment on the convertible notes is guaranteed by substantially all of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries. The convertible seniornotes are convertible upon the occurrence of specified events into cash and shares, if any, of Greenbrier’s common stock at an initial conversion rate of20.8125 shares per $1,000 principal 64  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  st stththSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsamount of the notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $48.05 per share). The initial conversion rate and conversion price are subject toadjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, such as distributions, dividends or stock splits. The value of the equity component was $14.9 million as ofAugust 31, 2015 and 2014. The debt discount associated with the convertible senior notes was fully accreted using the effective interest rate method throughMay 2013 and the accretion expense was included in Interest and foreign exchange on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The pre-tax accretion ofthe debt discount was $2.5 million for the years ended August 31, 2013.Term loans are primarily composed of:• In March 2014, the Company refinanced approximately $125 million of existing senior term debt, due in March 2014 and May 2015, secured by a poolof leased railcars with new 6-year $200 million senior term debt also secured by a pool of leased railcars and cash. The new debt bears a floating interestrate of LIBOR plus 1.75% with principal of $1.75 million paid quarterly in arrears and a balloon payment of $159.8 million due at maturity. An interestrate swap agreement was entered into on 50% of the initial balance to swap the floating interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.75% to a fixed rate of 3.7375%.The principal balance as of August 31, 2015 was $191.3 million.• Other term loans with an aggregate balance of $1.3 million as of August 31, 2015 and maturity dates ranging from November 2015 to February 2018.The notes payable, along with the revolving and operating lines of credit, contain certain covenants with respect to the Company and various subsidiaries,the most restrictive of which, among other things, limit the ability to: incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends or repurchase stock; enterinto sale leaseback transactions; create liens; sell assets; engage in transactions with affiliates, including joint ventures and non-U.S. subsidiaries, includingbut not limited to loans, advances, equity investments and guarantees; enter into mergers, consolidations or sales of substantially all the Company’s assets;and enter into new lines of business. The covenants also require certain maximum ratios of debt to total capitalization and minimum levels of fixed charges(interest and rent) coverage.Principal payments on the notes payable are expected as follows: (In thousands)     Year ending August 31,  2016  $22,460  2017   7,437  2018   126,282  2019   7,000  2020   163,250  Thereafter   –    $326,429  (1)The repayment of the $14.9 million of Convertible senior notes due 2026 is assumed to occur in 2016, which is the next date holders can require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the notes.(2)The repayment of the $119.1 million of Convertible senior notes due 2018 is assumed to occur at the scheduled maturity in 2018 instead of assuming an earlier conversion by the holders.Note 14 - Derivative InstrumentsForeign operations give rise to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign currency forward exchange contracts with establishedfinancial institutions are utilized to hedge a portion of that risk. Interest rate swap agreements are used to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates oncertain debt. The Company’s foreign currency forward exchange contracts and interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges, and thereforethe effective portion of unrealized gains and losses is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.At August 31, 2015 exchange rates, forward exchange contracts for the purchase of Polish Zloty and the sale of Euro and for the purchase of US Dollars andthe sale of Saudi Riyal aggregated $386.2 million. The fair value of the contracts is included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts payable andaccrued liabilities when   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   65  (1)(2)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsthere is a loss, or as Accounts receivable, net when there is a gain. As the contracts mature at various dates through September 2018, any such gain or lossremaining will be recognized in manufacturing revenue along with the related transactions. In the event that the underlying sales transaction does not occuror does not occur in the period designated at the inception of the hedge, the amount classified in accumulated other comprehensive loss would be reclassifiedto the current year’s results of operations in Interest and foreign exchange.At August 31, 2015, an interest rate swap agreement maturing in March 2020 had a notional amount of $95.6 million. The fair value of the contract isincluded in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As interest expense on the underlying debt is recognized, amountscorresponding to the interest rate swap are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss and charged or credited to interest expense. At August 31,2015 interest rates, approximately $1.7 million would be reclassified to interest expense in the next 12 months.Fair Values of Derivative Instruments    Asset Derivatives   Liability Derivatives        August 31,       August 31,       2015   2014      2015   2014 (In thousands)  Balance sheetlocation  FairValue   FairValue   Balance sheetlocation  FairValue   FairValue Derivatives designated as hedging instruments          Foreign forward exchange contracts  Accounts receivable  $1,820    $129    Accounts payable and accruedliabilities  $737    $704  Interest rate swap contracts  Other assets   –     –    Accounts payable and accruedliabilities   2,393     1,286      $1,820    $129      $3,130    $1,990  Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments          Foreign forward exchange contracts  Accounts receivable  $93    $71    Accounts payable and accruedliabilities  $76    $5  The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations Derivatives incash flowhedgingrelationships  Location of gain (loss) recognized inincome on derivative  Gain (loss) recognized inincome on derivativeYears endedAugust 31,       2015  2014 Foreign forward exchange contract  Interest and foreign exchange  $(366)  $87  Interest rate swap contracts  Interest and foreign exchange   60    17      $(306)  $104   Derivatives incash flowhedgingrelationships  Gain (loss)recognized in OCI onderivatives (effectiveportion)Yearsended August 31,  Location ofgain (loss)reclassifiedfromaccumulatedOCI intoincome  Gain (loss)reclassified fromaccumulated OCI intoincome (effectiveportion)Yearsended August 31,  Location ofgain (loss)in income onderivative(ineffectiveportion andamountexcluded fromeffectivenesstesting)  Gainrecognized onderivative(ineffectiveportion andamountexcluded fromeffectivenesstesting)YearsendedAugust 31,     2015  2014      2015  2014      2015   2014 Foreign forward exchangecontracts  $457   $108   Revenue  $457   $741   Revenue  $2,843    $1,029  Interest rate swap contracts   (2,936)   (1,790)  Interest and foreignexchange   (1,786)   (1,737)  Interest and foreignexchange   –     –    $(2,479)  $(1,682)    $(1,329)  $(996)    $2,843    $1,029   66  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 15 – EquityIn January 2011, the stockholders approved the 2010 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (formerly known as the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan asamended). This plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units and stockappreciation rights. There are no stock options or stock appreciation rights outstanding as of August 31, 2015. The Company currently grants restrictedshares and restricted stock units. Restricted share grants are considered outstanding shares of common stock at the time they are issued. The holders ofunvested restricted shares are entitled to voting rights and participation in dividends. The dividends are not forfeitable if the awards are later forfeited prior tovesting. The Company began granting restricted stock units during the year ended August 31, 2013. Shares associated with restricted stock unit awards arenot considered legally outstanding shares of common stock until vested. Restricted stock unit awards, including performance-based awards, are entitled toparticipate in dividends and these awards are considered participating securities and are considered outstanding for earnings per share purposes when theeffect is dilutive.In January 2013, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2010 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan to increase the total number of sharesreserved for issuance by 1,500,000 shares. As a result, the maximum aggregate number of the Company’s common shares authorized for issuance is4,325,000. On August 31, 2015 there were 905,139 shares available for grant compared to 1,144,143 and 1,384,997 shares available for grant as of the yearsended August 31, 2014 and 2013.During the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company awarded restricted share and restricted stock unit grants totaling 402,196, 269,665and 387,986 shares which include performance-based grants. As of August 31, 2015, there were a total of 472,142 shares associated with unvestedperformance-based grants. The actual number of shares that will vest associated with performance-based grants will vary depending on the Company’sperformance. Approximately 472,142 additional shares may be granted if performance-based restricted share and restricted stock unit awards vest at stretchlevels of performance. These additional shares are associated with restricted share and restricted stock unit awards granted during the years ended August 31,2015, 2014 and 2013. The fair value of awards granted was $24.6 million, $13.1 million and $9.2 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and2013.The value, at the date of grant, of stock awarded under restricted share grants and restricted stock unit grants is amortized as compensation expense over thelesser of the vesting period of one to three years or to the recipients eligible retirement date. Compensation expense recognized related to restricted sharegrants and restricted stock unit grants for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $19.5 million, $11.3 million and $6.3 million and wasrecorded in Selling and administrative on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unamortized compensation cost related to restricted stock grants was$18.6 million as of August 31, 2015.The unvested restricted share and restricted stock unit grants were 815,496 and 816,090 as of August 31, 2015 and 2014. The following table summarizesrestricted share and restricted stock unit grant transactions for shares, both vested and unvested, under the 2010 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan:     Shares Balance at August 31, 2012    2,565,350  Granted   387,986  Forfeited   (13,333) Balance at August 31, 2013    2,940,003  Granted   269,665  Forfeited   (28,811) Balance at August 31, 2014    3,180,857  Granted   402,196  Forfeited   (163,192) Balance at August 31, 2015    3,419,861   Balance represents cumulative grants net of forfeitures.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   67  (1)(1)(1)(1)(1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsShare Repurchase ProgramIn October 2013, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock. The Company completedthis share repurchase program in October 2014. In October 2014, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for the Company torepurchase up to an additional $50 million of the Company’s common stock. In January 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $25 million increase to theOctober 2014 share repurchase program and in October 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $100 million increase to the October 2014repurchase program, bringing the total to $175 million. The share repurchase program expiration was extended from June 30, 2016 to January 1, 2018, butmay be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Under the share repurchase programs, shares of common stock may bepurchased on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions from time-to-time. The timing and amount of purchases will be based upon marketconditions, securities law limitations and other factors. The share repurchase programs do not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of sharesin any period.During the year ended August 31, 2015 and August 31, 2014, the Company repurchased a total of 1,386,993 shares for approximately $70.2 million and764,546 shares for approximately $34.4 million, respectively, under these share repurchase programs. As of August 31, 2015 the Company had $20.4 millionavailable under the $75 million share repurchase program.Note 16 - Earnings (Loss) per ShareThe shares used in the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share are reconciled as follows:   Years ended August 31, (In thousands) 2015   2014   2013 Weighted average basic common shares outstanding   28,151     28,164     26,678  Dilutive effect of 2018 Convertible notes   5,130     6,045     –  Dilutive effect of 2026 Convertible notes   2     –     –  Dilutive effect of performance based restricted stock units   45     –     –  Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding  33,328     34,209     26,678  (1)Restricted stock grants and restricted stock units, including some grants subject to certain performance criteria through target levels of performance, are included in weighted average basic common sharesoutstanding when the Company is in a net earnings position. Weighted average basic common shares outstanding exclude 0.9 million shares of unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units for the yearended August 31, 2013 as they are anti-dilutive due to a net loss. No restricted stock or restricted stock units were anti-dilutive for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014.(2)The dilutive effect of the 2018 Convertible notes was included for the years ended August, 2015 and 2014 as they were considered dilutive under the “if converted” method as further discussed below. Thedilutive effect of the 2018 Convertible notes was excluded for the year ended August 31, 2013 due to a net loss.(3)The dilutive effect of the 2026 Convertible notes was included for the year ended August 31, 2015 as the average stock price was greater than $48.05, as further described below. The effect of the 2026Convertible notes was excluded for the years ended August 31, 2014 and 2013 as the average stock price was less than $48.05 and therefore was considered anti-dilutive.(4)Restricted stock units that are subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels of performance above target have been achieved, are included in weighted average diluted common shares outstandingwhen the Company is in a net earnings position.Dilutive EPS for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014 was calculated using the more dilutive of two approaches.The first approach includes the dilutive effect, using the treasury stock method, associated with shares underlying the 2026 Convertible notes andperformance based restricted stock units that are subject to performance criteria, for which actual levels of performance above target have been achieved. Thesecond approach supplements the first by including the “if converted” effect of the 2018 Convertible notes issued in March 2011. Under the “if converted”method, debt issuance and interest costs, both net of tax, associated with the convertible notes are added back to net earnings and the share count is increasedby the shares underlying the convertible notes. The 2026 Convertible notes are included in the calculation of both approaches using the treasury stockmethod when the average stock price is greater than the conversion price of $48.05. 68  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  (1)(2)(3)(4)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents   Years ended August 31,     2015   2014 Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier  $192,832    $111,919  Add back:    Interest and debt issuance costs on the 2018 Convertible notes, net of tax   4,818     5,664  Earnings before interest and debt issuance costs on convertible notes  $197,650    $117,583  Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding   33,328     34,209  Diluted earnings per share   $5.93    $3.44  (1)Diluted earnings per share was calculated as follows: Earningsbefore interest and debt issuance costs on convertible notes            Weightedaverage diluted common shares outstandingNote 17 - Related Party TransactionsIn July 2014, the Company and Watco completed the formation of GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture. The Company accounts for its interest inGBW under the equity method of accounting. The Company leases real and personal property to GBW with lease revenue totaling $4.9 million and $0.6million for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company sold wheel sets and components to GBW which totaled $25.4 million and$1.3 million for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. GBW provided Repair services to the Company which totaled $2.4 million and$0.1 million for the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of August 31, 2015, the Company had a $31.5 million note receivable balancefrom GBW, which included a $21.0 million account receivable which was converted into a note receivable during the fourth quarter of 2015. The originalaccount receivable from GBW was for the initial sale of inventory to GBW.In April 2010, WLR–Greenbrier Rail Inc. (WLR-GBX) was formed and acquired a lease fleet of nearly 4,000 railcars valued at approximately $256.0 million.WLR-GBX is wholly owned by affiliates of WL Ross & Co, LLC (WL Ross) and a member of the Company’s board of directors, Wendy Teramoto, is also anaffiliate of WL Ross. The Company performed certain management and advisory services until September 2015 and in exchange received management andother fee income tied to the performance of WLR-GBX. The Company also paid certain incidental fees and agreed to indemnify WLR-GBX and its affiliatesagainst certain liabilities in connection with such advisory services. Under the management agreement the Company received $0.9 million in fees for each ofthe years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The Company also leased approximately 400 railcars from the WLR-GBX lease fleet. The Company paid$2.9 million, $3.3 million and $3.2 million in lease expense for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In September 2015, theCompany purchased the entire remaining WLR-GBX lease fleet of 3,885 railcars for fair value and such transaction was approved by the Company’sdisinterested, independent directors. The Company intends to sell the railcars and underlying attached leases to third parties in the short-term and thereforehas classified these railcars as Leased railcars for syndication on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company and WL Ross have agreed thatthe Company will receive a preferred return on the proceeds of the sale of the portfolio, after which it will share a portion of the profits with WL Ross up tocertain defined levels.William Furman, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, also serves as director of Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc.(Schnitzer). In the normal course of business, the Company sells scrap metal to Schnitzer. During the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, theCompany sold scrap metal to Schnitzer totaling $3.5 million, $3.0 million and $8.0 million, respectively.Mr. Furman is the owner of a private aircraft managed by a private independent management company. From time to time, the Company’s business requirescharter use of privately-owned aircraft. In such instances, it is possible that charters may be placed on Mr. Furman’s aircraft. The Company placed charters onMr. Furman’s aircraft aggregating $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.2 million for each of the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   69  (1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 18 - Income TaxesComponents of income tax expense of continuing operations were as follows:    Years ended August 31, (In thousands)    2015      2014      2013   Current    Federal  $92,525   $49,795   $20,162  State   6,349    3,791    2,491  Foreign   32,748    23,229    11,465     131,622    76,815    34,118  Deferred    Federal   (13,565)   (79)   (6,597) State   (1,112)   (1,142)   (2,357) Foreign   (4,423)   (3,148)   (134)    (19,100)   (4,369)   (9,088) Change in valuation allowance   (362)   (45)   30  Income Tax Expense  $112,160   $72,401   $25,060  Income tax expense is computed at rates different from statutory rates. The reconciliation between effective and statutory tax rates on operations is as follows:   Years ended August 31,        2015          2014          2013     Federal statutory rate  35.0%   35.0%   35.0% State income taxes, net of federal benefit  1.0    1.3    (1.2) Impact of foreign operations  (0.5)   (0.8)   (19.1) Change in valuation allowance related to deferred tax asset  (0.1)   –    1.3  Change in income tax reserve for uncertain tax positions  –    –    (7.1) Noncontrolling interest in flow-through entity  (5.7)   (5.3)   (1.2) Permanent differences and other  0.2    0.7    1.9  Non-deductible goodwill  –    1.9    119.0  Effective Tax Rate  29.9%   32.8%   128.6%  70  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows:   As of August 31, (In thousands)     2015           2014     Deferred tax assets:   Contract placement $1,828    $1,938  Maintenance and warranty accruals  11,037     8,254  Accrued payroll and related liabilities  21,083     12,737  Deferred revenue  7,575     4,496  Inventories and other  9,612     10,709  Derivative instruments and translation adjustment  858     413  Investment and asset tax credits  776     1,388  Net operating losses  689     1,695    53,458     41,630  Deferred tax liabilities:   Fixed assets  87,031     94,424  Investment in GBW Joint Venture  16,356     16,497  Original issue discount  4,036     3,481  Intangibles  3,030     2,719  Deferred gain on redemption of debt  2,611     3,511  Other  357     1,056    113,421     121,688  Valuation allowance  694     1,325  Net deferred tax liability $60,657    $81,383  As of August 31, 2015 the Company had $2.5 million of state net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2020, $0.7 million of statecredit carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2021, and $4.1 million of foreign NOL carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2016. The Company hasplaced valuation allowances against any deferred tax assets for which no benefit is anticipated, including those for loss and credit carryforwards likely toexpire before their expiration dates. The net decrease in the total valuation allowance was approximately $0.6 million for the year ended August 31, 2015.The Company uses tax law ordering for purposes of determining when excess tax benefits have been realized. During the current year the Company alsorealized excess tax benefits of $2.9 million from the vesting of restricted stock awards.No provision has been made for U.S. income taxes on approximately $115.9 million of cumulative undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiariesbecause the Company plans to reinvest these earnings indefinitely in operations outside the U.S. Generally, such amounts become subject to U.S. taxationupon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of deferred tax liability related toinvestments in foreign subsidiaries.The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits: (In thousands)  2015  2014  2013 Unrecognized Tax Benefit – Opening Balance  $1,268   $1,289   $3,720  Gross increases – tax positions in prior period   18    18    511  Gross decreases – tax positions in prior period   –    –    (2,942) Settlements   –    –    –  Lapse of statute of limitations   (11)   (39)   –  Unrecognized Tax Benefit – Ending Balance  $1,275   $1,268   $1,289  The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S., various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal examination forfiscal years ending before 2012, to state and local examinations before 2011, or to foreign examinations before 2009.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   71  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsUnrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest, at August 31, 2015 were $1.0 million of which $0.7 million, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.The unrecognized tax benefits at August 31, 2014 were $1.0 million. Accrued interest on reserves for uncertain tax positions as of August 31, 2015 and 2014were $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The Company recorded annual interest benefits of less than $0.1 million for changes in the reserves duringeach of the years ended August 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company had not accrued any penalties on the reserves. Interest and penalties related to incometaxes are not classified as a component of income tax expense. Benefits from the realization of unrecognized tax benefits for deductible differencesattributable to ordinary operations will be recognized as a reduction of income tax expense. The Company does not anticipate a significant decrease in thereserves for uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months.Note 19 - Segment InformationThrough July 18, 2014, Greenbrier operated in three reportable segments: Manufacturing; Wheels, Repair & Parts; and Leasing & Services. On July 18, 2014,the Company completed the formation of GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture with Watco which became the Company’s fourth reportable segment(GBW Joint Venture) upon formation. The Wheels & Parts segment (previously known as Wheels, Repair & Parts through 2014) included the results ofoperations for its Repair operations through July 18, 2014. After July 18, 2014, the results of GBW were included as part of Earnings from unconsolidatedaffiliates as the Company accounts for its interest in GBW under the equity method of accounting. Certain assets including real property, personal property,accounts receivable and accounts payable were not contributed or sold to GBW and remained as part of the Wheels & Parts segment.The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Performance is evaluated basedon Earnings from operations. Corporate includes selling and administrative costs not directly related to goods and services and certain costs that areintertwined among segments due to our integrated business. The Company does not allocate Interest and foreign exchange or Income tax expense for eitherexternal or internal reporting purposes. Intersegment sales and transfers are valued as if the sales or transfers were to third parties. Related revenue and marginis eliminated in consolidation and therefore are not included in consolidated results in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.The information in the following table is derived directly from the segments’ internal financial reports used for corporate management purposes.For the year ended August 31, 2015:    Revenue  Earnings (loss) from operations     External   Intersegment  Total  External  Intersegment  Total Manufacturing  $2,136,051    $7,534   $2,143,585   $396,921   $795   $397,716  Wheels & Parts   371,237     27,257    398,494    27,563    2,629    30,192  Leasing & Services   97,990     62,600    160,590    41,887    62,600    104,487  Eliminations   –     (97,391)   (97,391)   –    (66,024)   (66,024) Corporate   –     –    –    (79,479)   –    (79,479)   $2,605,278    $–   $2,605,278   $386,892   $–   $386,892  For the year ended August 31, 2014:    Revenue  Earnings (loss) from operations     External   Intersegment  Total  External  Intersegment  Total Manufacturing  $1,624,916    $790   $1,625,706   $202,555   $61   $202,616  Wheels & Parts   495,627     11,833    507,460    40,597    442    41,039  Leasing & Services   83,419     25,973    109,392    41,055    25,973    67,028  Eliminations   –     (38,596)   (38,596)   –    (26,476)   (26,476) Corporate   –     –    –    (44,687)   –    (44,687)   $2,203,962    $–   $2,203,962   $239,520   $–   $239,520   72  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsFor the year ended August 31, 2013:    Revenue  Earnings (loss) from operations     External   Intersegment  Total  External  Intersegment  Total Manufacturing  $1,215,734    $7,244   $1,222,978   $88,822   $(30)  $88,792  Wheels & Parts   469,222     14,958    484,180    (60,966)   (291)   (61,257) Leasing & Services   71,462     18,740    90,202    42,411    18,737    61,148  Eliminations   –     (40,942)   (40,942)   –    (18,416)   (18,416) Corporate   –     –    –    (28,616)   –    (28,616)   $1,756,418    $–   $1,756,418   $41,651   $–   $41,651      Years ended August 31, (In thousands)  2015   2014   2013 Assets:      Manufacturing  $675,409    $521,711    $401,630  Wheels & Parts   291,798     298,009     318,483  Leasing & Services   549,073     436,075     463,381  Unallocated   274,232     261,373     106,247    $1,790,512    $1,517,168    $1,289,741  Depreciation and amortization:      Manufacturing  $20,668    $15,341    $13,469  Wheels & Parts   11,748     12,582     12,843  Leasing & Services   12,740     12,499     15,135    $45,156    $40,422    $41,447  Capital expenditures:      Manufacturing  $84,354    $55,979    $37,017  Wheels & Parts   9,381     8,774     7,492  Leasing & Services   12,254     5,474     16,318    $105,989    $70,227    $60,827  The following table summarizes selected geographic information.    Years ended August 31, (In thousands)  2015   2014   2013 Revenue:      U.S.  $2,404,266    $1,998,579    $1,544,775  Foreign   201,012     205,383     211,643    $2,605,278    $2,203,962    $1,756,418  Identifiable assets:      U.S.  $1,184,811    $1,115,473    $865,294  Canada   –     –     756  Mexico   524,724     321,391     348,144  Europe   80,977     80,304     75,547    $1,790,512    $1,517,168    $1,289,741   Revenue is presented on the basis of geographic location of customers.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   73   (1)(1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsReconciliation of earnings from operations to earnings before income tax and earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates:    Years ended August 31, (In thousands)  2015   2014   2013 Earnings from operations  $386,892    $239,520    $41,651  Interest and foreign exchange   11,179     18,695     22,158  Earnings before income tax and earnings from unconsolidated affiliates  $375,713    $220,825    $19,493  The results of operations for the GBW Joint Venture are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The GBW Joint Venture is the Company’sfourth reportable segment and information for 2014 and 2015 are included in the tables below. Information for the year ended August 31, 2014 belowincludes activity for GBW from July 18, 2014 to August 31, 2014.    Years ended August 31, (In thousands)      2015          2014     GBW Joint Venture:   Revenue  $349,849   $38,549  Earnings (loss) from operations  $(1,160)  $702  Assets   $239,871   $210,631  Depreciation and amortization  $4,590   $470  Capital expenditures  $26,396   $1,255   Includes goodwill and intangible assets of $96.9 million and $100.2 million as of August 31, 2015 and 2014.Note 20 - Customer ConcentrationCustomer concentration is defined as a single customer that accounts for more than 10% of total revenues or accounts receivable. In 2015, revenue from onecustomer represented 17% of total revenue. In 2014, revenue from two customers represented 24% and 17% of total revenue, respectively. In 2013, revenuefrom two customers represented 17% and 10% of total revenue, respectively. No other customers accounted for more than 10% of total revenues for the yearsended August 31, 2015, 2014, or 2013. Two customers had balances that individually equaled or exceeded 10% of accounts receivable and represented 28%and 12% of the consolidated accounts receivable balance at August 31, 2015. Two customers had balances that individually equaled or exceeded 10% ofaccounts receivable and represented 19% and 12% of the consolidated accounts receivable balance at August 31, 2014.Note 21 - Lease CommitmentsLease expense for railcar equipment leased-in under non-cancelable leases was $6.3 million, $6.8 million and $6.7 million for the years ended August 31,2015, 2014 and 2013. Aggregate minimum future amounts payable under these non-cancelable railcar equipment leases are as follows: (In thousands)     Year ending August 31,  2016  $2,464  2017   1,563  2018   1,046  2019   –  2020   –  Thereafter   –    $5,073   74  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  (1)(1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsOperating leases for domestic railcar repair facilities, office space and certain manufacturing and office equipment expire at various dates through May 2022.Rental expense for facilities, office space and equipment was $9.3 million, $12.3 million and $13.1 million for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and2013. Aggregate minimum future amounts payable under these non-cancelable operating leases are as follows: (In thousands)     Year ending August 31,  2016  $3,798  2017   2,956  2018   2,432  2019   2,163  2020   1,997  Thereafter   1,556    $14,902  Note 22 - Commitments and ContingenciesThe Company’s Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility is located adjacent to the Willamette River. The Company has entered into a Voluntary CleanupAgreement with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in which the Company agreed to conduct an investigation of whether, and to whatextent, past or present operations at the Portland property may have released hazardous substances into the environment.In December 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified portions of the Willamette River bed known as the Portland Harbor, includingthe portion fronting the Company’s manufacturing facility, as a federal “National Priority List” or “Superfund” site due to sediment contamination (thePortland Harbor Site). The Company and more than 140 other parties, have received a “General Notice” of potential liability from the EPA relating to thePortland Harbor Site. The letter advised the Company that it may be liable for the costs of investigation and remediation (which liability may be joint andseveral with other potentially responsible parties) as well as for natural resource damages resulting from releases of hazardous substances to the site. At thistime, ten private and public entities, including the Company (the Lower Willamette Group or LWG), have signed an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC)to perform a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) of the Portland Harbor Site under EPA oversight, and several additional entities have not signedsuch consent, but are nevertheless contributing money to the effort. The EPA-mandated RI/FS is being conducted by the LWG and has cost over $110 millionduring a 14-year period. The Company has agreed to initially bear a percentage of the total costs incurred by the LWG in connection with the investigation.The Company’s aggregate expenditure has not been material during the 14-year period. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from otherresponsible parties. The EPA expects the investigation to continue until 2017.Eighty-three parties, including the State of Oregon and the federal government, have entered into a non-judicial mediation process to try to allocate costsassociated with the Portland Harbor site. Approximately 110 additional parties have signed tolling agreements related to such allocations. On April 23, 2009,the Company and the other AOC signatories filed suit against 69 other parties due to a possible limitations period for some such claims; Arkema Inc. et al v. A& C Foundry Products, Inc. et al, US District Court, District of Oregon, Case #3:09-cv-453-PK. All but 12 of these parties elected to sign tolling agreementsand be dismissed without prejudice, and the case has now been stayed by the court, pending completion of the RI/FS. Although, as described below, the draftfeasibility study has been submitted, the RI/FS will not be complete until the EPA approves it, which is not likely to occur until at least 2016.A draft of the remedial investigation study was submitted to the EPA on October 27, 2009. The draft feasibility study was submitted to the EPA on March 30,2012. That draft feasibility study evaluates several alternative cleanup approaches. The approaches submitted would take from 2 to 28 years with costsranging from $169 million to $1.8 billion for cleanup of the entire Portland Harbor Site, depending primarily on the selected remedial action levels. The draftfeasibility study suggests costs ranging from $9 million to $163 million for cleanup of the area of the Willamette River adjacent to the Company’s Portland,Oregon manufacturing facility,   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   75  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contentsdepending primarily on the selected remedial action level. In August 2015, the EPA released its own draft feasibility study that suggests a significantlyhigher range of site-wide costs (from $790 million to $2.4 billion) and clean-up durations ranging from 4 to 18 years. The EPA study does not break thosecosts down by sub-area.Neither draft feasibility study addresses responsibility for the costs of clean-up or allocates such costs among the potentially responsible parties, or definesprecise boundaries for the cleanup. Responsibility for funding and implementing the EPA’s selected cleanup will be determined after the issuance of theRecord of Decision, currently scheduled by the EPA for 2017. Based on the investigation to date, the Company believes that it did not contribute in anymaterial way to contamination in the river sediments or the damage of natural resources in the Portland Harbor Site and that the damage in the area of thePortland Harbor Site adjacent to its property precedes its ownership of the Portland, Oregon manufacturing facility. Because these environmentalinvestigations are still underway, sufficient information is currently not available to determine the Company’s liability, if any, for the cost of any requiredremediation or restoration of the Portland Harbor Site or to estimate a range of potential loss. Based on the results of the pending investigations and futureassessments of natural resource damages, the Company may be required to incur costs associated with additional phases of investigation or remedial action,and may be liable for damages to natural resources. In addition, the Company may be required to perform periodic maintenance dredging in order to continueto launch vessels from its launch ways in Portland, Oregon, on the Willamette River, and the river’s classification as a Superfund site could result in somelimitations on future dredging and launch activities. Any of these matters could adversely affect the Company’s business and Consolidated FinancialStatements, or the value of its Portland property.The Company has also signed an Order on Consent with the DEQ to finalize the investigation of potential onsite sources of contamination that may have arelease pathway to the Willamette River. Interim precautionary measures are also required in the order and the Company is currently discussing with the DEQpotential remedial actions which may be required. Our aggregate expenditure has not been material, however the Company could incur significant expensesfor remediation. Some or all of any such outlay may be recoverable from other responsible parties.From time to time, Greenbrier is involved as a defendant in litigation in the ordinary course of business, the outcome of which cannot be predicted withcertainty. While the ultimate outcome of such legal proceedings cannot be determined at this time, management believes that the resolution of these actionswill not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.In accordance with customary business practices in Europe, the Company has $3.7 million in third party warranty guarantee facilities. To date no amountshave been drawn under these guarantee facilities.As of August 31, 2015, the Mexican joint venture had $3.0 million of third party debt outstanding, for which the Company and its joint venture partner hadeach guaranteed approximately $1.5 million.As of August 31, 2015, the Company had outstanding letters of credit aggregating $47.2 million associated with performance guarantees, facility leases andworkers compensation insurance.On July 18, 2014, the Company and Watco contributed their respective Repair operations to GBW, an unconsolidated 50/50 joint venture. The Companymade $12.5 million in cash contributions during the year ended August 31, 2014 and $3.8 million in cash contributions and $31.5 million in loans duringthe year ended August 31, 2015. The Company expects to loan additional amounts, approximately $5.0 million, during 2016. The Company is likely tomake additional capital contributions or loans to GBW in the future. As of August 31, 2015, the Company had a $31.5 million note receivable balance fromGBW, which included a $21.0 million account receivable which was converted into a note receivable during the fourth quarter of 2015. The original accountreceivable from GBW was for the initial sale of inventory to GBW. The Company receives $4.9 million annually from GBW in lease payments for theCompany’s owned and leased facilities and equipment leased to GBW as well as quarterly distributions of a portion of GBW’s earnings. During the yearended August 31, 2015, the Company received $1.3 million in quarterly distributions from GBW. 76  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 23 - Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsThe estimated fair values of financial instruments and the methods and assumptions used to estimate such fair values are as follows: (In thousands)  CarryingAmount   EstimatedFairValue Notes payable as of August 31, 2015  $326,429    $345,350  Notes payable as of August 31, 2014  $445,091    $654,458  The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, revolving notes, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, foreign currencyforward contracts and interest rate swaps is a reasonable estimate of fair value of these financial instruments. Estimated rates currently available to theCompany for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities and current market data are used to estimate the fair value of notes payable.Note 24 - Fair Value MeasuresCertain assets and liabilities are reported at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value, for this disclosure, is defined as an exit price,representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, under athree-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring a fair value as follows: Level 1 -  observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments;Level 2 -  inputs, other than the quoted market prices in active markets for similar instruments, which are observable, either directly or indirectly; andLevel 3 -  unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data available, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of August 31, 2015 are: (In thousands)  Total   Level 1   Level 2     Level 3   Assets:        Derivative financial instruments  $1,913    $–    $1,913    $        –  Nonqualified savings plan investments   11,815     11,815     –     –  Cash equivalents   5,071     5,071     –     –    $18,799    $16,886    $1,913    $–  Liabilities:        Derivative financial instruments  $3,206    $–    $3,206    $–   (1)Level 2 assets include derivative financial instruments which are valued based on significant observable inputs. See Note 14 Derivative Instruments for further discussion.Assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of August 31, 2015 are: (In thousands)  Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3 Assets:        Goodwill  $43,265    $        –    $        –    $43,265     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   77  (1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsAssets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of August 31, 2014 are: (In thousands)  Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3 Assets:        Derivative financial instruments  $200    $–    $200    $        –  Nonqualified savings plan investments   10,223     10,223     –     –  Cash equivalents   35,036     35,036     –     –    $45,459    $45,259    $200    $–  Liabilities:        Derivative financial instruments  $1,995    $–    $1,995    $–   (2)Level 2 assets include derivative financial instruments which are valued based on significant observable inputs. See Note 14 Derivative Instruments for further discussion.Assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of August 31, 2014 are: (In thousands)  Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3 Assets:        Goodwill  $43,265    $        –    $        –    $43,265  Note 25 - Guarantor/Non GuarantorThe convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “Notes”) issued on May 22, 2006 are fully and unconditionally and jointly and severally guaranteed bysubstantially all of Greenbrier’s material 100% owned U.S. subsidiaries: Autostack Company LLC; Greenbrier-Concarril, LLC; Greenbrier Leasing CompanyLLC; Greenbrier Leasing Limited Partner, LLC; Greenbrier Management Services, LLC; Greenbrier Leasing, L.P.; Greenbrier Railcar LLC; Gunderson LLC;Gunderson Marine LLC; Gunderson Rail Services LLC; Meridian Rail Holding Corp.; Meridian Rail Acquisition Corp.; Meridian Rail Mexico City Corp.;Brandon Railroad LLC; Gunderson Specialty Products, LLC; Greenbrier Railcar Leasing, Inc. and Greenbrier Rail Services Holdings, LLC. No othersubsidiaries guarantee the Notes including Greenbrier Union Holdings I LLC; Greenbrier MUL Holdings I LLC; Greenbrier Leasing Limited; GreenbrierEurope B.V.; Greenbrier Europe Holdings B.V.; Greenbrier International Holdings II, LLC; Greenbrier Germany GmbH; WagonySwidnica S.A.; ZakladNaprawczy Taboru Kolejowego Olawa sp. z o.o.; Zaklad Transportu Kolejowego SIARKOPOL sp. z o.o.; Gunderson-Concarril, S.A. de C.V.; MexicoMeridianrail Services, S.A. de C.V.; Greenbrier Railcar Services – Tierra Blanca S.A. de C.V.; YSD Doors, S.A. de C.V.; Greenbrier do Brasil ParticipaçõesLtda; Greenbrier Tank Components, LLC; Gunderson-GIMSA S.A. de C.V.; Greenbrier; S.A. de C.V.; Greenbrier Industries, S.A. de C.V. and Greenbrier-GIMSA, LLC.The following represents the supplemental consolidating condensed financial information of Greenbrier and its guarantor and non guarantor subsidiaries, asof August 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended August 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The information is presented on the basis of Greenbrier accountingfor its ownership of its wholly owned subsidiaries using the equity method of accounting. The equity method investment for each subsidiary is recorded bythe parent in intangibles and other assets. Intercompany transactions of goods and services between the guarantor and non guarantor subsidiaries arepresented as if the sales or transfers were at fair value to third parties and eliminated in consolidation. 78  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  (1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Balance SheetAs of August 31, 2015     Parent   CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries   CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries   Eliminations  Consolidated Assets         Cash and cash equivalents  $53,535    $119    $119,276    $–   $172,930  Restricted cash   –     1,966     6,903     –    8,869  Accounts receivable, net   49,471     535,916     24,415     (413,773)   196,029  Inventories   –     191,625     257,619     (3,709)   445,535  Leased railcars for syndication   –     228,646     –     (16,112)   212,534  Equipment on operating leases, net   –     255,130     2,901     (2,640)   255,391  Property, plant and equipment, net   8,402     102,738     191,995     –    303,135  Investment in unconsolidated affiliates   1,209,698     169,659     21,369     (1,313,456)   87,270  Intangibles and other assets, net   15,895     46,387     14,235     (10,963)   65,554  Goodwill   –     43,265     –     –    43,265    $1,337,001    $1,575,451    $638,713    $(1,760,653)  $1,790,512  Liabilities and Equity         Revolving notes  $49,000    $–    $1,888    $–   $50,888  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   421,249     282,662     208,538     (457,236)   455,213  Deferred income taxes   –     72,326     –     (11,669)   60,657  Deferred revenue   –     33,792     –     44    33,836  Notes payable   133,914     191,422     1,093     –    326,429  Total equity – Greenbrier   732,838     995,249     296,852     (1,292,101)   732,838  Noncontrolling interest   –     –     130,342     309    130,651  Total equity   732,838     995,249     427,194     (1,291,792)   863,489    $1,337,001    $1,575,451    $638,713    $(1,760,653)  $1,790,512     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   79  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of OperationsFor the year ended August 31, 2015     Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Revenue      Manufacturing  $1,641   $1,199,771   $1,810,001   $(875,362)  $2,136,051  Wheels & Parts   –    376,135    –    (4,898)   371,237  Leasing & Services   (717)   98,292    1    414    97,990     924    1,674,198    1,810,002    (879,846)   2,605,278  Cost of revenue      Manufacturing   –    995,332    1,535,309    (839,227)   1,691,414  Wheels & Parts   –    339,657    –    (4,977)   334,680  Leasing & Services   –    41,926    –    (95)   41,831     –    1,376,915    1,535,309    (844,299)   2,067,925  Margin   924    297,283    274,693    (35,547)   537,353  Selling and administrative   72,686    37,379    42,624    (898)   151,791  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (1,043)   (283)   (4)   (1,330) Earnings (loss) from operations   (71,762)   260,947    232,352    (34,645)   386,892  Other costs      Interest and foreign exchange   11,786    6,826    (7,433)   –    11,179  Earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings(loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   (83,548)   254,121    239,785    (34,645)   375,713  Income tax (expense) benefit   (4,697)   (86,757)   (31,299)   10,593    (112,160) Earnings (loss) before earnings (loss) fromunconsolidated affiliates   (88,245)   167,364    208,486    (24,052)   263,553  Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   281,077    27,013    59    (306,393)   1,756  Net earnings (loss)   192,832    194,377    208,545    (330,445)   265,309  Net (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrollinginterest   –    –    (89,692)   17,215    (72,477) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $192,832   $194,377   $118,853   $(313,230)  $192,832   80  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss)For the year ended August 31, 2015 (In thousands)  Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Net earnings (loss)  $192,832   $194,377   $208,545   $(330,445)  $265,309  Other comprehensive income (loss)      Translation adjustment   (1,527)   –    (12,482)   –    (14,009) Reclassification of derivative financialinstruments recognized in net earnings (loss)   –    1,107    (370)   –    737  Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financialinstruments   6    (1,825)   489    –    (1,330) Other (net of tax effect)   –    –    173    –    173     (1,521)   (718)   (12,190)   –    (14,429) Comprehensive income (loss)   191,311    193,659    196,355    (330,445)   250,880  Comprehensive (income) loss attributable tononcontrolling interest   –    –    (89,536)   17,215    (72,321) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $191,311   $193,659   $106,819   $(313,230)  $178,559     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   81  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash FlowsFor the year ended August 31, 2015 (In thousands)  Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Cash flows from operating activities:      Net earnings (loss)  $192,832   $194,377   $208,545   $(330,445)  $265,309  Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided by (usedin) operating activities:      Deferred income taxes   (12,694)   (8,163)   706    –    (20,151) Depreciation and amortization   2,098    26,771    16,382    (95)   45,156  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (1,043)   (283)   (4)   (1,330) Stock based compensation expense   19,459    –    –    –    19,459  Noncontrolling interest adjustments   –    –    –    17,215    17,215  Other   43    196    945    –    1,184  Decrease (increase) in assets:      Accounts receivable, net   (48,847)   24,283    24,026    14,190    13,652  Inventories   –    (78,507)   (68,956)   3,614    (143,849) Leased railcars for syndication   –    (103,772)   –    13,158    (90,614) Other   22,478    (691)   (19,430)   (1,782)   575  Increase (decrease) in liabilities:      Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   41,138    60,761    25,399    (54,879)   72,419  Deferred revenue   (122)   13,842    (412)   –    13,308  Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities   216,385    128,054    186,922    (339,028)   192,333  Cash flows from investing activities:      Proceeds from sales of assets   –    4,959    336    –    5,295  Capital expenditures   (4,323)   (24,836)   (77,228)   398    (105,989) Increase in restricted cash   –    272    (1)   –    271  Investment in and net advances to unconsolidated affiliates   (346,168)   (25,388)   –    337,103    (34,453) Other   1,345    2,000    –    –    3,345  Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities   (349,146)   (42,993)   (76,893)   337,501    (131,531) Cash flows from financing activities:      Net changes in revolving notes with maturities of 90 days or less   49,000    –    –    –    49,000  Proceeds from revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   –    –    44,451    –    44,451  Repayment of revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   –    –    (55,644)   –    (55,644) Repayments of notes payable   (5)   (7,033)   (437)   –    (7,475) Decrease in restricted cash   –    11,000    –    –    11,000  Intercompany advances   72,857    (85,925)   13,068    –    –  Repurchase of stock   (69,950)   –    –    –    (69,950) Dividends   (16,491)   –    –    –    (16,491) Cash distribution to joint venture partner   –    –    (20,375)    (20,375) Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards   2,908    –    –    –    2,908  Other   (248)   –    –     (248) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities   38,071    (81,958)   (18,937)   –    (62,824) Effect of exchange rate changes   (1,522)   (3,096)   (6,873)   1,527    (9,964) Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents   (96,212)   7    84,219    –    (11,986) Cash and cash equivalents      Beginning of period   149,747    112    35,057    –    184,916  End of period  $53,535   $119   $119,276   $–   $172,930   82  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Balance SheetAs of August 31, 2014     Parent   CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries   CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries   Eliminations  Consolidated Assets         Cash and cash equivalents  $149,747    $112    $35,057    $–   $184,916  Restricted cash   –     13,238     6,902     –    20,140  Accounts receivable, net   626     474,409     62,421     (337,777)   199,679  Inventories   –     113,117     192,634     (95)   305,656  Leased railcars for syndication   –     128,965     –     (3,115)   125,850  Equipment on operating leases, net   –     257,415     3,613     (2,180)   258,848  Property, plant and equipment, net   6,220     102,972     134,506     –    243,698  Investment in unconsolidated affiliates   910,732     143,768     3,961     (989,102)   69,359  Intangibles and other assets, net   17,031     45,013     14,221     (10,508)   65,757  Goodwill   –     43,265     –     –    43,265    $1,084,356    $1,322,274    $453,315    $(1,342,777)  $1,517,168  Liabilities and Equity         Revolving notes  $–    $–    $13,081    $–   $13,081  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   315,879     221,863     185,335     (339,788)   383,289  Deferred income taxes   12,109     80,489     –     (11,215)   81,383  Deferred revenue   122     19,950     487     44    20,603  Notes payable   244,856     198,705     1,530     –    445,091  Total equity – Greenbrier   511,390     801,267     190,861     (992,128)   511,390  Noncontrolling interest   –     –     62,021     310    62,331  Total equity   511,390     801,267     252,882     (991,818)   573,721    $1,084,356    $1,322,274    $453,315    $(1,342,777)  $1,517,168     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   83  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of OperationsFor the year ended August 31, 2014     Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Revenue      Manufacturing  $–   $887,252   $1,419,143   $(681,479)  $1,624,916  Wheels & Parts   –    502,210    –    (6,583)   495,627  Leasing & Services   1,256    81,546    2    615    83,419     1,256    1,471,008    1,419,145    (687,447)   2,203,962  Cost of revenue      Manufacturing   –    792,267    1,257,953    (676,212)   1,374,008  Wheels & Parts   –    470,521    –    (6,583)   463,938  Leasing & Services   –    43,878    –    (82)   43,796     –    1,306,666    1,257,953    (682,877)   1,881,742  Margin   1,256    164,342    161,192    (4,570)   322,220  Selling and administrative   45,621    41,001    38,063    585    125,270  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (13,905)   (820)   (314)   (15,039) Gain on contribution to joint venture   –    (29,006)   –    –    (29,006) Restructuring charges   –    1,475    –    –    1,475  Earnings (loss) from operations   (44,365)   164,777    123,949    (4,841)   239,520  Other costs      Interest and foreign exchange   11,654    4,774    2,267    –    18,695  Earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings (loss)from unconsolidated affiliates   (56,019)   160,003    121,682    (4,841)   220,825  Income tax (expense) benefit   7,563    (55,382)   (26,170)   1,588    (72,401) Earnings (loss) before earnings (loss) fromunconsolidated affiliates   (48,456)   104,621    95,512    (3,253)   148,424  Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   160,375    18,739    166    (177,925)   1,355  Net earnings (loss)   111,919    123,360    95,678    (181,178)   149,779  Net (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrollinginterest   –    –    (40,634)   2,774    (37,860) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $111,919   $123,360   $55,044   $(178,404)  $111,919   84  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss)For the year ended August 31, 2014 (In thousands)  Parent   CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Net earnings (loss)  $111,919    $123,360   $95,678   $(181,178)  $149,779  Other comprehensive income (loss)       Translation adjustment   –     –    116    –    116  Reclassification of derivative financialinstruments recognized in net earnings(loss)   –     1,071    (600)   –    471  Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financialinstruments   –     (1,105)   86    –    (1,019) Other (net of tax effect)   –     –    10    –    10     –     (34)   (388)   –    (422) Comprehensive income (loss)   111,919     123,326    95,290    (181,178)   149,357  Comprehensive (income) loss attributable tononcontrolling interest   –     –    (40,640)   2,774    (37,866) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable toGreenbrier  $111,919    $123,326   $54,650   $(178,404)  $111,491     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   85  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash FlowsFor the year ended August 31, 2014 (In thousands)  Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Cash flows from operating activities:      Net earnings (loss)  $111,919   $123,360   $95,678   $(181,178)  $149,779  Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash providedby (used in) operating activities:      Deferred income taxes   4,016    (6,121)   (2,582)   –    (4,687) Depreciation and amortization   1,875    27,259    11,370    (82)   40,422  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (13,905)   (820)   (314)   (15,039) Stock based compensation expense   11,285    –    –    –    11,285  Gain on contribution to joint venture   –    (29,006)   –    –    (29,006) Noncontrolling interest adjustments   –    –    –    2,774    2,774  Other   –    388    189    (1)   576  Decrease (increase) in assets:      Accounts receivable, net   36,996    (11,493)   (11,679)   (37,573)   (23,749) Inventories   –    16,920    (26,595)   –    (9,675) Leased railcars for syndication   –    (60,547)   –    2,768    (57,779) Other   (935)   53,889    (4,424)   (52,599)   (4,069) Increase (decrease) in liabilities:      Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   (44,631)   45,953    26,483    35,557    63,362  Deferred revenue   (33)   11,355    389    2    11,713  Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities   120,492    158,052    88,009    (230,646)   135,907  Cash flows from investing activities:      Proceeds from sales of assets   –    53,229    1,006    –    54,235  Capital expenditures   (4,125)   (16,636)   (49,470)   4    (70,227) Increase in restricted cash   –    (331)   (2)   –    (333) Investment in and net advances to unconsolidated affiliates   (169,584)   (73,558)   (1,253)   230,642    (13,753) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities   (173,709)   (37,296)   (49,719)   230,646    (30,078) Cash flows from financing activities:      Proceeds from revolving notes with maturities longer than 90days   –    –    37,819    –    37,819  Repayment of revolving notes with maturities longer than 90days   –    –    (72,947)   –    (72,947) Proceeds from issuance of notes payable   –    200,000    –    –    200,000  Repayments of notes payable   –    (128,157)   (640)   –    (128,797) Debt issuance costs   –    (382)   –    –    (382) Increase in restricted cash   –    (11,000)   –    –    (11,000) Intercompany advances   177,395    (181,161)   3,766    –    –  Repurchase of stock   (33,583)   –    –    –    (33,583) Dividends   (4,123)   –    –    –    (4,123) Cash distribution to joint venture partner   –    –    (5,076)    (5,076) Investment by joint venture partner     419     419  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards   109    –    –    –    109  Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities   139,798    (120,700)   (36,659)   –    (17,561) Effect of exchange rate changes   (7)   31    (811)   –    (787) Increase in cash and cash equivalents   86,574    87    820    –    87,481  Cash and cash equivalents      Beginning of period   63,173    25    34,237    –    97,435  End of period  $149,747   $112   $35,057   $–   $184,916   86  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of OperationsFor the year ended August 31, 2013     Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Revenue      Manufacturing  $–   $666,171   $1,001,017   $(451,454)  $1,215,734  Wheels & Parts   –    480,849    –    (11,627)   469,222  Leasing & Services   806    70,672    1    (17)   71,462     806    1,217,692    1,001,018    (463,098)   1,756,418  Cost of revenue      Manufacturing   –    610,379    928,461    (455,951)   1,082,889  Wheels & Parts   –    443,337    –    (11,836)   431,501  Leasing & Services   –    35,754    –    (99)   35,655     –    1,089,470    928,461    (467,886)   1,550,045  Margin   806    128,222    72,557    4,788    206,373  Selling and administrative   38,636    30,937    33,602    –    103,175  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (16,238)   (1,276)   (558)   (18,072) Goodwill impairment   –    76,900    –    –    76,900  Restructuring charges   –    2,719    –    –    2,719  Earnings (loss) from operations   (37,830)   33,904    40,231    5,346    41,651  Other costs      Interest and foreign exchange   15,358    3,901    3,100    (201)   22,158  Earnings (loss) before income taxes and earnings (loss)from unconsolidated affiliates   (53,188)   30,003    37,131    5,547    19,493  Income tax (expense) benefit   21,367    (36,202)   (9,067)   (1,158)   (25,060) Earnings (loss) before earnings (loss) fromunconsolidated affiliates   (31,821)   (6,199)   28,064    4,389    (5,567) Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   20,773    11,532    45    (32,164)   186  Net earnings (loss)   (11,048)   5,333    28,109    (27,775)   (5,381) Net (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrollinginterest   –    –    (3,946)   (1,721)   (5,667) Net earnings (loss) attributable to Greenbrier  $(11,048)  $5,333   $24,163   $(29,496)  $(11,048)    The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   87  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss)For the year ended August 31, 2013 (In thousands)  Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Net earnings (loss)  $(11,048)  $5,333   $28,109   $(27,775)  $(5,381) Other comprehensive income (loss)      Translation adjustment   –    (34)   1,090    –    1,056  Reclassification of derivative financialinstruments recognized in net earnings(loss)   –    1,197    (1,758)   –    (561) Unrealized loss on derivative financialinstruments   –    (202)   (197)   –    (399) Other (net of tax effect)   –    –    (203)   –    (203)    –    961    (1,068)   –    (107) Comprehensive income (loss)   (11,048)   6,294    27,041    (27,775)   (5,488) Comprehensive (income) loss attributable tononcontrolling interest   –    –    (3,974)   (1,721)   (5,695) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable toGreenbrier  $(11,048)  $6,294   $23,067   $(29,496)  $(11,183)  88  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash FlowsFor the year ended August 31, 2013 (In thousands)  Parent  CombinedGuarantorSubsidiaries  CombinedNon-GuarantorSubsidiaries  Eliminations  Consolidated Cash flows from operating activities:      Net earnings (loss)  $(11,048)  $5,333   $28,109   $(27,775)  $(5,381) Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to net cash provided by(used in) operating activities:      Deferred income taxes   (1,005)   (9,983)   (611)   1,937    (9,662) Depreciation and amortization   2,124    29,688    9,734    (99)   41,447  Net gain on disposition of equipment   –    (16,238)   (1,276)   (558)   (18,072) Accretion of debt discount   2,455    –    –    –    2,455  Stock based compensation expense   6,196    106    –    –    6,302  Goodwill impairment   –    76,900    –    –    76,900  Noncontrolling interest adjustments   –    –    –    (2,144)   (2,144) Other   –    1,160    (70)   (1)   1,089  Decrease (increase) in assets:      Accounts receivable, net   15,704    (360)   (6,140)   (16,527)   (7,323) Inventories   –    4,975    14,280    (210)   19,045  Leased railcars for syndication   –    25,325    –    (2,444)   22,881  Other   272    416    28,400    (28,119)   969  Increase (decrease) in liabilities:      Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   (626)   (27,742)   (3,200)   16,139    (15,429) Deferred revenue   (154)   (7,505)   (836)   10    (8,485) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities   13,918    82,075    68,390    (59,791)   104,592  Cash flows from investing activities:      Proceeds from sales of assets   –    74,545    793    –    75,338  Capital expenditures   (515)   (28,586)   (32,017)   291    (60,827) Decrease (increase) in restricted cash   –    139    (2,669)   –    (2,530) Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates   (28,175)   (31,325)   (2,240)   59,500    (2,240) Other   –    –    (3,582)   –    (3,582) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities   (28,690)   14,773    (39,715)   59,791    6,159  Cash flows from financing activities:      Net changes in revolving notes with maturities of 90 days or less   –    –    (16,396)   –    (16,396) Proceeds from revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   –    –    38,177    –    38,177  Repayment of revolving notes with maturities longer than 90 days   –    –    (34,966)   –    (34,966) Intercompany advances   95,598    (93,991)   (1,607)   –    –  Proceeds from issuance of notes payable   –    –    2,186    –    2,186  Repayments of notes payable   (52,868)   (4,090)   (1,873)   –    (58,831) Investment by joint venture partner   –    –    3,206    –    3,206  Excess tax benefit from restricted stock awards   900    –    –    –    900  Other   (8)   –    –    –    (8) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities   43,622    (98,081)   (11,273)   –    (65,732) Effect of exchange rate changes   –    964    (2,119)   –    (1,155) Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents   28,850    (269)   15,283    –    43,864  Cash and cash equivalents      Beginning of period   34,323    294    18,954    –    53,571  End of period  $63,173   $25   $34,237   $–   $97,435     The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   89  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsNote 26 - Subsequent EventsIn April 2010, WLR – Greenbrier Rail Inc. (WLR-GBX) was formed and acquired a lease fleet of nearly 4,000 railcars valued at approximately $256.0 million.WLR-GBX is wholly owned by affiliates of WL Ross & Co, LLC (WL Ross), and a member of the Company’s board of directors, Wendy Teramoto, is also anaffiliate of WL Ross. The Company performed certain management and advisory services until September 2015, and in exchange received management andother fee income tied to the performance of WLR-GBX. In September 2015, the Company purchased the entire remaining WLR-GBX lease fleet of 3,885railcars for fair value and such transaction was approved by the Company’s disinterested, independent directors. The Company intends to sell the railcars andunderlying attached leases to third parties in the short-term and therefore has classified these railcars as Leased railcars for syndication on the Company’sConsolidated Balance Sheet. The Company and WL Ross have agreed that the Company will receive a preferred return on the proceeds of the sale of theportfolio, after which it will share a portion of the profits with WL Ross up to certain defined levels.As of August 31, 2015, a $290.0 million revolving line of credit, maturing June 2016, secured by substantially all the Company’s assets in the U.S. nototherwise pledged as security for term loans, was available to provide working capital and interim financing of equipment, principally for the U.S. andMexican operations. Advances under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.25% or Prime plus 1.25% depending on the type of borrowing. Availableborrowings under the credit facility are generally based on defined levels of inventory, receivables, property, plant and equipment and leased equipment, aswell as total debt to consolidated capitalization and fixed charges coverage ratios. In October 2015, this revolving line of credit was renewed on terms similarto the existing facility and increased to $550.0 million with a new maturity date of October 2020. In addition, advances under this renewed facility bearinterest at LIBOR plus 1.75% or Prime plus 0.75% depending on the type of borrowing. 90  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsQuarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share amount)  First  Second  Third  Fourth  Total 2015      Revenue      Manufacturing  $379,949   $505,241   $593,376   $657,485   $2,136,051  Wheels & Parts   86,624    102,640    97,407    84,566    371,237  Leasing & Services   28,485    22,268    23,823    23,414    97,990     495,058    630,149    714,606    765,465    2,605,278  Cost of revenue      Manufacturing   316,037    403,227    465,658    506,492    1,691,414  Wheels & Parts   76,872    92,768    89,645    75,395    334,680  Leasing & Services   14,081    8,844    10,017    8,889    41,831     406,990    504,839    565,320    590,776    2,067,925  Margin   88,068    125,310    149,286    174,689    537,353  Selling and administrative   33,729    32,899    45,595    39,568    151,791  Net gain on disposition of equipment   (83)   (121)   (720)   (406)   (1,330) Earnings from operations   54,422    92,532    104,411    135,527    386,892  Other costs      Interest and foreign exchange   3,141    1,929    4,285    1,824    11,179  Earnings before income tax and earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   51,281    90,603    100,126    133,703    375,713  Income tax expense   (16,054)   (29,372)   (30,783)   (35,951)   (112,160) Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates   755    (185)   982    204    1,756  Net earnings   35,982    61,046    70,325    97,956    265,309  Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest   (3,196)   (10,695)   (27,514)   (31,072)   (72,477) Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier  $32,786   $50,351   $42,811   $66,884   $192,832  Basic earnings per common share:  $1.19   $1.86   $1.54   $2.23   $6.85  Diluted earnings per common share:  $1.01   $1.57   $1.33   $2.02   $5.93   (1)Quarterly amounts do not total to the year to date amount as each period is calculated discretely. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of the 2026 Convertible Notes using thetreasury stock method when dilutive and the dilutive effect of shares underlying the 2018 Convertible Notes using the “if converted” method in which debt issuance and interest costs, net of tax, were addedback to net earnings.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   91   (1) (1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsQuarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share amount) First  Second  Third  Fourth  Total 2014     Revenue     Manufacturing $359,473   $347,755   $425,583   $492,105   $1,624,916  Wheels & Parts  113,401    136,540    140,663    105,023    495,627  Leasing & Services  17,481    17,921    27,039    20,978    83,419    490,355    502,216    593,285    618,106    2,203,962  Cost of revenue     Manufacturing  311,440    306,572    351,829    404,167    1,374,008  Wheels & Parts  107,975    127,940    129,825    98,198    463,938  Leasing & Services  9,381    9,853    14,856    9,706    43,796    428,796    444,365    496,510    512,071    1,881,742  Margin  61,559    57,851    96,775    106,035    322,220  Selling and administrative  26,109    28,125    34,800    36,236    125,270  Net gain on disposition of equipment  (3,651)   (5,416)   (5,619)   (353)   (15,039) Gain on contribution to joint venture  –    –    –    (29,006)   (29,006) Restructuring charges  879    540    56    –    1,475  Earnings from operations  38,222    34,602    67,538    99,158    239,520  Other costs     Interest and foreign exchange  4,744    4,099    5,437    4,415    18,695  Earnings before income tax and earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates  33,478    30,503    62,101    94,743    220,825  Income tax expense  (10,522)   (9,883)   (16,303)   (35,693)   (72,401) Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates  41    (67)   298    1,083    1,355  Net earnings  22,997    20,553    46,096    60,133    149,779  Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest  (7,609)   (4,966)   (12,508)   (12,777)   (37,860) Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier $15,388   $15,587   $33,588   $47,356   $111,919  Basic earnings per common share: $0.54   $0.55   $1.20   $1.69   $3.97  Diluted earnings per common share: $0.49   $0.50   $1.03   $1.43   $3.44   (1)Quarterly amounts do not total to the year to date amount as each period is calculated discretely. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of the 2026 Convertible Notes using thetreasury stock method when dilutive and the dilutive effect of shares underlying the 2018 Convertible Notes using the “if converted” method in which debt issuance and interest costs, net of tax, were addedback to net earnings. 92  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   (1) (1)Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING ANDFINANCIAL DISCLOSURENone. Item 9A.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, theeffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concludedthat, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to bedisclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (2) accumulated and communicated to ourmanagement, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding requireddisclosure.Changes in Internal ControlsThere have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended August 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or arereasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial ReportingManagement of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries (the Company), is responsible for establishing and maintainingadequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of theCompany’s principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of the Company’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America.As of the end of the Company’s 2015 fiscal year, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financialreporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as ofAugust 31, 2015 is effective.Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, independently assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financialreporting, as stated in their attestation report, which is included at the end of Part II, Item 9A of this Form 10-K.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   93  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsInherent Limitations on Effectiveness of ControlsThe Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and proceduresor our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, canprovide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact thatthere are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all controlsystems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues andinstances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can befaulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, bycollusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptionsabout the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential futureconditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate becauseof changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. 94  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and StockholdersThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.:We have audited The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, based oncriteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission(COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require thatwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all materialrespects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, andtesting and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such otherprocedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reportingand the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal controlover financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permitpreparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are beingmade only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention ortimely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliancewith the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheetsof The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of August 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensiveincome (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended August 31, 2015 and our report dated October 30, 2015 expressed anunqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements./s/ KPMG LLPPortland, OROctober 30, 2015   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   95  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsItem 9B.OTHER INFORMATIONNonePART III Item 10.DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCEThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Board Committees, Meetings and Charters,” “Section16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and “Executive Officers of the Company” in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filedpursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement is anticipated to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end ofRegistrant’s year ended August 31, 2015. Item 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATIONThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information under the caption “Executive Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Report” inRegistrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement is anticipated to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission within 120 days after the end of Registrant’s year ended August 31, 2015. Item 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT ANDRELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERSThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and“Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement isanticipated to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of Registrant’s year ended August 31, 2015. Item 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTORINDEPENDENCEThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information under the caption “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Independence of Directors” inRegistrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement is anticipated to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission within 120 days after the end of Registrant’s year ended August 31, 2015. Item 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICESThere is hereby incorporated by reference the information under the caption “Ratification of Appointment of Auditors” in Registrant’s definitive ProxyStatement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, which Proxy Statement is anticipated to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120days after the end of the Registrant’s year ended August 31, 2015. 96  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsPART IV Item 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES  (1)Financial StatementsSee Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8  (a)(2) Financial Statements Schedule* *All other schedules have been omitted because they are inapplicable, not required or because the information is given in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto. This supplemental scheduleshould be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this report. (a)(3)     The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list is intended to constitute the exhibit index:  3.1Registrant’s Articles of Incorporation are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed April 5, 2006.  3.2Articles of Merger amending the Registrant’s Articles of Incorporation are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’sForm 10-Q filed April 5, 2006.  3.3Registrant’s Bylaws, as amended January 11, 2006, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filedApril 5, 2006.  3.4Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated October 31, 2006, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed November 6, 2006.  3.5Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated January 8, 2008, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled November 8, 2007.  3.6Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated April 8, 2008, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled April 11, 2008.  3.7Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated April 7, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled April 13, 2009.  3.8Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated June 8, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled June 10, 2009.  3.9Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated June 10, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled June 12, 2009.  3.10Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated October 30, 2012, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed November 5, 2012.  3.11Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated January 9, 2013, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled January 15, 2013.  3.12Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated October 29, 2013, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed October 31, 2013.  3.13Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated October 29, 2014, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed November 3, 2014.  3.14Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated March 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled April 6, 2015.  3.15Amendment to the Registrant’s Bylaws, dated July 1, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled July 8, 2015.  4.1Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Registrant is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s RegistrationStatement on Form S-3 filed April 7, 2010 (SEC File Number 333-165924).   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   97  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents 4.2Indenture between the Registrant, the Guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association as Trustee, dated May 22, 2006, isincorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 25, 2006.  4.3Indenture between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Global Note attached as ExhibitA thereto, dated April 5, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed April 5, 2011.  10.1Registration Rights Agreement among the Registrant, the Guarantors named therein, Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. and Banc of AmericaSecurities LLC, dated May 22, 2006, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 25, 2006.  10.2*Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Mr. William A. Furman, dated August 28, 2012, isincorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed January 9, 2013.  10.3*Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and certain of its executive officers, as amended andrestated on August 28, 2012, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 1, 2012.  10.4*Amendment No. 1 to Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and certain of its executiveofficers, as amended and restated on August 28, 2012, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Qfiled January 8, 2014.  10.5*Form of Agreement concerning Indemnification and Related Matters (Directors) between Registrant and its directors is incorporatedherein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed July 1, 2015.  10.6*Form of Agreement concerning Indemnification and Related Matters (Officers) between Registrant and its officers is incorporated hereinby reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed April 4, 2013.  10.7*Consulting Agreement between A. Daniel O’Neal Jr. and Greenbrier Leasing Company LLC, dated December 31, 2010, is incorporatedherein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed April 7, 2011.  10.8*Form of Change of Control Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed April 4,2013.   10.9*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Form of Amendment to Change of Control Agreement, approved on May 28, 2013, is incorporatedherein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 6, 2013.  10.10*Second Amended and Restated Change of Control Agreement between the Registrant and William Glenn, dated August 28, 2012, isincorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 1, 2012.  10.11*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. 2014 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A tothe Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed November 19, 2014.  10.12*Form of Director Restricted Share Agreement related to the 2010 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan is incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed April 3, 2014.  10.13*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Basic Plan Document is incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 10.38 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 4, 2011.  10.14*The Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement is incorporated herein by reference toExhibit 10.39 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 4, 2011. 98  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents 10.15*Amendment No. 1 to the Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, dated May 25, 2011, isincorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed July 8, 2011.  10.16*Amendment No. 2 to the Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, dated August 28, 2012,is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 1, 2012.  10.17*Amendment No. 3 to the Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, dated January 1, 2014,is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed January 7, 2015.  10.18*Amendment No. 4 to the Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, dated October 28,2014, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed January 7, 2015.  10.19*Updated Rabbi Trust Agreements, dated October 1, 2012, related to The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Nonqualified DeferredCompensation Plan, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed January 9, 2013.  10.20*The Greenbrier Companies Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement for Directors, dated July 1, 2012, isincorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 1, 2012.  10.21*Updated Rabbi Trust Agreements, dated October 1, 2012, related to the Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred CompensationPlan for Directors, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed January 9, 2013.  10.22*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, approved on May 28, 2013, is incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 3, 2013.  10.23*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, approved on May 5, 2014, is incorporated herein by referenceto Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 9, 2014.  10.24*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, approved on May 22, 2015, is incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed July 1, 2015.  10.25*The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B to theRegistrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on November 19, 2014.  10.26Purchase Agreement among The Greenbrier Companies, Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Goldman, Sachs &Co., dated March 30, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed April 5, 2011.  10.27The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. Executive Stock Ownership Guidelines, adopted as of August 28, 2012, are incorporated herein byreference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed November 1, 2012.  10.28Contribution Agreement, dated July 18, 2014, by and among Watco Companies, L.L.C., the Registrant, and with respect to Article III andArticle IX only, GBW Railcar Services Holdings, L.L.C., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-Kfiled July 24, 2014.  10.29Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of GBW Railcar Services Holdings, L.L.C., dated July 18, 2014, by andamong the Registrant, Watco Mechanical Services, L.L.C., and Millennium Rail, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed July 24, 2014.   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   99  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of Contents 10.30Credit Agreement, dated March 20, 2014, by and among Greenbrier Leasing Company LLC, an Oregon limited liability company, Bankof America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Union Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated,as Sole Lead Arranger and Sole Book Manager, and the lenders identified therein is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 tothe Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 26, 2014.  14.1Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 11,2012.  21.1List of the subsidiaries of the Registrant.  23.1Consent of KPMG LLP, independent auditors.  31.1Certification pursuant to Rule 13(a) – 14(a).  31.2Certification pursuant to Rule 13(a) – 14(a).  32.1Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.  32.2Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.  101The following financial information from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2015, formatted inXBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and furnished electronically herewith: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) theConsolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (iv) the Consolidated Statementsof Equity (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (vi) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. *Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangementNote: For all exhibits incorporated by reference, unless otherwise noted above, the SEC file number is 001-13146. 100  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsSIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on itsbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.THE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.Dated: October 30, 2015  By: /s/    William A. Furman   William A. Furman   President and Chief Executive OfficerPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrantand in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature  Date/s/    William A. FurmanWilliam A. Furman, President,Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board  October 30, 2015/s/    Duane C. McDougallDuane McDougall, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Graeme A. JackGraeme A. Jack, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    A. Daniel O’Neal, Jr.A. Daniel O’Neal, Jr., Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Charles J. SwindellsCharles J. Swindells, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Wendy L. TeramotoWendy L. Teramoto, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Donald A. WashburnDonald A. Washburn, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Kelly M. WilliamsKelly M. Williams, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Thomas B. FargoThomas B. Fargo, Director  October 30, 2015/s/    Mark J. RittenbaumMark J. Rittenbaum, Executive Vice Presidentand Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)  October 30, 2015/s/    Adrian J. DownesAdrian J. Downes, Senior Vice President and ChiefAccounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)  October 30, 2015   The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report   101  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Table of ContentsCERTIFICATIONSThe Company filed the required 303A.12(a) New York Stock Exchange Certification of its Chief Financial Officer with the New York Stock Exchange withno qualifications following the 2015 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and the Company filed as an exhibit to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the yearended August 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, a Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and a Certification of the ChiefFinancial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 102  The Greenbrier Companies 2015 Annual Report  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 21.1THE GREENBRIER COMPANIES, INC.LIST OF SUBSIDIARIESAs of August 31, 2015 Name  State of Incorporation  Names Under Which Does Business(if other than registered name)Autostack Company LLC  OR  Brandon Railroad LLC  OR  GGSynergy, S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Greenbrier – GIMSA, LLC  OR  Greenbrier do Brasil Partipacoes Ltda.  Brazil  Greenbrier Europe B.V.  Netherlands  Greenbrier Europe Holdings, B.V.  Netherlands  Greenbrier Germany GmbH  Germany  Greenbrier Industries, S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Greenbrier International Holdings II, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Leasing Company LLC  OR  Greenbrier IntermodalGreenbrier Leasing Limited  Nova Scotia, Canada  Greenbrier Leasing Limited Partner, LLC  DE  Greenbrier Leasing, L.P.  DE  Greenbrier Management Services, LLC  DE  CIT Rail ServicesGreenbrier MUL Holdings I LLC  OR  Greenbrier Rail Holdings I, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Rail Holdings II, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Rail Holdings III, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Rail Services Holdings, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Rail Services Tierra Blanca S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Greenbrier Railcar Leasing, Inc.  WA  Greenbrier Railcar LLC  OR  Greenbrier S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Greenbrier Tank Components, LLC  OR  Greenbrier Union Holdings I LLC  OR  Greenbrier-Concarril, LLC  DE  Gunderson – GIMSA S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Gunderson LLC  OR  Gunderson Marine LLC  OR  Gunderson Rail Services LLC  OR  American HydraulicsGMO PartsGreenbrier Rail ServicesYSD IndustriesGreenbrier CastingsGunderson Specialty Products, LLC  DE  Gunderson-Concarril S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  Meridian Rail Acquisition Corp.  OR  Greenbrier Rail ServicesMeridian Rail Holdings Corp.  OR  Meridian Rail Mexico City Corp.  OR  Mexico Meridian Rail Services, S.A. de C.V.  Mexico  WagonySwidnica S.A.  Poland  YSD Doors, S.A. de C.V  Mexico  Zaklad Naprawczy Taboru Kolejowego Olawa sp. z o.o.  Poland  Zaklad Transportu Kolejowego Siarkopol Sp Zoo  Poland  Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 23.1Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmThe Board of DirectorsThe Greenbrier Companies, Inc.:We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (No. 333-127922, 333-172933, 333-157593, 333-187887 and 333-195058) onForm S-8 and registration statements (No. 333-136014 and 333-165924) on Form S-3 of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) ofour reports dated October 30, 2015, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of August 31, 2015 and 2014, and the relatedconsolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended August 31,2015, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2015, which reports appear in the August 31, 2015 annual report onForm 10-K of the Company./s/ KPMG LLPPortland, OROctober 30, 2015Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATIONSI, William A. Furman, certify that: 1I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of the Greenbrier Companies for the annual period ended August 31, 2015; 2Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:  a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;  b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statement forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;  c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and  d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):  a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylike to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and  b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date: October 30, 2015/s/    William A. FurmanWilliam A. FurmanPresident and Chief Executive OfficerSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATIONS (cont’d)I, Mark J. Rittenbaum, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of the Greenbrier Companies for the annual period ended August 31, 2015; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:  a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;  b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statement forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;  c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and  d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materiallyaffect the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):  a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylike to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and  b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date: October 30, 2015/s/    Mark J. RittenbaumMark J. RittenbaumExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.EXHIBIT 32.1CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the annual report of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-K for the annual period ended August 31, 2015 as filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date therein specified (the Report), I, William A. Furman, President and Chief Executive Officer of theCompany, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:  1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and  2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany. Date: October 30, 2015/s/    William A. FurmanWilliam A. FurmanPresident and Chief Executive OfficerSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Exhibit 32.2CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the annual report of The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-K for the annual period ended August 31, 2015 as filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date therein specified (the Report), I, Mark J. Rittenbaum, Executive Vice President and Chief FinancialOfficer of the Company, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:  1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and  2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany. Date: October 30, 2015/s/    Mark J. RittenbaumMark J. RittenbaumExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerSource: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.Source: GREENBRIER COMPANIES INC, 10-K, October 30, 2015Powered by Morningstar® Document Research℠The information contained herein may not be copied, adapted or distributed and is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. The user assumes all risks for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information,except to the extent such damages or losses cannot be limited or excluded by applicable law. Past financial performance is no guarantee of future results.