2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T A LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN that the business environment deteriorated so dramatically during the final six weeks of the year. Last year’s organic revenue growth of 3.8% was equal to or better than that of all our principal competitors. Every one of our major global networks — from advertising to media to marketing services — posted organic growth, as did all world regions. Progress in margin performance also continued throughout 2008. IPG’s trailing 12-month operating margin trend has now shown improvement for 10 consecutive quarters. In the fourth quarter, despite an organic revenue decrease due to the broader economic conditions, we were nonetheless able to increase operating margin by close to 400 basis points. For the full year, operating income jumped from $344 million in 2007 to $590 million in 2008, an increase of 71%. Earnings per diluted share of $0.52 for 2008 — double the previous year’s result. Cash flow from operations showed dramatic improvement at $865 million for 2008, compared to $298 million to conservatively managing the balance sheet has placed us on solid financial footing, which will be vital as we move through the uncertain economy that we will all be facing for the remainder of 2009. commitment 2007. Our continued in It’s worth noting that important contributions to achieving these results came from the broadest cross-section of our agencies. Those companies and areas of the business that were most THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES 2008 ANNUAL REPORT 1 TO OUR S HAREHOLDERS: In recent years, our company has made significant progress in improving its competitiveness and financial performance. It’s gratifying to report to you that this trend continued in 2008. We achieved very strong results in terms of revenue growth, cash flow and profitability. IPG’s organic growth performance placed us at the top end of our peer group, reflecting our leadership in delivering innovative marketing solutions. What is more, our agencies’ best-in-class professional offerings were recognized by several of the most prestigious honors our industry has to offer. Cash flow from operations has improved by close to a billion dollars in just a few years’ time. Operating income and earnings were at the highest levels since 2000. These results demonstrate the kind of progress we foresaw when the current management team set out a little over three years ago to transform IPG. The strategic actions we have taken, the financial infrastructure that’s been put in place and the talent that has joined our ranks, across the organization, are clearly paying off. Of course, our strong performance is ultimately a testament to the talent and commitment of our people — for which we both recognize and thank them. OVERVIEW OF RESULTS Overall, we met the company. This is notable in and of itself, but even more so given the ambitious targets we set for challenged a few years ago are consistently showing improvement in growth and profitability. marketing with the creativity of traditional brand advertising, under a unified leadership team and P&L. LEADING EDGE OFFERINGS I have previously written to you about the changes that are shaping our requires industry. From fragmented media that increasingly complex channel planning, to new technology that allows consumers to determine how and when they’ll interact with the messages we create, the business landscape in which we operate is being re-defined. New technologies that allow marketers to deploy ever more personalized messages and track their effectiveness will continue to be introduced and to gain in prominence. Yet people’s usage of media will also continue to include traditional vehicles, particularly television content. Understanding these changes and their implications, identifying the key consumer trends and insights that allow us to reach consumers and crafting messages that connect and motivate in this new world — these are the challenges we face. They represent both risk and opportunity for providers of marketing services, as clients look to us for guidance in this era of digitally-enabled communications. To meet these evolving client needs, our most significant investment during the past three years has been in talent and professional development. The result of this commitment is that digitally-conversant practitioners are now embedded in the core in all marketing disciplines, from offerings at our agencies, advertising, media and CRM, to public relations and event marketing. As a result, our powerful range of agency brands is positioned to play an increasingly important role in the ongoing conversation between marketers and consumers. a dominant player McCann Worldgroup remains in delivering best-in-class communications tools and resources to major multinational clients. In 2008, its operating units McCann and Momentum Erickson Advertising, MRM Worldwide Worldwide continued to win market share and deliver highly innovative and effective marketing programs. Lowe Worldwide is living up to its promise of becoming a leading global creative resource known for “High Value Ideas.” The agency not only won new clients during the past twelve months, it added significant new business from its existing multinational clients and returned to profitability. Lowe’s for our holding turnaround is a significant accomplishment company. Media services companies, which help clients plan where and how they should deliver their messages, are increasingly vital partners to major marketers. To solidify IPG’s position as a leader in deploying strategic media solutions, during 2008 we launched Mediabrands, a management entity to oversee our media assets. The success of Mediabrands was evident in its strong financial results, in the widespread “Agency of Year” recognition and outstanding new business record we saw at Initiative and in the continued re-invigoration of Universal McCann, which works with many of the world’s leading global companies and most sophisticated technology clients. Our U.S. independent agencies offer integrated marketing programs to their clients. This group includes industry leaders such as Campbell-Ewald, Carmichael Lynch, Deutsch, Hill Holliday, The Martin Agency and Mullen — agencies that performed well in 2008 and provide us with a unique set of offerings for clients seeking full service solutions from mid-sized companies with entrepreneurial cultures. R/GA enjoyed great success last year and continues to be universally recognized as the industry’s pre-eminent digital agency. Its offerings and its model push the boundaries of marketing into areas as diverse as applications development, systematic design and the integration of online media with retail marketing and even a client’s physical product. Our healthcare marketing agencies at Draftfcb, McCann and Lowe also excelled, in terms of their individual offerings and their ability to collaborate on a number of major consolidation wins with both existing and new clients. We see marketing services as a growth sector for IPG, driven by our world-class capabilities in public relations, experiential marketing, branding and design, as well as sports marketing. Last year, the companies in our CMG group — Weber Shandwick, Golin Harris, Jack Morton, Futurebrand and Octagon — once again distinguished themselves in the marketplace. STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS In 2008, we continued to take important steps in building tools and capabilities to capitalize on high growth segments of the business. This will ensure that we can keep delivering the highest standard of marketing communications. Draftfcb completed its first full year of operations in 2008, meeting the demanding financial targets we set for the agency. It achieved these goals by delivering on its promise of creating programs that combine the accountability of behavior-based To that end, we completed a major transaction in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, increasing our stake in the Middle East Communications Network (MCN) from a minority position to majority ownership. MENA countries are home to over 2 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES 2008 ANNUAL REPORT 300 million people, a growing and dynamic population, as well as economies with some of the highest per capita GDP in the world. Our long-time partners at MCN operate the region’s leading full- service network of marketing agencies and we look forward to continued success with them. Combined with similar transactions in India and Brazil in recent years that have solidified our leadership position in these key markets, our close association with one of Russia’s most powerful agency groups and continued investment behind our global agencies in China, we are well positioned to benefit from future growth in these vital, developing economies. Along with our ongoing, organic development of native digital expertise within all our existing agencies, in 2008 we also made a significant move in the e-commerce space when we acquired a majority interest in HUGE. Every month, one in four American consumers interact or transact with an online business created by this agency. HUGE adds to our portfolio of high quality digital specialist agencies — led by R/GA, Reprise Media (search), Ansible (mobile marketing), the IPG Emerging Media Lab — and strategic stakes and alliances with companies such as Facebook, SpotRunner, Navic, Joost, BuzzAgent and many more. These digital marketing pioneers and partner companies provide our people and our agencies with the necessary insights to stay at the leading edge of the evolving digital media. LOOKING AHEAD During 2008 we posted the best performance IPG has delivered in many years. Our conservative approach to the balance sheet and liquidity has put us in a strong position, with the necessary financial flexibility to weather the current volatile economic times. The dramatic improvements in our financial talent and systems have led to significant gains in profitability and will allow us to weather the downturn by managing costs. In terms of our professional offerings, all of our companies are well positioned to compete effectively in an increasingly digital, accountable and integrated marketing environment. Going forward, we will remain focused on the strategic priority that has been a key driver of our recent success — our people and our talent. We must continue to bring in strong players, across all disciplines, into all of our agencies. We have to keep growing our capabilities in areas like digital, strategic planning and analytics. We will continue to devote considerable resources on our diversity initiatives, which we believe lead the industry, and which we know will provide us with competitive advantage in the market for talent and in our ability to create winning ideas. Above all, we must continue to make progress in delivering “best of IPG” solutions that bring the full range of integrated services to our clients — whether through a single agency brand or a custom, collaborative approach that taps into multiple resources from across IPG. Because, at the end of the day, it’s all about our clients. As of this writing, the economic climate during the first quarter of 2009 has proven to be extremely challenging for all companies, as well as for the consumers with whom we must connect on behalf of our clients. Our plan is therefore to remain focused on the basics: delivering value to clients and managing the business proactively and conservatively. These are the fundamentals that will allow us to come through this difficult period having consolidated the gains made in recent years and ready to capitalize on future opportunities. Which is what is required to ensure long-term growth for IPG and all of our business partners. As always, thank you for your continued support. Sincerely, Michael I. Roth Chairman and Chief Executive Officer THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES 2008 ANNUAL REPORT 3 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS MICHAEL I. ROTH Chairman & Chief Executive Officer CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 1114 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 (212) 704-1200 FORM 10-K A copy of the Company’s annual report (Form 10-K) to the Securities and Exchange Commission may be obtained without charge by writing to: TRANSFER AGENT & REGISTRAR FOR COMMON STOCK BNY Mellon Shareowner Services 480 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310 Stock of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc., is traded on the New York Stock Exchange. At February 17, 2009, there were 24,100 shareholders of record. ANNUAL MEETING The annual meeting will be held on May 28, 2009 at 9:30 am at: Paley Center for Media 25 West 52nd Street New York, NY 10019 AUTOMATIC DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN An Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan is offered to all shareholders of record. The Plan, which is administered by BNY Mellon Shareowner Services, provides a way to acquire additional shares of Interpublic Common Stock in a systematic and convenient manner that affords savings in commissions for most shareholders. Those interested in participating in this plan are invited to write for details and an authorization form to: The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. c/o BNY Mellon Shareowner Services Attn: Shareholder Relations P.O. Box 358016 Pittsburgh, PA 15252-8016 Nicholas J. Camera, Senior Vice President, General Counsel & Secretary, The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. 1114 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 Exhibits to the annual report will also be furnished, but will be sent only upon payment of the Company’s reasonable expense in furnishing them. SHARE OWNER INTERNET ACCOUNT ACCESS Share owners of record may access their account via the Internet. By accessing their account they may view share balances, obtain current market price of shares, historical stock prices, and the total value of their investment. In addition, they may sell or request issuance of dividend and cash investment plan shares. For information on how to access this secure site, please call BNY Mellon Shareowner Services toll free at (800) 522-6645, or visit www.melloninvestor.com Outside the US, call (201) 680-6578 For hearing impaired: (800) 231-5469 E-MAIL: shrrelations@bnymellon.com INTERNET: www.melloninvestor.com For more information regarding The Interpublic Group of Companies, visit its Web site at www.interpublic.com. BOARD OF DIRECTORS MICHAEL I. ROTH (2002) 3 Chairman & Chief Executive Officer FRANK J. BORELLI (1995) 3 Retired Chief Financial Officer & Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. REGINALD K. BRACK (1996) 2, 3, 4 Former Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Time, Inc. FRANK MERGENTHALER Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer PHILIPPE KRAKOWSKY Executive Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Relations NICHOLAS J. CAMERA Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary JOCELYN CARTER – MILLER (2007) 1, 2 President TechEd Ventures CHRISTOPHER CARROLL Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer THOMAS A. DOWLING Senior Vice President, Chief Risk Officer TIMOTHY A. SOMPOLSKI Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer JILL M. CONSIDINE (1997) 2, 3, 4 Former Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation RICHARD A. GOLDSTEIN (2001) 1, 3, 4 Presiding Director Former Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. H. JOHN GREENIAUS (2001) 1, 2 Former Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Nabisco, Inc. MARY J. STEELE GUILFOILE (2007) 1, 4 Chairman MG Advisors, Inc. WILLIAM T. KERR (2006) 1, 2 Chairman & Former Chief Executive Officer, Meredith Corporation DAVID M. THOMAS (2004) 1, 4 Former Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, IMS Health Inc. (Year Elected) 1 Audit Committee 2 Compensation and Leadership Talent Committee 3 Executive Policy Committee 4 Corporate Governance Committee 4 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES 2008 ANNUAL REPORT UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 Commission file number 1-6686 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization 13-1024020 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 1114 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (212) 704-1200 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $0.10 par value New York Stock Exchange Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to the filing requirements for at least the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ‘ ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant Act). Yes ‘ No È is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange As of June 30, 2008, the aggregate market value of the shares of registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $4,097,496,952. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of February 17, 2009 was 476,421,138. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE The following sections of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 28, 2009 are incorporated by reference in Part III: “Election of Directors,” “Director Selection Process,” “Code of Conduct,” “Principal Committees of the Board of Directors,” “Audit Committee,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Compensation of Executive Officers,” “Non-Management Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Committee Report,” “Outstanding Shares,” “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans”, “Review and Approval of Transactions with Related Persons,” “Director Independence” and “Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I. Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Part II. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Part IV. Page 2 6 9 9 9 12 14 15 39 41 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING DISCLOSURE This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. Statements in this report that are not historical facts, including statements about management’s beliefs and expectations, constitute forward-looking statements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative, or other variations or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current plans, estimates and projections, and are subject to change based on a number of factors, including those outlined under Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this report. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly any of them in light of new information or future events. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following: • potential effects of a weakening economy, for example, on the demand for our advertising and marketing services, on our clients’ financial condition and on our business or financial condition; • our ability to attract new clients and retain existing clients; • our ability to retain and attract key employees; • risks associated with assumptions we make in connection with our critical accounting estimates, including changes in assumptions associated with any effects of a weakened economy; • potential adverse effects if we are required to recognize impairment charges or other adverse accounting- related developments; • risks associated with the effects of global, national and regional economic and political conditions, including counterparty risks and fluctuations in economic growth rates, interest rates and currency exchange rates; and • developments from changes in the regulatory and legal environment for advertising and marketing and communications services companies around the world. Investors should carefully consider these factors and the additional risk factors outlined in more detail under Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this report. 1 Item 1. Business PART I The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. (IPG) was incorporated in Delaware in September 1930 under the name of McCann-Erickson Incorporated as the successor to the advertising agency businesses founded in 1902 by A.W. Erickson and in 1911 by Harrison K. McCann. The Company has operated under the Interpublic name since January 1961. About Us We are one of the world’s premier advertising and marketing services companies. Our agency brands create marketing solutions on behalf of clients in every major world market. Our companies cover the spectrum of marketing disciplines and specialties, from traditional services such as consumer advertising and public relations to emerging services such as mobile and search engine marketing. The work we produce for our clients is specific to their unique needs. Our solutions vary from project-based activity involving one agency and its client to long-term, fully-integrated campaigns created by a group of our companies working together on behalf of a client. With offices in over 100 countries, we can operate in a single region or align work globally across all major world markets. The role of our holding company is to provide resources and support to ensure that our agencies can best meet clients’ needs. Based in New York City, our holding company also sets company-wide financial objectives and corporate strategy, directs collaborative inter-agency programs, establishes financial management and operational controls, guides personnel policy, conducts investor relations and oversees mergers and acquisitions. In addition, we provide limited centralized functional services that offer our companies operational efficiencies, including accounting and finance, marketing information retrieval and analysis, legal services, real estate expertise, travel services, recruitment assistance, employee benefits and executive compensation management. To keep our company well-positioned in an evolving industry, we support our agencies’ talent and operational initiatives to expand high-growth capabilities and build offerings in key developing markets. When appropriate, we also develop relationships with companies that are building leading-edge marketing tools that complement our agencies and the programs they are developing for clients. In addition, we look for opportunities within our company to modernize operations through mergers, strategic alliances and the development of internal programs that encourage intra-company collaboration. Market Strategy We have taken several major strategic steps in recent years to position our agencies as leaders in the global advertising and communications market. We operate in a media landscape that has vastly changed since the start of the decade. Media markets continue to fragment and clients face an increasingly complex consumer environment. To stay ahead of these challenges and to achieve our objectives, we have invested in creative and strategic talent in high-growth areas and have realigned a number of our capabilities to meet market demand. At our McCann Worldgroup unit, a premier global integrated network, we have continued to invest in talent so as to upgrade the group’s integrated marketing services offering at MRM, Momentum and McCann Healthcare. We combined accountable marketing and consumer advertising agencies to form the unique global offering of Draftfcb. We have taken significant actions to realign resources behind a more focused and strategic offering at Lowe in recent years. And at our marketing services group, Constituency Management Group (“CMG”), we continue to strengthen our public relations and events marketing specialists. We have also taken a unique approach to our media offering by installing a single management structure (Mediabrands) to oversee all media operations, while concurrently 2 aligning our global media networks with our global brand agencies. This approach ensures that the ideas we develop for clients work across new and traditional media channels. Starting at the end of 2007 and continuing through 2008, this differentiated media strategy has begun to gain significant traction in the marketplace. Strong, multi-channel talent is vital to our long-term success as a marketing partner to our clients. The aspects of our business addressing digital media continue to evolve rapidly. In order to grow with our clients, we have accelerated our the organization. This reflects our belief that digital marketing should not be treated as a silo, but instead, should be incorporated within all of our assets. Recruiting and developing digitally conversant talent at all our agencies and in all marketing disciplines is therefore an area where we continue to invest. training and technology throughout talent, professional investment in digital To meet these changing needs of the marketplace, it is at times necessary to acquire or build specialty digital assets, such as Reprise Media (search engine marketing), The Interpublic Emerging Media Lab, HUGE (e-commerce solutions) or Ansible (mobile marketing). R/GA, a stand-alone digital agency, is an industry leader in the development of award-winning interactive campaigns for global clients. These specialty assets have unique capabilities and service their own client rosters, while also serving as key digital partners to many of the agencies within IPG. Likewise, we continue to look for strategic investments that will position us to capitalize on emerging markets. In 2007, we made investments in India and Brazil, further strengthening our presence in these high- growth, developing markets. In 2008, we built on this strategy and completed an important transaction that increased our stake in the Middle East Communication Networks (MCN) to a majority position. Headquartered in Dubai, MCN is the region’s premier marketing services management company, with 60 offices across 14 countries. Our partner in Russia is the acknowledged advertising leader in that country. In China, where we operate with all of our global networks and across the full spectrum of marketing services, we continue to invest behind our companies. In the latter part of 2008, the economy and financial markets throughout the world deteriorated rapidly, and are expected to remain weak for much of 2009. These conditions present potentially significant challenges to the revenue growth of our company and others in the advertising and marketing sector during the upcoming year. The demand for our services, as well as the financial condition of some of our clients, has been adversely affected. While it is unclear how long these conditions will persist, we believe that our broad range of service offerings, our diversified client base, our geographic diversification, our strong talent, our liquidity position and our enhanced expense management capabilities provide a measure of protection in a harsh economic climate. Our Offering Interpublic is home to some of the world’s best known and most innovative communications specialists. We large-scale solutions for clients, McCann Worldgroup have three global brands that provide integrated, (“McCann”), Draftfcb, and Lowe Worldwide (“Lowe”), as well as our premier domestic integrated agencies and global media networks. • McCann offers best-in-class communications tools and resources to many of the world’s top companies and most famous brands. We believe McCann is exceptionally qualified to meet client demands in all regions of the world and in all marketing disciplines through its operating units: McCann Erickson Advertising, with operations in over 100 countries; MRM Worldwide for relationship marketing and digital expertise; Momentum Worldwide for experiential marketing and promotions; and McCann Healthcare Worldwide for healthcare communications. • Launched in 2006, Draftfcb is a modern agency model for clients seeking creative and accountable marketing programs. With more than 130 years of combined expertise, the company has its roots in both consumer advertising and behavioral, data-driven direct marketing. We believe the agency is the first global, behavior-based, creative and accountable marketing communications organization operating as a financially and structurally integrated business unit. 3 • Lowe is a premier creative agency that operates in the world’s largest advertising markets. Lowe is focused on delivering and sustaining high-value ideas for some of the world’s largest clients. The quality of the agency’s product is evident in its high global creative rankings and its standing in major markets. By partnering with Interpublic’s marketing services companies, Lowe amplifies the effectiveness of its creativity through smart communication channel planning. • Our domestic independent agencies include some of the larger full-service agency brands, Campbell- Ewald, Campbell Mithun, Deutsch, Hill Holliday, The Martin Agency and Mullen. The integrated marketing programs created by this group have helped build some of the most powerful brands in the U.S., across all sectors and industries. • We have exceptional marketing specialists across a range of channels. These include FutureBrand (corporate branding), Jack Morton (experiential marketing), Octagon (sports marketing), public relations specialists like WeberShandwick and Golin Harris, and best-in-class digital agencies, led by R/GA. Our healthcare communications specialists reside within our three global brands, McCann, Draftfcb and Lowe. • We created a management entity called Mediabrands in 2008 to oversee our two global media networks, Initiative and Universal McCann, which provide specialized services in media planning and buying, market intelligence and return-on-marketing investment analysis for clients. Initiative and Universal McCann operate independently but often work closely with Draftfcb and McCann Erickson, respectively. Aligning the efforts of our major media and our integrated communications networks improves cross- media communications and our ability to deliver integrated marketing programs. We list approximately 90 companies on our website’s “Company Finder” tool, with descriptions and office locations for each. To learn more about our broad range of capabilities, visit www.interpublic.com. Financial Reporting Segments We have two reportable segments: Integrated Agency Network (“IAN”), which is comprised of McCann, Draftfcb, Lowe, Mediabrands and our domestic integrated agencies; and Constituency Management Group (“CMG”), which is comprised of the bulk of our specialist marketing service offerings. We also report results for the “Corporate and other” group. See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Principal Markets Our agencies are located in over 100 countries, including every significant world market. For 2008, our geographic revenue breakdown is as follows: 2008 % of Total Revenue U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continental Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4% 8.8% 16.5% 9.4% 5.1% 5.8% For further information concerning revenues and long-lived assets on a geographical basis for each of the last three years, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 4 Sources of Revenue Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of advertising, marketing and communications programs in various media around the world. Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated and, accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the basis on which we earn commissions and fees vary significantly. Our client contracts are complex arrangements that may include provisions for incentive compensation and govern vendor rebates and credits. Our largest clients are multinational entities and, as such, we often provide services to these clients out of multiple offices and across many of our agencies. In arranging for such services to be provided, we may enter into global, regional and local agreements. Revenues for the creation, planning and placement of advertising are determined primarily on a negotiated fee basis and, to a lesser extent, on a commission basis. Fees are usually calculated to reflect hourly rates plus proportional overhead and a mark-up. Many clients include an incentive compensation component in their total compensation package. This provides added revenue based on achieving mutually agreed-upon qualitative and/or quantitative metrics within specified time periods. Commissions are earned based on services provided and are usually derived from a percentage or fee over the total cost to complete the assignment. Commissions can also be derived when clients pay us the gross rate billed by media and we pay for media at a lower net rate; the difference is the commission that we earn, which is either retained in total or shared with the client depending on the nature of the services agreement. We also generate revenue in negotiated fees from our public relations, sales promotion, event marketing, sports and entertainment marketing and corporate and brand identity services. In most of our businesses, our agencies enter into commitments to pay production and media costs on behalf of clients. To the extent possible, we pay production and media charges after we have received funds from our clients. Generally, we act as the client’s agent rather than the primary obligor. In some instances we agree with the provider that we will only be liable to pay the production and media costs after the client has paid us for the charges. Our revenue is directly dependent upon the advertising, marketing and corporate communications requirements of our clients. Our revenue tends to be higher in the second half of the calendar year as a result of the holiday season and lower in the first half as a result of the post-holiday slow-down in client activity. (Amounts in Millions) Consolidated Revenues for the Three Months Ended 2007 2006 2008 March 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,485.2 1,835.7 1,740.0 1,901.8 $6,962.7 21.3% $1,359.1 26.4% 1,652.7 25.0% 1,559.9 27.3% 1,982.5 20.7% $1,327.0 25.2% 1,532.9 23.8% 1,453.8 30.3% 1,877.1 21.4% 24.8% 23.5% 30.3% $6,554.2 $6,190.8 Depending on the terms of the client contract, fees for services performed can be recognized in three principal ways: proportional performance, straight-line (or monthly basis) or completed contract. Fee revenue recognized on a completed contract basis also contributes to the higher seasonal revenues experienced in the fourth quarter because the majority of our contracts end at December 31. As is customary in the industry, our contracts generally provide for termination by either party on relatively short notice, usually 90 days. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition accounting policies. 5 Clients Our holding company structure allows us to work with clients within the same business sector through our different agencies, as well as maintain a diversified client base by sector. In the aggregate, our top ten clients based on revenue accounted for approximately 26% of revenue in 2008 and 2007. However, our largest client accounted for approximately 5% and 6% of revenue for 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based on revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008, our largest clients (in alphabetical order) were General Motors Corporation, Johnson & Johnson, Microsoft, Unilever and Verizon. We represent several different brands or divisions of each of these clients in a number of geographic markets, as well as provide services across multiple advertising and marketing disciplines, in each case through more than one of our agency systems. Representation of a client rarely means that we handle advertising for all brands or product lines of the client in all geographical locations. Any client may transfer its business from one of our agencies to another one of our agencies or to a competing agency, and a client may reduce its marketing budget at any time. Personnel As of December 31, 2008, we employed approximately 45,000 persons, of whom approximately 19,000 were employed in the U.S. Because of the service character of the advertising and marketing communications business, the quality of personnel is of crucial importance to our continuing success. There is keen competition for qualified employees. Available Information Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports will be made available free of charge on our website at http://www.interpublic.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct and the charters for each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and the Corporate Governance Committee are available free of charge on our website at http://www.interpublic.com, or by writing to The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc., 1114 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036, Attention: Secretary. Information on our website is not part of this report. Item 1A. Risk Factors We are subject to a variety of possible risks that could adversely impact our revenues, results of operations or financial condition. Some of these risks relate to general economic and financial conditions of the industry in which we operate, while others are more specific to us. The following factors set out potential risks we have identified that could adversely affect us. The risks described below may not be the only risks we face. Additional risks that we do not yet know of, or that we currently think are immaterial, could also impair our business operations or financial condition. See also Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Disclosure. • We operate in a highly competitive industry. The marketing communications business is highly competitive. Our agencies and media services must compete with other agencies, and with other providers of creative or media services, in order to maintain existing client relationships and to win new clients. Our competitors include not only other large multinational advertising and marketing communications companies, but also smaller entities that operate in local or regional markets. New market participants include systems integrators, database marketing and modeling companies, telemarketers and internet companies. The client’s perception of the quality of an agency’s creative work, our reputation and the agencies’ reputations are important factors in determining our competitive position. An agency’s ability to serve clients, 6 particularly large international clients, on a broad geographic basis is also an important competitive consideration. On the other hand, because an agency’s principal asset is its people, freedom of entry into the business is almost unlimited and a small agency is, on occasion, able to take all or some portion of a client’s account from a much larger competitor. Many companies put their advertising and marketing communications business up for competitive review from time to time. We have won and lost client accounts in the past as a result of such periodic competitions. In the aggregate, our top ten clients based on revenue accounted for approximately 26% of revenue in 2008. While we believe it unlikely that we would lose the entire business of any one of our largest clients at the same time due to competitive considerations, a substantial decline in a large client’s advertising and marketing spending, or the loss of its entire business, could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations. Our ability to attract new clients and to retain existing clients may also, in some cases, be limited by clients’ policies or perceptions about conflicts of interest. These policies can, in some cases, prevent one agency, or even different agencies under our ownership, from performing similar services for competing products or companies. • Deteriorating economic and financial conditions could adversely impact our financial condition and results. Economic and financial conditions deteriorated sharply in the latter part of 2008, and the deterioration is persisting in 2009. The effects could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. a) As a marketing services company, our revenues are highly susceptible to declines as a result of unfavorable economic conditions. Economic downturns could affect the marketing services industry more severely than other industries, and the recovery of the marketing services industry could lag that of the economy generally. In the past, some clients have responded to weakening economic conditions with reductions to their marketing budgets, which include discretionary components that are easier to reduce in the short term than other operating expenses. This pattern may recur in the future. A decrease in our revenue could pose a challenge to our cash generation from operations. b) If our clients experience financial distress, their weakened financial position could negatively affect our own financial position and results. We have a large and diverse client base, and at any given time, one or more of our clients may experience financial difficulty, file for bankruptcy protection or go out of business. The current unfavorable economic and financial conditions that are impacting most sectors of the economy could result in an increase in client financial difficulties that affect us. The direct impact on us could include reduced revenues and write-offs of accounts receivable and expenditures billable to clients, and if these effects were severe, the indirect impact could include impairments of goodwill, credit facility covenant violations or reduced liquidity. Our largest single client accounted for approximately 5% of revenue in 2008 and approximately 4% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2008. For a description of our client base, see Item 1, Business — Clients. c) Our financial condition could be adversely affected if our available liquidity is insufficient. We maintain committed credit facilities to increase our financial flexibility. The $335 million credit facility we entered into in July 2008 includes commitments from a syndicate of financial institutions, and if any of them were unable to perform and no other bank assumed that institution’s commitment, the availability of credit under that agreement would be correspondingly reduced. Furthermore, that agreement contains financial covenants, and the current economic difficulties could adversely affect our ability to comply with them, for example, if we experience substantially lower revenues, a substantial increase in client defaults or sizable asset impairment charges. If we were to fail to comply with any of the financial covenants contained in that agreement, we could 7 be required to seek an amendment or waiver, and our costs under the agreement could increase. If we were unable to obtain a necessary amendment or waiver, the agreement could be terminated. The $750 million credit facility we entered into in June 2006 expires in June 2009, and we do not plan on replacing the full amount of that facility. If credit under our credit facilities were unavailable or insufficient, our liquidity could be adversely affected. If our business is significantly adversely affected by further deterioration in the economic environment or otherwise, it could lead us to seek new or additional sources of liquidity to fund our needs. Currently, for a the capital markets are challenging, with limited available non-investment-grade company such as ours, financing and at higher costs than in recent years. There can be no guarantee that we would be able to access any new sources of liquidity on commercially reasonable terms or at all. For further discussion of our liquidity profile and outlook, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Part II, Item 7. • Our earnings would be adversely affected if we were required to recognize asset impairment charges or increase our deferred tax valuation allowances. We evaluate all of our long-lived assets (including goodwill, other intangible assets and fixed assets), investments and deferred tax assets for possible impairment or realizability at least annually and whenever there is an indication of impairment or lack of realizability. If certain criteria are met, we are required to record an impairment charge or valuation allowance. In 2006 and prior years, we have recorded substantial amounts of goodwill, investment and other impairment charges, and have been required to establish substantial valuation allowances with respect to deferred tax assets and loss carry-forwards. As of December 31, 2008, we have substantial amounts of long-lived assets, investments and deferred tax assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, including approximately $3.2 billion of goodwill. Future events, including our financial performance, market valuation of us or comparable companies, loss of a significant client’s business or strategic decisions, could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that the asset values associated with long-lived assets, investments and deferred tax assets may have become impaired. We discuss our policies related to goodwill and other intangible assets, and our sensitivity analysis of our valuation of these assets, below under “Critical Accounting Estimates” in Part II, Item 7. Any resulting impairment loss would have an adverse impact on our reported earnings in the period in which the charge is recognized. • We may lose or fail to attract and retain key employees and management personnel. Our employees, including creative, research, media and account specialists, and their skills and relationships with clients, are among our most important assets. An important aspect of our competitiveness is our ability to attract and retain key employees and management personnel. Our ability to do so is influenced by a variety of factors, including the compensation we award, and could be adversely affected by our financial or market performance. • Downgrades of our credit ratings could adversely affect us. Our long-term debt is currently rated Ba3 with positive outlook by Moody’s, B+ with positive outlook by Standard and Poor’s, and BB+ with positive outlook by Fitch. Any ratings downgrades or ratings weaker than those of our competitors can adversely affect us, because ratings are an important factor influencing our ability to access capital and the terms of any new indebtedness, including covenants and interest rates. Our clients and vendors may also consider our credit profile when negotiating contract terms, and if they were to change the terms on which they deal with us, it could have an adverse effect on our liquidity. • We may not be able to meet our performance targets and milestones. From time to time, we communicate to the public certain targets and milestones for our financial and operating performance that are intended to provide metrics against which to evaluate our performance. They should not be understood as predictions or guidance about our expected performance. Our ability to meet any 8 target or milestone is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, and we caution investors against placing undue reliance on them. See “Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Disclosure.” • International business risks could adversely affect our operations. International revenues represent a significant portion of our revenues, approximately 45% in 2008. Our international operations are exposed to risks that affect foreign operations of all kinds, including local legislation, monetary devaluation, exchange control restrictions and unstable political conditions. These risks may limit our ability to grow our business and effectively manage our operations in those countries. In addition, because a significant portion of our business is denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as the Euro, Pound Sterling, Brazilian Real, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar and South African Rand, fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and such currencies may materially affect our financial results. • We are subject to regulations and other governmental scrutiny that could restrict our activities or negatively impact our revenues. Our industry is subject to government regulation and other governmental action, both domestic and foreign. There has been an increasing tendency on the part of advertisers and consumer groups to challenge advertising through legislation, regulation, the courts or otherwise, for example on the grounds that the advertising is false and deceptive or injurious to public welfare. Through the years, there has been a continuing expansion of specific to the rules, prohibitions, media restrictions, advertising for certain products. Representatives within government bodies, both domestic and foreign, continue to initiate proposals to ban the advertising of specific products and to impose taxes on or deny deductions for advertising, which, if successful, may have an adverse effect on advertising expenditures and consequently our revenues. labeling disclosures and warning requirements with respect Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Substantially all of our office space is leased from third parties. Certain leases are subject to rent reviews or contain escalation clauses, and certain of our leases require the payment of various operating expenses, which may also be subject to escalation. Physical properties include leasehold improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment located in our offices. We believe that facilities leased or owned by us are adequate for the purposes for which they are currently used and are well maintained. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our lease commitments. Item 3. Legal Proceedings Information about our legal proceedings is set forth in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. 9 Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders Not applicable. Executive Officers of Interpublic Name Age Office Michael I. Roth1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicholas J. Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christopher F. Carroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . John J. Dooner, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thomas A. Dowling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philippe Krakowsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frank Mergenthaler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timothy A. Sompolski 1 Also a Director Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer 63 Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer 62 42 60 Chairman and CEO of McCann Worldgroup 57 46 48 56 Senior Vice President, Chief Risk Officer Executive Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Relations Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer There is no family relationship among any of the executive officers. Mr. Roth became our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, effective January 19, 2005. Prior to that time, Mr. Roth served as our Chairman of the Board from July 13, 2004 to January 2005. Mr. Roth served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The MONY Group Inc. from February 1994 to June 2004. Mr. Roth has been a member of the Board of Directors of Interpublic since February 2002. He is also a director of Pitney Bowes Inc. and Gaylord Entertainment Company. Mr. Camera was hired in May 1993. He was elected Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary in June 1994, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in December 1995, and Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in February 2000. Mr. Carroll was named Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer in April 2006. Prior to joining us, Mr. Carroll served as Senior Vice President and Controller of McCann Worldgroup from November 2005 to March 2006. Mr. Carroll served as Chief Accounting Officer and Controller at Eyetech Pharmaceuticals from June 2004 to October 2005. Prior to that time, Mr. Carroll served as Chief Accounting Officer and Controller at MIM Corporation from January 2003 to June 2004 and served as a Financial Vice President at Lucent Technologies, Inc. from July 2001 to January 2003. Mr. Dooner became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the McCann Worldgroup, effective February 27, 2003. Prior to that time, Mr. Dooner served as Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of Interpublic from December 2000 to February 2003, and as President and Chief Operating Officer of Interpublic from April 2000 to December 14, 2000. Mr. Dowling was hired in January 2000 as Vice President and General Auditor. He was elected Senior Vice President, Financial Administration of Interpublic in February 2001, and Senior Vice President, Chief Risk Officer in November 2002. Prior to joining us, Mr. Dowling served as Vice President and General Auditor for Avon Products, Inc. from April 1992 to December 1999. Mr. Krakowsky was hired in January 2002 as Senior Vice President, Director of Corporate Communications. He was elected Executive Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Relations in December 2005. Prior to joining us, he served as Senior Vice President, Communications Director for Young & Rubicam from August 1996 to December 2000. During 2001, Mr. Krakowsky was complying with the terms of a non-competition agreement entered into with Young & Rubicam. Mr. Mergenthaler was hired in August 2005 as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining us, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Columbia House Company 10 from July 2002 to July 2005. Mr. Mergenthaler served as Senior Vice President and Deputy Chief Financial Officer for Vivendi Universal from December 2001 to March 2002. Prior to that time Mr. Mergenthaler was an executive at Seagram Company Ltd. from November 1996 to December 2001. Mr. Sompolski was hired in July 2004 as Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer. Prior to joining us, he served as Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Administration for Altria Group from November 1996 to January 2003. 11 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of PART II Equity Securities Price Range of Common Stock Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “IPG.” The following table provides the high and low closing sales prices per share for the periods shown below as reported on the NYSE. As of February 17, 2009, there were approximately 24,100 registered holders of our common stock. Period 2008: Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter 2007: Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter NYSE Sale Price High Low $ 7.70 $ 9.57 $10.39 $ 8.98 $10.55 $11.61 $12.97 $13.81 $ 2.61 $ 7.21 $ 7.90 $ 7.40 $ 8.10 $ 9.75 $11.31 $12.17 Dividend Policy No dividend has been paid on our common stock since the fourth quarter of 2002. Our future dividend policy will be determined on a quarter-by-quarter basis and will depend on earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. Our future dividend policy may also be influenced by the terms of the 2008 Credit Agreement and certain of our outstanding securities. The 2008 Credit Agreement places certain limitations on the amount of common stock dividends that we may pay in any year. The terms of our outstanding series of preferred stock do not permit us to pay dividends on our common stock unless all accumulated and unpaid dividends have been or are contemporaneously declared and paid or provision for the payment thereof has been made. In the event we pay dividends on our common stock, holders of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes will be entitled to additional interest and the conversion terms of our 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes, 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes and our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, and the exercise prices of our outstanding warrants, will be adjusted (see Notes 8, 9 and 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Transfer Agent and Registrar for Common Stock The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is: BNY Mellon Shareowner Services, Inc. 480 Washington Boulevard 29th Floor Jersey City, NJ 07310 Tel: (877) 363-6398 Sales of Unregistered Securities Not applicable 12 Repurchase of Equity Securities The following table provides information regarding our purchases of equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2008: Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share2 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs October 1-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,704 4,468 12,850 47,022 $5.99 $3.24 $3.98 $5.18 — — — — Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — — — 1 2 Consists of restricted shares of our common stock withheld under the terms of grants under employee stock compensation plans to offset tax withholding obligations that occurred upon vesting and release of restricted shares during each month of the fourth quarter of 2008 (the “Withheld Shares”). The average price per month of the Withheld Shares was calculated by dividing the aggregate value of the tax withholding obligations for each month by the aggregate number of shares of our common stock withheld each month. 13 Item 6. Selected Financial Data THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Selected Financial Data (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts and Ratios) (Unaudited) 2008 Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2005 2004 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization-related charges (reversals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived asset impairment and other charges . . . Motorsports contract termination costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income (loss) Total (expenses) and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . Income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . Net income (loss) applicable to common $ 6,962.7 4,342.6 2,013.3 $ 6,554.2 4,139.2 2,044.8 $ 6,190.8 3,944.1 2,079.0 $ 6,274.3 3,999.1 2,288.1 $ 6,387.0 3,733.0 2,250.4 17.1 — — 589.7 (118.2) 156.6 295.0 — 25.9 — — 344.3 (108.6) 58.9 167.6 — 34.5 27.2 — 106.0 (111.0) 18.7 (36.7) 5.0 (7.3) 98.6 — (104.2) (82.4) 81.9 (271.9) 9.0 62.2 322.2 113.6 (94.4) (172.6) 262.2 (544.9) 6.5 stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 265.2 $ 131.3 $ (79.3) $ (289.2) $ (558.2) Earnings (loss) per share of common stock— Basic: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares— Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTHER DATA As of December 31, $ $ $ $ 0.57 — 0.57 0.52 — 0.52 $ $ $ $ 0.29 — 0.29 0.26 — 0.26 $ $ $ $ (0.20) $ 0.01 (0.70) $ 0.02 (1.36) 0.02 (0.19) $ (0.68) $ (1.34) (0.20) $ 0.01 (0.70) $ 0.02 (1.36) 0.02 (0.19) $ (0.68) $ (1.34) 461.5 518.3 457.7 503.1 428.1 428.1 424.8 424.8 415.3 415.3 Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock—Series A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock—Series B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,274.9 12,125.2 1,786.9 9,649.6 — 525.0 2,475.6 $ 2,037.4 12,458.1 2,044.1 10,125.9 — 525.0 2,332.2 $ 1,957.1 11,864.1 2,248.6 9,923.5 — 525.0 1,940.6 $ 2,191.5 11,945.2 2,183.0 9,999.9 373.7 525.0 1,945.3 $ 1,970.4 12,253.7 1,936.0 10,535.4 373.7 — 1,718.3 Ratios of earnings to fixed charges1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.6 N/A N/A N/A 1 We had a less than 1:1 ratio of earnings to fixed charges due to our losses in the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004. To provide a 1:1 coverage ratio for the deficient periods results as reported would have required additional earnings of $5.0, $186.6 and $267.0 in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. 14 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help you understand The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”, “Interpublic”, “we”, “us” or “our”). MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes. Our MD&A includes the following sections: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY provides a description of our business strategy as well as an overview of our results of operations and liquidity. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES provides a discussion of our accounting policies that require critical judgment, assumptions and estimates. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS provides an analysis of the consolidated and segment results of operations for 2008 compared to 2007 and 2007 compared to 2006. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES provides an overview of our cash flows, funding requirements, contractual obligations, financing and sources of funds. RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, by reference to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, provides a description of accounting standards which we have not yet been required to implement and may be applicable to our future operations. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We are one of the world’s premier global advertising and marketing services companies. Our agencies create marketing programs for clients to improve business results for them and generate sales, earnings and cash flow for us. Our agencies deliver services across the full spectrum of marketing disciplines and specialties, including advertising, direct marketing, public relations, mobile marketing, internet and search engine marketing, social media marketing, and media buying and planning. Major global brands in our portfolio of companies include Draftfcb, FutureBrand, GolinHarris, Initiative, Jack Morton, Lowe, McCann Erickson, Momentum, MRM, Octagon, Universal McCann and Weber Shandwick. Leading domestic brands include Campbell-Ewald, Carmichael Lynch, Deutsch, Hill Holliday, The Martin Agency, Mullen and R/GA. In early 2006, the senior management team of Interpublic announced a three-year strategic plan to return the company to competitive growth and significantly enhance profitability, while concurrently addressing a range of legacy issues stemming largely from previous under-investment in talent and shortcomings in our financial control environment. The first two years of this plan saw us invest to strengthen leadership and talent at the parent company and across our agencies, including programs to foster diversity and inclusion throughout our organization, and we strategically realigned and refocused certain key operating units. We also enhanced the company’s financial strength, liquidity and flexibility and succeeded in remediating the weaknesses in our internal control structure. Progress in all of these areas led to significantly improved financial performance. During 2008, the third year of our program, we continued to build on our momentum, achieving organic revenue growth that was fully competitive with that of our global peer group, and operating margins significantly higher than we reported in 2005, preceding the implementation of our strategic plan. The global economic environment in which we operate deteriorated significantly over the course of 2008, at first relatively slowly, then accelerating in the latter part of the year. We believe that our performance in this challenging environment further reflects the success of our turnaround strategies. For 2009 and beyond, our strategic outlook is for a media landscape that continues to grow more complex, and that our high-quality, 15 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) comprehensive global services will remain critical to the competitiveness of our clients. Our objectives are to continue to build our talent across the full range of marketing competencies, while focusing our investment on the fastest growing markets and disciplines. Our financial objectives include furthering our margin progress to achieve peer-level operating margin over the long term. Accordingly, we remain focused on cost control and resource utilization, including the productivity of our employees, real estate and information technology. We begin 2009 with the global economy in recession and widespread uncertainty in financial markets, which has made business conditions more challenging for nearly all companies. It is apparent that these conditions will adversely affect the demand for advertising and marketing services in 2009, and, as a result, present a challenge to the revenue and profit growth of our company and our sector. While we cannot predict the magnitude and duration of the economic downturn or its impact on the demand for our services, we believe that we will continue to derive benefits from our diversified client base, global presence and broad range of services. Recent improvements in our financial reporting and business information systems provide us with timely and actionable insights from our businesses around the world. Our extensive operating improvements over the past three years have greatly strengthened our cash flow generation, and our balance sheet and liquidity are important sources of financial flexibility. These should provide a measure of protection in a harsh business environment. Highlights Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 % increase/(decrease) vs. prior year Total Organic Total Organic Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2% 4.9% (1.5%) 3.8% 2.5% (2.6%) 5.9% 3.8% 4.9% 2.7% (2.7%) (1.6%) Operating margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses as % of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 8.5% 5.3% 1.7% 62.4% 63.2% 63.7% 28.9% 31.2% 33.6% Net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . $265.2 $131.3 $(79.3) Diluted earnings (loss) per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.52 $ 0.26 $(0.19) Operating Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $865.3 $298.1 $ 9.0 We analyze period-to-period changes in our operating performance by determining the portion of the change that is attributable to foreign currency rates and the change attributable to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, and consider the remainder to be the organic change. For purposes of analyzing this change, acquisitions and divestitures are treated as if they occurred on the first day of the quarter during which the transaction occurred. During the past few years, we have acquired companies that we believe will enhance our offering and disposed of businesses that are not consistent with our strategic plan. For additional information on our acquisitions, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. An analysis of 2008 compared to 2007 shows net acquisitions increased revenue and operating expenses, while an analysis of 2007 compared to 2006 shows net divestitures decreased revenue and operating expenses. Additionally, in certain of our discussions we analyze revenue by business sector and geographic region. In our business sector analysis, we focused on our top 100 clients, which represent over 50% of our consolidated revenue. 16 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) On July 9, 2008 we announced the creation of a management entity called Mediabrands to oversee our media assets that are included in our Integrated Agency Networks (“IAN”) segment. The new entity provides oversight to ensure operational efficiency and increased collaboration across our media units. Our global media networks, Initiative and Universal McCann, continue to operate as independent entities, each aligned where appropriate with a full-service marketing network partner. The businesses that comprise Mediabrands remain in the IAN segment. The financial results for these units are analyzed together in the MD&A for 2008 compared to 2007 and 2007 compared to 2006. Although the U.S. Dollar is our reporting currency, a substantial portion of our revenues is generated in foreign currencies. Therefore, our reported results are affected by fluctuations in the currencies in which we conduct our international businesses. We do not use derivative financial instruments to manage this translation risk. As a result, both positive and negative currency fluctuations against the U.S. Dollar will continue to affect our results of operations. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in increases of approximately 1% in revenues and operating expenses which resulted in an increase of approximately 4% in operating income for 2008 as compared to 2007. In the second half of the year the U.S. Dollar strengthened against several foreign currencies, and if this trend continues, it could have a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the accompanying financial statements and notes. We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following critical accounting estimates involve management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. We consider these accounting estimates to be critical because changes in the underlying assumptions or estimates have the potential to materially impact our financial statements. Management has discussed with our Audit Committee the development, selection, application and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates. We regularly evaluate our judgments, assumptions and estimates based on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Revenue Recognition Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of advertising, marketing and communications programs in various media around the world. Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated and accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the bases on which we earn commissions and fees vary significantly. Our client contracts are complex arrangements that may include provisions for incentive compensation and vendor rebates and credits. Our largest clients are multinational entities and, as such, we often provide services to these clients out of multiple offices and across many of our agencies. In arranging for such services, it is possible that we will enter into global, regional and local agreements. Multiple agreements of this nature are reviewed by legal counsel to determine the governing terms to be followed by the offices and agencies involved. Critical judgments and estimates are involved in determining both the amount and timing of revenue recognition under these arrangements. Revenue for our services is recognized when all of the following criteria are satisfied: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) the price is fixed or determinable; (iii) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (iv) services have been performed. Depending on the terms of a client contract, fees for services performed can be recognized in three principal ways: proportional performance, straight-line (or monthly basis) or completed contract. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. 17 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Depending on the terms of the client contract, revenue is derived from diverse arrangements involving fees for services performed, commissions, performance incentive provisions and combinations of the three. Commissions are generally earned on the date of the broadcast or publication. Contractual arrangements with clients may also include performance incentive provisions designed to link a portion of our revenue to our performance relative to both qualitative and quantitative goals. Performance incentives are recognized as revenue for quantitative targets when the target has been achieved and for qualitative targets when confirmation of the incentive is received from the client. The classification of client arrangements to determine the appropriate revenue recognition involves judgments. If the judgments change there can be a material impact on our financial statements, and particularly on the allocation of revenues between periods. Incremental direct costs incurred related to contracts where revenue is accounted for on a completed contract basis are generally expensed as incurred. There are certain exceptions made for significant contracts or for certain agencies where the majority of the contracts are project-based and systems are in place to properly capture appropriate direct costs. Substantially all of our revenue is recorded as the net amount of our gross billings less pass-through expenses charged to a client. In most cases, the amount that is billed to clients significantly exceeds the amount of revenue that is earned and reflected in our financial statements, because of various pass-through expenses such as production and media costs. In compliance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 99-19, Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal versus Net as an Agent, we assess whether our agency or the third-party supplier is the primary obligor. We evaluate the terms of our client agreements as part of this assessment. In addition, we give appropriate consideration to other key indicators such as latitude in establishing price, discretion in supplier selection and credit risk to the vendor. Because we operate broadly as an advertising agency, based on our primary lines of business and given the industry practice to generally record revenue on a net versus gross basis, we believe that there must be strong evidence in place to overcome the presumption of net revenue accounting. Accordingly, we generally record revenue net of pass-through charges as we believe the key indicators of the business suggest we act as an agent on behalf of our clients in our primary lines of business. In those businesses (primarily sales promotion, event, sports and entertainment marketing) where the key indicators suggest we act as a principal, we record the gross amount billed to the client as revenue and the related costs incurred as office and general expenses. Revenue is reported net of taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are directly imposed on our revenue-producing transactions. The determination as to whether revenue in a particular line of business should be recognized net or gross involves complex judgments. If we make these judgments differently it could significantly affect our financial performance. If it were determined that we must recognize a significant portion of revenues on a gross basis rather than a net basis it would positively impact revenues, have no impact on our operating income and have an adverse impact on operating margin. We receive credits from our vendors and media outlets for transactions entered into on behalf of our clients that, based on the terms of our contracts and local law, are either remitted to our clients or retained by us. If amounts are to be passed through to clients they are recorded as liabilities until settlement or, if retained by us, are recorded as revenue when earned. Negotiations with a client at the close of a current engagement could result in either payments to the client in excess of the contractual liability or in payments less than the contractual liability. These items, referred to as concessions, relate directly to the operations of the period and are recorded as operating expense or income. Concession income or expense may also be realized in connection with settling vendor discount or credit liabilities that were established as part of the restatement we presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 that we filed in September 2005 (the “2004 Restatement”). In these situations, and given the historical nature of these liabilities, we have recorded such items as other income or expense in order to prevent distortion of current operating results. 18 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Income Taxes The provision for income taxes includes federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. Changes to enacted tax rates would result in either increases or decreases in the provision for income taxes in the period of changes. Under SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes (“SFAS 109”), we are required to evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets. The realization of our deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on future earnings. SFAS 109 requires that a valuation allowance be recognized when, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. In circumstances where there is significant negative evidence, establishment of a valuation allowance must be considered. We believe that cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period represent significant negative evidence under the provisions of SFAS 109. A pattern of sustained profitability is considered significant positive evidence when evaluating a decision to reverse a valuation allowance. Further, in those cases where a pattern of sustained profitability exists, projected future taxable income may also represent positive evidence, to the extent that such projections are determined to be reliable given the current economic environment. Accordingly, the increase and decrease of valuation allowances has had and could have a significant negative or positive impact on our current and future earnings. In 2008, 2007 and 2006 we recorded a net reversal of valuation allowances of $48.0, $22.3 and $29.6, respectively. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“FIN 48”), prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position that an entity takes or expects to take in a tax interest and penalties, return. Additionally, FIN 48 provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The assessment of recognition and measurement requires critical estimates and the use of complex judgments. We evaluate our tax positions using a “more likely than not” recognition threshold and then we apply a measurement assessment to those positions that meet the recognition threshold. We have established tax reserves that we believe to be adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments in each of the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxation. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional tax assessments in those jurisdictions and adjust our reserves as additional information or events require. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We account for our business combinations using the purchase accounting method. The total costs of the acquisitions are allocated to the underlying net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values and the remainder allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and involves the use of significant estimates, including future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples. Considering the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets as the principal asset we typically acquire is creative talent. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets. We review goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives not subject to amortization as of October 1st of each year and whenever events or significant changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at a reporting unit level. We have 16 19 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) reporting units subject to the 2008 annual impairment testing that are either entities at the operating segment level or one level below the operating segment level. Our annual impairment reviews as of October 1, 2008 did not result in an impairment charge at any of our reporting units. During 2008, we added a reporting unit due to a recent acquisition and changed the structure of certain reporting units due to the creation of Mediabrands. Besides the aforementioned changes, our reporting unit structure has not changed from 2007. We review intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years. Events or circumstances that might require impairment testing include the loss of a significant client, the identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, loss of key personnel, the disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit, significant decline in stock price or a significant adverse change in business climate or regulations. SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS 142”), specifies a two-step process for goodwill impairment testing and measuring the magnitude of any impairment. The first step of the impairment test is a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The sum of the fair values of all our reporting units is reconciled to our current market capitalization plus an estimated control premium. Goodwill allocated to a reporting unit whose fair value is equal to or greater than its carrying value is not impaired, and no further testing is required. Should the carrying amount for a reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the first step of the impairment test is failed and the magnitude of any goodwill impairment is determined under the second step, which is a comparison of the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill to its carrying value. Goodwill of a reporting unit is impaired when its carrying value exceeds its implied fair value. Impaired goodwill is written down to its implied fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified. The fair value of a reporting unit for 2008 was estimated using the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted cash flow method. In prior years, we have used a combination of the income approach and the market approach, which incorporates the use of earnings and revenue multiples based on market data. However, due to the deterioration and extreme volatility of the credit markets in the latter part of 2008, we determined that the market approach was not appropriate. Therefore, we used only the income approach to determine the fair value of our reporting units in 2008. This approach uses projections which require the use of significant estimates and assumptions for each reporting unit as to matters such as revenue growth, profit margins, terminal value growth rates, capital expenditures, assumed tax rates and discount rates. These estimates and assumptions will vary between each reporting unit depending on the facts and circumstances specific to that unit. The discount rate for each reporting unit is influenced by general market conditions as well as factors specific to the reporting unit. Our discount rates used for our reporting units for our 2008 annual impairment review were between 11% and 15.5%. We believe that the estimates and assumptions made are reasonable, but they are susceptible to change from period to period. Actual results of operations, cash flows and other factors will likely differ from the estimates used in a discounted cash flow valuation and it is possible that differences and changes could be material. We have performed a sensitivity analysis to detail the impact that changes in assumptions may have on the outcome of the first step of the impairment test. Our sensitivity analysis provides a range of value for each reporting unit where the low end of the range reduces growth rates by 0.5% and increases discount rates by 0.5% and the high end of the range increases growth rates by 0.5% and decreases discount rates by 0.5%. For purposes of our comparison between carrying value and fair value for the first step of the impairment test we use the average of our range of values. The following table shows the number of reporting units we tested in our 2008 and 2007 annual impairment reviews and the related goodwill value associated with the reporting units at the low end, average and high end of 20 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) the valuation range for a) fair values exceeding carrying values by less than 10%, b) fair values between 10% and 20% above carrying value, c) fair values more than 20% above carrying value and d) carrying values that exceed fair value. 2008 Impairment Test Low End 2007 Impairment Test2 Low End Fair value exceeds carrying value by: Less than 10% . . . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . . . Carrying value exceeds fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units Fair value exceeds carrying value by: # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units 3 3 7 3 $ 231.1 759.9 1,899.1 330.8 1 Less than 10% . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . 3 2 4 $ 362.8 941.1 485.4 Average Average Fair value exceeds carrying value by: # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units Fair value exceeds carrying value by: # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units Less than 10% . . . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . . . 5 1 10 $ 541.9 20.0 2,659.0 Less than 10% . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . 2 3 4 $ 321.9 982.0 485.4 High End High End Fair value exceeds carrying value by: # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units Fair value exceeds carrying value by: # of reporting units Total goodwill at the reporting units Less than 10% . . . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . . . 4 2 10 $ 535.7 26.2 2,659.0 Less than 10% . . . . . . . . 10% — 20% . . . . . . . . . Greater than 20% . . . . . . 1 3 5 $ 139.9 1,014.1 635.3 1 2 For purposes of our comparison between carrying value and fair value for the first step of the impairment test we used the average of our range of values. In accordance with SFAS 142, we did not test certain reporting units in 2007 because we determined we could carry forward the fair value of the reporting unit from the last test, as the fair value significantly exceeded the book value. During the latter part of the fourth quarter of 2008 our stock price declined significantly after our annual impairment review date, and our market capitalization was less than our book value as of December 31, 2008. We considered whether there were any events or circumstances indicative of a triggering event and determined that the decline in our stock price during the fourth quarter was an event that would “more likely than not” reduce the fair value of our individual reporting units below their book value, requiring us to perform an interim impairment test for goodwill at the reporting unit level. Based on the interim impairment test conducted, we concluded that there was no impairment of our goodwill as of December 31, 2008. However, current economic conditions could continue or worsen in 2009 and could alter the assumptions we made with respect to our discounted cash flow models as of December 31, 2008. Therefore, we will continue to monitor our market capitalization and the fair values of our individual reporting units throughout 2009. 21 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Pension and Postretirement Benefits We use various actuarial assumptions in determining our net pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations. These assumptions include discount rates and expected returns on plan assets and are updated annually or more frequently with the occurrence of significant events. The discount rate is one of the significant assumptions that impacts our net pension and postretirement costs and obligations. For the domestic pension and postretirement benefit plans, we determine our discount rate based on the estimated rate at which annuity contracts could be purchased to effectively settle the respective benefit obligations. To assist in this we utilize a yield curve based on Moody’s Aa-rated corporate non-callable bonds. Each plan’s projected cash flow is matched to this yield curve and a present value is developed, which is then used to develop a single equivalent discount rate. For the foreign pension plans, we determine a discount rate by referencing market yields on high quality corporate bonds in the local markets with the appropriate term as of December 31, 2008. For 2009, we plan to use weighted average discount rates of 6.01%, 5.38% and 6.00% for the domestic pension plans, foreign plans and the postretirement plan, respectively. Changes in the discount rates are generally due to increases or decreases in long-term interest rates. A higher discount rate will decrease our pension cost. A 25 basis point increase or decrease in the discount rate would have decreased or increased the 2008 net pension and postretirement cost by $2.1 and $2.2, respectively. In addition, a 25 basis point increase or decrease in the discount rate would have decreased or increased the December 31, 2008 benefit obligation by $17.3 and $18.0, respectively. The expected rate of return on pension plan assets is another significant assumption that impacts our net pension cost and is determined at the beginning of the year. For the domestic pension plans, our expected rate of return considers the historical trends of asset class index returns over various market cycles and economic conditions, current market conditions, risk premiums associated with asset classes and long-term inflation rates. We determine both a short-term and long-term view and then attempt to select a long-term rate of return assumption that matches the duration of our liabilities. For the foreign pension plans, primarily the U.K. Pension Plan, we determine the expected rate of return by utilizing a weighted average approach based on the current long-term expected rates of return for each asset category. The long-term expected rate of return for the equity category is based on the current long-term rates of return available on government bonds and applying suitable risk premiums that consider historical market returns and current market expectations. For 2009, we plan to use weighted average expected rates of return of 8.16% and 5.05% for the domestic and foreign pension plans, respectively. Changes in the rates are due to lower or higher expected future returns based on the mix of assets held. A lower expected rate of return will increase our net pension cost. A 25 basis point increase or decrease in the expected return on plan assets would have decreased or increased the 2008 net pension cost by $1.0. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Consolidated Results of Operations REVENUE Our revenue is directly impacted by our ability to win new clients and retain existing ones, and spending levels of all our clients. Our revenue is also subject to fluctuations related to seasonal spending by our clients. Most of our expenses are recognized ratably throughout the year and are less seasonal than revenue. Our revenue is typically lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter. This reflects the seasonal holiday spending of our clients, incentives earned at year-end on various contracts and project work completed that is typically recognized during the fourth quarter. Additionally, revenues can fluctuate throughout the year due to the timing of completed projects in the events marketing business, as revenue is typically recognized when the 22 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) project is complete. Furthermore, we generally act as principal for these projects and as such record the gross amount billed to the client as revenue and the related costs incurred as pass-through costs in office and general expenses. Year ended December 31, 2007 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2008 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . Continental Europe . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $6,554.2 3,651.3 2,902.9 603.6 1,070.2 581.3 314.1 333.7 71.5 — 71.5 (41.9) 81.4 22.3 12.4 (2.7) 87.6 18.8 68.8 8.1 (19.5) 21.3 (2.8) 61.7 249.4 116.2 133.2 43.1 18.3 32.4 29.7 9.7 $6,962.7 3,786.3 3,176.4 612.9 1,150.4 657.3 353.4 402.4 Change Organic Total 6.2% 3.8% 3.7% 3.2% 9.4% 4.6% 1.5% 7.1% 1.7% 7.5% 5.6% 13.1% 9.5% 12.5% 2.9% 20.6% During 2008 our revenue increased by $408.5, consisting of organic revenue growth of $249.4, led by the technology and telecommunications sector and the retail sector. The domestic organic growth was primarily driven by expanding business with existing clients and winning new clients in the advertising, media and public relations businesses. The international organic increase occurred throughout all regions. The increase in the United Kingdom was primarily due to the completion of several projects with existing clients and net client wins in the events marketing business and winning new clients in the advertising business. The international growth was also driven by increased client spending and net client wins primarily in Brazil, China and Spain. The deteriorating economic conditions in the latter part of 2008 negatively impacted our revenue in the fourth quarter of 2008. Our revenue decreased by 4.1% in the fourth quarter of 2008 compared to the fourth quarter of 2007, which reflects an organic revenue decrease for the quarter of 2.2%. If weak global economic conditions persist in 2009, our revenues may remain under pressure across many of our service offerings and client sectors. Year ended December 31, 2006 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2007 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom . . . . . . Continental Europe . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $6,190.8 3,443.4 2,747.4 574.5 1,034.1 512.0 303.4 323.4 197.5 — 197.5 51.1 94.4 25.7 18.4 7.9 (70.7) (9.3) (61.4) (35.5) (24.0) 12.5 (10.6) (3.8) 236.6 217.2 19.4 13.5 (34.3) 31.1 2.9 6.2 $6,554.2 3,651.3 2,902.9 603.6 1,070.2 581.3 314.1 333.7 Change Organic Total 3.8% 5.9% 6.3% 6.0% 0.7% 5.7% 2.3% 5.1% 3.5% (3.3%) 6.1% 13.5% 1.0% 3.5% 1.9% 3.2% During 2007 our revenue increased by $363.4, consisting of organic revenue growth of $236.6 and favorable foreign currency rate impact of $197.5. The domestic organic growth was primarily driven through expanding business with existing clients, winning new clients in advertising and public relations and completing several projects within the events marketing business. The international organic revenue increase was primarily driven by increases in spending by existing clients in the Asia Pacific region, partially offset by net client losses in Continental Europe, primarily in France. 23 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Refer to the segment discussion later in this MD&A for information on changes in revenue by segment. OPERATING EXPENSES Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization- related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived asset impairment and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 $ % of Revenue $ % of Revenue $ % of Revenue $4,342.6 2,013.3 62.4% $4,139.2 28.9% 2,044.8 63.2% $3,944.1 31.2% 2,079.0 63.7% 33.6% 17.1 — 25.9 — 34.5 27.2 Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,373.0 $6,209.9 $6,084.8 Total operating expenses decreased as a percentage of revenue in 2008 when compared to 2007. We consider the change in operating expenses as a percentage of revenue, which we refer to as operating expense leverage, to be a key performance metric. Our staff cost ratio, defined as salaries and related expenses as a percentage of revenue, declined to 62.4% in 2008 from 63.2% in 2007. The improvement was driven by higher revenues and better utilization of base salaries and benefits expenses. Our office and general expense ratio, defined as office and general expenses as a percentage of revenue, declined to 28.9% in 2008 from 31.2% in 2007. This improvement was also driven by higher revenue and by a reduction in key expense categories, primarily professional fees. Salaries and Related Expenses Salaries and related expenses consist of payroll costs, employee performance incentives, including cash bonus and long-term incentive stock awards, and other benefits associated with client service professional staff and administrative staff. Salaries and related expenses do not vary significantly with short-term changes in revenue levels. However, salaries may fluctuate due to the timing of hiring freelance contractors who are utilized to support business development, changes in the performance levels and types of employee incentive awards, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and acquisitions and dispositions of businesses. Changes in our incentive awards mix can impact future period expense as bonus awards are expensed during the year they are earned and long-term incentive stock awards are expensed over the performance period, generally three years. Other factors impacting the expense associated with long-term incentive awards are the actual number of awards vesting and the change in our stock price. Additionally, changes can occur based on projected results and could impact trends between periods in the future. Components of change during the year Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Prior year amount Change Total amount Organic Total 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,139.2 3,944.1 40.8 122.2 59.4 (32.5) 103.2 105.4 $4,342.6 4,139.2 2.5% 4.9% 2.7% 4.9% 24 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following table details our salary and related expenses as a percentage of consolidated revenue. Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Base salaries, benefits and tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incentive expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severance expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporary help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.6% 51.9% 52.3% 3.3% 3.7% 3.4% 1.6% 1.2% 1.3% 3.6% 3.5% 3.1% 2.9% 2.9% 3.0% Salaries and related expenses in 2008 increased by $203.4, compared to 2007, consisting of an organic salary increase of $103.2, net acquisitions of $59.4 and an adverse foreign currency rate impact of $40.8. The organic increase was primarily to support business growth (an organic revenue increase of $249.4) during 2008, resulting in higher base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $100.4, predominantly at our largest networks. There was no significant change in incentive award expense compared to the prior year as stock-based compensation expense was unchanged, and annual bonus award expense decreased by $15.1. As economic conditions deteriorated in the latter part of 2008, we took measures to realign our businesses, resulting in severance charges of $48.4 in the fourth quarter, which was an increase of $16.4 over the comparable prior year period. These expenses were spread across multiple business units and geographic regions. Salaries and related expenses in 2007 increased by $195.1, compared to 2006, consisting of an adverse foreign currency rate impact of $122.2 and an organic salary increase of $105.4. The organic increase was primarily to support business growth (an organic revenue increase of $236.6) resulting in higher base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $99.1, predominantly at our largest networks. Additionally, incentive awards increased by $31.7, primarily due to improved operating performance versus financial targets at certain operating units, higher stock-based compensation awards due to the effect of equity awards granted in June 2006 and a one-time performance-based equity award granted in 2006 to a limited number of senior executives across the Company. These increases were offset by a decrease in severance expense of $22.4. Office and General Expenses Office and general expenses primarily include rent expense, professional fees, certain expenses incurred by our staff in servicing our clients and depreciation and amortization costs. Office and general expenses also include costs directly attributable to client engagements, including production costs, out-of-pocket costs such as travel for client service staff, and other direct costs that are rebilled to our clients. Production expenses can vary significantly between periods depending upon the timing of completion of certain projects where we act as principal, which could impact trends between various periods in the future. Components of change during the year Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Prior year amount Change Total amount Organic Total 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,044.8 2,079.0 16.5 66.0 5.7 (43.8) (53.7) (56.4) $2,013.3 2,044.8 (2.6%) (2.7%) (1.5%) (1.6%) 25 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following table details our office and general expenses as a percentage of consolidated revenue. All other office and general expenses primarily include production expenses and to a smaller extent depreciation and amortization, bad debt expense, foreign currency gains (losses) and other expenses. Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy expense (excluding depreciation and amortization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel & entertainment, office supplies and telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9% 2.5% 2.0% 8.6% 8.1% 7.6% 4.8% 4.7% 4.3% 15.0% 15.9% 16.3% Office and general expenses in 2008 decreased by $31.5 compared to 2007, including an organic decrease of $53.7. The organic improvement was primarily due to reductions in professional fees, occupancy costs, depreciation and amortization as well as a higher focus on managing discretionary expenses. The organic decrease in professional fees of $29.0 was primarily due to reduced legal consultations as a result of the resolution of the SEC investigation and further improvements in our financial systems, back office processes and internal controls. Occupancy costs and depreciation and amortization declined and there were favorable foreign currency changes on certain balance sheet items in 2008 when compared to 2007. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in production expenses of $33.6 related to higher pass-through costs for certain projects where we act as principal and an increase in bad debt expense related to collection concerns for certain clients. Office and general expenses in 2007 decreased by $34.2 compared to 2006, consisting of an organic decrease of $56.4 and net divestitures of $43.8, partially offset by an adverse foreign currency rate impact of $66.0. The organic decrease was primarily due to improvements in our financial systems, back-office processes and internal controls we made throughout 2007 that resulted in a reduction in professional fees of $75.8. Additionally, occupancy costs, including depreciation and amortization, declined by $13.6. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in production expenses of $34.2 related to pass-through costs for certain projects where we acted as principal during 2007. Restructuring and Other Reorganization-Related Charges The components of restructuring and other reorganization-related charges were as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Restructuring charges: Lease termination and other exit costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severance and termination costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other reorganization-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5.2 0.6 5.8 11.3 $ (0.4) 13.8 13.4 12.5 $ 1.5 — 1.5 33.0 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17.1 $25.9 $34.5 Restructuring charges relate to the 2003 and 2001 restructuring programs and a restructuring program entered into at Lowe Worldwide (“Lowe”) during the third quarter of 2007. Included in these net charges are adjustments primarily resulting from severance and termination costs and accelerated leasehold amortization for the 2007 program at Lowe and changes in management’s estimates relating to sublease rental income assumptions and prior severance and termination related actions. 26 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Other reorganization-related charges relate to our realignment of our media businesses into a newly created management entity called Mediabrands and the 2006 merger of Draft Worldwide and Foote, Cone and Belding Worldwide to create Draftfcb. Charges relate to severance and terminations costs and lease termination and other exit costs. We expect charges associated with Mediabrands to be completed during the first half of 2009. Charges related to the creation of Draftfcb in 2006 are complete. The charges were separated from the rest of our operating expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations because they did not result from charges that occurred in the normal course of business. Long-Lived Asset Impairment and Other Charges During our annual impairment review as of October 1, 2006, our discounted future operating cash flow projections at one of our domestic advertising reporting units indicated that the implied fair value of the goodwill at this reporting unit was less than its book value, primarily due to client losses. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $27.2 in 2006 in our IAN segment. EXPENSES AND OTHER INCOME Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Cash interest on debt obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(183.2) $(205.9) $(186.9) (31.8) (30.8) (28.7) Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (211.9) 90.6 (121.3) 3.1 (236.7) 119.6 (117.1) 8.5 (218.7) 113.3 (105.4) (5.6) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(118.2) $(108.6) $(111.0) Net Interest Expense For 2008 as compared to 2007, cash interest expense decreased primarily due to the repurchase of the majority of the 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in the first quarter of 2008, lower interest rates paid on the Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes, lower short-term debt balances and lower interest rates at our international agencies. Interest income decreased due to more conservative investment strategies in the U.S. compared to the prior year and lower interest rates in the U.S. For 2007 as compared to 2006, cash interest expense increased due to higher short-term debt balances, and interest income increased due to higher average cash balances and higher interest rates at some of our international agencies. Non-cash amortization expense primarily consists of amortization of debt issuance costs and deferred warrant costs in connection with our 2006 committed credit agreement that expires in June 2009, and as a result, non-cash amortization expense is expected to decrease in 2009. Additionally, non-cash amortization is offset primarily by the amortization of the loss on extinguishment of $400.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in 2006. 27 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Other Income (Expense) Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on early extinguishment of debt (Losses) gains on sales of businesses and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendor discount and credit adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Litigation settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $(12.5) $(80.8) 44.2 (9.4) 28.2 24.3 — 2.8 (0.3) (6.2) 3.1 9.5 (3.1) 20.7 (12.0) (2.9) 0.4 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.1 $ 8.5 $ (5.6) Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt — Non-cash charges related to the extinguishment of $200.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in 2007 and $400.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in 2006. For additional information, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Sale of Businesses and Investments — Primarily includes realized gains and losses relating to the sales of businesses, cumulative translation adjustment balances from the liquidation of entities, and sales of marketable securities and investments in publicly traded and privately held companies in our Rabbi Trusts. Losses in 2007 primarily related to the sale of several businesses within Draftfcb for a loss of $9.3 and charges at Lowe of $7.8 as a result of the realization of cumulative translation adjustment balances from the liquidation of several businesses. Gains in 2006 primarily related to a net gain of $20.9 from the sale of an investment located in Asia Pacific and the sale of our remaining ownership interest in an agency within Lowe. We also sold our interest in a German advertising agency and recognized its remaining cumulative translation adjustment balance, which resulted in a non-cash benefit of $17.0. Vendor Discount and Credit Adjustments — We are in the process of settling our liabilities related to vendor discounts and credits established during the 2004 Restatement. Amounts included in other income (expense) reflect the reversal of certain of these liabilities as a result of settlements with clients or vendors or where the statute of limitations has lapsed. For additional information see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Litigation Settlement — During May 2008, the SEC concluded its investigation that began in 2002 into our financial reporting practices, resulting in a settlement charge of $12.0. Investment Impairments — In 2007 we realized an other-than-temporary charge of $5.8 relating to a $12.5 investment in auction rate securities, representing our total investment in auction rate securities. For additional information, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. INCOME TAXES Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Income (loss) from continuing operations before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . $471.5 $235.7 $ (5.0) Provision for income taxes — continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit of income taxes — discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $156.6 — $ 58.9 $18.7 — (5.0) Total provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $156.6 $ 58.9 $13.7 28 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) In 2008, our effective tax rate was negatively impacted by losses in certain foreign locations where we receive no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances, the non-deductible SEC settlement provision and additional net tax reserves for uncertain tax positions. Our effective tax rate was positively impacted in 2008 by the utilization of tax loss carryforwards against taxable profits and by the net reversal of certain valuation allowances in jurisdictions where entities have demonstrated a sustained period of profitability and future projections indicate that the trend will continue. Additionally, we recognized tax benefits from tax law and other changes in certain U.S. states, which impacted the effective tax rate. During 2008, we recorded a net reversal of valuation allowances of $48.0 relating to deferred tax assets in jurisdictions where the available evidence was sufficiently positive for us to believe that it is now more likely than not that the corresponding tax loss carryforward will be utilized. We believe we have appropriately considered the current economic climate in relying on the level of projected taxable income. During 2007 and 2006, we had net reversals in our valuation allowances of $22.3 and $29.6, respectively, on existing deferred tax assets. The tax provision for 2007 was primarily impacted by the effective settlement of the IRS examination for 2003 and 2004 which resulted in the realization of previously unrecognized tax benefits, of which approximately $80.0 was attributable to certain worthless securities deductions. The favorable impact of this item and other net reserve releases are primary reasons for the change in the effective tax rate compared to 2006. The tax provision for 2007 was also impacted by foreign profits subject to tax at different rates and losses in certain foreign locations where we receive no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances. The tax provision for 2006 was primarily impacted by domestic losses, foreign profits subject to tax at different rates and losses in certain foreign locations where we receive no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances. For additional information see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Segment Results of Operations As discussed in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have two reportable segments as of December 31, 2008: Integrated Agency Networks (“IAN”) and Constituency Management Group (“CMG”). We also report results for the Corporate and other group. IAN REVENUE Year ended December 31, 2007 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2008 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . $5,505.7 2,972.1 2,533.6 70.8 — 70.8 109.4 18.8 90.6 184.8 84.5 100.3 $5,870.7 3,075.4 2,795.3 Change Organic Total 6.6% 3.4% 2.8% 3.5% 4.0% 10.3% During 2008 our revenue increased by $365.0, consisting of organic growth of $184.8, led by the technology and telecommunications sector as well as the retail sector. The domestic organic revenue increase was primarily a result of higher revenues with existing clients and net client wins, primarily at McCann and Mediabrands. 29 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Partially offsetting this domestic organic increase was decreased revenue from Lowe and certain independent agencies that are largely dependent on the automobile sector due to lower revenues with existing clients and net client losses. The international organic revenue increase occurred throughout all regions. McCann’s revenue increased due to higher revenue from existing clients in the Continental Europe region and net client wins and higher revenue from existing clients in the Asia Pacific region, primarily in China. Lowe’s revenue increase was primarily due to higher revenue from existing clients and net client wins predominantly in the Asia Pacific, the United Kingdom and Continental Europe regions, primarily in Spain and France. Mediabrands contributed to the revenue increase in the Continental Europe region, primarily in Spain. Draftfcb’s revenue increased in Latin America due to higher revenues with existing clients primarily in Brazil. Year ended December 31, 2006 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2007 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . $5,230.6 2,842.2 2,388.4 170.3 — 170.3 (45.5) (9.3) (36.2) 150.3 139.2 11.1 $5,505.7 2,972.1 2,533.6 Change Organic Total 2.9% 5.3% 4.9% 4.6% 0.5% 6.1% During 2007 our revenue increased by $275.1, consisting of a favorable foreign currency impact of $170.3 and organic revenue growth of $150.3. The domestic organic revenue increase was a result of higher revenue from existing clients and net client wins, primarily at McCann and Hill Holliday. Partially offsetting this domestic organic increase was decreased revenue from existing clients at Lowe and net client losses at Draftfcb. The international organic revenue increase occurred primarily throughout the United Kingdom and Asia Pacific regions driven by increases in client spending at McCann, partially offset by net client losses at Draftfcb and Lowe across most international regions. SEGMENT OPERATING INCOME Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Change ‘08 vs ‘07 ‘07 vs ‘06 Segment operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $690.8 $528.2 $391.4 30.8% 35.0% 11.8% 9.6% 7.5% Operating income increased during 2008 due to an increase in revenue of $365.0, and decreased office and general expenses of $15.1, partially offset by increases in salaries and related expenses of $217.5. The decrease in office and general expenses was due to lower internal expense allocations from corporate, favorable foreign currency changes on certain balance sheet items in 2008 and lower production expenses. The decrease in office and general expenses is partially offset by increased bad debt expense and higher amortization of intangibles primarily related to acquisitions made in 2008. Higher salaries and related expenses were primarily due to an increase in base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $183.1 to support growth in 2008, primarily at McCann and Mediabrands. Operating income increased during 2007 due to an increase in revenue of $275.1, partially offset by increases in salaries and related expenses of $122.9 and office and general expenses of $15.4. Higher salaries and related expenses were due to an increase in base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $131.2 to support growth, primarily at McCann. Higher office and general expenses were due to increases in shared service expenses which were not allocated in prior years and the increased allocation of technology expenses from Corporate, partially offset by lower occupancy costs, primarily due to lease termination and other exit costs related to facilities exited in 2006. 30 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) CMG REVENUE Year ended December 31, 2007 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2008 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . $1,048.5 679.2 369.3 0.7 — 0.7 (21.8) — (21.8) 64.6 31.7 32.9 $1,092.0 710.9 381.1 Change Organic Total 6.2% 4.1% 4.7% 4.7% 8.9% 3.2% During 2008 revenue increased by $43.5 due to organic revenue growth of $64.6, led by public relations, which covers a broad range of services and client sectors. The domestic organic revenue increase was primarily due to net client wins and increased spending from existing clients in the public relations business. The international organic revenue increase was primarily from the completion of several projects with existing clients and net client wins in the events marketing business in the United Kingdom. Revenues in the events marketing business can fluctuate due to timing of completed projects where we act as principal, as revenue is typically recognized when the project is complete. Year ended December 31, 2006 Components of change Net acquisitions/ (divestitures) Organic Foreign currency Year ended December 31, 2007 Consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . $960.2 601.2 359.0 27.2 — 27.2 (25.2) — (25.2) 86.3 78.0 8.3 $1,048.5 679.2 369.3 Change Organic Total 9.0% 9.2% 13.0% 13.0% 2.3% 2.9% During 2007 revenue increased by $88.3, due to organic growth of $86.3. The domestic organic revenue increase was primarily due to client wins and expanding business with existing clients in the public relations business, the completion of several projects with existing clients in the events marketing business and expanding business with existing clients in the sports marketing business. The international organic revenue increase in the Europe and Asia Pacific regions was primarily from existing clients in the public relations business. The international revenue increase was partially offset by decreased revenues from existing clients in Europe primarily due to project-based events in 2006 that did not recur in 2007 related to the sports marketing business. SEGMENT OPERATING INCOME Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Change ‘08 vs ‘07 ‘07 vs ‘06 Segment operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $86.6 $57.9 $51.6 49.6% 12.2% 7.9% 5.5% 5.4% Operating income increased during 2008 due to an increase in revenue of $43.5 and decreased office and general expenses of $9.1, partially offset by increased salaries and related expenses of $23.9. Office and general expenses decreased primarily due to lower occupancy costs, as a result of lease termination and other exit costs related to facilities exited in 2007 and due to favorable foreign currency changes on certain balance sheet items in 2008 when compared to 2007, partially offset by higher production expenses related to several projects with new and existing clients in the events marketing business. Salaries and related expenses increased primarily due to an 31 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) increase in base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $17.8 related to the events marketing and public relations businesses to support revenue growth. Operating income increased during 2007 due to an increase in revenue of $88.3, partially offset by increases in office and general expenses of $46.1 and salaries and related expenses of $35.9. Salaries and related expenses increased primarily due to an increase in base salaries, benefits and temporary help of $28.4 to support revenue growth. Office and general expenses increased primarily due to higher production expenses of $32.0 related to the completion of several projects in the events marketing business and higher occupancy costs, primarily due to lease termination charges and accelerated depreciation and amortization related to certain leasehold improvements in facilities exited in 2007. CORPORATE AND OTHER Certain corporate and other charges are reported as a separate line item within total segment operating income and include corporate office expenses and shared service center expenses, as well as certain other centrally managed expenses that are not fully allocated to operating divisions. Salaries and related expenses include salaries, long-term incentives, bonus, and other miscellaneous benefits for corporate office employees. Office and general expenses primarily include professional fees related to internal control compliance, financial statement audits, legal, information technology and other consulting services, which are engaged and managed through the corporate office. In addition, office and general expenses also include rental expense and depreciation of leasehold improvements for properties occupied by corporate office employees. A portion of these expenses are allocated to operating divisions based on a formula that uses the revenues of each of the operating units. Amounts allocated also include specific charges for information technology-related projects, which are allocated based on utilization. Allocation methodologies are consistent with prior years. Corporate and other expenses decreased during 2008 by $45.3 to $170.6. This was primarily due to lower professional fees, partially offset by the impact of unfavorable foreign currency changes on certain balance sheet items when compared to 2007. Lower professional fees were primarily due to improvements in our financial systems, back office processes and internal controls as well as reduced legal consultations associated with the resolution of our SEC investigation and other financial matters. In addition, base salaries, benefits and temporary help decreased due to lower headcount and reduced technology projects. As a result, we had lower internal expenses allocated to our operating divisions. Corporate and other expenses decreased during 2007 by $59.4 to $215.9. This was primarily driven by improvements in our financial systems, back-office processes and internal controls, which resulted in a reduction in professional fees. Partially offsetting this reduction were higher salaries and related expenses, primarily related to long-term incentive award accruals for a one-time performance-based equity award granted in 2006 to a limited number of senior executives across the Company and the transfer of resources into a global finance organization as part of a regional monitoring program. In addition, amounts allocated to operating divisions increased primarily due to the charging of shared services expenses that were not previously allocated as well as for costs relating to the consolidation of certain global processes into our shared service center. 32 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES CASH FLOW OVERVIEW The following tables summarize key financial data relating to our liquidity, capital resources and uses of capital: Cash Flow Data Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 865.3 (404.3) (275.8) $ 298.1 (267.8) (37.3) $ 9.0 11.6 (129.7) Working capital source (usage) (included in operating activities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 193.5 $ (171.0) $(250.6) Balance Sheet Data December 31, 2008 2007 Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,274.9 $2,037.4 Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 332.8 1,786.9 $ 305.1 2,044.1 Total debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,119.7 $2,349.2 Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities increased by $237.5 during 2008, even after the repurchase of approximately $191.0 of our 4.50% Notes during March. A component of this change was an increase in marketable securities of $145.2, primarily due to the purchase of a time deposit with a maturity greater than ninety days. Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities of $865.3 for 2008 reflects a significant improvement over 2007 and 2006. The improvement from 2007 to 2008 was driven by improvements in working capital of $364.5 and increased net income of $127.4. Net cash provided by operating activities primarily consists of net income of $295.0, working capital cash generation of $193.5 and net non-cash expense items of $403.0. Net non-cash expense items primarily include depreciation and amortization of fixed assets, amortization of intangible assets, restricted stock awards, non-cash compensation, and bond discounts and deferred financing costs. Cash from changes in working capital reflects changes in accounts receivable, expenditures billable to clients, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. In 2008 we generated cash from working capital of $193.5 compared to a use of $171.0 in 2007 and $250.6 in 2006. This improvement is primarily due to growth in our businesses and improved working capital management at certain of our operating units. The timing of media buying on behalf of our clients affects our working capital and operating cash flow. In most of our businesses, our agencies enter into commitments to pay production costs and media costs on behalf of clients. To the extent possible we pay production and media charges after we have received funds from our clients. The amounts involved substantially exceed our revenues, and primarily affect the level of accounts receivable, expenditures billable to clients, accounts payable and accrued media and production liabilities. Our assets include both cash received and accounts receivable from clients for these pass-through arrangements, while our liabilities include amounts owed on behalf of clients to media and production suppliers. 33 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Our accrued liabilities are also affected by the timing of certain other payments. For example, while cash incentive awards are accrued throughout the year, they are generally paid during the first quarter of the subsequent year. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities during 2008 includes net purchases of short-term marketable securities and payments for capital expenditures and acquisitions. Net purchases of short-term marketable securities of $154.3 primarily relates to a time deposit with a maturity greater than ninety days. Capital expenditures of $138.4 relate to costs associated with leasehold improvements, computer hardware and furniture and fixtures. Payments for acquisitions of $106.0, primarily relate to new acquisitions and to a lesser extent deferred payments on prior acquisitions. Financing Activities In March 2008, holders of approximately $191.0 in aggregate principal amount of our 4.50% Notes due 2023 exercised their put option that required us to repurchase their 4.50% Notes. Payment for the purchased 4.50% Notes was made with available cash. In addition, cash used in financing activities during 2008 reflects dividend payments of $27.6 on our Series B Preferred Stock and decreases in short-term bank borrowings related to our international uncommitted credit facilities. LIQUIDITY OUTLOOK We generated significant cash from operations in 2008 and ended the year with $2,274.9 in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Based on our cash flow forecasts we expect our cash flow from operations, cash and cash equivalents to be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating requirements at a minimum for the next twelve months. In addition, we have back-up credit facilities available to support our operating needs. Our policy is to maintain a conservative approach to liquidity, which we believe is appropriate for our Company in view of the current conditions in the economy and financial markets. In 2008, our lowest month-end total cash and marketable securities balance was $1,512.3 on March 31st, and our highest month-end total cash and marketable securities balance was $2,274.9 on December 31st. In 2007, the lowest month-end total cash and marketable securities balance was $1,440.0 on July 31st, and the highest month-end total cash and marketable securities balance was $2,037.4 on December 31st. Economic and financial conditions deteriorated sharply in the latter part of 2008 and the current economic conditions are expected to persist throughout 2009. Current market conditions may affect the financial condition of some of our clients which can cause a decrease in demand for advertising and marketing services. A decrease in revenue, should it occur, could pose a challenge to our level of cash generation from operations. Furthermore, we have accounts receivable related to revenues earned and for pass-through costs incurred on behalf of our clients as well as expenditures billable to clients related to costs incurred and fees earned that have not yet been billed. Although we have not experienced a material increase in client defaults, and as of December 31, 2008 our largest client, based on revenue, accounted for approximately 4% of our accounts receivable and expenditures billable to clients, current market conditions increase the likelihood that we could experience future losses. We maintain committed credit facilities to increase our financial flexibility. We have not drawn on any of our corporate credit facilities since 2003, although we use them to obtain letters of credit to support commitments on behalf of certain clients. As discussed below under “ — Financing and Sources of Funds — Credit Facilities,” in July 2008 we entered into a $335.0 three-year credit agreement (the “2008 Credit Agreement”). This credit facility includes commitments from a syndicate of financial institutions. If any of the financial institutions in the syndicate were unable to perform and no other bank assumed that institution’s commitment, the total size of the 34 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) facility would be reduced by the size of that institution’s commitment. We also have a $750.0 three-year credit agreement (the “2006 Credit Agreement”) that matures in June 2009. We replaced a portion of this facility in July of 2008 with our 2008 Credit Agreement. We do not currently plan on replacing the full amount of the 2006 Credit Agreement. If, however, our business is significantly impacted by further deterioration in the economic environment or otherwise, it could lead us to seek new or additional sources of liquidity to fund our working capital needs or enhance our financial flexibility. Our ability to access the capital markets depends on a number of factors, which include those specific to us, such as our credit rating, and those related to the capital markets, such as the amount of available credit. Currently, for a non-investment grade company such as ours, the capital markets are challenging, with limited available financing at higher costs than in recent years. There can be no guarantee that we would be able to access new sources of liquidity on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Funding Requirements Our most significant funding requirements include: our operations, non-cancelable operating lease obligations, acquisitions, capital expenditures, payments related to vendor discounts and credits, debt service, preferred stock dividends, contributions to pension and postretirement plans, and taxes. In any twelve month period, we maintain substantial flexibility over significant uses of cash, including our capital expenditures and cash used for new acquisitions. • Acquisitions — We continue to evaluate strategic opportunities to grow and to increase our ownership interests in current investments, particularly in our digital and marketing services offerings and to expand our presence in high-growth markets. • Payments related to vendor discounts and credits — Of the liabilities recognized as part of the 2004 Restatement, we estimate that we will pay approximately $20.0 primarily related to vendor discounts and credits over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2008 our liability balance for these payments was $126.0. • Debt service — Our $250.0 5.40% Senior Unsecured Notes mature on November 15, 2009. The remainder of our debt is primarily long-term, with maturities scheduled from 2010 to 2023. See table below for the maturity schedule of our long-term debt. • Preferred stock dividends — We pay regular quarterly dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock of $6.9, or $27.6 annually. • Contributions to pension and postretirement plans — Our funding policy regarding our pension plan is to contribute amounts necessary to satisfy minimum pension funding requirements plus such additional amounts from time to time as determined to be appropriate to improve the plans’ funded status. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we made contributions of $28.3 to our foreign pension plans and $2.3 to our domestic pension plans. For 2009, we expect to contribute $19.3 to our foreign pension plans and $10.0 to our domestic pension plans. 35 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following summarizes our estimated contractual cash obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2008, and their effect on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods: Long-term debt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest payments on long-term debt . . . . . Non-cancelable operating lease obligations2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent acquisition payments3 . . . . . . . Uncertain tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total $254.1 113.9 $252.2 97.5 $501.4 86.7 $ 0.8 48.8 $ 20.7 48.8 $ 958.9 277.3 $1,988.1 673.0 305.7 79.3 44.3 277.6 66.4 15.7 247.6 103.7 23.5 209.4 75.3 6.5 183.7 75.9 4.6 814.1 2.2 54.2 2,038.1 402.8 148.8 $797.3 $709.4 $962.9 $340.8 $333.7 $2,106.7 $5,250.8 1 2 Amounts represent maturity at par. Holders of our 4.25% Notes may require us to repurchase their Notes for cash at par in March 2012 and holders of our 4.75% and 4.50% Notes may require us to repurchase their Notes for cash, stock or a combination, at our election, at par in March 2013. All of these Notes will mature in 2023 if not converted or repurchased. Non-cancelable operating lease obligations are presented net of future receipts on contractual sublease arrangements. 3 We have structured certain acquisitions with additional contingent purchase price obligations in order to reduce the potential risk associated with negative future performance of the acquired entity. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. FINANCING AND SOURCES OF FUNDS Substantially all of our operating cash flow is generated by our agencies. Our liquid assets are held primarily at the holding company level, and to a lesser extent at our largest subsidiaries. Below is a summary of sources of liquidity as of December 31, 2008: Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Committed December 31, 2008 Letters of Credit Amount Outstanding Total Facility Total Available $2,274.9 2006 Credit Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 Credit Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $750.0 $335.0 $ — $ — $128.11 $ 621.9 $ — $ 335.0 Uncommitted Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $386.3 $78.8 $ 1.1 $ 306.4 1 We are required from time to time to post letters of credit, primarily to support our commitments, or those of our subsidiaries, to purchase media placements, mostly in locations outside the U.S., or to satisfy other obligations. These letters of credit have historically not been drawn upon. Debt Transactions In March 2008, holders required us to repurchase approximately $191.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023, pursuant to the terms of the Notes. We funded the repurchase from available cash. This reduced the outstanding amount of the 4.50% Notes to $8.7. The 4.50% Notes were initially issued in March 2003 in an aggregate principal amount of $800.0, but in November 2006 we exchanged $400.0 of 4.50% Notes for the same aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023, and in November 2007 we exchanged a further $200.0 for the same aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023. 36 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) In June 2008 we entered into an interest rate swap agreement related to $125.0 in notional amount of our 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2011 (the “7.25% Notes”), which we subsequently terminated in September 2008. For additional information, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Credit Facilities In July 2008 we entered into the 2008 Credit Agreement. The 2008 Credit Agreement is a revolving facility, under which amounts borrowed by us or any of our subsidiaries designated under the 2008 Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed, subject to an aggregate lending limit of $335.0 or the equivalent in other currencies, and the aggregate available amount of letters of credit outstanding may decrease or increase, subject to a limit on letters of credit of $200.0 or the equivalent in other currencies. Our obligations under the 2008 Credit Agreement are unsecured. The terms of the 2008 Credit Agreement allow us to increase the aggregate lending commitment to a maximum amount of $485.0 if lenders agree to the additional commitments. In addition, the 2008 Credit Agreement includes covenants that, among other things, (i) limit our liens and the liens of our consolidated subsidiaries, (ii) restrict our payments for cash capital expenditures, acquisitions, common stock dividends, share repurchases and certain other purposes, and (iii) limit subsidiary debt. The 2008 Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants that require us to maintain, on a consolidated basis as of the end of each fiscal quarter, (i) an interest coverage ratio, (ii) a leverage ratio, and (iii) minimum EBITDA for the four quarters then ended. As of December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants as seen in the table below. Covenants December 31, 2008 EBITDA Reconciliation December 31, 2008 Interest Coverage Ratio (not less than) . . Actual Interest Coverage Ratio . . . . . . . Leverage Ratio (not greater than) Actual Leverage Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . EBITDA (not less than) Actual EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50x 6.63x 3.50x 2.50x $600.0 $847.2 Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $589.7 Add: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . Non-cash charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.4 4.1 EBITDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $847.2 If we believed we would not be able to comply with these financial covenants in the future, we would seek an amendment and/or waiver from our lenders, but there is no assurance that our lenders would grant an amendment or waiver. If we do not comply with these financial covenants and are unable to obtain the necessary amendment or waiver, the 2008 Credit Agreement could be terminated and our lenders could accelerate payments of any outstanding principal. In addition, under those circumstances we could be required to deposit with one of our lenders funds in an amount equal to any outstanding letters of credit. As of December 31, 2008 there was no outstanding principal or letters of credit. For additional information, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In June 2006 we entered into the 2006 Credit Agreement, which we can utilize for cash advances and for letters of credit in an aggregate amount not to exceed $750.0 outstanding at any time. The 2006 Credit Agreement is a revolving facility, under which amounts borrowed by us or any of our subsidiaries designated under the 2006 Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed, subject to an aggregate lending limit of $750.0 or the equivalent in other currencies. The aggregate face amount of letters of credit may not exceed $600.0 at any time. Our obligations under the 2006 Credit Agreement are unsecured, and we are not subject to any financial or other material restrictive covenants under this facility. This facility expires in June of 2009. We have not drawn 37 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — (Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) on it, and we plan to use the 2008 Credit Agreement to replace the letters of credit currently outstanding under the 2006 Credit Agreement. For additional information, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We also have uncommitted credit facilities with various banks that permit borrowings at variable interest rates. We use our uncommitted credit lines for working capital needs at some of our operations outside the U.S., and the amount outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was $78.8 and $95.9, respectively. We have guaranteed the repayment of some of these borrowings made by certain subsidiaries. If we lose access to these credit lines we would have to provide funding directly to some of our international operations. The weighted- average interest rate on outstanding balances under the uncommitted short-term facilities as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was approximately 3% and 5%, respectively. Cash Pooling We aggregate our net domestic cash position on a daily basis. Outside the U.S., we use cash pooling arrangements with banks to help manage our liquidity requirements. In these pooling arrangements, several Interpublic agencies agree with a single bank that the cash balances of any of the agencies with the bank will be subject to a full right of setoff against amounts the other agencies owe the bank, and the bank provides for overdrafts as long as the net balance for all the agencies does not exceed an agreed-upon level. Typically each agency pays interest on outstanding overdrafts and receives interest on cash balances. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect cash net of overdrafts under all of our pooling arrangements. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007 the amounts netted were $858.7 and $1,295.7, respectively. Debt Ratings Our long-term debt credit ratings as of February 13, 2009 were as follows: Moody’s Investor Service Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ba3 Positive Standard and Poor’s B+ Positive Fitch Ratings BB+ Positive The most recent change in our credit ratings occurred on July 9, 2008 when Moody’s Investors Service upgraded our outlook from stable to positive. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning credit rating agency. The rating of each credit rating agency should be evaluated independently of any other rating. RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete description of recent accounting pronouncements that have affected us or may affect us. 38 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk (Amounts in millions) In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risks related to interest rates, foreign currency rates and certain Balance Sheet items. From time to time, we use derivatives, pursuant to established guidelines and policies, to manage some portion of these risks. Derivative instruments utilized in our hedging activities are viewed as risk management tools, involve little complexity and are not used for trading or speculative purposes. Interest Rates Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the fair market value of our debt obligations as the majority of our debt (approximately 84% as of December 31, 2008) bore interest at fixed rates. We do have debt with variable interest rates, but a 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not be material to our interest expense or cash flows. The fair market value of our debt is sensitive to changes in interest rates and for 2008 this fair market value would decrease by approximately $22.0 if interest rates were to increase by 10% and would increase by approximately $23.0 if interest rates were to decrease by 10%. For 2007, the fair market value of our debt would decrease by approximately $18.0 if interest rates were to increase by 10% and would increase by approximately $19.0 if interest rates were to decrease by 10%. We have used interest rate swaps to manage the mix of our fixed and variable rate debt obligations, but currently have none outstanding as we terminated our interest rate swap agreement on the 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes in September 2008. Foreign Currencies We face translation and transaction risks related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Since we report revenues and expenses in U.S. Dollars, changes in exchange rates may either positively or negatively affect our consolidated revenues and expenses (as expressed in U.S. Dollars) from foreign operations. Based on 2008 exchange rates and operating results, if the U.S. dollar were to strengthen by 10%, we currently estimate operating income would decrease between 3% and 5%. This assumes that all currencies are impacted in the same manner and our international revenue and expenses remain constant from current levels. As the functional currency of our foreign operations is generally their respective local currency, our foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during the period presented for revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in the stockholders’ equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our foreign subsidiaries generally collect revenues and pay expenses in their functional currency, mitigating transaction risk. However, certain subsidiaries may enter into transactions in currencies other than their functional currency. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are susceptible to movements in foreign currency until final settlement. Currency transaction gains or losses primarily arising from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in office and general expenses. We have not entered into a material amount of foreign currency forward exchange contracts or other derivative financial instruments to hedge the effects of adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Credit and Market Risks Certain Balance Sheet items that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities, accounts receivable and expenditures billable to clients. We invest our excess cash in investment-grade, short-term securities with financial institutions and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty. Concentrations of credit risk with accounts receivable are mitigated by our large number of clients and their dispersion across different industries and geographical areas. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our clients and maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the expected collectability of all accounts receivable. 39 As of December 31, 2008, we held $12.5 in par value of asset-backed auction rate securities. With the liquidity issues experienced in the credit and capital markets worldwide, the auctions have failed due to insufficient bids from buyers and as a result we adjusted these securities to a new book value of $6.7 during 2007. We believe we have the ability and currently intend to hold our auction rate securities until we can recover the full principal. We do not believe that the lack of liquidity of these investments will affect our ability to operate our business. For additional information, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As a result of the market decline in 2008, the fair value of our pension plan assets have declined by approximately 12% (excluding foreign currency impacts), resulting in higher pension expense and funding requirements in 2009, and, if unchanged, could result in higher pension expense and funding requirements in periods beyond 2009. 40 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Restructuring and Other Reorganization-Related Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Earnings (loss) per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Acquisitions and Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Provision for Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Debt and Credit Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Warrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Convertible Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Stock-Based Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Employee Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Segment Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Fair Value Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Commitments and Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Recent Accounting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Out-of-Period Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Results by Quarter (Unaudited) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 53 55 56 58 60 61 65 70 70 71 71 74 80 82 84 86 87 88 41 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To The Board of Directors and Stockholders of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. In our opinion, the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, of cash Flows and of Stockholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) at December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /S/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP New York, New York February 27, 2009 42 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 REVENUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,962.7 $6,554.2 $6,190.8 OPERATING EXPENSES: Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived asset impairment and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,342.6 2,013.3 17.1 — 4,139.2 2,044.8 25.9 — 3,944.1 2,079.0 34.5 27.2 Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,373.0 6,209.9 6,084.8 OPERATING INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589.7 344.3 106.0 EXPENSES AND OTHER INCOME: Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) (211.9) 90.6 3.1 (236.7) 119.6 8.5 (218.7) 113.3 (5.6) Total (expenses) and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (118.2) (108.6) (111.0) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations of consolidated companies . . . . . . Income applicable to minority interests, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME (LOSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends on preferred stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation to participating securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME (LOSS) APPLICABLE TO COMMON 471.5 156.6 314.9 (23.0) 3.1 295.0 — 295.0 27.6 2.2 235.7 58.9 176.8 (16.7) 7.5 167.6 — 167.6 27.6 8.7 (5.0) 18.7 (23.7) (20.0) 7.0 (36.7) 5.0 (31.7) 47.6 — STOCKHOLDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 265.2 $ 131.3 $ (79.3) Earnings (loss) per share of common stock— Basic: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted: Continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 0.57 — 0.57 0.52 — 0.52 $ $ $ $ 0.29 — $ (0.20) 0.01 0.29 $ (0.19) 0.26 — $ (0.20) 0.01 0.26 $ (0.19) Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding— Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.5 518.3 457.7 503.1 428.1 428.1 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 43 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets (Amounts in Millions, Except Par Value Amounts) December 31, 2008 2007 ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $63.9 and $61.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenditures billable to clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,107.2 167.7 3,746.5 1,099.5 366.7 $ 2,014.9 22.5 4,132.7 1,210.6 305.1 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,487.6 561.5 416.8 3,220.9 438.4 7,685.8 620.0 479.9 3,231.6 440.8 TOTAL ASSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,125.2 $12,458.1 LIABILITIES: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,022.6 2,521.6 332.8 $ 4,124.3 2,691.2 305.1 Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred compensation and employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,877.0 1,786.9 549.8 435.9 7,120.6 2,044.1 553.5 407.7 TOTAL LIABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,649.6 10,125.9 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: Preferred stock, no par value, shares authorized: 20.0 Series B shares issued and outstanding: 0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525.0 525.0 Common stock, $0.10 par value, shares authorized: 800.0 shares issued: 2008—477.1; 2007—471.7 shares outstanding: 2008—476.6; 2007—471.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 2,682.8 (446.1) (318.5) 45.9 2,635.0 (741.1) (118.6) 2,489.6 2,346.2 Less: Treasury stock, at cost: 0.4 shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14.0) (14.0) TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,475.6 2,332.2 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,125.2 $12,458.1 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 44 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Amounts in Millions) Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 295.0 — $ 167.6 — $ (31.7) (5.0) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for (recovery of) bad debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of restricted stock and other non-cash compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of bond discounts and deferred financing costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income tax provision (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived asset impairment and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on early extinguishment of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Losses (gains) on sales of businesses and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income applicable to minority interests, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenditures billable to clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current assets and liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in assets and liabilities related to discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Acquisitions, including deferred payments, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales and maturities of short-term marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of short-term marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sales of businesses and investments, net of cash sold . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net (decrease) increase in short-term bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net payments of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance costs and consent fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call spread transactions in connection with ELF Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distributions to minority interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.3 17.0 80.1 28.7 51.9 — — 3.1 23.0 25.9 283.9 69.7 (19.2) 6.8 (147.7) (26.2) — 865.3 (106.0) (138.4) 5.6 (159.9) 27.9 (35.6) 2.1 (404.3) 177.2 (3.6) 79.7 30.8 (22.4) — 12.5 9.4 16.7 15.8 43.5 (124.5) 9.7 (221.5) 121.8 (14.6) — 298.1 (151.4) (147.6) 702.7 (720.8) 69.6 (25.0) 4.7 (267.8) 173.6 1.2 55.1 31.8 (57.9) 27.2 80.8 (44.2) 20.0 6.8 235.4 (87.7) (6.9) (370.0) (21.4) (3.1) 5.0 9.0 (15.1) (127.8) 951.8 (839.1) 76.4 (36.4) 1.8 11.6 (23.7) (190.8) (11.0) (11.3) — (14.6) (27.6) 3.2 (275.8) (92.9) 92.3 2,014.9 $2,107.2 10.0 — (4.2) (3.5) — (18.1) (27.6) 6.1 (37.3) 66.2 59.2 1,955.7 $2,014.9 34.3 — (3.4) (50.6) (29.2) (24.4) (47.0) (9.4) (129.7) (11.1) (120.2) 2,075.9 $1,955.7 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for income taxes, net of $12.9, $31.1 and $41.4 of refunds in 2008, 2007 and 2006 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 183.2 $ 205.9 $ 186.9 $ 104.4 $ 88.3 $ 111.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 45 THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Years ended December 31, 2008 2007 2006 PREFERRED STOCK Balance at beginning of year, Series A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — — $ 373.7 (373.7) — Balance at end of year, Series A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at beginning and end of year, Series B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMMON STOCK Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Series A conversion to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification upon adoption of SFAS No. 123R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADDITIONAL PAID IN CAPITAL Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of the adoption of SAB No. 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification upon adoption of SFAS No. 123R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Series A conversion to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of shares for acquisitions and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call spread transactions in connection with ELF Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants issued to investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 525.0 45.9 — — 0.5 46.4 — 525.0 45.6 — — 0.3 45.9 2,635.0 — 82.1 — — 0.9 (27.6) — — (7.6) 2,586.2 — 81.8 — — 0.4 (27.6) — — (5.8) — 525.0 43.0 2.8 (1.0) 0.8 45.6 2,224.1 23.3 60.0 (88.4) 370.9 11.3 (47.6) (29.2) 63.4 (1.6) Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,682.8 2,635.0 2,586.2 ACCUMULATED DEFICIT Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of the adoption of SAB No. 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of the adoption of FIN No. 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment for minimum pension liability (net of tax of $1.7 in 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized (gains) losses, transition obligation and prior service cost (net of tax of $10.1 in 2008 and ($9.8) in (741.1) — — 295.0 (446.1) (899.2) — (9.5) 167.6 (741.1) (841.1) (26.4) — (31.7) (899.2) (118.6) — (303.0) — (276.0) 39.7 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (36.0) 46.5 — Changes in market value of securities available-for-sale (net of tax of $1.4, ($1.2) and ($2.7) in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification of investment gain to net earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition of previously unrealized (gain) loss on securities available-for-sale, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive (loss) income adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of SFAS No. 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5.7) (161.2) — 3.0 (199.9) — (318.5) (5.2) 142.1 — 1.0 184.4 — (9.0) (23.3) 17.0 (8.8) 15.6 (42.6) (118.6) (303.0) TREASURY STOCK Balance at beginning and end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14.0) (14.0) (14.0) UNAMORTIZED DEFERRED COMPENSATION Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification upon adoption of SFAS No.123R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — (89.4) 89.4 — TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,475.6 $2,332.2 $1,940.6 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation to participating securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive (loss) income adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 265.2 27.6 2.2 (199.9) $ 131.3 27.6 8.7 184.4 $ (79.3) 47.6 — 15.6 Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 95.1 $ 352.0 $ (16.1) NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock, net of forfeitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Series A conversion to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471.7 6.0 — (0.6) 477.1 469.0 3.1 — (0.4) 471.7 430.3 4.3 27.7 6.7 469.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 46 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Business Description The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”, “Interpublic”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is one of the world’s premier advertising and marketing services companies. Our agency brands deliver custom marketing solutions to many of the world’s largest marketers. Our companies cover the spectrum of marketing disciplines and specialties, from consumer advertising and direct marketing to mobile and search engine marketing and develop marketing programs that build brands, influence consumer behavior and sell products. Principles of Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, most of which are wholly owned. Investments in companies over which we do not have control, but the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in companies over which we have neither control nor the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for under the cost method. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 46(R), Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities (revised December 2003), an Interpretation of ARB No. 51, along with certain revisions, we have consolidated certain entities meeting the definition of variable interest entities. The inclusion of these entities does not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the reporting date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, asset impairments, depreciable lives of assets, useful lives of intangible assets, income tax valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions, net pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations, and fair value of stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition Our revenues are primarily derived from the planning and execution of advertising, marketing and communications programs in various media around the world. Our revenue is directly dependent upon the advertising, marketing and corporate communications requirements of our clients. Our revenue tends to be higher in the second half of the calendar year as a result of the holiday season and lower in the first half as a result of the post-holiday slow-down in client activity. Most of our client contracts are individually negotiated and accordingly, the terms of client engagements and the bases on which we earn commissions and fees vary significantly. Our client contracts are complex arrangements that may include provisions for incentive compensation and vendor rebates and credits. Our largest 47 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) clients are multinational entities and, as such, we often provide services to these clients out of multiple offices and across many of our agencies. In arranging for such services, it is possible that we will enter into global, regional and local agreements. Multiple agreements of this nature are reviewed by legal counsel to determine the governing terms to be followed by the offices and agencies involved. Revenue for our services is recognized when all of the following criteria are satisfied: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) the price is fixed or determinable; (iii) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (iv) services have been performed. Depending on the terms of a client contract, fees for services performed can be recognized in three principal ways: proportional performance, straight-line (or monthly basis) or completed contract. • Fees are generally recognized as earned based on the proportional performance method of revenue recognition in situations where our fee is reconcilable to the actual hours incurred to service the client as detailed in a contractual staffing plan, where the fee is earned on a per hour basis, or where actual hours incurred are provided to the client on a periodic basis (whether or not the fee is reconcilable), with the amount of revenue recognized in these situations limited to the amount realizable under the client contract. We believe an input based measure (the ‘hour’) is appropriate in situations where the client arrangement essentially functions as a time and out-of-pocket expense contract and the client receives the benefit of the services provided throughout the contract term. • Fees are recognized on a straight-line or monthly basis when service is provided essentially on a pro rata basis and the terms of the contract support monthly basis accounting. • Certain fees (such as for major marketing events) are deferred until contract completion as the final act is so significant in relation to the service transaction taken as a whole. Fees are also recognized on a milestone basis if the terms of the contract call for the delivery of discrete projects, or on the completed contract basis if any of the criteria of Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 104, Revenue Recognition, were not satisfied prior to job completion or if the terms of the contract do not otherwise qualify for proportional performance or monthly basis recognition. Depending on the terms of the client contract, revenue is derived from diverse arrangements involving fees for services performed, commissions, performance incentive provisions and combinations of the three. Commissions are generally earned on the date of the broadcast or publication. Contractual arrangements with clients may also include performance incentive provisions designed to link a portion of our revenue to our performance relative to both qualitative and quantitative goals. Performance incentives are recognized as revenue for quantitative targets when the target has been achieved and for qualitative targets when confirmation of the incentive is received from the client. Incremental direct costs incurred related to contracts where revenue is accounted for on a completed contract basis are generally expensed as incurred. There are certain exceptions made for significant contracts or for certain agencies where the majority of the contracts are project-based and systems are in place to properly capture appropriate direct costs. Substantially all of our revenue is recorded as the net amount of our gross billings less pass-through expenses charged to a client. In most cases, the amount that is billed to clients significantly exceeds the amount of revenue that is earned and reflected in our financial statements, because of various pass-through expenses such as production and media costs. In compliance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 99-19, Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal versus Net as an Agent, we assess whether our agency or the third-party supplier is the primary obligor. We evaluate the terms of our client agreements as part of this assessment. In addition, we give appropriate consideration to other key indicators such as latitude in establishing price, discretion in supplier selection and credit risk to the vendor. Because we operate broadly as an advertising agency, based on our primary lines of business and given the industry practice to generally record revenue on a 48 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) net versus gross basis, we believe that there must be strong evidence in place to overcome the presumption of net revenue accounting. Accordingly, we generally record revenue net of pass-through charges as we believe the key indicators of the business suggest we generally act as an agent on behalf of our clients in our primary lines of business. In those businesses (primarily sales promotion, event, sports and entertainment marketing) where the key indicators suggest we act as a principal, we record the gross amount billed to the client as revenue and the related costs incurred as office and general expenses. Revenue is reported net of taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are directly imposed on our revenue-producing transactions. As we provide services as part of our core operations, we generally incur incidental expenses, which, in practice, are commonly referred to as “out-of-pocket” expenses. These expenses often include expenses related to airfare, mileage, hotel stays, out of town meals and telecommunication charges. In accordance with EITF Issue No. 01-14, Income Statement Characterization of Reimbursements Received for ‘Out-of-Pocket’ Expenses Incurred, we record the reimbursements received for incidental expenses as revenue with a corresponding offset to office and general expense. We receive credits from our vendors and media outlets for transactions entered into on behalf of our clients that, based on the terms of our contracts and local law, are either remitted to our clients or retained by us. If amounts are to be passed through to clients they are recorded as liabilities until settlement or, if retained by us, are recorded as revenue when earned. Negotiations with a client at the close of a current engagement could result in either payments to the client in excess of the contractual liability or in payments less than the contractual liability. These items, referred to as concessions, relate directly to the operations of the period and are recorded as operating expense or income. Concession income or expense may also be realized in connection with settling vendor discount or credit liabilities that were established as part of the restatement we presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 that we filed in September 2005 (the “2004 Restatement”). In these situations, and given the historical nature of these liabilities, we have recorded such items as other income or expense in order to prevent distortion of current operating results. We release certain of these credit liabilities when the statute of limitations has lapsed, unless the liabilities are associated with customers with whom we are in the process of settling such liabilities. These amounts are reported in other income (expense). Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments, including certificates of deposit, government securities, commercial paper and time deposits with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase and are stated at estimated fair value, which approximates cost. Cash is maintained at high credit quality financial institutions. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we held restricted cash of $50.9 and $45.8, respectively, included in other current assets. Restricted cash primarily represents cash equivalents that are maintained on behalf of our clients and are legally restricted for a specified business purpose. Short-Term Marketable Securities We classify short-term marketable debt and equity securities as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value with the corresponding unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss), which is a component of stockholders’ equity. The cost of securities sold is determined based upon the average cost of the securities sold. 49 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on the aging of accounts receivable, reviews of client credit reports, industry trends and economic indicators, as well as analysis of recent payment history for specific customers. The estimate is based largely on a formula-driven calculation but is supplemented with economic indicators and knowledge of potential write-offs of specific client accounts. Expenditures Billable to Clients Expenditures billable to clients are primarily comprised of production and media costs that have been incurred but have not yet been billed to clients, as well as fees that have been earned which have not yet been billed to clients. Unbilled amounts are presented in expenditures billable to clients regardless of whether they relate to our fees or production and media costs. A provision is made for unrecoverable costs as deemed appropriate. Investments Publicly traded investments in companies over which we do not exert a significant influence are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Non-publicly traded investments and all other publicly traded investments are accounted for on the equity basis or cost basis, including investments to fund certain deferred compensation and retirement obligations. We regularly review our equity and cost method investments to determine whether a significant event or change in circumstances has occurred that may have an adverse effect on the fair value of each investment. In the event a decline in fair value of an investment occurs, we determine if the decline has been other-than-temporary. We consider our investments strategic and long-term in nature, so we determine if the fair value decline is recoverable within a reasonable period. For investments accounted for using the equity basis or cost basis, we evaluate fair value based on specific information (valuation methodologies, estimates of appraisals, financial statements, etc.) in addition to quoted market price, if available. We consider all known quantitative and qualitative factors in determining if an other-than-temporary decline in value of an investment has occurred. Dividends received from our investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies were $5.4, $3.1 and $4.4 in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and reduced the carrying values of the related investments. Furniture, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Furniture and equipment are depreciated generally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from 3 to 7 years for furniture, equipment and computer software costs, 10 to 35 years for buildings and the shorter of the useful life or the remaining lease term for leasehold improvements. The total depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $158.9, $168.7 and $167.4, respectively. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We account for our business combinations using the purchase accounting method. The total costs of the acquisitions are allocated to the underlying net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values and the remainder allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and involves the use of significant estimates, including 50 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples. Considering the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets as the principal asset we typically acquire is creative talent. As a result, a substantial portion of the purchase price is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets. We review goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives not subject to amortization as of October 1st each year or whenever events or significant changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at a reporting unit level. We have 16 reporting units subject to the 2008 annual impairment testing that are either entities at the operating segment level or one level below the operating segment level. We review intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years. Events or circumstances that might require impairment testing include the loss of a significant client, the identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit, loss of key personnel, the disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit, significant decline in stock price or a significant adverse change in business climate or regulations. SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS 142”), specifies a two-step process for goodwill impairment testing and measuring the magnitude of any impairment. The first step of the impairment test is a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The sum of the fair values of all our reporting units is reconciled to our current market capitalization plus an estimated control premium. Goodwill allocated to a reporting unit whose fair value is equal to or greater than its carrying value is not impaired, and no further testing is required. Should the carrying amount for a reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the first step of the impairment test is failed and the magnitude of any goodwill impairment is determined under the second step, which is a comparison of the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill to its carrying value. Goodwill of a reporting unit is impaired when its carrying value exceeds its implied fair value. Impaired goodwill is written down to its implied fair value with a charge to expense in the period the impairment is identified. The fair value of a reporting unit for 2008 is estimated using the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted cash flow method. In prior years, we have used a combination of the income approach and the market approach, which incorporates the use of earnings and revenue multiples based on market data. However, due to the deterioration and extreme volatility of the credit markets in the latter part of 2008, we determined the market approach was not appropriate. Therefore, we used only the income approach to determine the fair value of our reporting units in 2008. Foreign Currencies As the functional currency of our foreign operations is generally the local currency our foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during the period presented for revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which is a component of stockholders’ equity. Currency transaction gains or losses arising from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in office and general expenses. 51 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Income Taxes The provision for income taxes includes federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. Earnings (Loss) Per Share In periods when we generate income, we calculate basic earnings per share (“EPS”) using the two-class method, pursuant to EITF Issue No. 03-6, Participating Securities and the Two-Class Method under SFAS Statement No. 128 (“EITF 03-6”). The two-class method is required as our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes qualify as participating securities, having the right to receive dividends or dividend equivalents should dividends be declared on common stock. Under this method, earnings for the period (after deduction for contractual preferred stock dividends) are allocated on a pro-rata basis to the common stockholders and to the holders of participating securities based on their right to receive dividends. We do not use the two-class method in periods when we generate a loss as the holders of the 4.50% Convertible Notes do not participate in losses. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflect the potential dilution that would occur if certain potentially dilutive securities or debt obligations were exercised or converted into common stock. The potential issuance of common stock is assumed to occur at the beginning of the year (or at the time of issuance of the potentially dilutive instrument, if later), and the incremental shares are included using the treasury stock or “if-converted” method. The proceeds utilized in applying the treasury stock method consist of the amount, if any, to be paid upon exercise and, as it relates to stock-based compensation, the amount of compensation cost attributed to future service not yet recognized and any tax benefits credited to additional paid-in-capital related to the exercise. These proceeds are then assumed to be used by us to purchase common stock at the average market price of our stock during the period. The incremental shares (difference between the shares assumed to be issued and the shares assumed to be purchased), to the extent they would have been dilutive, are included in the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation. Pension and Postretirement Benefits We have pension and postretirement benefit plans covering certain domestic and international employees. We use various actuarial methods and assumptions in determining our pension and postretirement benefit costs and obligations, including the discount rate used to determine the present value of future benefits, expected long- term rate of return on plan assets and healthcare cost trend rates. SFAS No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans (“SFAS 158”) requires, among other things, balance sheet recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of pension and postretirement benefit plans. Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with SFAS No. 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment (“SFAS 123R”). SFAS 123R requires compensation costs related to share-based transactions, including employee stock options, to be recognized in the financial statements based on fair value. Under SFAS 123R, the compensation expense recognized beginning January 1, 2006 includes compensation expense for (i) all stock- based payments granted prior to, but not yet vested as of January 1, 2006, based on the grant-date fair value 52 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) estimated in accordance with the original provisions of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation (“SFAS 123”), and (ii) all stock-based payments granted subsequent to December 31, 2005 based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123R. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized ratably over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. Note 2: Restructuring and Other Reorganization-Related Charges The components of restructuring and other reorganization-related charges consist of the following: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Restructuring charges: Lease termination and other exit costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severance and termination costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other reorganization-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5.2 0.6 5.8 11.3 $ (0.4) 13.8 13.4 12.5 $ 1.5 — 1.5 33.0 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17.1 $25.9 $34.5 Restructuring Charges Restructuring charges relate to the 2003 and 2001 restructuring programs and a restructuring program entered into at Lowe Worldwide (“Lowe”) during the third quarter of 2007. Included in these net charges are adjustments primarily resulting from severance and termination costs and accelerated leasehold amortization for income the 2007 program at Lowe and changes in management’s estimates relating to sublease rental assumptions and prior severance and termination related actions. The 2007 program was initiated to realign resources with our strategic business objectives within Lowe as a result of changes in the business environment. The 2003 program was initiated in response to softness in demand for advertising and marketing services. The 2001 program was initiated following the acquisition of True North Communications Inc. and was designed to integrate the acquisition and improve productivity. Since their inception, total net charges for the 2007, 2003 and 2001 programs were $23.4, $222.2 and $640.3, respectively. Substantially all activities under the 2007, 2003 and 2001 programs have been completed. Net restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2008 was comprised of net charges of $4.2 at Integrated Agency Networks (“IAN”) and $1.6 at Constituency Management Group (“CMG”). Net restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2007 was comprised of net charges of $14.5 at IAN, partially offset by net reversals of $1.1 at CMG. For the year ended December 31, 2006 net restructuring charges consisted of net charges of $1.5 at CMG. 53 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) A summary of the remaining liability for the 2007, 2003 and 2001 restructuring programs is as follows: 2007 Program 2003 Program 2001 Program Total Liability at December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charges (reversals) and adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments and other1 $ — 19.1 (7.2) Liability at December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11.9 Net charges and adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments and other1 4.3 (15.0) $12.6 (0.5) (3.1) $ 9.0 0.8 (4.1) $19.2 (5.2) (5.3) $ 31.8 13.4 (15.6) $ 8.7 $ 29.6 0.7 (3.5) 5.8 (22.6) Liability at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.2 $ 5.7 $ 5.9 $ 12.8 1 Includes amounts representing adjustments to the liability for changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Other Reorganization-Related Charges Other reorganization-related charges relate to our realignment of our media businesses into a newly created management entity called Mediabrands and the 2006 merger of Draft Worldwide and Foote, Cone and Belding Worldwide to create Draftfcb. Charges related to severance and terminations costs and lease termination and other exit costs. We expect charges associated with Mediabrands to be completed during the first half of 2009. Charges related to the creation of Draftfcb in 2006 are complete. The charges were separated from the rest of our operating expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations because they did not result from charges that occurred in the normal course of business. 54 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 3: Earnings (Loss) Per Share Earnings (loss) per basic common share equals net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share equals net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders adjusted to exclude, if dilutive, preferred stock dividends, allocation to participating securities and interest expense related to potentially dilutive securities calculated using the effective interest rate, divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, plus any additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive shares had been issued. The following sets forth basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share applicable to common stock: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Income (loss) from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Preferred stock dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation to participating securities1 $295.0 27.6 2.2 $167.6 27.6 8.7 $ (36.7) 47.6 — Continuing income (loss) applicable to common stockholders — basic . . . . . . . . . Add: Effect of dilutive securities 265.2 131.3 (84.3) Interest on 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest on 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 4.0 1.4 0.5 — — Continuing income (loss) applicable to common stockholders — diluted . . . . . . . $270.6 $133.2 $ (84.3) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders — basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $265.2 $270.6 — $131.3 $133.2 5.0 $ (79.3) $ (79.3) Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding — basic . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of dilutive securities: 461.5 457.7 428.1 Restricted stock and stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELF Warrants — Capped (See Note 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 — 32.2 16.1 7.7 3.5 32.2 2.0 — — — — Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding — diluted . . . . . . . . . . 518.3 503.1 428.1 Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.57 — $ 0.29 — $ (0.20) 0.01 Earnings (loss) per share — basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.57 $ 0.29 $ (0.19) Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per share from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.52 — $ 0.26 — $ (0.20) 0.01 Earnings (loss) per share — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.52 $ 0.26 $ (0.19) 1 Pursuant to EITF 03-6, net income for purposes of calculating basic earnings per share is adjusted based on an earnings allocation formula that attributes earnings to participating securities and common stock according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes are considered participating securities and for 2006 these securities have no impact on our net loss applicable to common stockholders since these securities do not participate in our losses. Basic and diluted shares outstanding and loss per share are equal for the year ended December 31, 2006 because our potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive as a result of the net loss applicable to common stockholders. 55 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following table presents the potential shares excluded from diluted earnings (loss) per share because the effect of including these potential shares would be antidilutive: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Stock Options and Non-vested Restricted Stock Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 3.9 — 38.4 42.3 — — 30.2 — 38.4 68.6 5.5 4.1 60.3 26.5 38.4 134.8 Securities excluded from the diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation because the exercise price was greater than the average market price: Stock Options1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.7 67.9 22.4 38.8 26.3 37.4 1 2 These options are outstanding at the end of the respective year. In any period in which the exercise price is less than the average market price, these options have the potential to be dilutive and application of the treasury stock method would reduce this amount. The potential dilutive impact of the warrants is based upon the difference between the market price of one share of our common stock and the stated exercise prices of the warrants. See Note 9 for further discussion. Note 4: Acquisitions and Dispositions Acquisitions We continue to evaluate strategic opportunities to grow and to increase our ownership interests in current investments, particularly in our digital and marketing services offerings and to expand our presence in high- growth markets. The majority of our acquisitions include an initial payment at the time of closing and provide for additional contingent purchase price payments over a specified time. The contingent purchase price payments are recorded in the financial statements as an increase to goodwill and other intangible assets once the terms and conditions of the contingent acquisition obligations have been met and the consideration is determinable and distributable, or expensed as compensation in our Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the acquisition agreement and the terms and conditions of employment for the former owners of the acquired businesses. See Note 16 for further discussion. During 2008, we completed ten acquisitions, of which the most significant were: a) the remaining interests in an entertainment-marketing agency in North America in which we previously held a 40% interest, b) a digital advertising and communications agency in the United Kingdom, c) a marketing services agency in France, d) a 51% interest in a digital marketing agency in North America, and e) an additional 31.1% interest in a full-service advertising agency in the Middle East which increases our total interest in that agency to 51%. Total cash paid for our 2008 acquisitions was $107.2, and we have accrued an additional $51.7 for known deferred payments, primarily related to our acquisition in the Middle East. Of our 2008 acquisitions, nine are included in the IAN operating segment and one is included in the CMG operating segment. For companies acquired during 2008, we made estimates of the fair values of the assets and liabilities for consolidation. The purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of the tangible net assets acquired was allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. Considering the characteristics of advertising, specialized marketing and communication services companies, our acquisitions usually do not have significant amounts of tangible assets, as the principal asset we typically acquire is creative talent. As a result, a substantial portion of 56 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) the purchase price of these acquisitions is allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets (approximately $168.0, which includes purchase price adjustments). The purchase price allocations for our acquisitions are substantially complete; certain of these allocations, however, are based on estimates and assumptions and are subject to change. The final determination of the estimated fair value of the acquired net assets will be completed as soon as possible, but no later than one year from the acquisition date. During 2007, we made eight acquisitions, of which the most significant were: a) a full-service advertising agency in Latin America, b) Reprise Media, a full-service search engine marketing firm in North America, c) the remaining interests in two full-service advertising agencies in India in which we previously held 49% and 51% interests, d) a professional healthcare services business in the U.K., and e) a branded entertainment business in the U.S. Total cash paid for our 2007 acquisitions was $140.4 and a substantial portion of this consideration has been allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. All acquisitions during 2007 are included in the IAN operating segment. Pro forma information, as required by SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, related to our 2008 and 2007 acquisitions are not presented because the impact of these acquisitions, either individually or in the aggregate, on the Company’s consolidated results of operations is not significant. We did not complete any acquisitions during 2006. Cash paid and stock issued for acquisitions are comprised of: (i) initial acquisition payments; (ii) contingent payments as described above; (iii) further investments in companies in which we already have an ownership interest; and (iv) other payments related to loan notes and guaranteed deferred payments that have been previously recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The results of operations of our acquired companies were included in our consolidated results from the closing date of each acquisition. We made stock payments related to acquisitions initiated in prior years of $1.0, $0.3 and $11.3 during 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Details of cash paid for current and prior years’ acquisitions are as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Cash paid for current year acquisitions: Cost of investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation expense — related payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $104.2 3.0 $139.7 0.7 $ — — Cash paid for prior year acquisitions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of investment Compensation expense — related payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 — (22.1) 16.1 1.4 (4.4) 15.1 7.8 — Total cash paid for acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $109.0 $153.5 $22.9 In addition, in 2007, we acquired $8.1 of marketable securities held by one of our acquisitions. Dispositions In connection with the sale of our NFO World Group Inc. (“NFO”) operations in the fourth quarter of 2003, we established reserves for certain income tax contingencies with respect to the determination of our tax basis in NFO for income tax purposes at the time of the disposition of NFO. During the third quarter of 2006 we finalized the tax basis of our investment and we determined that the remaining reserve of $5.0 should be reversed as the related contingency is no longer considered probable. This was reversed through income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2006. 57 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 5: Supplementary Data Valuation and Qualifying Accounts — Allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges (reversals) to costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charges to other accounts1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deductions: $ 61.8 17.0 7.4 $ 81.3 (3.6) 3.9 $105.5 1.2 0.2 Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncollectible accounts written off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (0.2) (17.1) (5.0) (0.5) (24.3) 5.0 (5.3) (25.4) 5.1 Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 63.9 $ 61.8 $ 81.3 1 Amounts relate to allowance for doubtful accounts of acquired and newly consolidated companies, miscellaneous other amounts and reclassifications. Furniture, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements Furniture and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 915.7 590.9 110.7 $ 983.2 599.7 126.1 December 31, 2008 2007 Less: accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued Liabilities 1,617.3 (1,055.8) 1,709.0 (1,089.0) $ 561.5 $ 620.0 December 31, 2008 2007 Media and production expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries, benefits and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office and related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,708.3 466.5 69.6 24.7 10.0 30.6 53.9 158.0 $1,943.5 471.9 90.9 27.7 30.1 33.8 5.4 87.9 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,521.6 $2,691.2 58 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) 2004 Restatement Liabilities As part of the 2004 Restatement, we recognized liabilities related to vendor discounts and credits where we had a contractual or legal obligation to rebate such amounts to our clients or vendors. Reductions to these liabilities are achieved through settlements with clients and vendors but also may occur if the applicable statute of limitations in a jurisdiction has lapsed. A portion of the decline for 2008 is also attributable to favorable foreign currency effects. Also as part of the 2004 Restatement, we recognized liabilities related to internal investigations and international compensation arrangements. A summary of these liabilities and the vendor discounts and credits liabilities is as follows: Vendor discounts and credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal investigations (includes asset reserves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International compensation arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $126.0 2.2 5.8 $165.5 8.2 10.9 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $134.0 $184.6 December 31, 2007 2008 Other Income (Expense) Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Loss on early extinguishment of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Losses) gains on sales of businesses and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendor discount and credit adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Litigation settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $(12.5) $(80.8) 44.2 (9.4) 28.2 24.3 — 2.8 (0.3) (6.2) 3.1 9.5 (3.1) 20.7 (12.0) (2.9) 0.4 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.1 $ 8.5 $ (5.6) Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt — Non-cash charges related to the extinguishment of $200.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in 2007 and $400.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in 2006. For additional information see Note 8. Sale of Businesses and Investments — Primarily includes realized gains and losses relating to the sales of businesses, cumulative translation adjustment balances from the liquidation of entities, and sales of marketable securities and investments in publicly traded and privately held companies in our Rabbi Trusts. Losses in 2007 primarily related to the sale of several businesses within Draftfcb for a loss of $9.3 and charges at Lowe of $7.8 as a result of the realization of cumulative translation adjustment balances from the liquidation of several businesses. Gains in 2006 primarily related to a net gain of $20.9 from the sale of an investment located in Asia Pacific and the sale of our remaining ownership interest in an agency within Lowe. We also sold our interest in a German advertising agency and recognized its remaining cumulative translation adjustment balance, which resulted in a non-cash benefit of $17.0. Vendor Discount and Credit Adjustments — We are in the process of settling our liabilities related to vendor discounts and credits established during the 2004 Restatement. Amounts included in other income (expense) reflect the reversal of certain of these liabilities as a result of settlements with clients or vendors or where the statute of limitations has lapsed. 59 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Litigation Settlement — During May 2008, the SEC concluded its investigation that began in 2002 into our financial reporting practices, resulting in a settlement charge of $12.0. Investment Impairments — In 2007 we realized an other-than-temporary charge of $5.8 relating to a $12.5 investment in auction rate securities, representing our total investment in auction rate securities. For additional information see Note 15. Note 6: Intangible Assets Goodwill Goodwill is the excess purchase price remaining from an acquisition after an allocation of purchase price has been made to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. The changes in the carrying value of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows: IAN CMG Total Balance as of December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current year acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent and deferred payments for prior acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts allocated to business dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (primarily foreign currency translation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,632.5 86.0 4.7 (5.7) 72.2 $435.3 — 3.7 — 2.9 $3,067.8 86.0 8.4 (5.7) 75.1 Balance as of December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,789.7 441.9 3,231.6 Current year acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent and deferred payments for prior acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts allocated to business dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (primarily foreign currency translation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.5 28.9 (0.4) (127.7) 1.8 1.1 — (13.9) 101.3 30.0 (0.4) (141.6) Balance as of December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,790.0 $430.9 $3,220.9 During the latter part of the fourth quarter of 2008 our stock price declined significantly after our annual impairment review as of October 1, 2008, and our market capitalization was less than our book value as of December 31, 2008. We considered whether there were any events or circumstances indicative of a triggering event and determined that the decline in stock price during the fourth quarter was an event that would “more likely than not” reduce the fair value of our individual reporting units below their book value, requiring us to perform an interim impairment test for goodwill at the reporting unit level. Based on the interim impairment test conducted, we concluded that there was no impairment of our goodwill as of December 31, 2008. We will continue to monitor our stock price as it relates to the reconciliation of our market capitalization and the fair values of our individual reporting units throughout 2009. During our annual impairment reviews as of October 1, 2006 our discounted future operating cash flow projections at one of our domestic advertising reporting units indicated that the implied fair value of the goodwill at this reporting unit was less than its book value, primarily due to client losses, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $27.2 in 2006 in our IAN segment. Other Intangible Assets Included in other intangible assets are assets with indefinite lives not subject to amortization and assets with definite lives subject to amortization. Other intangible assets include non-compete agreements, license costs, trade names and customer lists. Intangible assets with definitive lives subject to amortization are amortized on a 60 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) straight-line basis with estimated useful lives generally between 7 and 15 years. Amortization expense for other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $14.4, $8.5 and $6.2, respectively. Expected annual amortization expense of other intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: $18.2 in 2009, $16.6 in 2010, $15.0 in 2011, $13.7 in 2012 and $11.8 in 2013. The following table provides a summary of other intangible assets, which are included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets: Gross amount $122.5 33.2 16.5 2008 Accumulated amortization $(41.0) (5.9) (3.2) December 31, Net amount Gross amount $81.5 27.3 13.3 $66.2 23.3 23.7 2007 Accumulated amortization $(27.9) (3.8) (11.5) Net amount $38.3 19.5 12.2 Customer list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note 7: Provision for Income Taxes The components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision for income taxes, equity earnings, and minority interest expense are as follows: Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $241.3 230.2 $112.6 123.1 $(103.5) 98.5 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $471.5 $235.7 $ (5.0) Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 The provision for income taxes on continuing operations consists of: Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Federal income taxes (including foreign withholding taxes): Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19.7 78.8 $ 13.8 (42.0) $ (0.7) (14.8) State and local income taxes: Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign income taxes: Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.5 (28.2) (15.5) 17.8 13.1 30.9 67.2 (40.0) 27.2 15.1 11.3 26.4 52.4 8.3 60.7 14.8 (24.8) (10.0) 62.5 (18.3) 44.2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $156.6 $ 58.9 $ 18.7 61 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) A reconciliation of the effective income tax rate on continuing operations before equity earnings and minority interest expense as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations to the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% Federal income tax provision (benefit) at statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $165.0 $ 82.5 $ (1.8) State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign operations, including withholding taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in net valuation allowance1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other long-lived asset impairment charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases (decreases) in unrecognized tax benefits, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital (losses) gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 (0.9) (48.0) 0.4 11.8 4.0 (1.5) 5.7 17.2 44.3 (22.3) (0.3) (73.6) 6.7 (5.5) 9.9 (6.5) 56.7 (29.6) 3.8 (9.7) 5.3 (5.6) 6.1 Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $156.6 $ 58.9 $ 18.7 Effective tax rate on operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2% 25.0% (374.0%) 1 Reflects changes in valuation allowance that impacted the effective tax rate for each year presented. In 2008, our effective tax rate was negatively impacted by losses in certain foreign locations where we receive no tax benefit due to 100% valuation allowances, the non-deductible SEC settlement provision and additional net tax reserves for uncertain tax positions. Our effective tax rate was positively impacted in 2008 by the utilization of tax loss carryforwards against taxable profits and by the net reversal of certain valuation allowances in jurisdictions where entities have demonstrated a sustained period of profitability and future projections indicate that the trend will continue. Due to tax law and other changes in certain U.S. states, we recognized tax benefits of $9.3 which also impacted the effective tax rate. The components of deferred tax assets consist of the following items: Postretirement/post-employment benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis differences in fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruals and reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basis differences in intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax loss/tax credit carry forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2007 2008 $ 35.1 189.5 35.3 57.6 17.1 66.7 74.1 10.5 (204.9) 15.5 532.1 5.9 51.5 $ 38.8 184.2 27.4 68.6 19.6 44.6 78.4 13.1 (153.6) 14.0 649.1 6.7 47.7 Total deferred tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.0 (379.5) 1,038.6 (481.6) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 506.5 $ 557.0 62 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) As required by SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Tax (“SFAS 109”), we evaluate on a quarterly basis the realizability of our deferred tax assets. SFAS 109 requires a valuation allowance to be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. In circumstances where there is sufficient negative evidence, establishment of a valuation allowance must be considered. We believe that cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period represent significant negative evidence under the provisions of SFAS 109, and as a result, we determined that certain of our deferred tax assets required the establishment of a valuation allowance. The realization of our deferred tax assets is primarily dependent on future earnings. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable could be reduced in the near future if estimates of future taxable income are lower than anticipated. The deferred tax assets for which an allowance was recognized relate primarily to tax credit carryforwards, foreign tax loss carryforwards and U.S. capital loss carryforwards. The change in the valuation allowance during the period is as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Reversed) charged to costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Reversed) charged to gross tax assets and other accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $481.6 (68.1) (34.0) $504.0 (49.0) 26.6 $501.0 63.6 (60.6) Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $379.5 $481.6 $504.0 In 2008, amounts reversed to costs and expenses primarily relate to the reversal of valuation allowances in the UK, Spain and Germany where we believe that it is more likely than not that the corresponding tax losses will be utilized, based on sufficient positive evidence in the form of sustained profitability and projected taxable income. We believe we have appropriately considered the current economic climate in relying on the level of projected taxable income. Amounts reversed to gross tax assets and other accounts relate primarily to the effect of foreign currency translation. In 2007, amounts reversed to costs and expenses primarily relate to a reversal from the write-down of deferred tax assets in certain jurisdictions with existing valuation allowances due to tax law changes. The remainder relates to reversals of valuation allowances in various countries where we believe that it is now more likely than not that tax loss carryforwards will be utilized. Amounts charged to gross tax assets and other accounts relate primarily to the effect of foreign currency translation. The change during 2006 in the deferred tax valuation allowance relates to uncertainties regarding future utilization of tax loss carryforwards, offset primarily by reversals of $45.0 of valuation allowances in two European countries where we believed that the corresponding tax loss carryforwards will be utilized. In addition, we believed that it was more likely than not that approximately $29.0 of U.S. capital loss carryforwards and $17.0 of foreign tax credits would not be utilized. We also wrote off previously reserved deferred tax assets that were deemed to be permanently unrealizable due to the expiration of tax loss carryforwards and sales of certain businesses. it was more likely than not that As of December 31, 2008, there are $68.1 of tax credit carryforwards with expiration periods beginning in 2009 and ending in 2013. There are also $1,401.6 of loss carryforwards, of which $397.7 are U.S. capital and tax loss carryforwards that expire in the years 2009 through 2026. The remaining $1,003.9 are non-U.S. tax loss carryforwards of which $742.9 have unlimited carryforward periods and $261.0 have expiration periods from 2009 through 2028. As of December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, we had $1,561.0 and $1,260.6, respectively, of undistributed earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries. intention to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. We have not provided deferred U.S. income taxes or foreign is our It 63 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) withholding taxes on temporary differences resulting from earnings for certain foreign subsidiaries which are permanently reinvested outside the U.S. It is not practicable to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with these temporary differences. Pursuant to the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“FIN 48”), the following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits: Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements with taxing authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statutes of limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases as a result of tax positions taken during the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 2007 $134.8 22.8 (21.3) (4.5) (1.7) 18.7 $ 266.9 7.9 (156.3) (1.0) (2.4) 19.7 Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $148.8 $ 134.8 Included in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits of $148.8 as of December 31, 2008, is $131.8 of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate and $17.1 of tax benefits that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 is $33.5 and $33.6, of which $0.7 and $9.2 is included in the 2008 and 2007 Consolidated Statement of Operations, respectively. In accordance with our accounting policy, interest and penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefits are classified as income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We have not elected to change this classification with the adoption of FIN 48. With respect to all tax years open to examination by U.S. federal and various state, local, and non-U.S. tax authorities, we currently anticipate that the total unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by an amount between $45.0 and $55.0 in the next twelve months, a portion of which will affect the effective tax rate, primarily as a result of the settlement of tax examinations and the lapsing of statutes of limitation. This net decrease is related to various items of income and expense, including transfer pricing adjustments and restatement adjustments. For this purpose, we expect to complete our discussions with the IRS appeals division regarding the years 1997 through 2004 within the next twelve months. We also expect to effectively settle, within the next twelve months, various uncertainties for 2005 and 2006. In December 2007, the IRS commenced its examination for the 2005 and 2006 tax years. In addition, we have various tax years under examination by tax authorities in various countries, such as the U.K., and in various states, such as New York, in which we have significant business operations. It is not yet known whether these examinations will, in the aggregate, result in our paying additional taxes. We have established tax reserves that we believe to be adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments in each of the jurisdictions in which we are subject to taxation. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional tax assessments in those jurisdictions and adjust our reserves as additional information or events require. On May 1, 2007, the IRS completed its examination of our 2003 and 2004 income tax returns and proposed a number of adjustments to our taxable income. We have appealed a number of these items. In addition, during the second quarter of 2007, there were net reversals of tax reserves, primarily related to previously unrecognized tax benefits related to various items of income and expense, including approximately $80.0 for certain worthless securities deductions associated with investments in consolidated subsidiaries, which was a result of the completion of the tax examination. 64 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) We are effectively settled with respect to U.S. income tax audits for years prior to 2005. With limited income tax audits for years prior to 1999, or to state and local exceptions, we are no longer subject non-U.S. income tax audits for years prior to 2000. On February 17th, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was signed into law. We are currently reviewing its tax provisions to determine the potential impact. Based on our preliminary review, we do not anticipate that the act will have an adverse impact on our income tax accounts. Note 8: Debt and Credit Arrangements Long-Term Debt A summary of the carrying amounts and fair values of our long-term debt is as follows: December 31, 2008 2007 Effective Interest Rate1 Book Value Fair Value Book Value Fair Value 5.40% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2009 (less unamortized discount of $0.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.43% $ 249.9 $230.0 $ 249.9 $238.8 Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2010 (less unamortized discount of $4.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2014 (less unamortized discount of $0.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (plus unamortized premium of $9.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (plus unamortized premium of $46.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other notes payable and capitalized leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: current portion2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, excluding current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.65% 7.25% 245.1 501.8 225.0 315.0 242.5 499.5 235.0 475.0 6.29% 350.2 185.5 350.2 290.5 3.50% 4.50% 0.58% 209.5 8.7 446.3 29.4 2,040.9 254.0 $1,786.9 137.4 5.7 288.0 211.7 200.0 460.7 38.8 2,253.3 209.2 $2,044.1 204.2 202.2 404.8 Annual maturities are scheduled as follows based on the book value as of December 31, 2008: 20092 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter $ 254.0 247.3 503.2 0.8 20.7 1,014.9 Total long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,040.9 1 2 Excludes the effect of related gains/losses on interest rate swaps. On November 15, 2009 our 5.40% Senior Unsecured Notes mature, so we have included these Notes in short-term debt on our 2008 Consolidated Balance Sheet. 65 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) 3 4 Holders of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes may require us to repurchase their Notes for cash at par in March 2012. Holders of our 4.75% and 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes may require us to repurchase their Notes for cash, stock or a combination, at our election, at par in March 2013. For those Notes that have a premium or discount, we amortize the amount through interest expense based on the maturity date or the first date the holders may require us to repurchase the Notes, if applicable. A premium would result in a decrease to interest expense and a discount would result in an increase to interest expense in future periods. We also have recorded debt issuance costs related to certain financing transactions in other assets of our Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are also amortized through interest expense. As of December 31, 2008, we had $32.8 of debt issuance costs. Debt Transactions Interest Rate Swap In June 2008, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement related to $125.0 in notional amount of our 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2011 (the “7.25% Notes”), which we subsequently terminated in September 2008. We will receive a total of approximately $3.0 in cash to be paid in equal semi-annual installments and a gain of $2.4 will be amortized as a reduction to interest expense over the remaining term of the 7.25% Notes, resulting in an effective interest rate of 7.1% per annum. Convertible Senior Notes In March 2008, holders required us to repurchase approximately $191.0 of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “4.50% Notes”), pursuant to the terms of the 4.50% Notes. We funded the repurchase from available cash. We can redeem the remaining $8.7 of 4.50% Notes for cash on or after September 15, 2009. The 4.50% Notes were initially issued in March 2003 in an aggregate principal amount of $800.0, but in November 2006 we exchanged $400.0 of 4.50% Notes for the same aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023. In November 2007, we exchanged a further $200.0 of our 4.50% Notes for $200.0 aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “4.75% Notes”). In accordance with EITF Issue No. 96-19, Debtor’s Accounting for a Modification or Exchange of Debt Instruments, and EITF Issue No. 06-6, Debtor’s Accounting for a Modification (or Exchange) of Convertible Debt Instruments, this exchange was treated as an extinguishment of the 4.50% Notes and an issuance of 4.75% Notes for accounting purposes because the fair value of the embedded conversion option under the terms of the original instrument was substantially different from that of the new instrument. As a result, the 4.75% Notes were reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value at issuance, or $212.0. We recorded a non-cash charge in the fourth quarter of 2007 of $12.0 reflecting the difference between the fair value of the new debt and the carrying value of the 4.50% Notes exchanged. The difference between the fair value and carrying value will be amortized through March 15, 2013, which is the first date holders may require us to repurchase the 4.75% Notes. Convertible Senior Note Terms Conversion Features Our 4.25%, 4.50% and 4.75% Notes (“Convertible Notes”) are convertible into our common stock at a conversion price of $12.42 per share, subject to adjustment in specified circumstances including, for the 4.25% and 4.75% Notes, any payment of cash dividends on our common stock. The conversion rates of our Convertible Notes are also subject to adjustment for certain events arising from stock splits and combinations, stock dividends and certain other actions by us that modify our capital structure. The Convertible Notes provide for an additional “make- whole” adjustment to the conversion rate in the event of a change of control meeting specified conditions. 66 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Our Convertible Notes are convertible at any time if the average price of our common stock for 20 trading days immediately preceding the conversion date is greater than or equal to a specified percentage of the conversion price; this percentage was equal to 117.5% in 2008 and declines 0.5% each year until it reaches 110% at maturity. Each series of our Convertible Notes is also convertible, regardless of the price of our common stock, if: (i) we call that series of Convertible Notes for redemption; (ii) we make specified distributions to shareholders; (iii) we become a party to a consolidation, merger or binding share exchange pursuant to which our common stock would be converted into cash or property (other than securities); or (iv) the credit ratings assigned to that series of Convertible Notes by any two of Moody’s Investors Service, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings are lower than Ba2, BB and BB, respectively, or that series of Convertible Notes is no longer rated by at least two of these ratings services. Because of our current credit ratings, all of our Convertible Notes are currently convertible. As a result of certain conversion features our Convertible Notes contain embedded derivatives whose fair values as of December 31, 2008 are negligible. Our 4.25% and 4.75% Notes are also convertible, whether or not the above conditions are met, from February 15 to March 15, 2023. Repurchase / Redemption Options Holders of our Convertible Notes may require us to repurchase the Convertible Notes on certain dates for cash only, and on other dates for cash or our common stock or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election. Additionally, investors may require us to repurchase our Convertible Notes in the event of certain change of control events that occur prior to certain dates, for cash or our common stock or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election. At our option, we may redeem our Convertible Notes on or at any time after certain dates for cash. The redemption price in each of these instances will be 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The following table details when the repurchase and redemption options occur for each of our Convertible Notes: Repurchase options For cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For cash, common stock or combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change of control events occurring prior to: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redemption options 4.25% Notes 4.50% Notes 4.75% Notes 3/15/2012 1) 3/15/2015 2) 3/15/2018 3/15/2012 1) 3/15/2013 2) 3/15/2018 1) 3/15/2013 2) 3/15/2018 3/15/2013 For cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/15/2012 9/15/2009 3/15/2013 Participating Security Features In accordance with EITF 03-6, the 4.50% Notes are considered securities with participation rights in earnings available to common stockholders due to the feature of these securities that allows investors to participate in cash dividends paid on our common stock. For periods in which we generate net income, the impact of these securities’ participation rights is included in the calculation of earnings per share. For periods in which we incur a net loss, the 4.50% Notes have no impact on the calculation of earnings per share due to the fact that the holders of these securities do not participate in our losses. The 4.25% Notes and 4.75% Notes are not considered securities with participation rights in earnings available to common stockholders as there are no features attached to these securities that allow holders to participate in our undistributed earnings. Credit Arrangements We have committed credit agreements and uncommitted credit facilities with various banks that permit borrowings at variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were no borrowings under our committed credit facilities. However, there were borrowings under the uncommitted facilities made by several of 67 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) our subsidiaries outside the U.S. We have guaranteed the repayment of some of these borrowings made by certain subsidiaries. The weighted-average interest rate on outstanding balances under the uncommitted short- term facilities as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was approximately 3% and 5%, respectively. A summary of our credit facilities is as follows: December 31, 2008 2007 Total Facility Amount Outstanding Letters of Credit Total Available Total Facility Amount Outstanding Letters of Credit Total Available Committed 2006 Credit Agreement 2008 Credit Agreement . . . . $750.0 $335.0 $ — $ — $128.1 $621.9 $ — $335.0 $750.0 $ — $ — $ — $222.9 $527.1 $ — $ — Uncommitted Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $386.3 $78.8 $ 1.1 $306.4 $537.4 $95.9 $ 1.1 $440.4 We entered into a $750.0 Three-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2006 (the “2006 Credit Agreement”) as part of a transaction we refer to as the “ELF Financing.” Under the 2006 Credit Agreement, a special-purpose entity called ELF Special Financing Ltd. (“ELF”) acts as the lender and letter of credit issuer. ELF is obligated at our request to make cash advances to us and to issue letters of credit for our account, in an aggregate amount not to exceed $750.0 outstanding at any time. The aggregate face amount of letters of credit may not exceed $600.0 at any time. Our obligations under the 2006 Credit Agreement are unsecured. The 2006 Credit Agreement is a revolving facility expiring June 15, 2009, under which amounts borrowed may be repaid and borrowed again, and the aggregate available amount of letters of credit may decrease or increase, subject to the overall limit of $750.0 and the $600.0 limit on letters of credit. We are not subject to any financial or other material restrictive covenants under the 2006 Credit Agreement. We pay commitment fees on the undrawn amount, less the letters of credit, under the 2006 Credit Agreement at 0.78% per annum, and we pay commissions of 0.78% per annum on the amounts available to be drawn under the letters of credit. In addition, we pay a facility fee equal to 0.15% per annum on the undrawn amount, including letters of credit, under the facility. If we draw under the facility, interest is payable on any outstanding advances at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.78% per annum. ELF is a special-purpose entity incorporated in the Cayman Islands, in which we have no equity or other interest and which we do not consolidate for financial reporting purposes. In the ELF Financing, institutional investors purchased debt securities issued by ELF (the “ELF Notes”) and warrants issued by us (refer to Note 9). ELF received $750.0 in proceeds from these sales, which it used to purchase Aaa-rated liquid assets. It will hold the liquid assets pending any request for borrowing from us or any drawing on any letters of credit issued for our account under the 2006 Credit Agreement, which ELF will fund by selling liquid assets. We are not the issuer of the ELF Notes and are not party to the indenture governing the ELF Notes. Under certain circumstances, including certain events of default involving us or occurring under the ELF Notes, the commitment to make advances and issue letters of credit under the 2006 Credit Agreement may be terminated by ELF, acting on instruction of the holders of the ELF Notes. We will be entitled, prior to any such termination, to make a borrowing of up to the entire available amount of the commitment under the 2006 Credit Agreement (regardless of whether our obligations under the 2006 Credit Agreement have been accelerated). Upon termination of the commitment, the holders of the ELF Notes will automatically receive interests in the outstanding loans in exchange for their ELF Notes. Thereafter we will not be able to borrow or reborrow 68 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) additional funds under the 2006 Credit Agreement, but the advances will remain outstanding as term loans maturing on June 15, 2009 (subject to the rights of the holders to accelerate the loans upon an event of default). In July 2008 we entered into a $335.0 Three-Year Credit Agreement (the “2008 Credit Agreement”). The 2008 Credit Agreement is a revolving facility expiring July 18, 2011, under which amounts borrowed by us or any of our subsidiaries designated under the 2008 Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed, subject to an aggregate lending limit of $335.0 or the equivalent in other currencies, and the aggregate available amount of letters of credit outstanding may decrease or increase, subject to a limit on letters of credit of $200.0 or the equivalent in other currencies. The terms of the 2008 Credit Agreement allow us to increase the aggregate lending commitment to a maximum amount of $485.0 if lenders agree to the additional commitments. Our obligations under the 2008 Credit Agreement are unsecured. We will pay interest on any outstanding advances under the 2008 Credit Agreement at (i) the base rate (as defined in the 2008 Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin of 1.00% or (ii) the Eurocurrency rate (as defined in the 2008 Credit Agreement) plus an applicable margin of 2.00%. We will pay letter of credit fees on the average daily aggregate available amount of all letters of credit outstanding from time to time at an annual rate of 2.00% and fronting fees on the aggregate available amount of all letters of credit outstanding from time to time at an annual rate of 0.25%. We will also pay a facility fee at an annual rate of 1.00% on the aggregate lending commitment under the 2008 Credit Agreement. The interest rate on advances, the letter of credit fee and the facility fee are subject to a 0.25 percentage point reduction depending on our leverage ratio (as defined in the 2008 Credit Agreement). The 2008 Credit Agreement includes covenants that, among other things, (i) limit our liens and the liens of our consolidated subsidiaries, (ii) restrict our payments for cash capital expenditures, acquisitions, common stock dividends, share repurchases and certain other purposes, and (iii) limit subsidiary debt. The 2008 Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants that require us to maintain, on a consolidated basis as of the end of each fiscal quarter beginning with the quarter ended September 30, 2008, (i) an interest coverage ratio (EBITDA to net interest expense plus cash dividends on convertible preferred stock) for the four quarters then ended of not less than 4.50 to 1, (ii) a leverage ratio (debt as of such date to EBITDA) for the four quarters then ended of not greater than 3.50 to 1 through December 31, 2008, 3.25 to 1 through December 31, 2009 and 3.00 to 1 thereafter, and (iii) minimum EBITDA for the four quarters then ended of not less than $600.0. The terms used in these ratios, including EBITDA, are subject to specific definitions set forth in the 2008 Credit Agreement. Under the definition in the 2008 Credit Agreement, EBITDA means operating income or loss plus depreciation expense, amortization expense, and other non-cash charges in an amount not to exceed $75.0 in any period of four fiscal quarters. As of December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants. Cash Poolings We aggregate our net domestic cash position on a daily basis. Outside the U.S., we use cash pooling arrangements with banks to help manage our liquidity requirements. In these pooling arrangements, several Interpublic agencies agree with a single bank that the cash balances of any of the agencies with the bank will be subject to a full right of setoff against amounts the other agencies owe the bank, and the bank provides for overdrafts as long as the net balance for all the agencies does not exceed an agreed-upon level. Typically each agency pays interest on outstanding overdrafts and receives interest on cash balances. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect cash net of overdrafts under all of our pooling arrangements. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007 the amounts netted were $858.7 and $1,295.7, respectively. 69 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 9: Warrants As part of the ELF Financing completed during the second quarter of 2006, we issued 67.9 warrants, consisting of 29.1 capped warrants (“Capped Warrants”) and 38.8 uncapped warrants (“Uncapped Warrants”). In accordance with EITF Issue No. 00-19, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock (“EITF 00-19”), we recorded $63.4 of deferred warrant cost in other assets, with the offset recorded to additional paid-in capital within stockholders’ equity. This amount is a non-cash transaction and represents the fair value of the warrants at the transaction close date estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires reliance on variables including the price volatility of the underlying stock. The deferred warrant cost will be amortized through the exercise date of the warrants as issuance costs on a straight-line basis as a non-cash element of interest expense and $21.1 was amortized for both the 2008 and 2007 periods. The stated exercise date of the warrants is June 15, 2009. Upon exercise of the warrants each warrant will entitle the warrant holder to receive an amount in cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our option. The amount will be based, subject to customary adjustments, on the difference between the market price of one share of our common stock (calculated as the average share price over 30 trading days following expiration) and the stated exercise price of the warrant. For the Uncapped Warrants, the exercise price is $11.91 per warrant. For the Capped Warrants, the exercise price is $9.89 per warrant but the amount deliverable upon exercise is capped so a holder will not benefit from appreciation of the common stock above $12.36 per share. Concurrently with the issuance of the warrants described above, we entered into call spread transactions with four different counterparties to reduce the potential dilution or cash cost upon exercise of the Uncapped Warrants to the extent the market price for our common stock exceeds $11.91 per share. The four transactions cover an aggregate notional amount of 38.8 shares, equivalent to the full number of the Uncapped Warrants, and had an aggregate purchase price of $29.2. In accordance with EITF 00-19 the cost of the four transactions has been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital within stockholders’ equity. In accordance with EITF 03-6, the warrants are not considered securities with participation rights in earnings available to common stockholders due to the contingent nature of the exercise feature of these securities. Note 10: Convertible Preferred Stock Each share of our 5.25% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) has a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share and is convertible at the option of the holder at any time into 73.1904 shares of our common stock, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, which represents a conversion price of $13.66. On or after October 15, 2010, each share of the Series B Preferred Stock may be converted at our option if the closing price of our common stock multiplied by the conversion rate then in effect equals or exceeds 130% of the liquidation preference of $1,000 per share for 20 trading days during any consecutive 30 trading day period. Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to an adjustment to the conversion rate if they convert their shares in connection with a fundamental change meeting certain specified conditions. The Series B Preferred Stock is junior to all of our existing and future debt obligations and senior to our common stock, with respect to payments of dividends and rights upon liquidation, winding up or dissolution, to the extent of the liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. The terms of our Series B Preferred Stock do not permit us to pay dividends on our common stock unless all accumulated and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid, or provision for the payment thereof has been made. We paid dividends of $27.6, or $52.50 per share, on our Series B Preferred Stock during 2008. Regular quarterly dividends, if declared, are $6.9, or $13.125 per 70 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) share. Dividends on each share of Series B Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in cash or, if certain conditions are met, in common stock, at our option, on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 of each year. Dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock are cumulative from the date of issuance and are payable on each payment date to the extent that we have assets that are legally available to pay dividends and our Board of Directors or an authorized committee of our Board declares a dividend payable. The terms of the Series B Preferred Stock include an embedded derivative instrument, the fair value of which as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was negligible. In accordance with EITF 03-6, the Series B Preferred Stock is not considered a security with participation rights in earnings available to common stockholders due to the contingent nature of the conversion feature of these securities. Note 11: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows: Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized holding (losses) gains on securities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized losses, transition obligation and prior service cost, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(214.2) (0.5) (103.8) $ (53.0) 2.2 (67.8) Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(318.5) $(118.6) Years ended December 31, 2008 2007 Note 12: Stock-Based Compensation 2006 Performance Incentive Plan We issue stock and cash based incentive awards to our employees under a plan established by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and approved by our shareholders. In May 2006, our shareholders approved the 2006 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2006 PIP”). Under the 2006 PIP, up to 6.0 shares of common stock may be used for granting stock options and stock appreciation rights and up to 33.0 shares of common stock may be used for granting performance-based awards and other stock-based awards. Subject to the terms of the 2006 PIP, additional awards may be granted from shares available for issuance under previous plans and in other limited circumstances. Only a certain number of shares are available for each type of award under the 2006 PIP, and there are limits on the number of shares that may be awarded to any one participant. The vesting period of awards granted is generally commensurate with the requisite service period. We generally issue new shares to satisfy the exercise of stock options or the distribution of other stock-based awards. We granted awards under the 2006 PIP for 2008, 2007 and 2006. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense included in salaries and related expenses: Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $82.7 32.0 $85.9 33.1 $72.3 24.4 71 Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) In addition, stock-based compensation expense of $4.9 is included in other reorganization-related charges for the year ended December 31, 2006. Stock-based compensation expense included in other reorganization- related charges was negligible for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. Employee Stock Purchase Plans The Interpublic Group of Companies Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2006) (the “2006 Plan”) became active April 1, 2007. Under the 2006 Plan, eligible employees may purchase our common stock through payroll deductions not exceeding 10% of their eligible compensation or 900 (actual number) shares each offering period. The price an employee pays for a share of common stock under the 2006 Plan is 90% of the lesser of the average market price of a share on the first business day of the offering period or the average market price of a share on the last business day of the offering period of three months. An aggregate of 15.0 shares are reserved for issuance under the 2006 Plan, of which 0.5 shares and 0.3 shares were issued during 2008 and 2007. Total compensation expense associated with the issued shares was $0.8 and $0.6 for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Stock Options Stock options are granted with the exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date, are generally exercisable between two and four years from the grant date and expire ten years from the grant date (or earlier in the case of certain terminations of employment). The following tables are a summary of stock option activity during 2008: Stock options outstanding as of January 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled/expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options exercisable at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested as of January 1, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested as of December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per option) Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) $21.73 9.88 — 28.24 10.57 19.40 19.94 23.29 5.0 4.8 3.6 Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value (per option) Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) $4.73 4.07 4.92 4.71 4.47 8.3 Options 28.3 2.4 — (5.4) (0.5) 24.8 23.3 17.3 Options 7.8 2.4 (2.2) (0.5) 7.5 There were no stock options exercised in 2008, and there were 0.3 and 0.1 stock options exercised during 2007 and 2006, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2007 and 2006 was $0.9 and $0.2, respectively. Accordingly, the related excess tax benefit classified as an inflow on the Consolidated 72 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Statements of Cash Flows was $0.3 and $0.1 in 2007 and 2006, respectively. The cash received from the stock options exercised in 2007 and 2006 was $3.0 and $0.9, respectively. As of December 31, 2008 there was $24.3 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options granted, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years. As of December 31, 2008, the aggregate intrinsic value for stock options outstanding, vested and expected to vest, exercisable and non-vested is negligible. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted, which requires the input of subjective assumptions including the option’s expected term and the price volatility of the underlying stock. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the estimate of fair value and our results of operations could be materially impacted. The weighted-average option grant-date fair value during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $4.07, $4.89, and $3.91, respectively. The fair value of each option grant has been estimated with the following weighted-average assumptions: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility1 Expected term (years)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk free interest rate3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6% 34.6% 38.9% 6.0 6.1 4.8% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 5.9 5.1% 0.0% 1 2 3 4 The expected volatility for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 used to estimate the fair value of stock options awarded is based on a blend of: (i) historical volatility of our common stock for periods equal to the expected term of our stock options and (ii) implied volatility of tradable forward put and call options to purchase and sell shares of our common stock. The estimate of our expected term for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 is based on the average of (i) an assumption that all outstanding options are exercised upon achieving their full vesting date and (ii) an assumption that all outstanding options will be exercised at the midpoint between the current date (i.e., the date awards have ratably vested through) and their full contractual term. In determining the estimate, we considered several factors, including the historical option exercise behavior of our employees and the terms and vesting periods of the options. The risk free rate is determined using the implied yield currently available for zero-coupon U.S. government issuers with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the options. No dividend yield was assumed because we currently do not pay cash dividends on our common stock and have no current plans to reinstate a dividend. Incentive Awards We grant other incentive awards such as stock-settled awards, cash-settled awards and performance-based awards (settled in cash or shares) to certain key employees. The number of shares or units received by an employee for performance-based awards depends on Company and/or individual performance against specific performance targets and could range from 0% to 200% of the target amount of shares originally granted. Incentive awards are subject to certain restrictions and vesting requirements as determined by the Compensation Committee. The vesting period is generally three years. Upon completion of the vesting period for cash-settled awards, which include restricted stock units expected to be settled in cash, the grantee is entitled to receive a payment in cash or in shares of common stock based on the fair market value of the corresponding number of shares of common stock. No monetary consideration is paid by a recipient for any incentive award, and the fair value of the shares on the grant date is amortized over the vesting period, except for cash-settled awards where the quarterly-adjusted fair value based on our share price is amortized over the vesting period. The holders of cash-settled and performance-based awards have no ownership interest in the underlying shares of common stock until the awards vest and the shares of common stock are issued. 73 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Stock-based compensation awards expected to be settled in cash have been classified as liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Stock-Settled Awards: Awards granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fair value of vested awards distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash-Settled Awards: Awards granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fair value of vested awards distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance-Based Awards: Awards granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average grant-date fair value (per award) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fair value of vested awards distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 $9.46 $31.1 1.3 $9.27 $ 9.2 3.7 $9.49 $15.8 5.0 $11.68 $ 41.5 0.9 $11.44 6.7 $ 2.9 $11.69 1.4 $ 5.3 $8.77 $11.0 2.2 $8.88 $ 0.2 9.9 $9.68 $ 0.1 A summary of the activity of our non-vested stock-settled awards, cash-settled awards, and performance- based awards during 2008 is presented below (performance-based awards are shown at 100% of the shares originally granted): Stock-Settled Awards Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award) Awards Cash-Settled Awards Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award) Awards Awards Performance-Based Awards Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per award) $10.49 9.49 11.83 10.37 $10.08 Non-vested as of January 1, 2008 . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-vested as of December 31, 2008 . . . Total unrecognized compensation 12.6 6.4 (3.3) (1.1) 14.6 $10.73 9.46 11.98 10.30 $ 9.92 expense remaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72.3 Weighted-average years expected to be recognized over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 3.7 1.3 (0.9) (0.5) 3.6 $ 6.6 1.4 $10.33 9.27 11.95 9.96 $ 9.59 13.3 3.7 (1.6) (1.5) 13.9 $26.8 1.7 Note 13: Employee Benefits Pension Plans We have a defined benefit pension plan (“Domestic Plan”) that consists of approximately 4,300 participants and has been closed to new participants since March 31, 1998. Some of our agencies have additional domestic plans covering a total of approximately 300 employees and are also closed to new participants. We also have numerous plans outside the U.S., some of which are funded, while others provide payments at the time of retirement or termination under applicable labor laws or agreements. The Interpublic Pension Plan in the U.K. (“U.K. Pension Plan”) is a defined benefit plan and is the most material foreign pension plan in terms of the 74 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) benefit obligation and plan assets. Differences between the aggregate balance sheet amounts listed in the tables below and the totals reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) relate to the non-material foreign plans. Postretirement Benefit Plans Some of our domestic subsidiaries provide postretirement health benefits and postretirement life insurance to eligible employees and, in certain cases, their dependents. These plans consist of approximately 3,200 participants and are closed to new participants. Our postretirement health benefits plans are unfunded, and we pay claims as presented by the plans’ administrator. The postretirement life insurance plan is insured and we pay premiums to the plan administrator. Net Periodic Cost Years ended December 31, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . Curtailment gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlement losses (gains) . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of: Transition obligation . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost (credit) . . . . . . . . Unrecognized actuarial losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Domestic Pension Plans 2006 2007 2008 Foreign Pension Plans 2006 2007 2008 Postretirement Benefit Plans 2007 2006 2008 $ — $ — $ 0.8 8.9 (9.3) — (0.1) — — 8.4 (10.4) — 0.1 8.2 (10.3) $ 13.3 26.4 (23.9) (0.4) (0.6) $ 15.1 26.1 (24.0) (0.1) (0.9) $ 17.5 22.8 (19.8) (2.3) 0.5 $ 0.4 3.2 — — — — — 5.7 — — — — 0.1 7.0 6.8 — — — 0.3 0.7 — 0.1 0.2 2.8 — 0.2 0.2 6.5 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) — — $ 0.5 3.5 — — — 0.2 (0.1) 0.9 — $ 0.5 3.5 — — — 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 — Net periodic cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.8 $ 4.7 $ 7.4 $ 15.8 $ 19.3 $ 25.4 $ 3.7 $ 5.0 $ 4.7 75 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Pension and Postretirement Benefit Obligation The change in the benefit obligation, the change in plan assets, the funded status and amounts recognized for the domestic pension plans, the principal foreign pension plans, and the postretirement benefit plans are as follows: December 31, Domestic Pension Plans Foreign Pension Plans 2008 2007 2008 2007 Postretirement Benefit Plans 2007 2008 Projected benefit obligation at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan participant contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial losses (gains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curtailments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business acquisitions and divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $143.8 — 8.4 (12.2) — — 1.3 — (0.8) — — — $156.4 — 8.2 (13.6) — — (7.2) — — — — — $ 535.4 13.3 26.4 (23.6) 3.3 — (32.7) (0.8) (5.7) — (97.3) (4.0) $ 508.4 15.1 26.1 (23.1) 1.9 1.7 (30.2) (0.7) (4.9) 1.6 20.4 19.1 $ 63.6 0.4 3.2 (5.6) 1.7 — (5.8) — — — — — $ 69.9 0.5 3.5 (6.0) 1.7 — (6.0) — — — — — Projected benefit obligation at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . $140.5 $143.8 $ 414.3 $ 535.4 $ 57.5 $ 63.6 Fair value of plan assets at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan participant contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business acquisitions and divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $134.0 (27.5) 2.3 — (12.2) (0.8) — — — $133.1 14.5 — — (13.6) — — — — $ 363.7 (31.3) 28.3 3.3 (23.6) (5.7) (82.3) 0.5 1.5 $ 312.7 23.9 30.1 1.9 (23.1) (4.5) 7.9 1.6 13.2 $ — $ — — 4.3 1.7 (6.0) — — — — — 4.3 1.7 (6.0) — — — — Fair value of plan assets at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 95.8 $134.0 $ 254.4 $ 363.7 $ — $ — Funded status of the plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (44.7) $ (9.8) $(159.9) $(171.7) $(57.5) $(63.6) 76 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) December 31, Domestic Pension Plans Foreign Pension Plans 2008 2007 2008 2007 Postretirement Benefit Plans 2007 2008 Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheet Non-current asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-current liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.5 — (46.2) $ 3.5 — (13.3) $ 5.3 (7.4) (157.8) $ 6.5 (7.2) (171.0) $ — $ — (5.7) (57.9) (5.2) (52.3) Net liability recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (44.7) $ (9.8) $(159.9) $(171.7) $(57.5) $(63.6) Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $140.5 $143.8 $ 389.4 $ 493.0 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss Net actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transition obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74.3 0.2 — $ 40.8 0.2 — $ 53.4 2.6 0.1 $ 44.1 3.7 0.9 $ 8.1 $ 13.8 (0.8) 0.8 (0.7) 0.6 Total amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74.5 $ 41.0 $ 56.1 $ 48.7 $ 8.0 $ 13.8 Plans with underfunded or unfunded accumulated benefit obligation Aggregate projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130.4 130.4 84.2 $129.9 129.9 116.6 $ 401.5 379.5 236.8 $ 520.1 480.4 342.1 Assumptions Years ended December 31, Net periodic cost Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit obligation Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year Initial rate (weighted-average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ultimate rate is reached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ultimate rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic Pension Plans 2007 2008 2006 Foreign Pension Plans 2007 2008 2006 Postretirement Benefit Plans 2007 2008 2006 5.89% 5.68% 5.41% 5.31% 4.64% 4.38% 6.00% 5.75% 5.50% N/A N/A N/A 3.79% 3.50% 3.29% N/A 8.15% 8.16% 8.17% 6.95% 6.83% 6.52% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6.01% 5.89% 5.38% 5.33% 3.38% 3.81% 6.00% 6.00% 8.50% 9.00% 2015 5.50% 5.50% 2015 Discount Rates — For the domestic pension and postretirement benefit plans, we determine our discount rate based on the estimated rate at which annuity contracts could be purchased to effectively settle the respective benefit obligations. To assist in this we utilize a yield curve based on Moody’s Aa-rated corporate non-callable bonds. Each plan’s projected cash flow is matched to this yield curve and a present value is developed, which is then used to develop a single equivalent discount rate. The average duration of our domestic pension obligations was 10 years as of December 31, 2008. The average duration of our postretirement healthcare obligation was 8 years as of December 31, 2008. For the foreign pension plans, we determine a discount rate by referencing market yields on high quality corporate bonds in the local markets with the appropriate term as of December 31, 2008. 77 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Expected Return on Assets — For the domestic pension plans, our expected rate of return considers the historical trends of asset class index returns over various market cycles and economic conditions, current market conditions, risk premiums associated with asset classes and long-term inflation rates. We determine both a short- term and long-term view and then attempt to select a long-term rate of return assumption that matches the duration of our liabilities. For the foreign pension plans, primarily the U.K. Pension Plan, we determine the expected rate of return by utilizing a weighted average approach based on the current long-term expected rates of return for each asset category. The long-term expected rate of return for the equity category is based on the current long-term rates of return available on government bonds and applying suitable risk premiums that consider historical market returns and current market expectations. Asset Allocation The primary investment goal for our plans’ assets is to maximize total asset returns while ensuring the plans’ assets are available to fund the plans’ liabilities as they become due. The plans’ assets in aggregate and at the individual portfolio level are invested so that total portfolio risk exposure and risk-adjusted returns best achieve this objective. The aggregate amount of our own stock held as investment for our domestic and foreign pension funds is considered negligible relative to the total fund assets. As of December 31, 2008 target asset allocations for 2009 as well as actual asset allocations as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows: Asset category Plan Assets at December 31, 2009 Target Allocation Foreign Domestic Domestic Foreign 2008 2007 2008 2007 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40% 35% 10% 15% 23% 42% 4% 31% 33% 49% 19% 65% 41% 26% 23% 23% 10% 8% 0% 3% 16% 17% 58% 9% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Cash Flows For 2009, we expect to contribute $10.0 and $19.3 to our domestic pension plans and foreign pension plans, respectively. During 2008 we contributed $2.3 and $28.3 to our domestic pension plans and foreign pension plans, respectively. The following estimated future benefit payments, which reflect future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid in the years indicated: Years Domestic Pension Plans Foreign Pension Plans Postretirement Benefit Plans 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 - 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12.2 15.9 11.6 11.5 11.2 51.2 $ 19.8 21.0 18.4 21.9 22.0 133.7 $ 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 26.5 The estimated future payments for our postretirement benefit plans are before any estimated federal subsidies expected to be received under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003. Federal subsidies are estimated to range from $0.6 in 2009 to $0.8 in 2013 and are estimated to be $4.4 for the period 2014-2018. 78 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Savings Plans We sponsor a defined contribution plan (“Savings Plan”) that covers substantially all domestic employees. The Savings Plan permits participants to make contributions on a pre-tax and/or after-tax basis. The Savings Plan allows participants to choose among various investment alternatives. We match a portion of participant contributions based upon their years of service. We contributed $33.4, $32.5 and $31.2 to the Savings Plan in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. During 2008, we used approximately $7.8 of participant forfeitures to offset our Savings Plan contributions. We contributed $4.1 to the Savings Plan during 2008 for the performance-based discretionary match for 2007 and during 2009, we expect to contribute $4.0 for 2008. In addition, we maintain defined contribution plans in various foreign countries and contributed $20.9, $26.7 and $11.8 to these plans in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Deferred Compensation and Benefit Arrangements We have deferred compensation arrangements which (i) permit certain of our key officers and employees to defer a portion of their salary or incentive compensation, or (ii) require us to contribute an amount to the participant’s account. The arrangements typically provide that the participant will receive the amounts deferred plus interest upon attaining certain conditions, such as completing a certain number of years of service or upon retirement or termination. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the deferred compensation liability balance was $107.6 and $137.6, respectively. Amounts expensed for deferred compensation arrangements in 2008, 2007 and 2006 were $5.7, $11.9 and $10.3, respectively. We have deferred benefit arrangements with certain key officers and employees which provide participants with an annual payment, payable when the participant attains a certain age and after the participant’s employment has terminated. The deferred benefit liability was $182.1 and $164.5 as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Amounts expensed for deferred benefit arrangements in 2008, 2007 and 2006 were $14.9, $15.5 and $13.7, respectively. We have purchased life insurance policies on participants’ lives to assist in the funding of the related deferred compensation and deferred benefit liabilities. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the cash surrender value of these policies was $100.2 and $109.7, respectively. In addition to the life insurance policies, certain investments are held for the purpose of paying the deferred compensation and deferred benefit liabilities. These investments, along with the life insurance policies, are held in a separate revocable trust for the purpose of paying the deferred compensation and the deferred benefit arrangement liabilities. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the value of such investments in the trust was $55.8 and $93.5, respectively. The short-term investments are included in cash and cash equivalents, and the long-term investments and cash surrender value of the policies are included in other assets. Long-Term Disability Plan We have a long-term disability plan which provides income replacement benefits to eligible participants who are unable to perform their job duties during the first 24 months of disability. Benefits are continued thereafter if the participant is unable to perform any job related to his or her education, training or experience. As all income replacement benefits are fully insured, no related obligation is required as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. In addition to income replacement benefits, plan participants may remain covered for certain health and life insurance benefits up to age 65 and as such, we have recorded an obligation of $6.6 and $7.1 as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. 79 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 14: Segment Information As of December 31, 2008, we have two reportable segments: IAN, which is comprised of Draftfcb, Lowe, McCann Worldgroup, Mediabrands and our domestic integrated agencies, and CMG, which is comprised of the bulk of our specialist marketing service offerings. We also report for the “Corporate and other” group. Changes to our organizational structure in the future may result in changes to the reportable segment disclosure. Within IAN, our agencies provide a comprehensive array of global communications and marketing services, each offering a distinctive range of solutions for our clients. In addition, our domestic integrated agencies, including Campbell-Ewald, Hill Holliday, Deutsch and Mullen, provide a full range of advertising, marketing communications services and/or marketing services and partner with our global operating divisions as needed. IAN’s operating divisions share similar economic characteristics and are similar in other areas, specifically related to the nature of their services, the manner in which the services are provided and the similarity of their respective customers. CMG, which includes Weber Shandwick, MWW Group, FutureBrand, DeVries, GolinHarris, Jack Morton, and Octagon Worldwide, provides clients with diversified services, including public relations, meeting and event production, sports and entertainment marketing, corporate and brand identity and strategic marketing consulting. CMG shares some similarities with service lines offered by IAN; CMG’s businesses, however, on an aggregate basis, have a higher proportion of arrangements for which they act as principal, a different distribution model than IAN and different margin structure. The profitability measure employed by our chief operating decision maker for allocating resources to operating divisions and assessing operating division performance is operating income (loss), excluding the impact of restructuring and other reorganization-related charges (reversals) and long-lived asset impairment charges. With the exception of excluding these amounts from reportable segment operating income (loss), all segments follow the same accounting policies as those described in Note 1. Certain Corporate and other charges are reported as a separate line item within total segment operating income and include corporate office expenses and shared service center expenses, as well as certain other centrally managed expenses that are not fully allocated to operating divisions. Salaries and related expenses include salaries, long-term incentives, bonus, and other miscellaneous benefits for corporate office employees. In addition, salaries and related expenses include long-term incentive award accruals for a one-time performance- based equity award granted in 2006 to a limited number of senior executives across the Company. Office and general expenses primarily include professional fees related to internal control compliance, financial statement audits, legal, information technology and other consulting services, which are engaged and managed through the corporate office. In addition, office and general expenses also includes rental expense and depreciation of leasehold improvements for properties occupied by corporate office employees. A portion of these expenses are allocated to operating divisions based on a formula that uses the revenues of each of the operating units. Amounts allocated also include specific charges for information technology-related projects, which are allocated based on utilization. 80 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments is shown in the following table: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Revenue: IAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,870.7 1,092.0 $ 5,505.7 1,048.5 $5,230.6 960.2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,962.7 $ 6,554.2 $6,190.8 Segment operating income (loss): IAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and other reorganization-related charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-lived asset impairment and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and intangible assets: IAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 690.8 86.6 (170.6) 606.8 (17.1) — (211.9) 90.6 3.1 $ 528.2 57.9 (215.9) $ 391.4 51.6 (275.3) 370.2 167.7 (25.9) — (236.7) 119.6 8.5 (34.5) (27.2) (218.7) 113.3 (5.6) 471.5 $ 235.7 $ (5.0) $ 132.9 15.7 24.7 127.4 22.9 26.9 $ 126.1 19.2 28.3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 173.3 $ 177.2 $ 173.6 Capital expenditures: IAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 112.5 13.5 12.4 119.9 12.4 15.3 $ 92.8 11.4 23.6 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 138.4 $ 147.6 $ 127.8 Total assets: December 31, 2008 2007 IAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,712.2 929.1 1,483.9 $10,195.2 961.2 1,301.7 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,125.2 $12,458.1 81 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Revenue and long-lived assets are presented below by major geographic area: Revenue Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Long-Lived Assets December 31, 2008 2007 U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,786.3 $3,651.3 $3,443.4 $2,950.0 $2,797.3 International: United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continental Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.9 1,150.4 657.3 353.4 402.4 603.6 1,070.2 581.3 314.1 333.7 574.5 1,034.1 512.0 303.4 323.4 $ 189.1 534.4 161.8 104.8 280.8 $ 298.4 606.0 203.6 130.6 256.6 Total international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,176.4 2,902.9 2,747.4 1,270.9 1,495.2 Total consolidated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,962.7 $6,554.2 $6,190.8 $4,220.9 $4,292.5 Revenue is attributed to geographic areas based on where the services are performed. Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements are allocated based upon physical location. Intangible assets, other assets and investments are allocated based on the location of the related operations. Note 15: Fair Value Measurements Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS 157”), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands required disclosures about fair value measurements. Under the standard, fair value refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts. The standard clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. The impact of adopting SFAS 157 as of January 1, 2008 was not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements. FASB Staff Position (FSP) FAS 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157, deferred the effective date of SFAS 157 for the Company in relation to all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities to January 1, 2009. We do not expect the adoption of this FSP to have a material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements. SFAS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. We primarily apply the market approach for recurring fair value measurements. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. 82 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. Level 1 Level 3 Assets Cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,013.7 167.7 15.0 — $ — — 6.7 0.8 Liabilities Minority interest put obligation1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $21.6 1 Relates to an obligation to repurchase 49% of the minority-owned equity shares of a consolidated subsidiary, valued pursuant to SFAS No. 150, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristic of Both Liabilities and Equity. Fair value measurement of the obligation was based upon the amount payable as if the forward contract was settled as of December 31, 2008. The fair value of our long-term debt instruments is based on market prices for debt instruments with similar terms and maturities. See Note 8 for specific fair values of our long-term debt instruments. We hold $12.5 in par value of asset backed auction rate securities. Since August 2007, auctions have failed due to insufficient bids from buyers, which required us to adjust the securities to a book value of $6.7 during the fourth quarter of 2007. We intend to hold our auction rate securities until we can recover the full principal and have classified the auction rate securities as long-term investments within other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2008. In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, which addresses the application of SFAS 157 for illiquid financial instruments. The FSP clarifies that approaches to determining fair value other than the market approach may be appropriate when the market for a financial asset is not active. We believe that an income approach valuation technique to value our auction rate securities is more representative of fair value than a market approach valuation technique. Specifically, we used the discount rate adjustment technique derived from observed rates of return for comparable assets that are traded in the market. Based on our analysis, we have determined that the fair value of the auction rate securities adequately supports its book value. Gross unrealized and realized gains and losses for our long-term investments are as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Reported in other comprehensive income (loss) Unrealized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reported in other income (expense) Realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 7.4 0.4 3.4 2.0 6.0 4.8 5.8 7.2 13.5 19.2 — 83 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) The following table presents additional information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we utilize Level 3 inputs to determine fair value. Balance as of January 1, 2008 Net realized losses included in net income Balance as of December 31, 2008 Assets Auction rate securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities Minority interest put obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6.7 3.1 $18.8 $ — (2.3) $(2.8) $ 6.7 0.8 $21.6 Net realized losses included in net income for foreign currency derivatives and a minority interest put obligation are reported as a component of other expense and interest expense, respectively. Note 16: Commitments and Contingencies Leases We lease office premises and equipment. Where leases contain escalation clauses or concessions, such as rent holidays and landlord/tenant incentives or allowances, the impact of such adjustments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the minimum lease period. Certain leases provide for renewal options and require the payment of real estate taxes or other occupancy costs, which are also subject to escalation clauses. Rent expense was as follows: Years ended December 31, 2007 2006 2008 Gross rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third-party sublease rental income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $389.4 (24.9) $389.9 (23.5) $389.9 (20.7) Net rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $364.5 $366.4 $369.2 Future minimum lease commitments for office premises and equipment under non-cancelable leases, along with minimum sublease rental income to be received under non-cancelable subleases, are as follows: Period 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rent Obligations $ 350.2 317.4 283.1 237.5 208.8 832.0 Sublease Rental Income Net Rent $ (44.5) $ 305.7 277.6 247.6 209.4 183.7 814.1 (39.8) (35.5) (28.1) (25.1) (17.9) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,229.0 $(190.9) $2,038.1 84 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Guarantees We have certain contingent obligations under guarantees of certain of our subsidiaries (“parent company guarantees”) relating principally to credit facilities, guarantees of certain media payables and operating leases. The amount of such parent company guarantees was $255.7 and $327.1 as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. In the event of non-payment by the applicable subsidiary of the obligations covered by a guarantee, we would be obligated to pay the amounts covered by that guarantee. As of December 31, 2008, there are no material assets pledged as security for such parent company guarantees. Contingent Acquisition Obligations We have structured certain acquisitions with additional contingent purchase price obligations in order to reduce the potential risk associated with negative future performance of the acquired entity. In addition, we have entered into agreements that may require us to purchase additional equity interests in certain consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries. The amounts relating to these transactions are based on estimates of the future financial performance of the acquired entity, the timing of the exercise of these rights, changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other factors. We have not recorded a liability for these items since the definitive amounts payable are not determinable or distributable. When the contingent acquisition obligations have been met and consideration is determinable and distributable, we record the fair value of this consideration as an additional cost of the acquired entity. However, certain acquisitions contain deferred payments that are fixed and determinable on the acquisition date. In such cases, we record a liability for the payment and record this consideration as an additional cost of the acquired entity on the acquisition date. If deferred payments and purchases of additional interests after the effective date of purchase are contingent upon the future employment of the former owners then we recognize these payments as compensation expense. Compensation expense is determined based on the terms and conditions of the respective acquisition agreements and employment terms of the former owners of the acquired businesses. This future expense will not be allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired and is amortized over the required employment terms of the former owners. The following table details the estimated liability with respect to our contingent acquisition obligations and the estimated amount that would be paid in the event of exercise at the earliest exercise date. We have certain put options that are exercisable at the discretion of the minority owners as of December 31, 2008. As such, these estimated acquisition payments of $5.5 have been included within the total payments expected to be made in 2009 in the table below and, if not made in 2009, will continue to carry forward into 2010 or beyond until they are exercised or expire. All payments are contingent upon achieving projected operating performance targets and satisfying other conditions specified in the related agreements and are subject to revisions as the earn-out periods progress. As of December 31, 2008, our estimated future contingent acquisition obligations payable in cash are as follows: 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total Deferred acquisition payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Put and call options with affiliates1 $67.5 11.8 $32.1 34.3 $ 30.1 73.6 $ 4.5 70.8 $ 5.7 70.2 Total contingent acquisition payments . . . . . . . 79.3 66.4 103.7 75.3 75.9 Less cash compensation expense included above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $76.7 $65.1 $103.0 $74.6 $75.6 $ — 2.2 2.2 — $2.2 $139.9 262.9 402.8 5.6 $397.2 1 We have entered into certain acquisitions that contain both put and call options with similar terms and conditions. In such instances, we have included the related estimated contingent acquisition obligation in the period when the earliest related option is exercisable. As a result of revisions made during 2008 to EITF Topic No. D-98, Classification and Measurement of Redeemable Securities (“EITF D-98”), 85 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) effective January 1, 2009, we will be required to retrospectively reduce our stockholders’ equity by the estimated redemption value of our put options of $254.0 as of December 31, 2008 and establish a liability of an equal amount for redeemable securities. Application of this guidance will have no impact on our previously reported net income or earnings per share. Legal Matters In May 2008, we reached a settlement with the SEC concluding the investigation that began in 2002 into our financial reporting practices. The SEC filed a complaint on May 1, 2008 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York charging Interpublic and our subsidiary McCann-Erickson Worldwide Inc., or McCann, with violations of the federal securities laws. The charges under the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws relate to intercompany accounting practices at McCann that were addressed in our restatement of results from 1997 to 2002 first announced in August 2002 and that were also the subject of a class action under the federal securities laws that we settled in 2004. The charges of violations of the disclosure, internal controls and books and records provisions of the federal securities laws also relate to the restatement we presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 and the restatement of the first three quarters of 2005 that we made in our 2005 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the restatement we first announced in August 2002. Without admitting or denying the allegations, Interpublic and McCann agreed to an injunction against violating the applicable provisions of the federal securities laws, and McCann agreed to pay a $12.0 civil penalty and disgorgement of one dollar. Other Legal Matters — We are or have been involved in other legal and administrative proceedings of various types. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, we do not believe that the outcome of such proceedings or claims will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Note 17: Recent Accounting Standards In December 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 132R-1, Employers’ Disclosures about Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets, which is effective for the Company January 1, 2010. The FSP provides guidance on an employers’ disclosures about plan assets of a defined benefit pension or other postretirement plan regarding investment policies and strategies, major categories of plan assets, inputs and valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of plan assets and significant concentrations of risk within plan assets. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements of this FSP. In November 2008, the EITF issued Issue No. 08-6, Equity Method Investment Accounting Considerations (“EITF 08-6”), which is effective for the Company January 1, 2009. EITF 08-6 addresses the impact that SFAS 141R and SFAS 160 might have on the accounting for equity method investments, including how the initial carrying value of an equity method investment should be determined, how an impairment assessment of an underlying indefinite-lived intangible asset of an equity method investment should be performed and how to account for a change in an investment from the equity method to the cost method. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of EITF 08-6 on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In May 2008, the FASB issued FSP APB 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt That May Be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), which is effective for the Company January 1, 2009. The FSP includes guidance that convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion should be separated between the liability and equity components, with each component being accounted for in a manner that will reflect the entity’s nonconvertible debt borrowing rate when interest costs are recognized in subsequent periods. However, because our existing convertible debt instruments are settled only in stock upon conversion, this guidance will not apply, and as a result will not have an impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised), Business Combinations (“SFAS 141R”), which replaces SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations. Under the standard, an acquiring entity is required to 86 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) record assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at fair value on the date of acquisition. Earn-out payments and other forms of contingent consideration are also required to be recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. The standard also requires fair value measurements to be used when recording non-controlling interests and contingent liabilities. In addition, the standard requires all costs associated with the business combination, including restructuring costs, to be expensed as incurred. For the Company, SFAS 141R is effective prospectively for business combinations having an acquisition date on or after January 1, 2009, with the exception of the accounting for valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired contingencies. SFAS 141R amends SFAS 109 such that adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to January 1, 2009 would also apply the provisions of SFAS 141R. Upon adoption, SFAS 141R will not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements, however, any business combination entered into after the adoption may impact our Consolidated Financial Statements when compared to business combinations accounted for under SFAS 141 and result in potential earnings volatility due to the changes described above. In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements (“SFAS 160”), which amends ARB No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements. This standard requires a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary to be reported as equity on the consolidated financial statements impact a parent’s separate from the parent’s equity. The standard also requires transactions that do not controlling ownership and do not result in the deconsolidation of the subsidiary to be recorded as equity transactions, while those transactions that do result in a change in ownership and a deconsolidation of the subsidiary to be recorded in net income (loss) with the gain or loss measured at fair value. For the Company, SFAS 160 is effective January 1, 2009 and should be applied prospectively with the exception of the presentation and disclosure requirements which shall be applied retrospectively for all periods presented. SFAS 160 will not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Note 18: Out-of-Period Adjustments During 2006, we recorded adjustments to certain vendor discounts and credits, contractual liabilities, foreign exchange, tax and other miscellaneous items which related to prior periods. For the year ended December 31, 2006, these adjustments resulted in a net favorable impact to revenue of $6.1, a net favorable impact to salaries and related expenses of $5.6, a net unfavorable impact to office and general expenses of $6.5 and a net favorable impact to net loss of $4.5. The operating income impact of these adjustments primarily affected our IAN segment. Because these changes are not material to our financial statements for the periods prior to 2006, for the quarters of 2006 or for 2006 as a whole, we recorded these out-of-period amounts in their respective quarters of 2006. 87 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued) (Amounts in Millions, Except Per Share Amounts) Note 19: Results by Quarter (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended June 30, 2008 2007 2008 2007 Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 2008 Three Months Ended December 31, 2007 2008 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,485.2 $1,359.1 $1,835.7 $1,652.7 $1,740.0 $1,559.9 $1,901.8 $1,982.5 1,106.0 Salaries and related expenses . . . . . . . . Office and general expenses . . . . . . . . 578.2 Restructuring and other 1,093.5 526.3 1,081.1 484.2 1,034.7 468.9 1,103.2 527.8 1,009.7 502.6 1,064.8 475.0 988.8 495.1 reorganization-related charges (reversals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating (loss) income . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (expense) income . . . . . . . . . . . . Total (expenses) and other income . . . (Benefit of) provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (loss) income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (loss) income applicable to 3.2 (57.8) (1.4) (30.4) (0.6) (124.2) (1.5) (28.0) 4.1 200.6 6.3 (23.7) (23.7) (62.8) (25.7) (125.9) 79.1 95.1 (5.2) 145.6 8.0 (20.8) (11.4) 137.0 3.9 116.3 (1.0) (30.9) 5.2 51.1 (4.8) (34.7) 5.9 330.6 (0.8) (33.2) 26.5 271.8 6.8 (25.1) 35.5 45.7 35.8 (21.9) 65.7 217.0 60.2 178.4 common stockholders . . . . . . . . . . . $ (69.7) $ (132.8) $ 88.1 $ 121.5 $ 38.7 $ (28.8) $ 209.8 $ 162.7 (Loss) earnings per share of common stock— Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.15) $ (0.29) $ Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.15) $ (0.29) $ 0.19 $ 0.17 $ 0.27 $ 0.24 $ 0.08 $ (0.06) $ 0.08 $ (0.06) $ 0.45 $ 0.39 $ 0.35 0.31 88 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 we have carried out an evaluation under the supervision of, and with the participation of, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded (1) that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2008 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and (2) that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2008 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management (with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, as stated in their report which appears in this annual report. Changes in internal control over financial reporting There has been no change in internal control over financial reporting in the quarter ended December 31, 2008 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Not applicable. 89 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Election of Directors” section, the “Director Selection Process” section, the “Code of Conduct” section, the “Principal Committees of the Board of Directors” section, the “Audit Committee” section and the “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” section of the Proxy Statement, except for the description of the Company’s Executive Officers, which appears in Part I of this Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Executive Officers of Interpublic.” NYSE Certification In 2008, our CEO provided the Annual CEO Certification to the NYSE, as required under Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Compensation of Executive Officers” section, the “Non-Management Director Compensation” section, the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section and the “Compensation Committee Report” section of the Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Outstanding Shares” section and the “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans” section of the Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Review and Approval of Transactions with Related Persons” section and the “Director Independence” section of the Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” section of the Proxy Statement. 90 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) Listed below are all financial statements, financial statement schedules and exhibits filed as part of this Report on Form 10-K. 1. Financial Statements: The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and Subsidiaries Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules: All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable or the required information is otherwise provided. 3. Exhibits: (Numbers used are the numbers assigned in Item 601 of Regulation S-K and the EDGAR Filer Manual. An additional copy of this exhibit index immediately precedes the exhibits filed with this Report on Form 10-K and the exhibits transmitted to the SEC as part of the electronic filing of this Report.) Exhibit No. Description 3(i) 3(ii) 4(iii)(A) 4(iii)(B) 4(iii)(C) 4(iii)(D) Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended through October 24, 2005, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2005 filed with the SEC on November 9, 2005. By-Laws of the Registrant, as amended and restated through July 24, 2008, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008 filed with the SEC on July 30, 2008. Certificate of Designations of 5.25% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock of the Registrant, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on October 24, 2005 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 24, 2005. Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of October 20, 2000 (the “2000 Indenture”), between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as trustee, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 24, 2000. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 22, 2001, to the 2000 Indenture, with respect to the 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2011 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC on December 4, 2001. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 13, 2003, to the 2000 Indenture, with respect to the 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2003. 91 Exhibit No. 4(iii)(E) 4(iii)(F) 4(iii)(G) 4(iii)(H) 4(iii)(I) 4(iii)(J) 4(iii)(K) 4(iii)(L) 4(iii)(M) 4(iii)(N) 4(iii)(O) 4(iii)(P) Description Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 28, 2005, to the 2000 Indenture, as modified by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 22, 2001, with respect to the 7.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2011 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2005. Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2005, to the 2000 Indenture, as modified by to the the Third Supplemental 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2005. Indenture, dated as of March 13, 2003, with respect Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 11, 2005, to the 2000 Indenture, as modified by the Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 13, 2003, and the Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 30, 2005, with respect to the 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 15, 2005. Senior Debt Indenture dated as of November 12, 2004 (the “2004 Indenture”), between the Registrant and Suntrust Bank, as trustee, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 15, 2004. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2004, to the 2004 Indenture, with respect to the 5.40% Notes due 2009 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 19, 2004. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2004, to the 2004 Indenture, with to the 6.25% Notes due 2014 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the respect Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 19, 2004. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 28, 2005, to the 2004 Indenture, as modified by the Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2004, with respect to the 6.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2014 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2005. Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 29, 2005, to the 2004 Indenture, as modified by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2004, with respect to the 5.40% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2009 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2005. Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 8, 2006, to the 2004 Indenture, with respect to the Floating Rate Notes due 2010 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 8, 2006. Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of November 15, 2006 (the “2006 Indenture”), between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as trustee, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 17, 2006. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 15, 2006, to the 2006 Indenture, with respect to the 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2023 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 17, 2006. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2007, to the 2006 Indenture, with respect to the 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 21, 2007. 92 Exhibit No. 4(iii)(Q) 10(i)(A) 10(i)(B) 10(i)(C) 10(i)(D) 10(i)(E) 10(i)(F) 10(i)(G) 10(i)(H) 10(i)(I) 10(i)(J) Description Warrant Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2006, between the Registrant and LaSalle Bank National Association, as Warrant Agent, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 19, 2006. Call Option Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2006, between the Registrant and UBS AG, London Branch, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 12, 2006. Call Option Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2006, between the Registrant and Morgan Stanley & Co. International Limited, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 12, 2006. Call Option Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2006, between the Registrant and JP Morgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 12, 2006. Call Option Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2006, between the Registrant and Citibank, N.A., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 12, 2006. L/C Issuance Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2006, between the Registrant, as Account Party, and Morgan Stanley Capital Services, Inc., as L/C Issuer, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 19, 2006. Letter of Credit Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2006, between the Registrant and Citibank, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on N.A., Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 19, 2006. 3-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2006, among the Registrant, as Borrower, ELF Special Financing Ltd., as Initial Lender and L/C Issuer, and Morgan Stanley Capital Services, Inc., as Administrative Agent and L/C Administrator, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 19, 2006. Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 17, 2006. Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2007 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 21, 2007. 3-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2008, among the Registrant, the initial lenders named therein, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent, HSBC USA, National Association and ING Capital LLC, as co- documentation agents, and Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. and JP Morgan Securities Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint bank managers, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 21, 2008. (i) Michael I. Roth 10(iii)(A)(1) 10(iii)(A)(2) Employment Agreement, made as of July 13, 2004, by and between the Registrant and Michael I. Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(9) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2004.* Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated as of January 19, 2005, between the Registrant and Michael I. Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 21, 2005.* 93 Exhibit No. 10(iii)(A)(3) Description Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated as of February 14, 2005, between the Registrant and Michael I. Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 17, 2005.* 10(iii)(A)(4) Amendment, made as of September 12, 2007, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 13, 2004, between the Registrant and Michael incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(7) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* I. Roth, is 10(iii)(A)(5) Executive Change of Control Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2007, by and between the Registrant and Michael I. Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(8) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(6) Amendment, dated May 1, 2008, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 13, 2004, between the Registrant and Michael I. Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008.* 10(iii)(A)(7) The Interpublic Senior Executive Retirement Income Plan Participation Agreement, dated March 31, 2008, between The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. and Michael Roth, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008.* (ii) Philippe Krakowsky 10(iii)(A)(8) 10(iii)(A)(9) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2002, and signed as of July 1, is incorporated by reference to 2002, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(v) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002.* Special Deferred Compensation Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2002, and signed as of July 1, 2002, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(iv) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002.* 10(iii)(A)(10) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated September 30, 2002, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(vi) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002.* 10(iii)(A)(11) Employment Agreement, made as of January 1, 2006 and executed on March 20, 2006, by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 24, 2006.* 10(iii)(A)(12) Amendment, made as of September 12, 2007, to an Employment Agreement, made as of January 1, 2006, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(13) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(13) Executive Change of Control Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2007, by and between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(14) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(14) Amendment, dated September 12, 2007, to an Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated February 1, 2002, between the Registrant and Philippe Krakowsky, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(15) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 94 Exhibit No. Description 10(iii)(A)(15) Amendment, dated May 1, 2008, to an Employment Agreement, made as of January 1, 2006, between the Registrant to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(3) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008.* incorporated by reference and Philippe Krakowsky, is (iii) Frank Mergenthaler 10(iii)(A)(16) Employment Agreement, made as of July 13, 2005, between the Registrant and Frank Mergenthaler is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 19, 2005.* 10(iii)(A)(17) Amendment, made as of September 12, 2007, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 18, 2005, between the Registrant and Frank Mergenthaler, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(9) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(18) Executive Change of Control Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2007, by and between Registrant and Frank Mergenthaler, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(10) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(19) Amendment, dated May 1, 2008, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 18, 2005, between the Registrant to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(2) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008.* incorporated by reference and Frank Mergenthaler, is (iv) Timothy A. Sompolski 10(iii)(A)(20) Employment Agreement, made as of July 6, 2004, by and between the Registrant and Timothy Sompolski, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(11) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004.* 10(iii)(A)(21) Amendment, made as of September 12, 2007, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 6, 2004, between Interpublic and Timothy A. Sompolski, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(16) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(22) Executive Change of Control Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2007, by and between the Registrant and Timothy A. Sompolski, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(17) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(23) Amendment, dated May 1, 2008, to an Employment Agreement, made as of July 6, 2004, between the Registrant to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(4) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008.* incorporated by reference and Timothy Sompolski, is (v) John J. Dooner, Jr. 10(iii)(A)(24) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 1986, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(e) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.* 10(iii)(A)(25) Supplemental Agreement, dated as of May 23, 1990, to an Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 1986, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(l) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.* 95 Exhibit No. Description 10(iii)(A)(26) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of, July 1, 1992, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(q) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.* 10(iii)(A)(27) Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 1994, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(r) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.* 10(iii)(A)(28) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of June 1, 1994, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(s) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.* 10(iii)(A)(29) Supplemental Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2000, to an Employment Agreement between the is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b) to the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2000.* 10(iii)(A)(30) Executive Special Benefit Agreement, dated as of May 20, 2002, between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., signed as of November 11, 2002, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xv)(c) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002.* 10(iii)(A)(31) Supplemental Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2002, to an Employment Agreement between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xv)(a) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002.* 10(iii)(A)(32) Supplemental Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2002, to an Executive Special Benefit Agreement between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xv)(b) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002.* 10(iii)(A)(33) Supplemental Agreement, made as of March 31, 2003 and executed as of April 15, 2003, to an Employment Agreement, made as of January 1, 1994, by and between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(iv)(a) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003.* 10(iii)(A)(34) Supplemental Agreement dated as of November 12, 2003, to an Employment Agreement between the Registrant to incorporated by reference Exhibit 10(b)(viii)(u) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.* and John J. Dooner, Jr., is 10(iii)(A)(35) Executive Change of Control Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2007, by and between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(11) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* 10(iii)(A)(36) Amendment, dated as of October 27, 2008 to Executive Special Benefit Agreements, dated as of July 1, 1986, as amended, July 1, 1992, as amended, June 1, 1994, as amended, March 1, 1997 and May 20, 2002, respectively, by and between the Registrant and John J. Dooner, Jr., is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(2) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008.* (x) Jill M. Considine 10(iii)(A)(37) Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2008, to between Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008.* Jill M. Considine, the Registrant incorporated reference and by is 96 Exhibit No. 10(iii)(A)(38) Description Letter, dated November 2, 2006, from Jill M. Considine to the Registrant, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(B) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2006.* (xi) Richard A. Goldstein 10(iii)(A)(39) Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2008, is incorporated by reference to between the Registrant and Richard A. Goldstein, Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(3) to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008.* 10(iii)(A)(40) Letter, dated July 24, 2006, from Richard A. Goldstein to the Registrant, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2006.* Compensation Plans and Arrangements: 10(iii)(A)(41) 10(iii)(A)(42) 10(iii)(A)(43) 10(iii)(A)(44) 10(iii)(A)(45) 10(iii)(A)(46) 10(iii)(A)(47) 10(iii)(A)(48) 10(iii)(A)(49) 10(iii)(A)(50) 10(iii)(A)(51) Trust Agreement, dated as of June 1, 1990, between the Registrant, Lintas Campbell-Ewald Company, McCann-Erickson USA, Inc., McCann-Erickson Marketing, Inc., Lintas, Inc. and Chemical Bank, as Trustee, is incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1990.* The 1997 Performance Incentive Plan of the Registrant is incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1997.* True North Communications Inc. Stock Option Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-59254).* Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt, Inc. Stock Option Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-59254).* True North Communications Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit(c)(xiv) of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002.* Resolution of the Board of Directors of True North Communications Inc. adopted on March 1, 2002 amending the Deferred Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit(c)(xv) of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002.* The 2002 Performance Incentive Plan of the Registrant is incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed April 17, 2002.* The Interpublic Senior Executive Retirement Income Plan (the “SERIP”) is incorporated by the quarter ended reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for September 30, 2003.* The Interpublic Capital Accumulation Plan (the “CAP”) is incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003.* The Interpublic Outside Directors Stock Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended through August 1, 2003, is incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003.* The Interpublic 2004 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2004 PIP”) is incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on April 23, 2004.* 97 Exhibit No. 10(iii)(A)(52) 10(iii)(A)(53) 10(iii)(A)(54) 10(iii)(A)(55) 10(iii)(A)(56) 10(iii)(A)(57) 10(iii)(A)(58) 10(iii)(A)(59) 10(iii)(A)(60) 10(iii)(A)(61) 10(iii)(A)(62) 10(iii)(A)(63) 10(iii)(A)(64) 10(iii)(A)(65) 10(iii)(A)(66) 10(iii)(A)(67) Description The Interpublic Non-Management Directors’ Stock Incentive Plan (the “Non-Management Directors’ Plan”) is incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on April 23, 2004.* 2004 PIP — Form of Option Certificate is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* 2004 PIP — Form of Instrument of Restricted Stock is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* 2004 PIP — Form of Instrument of Restricted Stock Units is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* Non-Management Directors’ Plan — Form of Plan Option Certificate is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* Non-Management Directors’ Plan — Form of Instrument of Restricted Shares is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* Non-Management Directors’ Plan — Form of Instrument of Restricted Share Units is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* The SERIP — Form of Participation Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* The CAP — Form of Participation Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 27, 2004.* The Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2006) of the Registrant is incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on October 21, 2005.* The Interpublic 2006 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2006 PIP”) is incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 27, 2006.* 2006 PIP — Form of Instrument of Performance Shares, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2006.* 2006 PIP — Form of Instrument of Performance Units is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2006.* 2006 PIP — Form of Instrument of Restricted Stock, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2006.* 2006 PIP — Form of Instrument of Restricted Stock Units, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2006.* 2006 PIP — Form of Instrument of Nonstatutory Stock Options, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2006.* 98 Exhibit No. 10(iii)(A)(68) 10(iii)(A)(69) 10(iii)(A)(70) 10(iii)(A)(71) 10(iii)(A)(72) 10(iii)(A)(73) 10(iii)(A)(74) 10(iii)(A)(75) 12 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32 Description Interpublic Executive Severance Plan, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007.* The SERIP, Amended and Restated (the “Restated SERIP”), effective January 1, 2007, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(1) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* is The CAP, Amended and Restated (the “Restated CAP”), effective January 1, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(4) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* Restated SERIP — Form of Restated Participation Agreement, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(2) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* Restated SERIP — Form of Participation Agreement (Form For New Participants), is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(3) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* Restated CAP — Form of Restated Participation Agreement, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(5) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* Restated CAP — Form of Participation Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(6) to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2007.* (Form For New Participants), Description of the Change in Compensation for Non-Management Directors, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(iii)(A)(91) to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.* Supplemental Calculation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Power of Attorney to sign Form 10-K and resolution of Board of Directors re Power of Attorney. Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. * Management contracts and compensation plans and arrangements. 99 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. (Registrant) By: /s/ Michael I. Roth Michael I. Roth Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer February 27, 2009 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date /s/ Michael I. Roth Michael I. Roth /s/ Frank Mergenthaler Frank Mergenthaler /s/ Christopher F. Carroll Christopher F. Carroll /s/ Frank J. Borelli Frank J. Borelli /s/ Reginald K. Brack Reginald K. Brack /s/ Jocelyn Carter-Miller Jocelyn Carter-Miller /s/ Jill M. Considine Jill M. Considine /s/ Richard A Goldstein Richard A. Goldstein Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 27, 2009 February 27, 2009 February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 100 Name Title Date /s/ H. John Greeniaus H. John Greeniaus /s/ Mary J. Steele Guilfoile Mary J. Steele Guilfoile /s/ William T. Kerr William T. Kerr /s/ David M. Thomas David M. Thomas Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 Director February 27, 2009 101 Exhibit 12 COMPUTATION OF RATIOS OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES (Amounts in Millions, Except Ratios) Years ended December 31, 2006 2007 2005 2004 2008 Earnings (loss)(1) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $471.5 $235.7 $ (5.0) $(186.6) $(267.0) Fixed charges(1) Interest expense and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest factor of net operating rents(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fixed charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.9 183.9 395.8 236.7 185.6 422.3 218.7 185.1 403.8 181.9 183.9 365.8 172.0 190.0 362.0 Earnings (loss), as adjusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $867.3 $658.0 $398.8 $ 179.2 $ 95.0 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.6 N/A N/A N/A (1) Earnings (loss) consist of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, income applicable to minority interests and equity in net income of unconsolidated affiliates. Fixed charges consist of interest on indebtedness, amortization of debt discount, waiver and other amendment fees, debt issuance costs (all included in interest expense) and the portion of net rental expense deemed representative of the interest component (one-third). (2) We have calculated the interest factor of net operating rent as one third of our operating rent, as this represents a reasonable approximation of the interest factor. (3) We had a less than 1:1 ratio of earnings to fixed charges due to our losses in the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004. To provide a 1:1 coverage ratio for the deficient periods, results as reported would have required additional earnings of $5.0, $186.6 and $267.0 in the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Exhibit 31.1 I, Michael I. Roth, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over to provide reasonable assurance financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 27, 2009 /s/ Michael I. Roth Michael I. Roth Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer I, Frank Mergenthaler, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.2 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 27, 2009 /s/ Frank Mergenthaler Frank Mergenthaler Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that: The annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the annual report on Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 27, 2009 /s/ Michael I. Roth Michael I. Roth Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Dated: February 27, 2009 /s/ Frank Mergenthaler Frank Mergenthaler Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN AMONG THE INTERPUBLIC GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. COMMON STOCK, THE S&P 500 AND PEER GROUP INDICES The graph below compares the cumulative total return on our common stock during the last five fiscal years with the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Index and a peer group of publicly held corporate communications and marketing holding companies. The peer group consists of Omnicom Group, Inc., WPP Group plc, Publicis Groupe SA, Havas and Interpublic. The graph shows the value at the end of each year of each $100 invested in our common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the peer group. The graph assumes the reinvestment of dividends. S R A L L O D 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 INTERPUBLIC S&P 500 INDEX PEER GROUP 2003 100.00 100.00 100.00 2004 85.90 110.88 100.60 2005 61.86 116.33 99.02 2006 78.46 134.70 124.01 2007 51.99 142.10 113.48 2008 25.38 89.53 61.90