Trilogy Metals Inc.
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (cid:95) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended November 30, 2017 OR (cid:133) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from to Commission File Number: 1-35447 TRILOGY METALS INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) British Columbia (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) Suite 1150, 609 Granville Street Vancouver, British Columbia Canada (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 98-1006991 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) V7Y 1G5 (Zip Code) (604) 638-8088 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Shares, no par value Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered NYSE AMERICAN Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:95) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes (cid:95) No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer (cid:133) Accelerated filer (cid:133) Non-accelerated filer (cid:133) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company (cid:95) Emerging growth company (cid:133) If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) As at May 31, 2017, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Shares held by non-affiliates was approximately $39.4 million. As of February 1, 2018, the registrant had 106,536,276 Common Shares, no par value, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than March 30, 2018, in connection with the registrant’s 2018 annual meeting of stockholders, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. TRILOGY METALS INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS CURRENCY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS CAUTIONARY NOTE TO UNITED STATES INVESTORS CAUTIONARY NOTE TO ALL INVESTORS CONCERNING ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS THAT INCLUDE INFERRED RESOURCES GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL PART I BUSINESS Item 1. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Item 6. Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF Item 8. Item 9. OPERATIONS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES PART IV Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES 2 Page 3 3 6 7 11 11 17 28 28 66 67 68 68 77 78 80 81 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 Unless the context otherwise requires, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Trilogy” refer to Trilogy Metals Inc., formerly NovaCopper Inc. (“Trilogy”), a British Columbia corporation, either alone or together with its subsidiaries as the context requires, as of November 30, 2017. CURRENCY All dollar amounts are in United States currency unless otherwise stated. References to C$ or CDN$ refer to Canadian currency, and $ or US$ to United States currency. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The information discussed in this annual report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking information” and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), and applicable Canadian securities laws. These forward- looking statements may include statements regarding perceived merit of properties, exploration results and budgets, mineral reserves and resource estimates, work programs, capital expenditures, operating costs, cash flow estimates, production estimates and similar statements relating to the economic viability of a project, timelines, strategic plans, statements relating anticipated activity with respect to the Ambler Mining District Industrial Access Project (“AMDIAP”), the Company’s plans and expectations relating to the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, completion of transactions, market prices for precious and base metals, the anticipated timing and results of the Arctic PFS (as defined herein) or other statements that are not statements of fact. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management. Statements concerning mineral resource estimates may also be deemed to constitute “forward-looking statements” to the extent that they involve estimates of the mineralization that will be encountered if the property is developed. Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, identified by words or phrases such as “expects”, “is expected”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “plans”, “projects”, “estimates”, “assumes”, “intends”, “strategy”, “goals”, “objectives”, “potential”, “possible” or variations thereof or stating that certain actions, events, conditions or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “should”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved, or the negative of any of these terms and similar expressions) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual events or results to differ from those reflected in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) risks related to inability to define proven and probable reserves; risks related to our ability to finance the development of our mineral properties through external financing, strategic alliances, the sale of property interests or otherwise; uncertainty as to whether there will ever be production at the Company’s mineral exploration and development properties; risks related to our ability to commence production and generate material revenues or obtain adequate financing for our planned exploration and development activities; risks related to lack of infrastructure including but not limited to the risk whether or not the AMDIAP will receive the requisite permits and, if it does, whether the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority (“AIDEA”) will build the AMDIAP; risks related to inclement weather which may delay or hinder exploration activities at its mineral properties; none of the Company’s mineral properties are in production or are under development; risks related to future sales or issuances of equity securities decreasing the value of existing Trilogy common shares (“Common Shares”), diluting voting power and reducing future earnings per share; commodity price fluctuations; our history of losses and expectation of future losses; 3 (cid:120) (cid:120) uncertainties relating to the assumptions underlying our resource estimates, such as metal pricing, metallurgy, mineability, marketability and operating and capital costs; uncertainty related to inferred mineral resources; (cid:120) mining and development risks, including risks related to infrastructure, accidents, equipment breakdowns, labor disputes or other unanticipated difficulties with or interruptions in development, construction or production; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) risks related to market events and general economic conditions; risks and uncertainties relating to the interpretation of drill results, the geology, grade and continuity of our mineral deposits; risks related to governmental regulation and permits, including environmental regulation, including the risk that more stringent requirements or standards may be adopted or applied due to circumstances unrelated to the Company and outside of its control; the risk that permits and governmental approvals necessary to develop and operate mines at our mineral properties will not be available on a timely basis or at all; risks related to the need for reclamation activities on our properties and uncertainty of cost estimates related thereto; uncertainty related to title to our mineral properties; risks related to the acquisition and integration of operations or projects; risks related to increases in demand for equipment, skilled labor and services needed for exploration and development of mineral properties, and related cost increases; our need to attract and retain qualified management and technical personnel; risks related to conflicts of interests of some of our directors and officers; risks related to potential future litigation; risks related to the voting power of our major shareholders and the impact that a sale by such shareholders may have on our share price; risks related to global climate change; risks related to adverse publicity from non-governmental organizations; uncertainty as to our ability to maintain the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting as per the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”); increased regulatory compliance costs, associated with rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC, Canadian Securities Administrators, the NYSE American, the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”), and the Financial Accounting Standards Boards, and more specifically, our efforts to comply with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”); uncertainty as to the volatility in the price of the Company’s Shares; the Company’s expectation of not paying cash dividends; and adverse federal income tax consequences for U.S. shareholders should the Company be a passive foreign investment company; 4 This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements about the future and are inherently uncertain, and our actual achievements or other future events or conditions may differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation, those referred to in this report under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere. Our forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs, expectations and opinions of management on the date the statements are made. In connection with the forward-looking statements contained herein, we have made certain assumptions about our business, including about: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) our ability to achieve production at our Arctic and Bornite Projects; the accuracy of our mineral resource estimates; the results, costs and timing of future exploration drilling and engineering; timing and receipt of approvals, consents and permits under applicable legislation; the adequacy of our financial resources; the receipt of third party contractual, regulatory and governmental approvals for the exploration, development, construction and production of our properties; our expected ability to develop adequate infrastructure and that the cost of doing so will be reasonable; there being no significant disruptions affecting operations, whether relating to labor, supply, power, damage to equipment or other matter; expected trends and specific assumptions regarding metal prices and currency exchange rates; and prices for and availability of fuel, electricity, parts and equipment and other key supplies remaining consistent with current levels. We have also assumed that no significant events will occur outside of our normal course of business. Although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. We believe that the assumptions inherent in the forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date hereof. However, forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and, accordingly, undue reliance should not be put on such statements due to the inherent uncertainty therein. We do not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements if circumstances or management’s beliefs, expectations or opinions should change, except as required by law. For the reasons set forth above, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements contained herein are qualified by these cautionary statements. 5 CAUTIONARY NOTE TO UNITED STATES INVESTORS Unless otherwise indicated, all resource estimates, and any future reserve estimates, included or incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K have been, and will be, prepared in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (“CIM Definition Standards”). NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators which establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. NI 43-101 permits the disclosure of an historical estimate made prior to the adoption of NI 43-101 that does not comply with NI 43-101 to be disclosed using the historical terminology if the disclosure: (a) identifies the source and date of the historical estimate; (b) comments on the relevance and reliability of the historical estimate; (c) to the extent known, provides the key assumptions, parameters and methods used to prepare the historical estimate; (d) states whether the historical estimate uses categories other than those prescribed by NI 43-101; and (e) includes any more recent estimates or data available. Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, differ significantly from the requirements of the SEC, and reserve and resource information contained or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K may not be comparable to similar information disclosed by U.S. companies. In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “resource” does not equate to the term “reserves”. Under SEC Industry Guide 7, mineralization may not be classified as a “reserve” unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. SEC Industry Guide 7 does not define and the SEC’s disclosure standards normally do not permit the inclusion of information concerning “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” or “inferred mineral resources” or other descriptions of the amount of mineralization in mineral deposits that do not constitute “reserves” by U.S. standards in documents filed with the SEC. U.S. investors should also understand that “inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. Under Canadian rules, subject to certain exceptions, estimated “inferred mineral resources” may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an “inferred mineral resource” exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC standards as in-place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. The requirements of NI 43-101 for identification of “reserves” are also not the same as those of the SEC, and any reserves reported by us in the future in compliance with NI 43-101 may not qualify as “reserves” under SEC standards. Accordingly, information concerning mineral deposits set forth herein may not be comparable to information made public by companies that report in accordance with United States standards. Accordingly, information concerning mineral deposits set forth herein may not be to similar information made public by United States companies subject to reporting and disclosure requirements under United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. 6 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS We estimate and report our resources and we will estimate and report our reserves according to the definitions set forth in NI 43-101. We will modify and reconcile the reserves as appropriate to conform to SEC Industry Guide 7 for reporting in the U.S. The definitions for each reporting standard are presented below with supplementary explanation and descriptions of the parallels and differences. The following technical terms defined in this section are used throughout this Form 10-K: “AA” is atomic absorption. “Ag” is the chemical symbol for silver. “AMT” is audiomagnetotelluric. “ARD” is acid rock drainage. “Au” is the chemical symbol for gold. “Ba” is barium. “CIM” is the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. “Co” is the chemical symbol for cobalt. “CO2” is carbon dioxide. “CS-AMT” is controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric. “Cu” is the chemical symbol for copper. “DIGHEM” is a proprietary geophysical survey system. “dilution” is waste, which is unavoidably mined with ore. “dip” is the angle of inclination of a geological feature/rock from the horizontal. “EM” is electromagnetic. “fault” is the surface of a fracture along which movement has occurred. “Fe” is the surface of a fracture along which movement has occurred. “gangue” are non-valuable components of the ore. “grade” is the measure of concentration of gold within mineralized rock. “g” is a gram. “g/t” is grams per metric tonne. “ha” is a Hectare. “ICP” is induced couple plasma. 7 “ICP-AES” is inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. “IRR” is internal rate of return. “km” is a kilometer. “m” is a meter. “masl” is meters above sea level. “Mg” is the chemical symbol for magnesium. “micron” or “µm” is 0.000001 meters. “mm” is a millimeter. “MS” is massive sulfide. “MW” is million watts. “NPV” is net present value “ounce” or “oz” is a troy ounce. “Pb” is the chemical symbol for lead. “ppm” is parts per million. “QA/QC” is quality assurance and quality control. “SG” is specific gravity. “SRM” is standard reference material. “strike” is the duration of line formed by the intersection of strata surfaces within the horizontal plane, always perpendicular to the dip direction. “tailings” is the finely ground waste rock from which valuable minerals or metals have been extracted. “tonne” is a metric tonne: 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds. “t/d” is tonnes per day. “XRF” is x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. “Zn” is the chemical symbol for zinc. 8 CIM Definition Standards, adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014: “feasibility study means a comprehensive technical and economic study of the selected development option for a mineral project that includes appropriately detailed assessments of applicable modifying factors together with any other relevant operational factors and detailed financial analysis that are necessary to demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that the extraction is reasonably justified (economically mineable). The results of the study may reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a proponent or financial institution to proceed with, or finance, the development of the project. The confidence level of the study will be higher than that of a pre-feasibility study. “indicated mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are estimated with sufficient confidence to allow the application of modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Geological evidence is derived from adequately detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing and is sufficient to assume geological and grade or quality continuity between points of observation. An indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to a measured mineral resource and may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve. “inferred mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade or quality continuity. An inferred mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applied to an indicated mineral resource and must not be converted to a mineral reserve. It is reasonably expected that the majority of inferred mineral resources could be upgraded to indicated mineral resources with continued exploration. “measured mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the application of modifying factors to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Geological evidence is derived from detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing and is sufficient to confirm geological and grade or quality continuity between points of observation. A measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than that applying to either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource. It may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve. “mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of a measured and/or indicated mineral resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses, which may occur when the material is mined or extracted and is defined by studies at pre-feasibility or feasibility level as appropriate that include application of modifying factors. Such studies demonstrate that, at the time of reporting, extraction could reasonably be justified. The reference point at which mineral reserves are defined, usually the point where the ore is delivered to the processing plant, must be stated. It is important that, in all situations where the reference point is different, such as for a saleable product, a clarifying statement is included to ensure that the reader is fully informed as to what is being reported. The public disclosure of a mineral reserve must be demonstrated by a pre-feasibility or feasibility study. “mineral resource” means a concentration or occurrence of solid material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade or quality, continuity and other geologic characteristics of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge, including sampling. “modifying factors” means the considerations used to convert mineral resources to mineral reserves. These include, but are not restricted to, mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. “pre-feasibility study (preliminary feasibility study)” means a comprehensive study or a range of options for the technical and economic viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where a preferred mining method, in the case of underground mining, or the pit configuration, in the case of an open pit, is established and an effective method of mineral processing is determined. It includes a financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions on the modifying factors and the evaluation of any other relevant factors which are sufficient for a Qualified Person, acting reasonably, to determine if all or part of the mineral resource many be converted to a mineral reserve at the time of reporting. A pre-feasibility study is at a lower confidence level than a feasibility study. “probable mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of an indicated, and in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource. The confidence in the modifying factors applying to a probable mineral reserve is lower than that applying to a proven mineral reserve. 9 “proven mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource. A proven mineral reserve implies a high degree of confidence in the modifying factors. SEC Industry Guide 7 Definitions: “exploration stage” deposit is one which is not in either the development or production stage. “development stage” project is one which is undergoing preparation of an established commercially mineable deposit for its extraction but which is not yet in production. This stage occurs after completion of a feasibility study. “mineralized material” refers to material that is not included in the reserve as it does not meet all of the criteria for adequate demonstration for economic or legal extraction. “probable reserve” refers to reserves for which quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven (measured) reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation. “production stage” project is actively engaged in the process of extraction and beneficiation of mineral reserves to produce a marketable metal or mineral product. “proven reserve” refers to reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth and mineral content of reserves are well-established. “reserve” refers to that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. Reserves must be supported by a feasibility study done to bankable standards that demonstrates the economic extraction. (“Bankable standards” implies that the confidence attached to the costs and achievements developed in the study is sufficient for the project to be eligible for external debt financing.) A reserve includes adjustments to the in-situ tonnes and grade to include diluting materials and allowances for losses that might occur when the material is mined. 10 Item 1. BUSINESS PART I Our principal business is the exploration and development of our Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects (“Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects” or “UKMP Projects”) located in the Ambler mining district in Northwest Alaska, United States, comprising the (i) Arctic Project, which contains a high-grade polymetallic volcanogenic massive sulfide (“VMS”) deposit (“Arctic Project”); and (ii) Bornite Project, which contains a carbonate-hosted copper deposit (“Bornite Project”). Our goals include expanding mineral resources and advancing our projects through technical, engineering and feasibility studies so that production decisions can be made on those projects. Our UKMP Projects are held by a wholly-owned subsidiary, NovaCopper US Inc. (“Trilogy Metals US”) (dba Trilogy Metals US), registered to do business in the State of Alaska. Name, Address and Incorporation Trilogy Metals Inc. was incorporated on April 27, 2011 under the name NovaCopper Inc. pursuant to the terms of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (“BCBCA”). NovaCopper Inc. changed its name to Trilogy Metals Inc. on September 1, 2016 to better reflect its diversified metals resource base. Our registered office is located at Suite 2600, Three Bentall Centre, 595 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and our executive office is located at Suite 1150, 609 Granville Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Corporate Organization Chart The following chart depicts our corporate structure together with the jurisdiction of incorporation of our subsidiary at November 30, 2017. All ownership is 100%. 11 Business Cycle Our business, at its current exploration phase, is cyclical. Exploration activities are conducted primarily during snow-free months in Alaska. The optimum field season at the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects is from late May to late September. The length of the snow-free season at the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects varies from about May through November at lower elevations and from July through September at higher elevations. Trilogy’s Strategy Our business strategy is focused on creating value for stakeholders through our ownership and advancement of the Arctic Project and exploration of the Bornite Project and through the pursuit of similarly attractive mining projects. We plan to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) advance the Arctic Project towards development with key activities including increased definition of the NI 43-101 mineral resources contained in the 2017 Arctic Report (as defined herein), technical studies to support completion of a pre-feasibility or feasibility study and the advancement of baseline environmental studies; advance exploration in the Ambler mining district and, in particular, at the Bornite Project, pursuant to the NANA Agreement (as more particularly described under “History of Trilogy – Agreement with NANA Regional Corporation”) through resource development and initial technical studies; and pursue project level or corporate transactions that are value accretive. Significant Developments in 2017 (cid:120) On March 6, 2017, we announced that the permitting process is advancing on the AMDIAP. The Notice of Intent initiating the permitting process under the National Environmental Policy Act for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) on the AMDIAP was published on February 28, 2017 by the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) in the U.S. Federal Register. The BLM is the lead Federal agency for the EIS. The notice initiates the public scoping process for the EIS and comments are due by January 31, 2018. (cid:120) On April 10, 2017, we entered into an option agreement (the “South32 Option Agreement”) with South32 Group Operations Pty Ltd (“South32 Operations”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of South32 Limited, which agreement was later assigned by South32 Operations to its affiliate, South32 USA Exploration Inc. (together with South32 Operations, “South32”). The South32 Option Agreement grants to South32 a three-year option to form a 50/50 joint venture with respect to Trilogy’s Alaskan assets which includes the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects. South32 must contribute a minimum of $10 million each year, for a maximum of three years, to keep the option in good standing (the “Initial Funding”). South32 may exercise its option at any time to form the 50/50 joint venture(“LLC”) until the option expiration date. Provided that all the exploration data and information related to approved programs has been made available to South32 by no later than December 31 of each year in respect of the first two years, South32 must decide by January 31 of the following year whether; (i) to fund a further tranche of a minimum of $10 million, or (ii) to withdraw and not provide any further annual funding. If the election to fund a further tranche is not made in January, South32 has until the end of March to exercise the option to form the LLC and make the subscription payment. If South32 elects to exercise the option, the subscription price less certain deductions for Initial Funding shall be paid in one tranche within 45 business days. Should South32 not make its annual minimum payment or elect to withdraw, the option will lapse and South32 will have no claim to ownership or to the funds it had already spent. In order to exercise its option to form the joint venture, South32 must contribute a minimum of $150 million, plus (i) any amounts Trilogy spends at the Arctic Project over the next three years up to $5 million per year and (ii) $5 million if the option is exercised between April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019 or $10 million if the option is exercised between April 1, 2019 and the expiration date of the option, less the amount of the Initial Funding contributed by South32. South32 made the option payment for the first year and the funds were used for a $10 million exploration program in 2017 at the Bornite Project. On December 14, 2017, we announced that South32 has committed to fund the $10 million 2018 program and budget for the Bornite Project. The funds, which represent the second tranche of $10 million, maintains the South32 Option Agreement in good standing, and has been fully received by Trilogy on January 24, 2018. (cid:120) On September 18, 2017 and December 4, 2017, we issued press releases to announce the drill results from our 2017 summer field program for the Bornite Project. The 2017 Bornite exploration program included a total of 9 drill holes comprising 8,437 meters. Note that due to inclement weather, two holes (RC17-241 and RC17-242) were stopped before reaching target depth and cemented in preparation for re- entry during the 2018 drill program. The focus of the 2017 program was to target high-grade copper mineralization north and east of the previously identified resources and to define the edges of the mineralized system. 12 (cid:120) On October 12, 2017, we filed an amended technical report for the Bornite Project entitled “Amended NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated October 12, 2017 with an effective date of April 19, 2016 (the “2017 Bornite Report”) prepared by BD Resource Consulting, Inc., SIM Geological Inc., and International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc.and signed by Bruce Davis, FAUSIMM, Robert Sim, P.Geo., and Jeff Austin, P.Eng, all of whom are “Qualified Persons” under NI 43-101 and are independent of the Company. The 2017 Bornite Report supersedes the Company’s previous technical report on the Bornite Project entitled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated May 16, 2016 and having an effective date of April 19, 2016 (the “2016 Bornite Report”) and reflects non-material changes made to the 2016 Bornite Report which were made at the request of the British Columbia Securities Commission. (cid:120) On November 9, 2017, we filed a technical report for the Company’s Arctic Project entitled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Arctic Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated November 9, 2017 with an effective date of April 25, 2017 (the “2017 Arctic Report”) prepared by BD Resource Consulting, Inc., SIM Geological Inc., and International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc.and signed by Bruce Davis, FAUSIMM, Robert Sim, P.Geo., and Jeff Austin, P.Eng, all of whom are “Qualified Persons” under NI 43-101 and are independent of the Company. The resource estimate included in the 2017 Arctic Report supersedes all previous resource estimates for the Arctic Project. See “The Arctic Project”. (cid:120) On December 11, 2017, we announced the appointment of Mr. William Iggiagruk Hensley to the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”). Significant Developments in 2016 (cid:120) On April 19, 2016, we released an updated resource estimate on the Bornite Project and on May 16, 2016 filed the NI 43-101 compliant 2016 Bornite Report. Shallow mineralization located in the Ruby Creek Zones, in the Upper and Lower Reefs are reported within a resource limiting pit shell. Indicated in-pit resources at the Bornite deposit at a 0.50% copper cutoff are 40.5 million tonnes at 1.02% copper grade. Inferred in-pit resources at the Bornite deposit at a 0.50% copper cutoff are 84.1 million tonnes at 0.95% copper grade. In addition to the in-pit resources, Inferred below pit resources at the Bornite deposit are reported (at an elevated 1.5% copper cutoff) as 57.8 million tonnes at 2.89% copper grade. Contained copper in Indicated Resources has increased from 334 to 913 million pounds constituting a 173% increase in contained metal. Total contained copper in Inferred Resources has decreased from 5,696 to 5,450 million pounds (1,768Mlbs in-pit and 3,683Mlbs below-pit) which constitutes a 4% decrease in contained metal due principally to moving in-pit Inferred Resources to the Indicated category. The update incorporated a new 3D lithology, alteration and structural model for the Bornite deposit, as well as results from previously un-sampled or partially sampled historical Kennecott drill core. Inferred resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and whether they can be mined legally or economically. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of the Inferred resources will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. See “Cautionary Note to United States Investors.” (cid:120) On August 18, 2016, we issued a press release to announce the sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary Sunward Investments Ltd. (“Sunward Investments”) which indirectly owns the Titiribi property, located in Antioquia Province of Colombia, to Brazil Resources Inc. (“BRI”) in exchange for 5 million common shares of BRI and 1 million warrants. Each warrant is exercisable into one common share of BRI at a price of C$3.50 per BRI common share until September 1, 2018. On September 1, 2016, the close of the transaction, the consideration was valued at $8.2 million. (cid:120) On September 8, 2016, the change of our name to Trilogy Metals Inc., which was previously approved by our shareholders, became effective and our shares began trading on the TSX and the NYSE American under the new name and symbol “TMQ”. We changed our name to Trilogy to better reflect the diversity of minerals at our UKMP Projects. (cid:120) On October 27, 2016, we issued a press release to announce the drill results from the safe and successful 2016 summer field program for the Arctic Project. We completed thirteen diamond drill holes for a total of 3,058 meters of core. The 2016 drill program was designed to collect data for geotechnical, hydrological, waste rock characterization and metallurgical studies as well as further resource definition. Three drill holes representing 822 meters drilled were designed to collect geotechnical and hydrological data within the proposed Arctic open-pit. Four drill holes representing 1,030 meters drilled were designed to collect metallurgical samples, specifically targeting material within the initial production years of the Arctic open-pit. Six drill holes representing 1,206 meters drilled were designed to evaluate vertical and lateral continuity of the high grade polymetallic copper, gold, silver, lead, and zinc mineralization, and support upgrading of Inferred resources to Measured and Indicated resource classification within the area of the proposed Arctic open-pit. We were pleased to announce that all six infill holes encountered mineralized intervals consistent with previous drilling conducted within the resource area on the property. The updated geology domains and drill data will be incorporated into an updated resource estimate that will support a future pre- feasibility study. In addition to the drill program, we conducted an aquatics survey, avian survey, habitat survey, archaeological survey, and wetlands delineation survey, and continued ongoing baseline environmental data collection and acid-base-accounting/metal leaching sampling. The LiDAR survey that was incomplete last year due to weather conditions was also completed during the summer field program. 13 Significant Developments in 2015 (cid:120) On June 19, 2015, we issued a press release to announce the completion of a Plan of Arrangement (the “Arrangement”) with Sunward Resources Ltd. (“Sunward”), a publicly listed company on the TSX, resulting in the acquisition of Sunward by Trilogy. Under the terms of the Arrangement, Sunward shareholders received 0.3 of a Trilogy Common Share for each Sunward common share held resulting in the Company issuing approximately 43.1 million Common Shares to Sunward shareholders and Sunward directors holding Sunward deferred share units. Each Sunward stock option outstanding was exchanged for a fully-vested option to purchase Trilogy Common Shares (a “Sunward Arrangement Option”) for a period of 90 days, with the number of shares issuable and exercise price adjusted based on an exchange ratio of 0.3. A total of 2,505,000 Sunward Arrangement Options were issued to holders of Sunward stock options at closing. (cid:120) On October 21, 2015, we issued a press release to announce the drill results from our 2015 summer field program for the Arctic Project. In total, fourteen diamond drill holes were completed amounting to a total of 3,056 meters drilled. In addition to the twelve resource estimation drill holes, two drill holes, representing 631 meters drilled, were completed to support preliminary rock mechanics and geotechnical studies and a hydrogeological assessment of the proposed Arctic open-pit. All fourteen drill holes encountered mineralized intervals, defined as a minimum of 1.0 meter copper interval with average grade> 0.7% copper. (cid:120) On October 22, 2015, we issued a press release to announce that Alaska’s Governor has authorized AIDEA to begin the environmental impact statement (“EIS”) process on AMDIAP, formerly known as the Ambler Mining District Industrial Access Road. History of Trilogy Spin-Out We were formerly a wholly-owned subsidiary of NovaGold Resources Inc. (“NovaGold”). At a special meeting of securityholders of NovaGold held on March 28, 2012, the securityholders voted in favour of a special resolution approving the distribution of Common Shares of Trilogy to the shareholders of NovaGold as a return of capital through a statutory Plan of Arrangement under the Companies Act (Nova Scotia). On April 30, 2012, all of the outstanding Trilogy Common Shares were distributed to shareholders of NovaGold such that each NovaGold shareholder of record at the close of business on April 27, 2012 received one Trilogy Common Share for every six common shares in the capital of NovaGold held at that time. The Trilogy Common Shares were listed and posted for trading on the TSX and on the NYSE American (formerly the NYSE MKT) under its previous symbol, NCQ, and former name, NovaCopper Inc., on April 25, 2012. Name Change We changed our corporate name to Trilogy Metals Inc. from NovaCopper Inc. in 2016 to better reflect the diversity of minerals at our UKMP Projects. On September 8, 2016, upon the opening of the markets our shares began trading on the TSX and the NYSE American under the symbol “TMQ”. Agreement with NANA Regional Corporation On October 19, 2011, NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. (“NANA”), an Alaska Native Corporation headquartered in Kotzebue, Alaska, and Trilogy Metals US entered an Exploration Agreement and Option Agreement, as amended (the “NANA Agreement”) for the cooperative development of NANA’s respective resource interests in the Ambler mining district of Northwest Alaska. The NANA Agreement consolidates our and NANA’s land holdings into an approximately 142,831-hectare land package and provides a framework for the exploration and any future development of this high-grade and prospective poly-metallic belt. 14 The NANA Agreement grants Trilogy Metals US the nonexclusive right to enter on, and the exclusive right to explore, the Bornite lands and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (“ANCSA”) lands (each as defined in the NANA Agreement) and in connection therewith, to construct and utilize temporary access roads, camps, airstrips and other incidental works. In consideration for this right, Trilogy Metals US paid to NANA $4 million in cash. Trilogy Metals US is also required to make payments to NANA for scholarship purposes in accordance with the terms of the NANA Agreement. Trilogy Metals US has further agreed to use reasonable commercial efforts to train and employ NANA shareholders to perform work for Trilogy Metals US in connection with its operations on the Bornite lands, ANCSA lands and Ambler lands (as defined in the NANA Agreement) (collectively, the “Lands”). The NANA Agreement has a term of 20 years, with an option in favour of Trilogy Metals US to extend the term for an additional 10 years. The NANA Agreement may be terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or by NANA if Trilogy Metals US does not meet certain expenditure requirements on the Bornite lands and ANCSA lands. If, following receipt of a feasibility study and the release for public comment of a related draft environmental impact statement, we decide to proceed with construction of a mine on the Lands, Trilogy Metals US will notify NANA in writing and NANA will have 120 days to elect to either (a) exercise a non-transferrable back-in-right to acquire an undivided ownership interest between 16% and 25% (as specified by NANA) of that specific project; or (b) not exercise its back-in-right, and instead receive a net proceeds royalty equal to 15% of the net proceeds realized by Trilogy Metals US from such project (following the recoupment by Trilogy Metals US of all costs incurred, including operating, capital and carrying costs). The cost to exercise such back-in-right is equal to the percentage interest in the project multiplied by the difference between (i) all costs incurred by Trilogy Metals US or its affiliates on the project, including historical costs incurred prior to the date of the NANA Agreement together with interest on the costs; and (ii) $40 million (subject to exceptions). This amount will be payable by NANA to Trilogy Metals US in cash at the time the parties enter into a joint venture agreement and in no event will the amount be less than zero. In the event that NANA elects to exercise its back-in-right, the parties will as soon as reasonably practicable form a joint venture, with NANA’s interest being between 16% to 25% and Trilogy Metals US owning the balance of the interest in the joint venture. Upon formation of the joint venture, the joint venture will assume all of the obligations of Trilogy Metals US and be entitled to all the benefits of Trilogy Metals US under the NANA Agreement in connection with the mine to be developed and the related Lands. A party’s failure to pay its proportionate share of costs in connection with the joint venture will result in dilution of its interest. Each party will have a right of first refusal over any proposed transfer of the other party’s interest in the joint venture other than to an affiliate or for the purposes of granting security. A transfer by either party of any net proceeds royalty interest in a project other than for financing purposes will also be subject to a first right of refusal. A transfer of NANA’s net smelter return on the Lands is subject to a first right of refusal by Trilogy Metals US. In connection with possible development of a mine on the Bornite lands or ANCSA lands, Trilogy Metals US and NANA will execute a mining lease to allow Trilogy Metals US or the joint venture to construct and operate a mine on the Bornite lands or ANCSA lands. These leases will provide NANA a 2% net smelter royalty as to production from the Bornite lands and a 2.5% net smelter royalty as to production from the ANCSA lands. If Trilogy Metals US decides to proceed with construction of a mine on the Ambler lands, NANA will enter into a surface use agreement with Trilogy Metals US which will afford Trilogy Metals US access to the Ambler lands along routes approved by NANA on the Bornite lands or ANCSA lands. In consideration for the grant of such surface use rights, Trilogy Metals US will grant NANA a 1% net smelter royalty on production and an annual payment of $755 per acre (as adjusted for inflation each year beginning with the second anniversary of the effective date of the NANA Agreement and for each of the first 400 acres (and $100 for each additional acre) of the lands owned by NANA and used for access which are disturbed and not reclaimed. We have formed an oversight committee with NANA, which consists of four representatives from each of Trilogy and NANA (the “Oversight Committee”). The Oversight Committee is responsible for certain planning and oversight matters carried out by us under the NANA Agreement. The planning and oversight matters that are the subject of the NANA Agreement will be determined by majority vote. The representatives of each of Trilogy and NANA attending a meeting will have one vote in the aggregate and in the event of a tie, the Trilogy representatives jointly shall have a deciding vote on all matters other than Subsistence Matters, as that term is defined in the NANA Agreement. There shall be no deciding vote on Subsistence Matters and we may not proceed with such matters unless approved by majority vote of the Oversight Committee or with the consent of NANA, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed. Principal Markets We do not currently have a principal market. Our principal objective is to become a producer of copper. 15 Specialized Skill and Knowledge All aspects of our business require specialized skills and knowledge. Such skills and knowledge include the areas of geology, mining and accounting. See “Executive Officers of Trilogy” for details as to the specific skills and knowledge of our directors and management. Environmental Protection Mining is an extractive industry that impacts the environment. Our goal is to evaluate ways to minimize that impact and to develop safe, responsible and profitable operations by developing natural resources for the benefit of our employees, shareholders and communities and maintain high standards for environmental performance at our UKMP Projects. We strive to meet or exceed environmental standards at our UKMP Projects. One way we do this is through collaborations with local communities in Alaska, including Native Alaskan groups. Our environmental performance will be overseen at the Board level and environmental performance is the responsibility of the project manager. (cid:120) All new activities and operations will be managed for compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In the absence of regulation, best management practices will be applied to manage environmental risk. (cid:120) We will strive to limit releases to the air, land or water and appropriately treat and dispose of waste. Employees As of November 30, 2017, we had 8 full-time employees, 7 of whom were employed at our executive office in Vancouver, BC. The number of individuals employed by us fluctuates throughout the year depending on the season; however, during 2017, we had, on average, 28 employees working for us. We have entered into executive employment agreements with two individuals, the CEO and CFO (each as defined herein). We believe our success is dependent on the performance of our management and key employees, many of whom have specialized skills in exploration in Alaska and the base metals industry. Substantially all of our exploration site employees have been active in the Ambler mining district for the last five years and are knowledgeable as to the geology, metallurgy and infrastructure related to mining development. Executive Officers of Trilogy As of November 30, 2017, we had two executive officers, namely Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse and Elaine Sanders. The following information is presented as of November 30, 2017. Name and Residence Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse British Columbia, Canada Director, President and Chief Executive Officer Elaine Sanders British Columbia, Canada VP, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary Age 62 48 Held Office Since April 29, 2011(1) Business Experience During Past Five Years Chief Executive Officer of Trilogy (2011 – present) January 30, 2012(2) VP and Chief Financial Officer of Trilogy (2012 – present); Corporate Secretary of Trilogy (2011 – present) (1) Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyse was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer on April 29, 2011. He became a full-time employee of the Company on January 9, 2012. (2) Ms. Sanders was appointed Chief Financial Officer on January 30, 2012. She became a full-time employee of the Company on November 13, 2012. Segment Information The Company’s reportable segments are based on geographic region for the Company’s operations. Segment information relating to our assets is provided under the section heading “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” below. 16 Competitive Conditions The mineral exploration and development industry is competitive in all phases of exploration, development and production. There is a high degree of competition faced by us in Alaska and elsewhere for skilled management employees, suitable contractors for drilling operations, technical and engineering resources, and necessary exploration and mining equipment, and many of these competitor companies have greater financial resources, operational expertise, and/or more advanced properties than us. Additionally, our operations are in a remote location where skilled resources and support services are limited. We have in place experienced management personnel and continue to evaluate the required expertise and skills to carry out our operations. As a result of this competition, we may be unable to achieve our exploration and development in the future on terms we consider acceptable or at all. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Available Information We make available, free of charge, on or through our website, at www.trilogymetals.com our annual report on Form 10-K, which includes our audited financial statements, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and our current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. You may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC free of charge at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and you may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information at http://www.sec.gov. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be, and are not incorporated into this annual report on Form 10-K. Item 1A. RISK FACTORS Investing in our securities is speculative and involves a high degree of risk due to the nature of our business and the present stage of exploration of our mineral properties. The following risk factors, as well as risks currently unknown to us, could materially adversely affect our future business, operations and financial condition and could cause them to differ materially from the estimates described in forward-looking information relating to Trilogy, or our business, property or financial results, each of which could cause purchasers of securities to lose all or part of their investments. We have not defined any proven or probable reserves and none of our mineral properties are in production or under development. We have no history of commercially producing precious or base metals and all of our properties are in the exploration stage. We have not defined or delineated any measured mineral resources or proven or probable reserves on our Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects. Mineral exploration involves significant risk, since few properties that are explored contain bodies of ore that would be commercially economic to develop into producing mines. We cannot assure you that we will establish the presence of any measured resources, or proven or probable reserves at the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, or any other properties. The failure to establish measured mineral resources, or proven or probable reserves, would severely restrict our ability to implement our strategies for long-term growth. We may not have sufficient funds to develop our mineral projects or to complete further exploration programs. We have limited financial resources. We currently generate no mining operating revenue, and must primarily finance exploration activity and the development of mineral projects by other means. In the future, our ability to continue exploration, development and production activities, if any, will depend on our ability to obtain additional external financing. Any unexpected costs, problems or delays could severely impact our ability to continue exploration and development activities. The failure to meet ongoing obligations on a timely basis could result in a loss or a substantial dilution of our interests in projects. The sources of external financing that we may use for these purposes include project or bank financing or public or private offerings of equity and debt. In addition, we may enter into one or more strategic alliances or joint ventures, sell marketable securities held by the Company, decide to sell certain property interests, or utilize one or a combination of all of these alternatives. The financing alternative we choose may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If additional financing is not available, we may have to postpone further exploration or development of, or sell, one or more of our principal properties. 17 Even if one of our mineral projects is determined to be economically viable to develop into a mine, such development may not be successful. If the development of one of our projects is found to be economically feasible and approved by our Board, such development will require obtaining permits and financing, the construction and operation of mines, processing plants and related infrastructure, including road access. As a result, we are and will continue to be subject to all of the risks associated with establishing new mining operations, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the timing and cost, which can be considerable, of the construction of mining and processing facilities and related infrastructure; the availability and cost of skilled labor and mining equipment; the availability and cost of appropriate smelting and refining arrangements; the need to obtain necessary environmental and other governmental approvals and permits and the timing of the receipt of those approvals and permits; the availability of funds to finance construction and development activities; potential opposition from non-governmental organizations, environmental groups or local groups which may delay or prevent development activities; and potential increases in construction and operating costs due to changes in the cost of fuel, power, materials and supplies. The costs, timing and complexities of developing our projects may be greater than anticipated because our property interests are not located in developed areas, and, as a result, our property interests are not currently served by appropriate road access, water and power supply and other support infrastructure. Cost estimates may increase significantly as more detailed engineering work is completed on a project. It is common in new mining operations to experience unexpected costs, problems and delays during construction, development and mine start-up. In addition, delays in the early stages of mineral production often occur. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that we will ever achieve, or that our activities will result in, profitable mining operations at our mineral properties. In addition, there can be no assurance that our mineral exploration activities will result in any discoveries of new mineralization. If further mineralization is discovered there is also no assurance that the mineralization would be economical for commercial production. Discovery of mineral deposits is dependent upon a number of factors and significantly influenced by the technical skill of the exploration personnel involved. The commercial viability of a mineral deposit is also dependent upon a number of factors which are beyond our control, including the attributes of the deposit, commodity prices, government policies and regulation and environmental protection. The Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects are located in a remote area of Alaska, and access to them is limited. Exploration and any future development or production activities may be limited and delayed by infrastructure challenges, inclement weather and a shortened exploration season. The Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects are located in a remote area of Alaska. Access to the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects is limited and there is currently no infrastructure in the area. We cannot provide assurances that the proposed AMDIAP that would provide access to the Ambler mining district will be permitted or built, that it will be built in a timely manner, that the cost of accessing the proposed road will be reasonable, that it will be built in the manner contemplated, or that it will sufficiently satisfy the requirements of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects. In addition, successful development of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects will require the development of the necessary infrastructure. If adequate infrastructure is not available in a timely manner, there can be no assurance that: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the development of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects will be commenced or completed on a timely basis, if at all; the resulting operations will achieve the anticipated production volume; or the construction costs and operating costs associated with the development of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects will not be higher than anticipated. As the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects are located in a remote area, exploration, development and production activities may be limited and delayed by inclement weather and a shortened exploration season. 18 We have no history of production and no revenue from mining operations. We have a very limited history of operations and to date have generated no revenue from mining operations. As such, we are subject to many risks common to such enterprises, including under-capitalization, cash shortages, limitations with respect to personnel, financial and other resources and lack of significant revenues. There is no assurance that the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, or any other future projects will be commercially mineable, and we may never generate revenues from our mining operations. Future sales or issuances of equity securities could decrease the value of any existing Common Shares, dilute investors’ voting power and reduce our earnings per share. We may sell additional equity securities (including through the sale of securities convertible into Common Shares) and may issue additional equity securities to finance our operations, exploration, development, acquisitions or other projects. We are authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares. We cannot predict the size of future sales and issuances of equity securities or the effect, if any, that future sales and issuances of equity securities will have on the market price of the Common Shares. Sales or issuances of a substantial number of equity securities, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Common Shares. With any additional sale or issuance of equity securities, investors will suffer dilution of their voting power and may experience dilution in our earnings per share. Changes in the market price of copper, gold and other metals, which in the past have fluctuated widely, will affect our ability to finance continued exploration and development of our projects and affect our operations and financial condition. Our long-term viability will depend, in large part, on the market price of copper, gold and other metals. The market prices for these metals are volatile and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) global or regional consumption patterns; the supply of, and demand for, these metals; speculative activities; the availability and costs of metal substitutes; expectations for inflation; and political and economic conditions, including interest rates and currency values. We cannot predict the effect of these factors on metal prices. A decrease in the market price of copper, gold and other metals could affect our ability to raise funds to finance the exploration and development of any of our mineral projects, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The market price of copper, gold and other metals may not remain at current levels. In particular, an increase in worldwide supply, and consequent downward pressure on prices, may result over the longer term from increased copper production from mines developed or expanded as a result of current metal price levels. There is no assurance that a profitable market may exist or continue to exist. We will incur losses for the foreseeable future. We expect to incur losses unless and until such time as our mineral projects generate sufficient revenues to fund continuing operations. The exploration and development of our mineral properties will require the commitment of substantial financial resources that may not be available. The amount and timing of expenditures will depend on a number of factors, including the progress of ongoing exploration and development, the results of consultants’ analyses and recommendations, the rate at which operating losses are incurred, the execution of any joint venture agreements with strategic partners and the acquisition of additional property interests, some of which are beyond our control. We cannot provide assurance that we will ever achieve profitability. 19 Mineral resource and reserve calculations are only estimates. Any figures presented for mineral resources in this Form 10-K and in our other filings with securities regulatory authorities and those which may be presented in the future or any figures for mineral reserves that may be presented by us in the future are and will only be estimates. There is a degree of uncertainty attributable to the calculation of mineral reserves and mineral resources. Until mineral reserves or mineral resources are actually mined and processed, the quantity of metal and grades must be considered as estimates only and no assurances can be given that the indicated levels of metals will be produced. In making determinations about whether to advance any of our projects to development, we must rely upon estimated calculations as to the mineral resources and grades of mineralization on our properties. The estimating of mineral reserves and mineral resources is a subjective process that relies on the judgment of the persons preparing the estimates. The process relies on the quantity and quality of available data and is based on knowledge, mining experience, analysis of drilling results and industry practices. Valid estimates made at a given time may significantly change when new information becomes available. While we believe that the mineral resource estimates included in this Form 10-K for the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects are well-established and reflect management’s best estimates, by their nature mineral resource estimates are imprecise and depend, to a certain extent, upon analysis of drilling results and statistical inferences that may ultimately prove to be inaccurate. There can be no assurances that actual results will meet the estimates contained in feasibility studies. As well, further studies are required. Estimated mineral reserves or mineral resources may have to be recalculated based on changes in metal prices, further exploration or development activity or actual production experience. This could materially and adversely affect estimates of the volume or grade of mineralization, estimated recovery rates or other important factors that influence mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates. The extent to which mineral resources may ultimately be reclassified as mineral reserves is dependent upon the demonstration of their profitable recovery. Any material changes in mineral resource estimates and grades of mineralization will affect the economic viability of placing a property into production and a property’s return on capital. We cannot provide assurance that mineralization can be mined or processed profitably. Our mineral resource estimates have been determined and valued based on assumed future metal prices, cut-off grades and operating costs that may prove to be inaccurate. Extended declines in market prices for copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver may render portions of our mineralization uneconomic and result in reduced reported mineral resources, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We cannot provide assurance that mineral recovery rates achieved in small scale tests will be duplicated in large scale tests under on-site conditions or in production scale. A reduction in any mineral reserves that may be estimated by us in the future could have an adverse impact on our future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition. No assurances can be given that any mineral resource estimates for the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects will ultimately be reclassified as mineral reserves. See “Cautionary Note to United States Investors.” Significant uncertainty exists related to inferred mineral resources. There is a risk that inferred mineral resources referred to in this Form 10-K cannot be converted into measured or indicated mineral resources as there may be limited ability to assess geological continuity. Due to the uncertainty that may attach to inferred mineral resources, there is no assurance that inferred mineral resources will be upgraded to resources with sufficient geological continuity to constitute proven and probable mineral reserves as a result of continued exploration. See “Cautionary Note to United States Investors.” Mining is inherently risky and subject to conditions or events beyond our control. The development and operation of a mine is inherently dangerous and involves many risks that even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome, including: (cid:120) unusual or unexpected geological formations; (cid:120) metallurgical and other processing problems; (cid:120) metal losses; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) environmental hazards; power outages; labor disruptions; industrial accidents; 20 (cid:120) (cid:120) periodic interruptions due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions; flooding, explosions, fire, rockbursts, cave-ins and landslides; (cid:120) mechanical equipment and facility performance problems; and (cid:120) the availability of materials and equipment. These risks could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties, production facilities or other properties, personal injury or death, including to our employees, environmental damage, delays in mining, increased production costs, asset write downs, monetary losses and possible legal liability. We may not be able to obtain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums, or at all. Insurance against certain environmental risks, including potential liability for pollution and other hazards associated with mineral exploration and production, is not generally available to companies within the mining industry. We may suffer a material adverse effect on our business if we incur losses related to any significant events that are not covered by our insurance policies. General economic conditions may adversely affect our growth, future profitability and ability to finance. The unprecedented events in global financial markets in the past several years have had a profound impact on the global economy. Many industries, including the copper mining industry, are impacted by these market conditions. Some of the key impacts of the current financial market turmoil include contraction in credit markets resulting in a widening of credit risk, devaluations, high volatility in global equity, commodity, foreign exchange and precious metal markets and a lack of market liquidity. A worsening or slowdown in the financial markets or other economic conditions, including but not limited to, consumer spending, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fuel and energy costs, consumer debt levels, lack of available credit, the state of the financial markets, interest rates and tax rates, may adversely affect our growth and ability to finance. Specifically: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the volatility of copper, zinc, lead and other metal prices would impact our estimates of mineral resources, revenues, profits, losses and cash flow, and the feasibility of our projects; negative economic pressures could adversely impact demand for our future production, if any; construction related costs could increase and adversely affect the economics of any project; volatile energy, commodity and consumables prices and currency exchange rates could impact our estimated production costs; and the devaluation and volatility of global stock markets would impact the valuation of our equity and other securities. We cannot provide assurance that we will successfully acquire commercially mineable mineral rights. Exploration for and development of copper and gold properties involves significant financial risks which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge may not eliminate. While the discovery of an ore body may result in substantial rewards, few properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to establish reserves by drilling, constructing mining and processing facilities at a site, developing metallurgical processes and extracting metals from ore. We cannot ensure that our current exploration and development programs will result in profitable commercial mining operations. The economic feasibility of development projects is based upon many factors, including the accuracy of mineral resource estimates; metallurgical recoveries; capital and operating costs; government regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting and environmental protection; and metal prices, which are highly volatile. Development projects are also subject to the successful completion of feasibility studies, issuance of necessary governmental permits and availability of adequate financing. Most exploration projects do not result in the discovery of commercially mineable ore deposits, and no assurance can be given that any anticipated level of recovery of ore reserves, if any, will be realized or that any identified mineral deposit will ever qualify as a commercially mineable (or viable) ore body which can be legally and economically exploited. Estimates of mineral reserves, mineral resources, mineral deposits and production costs can also be affected by such factors as environmental permitting regulations and requirements, weather, environmental factors, unforeseen technical difficulties, the metallurgy of the mineralization forming the mineral deposit, unusual or unexpected geological formations and work interruptions. If current exploration programs do not result in the discovery of commercial ore, we may need to write-off part or all of our investment in our existing exploration stage properties, and may need to acquire additional properties. 21 Material changes in mineral reserves, if any, grades, stripping ratios or recovery rates may affect the economic viability of any project. Our future growth and productivity will depend, in part, on our ability to develop commercially mineable mineral rights at our existing properties or identify and acquire other commercially mineable mineral rights, and on the costs and results of continued exploration and potential development programs. Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature and is frequently non-productive. Substantial expenditures are required to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) establish mineral reserves through drilling and metallurgical and other testing techniques; determine metal content and metallurgical recovery processes to extract metal from the ore; and construct, renovate or expand mining and processing facilities. In addition, if we discover ore, it would take several years from the initial phases of exploration until production is possible. During this time, the economic feasibility of production may change. As a result of these uncertainties, there can be no assurance that we will successfully acquire commercially mineable (or viable) mineral rights. We are subject to significant governmental regulations. Our exploration activities are subject to extensive federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations governing various matters, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) environmental protection; the management and use of toxic substances and explosives; the management of natural resources; the exploration and development of mineral properties, including reclamation; exports; price controls; taxation and mining royalties; (cid:120) management of tailing and other waste generated by operations; (cid:120) (cid:120) labor standards and occupational health and safety, including mine safety; and historic and cultural preservation. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or enforcement actions, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities enjoining, curtailing or closing operations or requiring corrective measures, installation of additional equipment or remedial actions, any of which could result in significant expenditures. We may also be required to compensate private parties suffering loss or damage by reason of a breach of such laws, regulations or permitting requirements. It is also possible that future laws and regulations, or more stringent enforcement of current laws and regulations by governmental authorities, could cause us to incur additional expense or capital expenditure restrictions, suspensions or closing of our activities and delays in the exploration and development of our properties. 22 We require further permits in order to conduct current and anticipated future operations, and delays in obtaining or failure to obtain such permits, or a failure to comply with the terms of any such permits that we have obtained, would adversely affect our business. Our current and anticipated future operations, including further exploration, development and commencement of production on our mineral properties, require permits from various governmental authorities. Obtaining or renewing governmental permits is a complex and time-consuming process. The duration and success of efforts to obtain and renew permits are contingent upon many variables not within our control. Due to the preliminary stages of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, it is difficult to assess what specific permitting requirements will ultimately apply. Shortage of qualified and experienced personnel in the U.S. federal and Alaskan State agencies to coordinate a federally led joint environmental impact statement process could result in delays or inefficiencies. Backlog within the permitting agencies could affect the permitting timeline or potential of the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, as may negative public perception of mining projects in general due to circumstances unrelated to the Company and outside of its control. Other factors that could affect the permitting timeline include (i) the number of other large-scale projects currently in a more advanced stage of development which could slow down the review process for the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects and (ii) significant public response regarding the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects. We cannot provide assurance that all permits that we require for our operations, including any for construction of mining facilities or conduct of mining, will be obtainable or renewable on reasonable terms, or at all. Delays or a failure to obtain such required permits, or the expiry, revocation or failure to comply with the terms of any such permits that we have obtained, would adversely affect our business. Our activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase our costs and restrict our operations. All of our exploration, potential development and production activities are subject to regulation by governmental agencies under various environmental laws. These laws address emissions into the air, discharges into water, management of waste, management of hazardous substances, protection of natural resources, antiquities and endangered species and reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations. Environmental legislation is evolving and the general trend has been towards stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for noncompliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and increasing responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may require significant capital outlays on our behalf and may cause material changes or delays in our intended activities. Several regulatory initiatives are currently ongoing within the State of Alaska that have the potential to influence the permitting process for the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects. These include revisions to Alaska's Water Quality Standards regarding mixing zones regulations, which are currently under EPA review, and which revisions may be required in order to authorize a mixing zone for discharge in Subarctic Creek. Future changes in these laws or regulations could have a significant adverse impact on some portion of our business, requiring us to re-evaluate those activities at that time. Environmental hazards may exist on our properties that are unknown to us at the present time and that have been caused by previous owners or operators or that may have occurred naturally. We may be liable for remediating such damage. Failure to comply with applicable environmental laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities, causing operations to cease or to be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment or remedial actions. Land reclamation requirements for our exploration properties may be burdensome. Land reclamation requirements are generally imposed on mineral exploration companies (as well as companies with mining operations) in order to minimize long term effects of land disturbance. Reclamation may include requirements to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) treat ground and surface water to drinking water standards; control dispersion of potentially deleterious effluents; and reasonably re-establish pre-disturbance land forms and vegetation. 23 In order to carry out reclamation obligations imposed on us in connection with exploration, potential development and production activities, we must allocate financial resources that might otherwise be spent on further exploration and development programs. In addition, regulatory changes could increase our obligations to perform reclamation and mine closing activities. If we are required to carry out unanticipated reclamation work, our financial position could be adversely affected. Title and other rights to our properties may be subject to challenge. We cannot provide assurance that title to our properties will not be challenged. We own mineral claims which constitute our property holdings. We may not have, or may not be able to obtain, all necessary surface rights to develop a property. Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and our ability to ensure that we have obtained a secure claim to individual mining properties may be severely constrained. Our mineral properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. We have not conducted surveys of all of the claims in which we hold direct or indirect interests. A successful claim contesting our title to a property will cause us to lose our rights to explore and, if warranted, develop that property or undertake or continue production thereon. This could result in our not being compensated for our prior expenditures relating to the property. In addition, our ability to continue to explore and develop the property may be subject to agreements with other third parties including agreements with native corporations and first nations groups, for instance, the lands at the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects are subject to the NANA Agreement (as more particularly described under “History of Trilogy – Agreement with NANA Regional Corporation”). U.S. federal income tax reform could adversely affect us. On December 22, 2017, U.S. federal tax legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or TCJA, was signed into law, significantly reforming the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The TCJA, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, puts into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system and modifies or repeals many business deductions and credits. We continue to examine the impact the TCJA may have on our business. We will evaluate the effect of the TCJA on our projection of minimal cash taxes or to our net operating losses. The estimated impact of the TCJA is based on our management’s current knowledge and assumptions and recognized impacts could be materially different from current estimates based on our actual results and our further analysis of the new law. Our net deferred tax assets and liabilities will be revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate, and the impact will be recognized in our tax expense in the year of enactment. The impact of the TCJA on holders of common shares is uncertain and could be adverse. This Annual Report does not discuss any such tax legislation or the manner in which it might affect investors in common shares. Investors should consult with their own legal and tax advisors with respect to such legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in common shares. Risks inherent in acquisitions of new properties. We may actively pursue the acquisition of exploration, development and production assets consistent with our acquisition and growth strategy. From time to time, we may also acquire securities of or other interests in companies with respect to which we may enter into acquisitions or other transactions. Acquisition transactions involve inherent risks, including but not limited to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) accurately assessing the value, strengths, weaknesses, contingent and other liabilities and potential profitability of acquisition candidates; ability to achieve identified and anticipated operating and financial synergies; unanticipated costs; diversion of management attention from existing business; potential loss of our key employees or key employees of any business acquired; unanticipated changes in business, industry or general economic conditions that affect the assumptions underlying the acquisition; decline in the value of acquired properties, companies or securities; assimilating the operations of an acquired business or property in a timely and efficient manner; 24 (cid:120) maintaining our financial and strategic focus while integrating the acquired business or property; (cid:120) (cid:120) implementing uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies at the acquired business, as appropriate; and to the extent that we make an acquisition outside of markets in which it has previously operated, conducting and managing operations in a new operating environment. Acquiring additional businesses or properties could place increased pressure on our cash flow if such acquisitions involve a cash consideration. The integration of our existing operations with any acquired business will require significant expenditures of time, attention and funds. Achievement of the benefits expected from consolidation would require us to incur significant costs in connection with, among other things, implementing financial and planning systems. We may not be able to integrate the operations of a recently acquired business or restructure our previously existing business operations without encountering difficulties and delays. In addition, this integration may require significant attention from our management team, which may detract attention from our day-to-day operations. Over the short-term, difficulties associated with integration could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and the price of Trilogy Shares. In addition, the acquisition of mineral properties may subject us to unforeseen liabilities, including environmental liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on us. There can be no assurance that any future acquisitions will be successfully integrated into our existing operations. Any one or more of these factors or other risks could cause us not to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition of properties or companies, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. High metal prices in past years have encouraged increased mining exploration, development and construction activity, which has increased demand for, and cost of, exploration, development and construction services and equipment. The relative strength of metal prices in past years has encouraged increases in mining exploration, development and construction activities around the world, which has resulted in increased demand for, and cost of, exploration, development and construction services and equipment. While recent market conditions have had a moderating effect on the costs of such services and equipment, increases in such costs may continue with the resumption of an upward trend in metal prices. Increased demand for and cost of services and equipment could result in delays if services or equipment cannot be obtained in a timely manner due to inadequate availability, and may cause scheduling difficulties due to the need to coordinate the availability of services or equipment, any of which could materially increase project exploration, development and/or construction costs. We face industry competition in the acquisition of exploration properties and the recruitment and retention of qualified personnel. We compete with other exploration and producing companies, many of which are better capitalized, have greater financial resources, operational experience and technical capabilities or are further advanced in their development or are significantly larger and have access to greater mineral reserves, for the acquisition of mineral claims, leases and other mineral interests as well as for the recruitment and retention of qualified employees and other personnel. If we require and are unsuccessful in acquiring additional mineral properties or in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel, we will not be able to grow at the rate we desire, or at all. We may experience difficulty attracting and retaining qualified management and technical personnel to grow our business. We are dependent on the services of key executives and other highly skilled and experienced personnel to advance our corporate objectives as well as the identification of new opportunities for growth and funding. Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyse and Ms. Sanders are currently our only executive officers. It will be necessary for us to recruit additional skilled and experienced executives. Our inability to do so, or the loss of any of these persons or our inability to attract and retain suitable replacements for them, or additional highly skilled employees required for our activities, would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Some of our directors and officers have conflicts of interest as a result of their involvement with other natural resource companies. Certain of our directors and officers also serve as directors or officers, in other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development or mining-related activities, including, in particular, NovaGold. To the extent that such other companies may participate in ventures in which we may participate in, or in ventures which we may seek to participate in, our directors and officers may have a conflict of interest in negotiating and concluding terms respecting the extent of such participation. In all cases where our directors and officers have an interest in other companies, such other companies may also compete with us for the acquisition of mineral property investments. Any decision made by any of these directors and officers involving Trilogy will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Trilogy and its shareholders. In addition, each of the directors is required to declare and refrain from voting on any matter in which these directors may have a conflict of interest in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and other applicable laws. In appropriate cases, the Company will establish a special committee of independent directors to review a matter in which several directors, or management, may have a conflict. Nonetheless, as a result of these conflicts of interest, the Company may not have an opportunity to participate in certain transactions, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects. 25 In the future, we may be subject to legal proceedings. Due to the nature of our business, we may be subject to numerous regulatory investigations, claims, lawsuits and other proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. The results of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty due to the uncertainty inherent in litigation, including the effects of discovery of new evidence or advancement of new legal theories, the difficulty of predicting decisions of judges and juries and the possibility that decisions may be reversed on appeal. There can be no assurances that these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business. Our largest shareholder has significant influence on us and may also affect the market price and liquidity of the securities. Electrum Strategic Opportunities Fund L.P. (“Electrum”) is our single largest shareholder, controlling approximately 21.3% of the outstanding voting securities. Accordingly, Electrum will have significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other significant corporate actions. Unless significant participation of other shareholders takes place in such shareholder meetings, Electrum may be able to approve such matters itself. The concentration of ownership of the shares by Electrum may: (i) delay or deter a change of control of the Company; (ii) deprive shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of the Company; and (iii) affect the market price and liquidity of the shares. Without the consent of Electrum, we could be prevented from entering into transactions that are otherwise beneficial to us. The interests of Electrum may differ from or be adverse to the interests of our other shareholders. The effect of these rights and Electrum’s influence may impact the price that investors are willing to pay for securities. If Electrum sells a substantial number of shares in the public market, the market price of the shares could fall. The perception among the public that these sales will occur could also contribute to a decline in the market price of the shares. Global climate change is an international concern, and could impact our ability to conduct future operations. Global climate change is an international issue and receives an enormous amount of publicity. We would expect that the imposition of international treaties or U.S. or Canadian federal, state, provincial or local laws or regulations pertaining to mandatory reductions in energy consumption or emissions of greenhouse gasses could affect the feasibility of our mining projects and increase our operating costs. Adverse publicity from non-governmental organizations could have a material adverse effect on us. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the effect of mining production on our surroundings, communities and environment. Non- governmental organizations (“NGOs”), some of which oppose resource development, are often vocal critics of the mining industry. While we seek to operate in a socially responsible manner, adverse publicity generated by such NGOs related to extractive industries, or our operations specifically, could have an adverse effect on our reputation and financial condition or our relationship with the communities in which we operate. We may fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting as per the requirements of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act. We are required to document and test our internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX. It requires an annual assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We may in the future fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, and we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of SOX. Our failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX on an ongoing, timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our Common Shares. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Future acquisitions of companies may provide us with challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in our acquired operations. Acquired companies may not have disclosure control and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by securities laws currently applicable to us. 26 Our business is subject to evolving corporate governance and public disclosure regulations that have increased both our compliance costs and the risk of noncompliance, which could have an adverse effect on our stock price. We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of United States and Canadian governmental and self-regulated organizations, including the SEC, the Canadian Securities Administrators, the NYSE American, the TSX, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity and many new requirements have been created in response to laws enacted by the United States Congress, making compliance more difficult and uncertain. Our efforts to comply with new rules and regulations, including those promulgated under Dodd-Frank, have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our Common Shares are subject to various factors that have historically made share prices volatile. The market price of our Common Shares may be subject to large fluctuations, which may result in losses to investors. The market price of the Common Shares may increase or decrease in response to a number of events and factors, including: our operating performance and the performance of competitors and other similar companies; volatility in metal prices; the arrival or departure of key personnel; the number of Common Shares to be publicly traded after an offering; the public’s reaction to our press releases, material change reports, other public announcements and our filings with the various securities regulatory authorities; changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track the Common Shares or the shares of other companies in the resource sector; changes in general economic and/or political conditions; acquisitions, strategic alliances or joint ventures involving us or our competitors; and the factors listed under the heading “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information.” The market price of the Common Shares may be affected by many other variables which are not directly related to our success and are, therefore, not within our control, including other developments that affect the market for all resource sector securities, the breadth of the public market for the Common Shares and the attractiveness of alternative investments. We do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We have not declared or paid any dividends on our Common Shares. Our current business plan requires that for the foreseeable future, any future earnings be reinvested to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on the Common Shares in the foreseeable future. We will not declare or pay any dividends until such time as our cash flow exceeds our capital requirements and will depend upon, among other things, conditions then existing including earnings, financial condition, restrictions in financing arrangements, business opportunities and conditions and other factors, or our Board determines that our shareholders could make better use of the cash. We may be a “passive foreign investment company” in future periods, which may have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. shareholders. U.S. investors in the Company should be aware that we believe we were not a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for the years ending November 30, 2015, 2016 and 2017 but may be a PFIC in future tax years. If we are a PFIC for any year during a U.S. Holder’s (as defined below under Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations – U.S. Holders”) holding period, then such U.S. Holder generally will be required to treat any gain realized upon a disposition of Common Shares and any so-called “excess distribution” received on its Common Shares as ordinary income, and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such gain or distributions, unless the shareholder makes a timely and effective “QEF Election” or a “Mark-to-Market Election” (each as defined below under “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations – Default PFIC Rules under Section 1291 of the Code”). A U.S. Holder who makes a QEF Election generally must report on a current basis its share of our net capital gain and ordinary earnings for any year in which we are a PFIC, whether or not we distribute any amounts to our shareholders. A U.S. Holder who makes the Mark-to- Market Election generally must include as ordinary income each year the excess of the fair market value of the Common Shares over the U.S. Holder’s tax basis therein. This paragraph is qualified in its entirety by the discussion below the heading “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.” Each U.S. shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares. 27 Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. Item 2. PROPERTIES The following descriptions summarize selected information about our Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, which are located in the Ambler mining district of Alaska and include the Arctic Project and the Bornite Project. All of the UKMP Projects are without known reserves, as defined under SEC Industry Guide 7, and all proposed programs for the properties are exploratory in nature. Arctic Project, Ambler Mining District, Alaska Arctic Project – Technical Report Except with respect to the land size disclosure and the disclosure regarding the number of claims and the information under the heading “Arctic Project – Current Activities”, or as otherwise stated, the scientific and technical information relating to the Arctic Project contained in this Form 10-K is derived from, and in some instances is an extract from, the technical report for the Company’s Arctic Project entitled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Arctic Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated November 9, 2017 with an effective date of April 25, 2017 (the “Arctic Report”) prepared by Bruce Davis, Robert Sim and Jeff Austin. Andrew West, Certified Professional Geologist, an employee and Exploration Manager, is a Qualified Person as defined in NI 43-101, and has approved the scientific and technical information contained herein. The information regarding the Arctic Project is based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are not fully described herein. Reference should be made to the full text of the 2017 Arctic Report which has been filed with certain Canadian securities regulatory authorities pursuant to NI 43-101 and is available for review on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. Arctic Project - Description, Location and Access The Arctic Property is located in the Ambler mining district of the southern Brooks Range, in the NWAB of Alaska. The Arctic Property is located in Ambler River A-2 quadrangle, Kateel River Meridian T 20N, R 11E, section 2 and T 21N, R 11E, sections 34 and 35. The Arctic Project is located 270 km east of the town of Kotzebue, 37 km northeast of the village of Kobuk, and 260 km west of the Dalton Highway, an all-weather state maintained public road, at geographic coordinates N67.17° latitude and W156.39° longitude (Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) North American Datum (NAD) 83, Zone 4 coordinates 7453080N, 613110E). Primary access to the Arctic Property is by air, using both fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. There are four well maintained, approximately 1,500 m-long gravel airstrips located near the Arctic Property, capable of accommodating charter fixed wing aircraft. These airstrips are located 64 km west at Ambler, 46 km southwest at Shungnak, 37 km southwest at Kobuk, and 34 km southwest at Dahl Creek. There is daily commercial air service from Kotzebue to the village of Kobuk, the closest community to the Arctic Property. During the summer months, the Dahl Creek Camp airstrip is suitable for larger aircraft, such as a C-130 and DC-6. In addition to the four 1,500 m airstrips, there is a 700 m airstrip located at the Bornite Camp. The airstrip at Bornite is suited to smaller aircraft, which support the Bornite Camp with personnel and supplies. There is also a 450m airstrip located at the base of Arctic ridge that is suited to support smaller aircraft. There is no direct water access to the Arctic Property. During spring runoff, river access is possible by barge from Kotzebue Sound to Ambler, Shungnak, and Kobuk via the Kobuk River. A winter trail and a one-lane dirt track suitable for high-clearance vehicles or construction equipment links the Arctic Project’s main camp located at Bornite to the 1525m Dahl Creek airstrip southwest of the Arctic Deposit. An unimproved gravel track connects the Arctic airstrip with the Arctic Deposit. Arctic Project - Mineral Tenure The Arctic Property comprises approximately 46,311 ha of State of Alaska mining claims and US Federal patented mining claims in the Kotzebue Recording District. The Arctic Project land tenure consists of 1,386 contiguous claims, including 883 40-acre State claims, 503 160-acre State claims, and eighteen Federal patented claims comprising 272 acres (110 ha) held in the name of NovaCopper US Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Trilogy. The Arctic Project is located near the southern edge of the centre of the claim block. The Federal patented claim corners were located by the US Geological Survey. There is no expiration date or labour requirement on the Federal patented claims. Rent for each State claim is paid annually to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. An Annual Labour Statement must be submitted annually to maintain the State claims in good standing. 28 Arctic Project - Royalties, Agreements and Encumbrances Kennecott Agreements On March 22, 2004, Alaska Gold Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NovaGold, completed an Exploration and Option to Earn an Interest Agreement with Kennecott Exploration Company and Kennecott Arctic Company (collectively, “Kennecott”) on the Ambler land holdings. On December 18, 2009, a Purchase and Termination Agreement was entered into between Alaska Gold Company and Kennecott whereby NovaGold agreed to pay Kennecott a total purchase price of $29 million for a 100% interest in the Ambler land holdings, which included the Arctic Project, to be paid as: $5 million by issuing 931,098 NovaGold shares, and two installments of $12 million each, due 12 months and 24 months from the closing date of January 7, 2010. The NovaGold shares were issued in January 2010, the first $12 million payment was made on January 7, 2011, and the second $12 million payment was made in advance on August 5, 2011; this terminated the March 22, 2004 exploration agreement between NovaGold and Kennecott. Under the Purchase and Termination Agreement, the seller retained a 1% net smelter return (“NSR”) royalty that is purchasable at any time by the land owner for a one-time payment of $10 million. During 2011, NovaGold incorporated NovaCopper US Inc. and transferred its Ambler land holdings, including the Arctic Project, from Alaska Gold Company to NovaCopper US Inc. In April 2012, NovaGold completed a spin-out of NovaCopper Inc., a publicly traded company listed on the TSX and NYSE-MKT stock exchanges and owned by the same shareholders as NovaGold. In September of 2016, NovaCopper Inc. changed its name to Trilogy Metals Inc. NANA Agreement In 1971, the US Congress passed ANCSA, which settled land and financial claims made by the Alaska Natives and provided for the establishment of 13 regional corporations to administer those claims. These 13 corporations are known as the Alaska Native Regional Corporations. One of these 13 regional corporations is NANA. ANCSA Lands controlled by NANA bound the southern border of the Arctic Property claim block. National Park lands are within 25 km of the northern property border. On October 19, 2011, Trilogy and NANA entered into the NANA Agreement for the cooperative development of their respective resource interests in the Ambler mining district. The NANA Agreement consolidates Trilogy’s and NANA’s land holdings and provides a framework for the exploration and development of the area. The NANA Agreement provides that NANA will grant Trilogy the nonexclusive right to enter on, and the exclusive right to explore, the Bornite Lands and the ANCSA Lands (each as defined in the NANA Agreement) and in connection therewith, to construct and utilize temporary access roads, camps, airstrips and other incidental works. The NANA Agreement has a term of 20 years, with an option in favour of Trilogy to extend the term for an additional 10 years. The NANA Agreement may be terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or by NANA if Trilogy does not meet certain expenditure requirements on NANA’s lands. If, following receipt of a feasibility study and the release for public comment of a related draft environmental impact statement, Trilogy decides to proceed with construction of a mine on the lands subject to the NANA Agreement, Trilogy will notify NANA in writing and NANA will have 120 days to elect to either (a) exercise a non-transferrable back-in-right to acquire between 16% and 25% (as specified by NANA) of that specific project; or (b) not exercise its back-in-right, and instead receive a net proceeds royalty equal to 15% of the net proceeds realized by Trilogy from such project. The cost to exercise such back-in-right is equal to the percentage interest in the Project multiplied by the difference between (i) all costs incurred by Trilogy or its affiliates on the project, including historical costs incurred prior to the date of the NANA Agreement together with interest on the historical costs; and (ii) $40 million (subject to exceptions). This amount will be payable by NANA to Trilogy in cash at the time the parties enter into a joint venture agreement and in no event will the amount be less than zero. In the event that NANA elects to exercise its back-in-right, the parties will, as soon as reasonably practicable, form a joint venture with NANA electing to participate between 16% to 25%, and Trilogy owning the balance of the interest in the joint venture. Upon formation of the joint venture, the joint venture will assume all of the obligations of Trilogy and be entitled to all the benefits of Trilogy under the NANA Agreement in connection with the mine to be developed and the related lands. A party’s failure to pay its proportionate share of costs in connection with the joint venture will result in dilution of its interest. Each party will have a right of first refusal over any proposed transfer of the other party’s interest in the joint venture other than to an affiliate or for the purposes of granting security. A transfer by either party of an NSR return on the project or any net proceeds royalty interest in a project other than for financing purposes will also be subject to a first right of refusal. 29 In connection with possible development on the Bornite Lands or ANCSA Lands, Trilogy and NANA will execute a mining lease to allow Trilogy or the joint venture to construct and operate a mine on the Bornite Lands or ANCSA Lands. These leases will provide NANA a 2% NSR as to production from the Bornite Lands and a 2.5% NSR as to production from the ANCSA Lands. If Trilogy decides to proceed with construction of a mine on its own lands subject to the NANA Agreement, NANA will enter into a surface use agreement with Trilogy which will afford Trilogy access to the project along routes approved by NANA. In consideration for the grant of such surface use rights, Trilogy will grant NANA a 1% NSR on production and an annual payment of $755 per acre (as adjusted for inflation each year beginning with the second anniversary of the effective date of the NANA Agreement and for each of the first 400 acres (and $100 for each additional acre) of the lands owned by NANA and used for access which are disturbed and not reclaimed. Arctic Project - History Prospectors first arrived in the Ambler District around 1900, shortly after the discovery of the Nome and Fairbanks gold districts. Several small gold placer deposits were located in the southern Cosmos Hills south of the Arctic Deposit and worked intermittently over the next few years. During this time copper mineralization was observed at Ruby Creek in the northern Cosmos Hills; however, no exploration was undertaken until 1947 when local prospector Rhinehart “Rhiny” Berg located outcropping mineralization along Ruby Creek. Berg subsequently staked claims over the Ruby Creek showings and constructed an airstrip for access. Bear Creek Mining Company (“BCMC”), an exploration subsidiary of Kennecott, optioned the property from Berg in 1957. The prospect became known as Bornite and Kennecott conducted extensive exploration over the next decade, culminating in the discovery of the high-grade No. 1 orebody and the sinking of an exploration shaft to conduct underground drilling. In conjunction with the discovery of the Bornite Deposit, BCMC greatly expanded their regional reconnaissance exploration in the Cosmos Hills and the southern Brooks Range. Stream silt sampling in 1966 revealed a significant copper anomaly in Arctic Creek roughly 27 km northeast of Bornite. The area was subsequently staked and, in 1967, eight core holes were drilled at the Arctic Deposit yielding impressive massive sulphide intercepts over an almost 500-m strike length. BCMC conducted intensive exploration on the property until 1977 and then intermittently through 1998. No drilling or additional exploration was conducted on the Arctic Project between 1998 and 2004. In addition to drilling and exploration at the Arctic Deposit, BCMC also conducted exploration at numerous other prospects in the Ambler District (most notably Dead Creek, Sunshine, Cliff, and Horse). The abundance of volcanogenic massive sulphide (“VMS”) prospects in the district resulted in a series of competing companies, including Sunshine Mining Company, Anaconda, Noranda, Teck Cominco, Resource Associates of Alaska (“RAA”), Watts, Griffis and McOuat Ltd., and Houston Oil and Minerals Company, culminating into a claim staking war in the district in 1973. District exploration by Sunshine Mining Company and Anaconda resulted in two additional significant discoveries in the district; the Sun Deposit located 60 km east of the Arctic Deposit, and the Smucker Deposit located 36 km west of the Arctic Deposit. District exploration continued until the early 1980s on the four larger deposits in the district (Arctic, Bornite, Smucker and Sun) when the district fell into a hiatus due to depressed metal prices. In 1987, Cominco acquired the claims covering the Sun and Smucker deposits from Anaconda. Teck Resources Ltd., as Cominco’s successor company, continues to hold the Smucker Deposit. In 2007, Andover Mining Corporation purchased a 100% interest in the Sun Deposit for US$13 million. In 1981 and 1983, Kennecott received three US Mineral Survey patents (MS2245 totalling 240 acres over the Arctic Deposit – later amended to include another 32 acres; and MS2233 and MS2234 for 25 claims totalling 516.5 acres at Bornite). The Bornite patented claims and surface development were subsequently sold to NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. in 1986. No production has occurred at the Arctic Deposit or at any of the other deposits within the Ambler District. Prior Ownership and Ownership Changes – Arctic Deposit and the Ambler Lands BCMC initially staked federal mining claims covering the Arctic Deposit area beginning in 1965. The success of the 1960’s drill programs defined a significant high-grade polymetallic resource at the Arctic Deposit and, in the early 1970s, Kennecott began the patent process to obtain complete legal title to the Arctic Deposit. In 1981, Kennecott received US Mineral Survey patent M2245 covering 16 mining claims totalling 240.018 acres. In 1983, US Mineral Survey patent M2245 was amended to include two additional claims totalling 31.91 acres. 30 With the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980, which expedited native land claims outlined in the ANSCA and state lands claims under the Alaska Statehood Act, both the state of Alaska and NANA selected significant areas of land within the Ambler District. State selections covered much of the Ambler schist belt, host to the VMS deposits including the Arctic Deposit, while NANA selected significant portions of the Ambler Lowlands to the immediate south of the Arctic Deposit as well as much of the Cosmos Hills including the area immediately around Bornite. In 1995, Kennecott renewed exploration in the Ambler schist belt containing the Arctic Deposit patented claims by staking an additional 48 state claims at Nora and 15 state claims at Sunshine Creek. In the fall of 1997, Kennecott staked 2,035 state claims in the belt consolidating their entire land position and acquiring the majority of the remaining prospective terrain in the VMS belt. Five more claims were subsequently added in 1998. After a short period of exploration which focused on geophysics and geochemistry combined with limited drilling, exploration work on the Arctic Project again entered a hiatus. On March 22, 2004, Alaska Gold Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NovaGold completed an Exploration and Option Agreement with Kennecott to earn an interest in the Ambler land holdings. Arctic Project - Previous Exploration and Development Results Kennecott’s tenure at the Arctic Project saw two periods of intensive work from 1965 to 1985 and from 1993 to 1998, before optioning the property to NovaGold in 2004. Though abundant reports, memos, and files exist in Kennecott’s Salt Lake City office, only limited digital compilation of the data exists for the earliest generation of exploration at the Arctic Deposit and within the VMS belt. Beginning in 1993, Kennecott initiated a re-evaluation of the Arctic Deposit and assembled a computer database of previous work at the Arctic Deposit and in the district. A new computer-generated block model was constructed in 1995 and an updated resource of the deposit was calculated from the block model. Subsequently, Kennecott staked a total of 2,035 State of Alaska claims in 1997 and, in 1998 undertook the first field program since 1985. Due to the plethora of companies and the patchwork exploration that occurred as a result of the 1973 staking war, much of the earliest exploration work on what now constitutes the Ambler Schist belt was lost during the post-1980 hiatus in district exploration. The following subsections outline the best documented data at the Arctic Deposit as summarized in the 1998 Kennecott exploration report, including the assembled computer database; however, this outline is not considered to be either exhaustive or in-depth. In 1982, geologists with Kennecott, Anaconda and the State of Alaska published the definitive geologic map of the Ambler schist belt. Geochemistry Historic geochemistry for the district, compiled in the 1998 Kennecott database, includes 2,255 soil samples, 922 stream silt samples, 363 rock samples, and 37 panned concentrate samples. Data has been sourced from several companies including Kennecott, Sunshine Mining, RAA, and NANA. Sourcing of much of the data had been poorly documented in the database. During 1998, Kennecott renewed its effort in the district, and, as a follow-up to the 1998 electromagnetic (“EM”) survey, undertook soil and rock chip sampling in and around EM anomalies generated in the geophysical targeting effort. During this period Kennecott collected 962 soils and 107 rocks and for the first time used extensive multi-element inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analysis. Geophysics Prior to 1998, Kennecott conducted a series of geophysical surveys which are poorly documented or are unavailable to Trilogy. With the renewed interest in the belt, Kennecott mounted a largely geophysically driven program to assess the district for Arctic-sized targets. Based on an initial review of earlier geophysical techniques employed at the Arctic Deposit, Kennecott initiated an extensive helicopter-supported airborne EM and magnetic survey covering the entire VMS belt in March 1998. The survey was conducted on 400 m line spacing with selective 200 m line spacing at the Arctic Deposit and covered 2,509 total line kilometres. The Arctic Deposit presented a strong 900 Hz EM conductive signature. 31 Forty-six additional discrete EM conductors were identified, of which, 17 were further evaluated in the field. Eight of the EM anomalies were coincident with anomalous geochemistry and prospective geology, and were deemed to have significant potential for mineralization. As a follow-up, each anomaly was located on the ground using a Maxmin 2 horizontal loop EM system. Gravity lines were subsequently completed utilizing a LaCoste and Romberg Model G gravimeter over each of the eight anomalies. In addition to the EM and gravity surveys in 1998, five lines of Controlled Source Audio Magnetotelluric (“CSAMT”) data were collected in the Arctic Valley. The Arctic Deposit showed an equally strong conductive response in the CSAMT data as was seen in the EM data. As a result of the survey, Kennecott recommended additional CSAMT for the deposit area. Field targeting work in 1998 prompted Kennecott to drill one exploration hole on anomaly 98-3, located approximately 6 km northwest of the Arctic Deposit and 2 km east-northeast of the Dead Creek prospect. Hole 98-03-01 was drilled to test the sub-cropping gossan and was roughly coincident with the centre of the geophysical anomaly as defined by airborne and ground EM data. Scattered mineralization was encountered throughout the hole with intervals of chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Based on the results of the 1998 geophysical program, Kennecott made the following recommendations: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) anomaly 98-3 requires further drilling; anomalies 98-7 and 98-22 are drill ready; and anomalies 98-8, -9, -14, -35, and -38 require additional ground targeting. Kennecott conducted no further field exploration in the district after 1998 and subsequently optioned the property to NovaGold in 2004. Drilling Between 1967 and July 1985, Kennecott (BCMC) completed 86 holes (including 14 large diameter metallurgical test holes) totalling 16,080 m. In 1998, Kennecott drilled an additional 6 core holes totalling 1,492 m to test for: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) extensions of the known Arctic resource; grade and thickness continuity; and EM anomaly 98-3. Drilling for all BCMC/Kennecott campaigns in the Arctic Deposit area (1966 to 1998) totals 92 core holes for a combined 17,572 m. A complete and comprehensive discussion of the all the drilling undertaken at the Arctic Deposit is contained under the heading “Arctic Project – Drilling”. Specific Gravity Prior to 1998, no specific gravity (“SG”) measurements were available for the Arctic Deposit rocks. A “factored” average bulk density was used to calculate a tonnage factor for resource estimations. A total of 38 samples from the 1998 drilling at the Arctic Deposit were measured for SG determinations. This included six samples of unaltered metavolcanics, ten samples of graphitic schist and talc schist lithology, seven samples of semi-massive sulfide (“SMS”), and fifteen samples of massive sulfide (“MS”). A complete and comprehensive discussion of SG determinations captured during both the Kennecott and Trilogy/NovaGold tenures are discussed under the headings “Arctic Project – Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification” and “Arctic Project – Mineral Resource Estimate”. Petrology, Mineralogy and Research Studies There have been numerous internal studies done by Kennecott on the petrology and mineralogy of the Arctic Deposit that exist as internal memos, file notes, and reports from as early as 1967, as well as several academic studies. Geotechnical, Hydrological and Acid-Base Accounting Studies A series of geotechnical, hydrological and acid-base accounting (“ABA”) studies were conducted by Kennecott before their divestiture of the Arctic Project to NovaGold. 32 Geotechnical Studies In December 1998, URSA Engineering prepared a geotechnical study for Kennecott titled “Arctic Project – 1998 Rock Mass Characterization”. Though general in scope, the report summarized some of the basic rock characteristics as follows: (cid:120) (cid:120) Compressive strengths average 6,500 psi for the quartz mica schists, 14,500 psi for the graphitic schists, and 4,000 psi for talc schists. Rock mass quality can be described as average to good quality, massive with continuous jointing except the talc schist, which was characterized as poor quality. The rock mass rating averages 40 to 50 for most units except the talc schist which averages 30. Hydrological Studies In 1998, Robertson Geoconsultants Inc. (“Robertson”) of Vancouver prepared a report for Kennecott titled “Initial Assessment of Geochemical and Hydrological Conditions at Kennecott’s Arctic Project”. The report presented the results of the acid generation potential of mine waste and wall rock for the Arctic Project in the context of a hydrological assessment of the climate, hydrology and water balance analyses at the Arctic Deposit. Climatic studies at the time were limited to regional analyses as no climatic data had been collected at the Arctic Project site prior to the review. Regional data, most specifically a government installed gauging station about 20 miles to the southwest at Dahl Creek, provided information in assessing the hydrology of the Arctic Project at the time. A total of nine regional gauges were utilized to evaluate the overall potential runoff in the area. Acid-Base Accounting Studies The 1998 Robertson study documented acid-base accounting results based on the selection of 60 representative core samples from the deposit. Results of the study are summarized as follows: (cid:120) Roughly 70% of the waste rock material was deemed to be potentially acid generating. (cid:120) Mitigation of the acid generating capacity could be affected by submersion of the waste rock. Mitigation of the high wall and pit geometries would make potential pit flooding unlikely and could present a long term mitigation issue. (cid:120) (cid:120) Characteristics of the mine tailings were not assessed. Based on the study, Robertson recommended underground mining scenarios, or aggressive study including site water balance. Historical Mineral Resource Estimates For more information about the prior exploration, including the type, amount and results of any exploration work undertaken by previous owners at the Arctic Project and a summary of historical mineral resource estimates, please see the full text of the 2017 Arctic Report. Arctic Project - Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit Types The Ambler District occurs along the southern margin of Brooks Range within an east-west trending zone of Devonian to Jurassic age submarine volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The district covers both: 1) VMS-like deposits and prospects hosted in the Devonian age Ambler Sequence (or Ambler Schist belt), a group of metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks with interbedded tuffaceous, graphitic and calcareous volcaniclastic metasediments; and 2) epigenetic carbonate-hosted copper deposits occurring in Devonian age carbonate and phyllitic rocks of the Bornite Carbonate Sequence. The Ambler Sequence occurs in the upper part of the Anirak Schist, the thickest member of the Schist belt or Coldfoot subterrane (Moore et al. 1994). VMS-like stratabound mineralization can be found along the entire 110 km strike length of the district. Immediately south of the Schist belt in the Cosmos Hills, a time equivalent section of the Anirak Schist includes the approximately 1 km thick Bornite Carbonate Sequence. Mineralization of both the VMS-like deposits of the Schist belt and the carbonate-hosted deposits of the Cosmos Hills has been dated at 375 to 387 Ma. 33 In addition, the Ambler District is characterized by increasing metamorphic grade north perpendicular to the strike of the east-west trending units. The district shows isoclinal folding in the northern portion and thrust faulting to south. The Devonian to Late Jurassic age Angayucham basalt and the Triassic to Jurassic age mafic volcanic rocks are in low-angle thrust contact over various units of the Ambler Schist belt and Bornite Carbonate Sequence along the northern edge of the Ambler Lowlands. Terrane Descriptions The terminology of terranes in the southern Brooks Range evolved during the 1980s because of the region’s complex juxtaposition of rocks of various composition, age and metamorphic grade. Certain studies have divided the Ambler District into the Ambler and Angayucham terranes. Recent work includes the rocks of the previously defined Ambler terrane as part of the regionally extensive Schist belt or Coldfoot subterrane along the southern flank of the Arctic Alaska terrane. In general, the southern Brooks Range is composed of east-west trending structurally bound allochthons of variable metasedimentary and volcanogenic rocks of Paleozoic age. The Angayucham terrane, which lies along southern margin of the Brooks Range, is locally preserved as a klippen within the eastern Cosmos Hills and is composed of weakly metamorphosed to unmetamorphosed massive-to-pillowed basalt rocks with minor radiolarian cherts, marble lenses and isolated ultramafic rocks. This package of Devonian to Late Jurassic age mafic and ultramafic rocks is interpreted to represent portions of an obducted and structurally dismembered ophiolite that formed in an ocean basin south of the present-day Brooks Range. Locally, the Angayucham terrane overlies the schist belt to the north along a poorly exposed south-dipping structure. Gottschalk and Oldow (1988) describe the Schist belt as a composite of structurally bound packages composed of dominantly greenschist facies rocks, including pelitic to semi-pelitic quartz-mica schist with associated mafic schists, metagabbro and marbles. Locally, the Schist belt includes the middle Devonian age Bornite Carbonate Sequence, the lower Paleozoic age Anirak pelitic, variably siliceous and graphic schists, and the mineralized Devonian age Ambler sequence consisting of volcanogenic and siliciclastic rocks variably associated with marbles, calc-schists, metabasites and mafic schists. The lithologic assemblage of the Schist belt is consistent with an extensional, epicontinental tectonic origin. Structurally overlaying the Schist belt to the north is the Central Belt. The Central belt is in unconformable contact with the Schist belt along a north-dipping low-angle structure. The Central belt consists of lower Paleozoic age metaclastic and carbonate rocks, and Proterozoic age schists. Both the Central Belt and Schist belt are intruded by meta-to-peraluminous orthogneisses, which locally yield a slightly discordant U-Pb thermal ionization mass spectrometry zircon crystallization age of middle to late Devonian. This igneous protolith age is supported by Devonian orthogneiss ages obtained along the Dalton Highway, 161 km to the east of the Ambler District. Overlaying the Schist belt to the south is the Phyllite belt, characterized in the Ambler mining district as phyllitic black carbonaceous schists of the Beaver Creek Phyllite which is assumed to underlie much of the Ambler Lowlands between the Brooks Range and the Arctic Deposit to the north and the Cosmos Hills and the Bornite Deposit to the south. The recessive weathering nature of the Beaver Creek phyllite limits the exposure but is assumed to occur as a thrust sheet overlying the main Schist belt rocks. Regional Tectonic Setting Rocks exposed along the southern Brooks Range consist of structurally bound imbricate allochthons that have experienced an intense and complex history of deformation and metamorphism. Shortening in the fold and thrust belt has been estimated by some workers to exceed 500 km based on balanced cross sections across the central Brooks Range. In general, the metamorphic grade and tectonism in the Brooks Range increases to the south and is greatest in the Schist belt. The tectonic character and metamorphic grade decreases south of the Schist belt in the overlaying Angayucham terrane. In the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous age, the Schist belt experienced penetrative thrust-related deformation accompanied by recrystallization under high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphic conditions. The northward directed compressional tectonics were likely related to crustal thickening caused by obduction of the Angayucham ophiolitic section over a south-facing passive margin. Thermobarometry of schists from the structurally deepest section of the northern Schist belt yield relict metamorphic temperatures of 475°C, ±35°C, and pressures from 7.6 to 9.8 kb. Metamorphism in the schist belt grades from lowest greenschist facies in the southern Cosmos Hills to upper greenschist facies, locally overprinting blueschist mineral assemblages in the northern belt. Compressional tectonics, which typically place older rocks on younger, do not adequately explain the relationship of young, low-metamorphic- grade over older and higher-grade metamorphic rocks observed in the southern Brooks Range hinterland. Mull (1982) interpreted the Schist belt as a late antiformal uplift of the basement to the fold and thrust belt. More recent models propose that the uplift of the structurally deep Schist belt occurred along duplexed, north-directed, thin-skinned thrust faults, followed by post-compressional south-dipping low angle normal faults along the south flank of the Schist belt, accommodating for an over-steepened imbricate thrust stack. Rapid cooling and exhumation of the Schist belt began at the end of the early Cretaceous age at 105 to 103 Ma, based on Ar40/Ar39 cooling ages of hornblende and white mica near Mount Igikpak, and lasted only a few million years. Additional post-extension compressive events during the Paleocene age further complicate the southern Brooks Range. 34 Ambler Sequence Geology Rocks that form the Ambler Sequence consist of a lithologically diverse sequence of lower Paleozoic Devonian age carbonate and siliciclastic strata with interlayered mafic lava flows and sills. The clastic strata, derived from terrigenous continental and volcanic sources, were deposited primarily by mass-gravity flow into the sub-wavebase environment of an extending marginal basin. The Ambler Sequence underwent two periods of intense, penetrative deformation. Sustained upper greenschist-facies metamorphism with coincident formation of a penetrative schistosity and isoclinal transposition of bedding marks the first deformation period. Pervasive similar-style folds on all scales deform the transposed bedding and schistosity, defining the subsequent event. At least two later non-penetrative compressional events deform these earlier fabrics. Observations of the structural and metamorphic history of the Ambler District are consistent with current tectonic evolution models for the Schist belt, based on the work of others elsewhere in the southern Brooks Range. General Stratigraphy of the Ambler Sequence Though the Ambler Sequence is exposed over 110 km of strike length, descriptions and comments herein will refer to an area between the Kogoluktuk River on the east and the Shungnak River on the west where Trilogy has focused the majority of its exploration efforts over the last decade. The local base of the Ambler Sequence consists of variably metamorphosed carbonates historically referred to as the Gnurgle Gneiss. Trilogy interprets these strata as calc-turbidites, perhaps deposited in a sub-wavebase environment adjacent to a carbonate bank. Calcareous schists overlie the Gnurgle Gneiss and host sporadically distributed mafic sills and pillowed lavas. These fine-grained clastic strata indicate a progressively quieter depositional environment up section, and the presence of pillowed lavas indicates a rifting, basinal environment. Overlying these basal carbonates and pillowed basalts is a section of predominantly fine-grained carbonaceous siliciclastic rocks which host a significant portion of the mineralization in the district including the Arctic Deposit. This quiescent section indicates further isolation from a terrigenous source terrain. The section above the Arctic Deposit host stratigraphy contains voluminous reworked silicic volcanic strata with the Button Schist at its base. The Button Schist is a regionally continuous and distinctive K-feldspar porphyroblastic unit that serves as an excellent marker above the main mineralized stratigraphy. The paucity of volcanically derived strata below the Arctic Deposit host section and abundance above indicates that the basin and surrounding hinterlands underwent major tectonic reorganization during deposition of the Arctic Deposit section. Greywacke sands that Trilogy interpret as channeled high-energy turbidites occur throughout the section but concentrate high in the local stratigraphy. Several rock units show substantial change in thickness and distribution in the vicinity of the Arctic Deposit that may have resulted from the basin architecture existing at the time of deposition. Between the Arctic Ridge, geographically above the Arctic Deposit, and the Riley Ridge to the west several significant differences have been documented including: (cid:120) The Gnurgle Gneiss is thickest in exposures along the northern extension of Arctic Ridge and appears to thin to the west. (cid:120) Mafic lavas and sills thicken from east to west. They show thick occurrences in upper Subarctic Creek and to the west, but are sparsely distributed to the east. (cid:120) (cid:120) The quartzite section within and above the Arctic sulphide horizon does not occur in abundance east of Arctic Ridge; it is thicker and occurs voluminously to the west. Button Schist thickens dramatically to the west from exposures on Arctic Ridge; exposures to the east are virtually nonexistent. (cid:120) Greywacke sands do not exist east of Subarctic Creek but occur in abundance as massive, channeled accumulations to the west, centered on Riley Ridge. 35 These data are interpreted by Trilogy to define a generally north-northwest-trending depocentre through the central Ambler District. Volcanic debris flow occurrences described below in concert with these formational changes suggest that the depocentre had a fault-controlled eastern margin. The basin deepened to the west; the Riley Ridge section deposited along a high-energy axis, and the Centrre of the Universe (“COU”) section lies to the west-southwest distally from a depositional energy point of view. This original basin architecture appears to have controlled mineralization of the sulphide systems at Arctic and Shungnak (Dead Creek), concentrating fluid flow along structures on the eastern basin margin. Structural Framework of the Ambler District In addition to the underlying pre-deformational structural framework of the district suggested by the stratigraphic thickening of various facies around the Arctic Deposit, the Ambler Sequence is deformed by two penetrative deformational events that significantly complicate the distribution and spatial arrangement of the local stratigraphy. F1 Deformation The earliest penetrative deformation event is associated with greenschist metamorphism and the development of regional schistosity. True isoclinal folds are developed and fold noses typically are thickened. The most notable F1 fold is the Arctic antiform that defines the upper and lower limbs of the Arctic Deposit. The fold closes along a north-northeast- trending fold axis roughly mimicking the trace of Subarctic Creek and opening to the east. Importantly, the overturned lower limb implies that the permissive stratigraphy should be repeated on a lower synformal isocline beneath the currently explored limbs and would connect with the permissive mineralized stratigraphy to the northwest at Shungnak (Dead Creek). F2 Deformation The earlier F1 schistosity is in turn deformed by the F2 deformational event that resulted in the local development of an axial planar cleavage. The deformational event is well defined throughout the Schist belt and results in a series of south verging open to moderately overturned folds that define a series of east-west trending folds of similar vergence across the entire Schist belt stratigraphies. This event is likely temporarily related to the emplacement of the Devonian Angayucham volcanics, the obducted Jurassic ophiolites and Cretaceous sediments over the Schist belt stratigraphies. In addition to the earlier penetrative deformation events, a series of poorly defined non-penetrative deformation likely as a consequence of Cretaceous extension are seen as a series of warps or arches across the district. The interplay between the complex local stratigraphy, the isoclinal F1 event, the overturned south verging F2 event and the series of post- penetrative deformational events makes district geological interpretation often extremely difficult at a local scale. Arctic Deposit Geology Previous workers at the Arctic Deposit describe three mineralized horizons at the Arctic Deposit: the Main Sulphide Horizon, the Upper South Horizon and the Warm Springs Horizon. The Main Sulphide Horizon was further subdivided into three zones: the southeast zone, the central zone and the northwest zone. Previous deposit modelling was grade-based resulting in numerous individual mineralized zones representing relatively thin sulphide horizons. Recent work by Trilogy define the Arctic Deposit as two or more discrete horizons of sulphide mineralization contained in a complexly deformed isoclinal fold with an upright upper limb and an overturned lower limb hosting the main mineral resources. Nearby drilling suggests a third limb, an upright lower limb, likely occurs beneath the currently explored stratigraphy. Lithologies and Lithologic Domain Descriptions Historically, five lithologic groupings have been utilized by Kennecott to describe the local stratigraphy of the deposit. These groupings include: 1) metarhyolite (Button Schist) or porphyroblastic quartz feldspar porphyry and rhyolitic volcaniclastic and tuffaceous rocks; 2) quartz mica schists composed of tuffaceous and volcaniclastic sediments; 3) graphitic schists composed of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks; 4) base metal sulphide bearing schists; and 5) talc schists composed of talc-clorite altered volcanic and sedimentary rocks. 36 The principal lithologic units captured in logging and mapping by Trilogy are summarized and described in the following subsections, in broadly chronologically order from oldest to youngest. Greenstone (GNST) Greenstones are typically massive dark-green amphibole- and garnet-bearing rocks, differentiated by their low quartz content and dark green color. Textural and colour similarities along with similar garnet components and textures often cause confusion with some sedimentary greywackes within the Ambler Sequence stratigraphy. Intervals of greenstone range up to 80 m in thickness and are identified as pillowed flows, sills and dikes. Multiple ages of deposition are implied as both basal pillowed units are present as well as intrusive sill and dike-like bodies higher in the local stratigraphy. Chlorite Schist (CHS) This unit is likely alteration-related but has been used for rocks where more than half of the sheet silicates are composed of chlorite. In the field, some samples of chlorite schist showed a distinctive dark green to blue-green colour, but in drill core the chlorite schists commonly have lighter green colour. Some intervals of chlorite schist are associated with talc-rich units. Talc Schist (TS) Talc-bearing schists are often in contact with chlorite-rich units and reflect units which contain trace to as much as 10% talc often occurring on partings. Like the chlorite schist this unit is likely alteration related. Black to Grey Schist (GS) Black or grey schists appear in many stratigraphic locations particularly higher in the stratigraphy but principally constitute the mineralized permissive stratigraphy of the Arctic Deposit lying immediately below the Button Schist (MRP). The unit is typically composed of muscovite, quartz, feldspar, graphite, and sometimes chlorite, biotite or sulphides. The texture is phyllitic, variably crenulated, well-foliated and suggests a pelitic protolith, likely deposited in a basin progressively filled with terrigenous fine sediment. This unit is host to the MS and SMS horizons that constitute the Arctic Deposit. Button Schist (MRP) This rock type consists of quartz-muscovite-feldspar schists with abundant distinctive 1 to 3 cm albite porphyroblasts of metamorphic origin and occasional 0.5 to 2 cm blue quartz phenocrysts of likely igneous origin. The unit shows a commonly massive to weakly foliated texture, although locally the rocks have a well-developed foliation with elongate feldspars. Quartz-Mica-(Feldspar) Schist (QMS/QFMS) This schistose rock contains variable proportions of quartz, muscovite, and sometimes feldspar. Most contain high amounts of interstitial silica, and some have feldspar or quartz porphyroblasts. The texture of the unit shows significant variability and likely represents both altered and texturally distinct felsic tuffs and volcaniclastic lithologies. Volcanic Debris Flow (DM) This unit contains a range of unsorted, matrix supported polylithic clasts including Button Schist occurring in black to dark grey, very fine-grained graphitic schist. The unit occurs as lenses with other stratigraphies and likely represents local derived debris flows or slumps. Greywacke (GW) This unit consists of massive green rocks with quartz, chlorite, probably amphibole, feldspar, muscovite, and accessory garnet, biotite, and calcite/carbonate. Voluminous accumulations of medium-grained greywacke occur within, but generally above, the quartz mica schist and are differentiated from texturally similar greenstones by the presence of detrital quartz, fine-grained interbeds, graded bedding and flute casts. 37 Lithogeochemistry of Immobile Trace Elements In 2007, work by NovaGold suggested that many of the nondescript felsic metavolcanic lithologies were simply alteration and textural variants of the felsic rock units and not adequately capturing true compositional lithological differences between units. Twelker (2008) demonstrated that the use of lithogeochemistry utilizing immobile trace elements specifically Al2O3:TiO2 (aluminium oxide:titanium dioxide) ratios could be used to effectively differentiate between different felsic volcanic and sedimentary suites of rocks at the Arctic Deposit. Lithogeochemistry shows three major felsic rock suites in the Arctic Deposit area: a rhyolite suite; and intermediate volcanic suite and a volcaniclastic suite. These suites are partially in agreement with the logged lithology but in some instances show that alteration in texture and composition masked actual lithologic differences. Results of the lithogeochemistry have led to a better understanding of the stratigraphic continuity of the various units and have been utilized to more accurately model the lithologic domains of the Arctic Deposit. Lithologic Domains Though a variety of detailed lithologies are logged during data capture, Trilogy models the deposit area as two distinct units –an Upper Plate and Lower Plate separated by the Warm Springs Fault. The Upper and Lower plates contain similar lithologic domains which are primarily defined by lithogeochemical characteristics, but are also consistent with their respective acid-generating capacities and spatial distribution around the fold axes, and include the following units: the Button Schist (a meta-rhyolite porphyry - MRP), aphanitic meta-rhyolite, a series of felsic quartz mica schists, and carbonaceous schists of the Grey Schist unit. An alteration model has been built to adequately characterize the chlorite and talc schists found within the deposit. The mineralization is modelled as eight distinct zones (Zones 1 – 8) found both in the Upper and Lower plates and range from MS to SMS layers. Structure Earlier studies concluded mineralization at the Arctic deposit was part of a normal stratigraphic sequence striking northeast and dipping gently southwest. Subsequent reinterpretation by Kennecott in 1998 and 1999 suggested the entire Ambler Sequence at Arctic could be overturned. Proffett (1999) reviewed the Arctic geology and suggested that a folded model with mineralization as part of an isoclinal anticline opening east and closing west could account for the mapped and logged geology. His interpretation called for an F2 fold superimposed on a north-trending F1 fabric. Lindberg (2004) supported a folded model similar to Proffett, though he felt the main fold at Arctic is northwest closing and southeast opening. Lindberg named this feature the Arctic Antiform, and interpreted this structure to be an F1 fold. Lindberg believes the majority of folding within the mineralized horizons occurs in the central part of the deposit within a southwest plunging “cascade zone.” The increased thicknesses of mineralized intervals in this part of the property can in part be explained by the multiple folding of two main mineralized horizons as opposed to numerous individual mineralized beds as shown in the 1995 geologic model. The cascade zone appears to be confined to the upper sulphide limbs of the Arctic Antiform. Continuity drilling on closer spacing in 2008 across the “cascade” zone confirms the continuity of the two mineralized horizons but does not support the complexity proposed by Lindberg. Dodd et al. (2004) suggested that some of the complexity might be related to minor thrusting. Results of 2006 mapping at Arctic supported the interpretation that an F2 fold event may fold the lower Button Schist back to the north under the deposit in this area (Otto 2006). Deep drilling in 2007 just to the north of the deposit to test the concept drilled the appropriate upright stratigraphy at depth. Though the target horizon was not reached due to the drill rig limitations the hole did encountered significant mineralization below the Button Schist immediately above the sulphide-bearing permissive stratigraphy. That hole (AR07-110) intersected roughly 35 m of anomalous mineralization including 0.45 m of 1.17% copper, 0.8% lead, 5.8% zinc, 49.7 g/t silver and 0.7 g/t gold. Alteration Three main zones of hydrothermal alteration occurring at the Arctic Deposit have been defined: (cid:120) A main chloritic zone occurring within the footwall of the deposit consisting of phengite and magnesium-chlorite. (cid:120) A mixed alteration zone occurring below and lateral to sulphide mineralization consisting of phengite and phlogopite along with talc, calcite, dolomite and quartz. (cid:120) A pyritic zone overlying the sulphide mineralization. 38 Field observations conducted by Trilogy in 2004 and 2005 supported by logging and short wave infrared (“SWIR”) spectrometry supports these observations. Talc and magnesium chlorite are the dominant alteration products associated with the sulphide-bearing horizons. Talc alteration grades downward and outward to mixed talc-magnesium chlorite with minor phlogopite, into zones of dominantly magnesium chlorite, then into mixed magnesium chlorite-phengite with outer phengite-albite zones of alteration. Thickness of alteration zones vary with stratigraphic interpretation, but tens of metres for the outer zones is likely, as seen in phengite-albite exposures on the east side of Arctic Ridge. Stratigraphically above the sulphide-bearing horizons significant muscovite as paragonite is developed and results in a marked shift in sodium/magnesium (Na/Mg) ratios across the sulphide bearing horizons. Visual and quantitative determination of many of the alteration products is difficult at best due to their light colours and the well-developed micaceous habit of many of the alteration species. Logging in general has poorly captured the alteration products and the SWIR methodology though far more effective in capturing the presence or absence of various alteration minerals adds little in any quantitative assessment. Of particular note are the barium species including barite, cymrite (a high-pressure Ba phyllosilicate), and Ba-bearing muscovite, and phlogopite. These mineral species are associated with both alteration and mineralization and demonstrate local remobilization during metamorphism. Though little has been done to document their distribution, they do have a significant impact on bulk density measurements. Additional discussion of the potential impacts of barite is discussed under the headings “Arctic Project – Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification” and “Arctic Project – Mineral Resource Estimate”). Talc is of particular importance at the Arctic Deposit due to its potential negative impact on flotation characteristics during metallurgical processing as well as for geotechnical pit slope stability. A great deal of effort has gone into modeling the distribution of talc and talc-chlorite units throughout the deposit area; even zones as small as 10cm have been logged and mapped. The majority of the talc zones occur between the upper, stratigraphically up-right zones and the lower, overturned zones. Significant metallurgical test work has demonstrated that a talc pre-float eliminates talc from interfering with subsequent extraction and concentration of the base and precious metals (See under the heading “The Arctic Project – Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing”). As for the geotechnical stabilities, SRK has completed detailed studies and these will be included in future pit slope stability studies. Arctic Deposit Mineralization Mineralization occurs as stratiform SMS to MS beds within primarily graphitic schists and fine-grained quartz mica schists. The sulphide beds average 4 m in thickness but vary from less than 1 m up to as much as 32 m in thickness. The sulfide mineralization occurs within eight modelled zones lying along the upper and lower limbs of the Arctic isoclinal anticline. All of the zones are within an area of roughly 1 km2 with mineralization extending to a depth of approximately 250 m below the surface. There are five zones of MS and SMS that occur at specific pseudo- stratigraphic levels which make up the bulk of the mineral resources. The other three zones also occur at specific pseudo-stratigraphic levels, but are too discontinuous to confidently model as resources. Unlike more typical VMS deposits, mineralization is not characterized by steep metal zonation or massive pyritic zones. Mineralization is dominantly sheet-like zones of base metal sulphides with variable pyrite and only minor zonation usually on an extremely small scale. Mineralization is predominately coarse-grained sulphides consisting mainly of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tennantite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Trace amounts of electrum are also present. Gangue minerals associated with the mineralized horizons include quartz, barite, white mica, chlorite, stilpnomelane, talc, calcite, dolomite and cymrite. Genesis Historic interpretation of the genesis of the Ambler Schist belt deposits have called for a syngenetic VMS origin with steep thermal gradients in and around seafloor hydrothermal vents resulting in metal deposition due to the rapid cooling of chloride-complexed base metals. A variety of VMS types have been well documented in the literature with the Ambler Schist belt deposits most similar to deposits associated with bimodal felsic dominant volcanism related to incipient rifting. 39 The majority of field observations broadly support such a scenario at the Arctic Deposit and include: 1) the tectonic setting with Devonian volcanism in an evolving continental rift; 2) the geologic setting with bimodal volcanics including pillow basalts and felsic volcanic tuffs; 3) an alteration assemblage with well-defined magnesium-rich footwall alteration and sodium-rich hanging wall alteration; and 4) typical polymetallic base-metal mineralization with massive and semi-massive sulphides. Deposits and Prospects In addition to the Arctic Deposit, numerous other VMS-like occurrences are present on the Trilogy land package. The most notable of these occurrences are the Dead Creek (also known as Shungnak), Sunshine, Cliff, Horse, Cobre and the Snow prospects to the west of the Arctic Deposit and the Red, Nora, Tom-Tom and BT prospects to the east. Deposit Types The mineralization at the Arctic Deposit and at several other known occurrences within the Ambler Sequence stratigraphy of the Ambler District, consists of Devonian age, polymetallic (zinc-copper-lead-silver-gold) VMS-like occurrences. VMS deposits are formed by and associated with sub- marine volcanic-related hydrothermal events. These events are related to spreading centres such as fore arc, back arc or mid-ocean ridges. VMS deposits are often stratiform accumulations of sulphide minerals that precipitate from hydrothermal fluids on or below the seafloor. These deposits are found in association with volcanic, volcaniclastic and/or siliciclastic rocks. Prior to any subsequent deformation and/or metamorphism, these deposits are often bowl- or mound-shaped with stockworks and stringers of sulfide minerals found near vent zones. These types of deposit exhibit an idealized zoning pattern as follows: (cid:120) Pyrite and chalcopyrite near vents. (cid:120) A halo around the vents consisting of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrite. (cid:120) A more distal zone of sphalerite and galena and metals such as manganese. (cid:120) Increasing manganese with oxides such as hematite and chert more distal to the vent. Alteration halos associated with VMS deposits often contain sericite, ankerite, chlorite, hematite and magnetite close to the VMS with weak sericite, carbonate, zeolite, prehnite and chert more distal. These alteration assemblages and relationships are dependent on degree of post deposition deformation and metamorphism. A modern analog of this type of deposit is found around fumaroles or black smokers in association with rift zones. In the Ambler District, VMS-like mineralization occurs in the Ambler Sequence schists over a strike length of approximately 110 km. These deposits are hosted in volcaniclastic, siliciclastic and calcareous metasedimentary rocks interlayered with mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks. Sulphide mineralization occurs above the mafic metavolcanic rocks but below the Button schist, a distinctive district wide felsic unit characterized by large K-feldspar porphyroblasts after relic phenocrysts. The presence of the mafic and felsic metavolcanic units is used as evidence to suggest formation in a rift-related environment, possibly proximal to a continental margin. A sulphide-smoker occurrence has been tentatively identified near Dead Creek, northwest of the Arctic Deposit and suggests local hydrothermal venting during deposition. However, the lack of stockworks and stringer-type mineralization at the Arctic Deposit suggest that the deposit may not be a proximal vent type VMS. Although the deposit is stratiform in nature, it exhibits characteristics and textures common to replacement-style mineralization. At least some of the mineralization may have formed as a diagenetic replacement. At the Arctic Deposit, sulphides occur as disseminated (<30%), semi-massive (30 to 50% sulphide) to massive (greater than 50% sulphide) layers, typically dominated by pyrite with substantial disseminated sphalerite and chalcopyrite and trace amounts of galena and tetrahedrite-tennantite. The Arctic Deposit sulphide accumulation is thought to be stratigraphically correlative to those seen at the Dead Creek and Sunshine deposits up to 12 km to the west. There is also an occurrence of epithermal discordant vein and fracture hosted base metal (lead-zinc-copper) mineralization with significant fluorite mineralization identified at the Red prospect in the Kogoluktuk Valley, east of the Arctic Deposit. Although not yet fully understood, the genesis of this occurrence is considered to be related to the regional system that formed the VMS deposits in the Ambler District. 40 Arctic Project - Exploration The following section summarizes and highlights work completed by Trilogy and its predecessor company NovaGold. NovaGold began exploration of the Arctic Deposit and surrounding lands of the Schist belt in 2004 after optioning the Arctic Property from Kennecott. Previous exploration on the Arctic Property during Kennecott’s tenure is summarized under the heading “Arctic Project – History”. Field exploration was largely conducted during the period between 2004 to 2007 with associated engineering and characterization studies between 2008 and the present. Drilling related to exploration is discussed under the heading “Arctic Project – Drilling”. Table 1: Summary of Trilogy/NovaGold Exploration Activities Targeting VMS-style Mineralization in the Ambler Sequence Stratigraphy and the Arctic Deposit Work Completed Year Details Focus Geological Mapping - - - - - Geophysical Surveys SWIR Spectrometry TDEM Downhole EM Geochemistry - - - - Survey Collar Photography/Topography LiDAR Survey Technical Studies Geotechnical ML/ARD Metallurgy Geotechnical and Hydrology Geotechnical and Hydrology ML/ARD Metallurgy 2004 2005 2006 2015, 2016 2016 - - - SRK - Arctic Deposit surface geology Ambler Sequence west of the Arctic Deposit COU, Dead Creek, Sunshine, Red Geotechnical Structural Mapping Arctic Deposit surface geology 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007 2005 2006 2007 2004 drill holes Alteration characterization 2 loops 13 loops 6 loops 4 drill holes Follow-up of Kennecott DIGHEM EM survey District targets Arctic extensions Arctic Deposit - - - - Stream silts – core area prospects Soils – core area prospects Stream silts – core area prospects Soils – Arctic Deposit area 2004 to 2011 2004, 2008 2010 2015, 2016 2010 2011 2012 2012 2015, 2016 2015, 2016, 2017 2015, 2016, 2017 GPS Resurveys - - BGC SRK SGS BGC SRK SRK SGS, ALS All 2004 to 2011 NovaCopper drill holes Historical Kennecott drill holes Photography/topography LiDAR over Arctic Deposit Preliminary geotechnical and hazards Preliminary ML and ARD Preliminary mineralogy and metallurgy Preliminary rock mechanics and hydrology Arctic PFS Slope Design Static Kinetic Tests and ABA Update - ongoing Cu-Pb Separation Test Work; Flotation and Variability Test Work Project Evaluation Resource Estimation PEA SRK SRK Tetra Tech Note: SWIR = short wave infrared; ML = metal leaching; BGC = BGC Engineering Inc.; SRK = SRK Consulting; SGS = SGS Canada; ALS = ALS Metallurgy Resource estimation PEA – Underground PEA – Open Pit 2008 2011 2012 41 Arctic Project - Drilling Drilling at the Arctic Deposit and within the Ambler District has been ongoing since its initial discovery in 1967. Approximately 56,480 m of drilling has been completed within the Ambler District, including 39,320m of drilling in 163 drill holes at the Arctic deposit or on potential extensions in 27 campaigns spanning 50 years. All of the drill campaigns at Arctic have been run under the auspices of either: 1) Kennecott and its subsidiaries (BCMC), 2) Anaconda, or 3) Trilogy and its predecessor companies, NovaGold. Trilogy and its predecessor company, NovaGold, drilled 22,144 m in 79 different drill holes targeting the Arctic Deposit and several other prospects of the Ambler Schist belt. Table 2 summarizes all of the Trilogy/NovaGold tenure drilling on the Arctic Property. Table 2: Summary of Trilogy/NovaGold Drilling Year 2004 2005 2006*** 2007 2008* 2011 2012*** 2015 2016 2017** Metres 2,996 3,030 3,100 2,606 3,306 1,193 1,752 3,055 3,058 785 No. of Drill Holes Sequence 11 AR04-78 to 88 9 AR05-89 to 97 AR06-98 to 109 12 4 AR07-110 to 113 14 AR08-114 to 126 5 AR11-127 to 131 SC12-014 to 017 4 14 AR15-132 to 145 Geotechnical-hydrogeological studies, resource infill 13 AR16-146 to 158 Geotechnical-hydrogeological studies, resource infill 5 AR17-159 to 163 Purpose of Drilling Deposit scoping and verification Extensions to the Arctic Deposit Property-wide exploration drilling Deep extensions of the Arctic Deposit Grade continuity and metallurgy Geotechnical studies Exploration drilling – Sunshine Ore sorting studies Notes: *A total of 12 of the 14 holes drilled in 2008 were utilized in the 2012 SRK resource update. Two holes were maintained in sealed frozen storage to provide additional metallurgical samples if required. **Holes drilled in 2017 are not included in the current resource estimation contained herein. The total meters have been updated subsequent to the 2017 Arctic Report. ***Drilling in 2006 and 2012 targeted exploration targets elsewhere in the VMS belt. A detailed discussion and review of the geotechnical and hydrogeological results can be found under the heading “Arctic Project – Exploration”. Recovery Core recovery during NovaGold/Trilogy tenure has been good to excellent, resulting in quality samples with little to no bias. There are no other known drilling and/or recovery factors that could materially impact accuracy of the samples during this period. Table 3 shows recoveries and rock- quality designation (“RQD”) for each of the NovaGold/Trilogy campaigns exclusive of the geotechnical drill holes in 2011. BGC Engineering Inc. (2012) reports a detailed and exhaustive discussion of the recoveries and RQDs of the 2011 drilling. Table 3: Recovery and RQD 2004 to 2008 Arctic Drill Campaigns Year Metres Recovery (%) RQD (%) 2,996 3,030 2,606 3,306 1,193 3,055 3,058 785 98.0 96.0 95.7 98.0 96.0 91.3 91.5 95.5 73.4 74.4 73.1 80.1 68.8 69.0 69.7 75.0 2004 2005 2007 2008 2011 2015 2016 2017* Notes: * The total meters have been updated subsequent to the 2017 Arctic Report. 42 Arctic Project - Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification Sample Preparation Core Drilling Sampling The data for the Arctic Deposit resource was generated over three primary drilling campaigns: 1966 to 1986 when BCMC, a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corporation was the primary operator, 1998 when Kennecott Minerals resumed work after a long hiatus, and 2004 to present with NovaGold and now Trilogy as the operators. Kennecott and BCMC Sampling of drill core prior to 1998 by BCMC focused primarily on the mineralized zones; numerous intervals of weak to moderate mineralization were not sampled during this period. During the 1998 campaign, Kennecott did sample some broad zones of alteration and weak mineralization, but much of the unaltered and unmineralized drill core was left unsampled. Little documentation on historic sampling procedures is available. NovaGold and Trilogy Tenure Between 2004 and 2006, NovaGold conducted a systematic drill core re-logging and re-sampling campaign of Kennecott and BCMC era drill holes AR-09 to AR-74. NovaGold either took 1 to 2 m samples every 10 m, or sampled entire lengths of previously unsampled core within a minimum of 1 m and a maximum of 3 m intervals. The objective of the sampling was to generate a full ICP geochemistry dataset for the Arctic Deposit and ensure continuous sampling throughout the deposit. Sample preparation procedures for NovaGold era work are described in the following subsection. Quality assurance/quality control (“QA/QC”) review of historic sampling is described under the heading “The Arctic Project – Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification – Quality Assurance/Quality Control” below. All drill core was transported by helicopter in secure core “baskets” to either the Dahl Creek camp or the Bornite camp for logging and sampling. Sample intervals were determined by the geologist during the geological logging process. Sample intervals were labelled with white paper tags and butter (aluminum) tags which were stapled to the core box. Each tag had a unique number which corresponded to that sample interval. Sample intervals were determined by the geological relationships observed in the core and limited to a 3 m maximum length and 1 m minimum length. An attempt was made to terminate sample intervals at lithological and mineralization boundaries. Sampling was generally continuous from the top to the bottom of the drill hole. When the hole was in unmineralized rock, the sample length was generally 3 m, whereas in mineralized units, the sample length was shortened to 1 to 2 m. Geological and geotechnical parameters were recorded based on defined sample intervals and/or drill run intervals (defined by the placement of a wooden block at the end of a core run). Logged parameters were reviewed annually and slight modifications have been made between campaigns, but generally include rock type, mineral abundance, major structures, SG, point load testing, recovery and rock quality designation measurements. Drill logs were converted to a digital format and forwarded to the Database Manager, who imported them into the master database. Core was photographed and then brought into the saw shack where it was split in half by the rock saw, divided into sample intervals, and bagged by the core cutters. Not all core was oriented; however, core that had been oriented was identified to samplers by a line drawn down the core stick. If core was not competent, it was split by using a spoon to transfer half of the core into the sample bag. Once the core was sawed, half was sent to ALS Minerals Laboratories (“ALS Minerals”) in Vancouver for analysis and the other half was initially stored at the Dahl Creek camp but has been consolidated at the storage facility at the Bornite camp facilities or at Trilogy warehouse in Fairbanks. 43 Shipment of core samples from site occurred on a drill hole by drill hole basis. Rice bags, containing two to four poly-bagged core samples each, were marked and labelled with the ALS Minerals address, project and hole number, bag number, and sample numbers enclosed. Rice bags were secured with a pre-numbered plastic security tie and a twist wire tie and then assembled into standard fish totes for transport by chartered flights on a commercial airline to Fairbanks, where they were met by a contracted expeditor for deliver directly to the ALS Minerals preparation facility in Fairbanks. In addition to the core, control samples were inserted into the shipments at the approximate rate of one standard, one blank and one duplicate per 20 core samples: (cid:120) (cid:120) Standards: four standards per year were used at the Arctic Deposit. The core cutter inserted a sachet of the appropriate standard, as well as the sample tag, into the sample bag. Blanks: were composed of an unmineralized landscape aggregate. The core cutter inserted about 150 g of blank, as well as the sample tag, into the sample bag. (cid:120) Duplicates: the assay laboratory split the sample and ran both splits. The core cutter inserted a sample tag into an empty sample bag. Samples were logged into a tracking system on arrival at ALS Minerals, and weighed. Samples were then crushed, dried, and a 250 g split pulverized to greater than 85% passing 75 μm. Gold assays were determined using fire analysis followed by an atomic absorption spectroscopy finish. The lower detection limit was 0.005 ppm gold; the upper limit was 1,000 ppm gold. An additional 49-element suite was assayed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy methodology, following a nitric acid aqua regia digestion. Overlimits for copper, zinc, lead, and silver analyses were completed by atomic absorption (“AA”), following a triple acid digest. Security Security measures taken during historical Kennecott and BCMC programs are unknown to NovaGold or Trilogy. Trilogy is not aware of any reason to suspect that any of these samples have been tampered with. The 2004 to 2016 samples were either in the custody of NovaGold personnel or the assay laboratories at all times, and the chain of custody of the samples is well documented. Assaying and Analytical Procedures The laboratories used during the various exploration, infill, and step-out drill analytical programs completed on the Arctic Project are summarized in Table 4. ALS Minerals has attained International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 9001:2000 registration. In addition, the ALS Minerals laboratory in Vancouver is accredited to ISO 17025 by Standards Council of Canada for a number of specific test procedures including fire assay of gold by AA, ICP and gravimetric finish, multi-element ICP and AA assays for silver, copper, lead and zinc. Table 4: Analytical Laboratories Used by Operators of the Arctic Project Laboratory Name Union Assay Office, Inc. Rocky Mountain Geochemical Corp. Resource Associates of Alaska, Inc. Georesearch Laboratories, Inc. Bondar-Clegg & Company Ltd. Acme Analytical Laboratories Ltd. (AcmeLabs) ALS Analytical Lab Laboratory Location Salt Lake City, Utah South Midvale, Utah College, Alaska Years Used 1968 1973 Accreditation Accreditations are not known. Comment Primary Assay Lab Accreditations are not known. Primary and Secondary Assays 1973, 1974 Accreditations are not known. Primary and Secondary Assays Salt Lake City, Utah 1975, 1976 Accreditations are not known. Primary and Secondary Assays North Vancouver BC Vancouver, BC Fairbanks, Alaska (prep) and Vancouver, BC (analytical) 1981, 1982 Accreditations are not known. Primary and Secondary Assays 1998, 2012, 2013 1998, 2004- 2008, 2011 – 2016* Accreditations are not known. In 2004, ALS Minerals held ISO 9002 accreditations but changed to ISO 9001 accreditations in late 2004. ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17025 accreditation was obtained in 2005. 2012 and 2013 Secondary Check Sample Lab 2012 - 2016 Primary Assay Lab Notes: * The years ALS Analytical was used has been updated subsequent to the Arctic Report. 44 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Core Drilling Sampling QA/QC Previous data verification campaigns were limited in scope and documentation and are described by SRK (2012). During 2013, Trilogy conducted a 26% audit of the NovaGold era assay database fields: sample interval, Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, and Pb. This audit is documented in a series of memos. Trilogy staff did not identify and/or correct any transcription and/or coding errors in the database prior to resource estimation. Trilogy also retained independent consultant Caroline Vallat, P.Geo. of GeoSpark Consulting Inc. (“GeoSpark”) to: 1) re-load 100% of the historical assay certificates, 2) conduct a QA/QC review of paired historical assays and NovaGold era re-assays; 3) monitor an independent check assay program for the 2004 to 2008 and 2011 drill campaigns; and 4) generate QA/QC reports for the NovaGold era 2004 to 2008 and NovaCopper/Trilogy era 2011, 2015, and 2016 drill campaigns. Below is a summary of the results and conclusions of the GeoSpark QA/QC review. Novagold QA/QC Review on Historical Analytical Results During 2004, NovaGold conducted a large rerun program and check sampling campaign on pre-NovaGold (pre-2004) drill core. The 2004 and 2005 ALS Minerals Laboratories primary sample results have been assigned as the primary assay results for the Arctic Project in the database, amounting to 1,287 of the total 3,186 primary samples related to pre-NovaGold drill holes. During 2013, GeoSpark conducted a QA/QC review of available QA/QC data (20130422 – QAQC on Pre-NovaGold Arctic Assays); including sample pair data amounting to 422 data pairs which is 11% relative to the primary sample quantity. The sample pairs included original duplicates, original repeat assays, 2004 rerun assays on original sample pulps analyzed secondarily at ALS Minerals, and check samples from 2004 on original samples re-analyzed at ALS Minerals. The review found that the available QA/QC data is related to drill holes that are spatially well distributed over the historic drill hole locations. Review of Precision A comparison of the original analytical results with the secondary results serves to infer the level of precision within the original results. Also, the 2004 rerun sample results and the check sample pair results from 2004 and 2005 were compared to the original assays to infer the level of repeatability or precision within the original results. The result of the average relative difference (“AD”) review on sample pairs found satisfactory to good inferred precision levels for all of the sample pairs and elements except for the 2004 rerun sample lead results. For the lead 2004 rerun sample pairs there were 66.85% of the pairs less than the 1 AD limit, inferring poor precision in the original results. Overall, the lead values were found to pass the AD criteria for the original duplicates, original repeats, and check sample reviews. More insight was made regarding the lead precision upon review of the data pairs graphically within scatter plots and Thompson-Howarth Precision Versus Concentration plots. The 2004 rerun sample lead values were found to infer a poor-to- moderate level of precision and an indication that the original results might be of negative bias where the original results may have been reported on average 0.2% less than their true values for grades of 0.5% lead and higher. However, the original duplicate, original repeats, and check samples inferred that there was a moderate or satisfactory level of correlation within the lead values. Furthermore, the overall inference of precision in the lead values has been defined as moderate. The detailed review of the gold pairs inferred an overall moderate level of precision within the original analytical results. The silver, copper, and zinc analytical pair review found overall inferred strong precision in the original analytical results. It is GeoSpark's opinion that the detailed review of analytical pair values reported for gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc has inferred an overall acceptable level of precision within the original sample analytical results for the pre-NovaGold Arctic Project. 45 Review of Accuracy The rerun sample program of 2004 included analysis of 53 QA/QC materials comprising 20 standards and 33 blanks. These standards and blanks were reviewed in order to indirectly infer the accuracy within the original sample data. The 2004 rerun samples on original pulps also included analysis of standards and blanks with the primary samples. These results have been reviewed using control charts for review of the inferred accuracy within the 2004 rerun sample results; in addition, the inferred rerun sample accuracy is related to the accuracy of the original results in that comparison of the original results to the 2004 reruns and has been shown to be acceptable overall. The blank results were reviewed for gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc and it has been inferred that there is good accuracy within the results and that there was no significant issue with sample contamination or instrument calibration during the analysis. The standard results were reviewed for gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. The reported control limits were available for silver, copper, lead, and zinc. The gold control limits were calculated for the review. In addition upon initial review, the zinc control limits were also calculated from the available data to provide a more realistic range of control values for the results. The gold, silver, and copper results were inferred to be of strong accuracy. The lead and zinc results were inferred to be of moderate accuracy overall. It was GeoSpark’s opinion that the review for accuracy has found an acceptable level of inferred accuracy within the gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc results reported for the 2004 rerun samples and indirectly within the original results. Review of Bias There were 35 check samples on original samples re-assayed at ALS Minerals during 2004. These were reviewed for an indication of bias in the original results. Additionally, the 2004 rerun sample results have been reviewed for inference of bias in the original results. Overall, the detailed review of the check sample pair gold concentrations has found minor positive bias in the 2004 pairs and minor positive bias in the 2005 pairs. The level of bias is inferred to be at very near zero with the original being reported approximately 0.005 greater than the 2004 results reported by ALS Minerals. The 2004 rerun samples compared to the originals has inferred negligible bias in the original gold results. It is GeoSpark's opinion that these levels of inferred bias are not significant to merit concern with the overall quality of gold values reported for the pre- NovaGold Arctic Project. The detailed review of the check sample silver pairs has found minor negative bias implied by the 2004 check sample pairs. The 2004 rerun samples have shown a negligible amount of bias in the original results. It is GeoSpark’s opinion that overall the bias in original silver concentrations is inferred to be negligible to minor negative but not significant to merit concern of the overall quality of the silver results. The copper check samples reported in 2004 were found to have a few anomalous results that were implying significant positive bias. However, a more detailed review found that the exclusion of the anomalous pairs resulted in a minor positive bias overall. The 2004 rerun sample copper results have shown that there is a possibility for positive bias in the original copper grades at concentrations greater than 5%. Overall, it is GeoSpark’s opinion that the bias inferred within the original copper results is not significant to merit concern with the original assay quality. The 2004 check sample review inferred overall small negative bias in the original lead results. The 2004 rerun sample data also inferred that there was a small negative bias in the original results for grades over 0.5%. Overall, it is GeoSpark’s opinion that this detailed review has inferred that the levels of inferred bias within the lead concentrations are not significant enough to merit concern over the original result quality. The original zinc results have been inferred to be of very minor positive bias when the 2004 check sample pairs (excluding three anomalous pairs) are reviewed. The 2004 rerun sample zinc values have been shown to be very comparable with the originals and a negligible amount of bias can be inferred in the original zinc concentrations. Furthermore, this detailed bias review has inferred that there is no significant bias in the original zinc results for the pre-NovaGold Arctic Project. 46 Conclusion The pre-NovaGold Arctic Project database analytical results have been verified and updated to provide a good level of confidence in the database records. It is GeoSpark’s opinion that with consideration of the historic nature of the Arctic Project, a sufficient amount of QA/QC data and information has been reviewed to make a statement of the overall pre-NovaGold Arctic Project analytical result quality. It is GeoSpark’s opinion that this detailed review has inferred that the pre-NovaGold Arctic Project analytical results are of overall acceptable quality. QA/QC Review on Novagold (2004 to 2013) Analytical Results During 2013, GeoSpark conducted a series of QA/QC reviews on Trilogy 2004 to 2013 analytical results. These QA/QC reviews serve to infer the precision of the Trilogy Arctic Project analytical results through a detailed analytical and statistical review of field duplicate samples; serve to infer the accuracy of the analytical results through a review of the standards and blanks inserted throughout the Trilogy programs; and serve to define any bias in the primary sample results through a review of secondary lab checks at AcmeLabs in Vancouver, BC. Acid-Base Accounting Sampling QA/QC SRK conducted a QA/QC review of the 2010 ABA dataset for the Arctic Project in March 2011. The memo entitled “Preliminary ML/ARD Analysis Ambler District Arctic Deposit, Alaska”, located in Trilogy’s Document Management System (“DMS”), discusses the results of the ABA review and documents the 33 duplicate ABA analyses on the lab certificates. Density Determinations QA/QC A QA/QC review of the SG dataset for the Arctic Project was conducted by Trilogy staff in March 2013. The memo entitled “Arctic_Specific Gravity Review_A.West_20130326”, located in Trilogy’s DMS, discusses the results of the QA/QC review and is summarized in the following subsections. Lab Versus Field SG Determinations SG lab determinations conducted during 2004 produced significantly lower average SG results for the mineralized zone than the 1998 and 2004 average field determinations. In the same test, lithology samples outside the mineralized zone produced comparable values. The difference between the averaged 1998 and 2004 lab results and those from field studies may be the result of selection bias, limited population size, and sample length. Paired lab and field determinations from the 2004 program show very low variation. In 2010, to check the validity of the wet-dry measurements on the Arctic Deposit core with respect to possible permeability of the core samples, NovaGold measured 50 unwaxed samples representing a full range of SG values for a variety of lithologies and then submitted the samples to ALS Minerals for wet-dry SG determinations after being sealed in wax. The mean difference between the NovaGold unwaxed and the ALS Minerals waxed SG determinations was 0.01. In 2011, to check the accuracy of the wet-dry measurements, the SG for 266 pulps was determined by pycnometer by ALS Minerals (ALS code OA- GRA08b). The two methods compare favourably, with the wet-dry measurements displaying a very slight low bias. Generally, wet-dry measurements are considered the more acceptable method for accurate SG determinations since they are performed on whole (or split) core that more closely resembles the in-situ rock mass. Stoichiometric Method for SG Determinations Full sample length determinations can be directly compared to the assay results for copper, zinc, lead, iron, and barium that are the major constituents of the sulphide and sulphate species for the Arctic Deposit. This allows Trilogy to check the wet-dry measurements by estimating the SG for an ideal stoichiometric distribution of the elements into sulphide and sulphate species. Stoichiometric SG values were estimated for 279 sample intervals from 2008 drill core that had both measured SG values and total digestion XRF barium values. Overall, there is a very good correlation between the two SG populations (R2 of 0.9671), though stoichiometric estimates are slightly lower with increasing SG. Using slightly different compositional values for the assorted sulphide and sulphate species, and assuming a 1:1 ratio of weight percent iron to weight percent copper in chalcopyrite (the molar value is 1:1), the stoichiometric equation yields SGs that have an even better correlation (R2=0.9726), due to partitioning more iron into less dense chalcopyrite which leaves less iron available for more dense pyrite, essentially correcting the bias for the lack of estimated iron-bearing silicates. 47 Multiple Regressions Method for SG Determinations The positive comparisons/correlations of our measured SG values to the laboratory determined values and to the stoichiometric estimated values gives us high confidence in our wet-dry measurements. As a result, a multiple regression analysis can be performed using the assay data to get a best fit to the measured SGs. This may correct for the varying residencies of Fe and Ba (and also for the varying density within sphalerite due to the Zn:Fe ratio). The best fit to the data was achieved by using the multiple regression tool in Microsoft Excel on Ba, Fe, Zn and Cu for the entire dataset. The estimate correlates very well (R2=0.9678) with observed data and has a sinusoidal pattern that fits the low and moderately high SG very well and has high bias for moderate SG values and a low bias for very high SG values. The resultant SG formula is as follows: SG (Regression) = 2.567 + 0.0048*Cu(wt%) + 0.045*Fe(wt%) + 0.032*Ba(wt%) + 0.023%*Zn(wt%) Density Determinations Performance The SG of a field sample interval can be reproduced in the lab or estimated from assay values using either a stoichiometric method which assumes a fixed metal residency in certain sulphide and sulphates or by a multiple regression method that empirically fits measured data. Overall, what this QA/QC analysis suggests is that the measured SG values can be replicated by various methods, thus supporting the quality of the measured SG data. Technical Report Author’s Opinion In the 2017 Arctic Report, BD Resource Consulting, Inc. (“BDRC”) stated that it believes the database meets or exceeds industry standards of data quality and integrity. BDRC further stated that it believes the sample preparation, security and analytical procedures are adequate to support resource estimation. Data Verification Drill Hole Nine drill hole collars (AR-03, AR-04, AR-10, AR-44, AR-47, AR-64, AR05-0094, AR05-0097 and AR-40) were located by Tetra Tech using a Garmin Etrex 20 GPS unit. The offset distances between the collar coordinates reflected in the drill hole database provided by Trilogy and the measured positions range from 3.4 to 7.8 m with an average offset of 4.8 m. This range is within the tolerance to be expected from GPS measurements and the collar positions are adequately located to form the basis of resource estimation work. BDRC checked the locations of holes drilled to infill the PEA drill pattern. Infill holes were correctly located relative to the prior drilling. All holes were compared to the LIDAR survey of the topographic surface and found to be in the correct locations. All holes are adequately located to support resource estimation. Topography Verification Tetra Tech conducted two traverses over representative areas of the Arctic Deposit. Continuous GPS measurements were compiled during these traverses. The averages of these 724 spot height measurements within 10 m2 by 10 m2 areas were compared to the corresponding digital terrain model survey points. For the traverse data, 90% confidence limits are -0.73 m and +0.09 m. Agreement between surveyed drill hole collar elevations and the LIDAR topographic surface verifies the correctness of the digital topography. 48 Core Logging Verification Tetra Tech visited the Trilogy core storage facility in Fairbanks in 2013 and reviewed three drill holes for lithology, mineralization and the quality of storage. Core boxes were found to be in good condition and intervals were easily retrieved for the following drill holes: (cid:120) AR05-0092 (129 to 147 m) (cid:120) AR08-0117 (128 to 216 m) (cid:120) AR08-0126 (144 to 211 m). Logged descriptions of massive and semi-massive sulphide mineralization and general sampling results corresponded to the appearance of the core for selected intervals. BDRC made similar observations of the core logging and geology data collection. The core logging information is acceptable for resource estimation purposes. Database Verification The Trilogy drill database has been reviewed, and no significant concerns were noted. Nine holes were randomly selected from the Arctic database representing six percent of the data. The assay grades from these holes were dumped from MineSight™ and compared to the values listed in certified assay certificates. No errors were found. The results of previous data verifications by external Qualified Persons, completed for Trilogy, were also reviewed. The previous data verification exercises included extensive reviews of all NovaGold drilling as well as drilling completed by previous operators. Based on the current review, BDRC believes that the data verification completed on the Trilogy dataset is sufficiently robust to support resource estimation. QA/QC Review Standards, blanks, duplicates and check samples have been regularly submitted at a combined level of 20% of sampling submissions for all NovaGold/NovaCopper/Trilogy era campaigns. GeoSpark conducted QA/QC reviews of all sampling campaigns which included review for accuracy, precision and bias. In addition to the QA/QC review, GeoSpark has been retained to provide ongoing database maintenance and QA/QC support. BDRC has reviewed the QA/QC dataset and reports and found the sample insertion rate and the timeliness of results analysis meets or exceeds industry best practices. The QA/QC results indicate that the assay results collected by Trilogy, and previously by NovaGold, are reliable and suitable for the purpose of this study. Qualified Person Opinion It is BDRC’s opinion that the drill database and topographic surface for the Arctic Deposit is reliable and sufficient to support the purpose of this technical report and a current mineral resource estimate. Arctic Project - Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing The Arctic Deposit is a stratiform polymetallic VMS deposit comprised of semi-massive and massive sulphides deposited in a highly variable metasedimentary and metavolcanic stratigraphy. Hydrothermal alteration has resulted in the development of footwall magnesium-rich alteration characterized by abundant chlorite and talc and hanging wall sodium-rich alteration characterized by paragonite. In the mineralized zone, the principal economic minerals are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and minor tetrahedrite and bornite. Metallurgical studies have spanned over 30 years with metallurgical test work campaigns undertaken at the Kennecott Research Center, Lakefield Research Ltd., SGS Vancouver (“SGS”) and ALS Metallurgy Kamloops, B.C. 49 Mineral and Metallurgical Test Work – 2012 to 2017 The test work conducted in 2012 and 2017 has been under the technical direction of International Metallurgical and Environmental Inc. The basis of test work has been focused on a traditional process flowsheet employing crushing, grinding, bulk flotation of a copper and lead concentrate, flotation of a zinc concentrate and the subsequent separation of copper and lead values via flotation. Test work conducted prior to 2012 is considered relevant to the project, but predictive metallurgical results are considered to be best estimated from test work conducted on sample materials obtained from exploration work under the direction of Trilogy, conducted in 2012 and 2017. In 2012, SGS conducted a test program on the samples produced from mineralization zones 1, 2, 3, and 5 of the Arctic Deposit. To the extent known, the samples are representative of the styles and types of mineralization and the mineral deposit as a whole. Drill core samples were composited from each of the zones into four different samples for the SGS test work which included process mineralogical examination, grindability parameter determination, and flotation tests. SGS used QEMSCAN™, a quantitative mineralogical technique utilizing scanning electron microscopy to determine mineral species, species liberation and mineral associations in order to develop grade limiting/recovery relationships for the composites. Standard Bond grindability tests were also conducted on five selected samples to determine the BWi and Ai. The flotation test work investigated the effect of various process conditions on copper, lead and zinc recovery using copper-lead bulk flotation and zinc flotation followed by copper and lead separation. The test work conducted in 2012 at SGS forms the bases for predicting metallurgical performance of the mineralized zone in terms of recovery of copper and lead to a bulk concentrate as well as predicting zinc recovery to a zinc concentrate. In 2017, test work at ALS Metallurgy was focused on predicting the expected performance of the proposed copper and lead separation process, which required the use of larger test samples. A pilot plant was operated to generate approximately 50 kilograms of copper and lead concentrate, which became test sample material in locked cycle testing of the copper and lead separation process. This test work allows for the accurate prediction of copper and lead deportment in the process as well as provided detailed analysis of the final copper and lead concentrates, expected from the process. Additional metallurgical test work in the form of variability samples being subject to grindability and baseline flotation tests was also completed. Test Samples The 2012 test program used 90 individual drill core sample intervals totaling 1,100 kg from the Arctic Deposit. Individual samples were combined into four composites representing different zones and labelled as Composites Zone 1 & 2, Zone 3, Zone 5, and Zone 3 & 5. The sample materials used in the 2012 test program at SGS were specifically obtained for metallurgical test purposes. The drill cores were stored in a freezer to ensure sample degradation and oxidation of sulphide minerals did not occur. The 2017 test program involved the collection of approximately 4000 kg of drill core from five drill holes within the Arctic Deposit. The core was shipped in its entirety to ALS Metallurgy of Kamloops, B.C. for use in grinding and flotation test work. 15 separate composites samples were generated by crushing defined intercepts of mineralization. These samples were riffle split to generate 15 individual samples which were separately tested for grindability and flotation response, as well, a large portion of each sample was blended to make a single large composite sample for use in copper-lead separation test work. The copper-lead separation test work involved operating a pilot plant for the production of a single sample of copper/lead concentrate which was then used in bench-scale flotation testing, including open circuit flotation tests as well as locked cycle flotation tests. Mineralogical Investigation SGS used QEMSCAN™ to complete a detailed mineralogical study on each composite to identify mineral liberations and associations, and to develop grade/recovery limiting relationships for the samples. Head assays indicate that all four composite samples contain a considerable amount of magnesium oxide, implying the potential for significant talc which could impact flotation. The mineralogical study showed that the mineralogy of all four composites was similar. Each composite was composed mainly of pyrite, quartz, and carbonates. However, Composite Zone 1 & 2 contains approximately 30% quartz, compared to 8.6% for Composite Zone 3, and 16.6% for Composite Zone 5. The study also showed that Composite Zone 1 & 2 had the lowest pyrite content (6.7%) while Composites Zone 3 and Zone 5 contained approximately 30.4% and 27.8% pyrite, respectively. 50 In all four samples, the major floatable gangue minerals were talc and pyrite. Chalcopyrite was the main copper carrier. Combined bornite, tetrahedrite, and other sulphides accounted for less than 5% of the copper minerals in the Zone 1 & 2, Zone 3, and Zone 3 & 5 composites. In the Zone 5 sample, a slightly higher amount of bornite accounted for approximately 9% of the copper minerals. Galena was the main lead mineral (1.3% in the Zone 1 & 2 composite, and 2.1% in the other three composites) and sphalerite was the main zinc mineral (7.2% in Zone 1 & 2 composite and 11 to 14% in the other three composites). All the composites contained a significant amount of talc, which may have the potential to consume reagents and dilute final concentrates. Therefore, SGS recommended that talc removal using flotation be employed prior to base metal flotation. At a grind size of approximately 90% passing 150 µm (ranging from 94.5 to 89% passing 150 µm), chalcopyrite liberation ranged from approximately 80 to 87% (free and liberated combined) for all composites. The chalcopyrite is mostly free, with 7 to 10% associated with pyrite. For all composites, galena liberation ranged from 54 to 68% (free and liberated combined). Sphalerite liberation varied between 81 to 89%. Sphalerite is mostly free with about 7 to 10% associated with pyrite. In general, SGS indicated that the liberation of galena and chalcopyrite was adequate, and acceptable copper and lead metallurgical performance was expected within the rougher circuit. Sphalerite was well liberated at the grind size. Comminution Test Work SGS conducted a comminution study on five selected samples during the test program. The tests included the standard BWi test and Ai test. With respect to the results of the grindability tests, the BWi values range from 6.5 to 11 kWh/t for the materials sampled. The data indicates that the samples are not resistant to ball mill grinding. The Ai ranged from 0.017 to 0.072 g, which indicates that the samples are not abrasive. Flotation Test Work In 2012, SGS conducted bench-scale flotation test work to investigate the recovery of copper, lead, zinc, and associated precious metals using bulk copper-lead flotation and zinc flotation, followed by copper and lead separation. The four composite samples were tested for rougher flotation kinetics, cleaner efficiency, and copper and lead separation flotation efficiency. SGS also conducted locked cycle flotation tests on each composite and these test results for the basis for predicting copper and zinc recovery to a bulk concentrate as well as predicting zinc recovery to a zinc concentrate. The tests produced similar metallurgical performances among the samples tested, although the Zone 1 & 2 composite showed slightly inferior performance compared to the Zone 3 composite and Zone 5 composite. Flotation test work conducted in 2017 conducted at ALS Metallurgy in Kamloops B.C., was focused on a detailed evaluation of the performance of a copper and lead separation process including open circuit flotation tests and locked cycle flotation tests. Open Circuit Flotation Test Work The initial flotation tests at SGS evaluated rougher flotation kinetics by investigating the effect of various reagent regimes on the flotation kinetics of copper, lead, and zinc minerals. Cytec 3418A promoter and sodium isopropyl xanthate (“SIPX”) were used as collectors in the copper and lead flotation circuits. Methyl isobutyl carbinol was used as the frother to maintain a stable froth in the flotation stages. Hydrated lime was used as the pH regulator. Zinc cyanide, a mixture of zinc sulphate and sodium cyanide, or zinc sulphate alone, was used to suppress zinc minerals that might report to the copper and lead bulk concentrate. Zinc was floated after the copper-lead bulk flotation using the traditional reagent regime, including SIPX as the collector and copper sulphate as the sphalerite activator at an elevated pH. The feed material was ground to 80% passing 70 µm prior to talc pre-flotation. The talc flotation tailings were sent for copper-lead bulk flotation. The bulk copper-lead flotation tailings were conditioned with copper sulphate to activate sphalerite prior to zinc rougher flotation. 51 Regrinding was included in the flowsheet for both the copper-lead bulk concentrate and the zinc concentrate. The target regrind sizes were 80% passing 24 µm for the copper-lead bulk concentrate and 40 µm for the zinc concentrate. The reground bulk copper-lead concentrate was cleaned to further reject sphalerite, pyrite, and other gangues. The reground zinc rougher concentrate was cleaned to produce the final zinc concentrate. The testing indicated that a primary grind size of 80% passing 70 µm was adequate for the optimum copper-lead bulk rougher flotation and zinc rougher flotation. Copper grade and recovery to the bulk copper/lead rougher concentrate ranged from 16 to 21% and from 86 to 94%, respectively. The bulk concentrate also recovered between 89 and 94% lead, grading at 6.8 to 8.4%. Gold and silver reported preferentially to the bulk copper-lead rougher concentrate. Gold recovery ranged from 54 to 80% to the bulk copper and lead cleaner concentrate, while silver recovery to the concentrate was in the range of between 68 and 84%. Approximately 250 g/t of zinc cyanide was required to effectively depress the zinc minerals during flotation of the copper and lead minerals. Although zinc sulphate could be used as an alternative for zinc cyanide, approximately 1,500 g/t of zinc sulphate would be required, which is much higher than the zinc cyanide dosage. SGS recommended further tests to optimize the reagent regimes for zinc mineral suppression. The cleaner flotation tests showed that regrinding was required to upgrade the bulk concentrates prior to separation of copper and lead minerals. The regrind size had not been optimized. It appeared that a regrind size of 80% passing approximately 30 µm would provide sufficient liberation for the bulk concentrate upgrading and copper-lead separation. Concentrate regrinding was incorporated into all locked cycle tests and open circuit cleaning tests. In the batch cleaner tests, lead was separated from the bulk copper and lead concentrate using a procedure to float lead minerals and suppress copper minerals. With one stage of lead rougher flotation and two stages of cleaner flotation, approximately 50 to 75% of the lead was recovered to the lead concentrate containing 41 to 60% lead. A high-grade copper concentrate was produced, ranging between 29 and 31% copper. The concentrate recovered between 75% and 91% of the copper from the bulk concentrates produced from the four composites. Locked Cycle Test SGS conducted six locked cycle tests to simulate bulk copper-lead flotation and zinc flotation in closed circuit. The bulk copper and lead concentrates produced were tested for copper and lead separation in an open circuit. The copper recoveries to the bulk copper-lead concentrates produced from the locked cycle tests were as follows: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 89 to 92% for the Zone 3 & 5 composite 93% for the Zone 3 composite 86 to 91% for the Zone 5 composite 84% for the Zone 1 & 2 composite. The Zone 1 & 2 composite produced a lower copper recovery. This result is likely due to insufficient sample for developing optimized flotation conditions for this sample. Additional work would likely bring this result in line with other sample test results. The copper grades of the copper concentrate produced ranged from 24 to 28%. Approximately 88 to 94% of the lead was recovered to the bulk copper-lead concentrates, which contained 9 to 13% lead. Three of the four composites demonstrated good zinc recovery in the locked cycle tests, excluding the Zone 1 & 2 composite sample. The zinc recoveries to the final zinc concentrates produced from the locked cycle tests were as follows: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 92% for the Zone 3 & 5 composite 93% for the Zone 3 composite 91% for the Zone 5 composite 84% for the Zone 1 & 2 composite. 52 On average, the zinc grades of the concentrates produced were higher than 55%, excluding the concentrate generated from Composite Zone 1 & 2, which contained only 44.5% zinc. Once again, it is expected that the results of zone 1 & 2 will improve with additional test work, if sample were available. Gold and silver were predominantly recovered into the bulk copper-lead concentrates. Gold recoveries to this concentrate ranged from 65 to 80%, and silver recoveries ranged from 80 to 86%. Copper/Lead Separation Test Work SGS performed preliminary open-circuit copper and lead separation tests on the bulk copper-lead concentrates produced from the locked cycle tests in open circuit flotation tests. Sodium cyanide was used to suppress copper minerals; 3418A was used as the lead collector and lime added to adjust the pulp pH to 10. The copper concentrates that were produced assayed at: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 31% copper from Composite Zone 3 & 5 31% copper from Composite Zone 3 30% copper from Composite Zone 5 28 to 29% copper from Composite Zone 1 & 2. The lead second cleaner concentrates that were produced contained: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 41% lead from Composite Zone 3 & 5 59% lead from Composite Zone 3 67% lead from Composite Zone 5 55% lead from Composite Zone 1 & 2. On average, the lead concentrates that were produced from the Zone 1 & 2, Zone 3, and Zone 5 composites contained approximately 2.2% copper while the copper content of the concentrate from the Zone 3 & 5 composite was higher, grading at 5%. There is a substantial reduction in lead recovery when the lead first cleaner concentrate was further upgraded. 2017 ALS Metallurgy ALS Metallurgy conducted detailed copper and lead separation flotation test work using a bulk sample of copper-lead concentrate produced from the operation of a pilot plant. The lead concentrate produced from the locked cycle work at ALS Metallurgy contained only about 24% lead, due to contamination of the concentrate with talc minerals. This contamination is due to the high levels of talc in the sample provided for this specific test work. Lead concentrate grades produced during the 2012 test work ranged from 41 to 59% lead using samples that had substantially lower levels of talc in the process feed. Testing is on-going to improve the lead concentrate grades by suppressing talc recovery. Expected Concentrate Quality ICP assays were conducted on the copper and lead concentrates produced from the locked cycle tests at ALS Metallurgy and the zinc concentrate from the locked cycle tests at SGS. The samples are thought to represent the expected concentrate quality. 53 The results indicated that key penalty elements, as well as precious metals are typically concentrated into a lead concentrate, leaving the copper concentrate of higher than expected quality given the levels of impurities seen in the test samples. The lead concentrate may have penalties for the high arsenic and antimony concentrations seen in the results of this test work. Precious metal deportment into a lead concentrate is very high and should benefit the payable levels of precious metals at a smelter. Silicon dioxide and fluoride assays should be conducted on the concentrates to determine whether or not they are higher than the penalty thresholds. Within the zinc concentrates produced at SGS in 2012 from the locked cycle tests, the cadmium content generally ranges from 2,100 to 3,400 ppm, which will likely be higher than the penalty thresholds outlined by most zinc concentrate smelters. The arsenic content may be higher than the penalty mark in the concentrate produced from Composite Zone 5. However, the mineralization from Zone 5 is not expected to be mined separately, on average; therefore, the arsenic in the zinc concentrate should not attract a penalty. Recommended Test Work In general, the flowsheet developed in the 2012 test program and further tested in the 2017 test work program at ALS Metallurgy, is feasible for the Arctic mineralization. Further metallurgical test work is recommended on representative samples to optimize the flowsheet and better understand the impact of talc levels in the process feed samples. Lead concentrate quality is impacted by the level of talc in the process feed and a better understanding of the level of talc in an expected process feed is critical in maximizing the value of a lead concentrate. There are no outstanding metallurgical issues related to the production of a copper or zinc concentrate from all of the materials tested. On-going grinding test work is recommended at some time in the future, including SAG mill characterization test work. Arctic Project - Mineral Resource Estimates This section describes the generation of an updated mineral resource estimate for the Arctic Project. The mineral resource estimate has been prepared by Bruce M. Davis, FAusIMM, BDRC and Robert Sim, P.Geo., SIM Geological Inc. Both are “Independent Qualified Persons” as defined in NI 43-101. Trilogy has filed several technical reports on the Arctic Deposit as described under the heading “Arctic Project – History”, the most recent one was a PEA authored by Tetra Tech with an effective date of September 12, 2013. During the summers of 2015 and 2016, Trilogy conducted drilling programs designed to upgrade previous in-pit Inferred Mineral Resources to the Indicated category. During the summers of 2015 and 2016, Trilogy conducted drilling programs designed to upgrade previous in-pit Inferred Mineral Resources to the Indicated category. During the fall of 2016, following the completion of the final drilling program, Trilogy geologists reinterpreted the geologic units present in the vicinity of the Arctic deposit. This section incorporates the new geologic model and all available sample data as of April 25, 2017. This section describes the resource estimation methodology and summarizes the key assumptions considered by the Qualified Persons. In the opinion of the Qualified Persons, the resource evaluation reported herein is a sound representation of the mineral resources for the Arctic Project at the current level of sampling. The mineral resources have been estimated in conformity with generally accepted CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines and are reported in accordance with the NI 43-101. Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resource will be converted into mineral reserves. The database used to estimate the Arctic Project mineral resource was audited by the Qualified Persons. The Qualified Persons are of the opinion that the current drilling information is sufficiently reliable to confidently interpret the boundaries of the mineralization and the assay data are sufficiently reliable to support mineral resource estimation. The resource estimate was generated using MineSight® v11.60-2. Some non-commercial software, including the Geostatistical Library family of software, was used for geostatistical analyses. Resource Classification The mineral resources were classified in accordance with the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (May 2014). The classification parameters are defined relative to the distance between sample data and are intended to encompass zones of reasonably continuous mineralization that exhibit the desired degree of confidence in the estimate. 54 Classification parameters are generally linked to the scale of a deposit: a large and relatively low-grade porphyry-type deposit would likely be mined at a much higher daily rate than a narrow, high-grade deposit. The scale of selectivity of these two examples differs significantly and this is reflected in the drill-hole spacing required to achieve the desired level of confidence to define a volume of material that represents, for example, a year of production. Based on engineering studies completed to date, the Arctic Deposit would likely be amenable to open pit extraction methods at a production rate of approximately 10,000 tonnes per day. A drill hole spacing study, which tests the reliability of estimates for a given volume of material at varying drill hole spacing, suggests that drilling on a nominal 100 m grid pattern would provide annual estimates of volume (tonnage) and grade within ±15% accuracy, 90% of the time. These results were combined with grade and indicator variograms and other visual observations of the nature of the deposit in defining the criteria for mineral resource classification as described below. At this stage of exploration, there is insufficient density of drilling information to support the definition of mineral resources in the Measured category. The following classification criteria are defined for the Arctic Deposit: (cid:120) (cid:120) Indicated Mineral Resources includes blocks in the model with grades estimated by three or more drill holes spaced at a maximum distance of 100 m, and exhibit a relatively high degree of confidence in the grade and continuity of mineralization. Inferred Mineral Resources require a minimum of one drill hole within a maximum distance of 150 m and exhibit reasonable confidence in the grade and continuity of mineralization. Some manual “smoothing” of the criteria for Indicated Resources was conducted that includes areas where the drill hole spacing locally exceeds the desired grid spacing, but still retains continuity of mineralization or, conversely, excludes areas where the mineralization does not exhibit the required degree of confidence. Mineral Resource Estimate CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (May 2014) defines a mineral resource as: “A mineral resource is a concentration or occurrence of solid material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade or quality, continuity and other geological characteristics of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge, including sampling”. The “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction” requirement generally implies that quantity and grade estimates meet certain economic thresholds and that mineral resources are reported at an appropriate cut-off grade which takes into account the extraction scenarios and the processing recovery. The Arctic Deposit comprises several zones of relatively continuous moderate- to high-grade polymetallic mineralization that extends from surface to depths of over 250 m below surface. The deposit is potentially amenable to open pit extraction methods. The “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction” was tested using a floating cone pit shell derived based on a series of technical and economic assumptions considered appropriate for a deposit of this type, scale and location. These parameters are summarized in Table 5. Table 5: Parameters Used to Generate a Resource-Limiting Pit Shell Optimization Parameters Open Pit Mining Cost Milling Cost + G&A Pit Slope Copper Price Lead Price Zinc Price Gold Price Silver Price Metallurgical Recovery: Copper Lead Zinc Gold Silver US$3/tonne US$35/tonne 43 degrees US$3.00/lb US$0.90/lb US$1.00/lb US$1300/oz US$18/oz 92% 77% 88% 63% 56% Note: No adjustments for mining recovery or dilution. 55 The pit shell has been generated about copper equivalent grades that incorporate contributions of the five different metals present in the deposit. The formula used to calculate copper equivalent grades is listed as follows: CuEq%= (Cu% x 0.92) +(Zn% x 0.290)+(Pb% x 0.231)+(Augpt x 0.398)+(Aggpt x 0.005) It is important to recognize that discussions regarding these surface mining parameters are used solely for the purpose of testing the “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction,” and do not represent an attempt to estimate mineral reserves. These preliminary evaluations are used to assist with the preparation of a Mineral Resource Statement and to select appropriate reporting assumptions. Using the parameters defined above, a pit shell was generated about the Arctic Deposit that extends to depths approaching 300 m below surface. Table 6 lists the estimate of mineral resources contained within the pit shell. Based on the technical and economic factors listed in Table 6, a base case cut-off grade of 0.50% CuEq is considered appropriate for this deposit. There are no known factors related to environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, or political issues which could materially affect the mineral resource. It is expected that a majority of Inferred resources will be converted to Indicated or Measured resources with additional exploration. Table 6: Mineral Resource Estimate for the Arctic Project Average Grade: Contained metal: M Class Indicated Inferred Notes: tonnes Cu % Pb% Zn% Au g/t Ag g/t Cu Mlbs Pb Mlbs Zn Mlbs Au koz Ag Moz 55 3 3.07 0.73 4.23 1.71 0.60 2.72 3356 210 2441 131 0.63 0.36 47.6 28.7 36.0 3.5 728 40 581 47 (1) Resources stated as contained within a pit shell developed using metal prices of US$3.00/lb Cu, $0.90/lb Pb, $1.00/lb Zn, $1300/oz Au and $18/oz Ag and metallurgical recoveries of 92% Cu, 77% Pb, 88% Zn, 63% Au and 56% Ag and operating costs of $3/t mining and $35/t process and G&A. The average pit slope is 43 degrees. (2) The base case cut-off grade is 0.5% copper equivalent. CuEq = (Cu%x0.92)+(Zn%x0.290)+(Pb%x0.231)+(Augptx0.398)+ (Aggptx0.005). (3) Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the Mineral Resources will be converted into Mineral Reserves. (4) Inferred resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to whether they can be mined legally or economically. It is reasonably expected that a majority of Inferred resources will be converted to Indicated resources with additional exploration. Arctic Project – Current Activities In early June 2017, we announced the engagement of Ausenco Engineering Canada Inc. to prepare the Arctic Project Pre-feasibility Study technical report (the “Arctic PFS”) which is anticipated to be completed in the first quarter of 2018. The Company has also engaged Amec Foster Wheeler plc to complete mine planning and SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. to complete tailings and waste design, hydrology and environmental studies. The summer field program for the Arctic PFS was conducted in July 2017 with the completion of 274 meters of geotechnical drilling and 26 test pits completed to determine site facility locations and mine design. We also completed geophysical ground surveys to evaluate ground conditions. We continued our environmental baseline program through the summer of 2017 which includes baseline data collection on aquatic and avian resources, ongoing water quality, hydrology and meteorology. The water quality program was expanded in 2017 to include additional sample locations and increased sample frequency. We also completed 785 meters of infill drilling at the Arctic Project in early September 2017 collecting core to provide two tonnes of material for an ore-sorting study. 56 Bornite Project, Ambler District, Alaska Bornite Project Except for the information under the heading “Bornite Project – Current Activities” and except as otherwise stated, the scientific and technical information relating to the Bornite Project contained in this Form 10-K is derived from, the technical report titled “Amended NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated October 12, 2017 with an effective date of April 19, 2016 (the “Bornite Report”) prepared by BD Resource Consulting, Inc., SIM Geological Inc., and International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc. Andrew West, Certified Professional Geologist, an employee and Exploration Manager, is a Qualified Person as defined in NI 43-101, and has approved the scientific and technical information contained herein. The information regarding the Bornite Project is based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are not fully described herein. Reference should be made to the full text of the 2017 Bornite Report which has been filed with certain Canadian securities regulatory authorities pursuant to NI 43-101 and is available for review on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. Bornite Project - Property Description and Location The property is located in the Ambler mining district of the southern Brooks Range, in the NWAB of Alaska. The property is located in Ambler River A-2 quadrangle, Kateel River Meridian T 19N, R 9E, sections 4, 5, 8 and 9. The Bornite Project is located 248 km east of the town of Kotzebue, 19 km north of the village of Kobuk, 275 km west of the Dalton Highway, an all-weather state maintained public road, at geographic coordinates N67.07° latitude and W156.94° longitude (Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) North American Datum (NAD) 83, Zone 4W coordinates 7440449N, 589811E). Bornite Project - Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography Primary access to the Bornite Project is by air, using both fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. There are four well maintained, approximately 1,500 m-long gravel airstrips located near the property, capable of accommodating charter fixed wing aircraft. These airstrips are located 40 km west at Ambler, 23 km southwest at Shungnak, 19 km south at Kobuk, and 15 km south at Dahl Creek. There is daily commercial air service from Kotzebue to the village of Kobuk, the closest community to the property. During the summer months, the Dahl Creek Camp airstrip is suitable for larger aircraft, such as C-130 and DC-6. In addition to the four 1,500 m airstrips, there is a 700 m airstrip located at the Bornite Camp. The airstrip at Bornite is suited to smaller aircraft, which support the Bornite Camp with personnel and supplies. There is no direct water access to the property. During spring runoff, river access is possible by barge from Kotzebue Sound to Ambler, Shungnak, and Kobuk via the Kobuk River. A two-lane, two-wheel drive gravel road links the Bornite Project’s main camp to the 1,525 m Dahl Creek airstrip and village of Kobuk. The climate in the region is typical of a sub-arctic environment. Exploration is generally conducted from late May until late September. Weather conditions on the Bornite Project can vary significantly from year to year and can change suddenly. During the summer exploration season, average maximum temperatures range from 10°C to 20°C, while average lows range from -2°C to 7°C. By early October, unpredictable weather limits safe helicopter travel to the property. During winter months, the property can be accessed by snow machine, track vehicle, or fixed wing aircraft. Winter temperatures are routinely below -25°C and can exceed -50°C. Annual precipitation in the region averages at 395 mm with the most rainfall occurring from June through September, and the most snowfall occurring from November through January. Drilling and mapping programs are seasonal and have been supported out of the Main Bornite Camp and Dahl Creek Camp. The main Bornite Camp facilities are located on Ruby Creek on the northern edge of the Cosmos Hills. The camp provides office space and accommodations for the geologists, drillers, pilots, and support staff. There are four 2-person cabins installed by NANA prior to our tenure. In 2011, the main Bornite Camp was expanded to 20 sleeping tents, 3 administrative tents, 2 shower/bathroom tents, 1 medical tent, and 1 dining/cooking tent. With these additions, the camp capacity was increased to 49 beds. A 30 m by 9 m core logging facility was also built in summer of 2011. An incinerator was installed near the Bornite airstrip to manage waste created by the Bornite Project. Power for the Bornite Project is supplied by a 175 kW Caterpillar diesel generator. Water is provided by a permitted artesian well located 250 m from the Bornite Camp. In 2012, the camp was further expanded with the addition of a laundry tent, a women's shower/washroom tent, a recreation tent, several additional sleeping tents, and a 2 x enlargement of the kitchen tent. Camp capacity increased to 76 beds. The septic field was upgraded to accommodate the increase in camp population. One of the two-person cabins was winterized for use by the winter caretaker. A permitted landfill was established to allow for the continued cleanup and rehabilitation of the historic shop facilities and surroundings. The Dahl Creek camp is a leased facility used as an overflow or alternative facility to the main Bornite Camp. The Dahl Creek camp has a main cabin for dining and administrative duties, and a shower facility. Sleeping facilities include two hard-sided sleeping cabins with seven beds (primarily used for staff), one 4-person sleeping tent, and three 2-person sleeping tents for a total of 17 beds. There are support structures, including a shop and storage facilities. 57 The Bornite Project is located on Ruby Creek on the northern edge of the Cosmos Hills. The Cosmos Hills are part of the southern flank of the Brooks Range in Northwest Alaska. Topography in the area is moderately rugged. Maximum relief in the Cosmos Hills is approximately 1,000 masl with an average of 600 masl. Talus covers the upper portions of the hills; glacial and fluvial sediments occupy valleys. The Kobuk Valley is located at the transition between boreal forest and Arctic tundra. Spruce, birch, and poplar are found in portions of the valley, with a ground cover of lichens (reindeer moss). Willow and alder thickets and isolated cottonwoods follow drainages, and alpine tundra is found at higher elevations. Tussock tundra and low, heath-type vegetation covers most of the valley floor. Patches of permafrost exist on the property. Wildlife in the property area is typical of Arctic and Subarctic fauna. Larger animals include caribou, moose, Dall sheep, bears (grizzly and black), wolves, wolverines, coyotes, and foxes. Fish species include salmon, sheefish, arctic char, and arctic grayling. The Kobuk River, which briefly enters the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects on its southwest corner, is a significant salmon spawning river. The caribou on the property belong to the Western Arctic herd that migrates twice a year – south in August, from their summer range north of the Brooks Range, and north in March from their winter range along the Buckland River. Bornite Project - History Kennecott and Bear Creek Mining Tenure Regional exploration began in the early 1900s when gold prospectors noted copper occurrences in the hills north of Kobuk, Alaska. In 1947, local prospector Rhinehart “Rhiny” Berg along with various partners traversing in the area located outcropping mineralization along Ruby Creek (Bornite) on the north side of the Cosmos Hills. They subsequently staked claims over the Ruby Creek showings and constructed an airstrip for access. In 1957, BCMC, Kennecott's exploration subsidiary, optioned the property from Berg. Exploration drilling in 1961 and 1962 culminated in the discovery of the “No.1 Ore Body” where drill hole RC-34 cut 20 m of 24% copper (the “No.1 Ore Body” is a historic term used by BCMC that does not connote economic viability in the present context; it is convenient to continue to use the term to describe exploration work and historic resource estimation in a specific area of what is now generally known as Ruby Creek Upper Reef). The discovery of the “No.1 Ore Body” led to the development of an exploration shaft in 1966. The shaft, which reached a depth of 328 m, encountered a significant watercourse and was flooded near completion depth. The shaft was subsequently dewatered and an exploration drift was developed to provide access for sampling and mapping, and to accommodate underground drilling to further delineate mineralization. A total of 59 underground holes were drilled and, after the program, the shaft was allowed to re-flood. The discovery of the Arctic Project in 1965 prompted a hiatus in exploration at Bornite, and only limited drilling occurred up until 1976. In the late 1990s, Kennecott resumed its evaluation of the Bornite deposit and the mineralization in the Cosmos Hills with an intensive soil, stream, and rock chip geochemical sampling program using 32 element ICP analyses. Grid soil sampling yielded 765 samples. Ridge and spur sampling resulted in an additional 850 soil samples in the following year. Skeletonized core samples (85 samples) from key historic drill holes were also analyzed using 32 element ICP analytical methods. Geochemical sampling identified multiple areas of elevated copper and zinc in the Bornite region. Kennecott completed numerous geophysical surveys as an integral part of exploration throughout their tenure on the property. Various reports, notes, figures, and data files stored in Kennecott’s Salt Lake City exploration office indicated that geophysical work included, but was not limited to, the following: (cid:120) Airborne magnetic and EM surveys (fixed-wing INPUT) (1950s) (cid:120) Gravity, single point (“SP”), Audio-Frequency Magneto-Telluric (“AMT”), EM, borehole and surface IP/resistivity surveys (1960s) (cid:120) Gravity, airborne magnetic, and CSAMT surveys (1990s) We have little information or documentation associated with these geophysical surveys conducted prior to the 1990s. Where data are available in these earlier surveys, the lack of details in data acquisition, coordinate systems, and data reduction procedures limit their usefulness. The only complete geophysical report available concerns down-hole IP/resistivity results. Most notable is the 1996 gravity survey from the Bornite deposit into the Ambler lowlands. The Bornite deposit itself is seen as a significant 3 milligal anomaly. Numerous 2 milligal to > 6 milligal anomalies occur under cover in the Ambler lowlands and near the Aurora Mountain and Pardner Hill occurrences. In addition to the geophysical surveys conducted by Kennecott, the ADNR completed an aeromagnetic survey of portions of the Ambler mining district in 1974-1975. 58 Several studies have been undertaken reviewing the geology and geochemistry of the Bornite deposit. Most notable is Murray Hitzman’s PhD dissertation at Stanford University and Don Runnel’s PhD dissertation at Harvard University. Bernstein and Cox reported on mineralization of the “No. 1 Ore Body” in a 1986 paper in Economic Geology. In addition to the historical work, Ty Connor at the Colorado School of Mines recently completed a Master’s thesis which reported on the timing of alteration and mineralization at the Bornite deposit. Kennecott conducted two technical reviews of the groundwater conditions and a summary of the findings related to the flooding of the exploration shaft. In 1961, Kennecott collected 32 coarse reject samples from five drill holes to support preliminary metallurgical test work at Bornite. Samples targeted high-grade (> 10%) copper mineralization from the Upper Reef at Ruby Creek. Bornite Project - Geological Setting and Mineralization The Bornite Project is located within the Arctic Alaska Terrane, a sequence of mostly Paleozoic continental margin rocks that make up the Brooks Range and North Slope of Alaska. It is within the Phyllite Belt geologic subdivision, which together with the higher-grade Schist Belt, stretches almost the entire length of the Brooks Range and is considered to represent the hinterland of the Jurassic Brooks Range orogeny. The southern margin of the Phyllite Belt is marked by mélange and low angle faults associated with the Kobuk River fault zone, while the northern boundary is thought to be gradational with the higher-grade metamorphic rocks of the Schist Belt. The geology of the Bornite resource area is composed of alternating beds of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) and calcareous phyllite. Limestone transitions laterally into dolostone, which hosts the majority of the mineralization and is considered to be hydrothermal in origin. Spatial relationships and petrographic work establish dolomitization as genetically related to early stages of the copper mineralizing system. Work by Trilogy in 2015 focused on furthering the understanding of the distribution and nature of the various lithologic units and their context in a sedimentary depositional model. The updated model, based on lithogeochemical signatures of the various units along with their historical visual logging, shows stacked debris flows composed of basal non-argillaceous channelized debris flows breccias with a fining upward sequence of increasingly argillaceous-rich breccias capped by high calcium (Ca) phyllites, confined laterally in channels between either massive or thin-bedded platform carbonates. Two stacked debris flow sequences are apparent, the Lower and Upper reefs. The Upper Reef grades vertically into capping argillaceous limestones instead of discrete high Ca phyllites indicating a shallowing upward or filling of the debris flow channels. Based on this updated interpretation, a series individual debris flow cycles have been modeled. Low calcium (Ca) phyllites, such as the Anirak Schist (QP) and the Beaver Creek Phyllite respectively underlie and cap the local stratigraphy suggesting different sourcing than the locally derived high Ca phyllites of the debris flow dominated Bornite Carbonate sequence stratigraphy. The Beaver Creek Phylite is in structural contact with the Bornite Carbonate Sequence while the contact with the underlying Anirak Schist is an unconformity. In addition to the stacked sedimentary stratigraphy, a crosscutting breccia dubbed the P-Breccia has been identified in and around the recently discovered South Reef mineralization. Though poorly defined by the overall lack of drilling in the area, the body which contains excellent copper grade lies at or near the Iron Mountain discontinuity. It remains unclear whether the P Breccia is a post-depositional structural, hydrothermal or solution-collapse induced breccia. Structural fabrics observed on the property include bedding and two separate foliations. Bedding (S0) can be measured only rarely where phyllite and carbonate are interbedded and it is unclear to what extent it is transposed. The pervasive foliation (S1) is easily measured in phyllites and may be reflected by colour banding and/or stylolamination (flaggy habit in outcrop) of the carbonates. Core logging shows that S1 is folded gently on the 10 m scale and locally tightly folded at the decimetre scale. S22 axial planar cleavage is locally developed in decimetre scale folds of S1. Both S1 and S2 foliations are considered to be Jurassic in age. Owing to their greater strength, bodies of secondary dolostone have resisted strain and foliation development, whereas the surrounding limestone and calc-phyllite appear in places to have been attenuated during deformation. This deformation, presumably Jurassic, complicates sedimentological interpretations. Potentially the earliest and most prominent structural feature in the resource area is the northeast-trending Iron Mountain discontinuity which is still problematic in its interpretation. 59 Mineralization at Bornite occurs as tabular mineralized zones that coalesce into crudely stratiform bodies hosted in secondary dolomite. Two significant dolomitic horizons that host mineralization have been mapped by drilling and include: 1) the Lower Reef, a thick 100 to 300 m thick dolomitized zone lying immediately above the basal quartz phyllite unit of the Anirak Schist; and 2) the Upper Reef, a 100 to 150 m thick dolomite horizon roughly 300 m higher in section. The Lower Reef dolomite outcrops along the southern margin of the Ruby Creek zone and is spatially extensive throughout the deposit area. It hosts a significant portion of the shallow resources in the Ruby Creek zone as well as higher grade resources down dip and to the northeast in the South Reef. The Upper Reef zone hosts relatively high-grade resources to the north in the Ruby Creek zone. The Upper reef zone appears to lie at an important NE- trending facies transition to the NW of the main drilled area and locally appears to be at least partially thrust over the Lower Reef stratigraphy to the southeast. Drill results from 2013 show dolomitization and copper mineralization in the Upper and Lower Reefs coalescing into a single horizon along the northern limits of current exploration. The NE- trending Ruby Creek and South Reef zones also coalesce into a roughly 1000 m wide zone of >200 m thick dolomite containing significant copper mineralization dipping north at roughly 5-10 degrees. Bornite Project – Mineralization Copper mineralization at Bornite is comprised of chalcopyrite, bornite, and chalcocite distributed in stacked, roughly stratiform zones exploiting favourable stratigraphy within the dolomitized limestone package. Mineralization occurs, in order of increasing grade, as disseminations, irregular and discontinuous stringer-style veining, breccia matrix replacement, and stratiform massive sulphides. The distribution of copper mineral species is zoned around the bottom-centre of each zone, with bornite-chalcocite-chalcopyrite at the core and progressing outward to chalcopyrite-pyrite. Additional volumetrically minor copper species include carrollite, digenite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, and covellite. Stringer pyrite and locally significant sphalerite occur above and around the copper zones, while locally massive pyrite and sparse pyrrhotite occur in association with siderite alteration below copper mineralization in the Lower Reef. In addition to the copper mineralization, significant cobalt mineralization is found accompanying bornite-chalcocite mineralization. Cobalt occurs with high-grade copper as both carrollite (Co2CuS4) and as cobaltiferous rims on recrystallized pyrite grains. Appreciable silver values are also found with bornite-rich mineralization in the South Reef and Ruby Creek zones. Bornite Project – Exploration Exploration in and around the Bornite Project by Kennecott from 1957 to 1998 is summarized above. In addition to the extensive drilling completed during the more than 40-year tenure of Kennecott in the district, Kennecott completed widespread surface geochemical sampling, regional and property scale mapping, and numerous geophysical surveys employing a wide variety of techniques. The majority of this data has been acquired by us and forms the basis for renewed exploration that targets Bornite-style mineralization in the Bornite carbonate sequence. NovaGold as the precursor company to us began to actively pursue an agreement to explore the Bornite Project with NANA in 2005 resulting in an initial airborne geophysical survey in 2006. Negotiations on the consolidation and exploration of the entire Ambler district continued for the next several years culminating in the NANA Agreement in October 2011. With the NANA Agreement approaching completion, NovaGold initiated work in 2010 to begin to characterize the exploration potential and depositional controls by re-logging and re-analyzing select drill holes with a Niton portable x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) to determine geochemical variability. In 2011, NovaGold began an initial drill program to verify the historical database and exploration potential and conducted additional geophysical surveys to provide better targeting tools for continued exploration in the district. In 2012, we expanded the IP geophysical coverage completing a major district-wide survey that targeted the prospective Bornite Carbonate sequence. Subsequent resource drilling between 2011 and 2013 based on the exploration targeting is discussed in the “Bornite Project - Mineral Resource Estimates” section below. 2006 NovaGold Exploration In 2006, NovaGold contracted Fugro Airborne Surveys to complete a detailed helicopter DIGHEM magnetic, EM and radiometric survey of the Cosmos Hills. The survey covered a rectangular block approximately 18 km by 49 km which totaled 2,852 line kilometres. The survey was flown at 300 m line spacing with a line direction of N20E. The DIGHEM helicopter survey system produced detailed profile data of magnetics, EM responses and radiometrics (total count, uranium, thorium, and potassium) and was processed into maps of magnetics, discrete EM anomalies, EM apparent resistivity, and radiometric responses. 2010 NovaGold Exploration In 2010, in anticipation of completing the NANA Agreement, NANA granted NovaGold permission to begin low level exploration at Bornite; this consisted of re-logging and re-analyzing select drill holes using a Niton portable XRF. In addition to the 2010 re-logging effort, NovaGold contracted a consulting geophysicist, Lou O'Connor, to compile a unified airborne magnetic map for the Ambler mining district from Kennecott, Alaska DNR, and NovaGold airborne geophysical surveys. 60 2011 NovaGold Exploration In 2011, NovaGold contracted Zonge International Inc. (“Zonge”) to conduct both dipole-dipole complex resistivity induced polarization (“CRIP”) and natural source audio-magnetotelluric (“NSAMT”) surveys over the northern end of the prospect to develop tools for additional exploration targeting under cover to the north. NSAMT data were acquired along two lines totaling 5.15 line-km, with one line oriented generally north-south through the centre of the survey area and one being the southernmost east-west line in the survey area. CRIP data were acquired on five lines: four east-west lines and one north-south line, for a total coverage of 14.1 line-km and 79 collected CRIP stations. The initial objective of the survey was to investigate geological structures and the distribution of sulphides possibly associated with copper mineralization. Results from the paired surveys show that wide-spaced dipole-dipole resistivity is the most effective technique to directly target the mineralization package. Broad low resistivity anomalies reflecting pyrite haloes and mineralization appear to define the limits of the fluid package. Well-defined and often very strong chargeability anomalies are also present, but appear in part to be masked by phyllitic units which also have strong chargeability signatures. The NSAMT show similar resistivity features as the IP, but are less well resolved. 2012 Trilogy Exploration In light of the success of the 2011 geophysical program, we contracted Zonge to conduct a major district-wide dipole/dipole IP survey, a down-hole IP radial array survey in the South Reef area, and an extensive physical property characterization study of the various lithologies to better interpret the existing historical geophysical data. Zonge completed 48 line km of 200 m dipole/dipole IP during 2012, infilling and expanding on the 2011 survey, and stretching across the most prospective part of the outcropping permissive Bornite Carbonate sequence. The results show a well-defined low resistivity area associated with mineralization and variable IP signatures attributed both to mineralization and the overlying Beaver Creek phyllite. Numerous target areas occur in the immediate Bornite area with lesser targets occurring in the Aurora Mountain and Pardner Hill areas and in the far east of the survey area. During the 2012 drill program at South Reef, a single drill hole was targeted on a low resistivity area approximately 500 m to 600 m southeast of the South Reef mineralization trend. Although the drill hole intersected some dolomite alteration in the appropriate stratigraphy, no significant sulphides were encountered. In addition to the extensive ground IP survey, Zonge also completed 9 km of down-hole radial IP using an electrode placed in drill hole RC12-0197 to further delineate the trend and potential in and around the South Reef. In addition to the 2012 ground geophysical surveys, extensive physical property data including resistivity, chargeability, specific gravity, and magnetic susceptibility were captured for use in modelling the existing ground IP and gravity surveys, and the airborne EM and magnetic surveys. In addition to geophysical focused exploration, a district wide geologic map was compiled integrating Kennecott’s 1970’s mapping of the Cosmos Hills with selective Trilogy mapping in 2012. 2013 Trilogy Exploration The emphasis of the 2013 program was to further validate and refine the 2012 geologic map of the Cosmos Hills. A deep penetrating soil and vegetation geochemical orientation survey was completed over the South Reef deposit, utilizing various partial leaches and pH methods. The initial, approximately 1 km, test lines suggest a good response for several of the partial leaches of the soils but little response in the vegetative samples; further follow-up is warranted to the north of the deposit into the Ambler lowlands. 2014 Trilogy Exploration During 2014, exploration work was limited to a re-logging and re-sampling program of historical Kennecott drill core. 2015 Trilogy Exploration As a follow-up to the 2013 field program, a deep penetrating soil and vegetation geochemical survey was extended north of the deposit into the Ambler lowlands. Trilogy geologists completed a lithogeochemical desktop study and a comprehensive update to the 3D lithology model; the updated domains have been utilized in the most recent resource estimation. 61 Bornite Project – Drilling A total of 183 surface core holes and 51 underground core holes, totaling 78,147 m have been drilled, targeting the Bornite deposit during 21 different annual campaigns dating from 1957 through 2013. All of the drill campaigns, with the exception of the 2011 NovaGold campaign and the 2012 and 2013 Trilogy campaigns were completed by Kennecott or their exploration subsidiary BCMC. All drill holes (except RC13-230 and RC13-232 which have been reserved for metallurgical studies) were utilized in the estimation of the current resource. Sprague and Henwood, a Pennsylvania-based drilling company, completed all of the Kennecott drilling, with the exception of the 1997 program (three drill holes) completed by Tonto Drilling Services, Inc. (a NANA-Dynatech company). The 2011 thru 2013 NovaGold/Trilogy programs used Boart Longyear Company as the drill contractor. In the initial years of drilling at Bornite, Kennecott relied on AX core (1.1875 in or 30.2 mm diameter), but, as drilling migrated towards deeper targets, a change to BX core (1.625 in or 41.3 mm diameter) was implemented to help limit deviation. From 1966 to 1967, drilling activity at Bornite moved underground and EX diameter core (0.845 in or 21.5 mm diameter) was implemented to define the Ruby Creek Upper Reef zone “No.1 Ore Body”. Drilling activity moved back to the surface in 1968, and, from 1968 to 1972, BX core was most commonly drilled. In later years, core size increased to NX (2.125 in or 54.0 mm diameter) and finally, in 2011, core size increased to NQ (1.874 in or 47.6 mm diameter) and HQ (2.5 in or 63.5 mm diameter). Progressively larger diameter drill rods have been continually used over the years in an attempt to minimize drill hole deviation. There is only partial knowledge of specific drill core handling procedures used by Kennecott during their tenure at the Bornite Deposit. All of the drill data collected during the Kennecott drilling programs (1958 to 1997) was logged on paper drill logs, copies of which are stored in the Kennecott office in Salt Lake City, Utah. Electronic scanned copies of the paper logs, in PDF format, are held by Trilogy. Drill core was sawed or split with a splitter, with half core submitted to various assay labs and the remainder stored in the Kennecott core storage facility at the Bornite Deposit. In 1995, Kennecott entered the drill assay data, the geologic core logs, and the down hole collar survey data into an electronic format. In 2009, NovaGold geologists verified the geologic data from the original paper logs against the Kennecott electronic format and then merged the data into a Microsoft™ SQL database. Sampling of drill core by Kennecott and BCMC focused primarily on the moderate to high grade mineralized zones. Intervals of visible sulphide mineralization containing roughly >0.5 to 1% copper were selected for analysis by Union Assay Office Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah. This approach left numerous intervals containing weak to moderate copper mineralization un-sampled in the historic drill core. During the 2012 exploration program, we began sampling a portion of this remaining drill core in select holes in the South Reef area. Trilogy extended this sampling program to the Ruby Creek area in 2013 and 2014. Throughout our tenure at Bornite, the following core handling procedures have been implemented. Core is slung by helicopter, or transported by truck or ATV, from the drill rig to the core-logging facility. Upon delivery, geologists and geotechnicians open and inspect the core boxes for any irregularities. They first mark the location of each drilling block on the core box, and then convert footages on the blocks into metric equivalents. Geotechnicians or geologists measure the intervals (or “from/to”) for each box of core and include this information, together with the drill hole ID and box number, on a metal tag stapled to the end of each box. Geotechnicians then measure the core to calculate percent recovery and rock quality designation (“RQD”). RQD is the sum of the total length of all pieces of core over 12 cm in a run. The total length of core in each run is measured and compared to the corresponding run length to determine percent recovery. Core is then logged with lithology and visual alteration features captured on observed interval breaks. Mineralization data, including sulphide specie and abundance (recorded as percent), and gangue and vein mineralogy are collected for each sample interval with an average interval of approximately 2 m. Structural data is collected as point data. Geologists then mark sample intervals to capture each lithology or other geologically appropriate intervals. Sample intervals of core are typically between 1 m and 3 m in length but are not to exceed 3 m in length. Occasionally, if warranted by the need for better resolution of geology or mineralization, smaller sample intervals have been employed. Geologists staple sample tags on the core boxes at the start of each sample interval, and mark the core itself with a wax pencil to designate sample intervals. This sampling approach is considered sound and appropriate for this style of mineralization and alteration. Drill core is digitally photographed prior to sampling. Drill core is cut in half using diamond core saws. Specific attention to core orientation is maintained during core sawing to ensure that representative samples are obtained. One-half of the core is retained in the core box for storage on site, or at our Fairbanks warehouse, and the other half bagged and labeled for analysis. Samples are selected for specific gravity measurements. In 2013, 33 historic drill holes in the Ruby Creek area, and in 2014, 37 historic drill holes in the Ruby Creek Area were re-logged, re-sampled and re-assayed as these holes had previously only been selectively sampled by Kennecott. Entire holes were re-logged utilizing Trilogy protocols discussed above. Samples were submitted either as half-core, where previously sampled, or whole core where un-sampled (this was done to ensure that a sufficient volume of material was provided for analysis). Sample intervals were matched to historic intervals whenever possible, or selected to reflect Trilogy sampling procedures described above. The objectives of the re-assay/re-logging program were threefold: 1) to implement a QA/QC program on intervals previously sampled by Kennecott in order to confirm the validity of their results; 2) to identify additional lower grade (0.2-0.5% copper), which was not previously sampled; and 3) to provide additional multi-element ICP data to assist in the geologic interpretation of the deposit. 62 Bornite Project - Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security Sample preparation, analytical lab accreditation and security measures taken during historical Kennecott and BCMC programs are unknown to us; however, we are not aware of any reason to suspect that any of these samples have been tampered with. The 2011 to 2013 and 2017 samples were either in the custody of NovaGold or Trilogy personnel or the assay laboratories at all times, and the chain of custody of the samples is well documented. Once drill core was sawed, one half was retained for future reference and the other half was sent to ALS Minerals (formerly ALS Chemex) in Vancouver for analyses. Shipment of core samples from the Bornite camp occurred whenever backhaul capacity was available on the chartered aircraft, which was generally 5 to 6 days a week. Rice bags, containing two to four individual poly-bagged core samples, were marked and labeled with the ALS Minerals address, project name (Bornite), drill hole number, bag number, and sample numbers enclosed. Rice bags were secured with a pre-numbered plastic security tie, assembled into loads for transport by chartered flights on a commercial airline to Fairbanks, and directly delivered by a contracted expeditor to the ALS Minerals preparation facility in Fairbanks. In addition to the core samples, control samples were inserted into the shipments at the rate of one standard, one blank and one duplicate per 17 core samples. Samples were logged into a tracking system on arrival at ALS Minerals, and weighed. Samples were then crushed, dried, and a 250 g split was pulverized to greater than 85% passing 75 μm. Gold assays in 2011 and 2012 were determined using fire analysis followed by an atomic absorption spectroscopy (“AAS”) finish; gold was not analyzed in 2013 or 2014. The lower detection limit was 0.005 ppm gold; the upper limit was 10 ppm gold. An additional 48-element suite was assayed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (“ICP-MS”) and ICP-AES methodologies, following a four acid digest. Over limit (>1.0%) copper and zinc analyses were completed by AA, following a four acid digest. ALS Minerals has attained International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2000 registration. In addition, the ALS Minerals laboratory in Vancouver is accredited to ISO 17025 by Standards Council of Canada for a number of specific test procedures including fire assay of gold by AA, ICP and gravimetric finish, multi-element ICP and AA assays for silver, copper, lead and zinc. Trilogy has no relationship with any primary or check assay labs utilized. During 2012, 2013, and 2014, Trilogy staff performed continuous validation of the drill data; both while logging was in progress and after the field program was complete. Trilogy also retained independent consultant Caroline Vallat, P.Geo. of GeoSpark Consulting Inc. to: 1) import digital drill data to the master database and conduct QA/QC checks upon import, 2) conduct a QA/QC review of paired historical assays and Trilogy 2012, 2013 and 2014 re-assays; 3) monitor an independent check assay program for the 2012, 2013, and 2014 campaigns; and 4) generate a QA/QC report for the 2012, 2013, and 2014 campaigns. Bornite Project - Mineral Resource Estimates The mineral resource estimate has been prepared by Bruce M. Davis, FAusIMM, BD Resource Consulting, and Robert Sim, P.Geo., SIM Geological Inc., both “Independent Qualified Persons” as defined in NI 43-101. We have filed three previous NI 43-101 Technical Reports on the Bornite Project dated March 18, 2014, February 5, 2013 and July 18, 2012. The effective date of this resource is April 19, 2016. The Bornite Project database comprises a total of 235 diamond drill (core) holes totaling 78,745 m; 174 holes target the Ruby Creek zone and 42 holes target the South Reef zone. The remaining 19 holes in the database are exploratory in nature and test for satellite mineralization proximal to the Bornite Deposit. The database contains a total of 29,262 samples that have been analyzed for copper content. During 2014, Trilogy geologists re-logged and sampled 37 Kennecott drill holes comprising approximately 13,000 meters with partial or no assays. The new resource estimate incorporates the results from the 2014 field program as well as advancements to the 3D geological model completed during 2015. Mineralization in the Ruby Creek zone occurs as two discrete strata bound lenses: a Lower Reef which outcrops and dips approximately 10-15 degrees to the northeast; and an Upper Reef lying roughly 150+ meters above the Lower Reef stratigraphy and which includes a small high-grade zone historically referred to as the "No.1 Orebody" by Kennecott. Mineralization is hosted by a Devonian age carbonate sequence containing broad zones of dolomite alteration and associated sulfide mineralization including bornite, chalcopyrite, and chalcocite occurring as disseminations and vein stockworks as well as crackle and mosaic breccia fillings and locally massive to semi-massive replacement bodies. The geological and assay database have been reviewed and audited by BDRC and SGI. It is of the opinion of BDRC and SGI that the current drilling information is sufficiently reliable to interpret with confidence the boundaries for copper mineralization and that the assay data are sufficiently reliable to support mineral resource estimation. That estimation utilizes two-meter compositing of assays from 216 drill holes completed between 1961 and 2013. Estimated blocks were 5 x 5 x 5 meters on a side. 63 Sixty domains were established for the estimation, all of which were treated as hard boundaries with no mixing of data between the domains. A series of carbonate and phyllite lithology domains together with grade probability shells at 2% copper and 0.2% copper thresholds were used to constrain the estimates. Visual inspections of the probability shells show that they fit well with observed levels of bornite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite mineralization. Based on the interpreted local high-grade nature of the mineralization, both capping and outlier restriction strategies were implemented to control the influence of high-grade mineralization in the resource model. This methodology removed approximately 3% of the contained copper in the Ruby Creek area and 7% of the contained copper in the South Reef area. A total of 5,366 samples containing specific gravity measurements were utilized to estimate densities in the block model. Specific gravity values were estimated into model blocks using inverse distance squared moving averages using the domains described previously. Copper grades in model blocks were estimated using ordinary kriging. A dynamic search orientation strategy was utilized, during both grade and specific gravity interpolations, which is controlled by the interpreted trends of mineralization in the Upper, Lower and South Reef zones. The block model has been validated through a combination of visual and statistical methods to ensure that the grade and density estimates are an appropriate representation of the underlying sample data. The Bornite deposit comprises several zones of relatively continuous moderate- to high-grade copper mineralization that extends from surface to depths of more than 800 m below surface. The deposit is potentially amenable to a combination of open pit and underground extraction methods. It is important to recognize that these discussions of underground and surface mining parameters are used solely for the purpose of testing the “reasonable prospects for economic extraction,” and do not represent an attempt to estimate mineral reserves. No mineral reserves have been calculated for the Bornite Project. Indicated Mineral Resources includes blocks in the model that are potentially amenable to open pit extraction methods and are delineated by drilling with holes spaced at a maximum distance of 75 meters, and exhibit a relatively high degree of confidence in the grade and continuity of mineralization. Resources in the Inferred category require a minimum of one drill hole within a maximum distance of 100 m and exhibit reasonable confidence in the grade and continuity of mineralization. In the opinion of the Qualified Persons, the level of understanding of the geologic controls that influence the distribution of copper mineralization at the Bornite Deposit is relatively good. The drilling, sampling and validation practices utilized by Trilogy during the various campaigns have been conducted in a professional manner and adhere to accepted industry standards. The confidence in older, historic, drilling conducted by Kennecott has been demonstrated through a series of validation checks and, overall, the underlying database is considered sufficient for the estimation of Indicated and Inferred mineral resources. The mineral resources have been estimated in conformity with generally accepted CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practices Guidelines and are reported in accordance with the Canadian Securities Administrators’ NI 43-101. Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resource will be converted into mineral reserve. The estimate of mineral resources for the Bornite Project are summarized in, “Bornite Project – Mineral Resource Statement”. Bornite Project - Mineral Resource Statement Mineral Resources are classified in accordance with the 2014 CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The Qualified Persons for the Mineral Resource estimate are Bruce Davis and Robert Sim, both Qualified Person’s independent of us. Mineral Resources for the Bornite Project are found in Table 7 and Table 8. Table 7: Indicated Resource Estimate for the Bornite Project See “Cautionary Note to United States Investors”. This section uses the term “indicated resources”. We advise United States investors that these terms are not recognized by the SEC. United States investors are cautioned not to assume that estimates of indicated mineral resources are economically minable, or will be upgraded into measured mineral resources. See “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note to United States Investors”. 64 Cut-off (Cu %) M tonnes Indicated Grade (Cu %) Contained Metal (Mlbs Cu) 0.5 40.5 1.02 913 Type In-Pit(2) Notes: 1. These resource estimates have been prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. See “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note to United States Investors.” 2. Resources stated as contained within a pit shell developed using a metal price of US$3.00/lb Cu, mining costs of US$2.00/tonne, milling costs of US$11/tonne, G&A cost of US$5.00/tonne, 87% metallurgical recoveries and an average pit slope of 43 degrees. 3. Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in apparent summation differences between tonnes, grade and contained metal content. 4. Tonnage and grade measurements are in metric units. Contained copper are reported as imperial pounds. 5. All amounts are stated in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. Table 8: Inferred Resource Estimate for the Bornite Project See “Cautionary Note to United States Investors”. This section uses the term “inferred resources”. We advise United States investors that these terms are not recognized by the SEC. The estimation of inferred resources involves far greater uncertainty as to their existence and economic viability than the estimation of other categories of resources. United States investors are cautioned not to assume that estimates of inferred mineral resources exist, are economically minable, or will be upgraded into measured or indicated mineral resources. See “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note to United States Investors”. Type Cut-off (Cu %) In-Pit (2) Below-Pit (3) Total Inferred M tonnes Inferred 84.1 57.8 141.9 0.5 1.5 Grade (Cu %) Contained Metal (Mlbs Cu) 0.95 2.89 1.74 1,768 3,683 5,450 Notes: 1. These resource estimates have been prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. See “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note to United States Investors.” 2. Resources stated as contained within a pit shell developed using a metal price of US$3.00/lb Cu, mining costs of US$2.00/tonne, milling costs of US$11/tonne, G&A cost of US$5.00/tonne, 87% metallurgical recoveries and an average pit slope of 43 degrees. 3. Mineral resources at a 1.5% cut-off are considered as potentially economically viable in an underground mining scenario based on an assumed projected copper price of $3.00/lb, underground mining costs of $65.00 per tonne, milling costs of $11.00 per tonne, G&A of $5.00 per tonne, and an average metallurgical recovery of 87%. 4. Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in apparent summation differences between tonnes, grade and contained metal content. 5. Tonnage and grade measurements are in metric units. Contained copper are reported as imperial pounds. 6. All amounts are stated in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. There are no known factors related to environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing or political issues which could materially affect the mineral resource. Bornite Project – Metallurgy Metallurgical test work to date indicates that the Bornite Project can be treated using standard grinding and flotation methods to produce copper concentrates. Initial testing indicates copper recoveries of approximately 87% resulting in concentrate grades of approximately 28% copper with very low potential penalty elements. Further metallurgical testwork is warranted to test these assumptions. 65 Bornite Project – Environmental Considerations The Bornite Project area includes NANA’s Bornite and ANCSA lands, the Ruby Creek drainage (a tributary of the Shungnak River), the Shungnak River drainage, and portions of the Ambler Lowlands. Since 2007, baseline environmental data collection has occurred in the area including archaeology, aquatic life surveys, sediment sampling, wetlands mapping, surface water quality sampling, hydrology, meteorological monitoring, and subsistence. Additional baseline environmental data in NANA’s Bornite and ANCSA lands, the Ruby Creek drainage, the Shungnak River drainage, portions of the Ambler Lowlands, and downstream receiving environments will be required to support future mine design, development of an EIS, permitting, construction and operations. Bornite Project – Mining Operations The Bornite Project is not currently in production; for contemplated exploration or development activities see below. Bornite Project – Exploration and Development Permitting Development of the Bornite Project will require a significant number of permits and authorizations from state, federal, and regional organizations. Much of the groundwork to support a successful permitting effort must be undertaken prior to submission of permit applications so that issues can be identified and resolved, baseline data can be acquired, and regulators and stakeholders can become familiar with the proposed project. The comprehensive permitting process for the Bornite Project can be divided into three categories: 1. Exploration state/regional permitting: required to obtain approval for drilling, camp operations, engineering, and environmental baseline studies. 2. Pre-application phase: conducted in conjunction with engineering feasibility studies. This stage includes the collection of environmental baseline data and interaction with stakeholders and regulators to facilitate the development of a project that can be successfully permitted. 3. The National Environmental Policy Act phase: formal agency review of the Federal and State requirements for public and agency participation to determine if and how the Bornite Project can be done in an acceptable manner. The permit review process will determine the number of management plans required to address all aspects of the Project to ensure compliance with environmental design and permit criteria. Each plan will describe the appropriate environmental engineering standard and the applicable operations requirements, maintenance protocols, and response actions. Bornite Project – Current Activities Following the release in the spring of 2016 of the 2016 Bornite Report, we focused field investigations and drilling activities on advancing our Arctic Project towards pre-feasibility. Field work at the Bornite Project in 2016 consisted of continued environmental baseline data collection and the completion of the LiDAR survey over the greater project area initiated in 2015. The 2017 exploration program at the Bornite Project was one of the larger programs in the history of drilling at the Bornite Project. Nine diamond drill holes comprising 8,437 meters were drilled at the Bornite Project this field season to test the extension of the mineralization from the drill holes from our 2013 drill campaign. Drilling at the Bornite Project began in early June 2017 and wrapped up in mid-October 2017 with the results announced by press release on September 18, 2017 and December 4, 2017. Due to inclement weather, two holes (RC17-241 and 242) were stopped before reaching target depth and cemented in preparation for re-entry during the 2018 drill program. The 2017 drilling program doubled the size of the known mineralized footprint and continues to demonstrate that the high-grade Bornite copper resource system is open to further expansion. The 2017 exploration program also included completing a ground gravity survey, continuation of hydrology and baseline environmental data collection and the initiation of metallurgy and acid based accounting for the Bornite Project. Metallurgical lock cycle test work completed in 2017 and reported in our January 10, 2018 press release indicates copper recoveries of 87% to 92% resulting in concentrate grades of 24 to 33% copper with no deleterious elements. Further metallurgical test work will focus on determining if cobalt can be concentrated into a saleable product. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, we are a party to routine litigation and proceedings that are considered part of the ordinary course of business. We are not aware of any material current, pending, or threatened litigation. There are no material proceedings pursuant to which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any owner of record or beneficial owner of more than 5% of our securities or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us. 66 Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Operations are subject to regulation by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (the “Mine Act”). At our current stage of exploration, we are not yet subject to MSHA. Companies required to file periodic reports under the Exchange Act, that operate mines regulated under the Mine Act are required to make certain disclosures pursuant to Section 1503(a) of Dodd-Frank. We have nothing to disclose pursuant to Section 1503(a) of Dodd-Frank for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2017. 67 Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES PART II OF EQUITY SECURITIES Price Range of Common Shares The Trilogy Shares are listed on the TSX and the NYSE AMERICAN under the symbol “TMQ”. On February 1, 2018, there were 1,493 holders of record of our shares, which does not include shareholders for which shares are held in nominee or street name. The following tables set out the market price range of the Common Shares on the TSX and NYSE AMERICAN for the two fiscal years prior to the date hereof. Fiscal Quarter Q1 2016 Q2 2016 Q3 2016 Q4 2016 Q1 2017 Q2 2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2017 December 2017 – February 1, 2018 NYSE AMERICAN Low High TSX (C$) High Low 0.39 0.86 0.68 0.85 0.59 0.80 1.35 1.18 1.64 0.15 0.32 0.44 0.41 0.44 0.45 0.58 0.79 0.69 0.55 1.08 0.86 1.00 0.80 1.02 1.60 1.47 1.82 0.20 0.43 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.78 1.00 0.90 On February 1, 2018, the closing price of our Common Shares on the TSX was CDN$1.54 per Common Share and on the NYSE AMERICAN was $1.25 per Common Share. Dividend Policy We have not declared or paid any dividends on our Common Shares. Our current business plan requires that for the foreseeable future, any future earnings be reinvested to finance the growth and development of our business. We will not declare or pay any dividends until such time as our cash flow exceeds our capital requirements and will depend upon, among other things, conditions then existing including earnings, financial condition, restrictions in financing arrangements, business opportunities and conditions and other factors, or our Board determines that our shareholders could make better use of the cash. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table is as of November 30, 2017. Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 8,768,734 $ - 8,768,734 $ 68 0.44 - 0.44 7,083,945 - 7,083,945 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities None. Repurchase of Securities During 2017, neither Trilogy nor any affiliate of Trilogy repurchased Trilogy Common Shares. Exchange Controls There are no governmental laws, decrees or regulations in Canada that restrict the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls, or that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of the securities of Trilogy, other than Canadian withholding tax. Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders The following is a general summary of the principal Canadian federal income tax considerations generally applicable under Income Tax Act (Canada) (the “Tax Act”) to a holder of Common Shares, each of whom, at all relevant times, for the purposes of the Tax Act, holds such Common Shares as capital property, deals at arm’s length with the Company, is not affiliated with the Company and, for purposes of the Tax Act, is not, is not deemed to be, a resident of Canada and has not and will not use or hold or be deemed to use or hold the Common Shares in the course of carrying on business in Canada (a “Non-Resident Holder”) and is not a “specified shareholder” (as defined in subsection 1815 of the Tax Act. A “specified shareholder” for these purposes generally includes a person who (either alone or together with persons with whom that person is not dealing at arm’s length for purposes of the Tax Act) owns or has the right to acquire or control 25% or more of the common shares determined on a votes or fair market value basis. Special rules, which are not discussed below, may apply to a non-resident of Canada that is an insurer which carries on business in Canada and elsewhere. The Common Shares will generally be considered capital property to a Non-Resident Holder unless either (i) the Non-Resident Holder holds the Common Shares in the course of carrying on a business of buying and selling securities or (ii) the Non-Resident Holder has acquired the Common Shares in a transaction or transactions considered to be an adventure or concern in the nature of trade. The term “U.S. Holder,” for the purposes of this section, means a Non-Resident Holder who, for purposes of the Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980) as amended, (the “Convention”), is at all relevant times a resident of the United States and is a “qualifying person” within the meaning of the Convention. In some circumstances, fiscally transparent entities (including limited liability companies) will be entitled to benefits under the Convention. U.S. Holders are urged to consult with their own tax advisors to determine their entitlement to benefits under the Convention based on their particular circumstances. This summary is based on the current provisions of the Tax Act, the regulations thereunder (the “Regulations”), the current provisions of the Convention, counsel’s understanding of the current published administrative policies and assessing practices of the Canada Revenue Agency (the “CRA”) publicly available prior to the date hereof. This summary also takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Tax Act and Regulations publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof (collectively, the “Proposed Tax Amendments”). No assurances can be given that the Proposed Tax Amendments will be enacted or will be enacted as proposed. Other than the Proposed Tax Amendments, this summary does not take into account or anticipate any changes in law or the administration policies or assessing practice of CRA, whether by judicial, legislative, governmental or administrative decision or action, nor does it take into account provincial, territorial or foreign income tax legislation or considerations, which may differ significantly from those discussed herein. This summary is of a general nature only and is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any particular U.S. Holder and no representations with respect to the income tax consequences to any particular U.S. Holder are made. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to their own particular circumstances. The discussion below is qualified accordingly. 69 Currency Conversion Subject to certain exceptions that are not discussed herein, for purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of Common Shares, including dividends, adjusted cost base and proceeds of dispositions must be determined in Canadian dollars using the daily exchange rate of the Bank of Canada on the particular date the particular amount arose or such other rate of exchange as acceptable to the CRA. Disposition of Common Shares A Non-Resident Holder will not be subject to tax under the Tax Act in respect of any capital gain realized by such Non-Resident Holder on a disposition of the Common Shares, nor will capital losses arising from the disposition be recognized under the Tax Act, unless the Common Shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” (as defined in the Tax Act) of the Non-Resident Holder at the time of disposition and the Non-Resident Holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention. As long as the shares are then listed on a “designated stock exchange” (as defined in the Tax Act) (which currently includes the TSX and the NYSE AMERICAN) at the time of disposition, the Common Shares generally will not constitute taxable Canadian property of a Non-Resident Holder, unless at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the disposition the following two conditions are not met concurrently: (i) the Non-Resident Holder, persons with whom the Non-Resident Holder did not deal at arm’s length, partnerships in which the Non-Resident Holder or persons with whom the Non-Resident Holder did not deal at arm’s length holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships, or the Non-Resident Holder together with all such persons, owned or was considered to own 25% or more of the issued shares of any class or series of shares of the capital stock of the Company; and (ii) more than 50% of the fair market value of the Common Shares was derived directly or indirectly from one or any combination of real or immovable property situated in Canada, “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act), “timber resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act) or a options in respect of, or interests in, or civil law rights in, such properties, whether or not it exists. If the Common Shares are taxable Canadian property to a Non-Resident Holder, any capital gain realized on the disposition or deemed disposition of such shares, may not be subject to Canadian federal income tax pursuant to the terms of an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country of residence of a Non-Resident Holder, including the Convention. A Non-Resident Holder whose shares are taxable Canadian property should consult their own advisors. Dividends on Common Shares Under the Tax Act, dividends on shares paid or credited to a Non-Resident Holder will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25% of the gross amount of the dividends. This withholding tax may be reduced pursuant to the terms of an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country of residence of a Non-Resident Holder. Under the Convention, a U.S. Holder will generally be subject to Canadian withholding tax at a rate of 15% of the gross amount of such dividends (or 5% in the case of a U.S. Holder that is a company beneficially owning at least 10% of the Company’s voting shares). In addition, under the Convention, dividends may be exempt from Canadian non-resident withholding tax if paid to certain U.S. Holders that are qualifying religious, scientific, literary, educational or charitable tax-exempt organizations and qualifying trusts, companies, organizations or arrangements operated exclusively to administer or provide pension, retirement or employee benefits that are exempt from tax in the United States and that have complied with specific administrative procedures. Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations The following is a general summary of certain anticipated U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Holder as a result of acquisition of Common Shares. Furthermore, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Holder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to such U.S. Holder of Common Shares. Except as specified below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. state and local, and foreign tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. No ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or legal opinion has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the potential U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders as discussed in this summary. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the positions taken in this summary. 70 Scope of this Summary Authorities This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue, as amended (“Code”), regulations promulgated by the Department of the Treasury (whether final, temporary or proposed) (“Treasury Regulations”), U.S. court decisions, published rulings and administrative positions of the IRS, and the Convention, that are applicable and, in each case, in effect as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis, which could affect the U.S. federal income tax considerations described in this summary. This summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation that, if enacted, could be applied on a retroactive basis. U.S. Holders For purposes of this section, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Common Shares that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is (a) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (b) a corporation, or other entity classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, that is created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state in the United States, including the District of Columbia; (c) an estate if the income of such estate is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of the source of such income; or (d) a trust if (i) such trust has validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or (ii) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of such trust. Non-U.S. Holders For purposes of this summary, a “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Common Shares that is neither a U.S. Holder nor a U.S. partnership (or other “pass-through” entity). This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to Non-U.S. Holders relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. Accordingly, Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. state and local, and foreign tax consequences (including the potential application of and operation of any tax treaties) relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares. U.S. Holders Subject to Special U.S. Federal Income Tax Rules Not Addressed This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including (a) U.S. Holders that are tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) U.S. Holders that are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts or regulated investment companies or that are broker-dealers, dealers, or traders in securities or currencies that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (c) U.S. Holders that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar; (d) U.S. Holders that own Common Shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale or other arrangement involving more than one position; (e) U.S. Holders that acquired Common Shares in connection with the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (f) U.S. Holders that hold Common Shares other than as a capital asset (generally property held for investment purposes) within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code; or (g) U.S. Holders that own, directly, indirectly or by attribution, 10% or more, by voting power or value, of the outstanding shares of the Company. The summary below also does not address the impact on persons who are U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States subject to Section 877 of the Code. U.S. Holders and others that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including U.S. Holders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisors. If an entity that is classified as a partnership (or other “pass-through” entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Common Shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to such partnership (or “pass-through” entity) and the partners of such partnership (or owners of such “pass-through” entity) generally will depend on the activities of the partnership (or “pass-through” entity) and the status of such partners (or owners). Partners of entities that are classified as partnerships (and owners of “pass-through” entities) for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. 71 Tax Consequences Other than U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences Not Addressed This summary does not address the U.S. state and local, U.S. estate and gift, U.S. alternative minimum tax, or foreign tax consequences to U.S. Holders relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. state and local, U.S. estate and gift, U.S. federal alternative minimum tax and foreign tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares. U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Acquisition, Ownership and Disposition of Common Shares Distributions on Common Shares Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to a Common Share will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of the current or accumulated “earnings and profits” of the Company, as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To the extent that a distribution exceeds the current and accumulated “earnings and profits” of the Company, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Common Shares and thereafter as a gain from the sale or exchange of such Common Shares (see “Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares” below). However, the Company does not intend to maintain the calculations of earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, and each U.S. Holder should therefore assume that any distribution by the Company with respect to the Common Shares will constitute ordinary dividend income. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid by the Company to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that the Company not be classified as a PFIC (as discussed below) in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. Dividends received on Common Shares by corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for the “dividends received deduction”. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of such rules. Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, upon the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between (a) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received and (b) its tax basis in such Common Shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Such gain generally will be treated as “U.S. source” for purposes of applying the U.S. foreign tax credit rules unless the gain is subject to tax in Canada and is re-sourced as “foreign source” under the Convention and such U.S. Holder elects to treat such gain or loss as “foreign source” (see a more detailed discussion at “Foreign Tax Credit” below). Any such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss, which will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other disposition, such Common Shares are held for more than one year. Preferential tax rates apply to long-term capital gains of a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate, or trust. There are currently no preferential tax rates for long-term capital gains of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code. Foreign Tax Credit A U.S. Holder who pays (whether directly or through withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to dividends paid on the Common Shares generally may elect to deduct or credit such tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid (whether directly or through withholding) by a U.S. Holder during a year. Complex limitations apply to the foreign tax credit, including the general limitation that the credit cannot exceed the proportionate share of a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability that such U.S. Holder’s “foreign source” taxable income bears to such U.S. Holder’s worldwide taxable income. In applying this limitation, a U.S. Holder’s various items of income and deduction must be classified, under complex rules, as either “foreign source” or “U.S. source”. In addition, this limitation is calculated separately with respect to specific categories of income. Dividends paid by the Company generally will constitute “foreign source” income and generally will be categorized as “passive category income”. However, and subject to certain exceptions, a portion of the dividends paid by a foreign corporation will be treated as U.S. source income for United States foreign tax credit purposes, in proportion to its U.S. source earnings and profits, if United States persons own, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more of the voting power or value of the foreign corporation’s shares. A portion of any dividends paid with respect to the Common Shares may be treated as U.S. source income under these rules, which may limit the ability of a U.S. Holder to claim a foreign tax credit for any Canadian withholding taxes payable in respect of such amount. Because the foreign tax credit rules are complex, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the foreign tax credit rules, including the source of any dividends paid to U.S. Holders. 72 Subject to certain specific rules, foreign income and withholding taxes paid with respect to any distribution in respect of stock in a PFIC should qualify for the foreign tax credit. The rules relating to distributions by a PFIC are complex, and a U.S. Holder should consult with its own tax advisor with respect to any distribution received from a PFIC. Receipt of Foreign Currency The amount of any distribution paid in foreign currency to a U.S. Holder in connection with the ownership of Common Shares, or on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of Common Shares, generally will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate applicable on the date of actual or constructive receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). If the foreign currency received is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder will have a basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. A U.S. Holder that receives foreign currency and converts such foreign currency into U.S. dollars at a conversion rate other than the rate in effect on the date of receipt may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss, which generally would be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Holders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. U.S. Holders should consult their own U.S. tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning and disposing of foreign currency. Additional Tax on Passive Income Individuals, estates and certain trusts whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare surtax on “net investment income” including, among other things, dividends and net gain from disposition of property (other than property held in certain trades or businesses). U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this tax on their ownership and disposition of Common Shares. Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules If the Company is considered a PFIC within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code at any time during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, then certain different and potentially adverse tax consequences would apply to such U.S. Holder’s acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. PFIC Status of the Company The Company generally will be a PFIC if, for a given tax year, (a) 75% or more of the gross income of the Company for such tax year is passive income or (b) 50% or more of the assets held by the Company either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the fair market value of such assets. “Gross income” generally includes all revenues less the cost of goods sold plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and “passive income” includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions. Active business gains arising from the sale of commodities generally are excluded from passive income if substantially all (85% or more) of a foreign corporation’s commodities are stock in trade or inventory, depreciable property used in a trade or business, or supplies regularly used or consumed in a trade or business, and certain other requirements are satisfied. For purposes of the PFIC income test and asset test described above, if the Company owns, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, the Company will be treated as if it (a) held a proportionate share of the assets of such other corporation and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. In addition, for purposes of the PFIC income test and asset test described above, “passive income” does not include any interest, dividends, rents or royalties that are received or accrued by the Company from a “related person” (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code), to the extent such items are properly allocable to the income of such related person that is not passive income. Under certain attribution rules, if the Company is a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of any subsidiary of the Company which is also a PFIC (a “Subsidiary PFIC”), and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on (a) a distribution on the shares of a Subsidiary PFIC and (b) a disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC, both as if the U.S. Holder directly held the shares of such Subsidiary PFIC. The Company believes that it was not a PFIC for the tax years ended November 30, 2015, 2016 and 2017, but may be a PFIC in future tax years. No opinion of legal counsel or ruling from the IRS concerning the status of the Company as a PFIC has been obtained or is currently planned to be requested. The determination of whether the Company (or a subsidiary of the Company) was, or will be, a PFIC for a tax year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. In addition, whether the Company (or subsidiary) will be a PFIC for any tax year depends on the assets and income of the Company (and each such subsidiary) over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this document. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any determination made by the Company (or subsidiary) concerning its PFIC status or that the Company (and any subsidiary) was not, or will not be, a PFIC for any tax year. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the PFIC status of the Company and any subsidiary of the Company. 73 Default PFIC Rules under Section 1291 of the Code If the Company is a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares will depend on whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF election or makes a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code (a “Mark-to-Market Election”) with respect to Common Shares. A U.S. Holder that does not make either a QEF Election or a Mark-to-Market Election will be referred to in this summary as a “Non-Electing U.S. Holder”. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code with respect to (a) any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares and (b) any excess distribution paid on the Common Shares. A distribution generally will be an “excess distribution” to the extent that such distribution (together with all other distributions received in the current tax year) exceeds 125% of the average distributions received during the three preceding tax years (or during a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Common Shares, if shorter). If the Company is a PFIC, under Section 1291 of the Code any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares (including an indirect disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC), and any excess distribution paid on Common Shares (or a distribution by a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder that is deemed to be received by a U.S. Holder) must be ratably allocated to each day of a Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Common Shares. The amount of any such gain or excess distribution allocated to the tax year of disposition or excess distribution and to years before the Company became a PFIC, if any, would be taxed as ordinary income. The amounts allocated to any other tax year would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax applicable to ordinary income in each such year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability for each such year, calculated as if such tax liability had been due in each such year. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder that is not a corporation must treat any such interest paid as “personal interest”, which is not deductible. If the Company is a PFIC for any tax year during which a Non-Electing U.S. Holder holds Common Shares, the Company will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such Non-Electing U.S. Holder, regardless of whether the Company ceases to be a PFIC in one or more subsequent years. If the Company ceases to be a PFIC, a Non-Electing U.S. Holder may terminate this deemed PFIC status with respect to Common Shares by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above) as if such Common Shares were sold on the last day of the last tax year for which the Company was a PFIC. Under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder has an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC, such option, warrant or right is considered to be PFIC stock subject to the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code. Under rules described below, if the Company was a PFIC, the holding period for the option, warrant or other right would begin on the day after the date a U.S. Holder acquired the option, warrant or other right. This would impact the availability of the QEF Election and Mark-to-Market Election with respect to an option, warrant or other right. Thus, a U.S. Holder would have to account for an option, warrant or other right and Common Shares under the PFIC rules and the applicable elections differently (see discussion below under “QEF Election” and “Market-to-Market Election”.) QEF Election In the event the Company is a PFIC and a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election for the first tax year in which its holding period of its Common Shares begins, such U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to its Common Shares. However, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of (a) the net capital gain of the Company, which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to such U.S. Holder, and (b) the ordinary earnings of the Company, which will be taxed as ordinary income to such U.S. Holder. Generally, “net capital gain” is the excess of (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net short-term capital gain, and “ordinary earnings” are the excess of (a) “earnings and profits” over (b) net capital gain. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each tax year in which the Company is a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such U.S. Holder by the Company. However, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election may, subject to certain limitations, elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If such U.S. Holder is not a corporation, any such interest paid will be treated as “personal interest”, which is not deductible. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election generally (a) may receive a tax-free distribution from the Company to the extent that such distribution represents “earnings and profits” of the Company that were previously included in income by the U.S. Holder because of such QEF Election and (b) will adjust such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Common Shares to reflect the amount included in income or allowed as a tax-free distribution because of such QEF Election. In addition, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares. 74 The procedure for making a QEF Election, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making a QEF Election, will depend on whether such QEF Election is timely. A QEF Election will be treated as “timely” if it is made for the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Common Shares in which the Company was a PFIC. A U.S. Holder may make a timely QEF Election by filing the appropriate QEF Election documents at the time such U.S. Holder files a U.S. federal income tax return for such year. A QEF Election will apply to the tax year for which such QEF Election is made and to all subsequent tax years, unless such QEF Election is invalidated or terminated or the IRS consents to revocation of such QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election and, in a subsequent tax year, the Company ceases to be a PFIC, the QEF Election will remain in effect (although it will not be applicable) during those tax years in which the Company is not a PFIC. Accordingly, if the Company becomes a PFIC in a subsequent tax year, the QEF Election will be effective, and the U.S. Holder will be subject to the QEF rules described above during a subsequent tax year in which the Company qualifies as a PFIC. As discussed above, under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder has an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC, such option, warrant or right is considered to be PFIC stock subject to the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code on its disposition. However, a holder of an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC may not make a QEF Election that will apply to the option, warrant or other right to acquire PFIC stock. In addition, under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder holds an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC, the holding period with respect to shares of stock of the PFIC acquired upon exercise of such option, warrant or other right will include the period that the option, warrant or other right was held. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to Common Shares. The Company will make available to U.S. Holders, upon their written request, timely and accurate information as to its status as a PFIC, and will provide to a U.S. Holder all information and documentation that a U.S. Holder making a QEF Election with respect to the Company, and any Subsidiary PFIC in which the Company owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of such Subsidiary PFIC’s total aggregate voting power, is required to obtain for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the event it is a PFIC. However, U.S. Holders should be aware that the Company can provide no assurances that it will provide any such information relating to any Subsidiary PFIC, in which the Company owns, directly or indirectly, 50% or less of such Subsidiary PFIC’s aggregate voting power. Because the Company may own shares in one or more Subsidiary PFICs, and may acquire shares in one or more Subsidiary PFICs in the future, they will continue to be subject to the rules discussed above with respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions with respect to any Subsidiary PFIC for which the U.S. Holders do not obtain the required information. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisor regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a QEF Election with respect to the Company and any Subsidiary PFIC. Mark-to-Market Election A U.S. Holder may make a Mark-to-Market Election only if the Common Shares are marketable stock. The Common Shares generally will be “marketable stock” if they are regularly traded on (a) a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC; (b) the national market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934; or (c) a foreign securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such foreign exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure and other requirements and the laws of the country in which such foreign exchange is located, together with the rules of such foreign exchange, ensure that such requirements are actually enforced; and (ii) the rules of such foreign exchange ensure active trading of listed stocks. If such stock is traded on such a qualified exchange or other market, such stock generally will be “regularly traded” for any calendar year during which such stock is traded, other than in de minimus quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding whether the Common Shares constitute marketable stock. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to its Common Shares generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above. However, if a U.S. Holder does not make a Mark-to-Market Election beginning in the first tax year of such U.S. Holder’s holding period for Common Shares or such U.S. Holder has not made a timely QEF Election, the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will apply to certain dispositions of, and distributions on, the Common Shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will include in ordinary income, for each tax year in which the Company is a PFIC, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) the fair market value of the Common Shares, as of the close of such tax year over (b) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Common Shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will be allowed a deduction in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (i) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares over (ii) the fair market value of such Common Shares (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years). 75 U.S. Holders that make a Mark-to-Market Election generally also will adjust their tax basis in the Common Shares to reflect the amount included in gross income or allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election. In addition, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares, a U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will recognize ordinary income or loss (not to exceed the excess, if any, of (a) the amount included in ordinary income because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years over (b) the amount allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years). A Mark-to-Market Election applies to the tax year in which such Mark-to-Market Election is made and to each subsequent tax year, unless the Common Shares cease to be “marketable stock” or the IRS consents to revocation of such election. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a Mark-to-Market Election. Although a U.S. Holder may be eligible to make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to Common Shares, no such election may be made with respect to the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC that a U.S. Holder is treated as owning because such stock is not marketable. Hence, the Mark-to- Market Election will not be effective to eliminate the interest charge described above with respect to deemed dispositions of Subsidiary PFIC stock or distributions from a Subsidiary PFIC. Other PFIC Rules Under Section 1291(f) of the Code, the IRS has issued proposed Treasury Regulations that, subject to certain exceptions, would cause a U.S. Holder that had not made a timely QEF Election to recognize gain (but not loss) upon certain transfers of Common Shares that would otherwise be tax- deferred (e.g., gifts and exchanges pursuant to corporate reorganizations) in the event the Company is a PFIC during such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the relevant shares. However, the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder may vary based on the manner in which Common Shares are transferred. Certain additional adverse rules will apply with respect to a U.S. Holder if the Company is a PFIC, regardless of whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election. For example, under Section 1298(b)(6) of the Code, a U.S. Holder that uses Common Shares as security for a loan will, except as may be provided in Treasury Regulations, be treated as having made a taxable disposition of such Common Shares. In any year in which the Company is classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will be required to file an annual report with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8621. In addition, a U.S. Holder who acquires Common Shares from a decedent will not receive a “step up” in tax basis of such Common Shares to fair market value unless such decedent had a timely and effective QEF Election in place. Special rules also apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Holder may claim on a distribution from a PFIC. The PFIC rules are complex, and U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the PFIC rules and how they may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares in the event the Company is a PFIC at any time during such holding period for such Common Shares. Information Reporting, Backup Withholding Tax Certain U.S. Holders are required to report information relating to an interest in Common Shares subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for Common Shares held in accounts maintained by certain financial institutions), by attaching a completed IRS Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, with their tax return for each year in which they hold an interest in Common Shares. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding information reporting requirements relating to their ownership of Common Shares. Payments made within the United States, or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on Common Shares, and proceeds arising from certain sales or other taxable dispositions of Common Shares, may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax, at the rate of 24%, if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish such U.S. Holder’s correct U.S. social security or other taxpayer identification number (generally on Form W-9); (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number; (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax; or (d) fails under certain circumstances to certify, under penalty of perjury, that such U.S. Holder has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has not notified such U.S. Holder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, U.S. Holders that are corporations generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder timely furnishes the required information to the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. 76 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The selected financial data in the table below have been selected in part, from our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with those consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. Results of operations Loss and comprehensive loss for the period Basic and diluted loss per share Financial position Working capital Total assets Total long-term liabilities Shareholders’ equity 2017 $ Year ended November 30 2015 $ 2014 $ 2016 $ 2013 $ in thousands of dollars, except per share amounts 4,862 0.05 15,056 46,747 - 46,154 21,104 0.20 4,965 40,279 10,365 25,665 77 9,532 0.12 16,134 51,181 - 50,430 9,648 0.17 4,846 36,826 - 35,847 24,394 0.47 5,423 38,899 - 37,157 Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis For the Fourth Quarter and Year Ended November 30, 2017 (expressed in US dollars) 78 Management’s Discussion and Analysis General Description of business Property review Corporate developments Project activities Outlook Summary of results Fourth quarter results Selected financial data Liquidity and capital resources Contractual obligations Off-balance sheet arrangements Outstanding share data Financial instruments New accounting pronouncements Critical accounting estimates Disclosure controls and procedures Internal control over financial reporting Risk factors Additional information Cautionary notes Table of Contents Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) General This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Trilogy Metals Inc. (“Trilogy”, “the Company”, “us” or “we”) is dated February 1, 2018 and provides an analysis of our audited financial results for the year ended November 30, 2017 compared to the year ended November 30, 2016. The following information should be read in conjunction with our November 30, 2017 audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which were prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). A summary of the U.S. GAAP accounting policies are outlined in note 2 of the audited consolidated financial statements. All amounts are in United States dollars unless otherwise stated. References to “Canadian dollars” and “C$” and “CDN$” are to the currency of Canada and references to “U.S. dollars”, “$” or “US$” are to the currency of the United States. Andrew West, Certified Professional Geologist, an employee and Exploration Manager for Trilogy, is a Qualified Person under National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”), and has approved the scientific and technical information in this MD&A. Trilogy’s shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the NYSE American under the symbol “TMQ”. Additional information related to Trilogy, including our annual report on Form 10-K, is available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. Description of business We are a base metals exploration company focused on exploring and developing our mineral holdings in the Ambler mining district located in Alaska, U.S.A. We conduct our operations through a wholly-owned subsidiary, NovaCopper US Inc. which is doing business as Trilogy Metals US (“Trilogy Metals US”). Our Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, (“UKMP” or “UKMP Projects”), consist of: i) the 100% owned Ambler lands which host the Arctic copper-zinc-lead-gold-silver Project (the “Arctic Project”); and ii) the Bornite lands being explored under a collaborative long-term agreement with NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. (“NANA”), a regional Alaska Native Corporation, which host the Bornite carbonate-hosted copper Project (the “Bornite Project”). Property review Our principal assets, the UKMP Projects, are located in the Ambler mining district in Northwest Alaska. Our UKMP Projects comprise approximately 355,400 acres (143,825 hectares) consisting of the Ambler and Bornite lands. Arctic Project The Ambler lands, which host a number of deposits, including the high-grade copper-zinc-lead-gold-silver Arctic Project, and other mineralized occurrences within a 100 kilometer long volcanogenic massive sulfide (“VMS”) belt, are owned by Trilogy Metals US. The Ambler lands are located in Northwestern Alaska and consist of 114,500 acres (46,337 hectares) of Federal patented mining claims and State of Alaska mining claims, within which VMS mineralization has been found. We have recorded the Ambler lands as a mineral property with acquisition costs capitalized and exploration costs expensed in accordance with our accounting policies. Bornite Project On October 19, 2011, Trilogy Metals US and NANA signed a collaborative agreement to explore and develop the Ambler mining district. Under the Exploration Agreement and Option to Lease (the “NANA Agreement”), we acquired, in exchange for, among other things, a $4.0 million cash payment to NANA, the exclusive right to explore the Bornite property and lands deeded to NANA through the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (“ANCSA”), located adjacent to the Arctic Project, and the non-exclusive right to access and entry onto NANA’s lands. The agreement establishes a framework for any future development of either the Bornite Project or the Arctic Project. Both projects are included as part of a larger area of interest set forth in the NANA Agreement. The agreement with NANA created a total land package incorporating our Ambler lands with the adjacent Bornite and ANCSA lands with a total area of approximately 355,400 acres (143,825 hectares). Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 1 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Upon the decision to proceed with development of a mine within the area of interest, NANA maintains the right to purchase an ownership interest in the mine equal to between 16%-25% or retain a 15% net proceeds royalty which is payable after we have recovered certain historical costs, including capital and cost of capital. Should NANA elect to purchase an ownership interest in the mine, consideration will be payable based on the elected percentage purchased and all the costs incurred on the properties less $40.0 million, not to be less than zero. The parties would form a joint venture and be responsible for all future costs incurred in connection with the mine, including capital costs of the mine, based on each party’s pro- rata share. NANA would also be granted a net smelter return royalty between 1% and 2.5% upon the execution of a mining lease or a surface use agreement, the amount of which is determined by the particular area of land from which production originates. We have accounted for the Bornite property as a mineral property with acquisition costs capitalized and exploration costs expensed in accordance with our accounting policies. Corporate developments Board Appointment In December 2017, we announced the appointment of Mr. William Iggiagruk Hensley to the Company’s Board of Directors. Mr. Hensley is an Alaska native leader who significantly contributed to the settlement of Alaska’s Native claims with the United States federal government in 1971. He was elected to the Alaskan House of Representatives, served four full terms as an Alaskan Senator and two further terms through an appointment by Governor Steve Cowper. Mr. Hensley was a founder of NANA, served for 20 years as a director, became the head of NANA Development Corporation and finally President of NANA. He was a founder of the Alaska Federation of Natives and served as director, executive director, president and co-chair. Project activities South32 Option Agreement On April 10, 2017, Trilogy and Trilogy Metals US entered into an Option Agreement to form a Joint Venture with South32 Group Operations Pty Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of South32 Limited, which agreement was later assigned by South32 Operations to its affiliate, South32 USA Exploration Inc. (together with South32 Operations, “South32”) on the UKMP (“Option Agreement”). Under the terms of the Option Agreement, Trilogy Metals US granted South32 the right to form a 50/50 joint venture to hold all of Trilogy Metals US’ Alaskan assets. Upon exercise of the option, Trilogy Metals US will transfer its Alaskan assets, including the UKMP, and South32 will contribute a minimum of $150 million, to a newly formed and jointly held, limited liability company (“LLC”). To maintain the option in good standing, South32 is required to fund a minimum of $10 million per year for up to a three year period, which funds will be used to execute a mutually agreed upon program at the UKMP. The funds provided by South32 may only be expended in accordance with an approved program by a technical committee with equal representation from Trilogy and South32. South32 may exercise its option at any time over the three year period to enter into the 50/50 joint venture. To subscribe for 50% of the JV, South32 will contribute a minimum of $150 million, plus any amounts Trilogy Metals US spends at the Arctic Project over the three year option period, to a maximum of $5 million per year (the “Subscription Price”), less an amount of the initial funding contributed by South32. Option Funding Phase Provided that all the exploration data and information has been made available to South32 by no later than December 31 of each year, South32 must decide by the end of January of the following year whether; (i) to fund a further tranche of a minimum of $10 million, or (ii) to withdraw and not provide any further annual funding. If the election to fund a further tranche is not made in January, South32 has until the end of March to exercise the option to form the LLC and make the subscription payment. If South32 elects to exercise the option, the Subscription Price less certain deductions for initial funding shall be paid in one tranche within 45 business days. Should South32 not make its annual minimum payment or elect to withdraw, the option will lapse and South32 will have no claim to ownership or the funds it had already spent. The option payment for the first year was paid by South32 in April 2017 and expended on the Year 1 exploration program at the Bornite Project. Early in December 2017, South32 committed to fund the $10 million 2018 program for the Bornite Project. The funds, which represent the second tranche, maintain the Option Agreement in good standing, and were fully received on January 24, 2018. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 2 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Subscription Funding Phase At any time during the option funding phase of the agreement, South32 may elect to subscribe for a 50% interest in a newly formed LLC which will take transfer of, and hold, Trilogy Metals US’ Alaskan Assets. As part of the Subscription Price, South32 will match any spending expended by us at the Arctic Project over the next 3 years, to a cumulative maximum of $15 million. Depending on when the option is exercised, certain amounts of the Initial Funding will be deducted from the Subscription Price. Trilogy estimates that the Subscription Price will fund the UKMP through feasibility and the permitting of the first mine to be developed in the Ambler mining district. Once the full amount of the subscription payment of approximately $150 million is expended, the parties will contribute funding pro rata, as contemplated by the operating agreement which will govern the LLC (the “LLC Agreement”). The LLC Agreement anticipates a General Manager, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating and Technical Officer to be appointed by the LLC’s Board, which will have equal representation from Trilogy and South32. As the initial option payments are credited against the future subscription price upon exercise, we have accounted for the payment received as deferred consideration. At such time as the option is exercised, the initial payments received to that date will be recognized as part of the consideration received for our contribution of the Alaska assets, including the UKMP, into the joint venture. If South 32 withdraws from the Option Agreement, the consideration will be recognized in the statement of loss at that time. Bornite Project In partnership with South32 we were able to complete a $10 million exploration program directed by the joint Trilogy-South32 technical committee at the Bornite Project. The focus of this year’s program was to target high-grade copper mineralization north and east of the previously identified resources last drilled by us in 2013 and to define the edges of the mineralized system. This year’s exploration program at Bornite was one of the larger programs in the history of drilling at the Bornite Project. Spending a total of $10.0 million, we drilled nine diamond drill holes comprising 8,437 meters at Bornite this field season to test the extension of the mineralization from the drill holes from our 2013 drill campaign. Drilling at the Bornite Project began in early June and wrapped up in mid-October with the results released throughout the fall. Due to inclement weather, two holes (RC17-241 and 242) were stopped before reaching target depth and cemented in preparation for re-entry during the 2018 drill program. The 2017 drilling program doubled the size of the known mineralized footprint and continues to demonstrate that the high-grade Bornite copper resource system is open to further expansion. The exploration program also included completing a ground gravity survey, continuation of hydrology and baseline environmental data collection, and the initiation of metallurgy and acid based accounting for Bornite. In fiscal 2017, we expended $10.0 million on the Bornite Project, consisting of $4.8 million in drilling and geochemistry, $2.9 million in project support expenses, $1.8 million in wages and benefits, $0.2 million in engineering studies, $0.1 million in geophysical programs, and $0.1 million in environmental studies. Early in December 2017, South32 committed to fund the 2018 program and budget of $10.0 million focused at the Bornite Project. The funds, which represent the second tranche of $10 million under the Option Agreement, maintain the agreement in good standing, were fully received in January 2018. Planning for the 2018 program is underway and will include in-fill and off-set drilling to better define and expand the high grade copper resources at Bornite. Arctic Project 2017 continued to be a busy year at the Arctic Project. In the spring of 2017, we announced several milestones including the release of an updated mineral resource estimate, metallurgical, geotechnical and hydrogeological results in preparation for a pre-feasibility study (“PFS”). In early June 2017, we announced the engagement of Ausenco Engineering Canada Inc. to prepare the Arctic Project PFS technical report. The Company also engaged Amec Foster Wheeler to complete mine planning and SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. to complete tailings and waste design, hydrology and environmental studies. The PFS study is on track to be completed in Q1 2018. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 3 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) The summer field program for the Arctic Project PFS was conducted in July with the completion of 274 meters of geotechnical drilling and 26 test pits completed to determine site facility locations and mine design. We also completed geophysical ground surveys to evaluate ground conditions. We continued our environmental baseline program through the summer of 2017 which includes baseline data collection on aquatic and avian resources, ongoing water quality, hydrology and meteorology. The water quality program was expanded in 2017 to include additional sample locations and increased sample frequency. The field program information is currently being incorporated into the engineering design for the PFS which will be released in the first quarter of 2018. We also completed 785 meters of infill drilling at Arctic in early September collecting core to provide two tonnes of material for an ore-sorting study. The core collected during the program has been crushed and is currently being transported to begin the next phase of the ore sorting study. Results are expected in the spring of 2018. In fiscal 2017, we expended $5.2 million on the Arctic Project, consisting of $1.8 million in engineering expenses, $0.4 million in drilling, geochemistry and geophysical programs, $1.0 million in project support expenses, $0.7 million in wages and benefits, $0.8 million in land maintenance and permit expenses, $0.3 million in community engagement and $0.2 million in environmental studies. Ambler Mining District Industrial Access Project Significant milestones were also achieved in 2017 in the permitting process for the Ambler Mining District Industrial Access Project (“AMDIAP”). The AMDIAP, being built by the Alaska Industrial Development Export Authority ("AIDEA”), is anticipated to provide surface access to the Ambler Mining District and our UKMP Projects. The Notice of Intent (“NOI”) initiating the permitting process under the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) on the AMDIAP was published on February 28, 2017 by the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) in the U.S. Federal Register. The BLM is the lead Federal agency for the EIS. This notice initiates the public scoping process for the EIS and comments were due by January 31, 2018. The Notice of Intent states that the various federal and state agencies intend to prepare an EIS for Federal authorization to construct and operate an approximately 211-mile long industrial access road in the southern Brooks Range foothills of Alaska, originating at the Dalton Highway ending at the Ambler River and providing access to the Ambler Mining District. The BLM has announced the beginning of the EIS scoping process to solicit public comments and identify issues. The BLM intends to coordinate the development of the EIS with the National Park Service (“NPS”), which is in accordance with the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (“ANILCA”). The NPS is developing a separate environmental and economic analysis (“EEA”) solely for the purpose of determining the most desirable route for that portion of the proposed road right-of-way that would cross the Gates of the Arctic National Preserve. The BLM held a series of public meetings in November and December 2017 to solicit input and provide more information about the project. Scoping comments received from the public will be used to revise the purpose and need statement, identify issues, inform the analysis and alternatives, and determine the extent of the information to be included in the EIS. Through a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with AIDEA, we have been working with them over the past several years to identify and select a preferred access route into the Ambler Mining District and support engineering and environmental studies as well as community outreach for the AMDIAP. The AMDIAP is modeled on AIDEA’s successful DeLong Mountain Transportation System (“DMTS”), which includes an industrial access road from the Red Dog Mine to the DMTS port. AIDEA worked with private investors to finance construction of the DMTS industrial access road, and the costs of road construction were paid back through tolls paid by the mine for use of the road. No State of Alaska general funds were used to construct the DMTS and that is exactly what is anticipated for the AMDIAP. More information on the AMDIAP and the ANILCA permitting process is available on AIDEA’s website at www.ambleraccess.org, which website is not incorporated by reference. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 4 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Outlook We are currently planning a $10 million program at the Bornite Project, funded by South32, for 2018. One component of the program will include a seismic program to be completed in the spring time when the ground is still frozen and the daylight has returned. The balance of the program will be directed at further in-fill and expansion drilling. The remaining program at the Bornite Project is focused on continuing the mineralization trend from 2017 and 2013’s drill programs, completing infill drilling, and finishing the two holes from 2017 that were stopped due to inclement weather. As we look forward to 2018 at the Arctic Project, we plan to release the PFS in the first quarter of 2018. This will be a significant milestone for the Arctic Project and will determine the field season program. We will be continuing to work closely with AIDEA, as the proponent for the AMDIAP, to advance the permitting process on the AMDIAP throughout 2018. BLM, as the lead federal agency for the EIS, will be moving the process through the environmental impact process. BLM has reached the end of the scoping process and according to the notice of intent, will be delivering a draft EIS by March 29, 2019 with the final EIS due December 30, 2019. A record of decision is due within one month of the final EIS. BLM will be developing preliminary alternatives based on the project purpose and need over the next few months, taking into account the input received from the public and agency comments during the scoping phase that was recently completed on January 31, 2018. Summary of results Selected expenses General and administrative Mineral properties expense Professional fees Salaries Salaries – stock-based compensation Unrealized loss (gain) on held for trading investments Loss (gain) on sale of investments Loss from continuing operations for the year (Income)/loss from discontinued operations for the year Loss and comprehensive loss for the year Basic and diluted loss per common share Year ended November 30, 2017 $ 1,385 15,100 708 975 705 1,645 580 21,104 - 21,104 $ 0.20 $ Year ended November 30, 2016 $ 1,337 5,037 442 1,003 615 (88) (57) 8,712 (3,850) 4,862 in thousands of dollars, except for per share amounts Year ended November 30, 2015 $ 1,346 4,167 1,346 1,085 831 - - 9,134 398 9,532 0.12 0.05 $ For the year ended November 30, 2017, we reported a net loss of $21.1 million (or $0.20 basic and diluted loss per common share) compared to a net loss for the corresponding period in 2016 of $4.9 million (or $0.05 basic and diluted loss per common share) and a net loss of $9.5 million for the corresponding period in 2015 (or $0.12 basic and diluted loss per common share). This variance was primarily due to the significantly increased size and magnitude of the field programs undertaken at our mineral properties in 2017 as well as a one-time gain on the sale of Sunward Investments Ltd. (“Sunward Investments”), which through a subsidiary, owned 100% of the Titiribi gold-copper exploration project in Colombia, in 2016. Additionally, there were losses recognized on both the sale of investments as well as investments designated as held for trading in 2017 that did not exist in the two prior fiscal years. The investments consist of shares and warrants to purchase shares in Gold Mining Inc. (“GMI”) (formerly, Brazil Resources Inc.) that were acquired through the sale of Sunward Investments in 2016. For the year ended November 30, 2017, we reported a net loss from continuing operations of $21.1 million (or $0.20 basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per common share) compared to a net loss for the corresponding period in 2016 of $8.7 million (or $0.08 basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per common share) and a net loss of $9.1 million for the corresponding period in 2015 (or $0.11 basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per common share). Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 5 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) The significant increase in the loss pertaining to 2017 relates to the size of the program undertaken at the UKMP in 2017. We executed a $15.1 million program at the UKMP in 2017, with $10.0 million on the Bornite Project funded by South32 under the Option Agreement. The 2017 field program consisted of 8,437 meters of exploration drilling at the Bornite Project, 274 meters of geotechnical drilling and 26 test pits completed to determine site facility locations and mine design at the Arctic Project, and 785 meters of infill drilling to collect material for an ore-sorting study at the Arctic Project. Additionally, significant engineering work was completed on the PFS study at the Arctic Project to be completed in Q1 2018. Comparably, in 2016, we executed a $5.0 million program on the Arctic Project and in 2015, a $4.2 million program on the Arctic Project. The programs in 2015 and 2016 were focused on moving the Arctic Project towards pre-feasibility compared to the significant programs undertaken at the Bornite and Arctic Projects in 2017. In 2016, we completed a drill program consisting of 3,058 meters at the Arctic Project and increased the environmental baseline data collection and engineering site investigations compared to the 2015 program. In 2015, we completed fourteen diamond drill holes amounting to 3,056 meters at the Arctic Project, as well as engineering and environmental site investigations. Mineral property expenses consist of direct drilling, personnel, community, resource reporting and other exploration expenses, as well as indirect project support expenses such as fixed wing charters, helicopter support, fuel, and other camp operation costs. Additionally, the significant variance in 2016, compared to 2017 and 2015, relates to the gain recognized on the sale of Sunward Investments and the Titiribi Project of $4.4 million, pre-tax. This was a one-time event for which there is no comparable gain in prior years. As a result of the sale, the operations of Sunward Investments were reclassified as a discontinued operation, retrospectively. Expenses of $0.6 million for the year ended November 30, 2016 and $0.4 million for the year ended November 30, 2015 related to the Sunward Investments operations were reclassified to discontinued operations. As Sunward Resources Ltd. was purchased by the Company in June 2015, there are no amounts prior to June 2015 included in the consolidated results. During the year ended November 30, 2017, the Company sold 2,525,000 common shares of GMI for proceeds of $3.5 million and realized a loss on sale of $0.6 million. For the year ended November 30, 2017, we recognized an unrealized loss on held for trading investments of $1.6 million on 2,365,000 common shares of GMI and 1,000,000 warrants to purchase a common share of GMI. During the year ended November 30, 2016, the Company sold 110,000 common shares of GMI for net proceeds of $0.2 million and realized a gain on sale of $0.06 million. For the year ended November 30, 2016, we recognized an unrealized gain on held for trading investments of $0.1 million. Professional fees for the year ended November 30, 2017 were $0.7 million, an increase of $0.3 million from the $0.4 million incurred for the year November 30, 2016, and a reduction of $0.6 million from the $1.3 million incurred for the year ended November 30, 2015. Expenses in 2017 increased from 2016 due to the arrangement with South32 and preparatory costs incurred associated with the filing of a base shelf prospectus in Canada and the US. Costs in 2016 were down significantly from other years due to less corporate transaction activity as well as $0.2 million in costs related to the sale of Sunward recorded to discontinued operations. In 2015, expenses were incurred for legal and technical due diligence and regulatory approvals associated with the acquisition of Sunward. Other variances for the year ended November 30, 2017 compared to 2016 and 2015 are as follows: (a) $1.4 million in general and administrative expenses in 2017 compared to $1.3 million in 2016 and 2015 due to a less favorable foreign exchange movement; (b) $1.0 million in salaries in 2017 and 2016 compared to $1.1 million in 2015 due to minor changes in staffing levels at the corporate office; and (c) $0.7 million in stock based compensation in 2017 compared to $0.6 million in 2016 and $0.8 million in 2015 due to minor changes in the number of eligible employees for annual stock option grants and the fair value of grants valued using the Black-Scholes model which is most sensitive to the Company’s share price and future expected volatility. The comparable basic and diluted loss per common share for 2017 of $0.20 is significantly higher than 2016 and 2015 due to the higher loss for the year. The basic and diluted loss per common share for 2016 of $0.05 is lower than 2017 and 2015 due to the gain on the sale of Sunward Investments recognized in the year. The 2015 basic and diluted loss per common share of $0.12 is also affected by the additional shares issued during 2015 as a result of the Sunward acquisition completed in June 2015 as well as a lower loss figure compared to 2017. Fourth quarter results During the fourth quarter of 2017, we had a loss of $6.7 million compared to income earned of $2.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2016. The earnings in the fourth quarter of 2016 were due to the gain on sale of Sunward Investments of $4.4 million offsetting net expenses of $2.0 million. There is no comparable gain on the sale of Sunward Investments in the fourth quarter of 2017 as it was a non-recurring item. We incurred $4.7 million of mineral property expenses in the fourth quarter of 2017 compared to $1.0 million of mineral property expenses in the fourth quarter of 2016. The increase in mineral property expenses is due to the length and size of the field program in 2017 compared to 2016. Our 2017 field program was a significantly larger program and longer program resulting in a significant portion of mineral property expenses incurred in the fourth quarter as we were operating through September and October of 2017. In 2016, the field program wrapped up during the third quarter. The difference in timing and size of the programs accounts for the significant movement between the periods. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 6 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Selected financial data Annual information The following annual information is prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Interest income Expenses Loss from continuing operations for the year (Income)/Loss from discontinued operations for the year Loss and comprehensive loss for the year Total assets Total liabilities Quarterly information Interest and other income Mineral property expenses Income (loss) from discontinued operations for the period Earnings (loss) for the period Earnings (loss) per common share – basic and diluted Year ended November 30, 2017 $ 59 18,930 21,104 - 21,104 40,279 14,614 Year ended November 30, 2016 $ 61 8,918 8,712 (3,850) 4,862 46,747 593 in thousands of dollars Year ended November 30, 2015 $ 24 9,158 9,134 398 9,532 51,181 751 Q4 2017 11/30/17 $ 13 4,693 - (6,726) (0.06) Q3 2017 08/31/17 $ 23 8,471 - (8,992) (0.09) Q2 2017 05/31/17 $ 12 1,297 - (2,390) (0.02) Q1 2017 02/28/17 $ 11 639 - (2,996) (0.03) Q4 2016 11/30/16 $ 10 970 4,561 2,736 0.03 in thousands of dollars, except per share amounts Q3 2016 08/31/16 $ 16 3,077 (352) (4,255) (0.04) Q2 2016 05/31/16 $ 18 458 (187) (1,648) (0.02) Q1 2016 02/29/16 $ 18 532 (172) (1,695) (0.02) Factors that can cause fluctuations in our quarterly results include the length of the exploration field season at the properties, the type of program conducted, stock option vesting, and issuance of shares. Other factors that have caused fluctuations in the quarterly results that would not be expected to re-occur include the acquisition and disposition of Sunward and financing activities. Our loss for the first quarter ended February 29, 2016 is comparable to typical first quarter losses in that it consists mainly of mineral property expenses relating to engineering studies completed in advance of the 2016 field program. The loss is increased slightly due to costs related to operating Sunward of $0.2 million when compared to periods when Trilogy did not own Sunward. During the second quarter of 2016, we incurred $0.5 million in mineral property expenses due to the field season starting up in the last month of the second quarter and $0.2 million in discontinued operations relating to Sunward. During the third quarter of 2016, we incurred mineral property expenses of $3.1 million as we completed our drilling program. As a result, our loss for the third quarter ended August 31, 2016 is higher compared to previous quarter losses and consistent with the spending in the third quarter of 2015. We recognized earnings for the fourth quarter of 2016 of $2.7 million due to the gain on the sale of Sunward. Adjusted for the discontinued operations, the fourth quarter periods are substantially comparable. Our loss for the first quarter ended February 28, 2017 of $3.0 million is significantly increased compared to prior quarterly periods due to an unrealized loss on held for trading investments of $1.2 million. The investments are classified as held for trading and changes in the fair value of the investments are recorded through the statement of loss. Our loss for the second quarter ended May 31, 2017 of $2.4 million is significantly increased from the comparable period due to a significant increase is the size of our field program resulting in increased mineral property expenses of $1.3 million. Similarly, our loss for the third quarter ended August 31, 2017 of $9.0 million is significantly increased from the comparable loss of $4.3 million in the third quarter ended August 31, 2016 due to the size of the 2017 field program which is more than double the 2016 field program. The loss of $6.7 million for the fourth quarter ended November 30, 2017 is significantly increased compared to the earnings of $2.7 million recognized for the fourth quarter ended November 30, 2016. As discussed above under fourth quarter results, in 2016, a gain of $4.4 million was recognized on the sale of Sunward Investments, a non-recurring disposal of assets. The loss for the fourth quarter ended November 30, 2017 of $6.7 is significantly increased due to the length of the field program undertaken in 2017 which operated during the majority of the fourth quarter. In 2016, the field program did not extend into the fourth quarter and as such, mineral property expenses of $1.0 million incurred were related to engineering and other desktop studies undertaken during the comparable period. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 7 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Liquidity and capital resources At November 30, 2017, we had $5.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. We expended $15.4 million on operating activities during the 2017 fiscal year compared with $8.9 million for operating activities for the same period in 2016, and expenditures of $8.4 million for operating activities for the same period in 2015. A majority of cash spent on operating activities during all periods was expended on mineral property expenses, general and administrative expenses, salaries and professional fees. The increase in cash spent in the year ended November 30, 2017 is mainly due to increased mineral property expenses of $10.1 million offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $3.5 million. As at November 30, 2017, the Company had consolidated cash of $5.4 million and working capital of $5.0 million. The Company continues to manage its cash expenditures through the sale of investments, funding from South32, and its working capital. The Company will need to raise additional funds to support its operations and administration expenses. Future sources of liquidity may include debt financing, equity financing, convertible debt, exercise of options, or other means. The continued operations of the Company are dependent on its ability to obtain additional financing or to generate future cash flows. During the years ended November 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we have not undertaken significant financing activities. During the year ended November 30, 2017, we raised $13.5 million from investing activities. $10.4 million was raised through mineral property funding from South32, $3.5 million from proceeds from the sale of investments in GMI, net of $0.3 million expended on capital purchases. During the year ended November 30, 2106, we raised $0.2 million in sales from investments acquired through the sale of Sunward Investments. During the year ended November 30, 2015, we generated $19.4 million from investing activities through the acquisition of Sunward. Through December 2017 and January 2018, the Company has received proceeds of C$1.4 million from the sale of investments in GMI. In total, we have sold to the end of January 3,675,500 GMI shares for gross proceeds of C$6.1 million and have a further 1,325,000 GMI shares which we will continue to sell. Contractual obligations Contractual obligated undiscounted cash flow requirements as at November 30, 2017 are as follows. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Office lease Total in thousands of dollars, unless otherwise specified Total $ 4,249 1,272 5,521 < 1 Year $ 4,249 173 4,422 1–3 Years $ - 179 179 3–5 Years $ - 587 587 > 5 Years $ - 333 333 On February 21, 2017, the Company entered into a lease for office space effective July 1, 2017 for a period of seven years with a total commitment of $1.3 million. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 8 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Off-balance sheet arrangements We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements. The Company has lease commitments for office space with a remaining total commitment of $1.3 million. Outstanding share data At February 1, 2018, we had 106,536,276 common shares issued and outstanding. At February 1, 2018, we had outstanding 6,521,740 warrants with an exercise price of $1.60 each, 9,130,738 stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.61, 1,140,030 DSUs, 400,002 RSUs, and 20,685 NovaGold DSUs for which the holder is entitled to receive one common share for every six NovaGold shares received. For additional information on NovaGold Arrangement Options and NovaGold DSUs, please refer to note 9 in our November 30, 2017 audited consolidated financial statements. Upon exercising all of the forgoing convertible securities, the Company would be required to issue an aggregate of 17,195,957 common shares. Financial instruments Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, deposits, investments, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and embedded derivatives. The fair value of the financial instruments approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of their maturity. Our financial instruments initially measured at fair value and then held at amortized cost include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, deposits, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Our investments are held for trading and are marked-to-market at each period end with changes in fair value recorded to the statement of loss. The South32 purchase option is a derivative financial liability measured at fair value with changes in value recorded to the statement of loss. (a) Currency risk Currency risk is the risk of a fluctuation in financial asset and liability settlement amounts due to a change in foreign exchange rates. We operate in the United States and Canada. Our exposure to currency risk at November 30, 2017 is limited the Canadian dollar balances consisting of cash of CDN$2,454,000, accounts receivable of CDN$513,000, deposit amounts of CDN$116,000, investments of CDN$3,242,000 and accounts payable of CDN$1,275,000. Based on a 10% change in the US-Canadian exchange rate, assuming all other variables remain constant, our net loss would change by approximately $356,000. (b) Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of an unexpected loss if a customer or third party to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. We holds cash and cash equivalents with Canadian Chartered financial institutions. Our accounts receivable consist of GST receivable from the Federal Government of Canada, receivable for tenant improvements and other receivables for recoverable expenses. Our exposure to credit risk is equal to the balance of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable as recorded in the financial statements. (c) Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that we will encounter difficulties raising funds to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. We are in the exploration stage and does not have cash inflows from operations; therefore, we manage liquidity risk through the management of its capital structure and financial leverage. Management does expect to monetize its investments held over the next year to assist in meeting its operational requirements. Future sources of liquidity may the sale of investments, equity financing, the exercise of mineral properties option, debt financing, convertible debt, or other means. Our contractually obligated cash flow is disclosed under the section titled “Contractual Obligations.” (d) Interest rate risk Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to interest earned on cash and cash equivalents. Based on balances as at November 30, 2017, a 1% change in interest rates would result in a change in net loss of $0.1 million, assuming all other variables remain constant. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 9 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) As we are currently in the exploration phase none of our financial instruments are exposed to commodity price risk; however, our ability to obtain long-term financing and its economic viability could be affected by commodity price volatility. New accounting pronouncements Certain recent accounting pronouncements have been included under note 2 in our November 30, 2017 audited consolidated financial statements Critical accounting estimates The most critical accounting estimates upon which our financial status depends are those requiring estimates of the recoverability of our capitalized mineral properties, impairment of long-lived assets, income taxes and valuation of stock-based compensation. Mineral properties and development costs All direct costs related to the acquisition of mineral property interests are capitalized. The acquisition of title to mineral properties is a complicated and uncertain process. The Company has taken steps, in accordance with industry standards, to verify the title to mineral properties in which it has an interest. Although the Company has made efforts to ensure that legal title to its mining assets is properly recorded, there can be no assurance that such title will be secured indefinitely. Impairment of long-lived assets Management assesses the possibility of impairment in the carrying value of its long-lived assets whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Significant judgments are made in assessing the possibility of impairment. Management considers several factors in considering if an indicator of impairment has occurred, including but not limited to, indications of value from external sources, significant changes in the legal, business or regulatory environment, and adverse changes in the use or physical condition of the asset. These factors are subjective and require consideration at each period end. If an indicator of impairment is determined to exist, management calculates the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows relating to the asset or asset group using estimated future prices, mineral resources, and operating, capital and reclamation costs. When the carrying value of an asset exceeds the related undiscounted cash flows, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is usually determined using discounted future cash flows. Management’s estimates of mineral prices, mineral resources, foreign exchange rates, production levels and operating capital and reclamation costs are subject to risk and uncertainties that may affect the determination of the recoverability of the long-lived asset. Income taxes We must make estimates and judgments in determining the provision for income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits including interest and penalties. We are subject to income tax law in the United States and Canada. The evaluation of tax liabilities involving uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulation is based on factors such as changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, new audit activity, and effectively settled issues. The evaluation of an uncertain tax position requires significant judgment, and a change in such recognition would result in an additional charge to the income tax expense and liability. Stock-based compensation Compensation expense for options granted to employees, directors and certain service providers is determined based on estimated fair values of the options at the time of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which takes into account, as of the grant date, the fair market value of the shares, expected volatility, expected life, expected forfeiture rate, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate over the expected life of the option. The use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires input estimation of the expected life of the option, volatility, and forfeiture rate which can have a significant impact on the valuation model, and resulting expense recorded. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 10 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) South32 Option Agreement The option to form the JV LLC is recognized as a financial instrument at inception of the arrangement with an initial fair value of $nil. This option is required to be re-measured at fair value at each reporting date with any changes in fair value recorded in loss for the period. Disclosure controls and procedures Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted by the Company under U.S. and Canadian securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in those rules, including providing reasonable assurance that material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to permit timely decisions regarding public disclosure. Management, including the CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the US Exchange Act and the rules of Canadian Securities Administration, as at November 30, 2017. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as at November 30, 2017. Internal control over financial reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) of the U.S. Exchange Act and National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuer’s Annual and Interim filings. Any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Management has used the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that as at November 30, 2017, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. Risk factors Trilogy and its future business, operations and financial condition are subject to various risks and uncertainties due to the nature of its business and the present stage of exploration of its mineral properties. Certain of these risks and uncertainties are under the heading “Risk Factors” under Trilogy’s Form 10-K dated February 1 2018 available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov and on our website at www.trilogymetals.com. Additional information Additional information regarding the Company, including our annual report on Form 10-K, is available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov and on our website at www.trilogymetals.com. Cautionary notes Forward-looking statements This Management’s Discussion and Analysis contains “forward-looking information” and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and other applicable securities laws. These forward-looking statements may include statements regarding perceived merit of properties, anticipated timing of the Arctic PFS, exploration results and budgets, mineral reserves and resource estimates, work programs, capital expenditures, operating costs, cash flow estimates, production estimates and similar statements relating to the economic viability of a project, timelines, strategic plans, statements relating to anticipated activity with respect to the Ambler Mining District Industrial Access Project, including the Company’s plans and expectations relating to its Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects, market prices for precious and base metals, or other statements that are not statements of fact. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management. Statements concerning mineral resource estimates may also be deemed to constitute “forward-looking statements” to the extent that they involve estimates of the mineralization that will be encountered if the property is developed. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 11 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, identified by words or phrases such as “expects”, “is expected”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “plans”, “projects”, “estimates”, “assumes”, “intends”, “strategy”, “goals”, “objectives”, “potential”, “possible” or variations thereof or stating that certain actions, events, conditions or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “should”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved, or the negative of any of these terms and similar expressions) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on a number of material assumptions, including those listed below, which could prove to be significantly incorrect: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) assumptions made in the interpretation of drill results, and of the geology, grade and continuity of the Company’s mineral deposits; our ability to achieve production at any of the Company’s mineral exploration and development properties; our expected ability to develop adequate infrastructure and that the cost of doing so will be reasonable; assumptions that all necessary permits and governmental approvals will be obtained; estimated capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns; estimated metal pricing, metallurgy, mineability, marketability and operating and capital costs, together with other assumptions underlying the Company’s resource and reserve estimates; continued good relationships with local communities and other stakeholders; our expectations regarding demand for equipment, skilled labour and services needed for exploration and development of mineral properties; assumptions regarding the merit of litigation; and that our activities will not be adversely disrupted or impeded by development, operating or regulatory risks. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual events or results to differ from those reflected in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) risks related to inability to define proven and probable reserves; risks related to our ability to finance the development of our mineral properties through external financing, strategic alliances, the sale of property interests or otherwise; none of the Company’s mineral properties are in production or are under development; uncertainties relating to the assumptions underlying our resource estimates, such as metal pricing, metallurgy, mineability, marketability and operating and capital costs; risks related to lack of infrastructure including but not limited to the risk whether or not the AMDIAP will receive the requisite permits and, if it does, whether AIDEA will build the AMDIAP; uncertainty as to whether there will ever be production at the Company’s mineral exploration and development properties; uncertainty as to estimates of capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns; risks related to our ability to commence production and generate material revenues or obtain adequate financing for our planned exploration and development activities; risks related to future sales or issuances of equity securities decreasing the value of existing Trilogy common shares, diluting voting power and reducing future earnings per share; risks related to market events and general economic conditions; uncertainty related to inferred mineral resources; uncertainty related to the economic projections contained herein derived from the Preliminary Economic Assessment titled “Preliminary Economic Assessment Report on the Arctic Project, Ambler Mining District, Northwest Alaska” dated effective September 12, 2013; risks related to inclement weather which may delay or hinder exploration activities at its mineral properties; risks and uncertainties relating to the interpretation of drill results, the geology, grade and continuity of our mineral deposits; (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) mining and development risks, including risks related to infrastructure, accidents, equipment breakdowns, labor disputes or other unanticipated difficulties with or interruptions in development, construction or production; Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 12 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the risk that permits and governmental approvals necessary to develop and operate mines at our mineral properties will not be available on a timely basis or at all; commodity price fluctuations; risks related to governmental regulation and permits, including environmental regulation, including the risk that more stringent requirements or standards may be adopted or applied due to circumstances unrelated to the Company and outside of its control; risks related to the need for reclamation activities on our properties and uncertainty of cost estimates related thereto; uncertainty related to title to our mineral properties; our history of losses and expectation of future losses; risks related to increases in demand for equipment, skilled labor and services needed for exploration and development of mineral properties, and related cost increases; our need to attract and retain qualified management and technical personnel; risks related to conflicts of interests of some of our directors and officers; risks related to potential future litigation; risks related to the voting power of our major shareholders and the impact that a sale by such shareholders may have on our share price; risks related to global climate change; risks related to adverse publicity from non-governmental organizations; uncertainty as to the volatility in the price of the Company’s shares; the Company’s expectation of not paying cash dividends; adverse federal income tax consequences for U.S. shareholders should the Company be a passive foreign investment company; uncertainty as to our ability to maintain the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting as per the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and increased regulatory compliance costs, associated with rules and regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), Canadian Securities Administrators, the NYSE American, the TSX, and the Financial Accounting Standards Boards, and more specifically, our efforts to comply with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of the Company’s forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements about the future and are inherently uncertain, and actual achievements of the Company or other future events or conditions may differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation, those referred to in Trilogy’s Form 10-K dated February 1, 2018, filed with the Canadian securities regulatory authorities and the SEC, and other information released by Trilogy and filed with the appropriate regulatory agencies. The Company’s forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs, expectations and opinions of management on the date the statements are made, and the Company does not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements if circumstances or management’s beliefs, expectations or opinions should change, except as required by law. For the reasons set forth above, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 13 Trilogy Metals Inc. Management’s Discussion & Analysis (expressed in US dollars) Cautionary note to United States investors Reserve and resource estimates This Management’s Discussion and Analysis has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of U.S. securities laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all resource and reserve estimates included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis have been prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators which establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, differ significantly from the requirements of the SEC, and resource and reserve information contained herein may not be comparable to similar information disclosed by U.S. companies. In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “resource” does not equate to the term “reserves”. Under U.S. standards, mineralization may not be classified as a “reserve” unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. The SEC’s disclosure standards normally do not permit the inclusion of information concerning “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” or “inferred mineral resources” or other descriptions of the amount of mineralization in mineral deposits that do not constitute “reserves” by U.S. standards in documents filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. U.S. investors should also understand that “inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. Under Canadian rules, estimated “inferred mineral resources” may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an “inferred mineral resource” exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC standards as in-place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. The requirements of NI 43-101 for identification of “reserves” are also not the same as those of the SEC, and reserves reported by the Company in compliance with NI 43-101 may not qualify as “reserves” under SEC standards. Accordingly, information concerning mineral deposits set forth herein may not be comparable with information made public by companies that report in accordance with U.S. standards. Trilogy Metals Inc. Year End 2017 14 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Not applicable. 79 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Trilogy Metals Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements November 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (expressed in US dollars) 80 Table of Contents Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The management of Trilogy Metals Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting under Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the U.S. Exchange Act. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 defines this as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, and includes those policies and procedures that: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that may have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2017. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based upon our assessment and those criteria, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of November 30, 2017. /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse /s/ Elaine Sanders Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse President & Chief Executive Officer February 1, 2018 Elaine Sanders Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 3 To the Shareholders of Trilogy Metals Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trilogy Metals Inc. as of November 30, 2017 and 2016 and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended November 30, 2017. Management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Trilogy Metals Inc. as of November 30, 2017 and 2016 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended November 30, 2017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. signed “PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP” Chartered Professional Accountants Vancouver, British Columbia February 1, 2018 Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 4 Trilogy Metals Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets As at November 30, 2017 and 2016 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Deposits and prepaid amounts Current investments (note 3) Investments (note 3) Plant and equipment (note 4) Mineral properties and development costs (note 5) Liabilities Current liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 6) Mineral properties purchase option (note 5c) Shareholders’ equity Share capital (note 9) – unlimited common shares authorized, no par value Issued –105,684,523 (2016 – 105,286,469) Warrants (note 9(e)) Contributed surplus Contributed surplus – options (note 9(a, b)) Contributed surplus – units (note 9(d)) Deficit November 30, 2017 $ in thousands of US dollars November 30, 2016 $ 5,391 470 837 2,516 9,214 - 478 30,587 40,279 4,249 4,249 10,365 14,614 136,525 2,163 124 18,402 1,319 (132,868) 25,665 40,279 7,340 47 724 7,538 15,649 297 215 30,586 46,747 593 593 - 593 136,357 2,163 124 18,134 1,140 (111,764) 46,154 46,747 Commitments and contingencies (notes 5, 9, 12, 13,14) Subsequent events (note 14) /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse, Director /s/ Kalidas Madhavpeddi, Director (See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements) Approved on behalf of the Board of Directors Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 5 Trilogy Metals Inc. Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss For the Years Ended November 30 in thousands of US dollars, except share and per share amounts Expenses Amortization Foreign exchange (gain) loss General and administrative Investor relations Mineral properties expense (note 5(d)) Professional fees Salaries Salaries – stock-based compensation Total expenses Other items Unrealized loss (gain) on held for trading investments Loss (gain) on sale of investments Loss on disposal of equipment Interest and other income Loss from continuing operations for the year Loss from discontinued operations Gain on sale of Sunward Investments Ltd. (Income)/loss from discontinued operations for the year (note 7) Loss and comprehensive loss for the year 2017 $ 107 (395) 1,385 345 15,100 708 975 705 18,930 1,645 580 8 (59) 21,104 - - - 21,104 2016 $ 79 204 1,337 201 5,037 442 1,003 615 8,918 (88) (57) - (61) 8,712 598 (4,448) (3,850) 4,862 2015 $ 292 3 1,346 88 4,167 1,346 1,085 831 9,158 - - - (24) 9,134 398 - 398 9,532 Basic and diluted loss from continuing operations per common share Basic and diluted (earnings)/loss from discontinued operations per common share Basic and diluted loss per common share Weighted average number of common shares outstanding $ $ 0.20 - 0.20 105,562,769 $ $ $ 0.08 $ (0.04) $ 0.05 $ 105,103,952 0.11 0.01 0.12 80,312,913 (See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements) Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 6 Balance – 2014 Issuance pursuant to Sunward Arrangement Restricted Share Units to settle liability Exercise of options Exercise of Sunward Arrangement Options Restricted Share Units Deferred Share Units Stock-based compensation Loss for the year Balance – 2015 Exercise of options Restricted Share Units Deferred Share Units Stock-based compensation Loss for the year Balance – 2016 Exercise of options Restricted Share Units Stock-based compensation Loss for the year Balance – 2017 Trilogy Metals Inc. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity For the Years Ended November 30 Number of shares outstanding 60,296,365 43,116,312 - 7,499 347,999 795,368 232,878 - - 104,796,421 162,854 108,399 218,795 - - 105,286,469 188,856 209,198 - - 105,684,523 Share capital $ 111,833 22,851 - 7 177 819 353 - - 136,040 65 34 218 - - 136,357 85 83 - - 136,525 in thousands of US dollars, except share amounts Warrants $ 2,163 - - - - - - - - 2,163 - - - - - 2,163 - - - - 2,163 Contributed surplus $ 124 - - - - - - - - 124 - - - - - 124 - - - - 124 Contributed surplus – options $ 17,089 108 - (7) (35) - - 686 - 17,841 (65) - - 358 - 18,134 (85) - 353 - 18,402 Contributed surplus – units $ 2,008 - 183 - - (819) (353) 145 - 1,164 - (63) (218) 257 - 1,140 - (173) 352 - 1,319 Total shareholders’ equity $ 35,847 22,959 183 - 142 - - 831 (9,532) 50,430 - (29) - 615 (4,862) 46,154 - (90) 705 (21,104) 25,665 Deficit $ (97,370) - - - - - - - (9,532) (106,902) - - - - (4,862) (111,764) - - - (21,104) (132,868) (See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements) Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 7 Trilogy Metals Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended November 30 Cash flows used in operating activities Loss for the year Items not affecting cash Amortization Gain on sale of Sunward Investments Ltd. Loss (gain) on sale of investments, net of foreign exchange Loss on disposal of equipment Unrealized loss (gain) on held for trading investments Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss Stock-based compensation Net change in non-cash working capital Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable Decrease (increase) in deposits and prepaid amounts Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and due to related parties Cash flows from (used in) financing activities Proceeds received on exercise of Sunward Arrangement Options Settlement of Restricted Share Units Cash flows from (used in) investing activities Acquisition of plant & equipment Mineral properties funding (note 5) Proceeds from disposition of equipment Proceeds from the sale of investments, net of fees Net cash outflow from the disposition of Sunward Investments Ltd. Cash acquired through Sunward Arrangement (Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents – end of year Less cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations – end of year Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations – end of year Non-cash investing and financing activities Acquisition of investments from the sale of Sunward Investments Ltd. Issuance of common shares and arrangement options on acquisition of Sunward 2017 $ (21,104) 107 - 452 8 1,645 (265) 705 (423) (113) 3,577 (15,411) - (90) (90) (300) 10,365 - 3,479 - - 13,544 (1,957) 8 7,340 5,391 - 5,391 2017 $ - - (See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements) Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 in thousands of US dollars 2016 $ 2015 $ (4,862) 174 (4,448) (57) - (88) 184 615 (8) (59) (143) (8,692) - (29) (29) (122) - - 228 (184) - (78) (8,799) - 16,139 7,340 - 7,340 2016 $ 8,102 - (9,532) 355 - - - - - 831 156 (28) (217) (8,435) 142 - 142 (48) - 7 - - 19,399 19,358 11,065 - 5,074 16,139 (75) 16,064 2015 $ - 22,959 8 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 1 Nature of operations Trilogy Metals Inc., formerly NovaCopper Inc., (“Trilogy”, the “Company”, or “we”) was incorporated in British Columbia under the Business Corporations Act (BC) on April 27, 2011. The Company changed its name from NovaCopper Inc. to Trilogy Metals Inc. on September 1, 2016 to better reflect its diversified metals resource base. The Company is engaged in the exploration and development of mineral properties with a focus on the Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects (“UKMP”), including the Arctic and Bornite Projects located in Northwest Alaska in the United States of America (“US”). 2 Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of presentation These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of Trilogy and its wholly-owned subsidiary, NovaCopper US Inc. (“Trilogy Metals US”). All significant intercompany transactions are eliminated on consolidation. These consolidated financial statements included the accounts of Sunward Resources Ltd. (“Sunward”), Sunward Investments Ltd. (“Sunward Investments”) and Sunward Resources Limited (“Sunward BVI”) for the period June 19, 2015 to September 1, 2016, inclusive. At the time, Sunward BVI had a registered a branch, Sunward Resources Sucursal Colombia, to do business in Colombia. All figures are in United States dollars unless otherwise noted. References to CDN$ refer to amounts in Canadian dollars. These financial statements were approved by the Company’s Board of Directors for issue on February 1, 2018. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise of highly liquid investments maturing less than 90 days from date of initial investment. Cash and cash equivalents are designated as loans and receivables. Plant and equipment Plant and equipment are recorded at cost and amortization begins when the asset is put into service. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the respective assets’ estimated useful lives. Amortization periods by asset class are: Computer hardware and software Machinery and equipment Office furniture and equipment Vehicles Leasehold Improvements Mineral properties and development costs 3 years 3 years 5 years 3 years lease term All direct costs related to the acquisition of mineral property interests are capitalized. Mineral property exploration expenditures are expensed when incurred. When it has been established that a mineral deposit is commercially mineable, an economic analysis has been completed in accordance with SEC Industry Guide 7 and permits are obtained, the costs subsequently incurred to develop a mine on the property prior to the start of mining operations are capitalized. Capitalized costs will be amortized following commencement of production using the unit of production method over the estimated life of proven and probable reserves. The acquisition of title to mineral properties is a complicated and uncertain process. The Company has taken steps, in accordance with industry standards, to verify the title to mineral properties in which it has an interest. Although the Company has made efforts to ensure that legal titles to its mining assets are properly recorded, there can be no assurance that such title will be secured indefinitely. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 9 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Impairment of long-lived assets Management assesses the possibility of impairment in the carrying value of long-lived assets whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Management calculates the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows relating to the asset or asset group using estimated future prices, proven and probable reserves and other mineral resources, and operating, capital and reclamation costs. When the carrying value of an asset exceeds the related undiscounted cash flows, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is usually determined using discounted future cash flows. Management’s estimates of mineral prices, mineral resources, foreign exchange rates, production levels operating, capital and reclamation costs are subject to risk and uncertainties that may affect the determination of the recoverability of the long-lived asset. It is possible that material changes could occur that may adversely affect management’s estimates. Income taxes The liability method of accounting for income taxes is used and is based on differences between the accounting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the tax and accounting basis of assets and liabilities as well as for the benefit of losses available to be carried forward to future years for tax purposes using enacted income tax rates expected to be in effect for the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax assets are evaluated and, if realization is not considered more likely than not, a valuation allowance is provided. Uncertainty in income tax positions The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is at least more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Any tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with the taxing authorities. Related interest and penalties, if any, are recorded as tax expense in the tax provision. Financial instruments Held-for-trading financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value as determined by active market prices or valuation models, as appropriate. Valuation models require the use of assumptions which may include the expected life of the instrument, the expected volatility, dividend payouts, and interest rates. In determining these assumptions, management uses readily observable market inputs where available or, where not available, inputs generated by management. Changes in fair value of held-for-trading financial instruments are recorded in income or loss for the period. Held- for-trading financial assets consist of common share and warrant investments in a publicly-held mining company. Available-for-sale financial assets are recorded at fair value as determined by active market prices. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments are recognized in other comprehensive income. If a decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the unrealized loss is recognized in net earnings. Investments in equity instruments that do not have an active quoted market price are measured at cost. The Company has no available-for-sale financial assets. Loans and receivables are recorded initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred, and subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Loans and receivables consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and deposits. Other financial liabilities are recorded initially at fair value and subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Other financial liabilities include accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 10 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Translation of foreign currencies Monetary assets and liabilities are translated into United States dollar at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date, and non-monetary assets and liabilities at the exchange rate in effect at the time of acquisition or issue. Income and expenses are translated at rates approximating the exchange rate in effect at the time of transactions. Exchange gains or losses arising on translation are included in income or loss for the period. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiary and the Company’s reporting currency is the United States dollar. Earnings and loss per share Earnings and loss per common share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. The Company follows the treasury stock method in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used for the calculation of diluted loss per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive stock options and warrants are used to repurchase common shares at the average market price during the period. Stock-based compensation Compensation expense for options granted to employees, directors and certain service providers is determined based on estimated fair values of the options at the time of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which takes into account, as of the grant date, the fair market value of the shares, expected volatility, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate over the expected life of the option. The compensation cost is recognized using the graded attribution method over the vesting period of the respective options. The expense relating to the fair value of stock options is included in expenses and is credited to contributed surplus. Shares are issued from treasury in settlement of options exercised. Compensation expense for restricted share units (“RSUs”) and deferred share units (“DSUs”) granted to employees and directors, respectively, is determined based on estimated fair values of the units at the time of grant using quoted market prices or at the time the units qualify for equity classification under ASC 718. The cost is recognized using the graded attribution method over the vesting period of the respective units. The expense relating to the fair value of the units is included in expenses and is credited to other liabilities or contributed surplus based on the unit’s classification. Units may be settled in either i) cash, and/or ii) shares purchased in the open market, and/or iii) shares issued from treasury, at the Company’s election at the time of vesting. Use of estimates and measurement uncertainties The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions of future events that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenditures during the period. Significant estimates include the assessment of impairment of mineral properties, , income taxes, and the valuation of stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ materially from those reported. Accounting standards adopted Statement of cash flows In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance regarding the presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows (“ASU 2016-18”). This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The Company has analyzed the impact of the update and determined that the clarification will not affect the Company’s presentation on its statement of cash flows. The Company early adopted the standard during the year. As there was no impact on the Company’s statement of cash flows, there were no changes as a result of adopting the standard. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 11 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Recent accounting pronouncements i. Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued new accounting requirements for accounting for, presentation of, and classification of leases (“ASU 2016-02”). This will result in most leases being capitalized as a right of use asset with a related liability on the balance sheets. The requirements of the new standard are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods, which for us is the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. We expect the adoption will have an impact as we expect to capitalize leases, specifically our office leases that are not currently recognized on the balance sheets and we are in the process of analyzing the quantitative impact of this guidance on our results of operations and financial position. The impact of this adoption will increase asset and liability balances as part of recognizing the leases on the balance sheet. It will impact the statement of loss and comprehensive loss due to the recognition of depreciation on the leased assets and interest expense from the lease liability compared to the current recognition of lease expense as incurred. ii. Financial instruments In March 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on classifying and measuring financial instruments (“ASU 2016-02”). This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The Company has analyzed the impact of the update and determined that the changes to classification and measurement of financial instruments are not expected to have an impact as the Company’s current equity investments are held at fair value with changes recorded to the statement of loss and comprehensive loss. The remaining changes in the update do not have an effect on the Company’s accounting for financial instruments. The standard will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018. iii. Stock-based compensation In March 2016, the FASB issued new guidance simplifying the accounting for stock-based compensation transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as equity or liabilities, forfeitures, and classification on the statement of cash flows (“ASU 2016- 09”). This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. The Company has analyzed the impact of the update and determined that the simplification applied to accounting for forfeitures may affect the results of operations and financial position as it could alter the timing of recognition of forfeitures. The Company is currently considering its policy choice. The remaining changes in the update do not have an effect on the Company’s accounting for stock-based compensation. The standard will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018. iv. Business combinations In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance to assist in determining if a set of assets and activities being acquired or sold is a business (“ASU 2017-01”). It also provided a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and a substantive process are present, which at a minimum, must be present to be considered a business. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted in most circumstances. The standard does not have an impact to the Company’s historical recognition of asset acquisitions and business combinations, however, it expects there would be an impact to how the Company accounts for assets acquired in the future. The Company plans to adopt the standard early for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 12 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 3 Investments On September 1, 2016, Trilogy acquired 5,000,000 common shares of GoldMining Inc. (“GMI”), formerly Brazil Resources Inc., a public company listed on the TSX-Venture exchange, and 1,000,000 warrants, with each warrant exercisable into one common share of GMI until September 1, 2018 at an exercise price of CDN$3.50, through its sale of Sunward Investments. Sunward Investments, through a subsidiary, owned 100% of the Titiribi gold-copper exploration project (note 7). The common shares and warrants received have been designated as held-for-trading financial assets. The fair value of the common shares is determined based on the closing price at each period end. The fair value of the GMI warrants is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model at each period end. Current investments Long-term investments Investments November 30, 2017 $ in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 $ 2,516 - 2,516 7,538 297 7,835 During the year ended November 30, 2017, the Company sold 2,525,000 common shares of GMI for proceeds of $3.5 million and realized a loss on sale of $0.6 million. During the year ended November 30, 2016, the Company sold 110,000 common shares of GMI for net proceeds of $0.2 million and realized a gain on sale of $0.06 million. For the year ended November 30, 2017, the Company recorded an unrealized loss on the common shares and warrants of GMI of $1.6 million (2016 - gain of $0.1 million). As at November 30, 2017, the Company held 2,365,000 (2016 – 4,890,000) common shares of GMI and 1,000,000 (2016 – 1,000,000) warrants. 4 Plant and equipment British Columbia, Canada Furniture and equipment Leasehold improvements Computer hardware and software Alaska, USA Machinery, and equipment Vehicles Computer hardware and software British Columbia, Canada Furniture and equipment Leasehold improvements Computer hardware and software Alaska, USA Machinery, and equipment Vehicles Computer hardware and software Cost $ 63 85 108 3,178 348 35 3,817 Cost $ 46 32 108 2,921 348 31 3,486 in thousands of dollars November 30, 2017 Accumulated amortization $ (4) (34) (105) (2,855) (309) (32) (3,339) Net $ 59 51 3 323 39 3 478 in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 Accumulated amortization $ (33) (28) (96) (2,798) (285) (31) (3,271) Net $ 13 4 12 123 63 - 215 13 Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 5 Mineral properties and development costs Alaska, USA Ambler (a) Bornite (b) Alaska, USA Ambler (a) Bornite (b) (a) Ambler November 30, 2016 $ Acquisition costs $ in thousands of dollars November 30, 2017 $ 26,586 4,000 30,586 1 - - 26,587 4,000 30,587 November 30, 2015 $ Acquisition costs $ in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 $ 26,586 4,000 30,586 - - 26,586 4,000 30,586 On January 11, 2010, NovaGold Resources Inc. (“NovaGold”), through Alaska Gold Company (“AGC”), at the time a wholly-owned subsidiary, purchased 100% of the Ambler lands in Northwest Alaska, which contains the copper-zinc-lead-gold-silver Arctic Project and other mineralized targets within the volcanogenic massive sulfide belt, through a series of cash and share payments. Total fair value of the consideration was $26.6 million. The vendor retained a 1% net smelter return royalty that can be purchased at any time for a one-time payment of $10.0 million. The Ambler lands were acquired on October 17, 2011 by Trilogy Metals US through a purchase and sale agreement with AGC. On October 24, 2011, NovaGold transferred its ownership of Trilogy Metals US to the Company, then a wholly owned subsidiary of NovaGold, which was subsequently spun-out to NovaGold shareholders and publicly listed on April 30, 2012 (“NovaGold Arrangement”). Minor staking of $1 added to the Ambler land holdings during the year ended November 30, 2017. (b) Bornite On October 19, 2011, Trilogy Metals US acquired the exclusive right to explore and the non-exclusive right to access and enter on the Bornite lands, and lands deeded to NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. (“NANA”) through the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, located adjacent to the Ambler lands in Northwest Alaska. As consideration, Trilogy Metals US paid $4 million to acquire the right to explore and develop the combined Upper Kobuk Mineral Projects through an Exploration Agreement and Option to Lease with NANA. Upon a decision to proceed with construction of a mine on the lands, NANA maintains the right to purchase between a 16%-25% ownership interest in the mine or retain a 15% net proceeds royalty which is payable after Trilogy Metals US has recovered certain historical costs, including capital and cost of capital. Should NANA elect to purchase an ownership interest, consideration will be payable equal to all historical costs incurred on the properties at the elected percentage purchased less $40 million, not to be less than zero. The parties would form a joint venture and be responsible for all future costs, including capital costs of the mine based on their pro-rata share. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 14 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements NANA would also be granted a net smelter return royalty of between 1% and 2.5% upon the execution of a mining lease or a surface use agreement, the amount of which is determined by the classification of land from which production originates. (c) Option Agreement On April 10, 2017, Trilogy and Trilogy Metals US entered into an Option Agreement to Form a Joint Venture with South32 Group Operations Pty Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of South32 Limited, (“South32”) on the UKMP (“Option Agreement”). Trilogy Metals US has granted South32 the right to form a 50/50 joint venture to hold all of Trilogy Metals US’ Alaskan assets. Upon exercise of the option, Trilogy Metals US will transfer its Alaskan assets, including the UKMP, and South32 will contribute a minimum of $150 million to a newly formed limited liability company (“JV LLC”), plus any amounts Trilogy Metals US spends at the Arctic Project over the next three years to a maximum of $5 million per year (the “Subscription Price”), less an amount of the initial funding contributed by South32. To maintain the option in good standing, South32 is required to fund a minimum of $10 million per year for up to a three year period, which funds will be used to execute a mutually agreed upon program at the UKMP. The funds provided by South32 may only be expended based on the approved program. Provided that all the exploration data and information has been made available to South32 by no later than December 31 of each year, South32 must decide by the end of January of the following year whether: (i) to fund a further tranche of a minimum of $10 million, or (ii) to withdraw and not provide any further annual funding. If the election to fund a further tranche is not made in January, South32 has until the end of March to exercise the option to form the JV LLC and make the subscription payment. The Company received $10.0 million for the first payment following the approval of the year 1 program and budget in April 2017. These funds were expended on the year 1 program at the Bornite Project during the year. In October 2017, the Company received $0.4 million as a first instalment towards the year 2 program and budget to begin preparatory work. The Company is responsible for the disbursement of these funds in accordance with the approved program and budget and accordingly has not classified the funds as restricted cash. As the initial option payments are credited against the future subscription price upon exercise, the Company has accounted for the payment received as deferred consideration for the purchase of the UKMP interest. At such time as the option is exercised, the initial payments received to that date will be recognized as part of the consideration received for the Company’s contribution of the UKMP into JV LLC. If South 32 withdraws from the Option Agreement, the consideration will be recognized in the statement of loss at that time. The option to form the JV LLC is recognized as a financial instrument at inception of the arrangement with an initial fair value of $nil. This option is required to be re-measured at fair value at each reporting date with any changes in fair value recorded in loss for the period. The Company determined that the fair value of the option is still at $nil as at November 30, 2017. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 15 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (d) Mineral properties expense The following table summarizes mineral properties expense for the years ended November 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and includes expenditures funded by South32, as applicable. In thousands of dollars Alaska, USA Community Drilling Engineering Environmental Geochemistry and geophysics Land and permitting Other income Project support Wages and benefits Mineral property expense 2017 $ 318 5,074 1,840 299 357 795 (25) 3,836 2,606 15,100 2016 $ 299 712 699 314 82 426 (34) 1,254 1,285 5,037 2015 $ 126 698 441 88 70 421 (209) 1,411 1,122 4,167 Mineral property expenses consist of direct drilling, personnel, community, resource reporting and other exploration expenses as outlined above, as well as indirect project support expenses such as fixed wing charters, helicopter support, fuel, and other camp operation costs. Cumulative mineral properties expense in Alaska from the initial earn-in agreement on the property in 2004 to November 30, 2017 is $78.1 million and cumulative acquisition costs are $30.6 million totaling $108.7 million spent to date. 6 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Trade accounts payable Accrued liabilities Accrued salaries and vacation Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 7 Sale of Sunward Investments Ltd November 30, 2017 $ 2,767 1,293 189 4,249 in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 $ 160 281 152 593 On September 1, 2016, Trilogy completed the sale of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Sunward Investments to GMI for consideration of 5,000,000 common shares of GMI valued at $7.8 million and 1,000,000 warrants, with each warrant exercisable into one common share of GMI for a period of two years at an exercise price of CDN$3.50, valued at $0.3 million, for total consideration of $8.1 million. Sunward Investments, through a subsidiary, owned 100% of the Titiribi gold-copper exploration project. Trilogy acquired Sunward Investments and the Titiribi project as part of its acquisition of Sunward in a business combination which closed on June 19, 2015 (note 8). The Company recognized a gain on the sale of Sunward Investments of $4.4 million as of September 1, 2016 as outlined below. Consideration received Cash reimbursement from GMI Net assets sold Transaction costs Gain on sale of Sunward Investments in thousands of dollars $ 8,102 51 (3,545) (160) 4,448 The fair value of the common shares received was determined based on the closing price of GMI of $1.56 (CDN$2.04) at the date of completion. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 16 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The common shares and warrants received have been designated as held-for-trading financial assets (note 3). Following the announcement, the Company classified the operations of Sunward Investments as discontinued operations, retrospectively. The following expenses comprise the discontinued operations of Sunward Investments and substantially the entire Colombian segment of the Company for the periods of ownership noted. Amortization Foreign exchange loss General and administrative Mineral properties expense Professional fees Discontinued operations expense for the year Gain on sale of Sunward Investments Ltd. (Income)/loss from discontinued operations for the year 8 Acquisition of Sunward Resources Ltd. December 1, 2015 - September 1, 2016 $ 95 4 5 460 34 598 (4,448) (3,850) in thousands of dollars June 19, 2015 – November 30, 2015 $ 63 23 3 309 - 398 - 398 On June 19, 2015, the Company closed a definitive agreement to acquire all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Sunward, by way of a court-approved plan of arrangement (the “Sunward Arrangement”). Under the terms of the Sunward Arrangement, Sunward shareholders received 0.3 of a Trilogy common share for each Sunward common share held. On June 19, 2015, the Company issued 43,116,312 common shares of Trilogy (“Common Shares”) to Sunward shareholders and holders of Sunward deferred share units pursuant to the Sunward Arrangement. Each Sunward stock option outstanding was exchanged for a fully-vested option (“Sunward Arrangement Option”) to purchase Trilogy Common Shares for a period of 90 days, with the number of shares issuable and exercise price adjusted based on an exchange ratio of 0.3 Trilogy options for each of Sunward’s 8,350,000 options outstanding immediately prior to completion of the arrangement. As a result, 2,505,000 Sunward Arrangement Options were exchanged for the Sunward options and all have subsequently been exercised or expired. Consideration transferred to consummate the Sunward Arrangement comprised of the issuance of 43,116,312 Common Shares valued at $22.9 million and 2,505,000 Sunward Arrangement options valued at $0.1 million. The value of the Common Shares issued was calculated based on the closing price of Trilogy Common Shares on June 18, 2015 of $0.53, the date of last trading prior to the closing of the acquisition. The fair value of the Sunward Arrangement Options was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Assumptions used in the pricing model in the measurement of the fair value of the Sunward Arrangement Options are as follows: Risk-free interest rates Exercise price Expected life Expected forfeiture rate Expected volatility Expected dividends 0.62% CDN$0.54-6.27 0.245 years 0% 50.2% Nil This acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under ASC 805. The Company incurred $0.8 million in acquisition costs related to the Sunward Arrangement which are included in professional fees on the consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss for the year ended November 30, 2015. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 17 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The following summarizes the consideration and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition: Consideration: Common shares issued (43,116,312 at $0.53 per share) Sunward Arrangement Options Total consideration Fair value of net assets acquired: Cash Accounts receivable Deposits and prepaid amounts Plant and equipment Mineral properties and developments costs Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Net Assets in thousands of dollars $ 22,851 108 22,959 19,399 19 104 343 3,264 (170) 22,959 The consolidated financial statements included herein reflect the results of operations of Sunward since the June 19, 2015 acquisition date. Following the announcement of the sale of Sunward Investments outlined in note 7, the operations were classified as discontinued operations. 9 Share capital Authorized: unlimited common shares, no par value November 30, 2014 Issued pursuant to the Sunward Arrangement Exercise of options Exercise of Sunward Arrangement Options Restricted Share Units Deferred Share Units November 30, 2015 Exercise of options Restricted Share Units Deferred Share Units November 30, 2016 Exercise of options Restricted Share Units November 30, 2017, issued and outstanding in thousands of dollars, except share amounts Ascribed value $ 111,833 22,851 7 177 819 353 136,040 65 34 218 136,357 85 83 136,525 Number of shares 60,296,365 43,116,312 7,499 347,999 795,368 232,878 104,796,421 162,854 108,399 218,795 105,286,469 188,856 209,198 105,684,523 On April 30, 2012, under the NovaGold Arrangement, Trilogy committed to issue common shares to satisfy holders of NovaGold deferred share units (“NovaGold DSUs”), once vested, on record as of the close of business April 27, 2012. When vested, Trilogy committed to deliver one Common Share to the holder for every six shares of NovaGold the holder is entitled to receive, rounded down to the nearest whole number. As of November 30, 2017, 20,685 NovaGold DSUs remain outstanding representing a right to receive 3,447 Common Shares in Trilogy, which will settle upon certain directors retiring from NovaGold’s board. Refer to note 8 for a description of Common Shares issued pursuant to the Sunward Arrangement. All Sunward Arrangement Options have been exercised or expired. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 18 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (a) Stock options The Company has a stock option plan providing for the issuance of options with a rolling maximum number equal to 10% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares at any given time. The Company may grant options to its directors, officers, employees and service providers. The exercise price of each option cannot be lower than the greater of market price or fair market value of the Common Shares (as such terms are defined in the plan) at the date of the option grant. The number of Common Shares optioned to any single optionee may not exceed 10% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares at the date of grant. The options are exercisable for a maximum of five years from the date of grant, and may be subject to vesting provisions. During the year ended November 30, 2017, 1,695,000 options (2016 – 1,785,000 options) at a weighted-average exercise price of CDN$0.69 (2016 - CDN$0.43) were granted to employees, consultants and directors exercisable for a period of five years with various vesting terms from immediate vesting to over a two year period. The weighted-average fair value attributable to options granted in 2017 was $0.22 (2016 - $0.13). The fair value of the stock options recognized in the period has been estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Assumptions used in the pricing model for the period are as provided below. Risk-free interest rates Exercise price Expected life Expected volatility Expected dividends November 30, 2017 November 30, 2016 November 30, 2015 0.90% CDN$0.69 3.0 years 74.2% Nil 0.52% CDN$0.43 3.0 years 59.4% Nil 0.42-1.12% CDN$0.55 3.0 years 56.8-59.5% Nil The Company recognized a stock option payment charge of $0.4 million for the year ended November 30, 2017 (2016 - $0.4 million; 2015 - $0.7 million), net of forfeitures. As of November 30, 2017, there were 993,342 non-vested options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of CDN$0.65; the non-vested stock option expense not yet recognized was $0.05 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over the next two years. A summary of the Company’s stock option plan and changes during the year ended is as follows: Balance – beginning of year Granted Exercised Forfeited Balance – end of year November 30, 2017 Weighted average exercise price $ 0.50 0.55 0.46 0.49 0.54 Number of options 6,049,433 1,695,000 (447,604) (169,329) 7,127,500 Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 19 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The following table summarizes information about the stock options outstanding at November 30, 2017. Range of price $0.33 to $0.50 $0.51 to $1.00 $1.01 to $1.54 Number of outstanding options 4,242,500 2,830,000 55,000 7,127,500 Weighted average years to expiry 2.70 3.08 0.42 2.84 Outstanding Weighted average exercise price $ 0.40 0.72 1.54 0.54 Exercisable Weighted average exercise price $ 0.41 0.78 1.54 0.54 Unvested Number of unvested options 266,669 726,673 - 993,342 Number of exercisable options 3,975,831 2,103,327 55,000 6,134,158 The aggregate intrinsic value of vested share options (the market value less the exercise price) at November 30, 2017 was $1.8 million (2016 - $0.6 million, 2015 - $nil) and the aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options in 2017 was $0.2 million (2016 - $0.1 million, 2015 - $nil). (b) NovaGold Arrangement Options Under the NovaGold Arrangement, holders of NovaGold stock options received one option in Trilogy for every six options held in NovaGold (“NovaGold Arrangement Options”). All remaining NovaGold Arrangement Options expired unexercised during fiscal 2017. A summary of the NovaGold Arrangement Options and changes during the year ended November 30, 2017 is as follows: Balance – beginning of year Expired Balance – end of year (c) Restricted Share Units and Deferred Share Units November 30, 2017 Weighted average exercise price $ 4.28 4.28 - Number of options 312,195 (312,195) - The Company has a Restricted Share Unit Plan (“RSU Plan”) and a Non-Executive Director Deferred Share Unit Plan (“DSU Plan”) to provide long-term incentives to employees, officers and directors. The RSU Plan and DSU Plan may be settled in cash and/or Common Shares at the Company’s election with each RSU and DSU entitling the holder to receive one common share of the Company or equivalent value. All units are accounted for as equity-settled awards. On December 15, 2016, 600,000 RSUs were granted to officers vesting over a two year period. 115,841 DSUs were granted to directors throughout the year ended November 30, 2017 based on their election to receive 50% of their annual retainer in DSUs. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 20 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements A summary of the Company’s unit plans and changes during the year ended is as follows: Balance – beginning of year Granted Vested/paid Balance – end of year Number of RSUs Number of DSUs 925,390 115,841 - 1,041,231 400,001 600,000 (399,999) 600,002 For the year ended November 30, 2017, Trilogy recognized a stock-based compensation charge of $0.4 million (2016 - $0.3 million, 2015 - $0.1 million), net of forfeitures for RSUs and DSUs. (d) Share Purchase Warrants A summary of the Company’s warrants and changes during the year ended November 30, 2017 is as follows: Balance – beginning of year Balance – end of year 10 Management of capital risk Number of Warrants 6,521,740 6,521,740 Weighted average years to expiry 2.60 1.60 Weighted average exercise price $ 1.60 1.60 The Company relies upon management to manage capital in order to accomplish the objectives of safeguarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to pursue the development of its mineral properties and maintain a capital structure which optimizes the costs of capital at an acceptable risk. The Company’s current capital consists of equity funding through capital markets, project funding by South32, cash acquired from the Sunward Arrangement, and the sale of investments. As the Company is currently in the exploration phase none of its financial instruments are exposed to commodity price risk; however, the Company’s ability to obtain long-term financing and its economic viability may be affected by commodity price volatility. The Company will need to raise additional funds to support its operations and administration expenses. Future sources of liquidity may include sales of investments, equity financing, debt financing, convertible debt, or other means. To facilitate the management of its capital requirements, the Company prepares annual expenditure budgets that are updated as necessary depending on various factors, including successful capital deployment and general industry conditions. 11 Financial instruments The Company is exposed to a variety of risks arising from financial instruments. These risks and management’s objectives, policies and procedures for managing these risks are disclosed as follows. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, deposits, investments, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of their maturity. The Company’s financial instruments initially measured at fair value and then held at amortized cost include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, deposits, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The Company’s investments are held for trading and are marked-to- market at each period end with changes in fair value recorded to the statement of loss. The South32 purchase option is a derivative financial liability measured at fair value with changes in value recorded to the statement of loss. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 21 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Financial risk management The Company’s activities expose them to certain financial risks, including currency risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, interest risk and price risk. (a) Currency risk Currency risk is the risk of a fluctuation in financial asset and liability settlement amounts due to a change in foreign exchange rates. The Company operates in the United States and Canada. The Company’s exposure to currency risk at November 30, 2017 is limited the Canadian dollar balances consisting of cash of CDN$2,454,000, accounts receivable of CDN$513,000, deposit amounts of CDN$116,000, investments of CDN$3,242,000 and accounts payable of CDN$1,275,000. Based on a 10% change in the US-Canadian exchange rate, assuming all other variables remain constant, the Company’s net loss would change by approximately $356,000. (b) Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of an unexpected loss if a customer or third party to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents with Canadian Chartered financial institutions. The Company’s accounts receivable consists of GST receivable from the Federal Government of Canada, receivable for tenant improvements and other receivables for recoverable expenses. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is equal to the balance of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable as recorded in the financial statements. (c) Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulties raising funds to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company is in the exploration stage and does not have cash inflows from operations; therefore, the Company manages liquidity risk through the management of its capital structure and financial leverage. Management does expect to monetize its investments held over the next year to assist in meeting its operational requirements. Future sources of liquidity may include the sale of investments, equity financing, receipt of project funding from S32, debt financing, convertible debt, or other means. Contractually obligated cash flow requirements as at November 30, 2017 are as follows. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Office lease (note 12) Total $ 4,249 1,272 5,521 < 1 Year $ 4,249 173 4,422 1–2 Years $ - 179 179 in thousands of dollars 2–5 Years $ - 587 587 Thereafter $ - 333 333 On February 21, 2017, the Company entered into a lease for office space effective July 1, 2017 for a period of seven years with a total commitment of $1.3 million. (d) Interest rate risk Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk with respect to interest earned on cash and cash equivalents. Based on balances as at November 30, 2017, a 1% change in interest rates would result in a change in net loss of $0.1 million, assuming all other variables remain constant. As we are currently in the exploration phase none of our financial instruments are exposed to commodity price risk; however, our ability to obtain long-term financing and its economic viability could be affected by commodity price volatility. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 22 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Fair value accounting Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels in the fair value hierarchy according to the significance of the inputs used in making the measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2 — Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and Level 3 — Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) The levels in the fair value hierarchy into which the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis were categorized as follows: Investments – shares Investments – warrants November 30, 2017 $ Level 3 - 2 Level 2 - - Level 1 7,538 - Level 1 2,514 - in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 $ Level 3 - 297 Level 2 - - The Company’s investments consist of shares and warrants in a publicly-held mining company. The share investments are valued using quoted market prices in active markets and as such are classified as a Level 1 financial instrument. The warrants are valued using a Black-Scholes pricing model and are considered a Level 3 financial instrument because the valuation models have significant unobservable inputs. 12 Income taxes Income tax expense differs from the amount that would result from applying the Canadian federal and provincial income tax rates to earnings before income taxes. These differences result from the following items: Combined federal and provincial statutory tax rate Income taxes at statutory rate Difference in foreign tax rates Effect of foreign exchange changes Non-taxable gain on the sale of Sunward Investments Non-deductible expenditures Return to provision adjustments Other Disposition of Sunward Investments Valuation allowance Income tax expense November 30, 2017 $ 26.00% (5,486) (2,267) - - 4,664 (72) (357) - 3,518 - November 30, 2016 $ 26.00% (1,264) (750) (339) (545) 175 (510) (68) 7,051 (3,750) - in thousands of dollars November 30, 2015 $ 26.00% (2,479) (680) 2,264 - 239 (102) - - 758 - Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 23 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences in the recognition of income and expenses for financial reporting and tax purposes. The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities at November 30, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Deferred income tax assets Non-capital losses Mineral property interest Deferred interest Property, plant and equipment Share issuance costs Capital Loss Investments Other deductible temporary differences Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred income tax assets Deferred income tax liabilities Mineral property interest Other taxable temporary differences Deferred income tax liabilities Net deferred income tax assets November 30, 2017 $ in thousands of dollars November 30, 2016 $ 61,400 14,625 9,040 57 127 60 201 353 85,863 (85,862) 1 - (1) (1) - 58,204 14,491 9,040 47 126 - - 450 82,358 (82,344) 14 - (14) (14) - On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Act”) was passed into law. The new legislation decreases the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. Since the Company has a November 30 fiscal year end, the US entity will have a blended tax rate of 22.2% for the November 30, 2018 fiscal year and 21% thereafter. The impact of the rate change to the deferred tax assets and liabilities will be recognized in the November 30, 2018 fiscal year. We estimate a reduction in our available future tax benefit of $23.5 million primarily due to the re-measurement of our net deferred tax assets and liabilities which are fully offset by a valuation allowance. This estimate is based on the Company’s initial analysis of the Act. Given the significant complexity of the Act, anticipated guidance from the Internal Revenue Service about implementing the Act, and the potential for additional guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Financial Accounting Standards Board related to the Act, this estimate may be adjusted in future periods. The Company has loss carry-forwards of approximately $160.9 million that may be available for tax purposes. Certain of these losses occurred prior to the incorporation of the Company and are accounted for in the financial statements as if they were incurred by the Company. Prior to the NovaGold Arrangement, the Company undertook a tax reorganization in order to preserve the future deductibility of these losses for the Company, subject to the limitations below. Deferred tax assets have been recognized to the extent of future taxable income and the future taxable amounts related to taxable temporary differences for which a deferred tax liability is recognized can be offset. A valuation allowance has been provided against deferred income tax assets where it is not more likely than not that the Company will realize those benefits. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 24 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The losses expire as follows in the following jurisdictions: 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Non-capital losses Canada $ - - - - 33,570 33,570 in thousands of dollars Operating losses United States $ 4,206 975 830 1 121,295 127,307 Future use of U.S. loss carry-forwards is subject to certain limitations under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code including limitations subject to Section 382, which relates to a 50% change in control over a three-year period, and are further dependent upon the Company attaining profitable operations. An ownership change under Section 382 occurred on January 22, 2009 regarding losses incurred by AGC, of which the attributes of those losses were transferred to Trilogy Metals US with the purchase of the mineral property in October 2011. Therefore, approximately $39.4 million of the U.S. losses above are subject to limitation under Section 382. Accordingly, the Company’s ability to use these losses may be limited. An additional change in control may have occurred after November 30, 2011 which may further limit the availability of losses prior to the date of change in control. On June 19, 2015, we completed the Sunward acquisition which resulted in an acquisition of control of Sunward Resources ULC under of the Income Tax Act in Canada. Therefore, the Company’s ability to use approximately $15.2 million of losses in Canada may be limited. 13 Commitment The Company has commitments in respect of an office lease requiring future minimum lease payments as follows: 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 in thousands of dollars November 30, 2017 $ 173 179 188 197 535 1,272 25 Trilogy Metals Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 14 Subsequent events On December 7, 2017, 525,000 stock options were granted to directors vesting immediately and 1,455,000 stock options were granted to employees vesting equally in thirds on the grant date, the first anniversary of the grant date, and the second anniversary of the grant date. Also on December 7, 2017, 300,000 RSUs were granted to officers vesting immediately, and 300,000 RSUs were granted to officers vesting equally in thirds on the grant date, the first anniversary of the grant, and the second anniversary of the grant. On December 22, 2017, 75,000 DSUs and 75,000 stock options vesting immediately were granted to a new director. On January 2, 2018, 70,000 stock options were granted to an employee vesting equally on the six month anniversary of the grant date and the first anniversary of the grant. RSUs vesting in December were settled on December 27, 2017 through the issuance of 800,000 Common Shares. Through December 2017 and January 2018, the Company received proceeds of C$1.4 million from the sale of investments. On January 24, 2018, the Company received payment from South32 completing receipt of the second tranche under the Option Agreement of $10 million and maintaining the Option Agreement in good standing. Trilogy Metals Inc. For the Year Ended November 30, 2017 26 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted by the Company under U.S. and Canadian securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in those rules, including providing reasonable assurance that material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to permit timely decisions regarding public disclosure. Management, including the CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act and the rules of Canadian Securities Administration, as at November 30, 2017. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as at November 30, 2017. Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) of the Exchange Act and National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuer’s Annual and Interim filings. Any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Management has used the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that as at November 30, 2017, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm This annual report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. As a smaller reporting company, management’s report was not subject to attestation by the company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to Dodd-Frank, which exempts smaller reporting companies from complying with Section 404(b) of SOX. Changes in Internal Controls There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended November 30, 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 81 Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PART III The information in our 2018 Proxy Statement regarding directors and executive officers and Section 16 reporting information appearing under the headings “Election of Directors” and “Information Concerning The Board Of Directors And Executive Officers” is incorporated by reference in this section. The information under the heading “Executive Officers of Trilogy” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K is also incorporated by reference in this section. The information in our 2018 Proxy Statement regarding our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics under the subheading “Ethical Business Conduct” under “Statement of Corporate Governance Practices” is also incorporated by reference in this section. Finally, the information in our 2018 Proxy Statement regarding the Audit Committee under the heading “Statement of Corporate Governance Practices” is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information appearing in our 2018 Proxy Statement under the headings “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”, “Statement of Executive Compensation”, and “Director Compensation” is incorporated by reference in this section. Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information appearing in our 2018 Proxy Statement under the heading “Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” (which is also contained in this report in Part II, Item 5) and the information under the heading “Security Ownership Of Certain Beneficial Owners And Management And Related Shareholder Matters” is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information appearing in our 2018 Proxy Statement under the heading “Independence of Directors” under the heading “Information Concerning the Board of Directors and Executive Officers” and under the heading “Statement of Corporate Governance Practices” is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information appearing in our 2018 Proxy Statement regarding Audit Fees, Audit-Related Fees, Tax Fees, All Other Fees and Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies under the subheading “Appointment of Auditors” is incorporated herein by reference. 82 Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV (a) Documents Filed With This Report 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES None. Page 4 5 6 7 8 9 3. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTS Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse, dated January 9, 2012, identified in exhibit list below. Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Elaine Sanders, dated November 5, 2012, identified in exhibit list below. NovaCopper Inc. Equity Incentive Plan identified in exhhibit list below. Form of NovaCopper Inc. Stock Option Agreement identified in exhhibit list below. NovaCopper Inc. 2012 Restricted Share Unit Plan identified in exhibit list below. Form of NovaCopper Inc. 2012 Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement identified in exhhibit list below. NovaCopper Inc. 2012 Deferred Share Unit Plan identified in exhibit list below. Form of NovaCopper Inc. Deferred Share Unit Award Agreement identified in exhibit list below. (b) Exhibits Exhibit No. 3.1 3.2 3.3 Description Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference Exhibit 99.2 to the Registration Statement on Form 40-F as filed on March 1, 2012, File No. 001 35447) Articles of Trilogy Metals Inc., effective April 27, 2011, as altered March 20, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form 40-F as filed on April 19, 2012, File No. 001-35447) Notice of Articles and Certificate of Name Change, dated September 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K dated September 8, 2016) 83 Exhibit No. 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 21.1 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Description Commitment Agreement between NovaGold Resources Inc. and Trilogy Metals Inc. dated effective April 19, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K as submitted on April 25, 2012, File No. 001-35447) Exploration Agreement and Option to Lease between NovaCopper US Inc. and NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. dated October 19, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K as submitted on April 25, 2012, File No. 001- 35447) Net Smelter Returns Royalty Agreement among Kennecott Exploration Company, Kennecott Arctic Company, Alaska Gold Company, and NovaGold Resources Inc. dated effective January 7, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K as submitted on April 25, 2012, File No. 001-35447) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse, dated January 9, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 as filed on April 27, 2012, File No. 333-181020) Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Elaine Sanders, dated November 5, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10-K as filed on February 12, 2013, File No. 001-35447) NovaCopper Inc. Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Schedule G of Exhibit 99.1 to NovaGold Resources Inc.’s report on Form 6-K submitted on March 1, 2012, File No. 001-31913) Form of NovaCopper Inc. Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of the Company’s Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-8 as filed on April 27, 2012, File No. 333-181020) NovaCopper Inc. 2012 Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10-K as filed on February 12, 2013, File No. 001-35447) NovaCopper Inc. 2012 Deferred Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 12, 2013, File No. 001-35447) Form of Unit Subscription Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K as filed July 8, 2014) Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed July 8, 2014) Agreement for the Purchase of all the Shares of Sunward Investments Limited dated August 17, 2016 between NovaCopper Inc. and Brazil Resources Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K as filed on September 2, 2016) Option Agreement to Form Joint Venture, dated April 10, 2017, by and between Trilogy Metals Inc., NovaCopper US Inc. and South32 Group Operations Pty Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K/A as filed on April 20, 2017) Subsidiaries of the Registrant Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Consent of Andrew West Consent of BD Resource Consulting, Inc. Consent of SIM Geological Inc. 84 Exhibit No. 23.5 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Consent of International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc. Description Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 85 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES TRILOGY METALS INC. By: /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Name: Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Title: President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 2, 2018 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated: Signature Title /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse /s/ Elaine Sanders Elaine Sanders /s/ Tony Giardini Tony Giardini /s/ William Hayden William Hayden /s/ William Iggiagruk Hensley William Iggiagruk Hensley /s/ Gregory Lang Gregory A. Lang /s/ Kalidas Madhavpeddi Kalidas V. Madhavpeddi /s/ Gerald McConnell Gerald McConnell /s/ Janice Stairs Janice Stairs /s/ Diana Walters Diana Walters President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Date February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 Director and Authorized US Representative February 2, 2018 Director Director Director 86 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 February 2, 2018 Name of Subsidiary NovaCopper US Inc. SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Jurisdiction of Organization Delaware Exhibit 21.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Forms S-8 (No. 333-208149, No. 333-205102, No. 333- 188950, and No. 333-181020) and the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-220484) of Trilogy Metals Inc. of our report dated February 1, 2018, relating to the consolidated financial statements which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017. Exhibit 23.1 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Chartered Professional Accountants Vancouver, British Columbia February 2, 2018 CONSENT OF ANDREW WEST Exhibit 23.2 I hereby consent to the inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of references to my name and to the use of the scientific and technical information included in Trilogy Metals Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017. I also consent to the incorporation by reference in Trilogy Metals Inc.’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-208149, No. 333-205102, No. 333-188950, and No. 333-181020) and the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-220484) of references to my name and to the use of the scientific and technical information included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K as described above. DATED: February 2, 2018 /s/ Andrew West Name: Andrew West CONSENT OF BD RESOURCE CONSULTING, INC. Exhibit 23.3 The undersigned hereby consents to the inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of references to the undersigned’s name and BD Resource Consulting, Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from (i) the technical report titled “Amended NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 19, 2016 and released October 12, 2017 and (ii) the technical report titled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Arctic Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 25, 2017 and released November 9, 2017 (together, the “Technical Reports”). The undersigned also consents to the incorporation by reference in Trilogy Metals Inc.’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-208149, No. 333-205102, No. 333-188950, and No. 333-181020) and the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-220484) of references to the undersigned’s name and BD Resource Consulting, Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from the Technical Reports, which is included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K as described above. DATED: February 2, 2018 /s/ Bruce Davis Name: BD Resource Consulting, Inc. CONSENT OF SIM GEOLOGICAL INC. Exhibit 23.4 The undersigned hereby consents to the inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of references to the undersigned’s name and SIM Geological Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from (i) the technical report titled “Amended NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 19, 2016 and released October 12, 2017 and (ii) the technical report titled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Arctic Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 25, 2017 and released November 9, 2017 (together, the “Technical Reports”). The undersigned also consents to the incorporation by reference in Trilogy Metals Inc.’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-208149, No. 333-205102, No. 333-188950, and No. 333-181020) and the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-220484) of references to the undersigned’s name and SIM Geological Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from the Technical Reports, which is included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K as described above. DATED: February 2, 2018 /s/ Robert Sim Name: SIM Geological Inc. Exhibit 23.5 CONSENT OF INTERNATIONAL METALLURGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL INC. The undersigned hereby consents to the inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is being filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of references to the undersigned’s name and International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from (i) the technical report titled “Amended NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Bornite Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 19, 2016 and released October 12, 2017 and (ii) the technical report titled “NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Arctic Project, Northwest Alaska, USA” dated effective April 25, 2017 and released November 9, 2017 (together, the “Technical Reports”). The undersigned also consents to the incorporation by reference in Trilogy Metals Inc.’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-208149, No. 333-205102, No. 333-188950, and No. 333-181020) and the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-220484) of references to the undersigned’s name and International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc.’s name and to the use of the scientific and technical information, including any reserve and resource estimates, from the Technical Reports, which is included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K as described above. DATED: February 2, 2018 /s/ Jeff Austin Name: International Metallurgical & Environmental Inc. CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Exhibit 31.1 I, Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Trilogy Metals Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 2, 2018 By: /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Chief Executive Officer CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Exhibit 31.2 I, Elaine Sanders, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Trilogy Metals Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 2, 2018 By: /s/ Elaine Sanders Elaine Sanders Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of Trilogy Metals Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 2, 2018 By: /s/ Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse President Officer and Chief Executive CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report of Trilogy Metals Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Elaine Sanders, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 2, 2018 By: /s/ Elaine Sanders Elaine Sanders Chief Financial Officer 

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