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VipshopT r u e C a r A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 2 1 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 2 1 © 2022 TrueCar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Executive Officers Michael Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer Jantoon Reigersman Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer Jeff Swart Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Board of Directors Michael Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer TrueCar, Inc. Christopher Claus Chairman of the Board TrueCar, Inc. Robert Buce Chairman Palisades Holdings Barbara Carbone Retired KPMG Audit Partner Faye Iosotaluno Chief Strategy Officer Match Group Erin Lantz Chief Revenue Officer Ethos Life John Mendel Wesley Nichols Former EVP, Automobile Division Entrepreneur and Board Partner American Honda Motor Upfront Ventures Company Corporate Address TrueCar, Inc. 1401 Ocean Avenue, Suite 300 Mail Computershare PO BOX 505000 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Investor Relations investors@truecar.com Transfer Agent Computershare Courier Computershare Telephone: 877. 373. 6374 462 South 4th Street, Fax: 866. 519. 8563 International: 781. 575. 2879 Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Ticker Symbol NASDAQ: TRUE CEO Letter to Stockholders Dear Fellow Stockholders, The past year was one of sharp contrast between the first and second half. During the first half of 2021, we saw the seasonally adjusted annual rate (SAAR) for new vehicles hit a three-year peak in April before dropping to historic lows in September and staying near these lows in December as component shortages and disruptions across the global supply chain hindered new vehicle production. This left domestic dealerships with a limited supply of new car inventories on hand during the second half of 2021. Dealers also saw inventory constraints in used vehicles in 2021, although to a lesser extent than in new vehicles, and struggled to replenish their stock. At the same time, demand for vehicles recovered quickly from pandemic lows and remained strong throughout 2021. The imbalance caused by limited supply and strong demand drove vehicle prices 40.5% higher for used cars and trucks and 12.2% higher for new vehicles in January 2022, when compared to the prior year. The combination of limited dealer inventories and elevated pricing created considerable headwinds for TrueCar, negatively affecting our close rates and reported units, particularly during the second half of 2021. Signs of stabilization of inventories began to emerge in the final quarter of 2021, albeit at low levels. We also saw our dealer counts stabilize in January 2022, and although this metric may still fluctuate, here too the trend leads us to believe that conditions may have bottomed during the fourth quarter. We are encouraged by this, but believe it will be some time before inventories rebuild and vehicle prices start to improve. Throughout this challenging period, we managed our business prudently by scaling back sales and marketing expenses while we invested in strategic initiatives. During 2021, we also identified new ways to create value for our retail partners and consumers and become a stronger used car resource for dealers and consumers in light of inventory constraints for new cars. As a result, we expect to have a comprehensive set of both new and used car offerings to market to our dealers in 2022. In addition to strengthening our core business this past year, we focused on delivering TrueCar+, our two- sided automotive marketplace for new, used and certified pre-owned cars. Our core TrueCar offering enables a consumer to discover a vehicle that is right for them and then connect to a dealer directly. We envision TrueCar+ taking this further to allow a consumer to finalize their purchase with a dealer online, including trading in their existing vehicle, obtaining financing and insurance products, signing legal documents, and for arranging delivery, all within the TrueCar+ environment. In September 2021, we began piloting TrueCar+ in Florida and added features and refinements, applying what we learned through rigorous testing, to ensure a great experience for consumers and dealers. Dealer response and interest in TrueCar+ has been positive and we plan to expand its coverage for new, used and certified pre-owned cars across Florida by the end of the second quarter of 2022. In subsequent quarters, we plan to scale TrueCar+ further, with a rapid rollout and nationwide inventory available for used and certified pre-owned vehicles and a state-by-state rollout for new vehicles that we intend to eventually span all fifty states. In summary, TrueCar made strong progress during 2021 in the midst of considerable macro headwinds for our business. We managed our business prudently during this time and worked to strengthen our core offering. At the same time, our planned rollout for TrueCar+ across Florida is on track. Our strong balance sheet provides us the flexibility to invest in TrueCar+ and other strategic initiatives that we believe will put us in a stronger position, particularly as market conditions are expected to recover over time. We firmly believe that car buying will become increasingly digital. For TrueCar, this translates into a tremendous opportunity to serve both consumers and dealers through TrueCar+. We believe TrueCar is well placed to deliver this automotive marketplace due to our trusted consumer brand, broad dealer network, one- of-a-kind affinity partner network and strong OEM relationships. We are very excited about TrueCar+ and the opportunity ahead and I hope you are too. I want to thank you for your kind support as our stockholders. Sincerely, Michael Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 Commission File Number: 001-36449 TRUECAR, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 04-3807511 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 120 Broadway, Suite 200 Santa Monica, California 90401 (Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code) (800) 200‑2000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Trading Symbol(s) TRUE Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $543,319,571 based upon the closing price reported for such date on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. As of February 16, 2022, the registrant had 96,563,910 shares of common stock outstanding. Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. That Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Form 10-K. Documents Incorporated by Reference TRUECAR, INC. FORM 10-K Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Reserved Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Signatures PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. 6 13 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 51 52 68 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 76 77 2 As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “TrueCar,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to TrueCar, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries, TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. and DealerScience, LLC, unless the context indicates otherwise. TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. is referred to as “TCDS” and DealerScience, LLC is referred to as “DealerScience.” Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “likely,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about: • • • • • • our future financial performance and our expectations regarding our revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit or gross margin, operating expenses and ability to maintain or grow revenue, scale our business, generate cash flow, fulfill our mission and achieve and maintain future profitability; our ability to forecast our financial and operational performance; our relationship with key industry participants, including car dealers and automobile manufacturers; anticipated trends, demand rates and challenges in our business and in the markets in which we operate; our ability to successfully roll out our TrueCar+ offering, provide a compelling value proposition to consumers using that offering and integrate our current and future offerings into that experience; our ability to anticipate market needs and develop new and enhanced products and services to meet those needs and to successfully monetize those products and services; • maintaining and expanding our customer base in key geographies, including our ability to maintain or increase the number of high-volume brand dealers in our network generally and in key geographies; the short- and long-term effects of the coronavirus pandemic on our business; our ability to mitigate the financial effect of the termination of our partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank; our ability to maintain and grow our existing additional affinity partner relationships, and to attract new affinity partners to offer our services to their members; our reliance on our third-party service providers; the impact of competition in our industry and innovation by our competitors; our anticipated growth and growth strategies, including our ability to maintain or increase close rates and the rate at which site visitors prospect with a TrueCar Certified Dealer; our ability to successfully maintain or increase dealer subscription rates and manage dealer churn; our ability to attract significant automobile manufacturers to participate, and remain participants, in our incentive programs; our ability to anticipate or adapt to future changes in our industry; the impact on our business of seasonality, cyclical trends affecting the overall economy and actual or threatened severe weather events; our ability to hire and retain necessary qualified employees; our continuing ability to provide customers access to our products; our ability to maintain and scale our technical infrastructure and leverage our technology platform to enhance our customer experience and launch new product offerings; the evolution of technology affecting our products, services and markets; our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property; the outcome, and effect on our business, of litigation to which we are a party, including our ability to settle any such litigation; our ability to navigate changes in domestic or international economic, political or business conditions, including supply shortages, such as of automotive semiconductors, changes in interest rates, consumer demand and import tariffs and governmental responses to the coronavirus pandemic; our ability to stay abreast of, and in compliance with, new or modified laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business, including newly-enacted and rapidly-changing privacy, data protection and net neutrality laws and regulations and changes in applicable tax laws and regulations; the continued expense and administrative workload associated with being a public company; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 • • • • • • • • • our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls necessary to accurately report our financial results and prevent fraud; our liquidity and working capital requirements; the estimates and estimate methodologies used in preparing our consolidated financial statements; the future trading prices of our common stock and the impact of securities analysts’ reports on these prices; our plans to pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions; the extent to which we repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase plan and the effect of these repurchases on long-term stockholder value, the volatility and trading price of our common stock and our cash reserves; our ability to effectively and timely integrate our operations with those of any business we acquire and related factors, including the difficulties associated with such integration (such as the difficulties, challenges and costs associated with managing and integrating new facilities, assets and employees) and the achievement of the anticipated benefits of such integration; the preceding and other factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in other reports we may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time; and the factors set forth in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss these risks in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements. SUMMARY OF RISKS AFFECTING OUR BUSINESS Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Risk Factors” later in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending. If our lead quality or quantity declines, our unit volume could as well, and dealers could leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates, which could reduce our revenue and harm our business. If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers and dealers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or monetizing it, our business and prospects could be adversely affected. The ongoing disruptions and uncertainties caused by the coronavirus pandemic have meaningfully disrupted our business and may continue to do so, including in new and unforeseen ways. The termination of our partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank adversely affected our business and we may not be able to mitigate its negative financial effects. • We may not be able to grow and optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network, and maintain or increase the representation of high-volume brands in that network or manage dealer churn and increase dealer subscription rates, which would limit our growth. • We may not be able to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, which could cause the number of • • • • • transactions between our users and dealers, and therefore our revenues, to decline. Our business is subject to risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including interest rates, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges (including relating to automotive semiconductors) and other macroeconomic issues. The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our incentive programs, or to induce them to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or adversely affect our operating results. The loss of a significant affinity partner or a significant reduction in units attributable to our affinity partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results. If key industry participants, including car dealers or automobile manufacturers perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged. Our business could be adversely affected by executive turnover and other transitions in our senior management team. An inability to navigate these transitions and attract, retain and integrate new management and other personnel could harm our business. 4 • We rely on relationships with data providers and may experience interruptions in the data feeds or application programming interface services they provide, which could adversely affect our current and future product offerings and limit our ability to provide our TrueCar+ offering to users and dealers as well as the timeliness of the information we provide, and which may impair our ability to attract or retain consumers and dealers and to timely invoice dealers. • We rely on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, • our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected. The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts and those of our affinity partners, and these efforts may not be successful. • We are subject to a complex framework of regulations, many of which are unsettled, still developing and contradictory, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model or otherwise harm our business. • We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results. • We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. • We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which could cause our stock price to decline. 5 PART I Item 1. Business Overview TrueCar is a leading automotive digital marketplace that enables car buyers to connect to our network of Certified Dealers. We are building the industry’s most personalized and efficient car buying experience as we seek to bring more of the purchasing process online. We have established a diverse software ecosystem on a common technology infrastructure, powered by proprietary data and analytics. Our company-branded platform is available on our TrueCar website and mobile applications. In addition, we customize and operate our platform on a co-branded basis for our many affinity group marketing partners, including financial institutions like PenFed and American Express; membership-based organizations like Consumer Reports, AARP, Sam’s Club and AAA; and employee buying programs for large enterprises such as IBM and Walmart. We enable users to obtain market-based pricing data on new and used cars, and to connect with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. We also allow automobile manufacturers, known in the industry as OEMs, to connect with TrueCar users during the purchase process and efficiently deliver targeted incentives to consumers. We benefit consumers by providing information related to what others have paid for a make, model and trim of car in their area and price offers on actual vehicle inventory, which we refer to as VIN-based offers, from our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. VIN-based offers provide consumers with price offers for specific vehicles from specific dealers and compare that price to the market average. We benefit our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers by enabling them to attract these informed, in-market consumers in a cost-effective, accountable manner, which we believe helps them to sell more cars profitably. We benefit OEMs by allowing them to more effectively target their incentive spending at deep-in-market consumers during their purchase process. Our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers consists primarily of new car franchises, representing all major makes of cars, as well as independent dealers selling used vehicles. TrueCar Certified Dealers operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our subsidiary, TCDS, provides our Trade and Payments solutions as part of our Access and TrueCar+ offerings. Our Trade solution gives consumers information on the value of their trade-in vehicles and enables them to obtain a guaranteed trade-in price before setting foot in the dealership. This valuation is, in turn, backed by a third-party guarantee to dealers that the vehicles will be repurchased at the indicated price if the dealer does not want to keep them. Our Payments solution leverages the digital retailing technology that we acquired from DealerScience to help consumers calculate accurate monthly payments, expedite vehicle desking (which is the process of presenting and agreeing upon financial terms and financing options) and streamline the consumer’s experience from shopping to showroom. Consumer Products and Services Consumers interface with us through our TrueCar-branded website, affinity group marketing partner websites and TrueCar- branded and affinity group mobile applications. The following are key elements of our consumer experience: Research & Discovery. We provide information to consumers in the form of verified owner ratings and reviews, data-driven vehicle rankings, editorial content and in other formats that allow consumers to research, compare and discover the right vehicle based on their preferences. New Car Build Experience. We provide an experience where consumers can enter their zip code and select their preferred make, model, trim and options, and then, in most instances, immediately see actual nearby cars that are generally consistent with their preferences. Also, in most instances, we present consumers with a graphical distribution of what others in the local market paid for a similar make, model and trim of car. Within this distribution, we include MSRP and the Market Average, a proprietary calculation based on recent transactions, that provides an understanding of what others have paid for similarly configured vehicles. This information enables consumers to evaluate a potential price in the context of broader market data. When ready, consumers can proceed to register and connect with local Certified Dealers that can provide upfront, personalized price offers on in-stock inventory that is generally consistent with consumers’ build preferences. Consumers are provided the option to connect with one or more local dealers in order to get the right deal on the car they want and proceed with purchase. Used Car Inventory Search. We provide an experience where consumers can access and search an extensive selection of pre- owned vehicles for sale by Certified Dealers across the United States. Nearly every used listing has a price rating we compute based 6 on similar used car listings in consumers’ local area, so these consumers have market context. In addition, consumers can see vehicle information, photos and condition summaries, and choose to connect with a Certified Dealer to confirm availability, get an upfront offer and proceed with purchase. VIN Offers. In most instances, when consumers choose to connect with a Certified Dealer, they will receive price offers from the dealer on in-stock vehicles with specified Vehicle Identification Numbers, or VINs. Each offer provides a comprehensive savings summary including MSRP, incentives, dealer discounts, total MSRP and a price rating so that consumers can know if they are getting a price that makes sense for them in the context of their market. TrueCar Deal Builder. After consumers have identified a vehicle in which they are interested and received a price offer from a dealer subscribed to one of our Access packages discussed further below, we allow them to further customize their “deal” through our TrueCar Deal Builder, including their vehicle trade-in and payment. If consumers intend to trade in a vehicle in connection with their purchase, or sell their vehicle to a dealer, they can obtain a conditional price offer on the trade-in vehicle through our Trade solution. The Deal Builder also allows consumers to customize a loan or a lease and approximate monthly payments, inclusive of applicable incentives, taxes and fees and based on self-reported credit score, loan or lease term and other factors. Beyond receiving a trade-in offer and estimating their payment, consumers using our TrueCar Deal Builder functionality can learn about and indicate interest in commonly available service and protection plans, send questions to the dealer, schedule a test drive or schedule an appointment to finalize the deal for their vehicle of interest. We view the Deal Builder as an important component of our efforts to create a seamless end-to-end car-buying experience. Finance and Insurance Features. Since 2020, we have introduced three finance and insurance, or F&I, features to our websites to help streamline consumers’ car-buying experience. Our insurance feature allows consumers to connect with one of our insurance partners, from whom they may obtain car insurance. We also have partnered with a financial institution to allow consumers who have received offers from dealers who also have partnered with this institution to pre-qualify for a car loan. Finally, we enable consumers to use a widget that connects them with a major consumer credit reporting agency to allow them to request their credit score. Dealer Our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers interfaces with our platform primarily through our Dealer Portal, an application that can be accessed online or using a mobile device. The Dealer Portal is considered a sales enhancement tool, and it enables dealers to access unique information on their prospects unavailable to them in their standard customer relationship management, or CRM, software. The Dealer Portal allows dealers to assess the competitiveness of their vehicle pricing relative to their market, create vehicle pricing rules, access details on potential buyers’ wants and needs, create custom detailed offers based on vehicles in stock, manage how their dealership profile appears on the network and assess their competitive market performance on vehicles sold through their dealership, among a number of other administrative and management tools. Pricing Tools. The Pricing Manager tool available on our Dealer Portal provides dealers with a single interface to assess the competitiveness of their vehicle pricing relative to their market and set pricing on all makes and models they offer for sale. The Sales Analyzer tool helps dealers better understand how their pricing for recently sold vehicles compares to the market, whether or not the customer transaction was with one of our users. Sales Closing Tools. The Offer Tool helps dealers create custom detailed offers based on vehicles in stock. The Dealership Profile tool enables dealers to give customers information about their dealership, including salespersons’ names and pictures, dealership makes, hours of operation and website and social media links. TrueCar Access. We also offer dealers our subscription-based TrueCar Access package, comprised of our Trade and Payments solutions. Through our Trade solution, dealers participating in our Access package benefit from a third-party guarantee of the trade-in price given to our users by an affiliate of our partner Accu-Trade, allowing dealers to honor the trade-in price without assuming any risk to get an instant True Cash Offer on their trade-in vehicle. The Accu-Trade business is contractually obligated to continue to offer these services to us for a minimum of one year under a new commercial agreement following the completion of the pending acquisition of the Accu-Trade business by Cars.com Inc. And through our Payments solution, dealers can show consumers accurate estimates of their monthly lease or loan payments with digital retailing tools that span the buying and selling lifecycle. We have historically sold these products separately, and continue to do so to certain dealers with grandfathered subscriptions. Dealers can access these tools through the Dealer Portal referred to above. Manufacturers We enable manufacturers to target consumers based on membership in an affinity group and other criteria. Through our platform, manufacturers can create cash incentives targeted to specific consumers and provide the ability to generate a unique coupon 7 code that can be redeemed and validated at any dealership across the country in connection with the purchase of a vehicle. By facilitating and tracking these incentive codes in their own reporting systems, manufacturers can account directly for this method of reaching consumers. These manufacturers pay a subscription or per-vehicle fee to us for this service. TrueCar+ As of December 31, 2021, our TrueCar+ offering was available in the Tampa, Florida market. In the first quarter of 2022, we expanded this offering in select markets and expect to continue rolling it out in additional markets in the future. Where available, this product incorporates elements of an “end-to-end” car-buying experience for consumers, which we envision allowing them to complete all of the steps of purchasing a vehicle from participating TrueCar Certified Dealers, from researching vehicles, to trading in their current vehicles, to obtaining insurance and financing products, to accepting delivery and signing the necessary legal documents, all without leaving their homes. Consumer marketing Sales and Marketing We reach consumers through the TrueCar website and the branded mobile applications and websites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners. Our marketing is focused on building the TrueCar brand. The key tenets of our brand are providing transparent market price information and enhancing the car-buying experience for both consumers and dealers. We divide our marketing spend between traditional media sources, such as television and radio, and digital media. Our consumer brand awareness efforts are aided by the fact that we are quoted in various media outlets from time to time as a recognized industry authority on automotive retail and online data forecasting. We also support initiatives for our affinity group marketing partners, including Navy Federal Credit Union, U.S. News & World Report, Consumer Reports, AAA, American Express and PenFed. These initiatives are designed to promote awareness of the organizations’ car-buying programs among their memberships through a variety of media, including television, email, direct mail, website development, print, online advertising, Internet search engine marketing, Internet search engine optimization and social networking. Dealer engagement and industry relations Our dealer solutions team is responsible for supporting our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, optimizing our TrueCar Certified Dealer coverage across brands and geographies and for providing onboarding and dealer support. Our team helps dealers grow their businesses by regularly providing data-driven insights on inventory management and pricing. Our ability to understand the needs of, actively listen to and collaborate with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers is crucial to our success, and many of our dealer solutions team employees have worked at dealerships or manufacturers. Competition The automotive retail industry is highly competitive and fragmented. Consumers use a variety of online and offline sources to research vehicle information, obtain vehicle pricing information and identify dealers. In addition, dealers use a variety of marketing channels to promote themselves to consumers. Competition for consumer awareness We compete to attract consumers directly to our TrueCar.com website and mobile applications primarily on the basis of the quality of the consumer experience; the breadth, depth and accuracy of information; brand awareness; and reputation. Our principal competitors for consumer awareness include: • • • • • Internet search engines and online automotive sites such as Google, Amazon Vehicles, Autotrader.com, eBay Motors, AutoWeb.com (formerly Autobytel.com), KBB.com, CarSaver.com, CarGurus.com and Cars.com; sites operated by automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Ford; online automobile retailers such as Carvana, Vroom, CarMax (and its subsidiary Edmunds) and Shift Technologies; providers of offline, membership-based car-buying services, such as the Costco Auto Program; and offline automotive classified listings, such as trade periodicals and local newspapers. 8 Competition for car dealer marketing spend We compete for a share of car dealers’ overall marketing expenditures within online and offline media marketing channels. We compete primarily on the basis of the transaction-readiness of our users; the efficiency of customer acquisition as compared to alternative methods; the accountability and measurability of our service; product features, analytics and tools; dealer support; and the size of our prospective car buyer audience. Other businesses also derive a majority of their revenue by offering consumer marketing services to dealers. These companies include listings, information, lead generation and car-buying services, and compete with us for dealer marketing spend. Our principal competitors for car dealer marketing spend include: • • • • online automotive content publishers such as Edmunds and KBB.com selling impression-based display advertising, and online automotive classified listing sites such as Autotrader.com, CarGurus.com and Cars.com selling inventory-based subscription billing; lead generators such as AutoWeb.com selling pay-per-lead advertising; Internet sites such as Google and Facebook selling cost-per-click advertising; and offline media, including newspaper, outdoor advertising, radio, television and direct mail. Technology We have designed our technology platform, website and products to provide consumers, dealers and other parties with the information they need to effect a successful car purchase. Consumers access this platform through the TrueCar-branded website, affinity group marketing partner websites and TrueCar-branded and affinity group mobile applications. Dealers access the platform through the software tools available on our Dealer Portal. Supporting each of these user interfaces are advanced systems for processing and analyzing automotive data, including features such as vehicle configurators and predictive consumer behavior modeling, as well as our proprietary matching algorithm to compare our transaction-based data sources with our record of online users for processing and billing. We use a combination of open source and licensed software running on optimized hardware. Substantially all of our data processing and storage capabilities are cloud-based and sufficiently redundant. We have adopted a centralized approach to quality assurance and testing for our technology platform and all products aimed at enhancing consumer and dealer experiences while seeking to optimize availability, scalability, security and performance. Intellectual Property We protect our intellectual property through a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, domain names, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions. At December 31, 2021, we had 64 U.S. issued patents, 22 pending U.S. patent applications, 8 issued foreign patents and 2 pending foreign patent applications. The issued and allowed patents begin expiring in 2029 through 2038. We intend to pursue additional patent protection to the extent we believe it would be beneficial to our competitive position. We have a number of registered and unregistered trademarks. We registered “TrueCar,” “TrueCar+,” the TrueCar logo, various TRUE marks and other marks as trademarks in the United States and several other jurisdictions. We also have filed trademark applications for other entities in the United States and other jurisdictions and will pursue additional trademark registrations to the extent we believe it would be beneficial to our competitive position. In addition to the protection provided by our intellectual property rights, we enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants, contractors and business partners. Our employees and contractors are also subject to invention assignment agreements. We further control the use of our proprietary technology and intellectual property through provisions in both our general and product-specific terms of use on our website. Across the automotive industry, consumers tend to purchase a higher volume of cars in the second and third quarters of each year, due in part to the introduction of new vehicle models from manufacturers. As our business is substantially dependent on the volume of car purchases in the United States, this seasonal trend affects our business. Seasonality 9 Regulatory Matters Various aspects of our business are or may be subject, directly or indirectly, to U.S. federal and state laws and regulations. In particular, the advertising and sale of new or used motor vehicles is highly regulated by the states in which we do business. Although we do not sell motor vehicles, the dealers from which we derive a significant portion of our revenues do sell motor vehicles. These regulations limit the business that we can conduct, the offerings we provide and the manner in which we can compete in the market. Moreover, state regulatory authorities or other third parties could take and, on some occasions, have taken the position that some of the regulations applicable to dealers or to the manner in which motor vehicles are advertised and sold generally are directly applicable to our business. Additionally, as discussed in greater detail under “Risk Factors” herein, we have from time to time been required to devote material resources to defend ourselves from allegations of violations. In order to operate in this highly-regulated environment, we have developed our products and services with a view toward appropriately managing the risk that our regulatory compliance or the regulatory compliance of the dealers in our dealer network could be challenged. If, and to the extent that, our products and services fail to satisfy relevant regulatory requirements, our business or our TrueCar Certified Dealers could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain states. Given the regulatory environment in which we and our participating dealers operate, in designing our products and services, we have focused considerable attention on two areas of state regulation: state advertising regulations and state brokering or “bird- dogging” regulations. With respect to advertising, we believe that most of the content displayed on the websites we operate does not constitute advertising for the sale of new motor vehicles. Nevertheless, we endeavor to design the content such that it would comply insofar as practicable with state advertising regulations if and to the extent that the content is considered to be new vehicle sales advertising. With respect to state brokering or “bird-dogging” regulations, we have designed our products and services in a manner that aims to avoid the applicability of those regulations. Additionally, the advertising and sale of automobile insurance and the provision of automobile financing products are highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell insurance or automobiles or provide automobile financing products or render credit decisions, certain of our partners sell insurance or provide automobile financing products to the public in general, and may sell insurance or provide automobile financing products to our users in particular. Further, we enter into arrangements with certain such partners from time to time pursuant to which we receive fees based in whole or in part on the volume of our users who choose to interact with those partners. We cannot guarantee you that regulatory authorities or third parties will not take the position that some of the regulations applicable to insurance brokers or automobile financing providers, or to the manner in which insurance products or automobile financing products are advertised or sold, apply to our platforms or business. The Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, has authority to take actions to remedy or prevent advertising practices that it considers to be unfair or deceptive and that affect commerce in the United States. If the FTC takes the position in the future that any aspect of our business constitutes an unfair or deceptive advertising practice, responding to those allegations could require us to pay significant damages, settlements and civil penalties, or could require us to make adjustments to our products and services, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. The antitrust laws prohibit, among other things, any joint conduct among competitors that would lessen competition in the marketplace. Some of the information that we obtain from dealers is competitively sensitive and, if disclosed inappropriately, could potentially be used by dealers to impede competition or otherwise diminish independent pricing activity. A governmental or private civil action alleging the improper exchange of information, or unlawful participation in price maintenance or other unlawful or anticompetitive activity, even if unfounded, could be costly to defend and adversely impact our ability to maintain and grow our dealer network. In addition, governmental or private civil actions under the antitrust laws could result in orders suspending or terminating our ability to do business or otherwise altering or limiting certain of our business practices, including the manner in which we handle or disclose dealer pricing information, or the imposition of significant civil or criminal penalties, including fines or the award of significant damages against us and our TrueCar Certified Dealers in class action or other civil litigation. We are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations that relate to privacy, data protection and personal information, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and inconsistently with our current practices and policies. For example, legislative or regulatory actions affecting the manner in which we display content to our users, use or share information or obtain consent to use or share information could adversely affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results. 10 The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to continuous change. Our efforts to design products and services in a manner that appropriately manages the regulatory compliance risk for our business and our participating dealers are complicated by the fact that many of the laws and regulations referred to above vary from state to state, and even within a given state are frequently susceptible to multiple interpretations. Further, the automotive regulatory laws were generally developed decades before the emergence of the Internet, they are subject to significant revision or modification and the manner in which they should be applied to our business model is frequently open to question. As a practical matter, state automobile dealer associations often have considerable influence over the construction of these laws by the relevant state regulatory authorities. Accordingly, in addition to our dialogues with relevant state agencies, we interface on a regular basis with representatives from automobile dealer associations in order to take their views into account as we continually update our products and services. The specific manner in which we have designed our products and services in an effort to manage regulatory compliance concerns for us and our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers is the result of extensive analysis, which has required the investment of substantial resources that we believe represents a valuable asset of our business. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully comply with current or future regulations to which our business may be subject. Human Capital Resources At December 31, 2021, we had 428 full-time employees nationwide. Before we implemented a mandatory work-from-home policy in March 2020 in response to the coronavirus pandemic, a majority of our employees were based in our Santa Monica, California headquarters, with additional employees based in our Austin, Texas office and in the field throughout the United States, and a relatively small presence in our Boston, Massachusetts office. We have since terminated the lease for our Boston office and determined to adopt a dynamic workforce paradigm, the details of which have not yet been finalized, but pursuant to which we expect a substantial number of our employees to work primarily from home even after pandemic conditions abate. We also engage a number of temporary employees and consultants to support our operations. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good. We believe our success depends on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees, and our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees, including our dealer, marketing, engineering, finance, accounting, legal and other personnel. Competition for qualified employees in our industry, particularly for software engineers, data scientists and other technical staff, is intense, and we face significant competition in hiring and retaining them. To attract and retain executives and other key employees in this competitive marketplace, we must provide competitive compensation packages, including cash and stock-based compensation. Our primary forms of stock-based incentive awards are stock options and restricted stock units. We view our people as our most important capital asset, in which we strive to invest to develop talent and growth to build their capabilities. We leverage both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Base pay for all of our positions is benchmarked to relevant external peer and role comparators and determined based on level expectations and proficiency evaluations within the applicable level. Equity awards for new hires are based on the employee’s position, prior experience, qualifications and the market for particular types of talent. Additional equity grants are based on employee contribution, potential and retention objectives. Equity awards generally have long-term (four year) vesting periods to reinforce the employee’s focus on our long-term success. Non-executive employee cash bonuses are based on company financial and individual performance. The executive cash bonus program is based on company financial performance and the attainment of key strategic objectives under the annual plan approved by the Compensation and Workforce Committee of our Board of Directors. After the end of the fiscal year, the Committee reviews performance against plan objectives and determines the actual payout of the bonus. Members of our dealer organization are eligible for incentive compensation in lieu of the corporate bonus program, which is based on attainment of key activities or the completion of key objectives deemed important by department and company leadership for the growth and maintenance of our dealer network. We also consider the health insurance and other benefits that we provide to be an important part of our overall compensation package. Finally, as part of our continuing efforts to support our employees and be responsive to their concerns, we regularly measure and monitor employee morale and engagement and assess our culture, including diversity, equity and inclusion. Particularly in the wake of the disruptions occasioned by the coronavirus pandemic, we have found this dialogue to be valuable. We completed our initial public offering in May 2014 and our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “TRUE.” Corporate Information 11 Available Information Our Internet address is www.truecar.com. Our investor relations website is located at https://ir.truecar.com. We make our Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) periodic reports (Forms 10-Q and Forms 10-K) and current reports (Forms 8-K), and amendments to these reports, available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically with the SEC. We may from time to time provide important disclosures to investors by posting them in the investor relations section of our website, as allowed by SEC rules. The SEC maintains an Internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our company that we file electronically with the SEC. 12 Item 1A. Risk Factors Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, and Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before making an investment in our common stock. If any of the following risks is realized, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not believed by us to be material could also impact us. 13 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending. Since 2020, beginning with disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic, the automotive industry has experienced, and may continue to experience, a decline in inventory supply. This decline is attributable to a number of factors, including supply chain disruptions and shortages of critical parts, such as automotive semiconductor chips, fewer trade-ins from diminished vehicle sales, lease extensions on vehicles that would otherwise have been returned to dealerships and the closure of or restrictions on the operations of wholesale auctions limiting dealers’ ability to source stock and replenish inventory. The limited supply of inventory has also led to an increase in wholesale auction prices and the prices that dealers charge consumers for automobiles. The reduced inventory and increased prices have had, and may continue to have, several negative effects on us: including a reduction in dealers’ willingness to participate in our network, at our standard rates or at all, and corresponding pressure on our dealer count and revenue; an increase in competition for dealers’ advertising spending and a limitation on the effectiveness of our advertising, as detailed in the risk factor “The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts, especially with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications, as well as those efforts of the affinity group marketing partners whose websites we power, and these efforts may not be successful”; a reduction in automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending and willingness to partner with us on incentives, as detailed in the risk factor “The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our car manufacturer incentive programs, or to induce manufacturers to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or have an adverse effect on our operating results”; an adverse effect on consumer satisfaction with the experience we provide due to unusually high vehicle sale prices; and an adverse impact on the amount of inventory available on our sites, which could contribute to a decline in the number of consumer visits to our sites and the number of connections between consumers and dealers through our platform and, as detailed in the risk factor “The loss of a critical mass of dealers, either nationally or in any given geographic area, could deprive us of the data we need to provide certain of our key features, including our TrueCar Curve, our used- car inventory count and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, any of which could negatively affect our business,” disrupt our search-engine optimization efforts. We cannot predict when, if ever, these automobile inventory-related issues will be resolved, and until they are, they are likely to continue to adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects. Decreases in the quality or quantity of the leads we provide to dealers adversely affect our business and revenue by, among other things, decreasing our unit volume and causing some dealers on our network to lose faith in our value proposition and choose to leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates. Our Auto Buying Program introduces consumers to TrueCar Certified Dealers, who either pay us a subscription fee or a fee per vehicle sold to our users introduced to them through our platform. The quality and quantity of these leads are important variables in the success of our business and depend on many factors, including the attractiveness of our car-buying experience, the efficiency of the algorithm that matches our users with TrueCar Certified Dealers and consumers’ loyalty to our brand or to that of the partner through which they were introduced to the Auto Buying Program, among others. When our lead quality or quantity decline, for example, in response to macroeconomic factors like interest rates or inventory shortages, our unit volume declines, which results in lower revenues from pay-per-sale billing arrangements, as well as a greater difficulty in justifying our value proposition to dealers. Additionally, diminished lead quality or quantity often causes TrueCar Certified Dealers to be dissatisfied with our program, which makes it more likely that they choose to leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates. Historically, some of our TrueCar Certified Dealers have expressed concern about our lead quality, and we observed an increase in this concern in the first half of 2019. Further, the wind-down and subsequent termination of our affinity partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank, or USAA, adversely affected our overall lead quantity and lead quality. Additionally, during the first several months of the coronavirus pandemic, we noticed a substantial but temporary decrease in lead quantity, and since 2021 we have experienced a material decline in lead quality. We believe that the lead quality challenges that we have experienced since 2021 are substantially related to the contemporaneous industry-wide automobile inventory shortages, which we discuss in greater detail in the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.” We cannot predict how further developments will affect our lead quantity and quality, and negative developments in these metrics, like many others in the total value proposition that we provide to our TrueCar Certified Dealers, have adversely affected our revenues, results of operations and business and may continue to do so in the future. 14 If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers and dealers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business and prospects would be adversely affected. We believe that our effort to build out our end-to-end consumer car-buying experience, TrueCar+, is critical to the success of our business. Through this initiative, we integrate certain of our current product offerings along with other offerings designed to provide an end-to-end car-buying experience into one seamless experience. For example, we currently offer an Access package containing our Payments and Trade solutions to our dealers. We provide the Trade solution pursuant to a 10-year commercial partnership with Accu-Trade that we entered into in 2019. Accu-Trade, through its affiliates, supplies the valuation data we use in providing offers and guarantees those offers to dealers. We cannot assure you that Accu-Trade will continue to be able to supply accurate valuation data and to stand behind its guarantees. If it is unable to do so, our Trade product, the TrueCar+ offering of which we expect it to be a critical part and our business and prospects could be adversely affected. For example, as a result of closures of departments of motor vehicles across the United States and other disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic, Accu-Trade temporarily stopped guaranteeing its vehicle valuations for part of the first half of 2020, during which time we converted our “True Cash Offers” to “True Cash Estimates,” and we cannot assure you that we will not be required to do so again in the future. Further, on February 2, 2022, we entered into a redemption agreement with Accu-Trade to redeem the Company’s 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. Upon close of the transaction, the current software and data license agreement with Accu-Trade will be terminated, and the Company will enter into a new software license agreement with the Accu- Trade business at no cost to the Company during the first year and cancellable by either party thereafter on 60 days’ notice. If the Accu-Trade deal closes and the new commercial agreement becomes effective, we cannot assure you that the Accu-Trade business will be able to continue to supply accurate valuation data and stand behind its guarantees in the manner it has in the past. If the new commercial agreement becomes effective, we cannot assure you that it will remain in place following its initial one-year term, and if the agreement is terminated and we are unable to find a comparable alternative source of valuation data, our business could be adversely affected. Also, since 2020, we have introduced a number of other products to help streamline consumers’ car-buying experience. The first of these products allows consumers to connect with one of our insurance partners, from whom they may obtain car insurance. We also have partnered with two different financial institutions, one of which allows consumers who have received offers from dealers who also have partnered with the institution to pre-qualify for a car loan, and the other of which allows consumers to review their credit score to facilitate financing quotations. We have introduced, and intend to continue to introduce, additional other products to facilitate the implementation of our TrueCar+ offering. For more information on potential risks to our reputation with dealers arising from these new products, refer to the risk factor “If key industry participants, including car dealers, affinity partners and automobile manufacturers, perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged” below. If we are not successful in rolling out the TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers and dealers using it, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business, revenue, operating results and prospects would be adversely affected. The coronavirus pandemic and the responses to it by governments, organizations and individuals has materially negatively affected our business. We cannot predict the extent to which our business will continue to be disrupted by it and its effects in the future. We continue to experience the negative effects of the coronavirus pandemic on our business, operations and financial results and we may experience further negative effects on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. During the coronavirus pandemic, governments around the world have taken extraordinary and unprecedented measures to slow the spread of the virus and its variants. These measures included, among many others, orders requiring so-called “non- essential” businesses to close and individuals to “shelter at home,” as well as capacity and other restrictions on businesses. Even where not required by applicable governmental authorities, individuals and organizations have voluntarily canceled and scaled down social and commercial activities to protect themselves and their members from infection. These responses to the pandemic caused unparalleled damage to the global economy and negatively affected our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in a number of ways. Most directly, in the first and second quarters of 2020, a number of state and local governments took steps that prohibited or curtailed the sale of automobiles during the pandemic. In some jurisdictions, shelter-at-home orders, or other orders related to the pandemic, impeded car sales. On top of these legal restrictions, the economic uncertainty and the large number of consumers who were unemployed, as well as the decrease in consumers’ need and willingness to make discretionary trips outside of the home, decreased the demand for cars. Cumulatively, these factors resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of cars bought by our users from our dealers. In the second and third quarters of 2020, for example, our units declined by approximately 22% over the same two-quarter period in 2019, 15 with the effect most pronounced in April 2020. These factors continued to negatively affect the number of cars bought by our users from our dealers in subsequent quarters, and this was compounded by the wind-down and termination of our partnership with USAA later in the year. This decline in units had a number of negative effects. First, it directly translated into lowered revenue from our pay- per-sale dealers. Second, we took costly steps to support our subscription dealers, including by allowing some of them to switch to pay-per-sale arrangements (which generally reduced our fees from the prenegotiated subscription rate during pandemic conditions), and substantially lowering the subscription rates on our invoices for other subscription dealers during the second quarter. Third, the nationwide decline in car sales caused many dealers to suspend or cancel their participation in our network. Finally, the combination of the pandemic-related deterioration in our dealers’ financial condition and our efforts to support them through the pandemic caused a material reduction in our ability to collect accounts receivable in a timely manner, which had largely corrected by the end of 2020. Although we have experienced a marked improvement in our financial and operational metrics since the height of the pandemic, particularly in connection with the spread of new variants of the coronavirus such as Delta and Omicron, we have experienced continued uncertainty surrounding both governmental restrictions and changes in dealer and consumer behavior that has had and may continue to have negative financial and operational impacts on our business. Further, uncertainty continues to surround the pandemic’s duration and its long-term effect on governmental, economic and societal conditions. We cannot predict or prepare for every eventuality, and our business could suffer depending upon how employee, consumer or dealer behavior or the macroeconomic environment are affected. For example, consumer demand for cars could be permanently decreased if remote working remains prevalent after the pandemic, reducing the need for workers to commute. Further, many dealers have been highly profitable during the pandemic as a result of low inventory levels and marketing costs, and if dealers continue this operational approach, our business could be adversely affected. Additionally, in the first quarter of 2020, we transitioned all of our employees to mandatory work-from-home status to reduce the risk of transmission of the coronavirus in accordance with the orders of relevant governmental authorities. Although we have not yet finalized our post-pandemic dynamic workplace policy, we intend to reopen certain physical office locations to certain employees when it is safe to do so and local requirements allow. Our employees who opt, or are required, to return to the office may nevertheless be exposed to health risks, which could expose us to potential liability. Further, the transition from current work-from-home conditions for all employees to a policy that permits or requires some employees to return to the office could disrupt our business and have negative effects on our attrition, morale and productivity. Finally, we may be unable to offer new products and services, or retool or otherwise update our existing products and services, in a way that responds to consumers’ and dealers’ changing preferences and expectations. For example, if consumers become accustomed to contactless purchases and we are not able to successfully roll out our TrueCar+ experience, we may not be able to return our units and revenues to unaffected levels and our business would be harmed. The termination of our partnership with USAA adversely affected our business and we may be unable to mitigate its negative financial effects. The largest source of user traffic and unit sales from our affinity group marketing partners in 2019 came from the car-buying site we maintained for USAA. In 2019, 293,142 units, representing 29% of all of our units during that year, were matched to users of that site. Our affinity group marketing agreement with USAA reached the end of its term in 2020, at which time we entered into a transition services agreement with USAA pursuant to which it briefly continued to offer its members an auto-buying program as it wound down the offering. Even as the partnership was wound down during 2020, 154,339 units, representing 20.1% of all of our units that year, were attributable to the program. As such, the number of units purchased using the USAA car-buying site has in the past had a significant influence on our operating results. The termination of our affinity partnership with USAA had a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and prospects, and may have led to the loss of some dealers from our network. To the extent that we are not able to mitigate the continuing adverse effects of the termination of our relationship with USAA, our business, revenues, results of operations and cash flows will continue to be materially negatively affected. The growth of our business relies significantly on our ability to maintain and increase the revenues that we derive from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. Failure to do so would harm our financial performance. We derive most of our revenues from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. If we are unable to maintain and increase these revenues, our financial performance would be harmed. We seek to increase these revenues in a number of ways. First, as described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, we work to develop and introduce, and improve, new products for dealers, including our TrueCar+ offering, to increase revenue and drive dealer adoption of our offerings. 16 Second, we endeavor to support and maintain our currently active TrueCar Certified Dealers. As described in greater detail elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the coronavirus pandemic imposed financial hardships on dealers that resulted in some of them going out of business or canceling or suspending their participation in our offerings, and the termination of our partnership with USAA diminished the number of users that we refer to our dealers and decreased the average quality of the leads that we provide our dealers, and we have taken actions intended to mitigate these effects on our dealers. Third, because approximately two-thirds of our unit volume from our dealers is subject to subscription billing arrangements, with the remainder being subject to pay-per-sale billing arrangements, our ability to properly manage dealer subscription rates is critical to maintaining and increasing our dealer revenues. If the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers on subscription billing arrangements increases relative to those on a pay-per-sale billing model, the growth of our business will be even more dependent on our ability to manage dealer subscription rates. If we are unable to convince subscription-based dealers of our value proposition, we could be unable to maintain or increase dealer subscription rates even if our unit volume increases. Similarly, if our unit volume declines and we are not able to appropriately manage the subscription rates of affected dealers, those dealers could insist on lower subscription rates or terminate their participation in our dealer network. Any of these and other similar subscription-related eventualities could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, during the coronavirus pandemic, our monetization rates have exhibited substantially greater volatility than historical levels. In response to this volatility, we provided automatic discounts to most of our subscription dealers during the second quarter of 2020. In the future, we expect to continue to adjust individual dealers’ subscription rates in an effort to bring their monetization rates into line with historical levels. If we do not successfully balance the need to maintain dealer relationships with appropriate subscription adjustments with the need to maintain our revenues, our business, operating results and financial condition could be negatively affected. Finally, we strive to grow and optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and to improve the representation of high-volume brands in our network to increase the number of transactions between our users and dealers. Some automotive brands consistently achieve higher than average sales volume per dealer. As a consequence, dealers representing those brands make a disproportionately greater contribution to our unit volume. Our ability to grow and to optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, increase the number of dealers representing high-volume brands and grow the overall number of dealers in our network is an important factor in growing our business. As described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, car dealerships have sometimes viewed our business in a negative light. Although we have taken steps intended to improve our relationships with, and our reputation among, car dealerships, including the commitments made in our pledge to dealers, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Since the beginning of 2020, we have experienced the loss of a significant number of car dealers in our network and we may be unable to maintain or grow the number of car dealers in our network, in a geographically optimized manner or at all, or increase the proportion of dealers in our network representing high volume brands. As noted earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, many of our dealers canceled or suspended their participation in our network as a result of the coronavirus pandemic and the termination of our affinity partnership with USAA led to the loss of additional dealers from our network. If we experience a similar decline in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our ability to increase the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers in an optimized manner depends on strong relationships with other constituents, including car manufacturers and state dealership associations. From time to time, car manufacturers have communicated concerns about our business to dealers in our network. For example, many car manufacturers maintain guidelines that prohibit dealers from advertising a car at a price that is below an established floor, referred to as “minimum allowable advertised price,” or “MAAP,” guidelines. If a manufacturer takes the position that its MAAP guidelines apply to prices provided by a TrueCar Certified Dealer to our users and the dealer submits a price to a user that falls below the applicable MAAP guidelines, the manufacturer may discourage that dealer from remaining in the network and may discourage other dealers within its brand from joining the network. For example, in 2011, Honda publicly announced that it would not provide advertising allowances to dealers that remained in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. While we subsequently addressed Honda’s concerns and it ceased withholding advertising allowances from our TrueCar Certified Dealers, discord with specific car manufacturers could impede our ability to grow our dealer network. Although a number of manufacturers have introduced MAAP guidelines, and we have implemented certain changes designed to accommodate these guidelines, others may do so in the future and it is unclear whether we will be able to accommodate new, and continue to accommodate existing, guidelines without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience and, if we are not, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 17 In addition, state dealership associations maintain significant influence over the dealerships in their states as lobbying groups and as thought leaders. To the extent that these associations view us in a negative light, our reputation with car dealers in the corresponding states may be negatively affected. If our relationships with car manufacturers or state dealership associations suffer, our ability to maintain and grow the number of car dealers in our network would be harmed. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or increase the revenues that we derive from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers in any of the ways described above, or otherwise, and failure to do so would harm our financial performance. The loss of a critical mass of dealers, either nationally or in any given geographic area, could deprive us of the data we need to provide certain of our key features, including our TrueCar Curve, our inventory supply and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, any of which would negatively affect our business. As discussed in more detail under the risk factor “If we suffer a significant interruption in our access to third-party data, we may be unable to maintain key aspects of our user experience, including the TrueCar Curve and certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, and our business and operating results would be harmed,” we depend on data provided by our dealers to populate our TrueCar Curve, among other aspects of our user experience. If a critical mass of dealers nationally, or in any given geographic area, goes out of business, or cancels or suspends their participation in our network, we may be unable to provide the TrueCar Curve, our used-car inventory count and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder experience to users in the affected areas, or the quality of the information or user experience could deteriorate in those areas. Additionally, because much of our organic traffic from search engines originates from used-car-related search terms, and our ranking for those terms is heavily influenced by our inventory levels, the loss of a critical mass of dealers in any given geographic area could also cause a loss of used-car inventory on our sites that diminishes our organic search traffic and therefore our monthly unique visitors. For example, a decrease in our relevant inventory would result in a decrease in pages that are available for search-engine indexation and a greater probability that a user leaves our pages early, which is generally a negative signal for ranking algorithms. For more information on the reliance of our business on search-engine results, refer to the risk factor “We rely, in part, on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected.” Although dealer cancellations and suspensions at the beginning of the pandemic were disproportionately concentrated in California and the Northeastern United States, we do not believe that we have to date lost a critical mass of dealers in any particular geographic area. Nevertheless, recent decreases in our dealer count have affected our ability to present a wide array of dealers and inventory to some of our users, which could harm our business. Further, if we do lose a critical mass of dealers nationally, in any geographic area or for any particular manufacturer, our business, reputation and results of operations would be negatively affected. If we are unable to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers, and the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers, could decline, and our revenue and results of operations would suffer harm. The user experience on our TrueCar-branded website platform has evolved since its launch in 2010, but has not changed dramatically. While we continue to devote substantial resources to the development of our platform and enhancement of our user experience, including the rollout of our TrueCar+ end-to-end car-buying solution, we cannot assure you that we will be able to create such an end-to-end car-buying solution, or provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users. Our failure to do so could cause the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers to decline, prevent us from effectively monetizing our user traffic and cause us to lose consumers to competitors’ platforms. In addition, as described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, if we are unable to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, the quality of the leads we provide to dealers could decline, which could result in dealers leaving our network. We believe that our ability to provide a compelling car-buying experience is subject to a number of factors, including: • • • • the actions taken by other participants in the car-buying process, including dealers and automobile manufacturers; our ability to provide our TrueCar+ offering in a manner that is user-friendly, accepted by dealers and differentiated from those of our competitors; our ability to launch other new products that are effective and have a high degree of consumer engagement; our ability to constantly innovate and improve our existing products, including in response to the coronavirus pandemic and associated changes in consumer and dealer behavior and preferences; 18 • • • the compliance of the dealers within our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers with applicable laws, regulations and the rules of our platform, including the requirement that they honor the prices they quote to our users; our access to a sufficient amount of data to enable us to provide relevant vehicle and pricing information to consumers, including data provided by TrueCar Certified Dealers through our systems; and our ability to constantly innovate and improve our mobile application and platform to enable us to provide products and services that users want to use on the devices they prefer. Our business is subject to risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including interest rates, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues. Decreases in consumer demand could adversely affect the market for automobile purchases and, as a result, reduce the number of consumers using our platform. Consumer purchases of new and used automobiles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. For example, the number of new vehicle sales in the United States decreased from approximately 16.1 million in 2007 to approximately 10.4 million in 2009, and in connection with the coronavirus pandemic and the subsequent shortage of automobile semiconductor chips dropped from 17.0 million in 2019 to 14.5 million in 2020 and 14.9 million in 2021, according in each case to the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Various economic uncertainties, including stock market and commodity pricing volatility, could lead to a downturn that may impact our business. Purchases of new and used automobiles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy, including the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of credit, reductions in business and consumer confidence, stock market volatility, new tariffs or border adjustment taxes, increased unemployment and changes in environmental regulations and fuel economy standards. Similarly, a change in gasoline prices, governmental policy or other macroeconomic factors could increase the relative demand for electric vehicles, many of which are currently sold directly to consumers by manufacturers such as Tesla without the involvement of franchised dealers such as the TrueCar Certified Dealers on our network. Interest rates in particular can have a significant impact on automobile purchases and affordability due to the direct relationship between interest rates and monthly loan payments, a critical factor for many consumers. Interest rate increases by the U.S. Federal Reserve, such as those currently forecast to occur in 2022, could negatively affect the number of vehicles purchased by consumers, and any reduction in purchases could adversely affect automobile dealers and car manufacturers and lead to a reduction in other spending by these constituents, including targeted incentive programs. In addition, our business may be negatively affected by challenges to the larger automotive ecosystem, including challenges arising from growth in car manufacturer subscription service offerings, increasing interest rates on loans, global supply chain challenges, such as those resulting from the ongoing automotive microchip shortage, which has disrupted automobile production, automotive tariffs or the Japanese tsunami in 2011 and other macroeconomic issues. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our car manufacturer incentive programs, or to induce manufacturers to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or have an adverse effect on our operating results. In 2021 and 2020, respectively, we derived approximately 3.7% and 6.0% of our revenue from our arrangements with car manufacturers to promote the sale of their vehicles through additional consumer incentives, and, while more volatile than other of our revenue sources, we believe that this revenue stream represents a potential growth opportunity for our business following the resolution of current inventory shortages. Failure to attract additional manufacturers to participate in these programs could reduce our growth and harm our operating results. For example, increasingly low vehicle inventories in 2021 have reduced manufacturers’ incentive spending. Certain manufacturers who currently participate in these programs have suspended their participation indefinitely due to the low inventory levels, and certain manufacturers who formerly participated in programs of this type have informed us that they will not consider partnering with us again until inventory returns to more typical levels. For more information on in effect of low vehicle inventory levels on our business, refer to the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertisement expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.” Additionally, our relationships with manufacturers typically begin with a short-term pilot arrangement and, even if a relationship progresses beyond the pilot stage, it may only be for a short term and may not be renewed by the manufacturer, which could cause fluctuations in our operating results. If we are unable to induce the manufacturers with which we currently have relationships to continue or expand their incentive programs on our platform, or to enter into longer-term arrangements, or if we are unable to attract new manufacturers to our platform, that could have an adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and prospects. 19 The loss of a significant affinity group marketing partner or a significant reduction in the number of cars purchased from our TrueCar Certified Dealers by members of our affinity group marketing partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results. Our financial performance is substantially dependent upon the number of cars purchased from TrueCar Certified Dealers by users of the TrueCar website, our branded mobile applications and the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners. A majority of the cars purchased by our users have historically been matched to the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners, and although the termination of our affinity partner relationship with USAA has increased our branded sites’ relative unit contributions, our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners will remain critical to our business and financial performance. However, several aspects of our relationships with affinity groups might change in a manner that harms our business and financial performance, including: • • • affinity group marketing partners might terminate their relationship with us or make the relationship non-exclusive, resulting in a reduction in the number of transactions between users of our platform and TrueCar Certified Dealers; affinity group marketing partners might de-emphasize the car-buying programs within their offerings or alter the user experience for members in a way that results in a decrease in the number of transactions between their members and our TrueCar Certified Dealers; or the economic structure of our agreements with affinity group marketing partners might change, resulting in a decrease in our operating margins on transactions by their members. For example, in 2020, USAA terminated its affinity marketing partnership with us. USAA accounted for a substantial share of our units and revenues and this termination had a materially adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. For more information on the termination of our affinity partnership with USAA, refer to the risk factor “The termination of our partnership with USAA adversely affected our business, and we may be unable to mitigate its negative financial effects.” Additional changes like these to our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners could happen for a number of reasons both within and outside of our control. For example, we share certain information of our users with our affinity partners, and those partners may in turn use that information to offer enhanced value propositions to our users, such as manufacturer incentives or other benefits provided by third parties that we refer to as buyer’s bonuses, or for analytical or other business purposes. Affinity partners that derive value from that information may terminate their relationship with us, or change the relationship in a manner adverse to our business, if we cease or limit our sharing of the information, and we cannot assure you that we will not be required to do so due to market conditions or contractual counterparties, or by law or regulators given the rapidly evolving environment surrounding privacy matters in the United States. For more information on these matters, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.” Our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners could also be harmed by any number of macroeconomic, social, political, legal or regulatory changes or other factors and our and our partners’ respective responses to them. Further, as discussed earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, the disruption occasioned by the coronavirus pandemic caused our average net monetization per unit to fall materially in the second quarter of 2020 because the proportional discounts we provided to dealers on subscription-based billing arrangements on average exceeded the proportional decrease in their units. For more information on the impact of the pandemic on our business, refer to the risk factor “The coronavirus pandemic and the responses to it by governments, organizations and individuals materially negatively affected our business. We cannot predict the extent to which our business will be disrupted by it and its effects in the future.” Because our revenue sharing arrangements with our affinity partners are typically tied to our average net monetization, a decrease in this metric negatively affects the per-unit revenues that those partners receive from their partnership with us, and the decrease in our average net monetization could result in any of the adverse actions by affinity partners referred to above. A significant change to our relationships with affinity group marketing partners may have a negative effect on our business in other ways. For example, the termination by an affinity group marketing partner of our relationship may create the perception that our products and services are no longer beneficial to the members of affinity groups or a more general negative association with our business. In addition, a termination by an affinity group marketing partner may result in the loss of the data it provided to us about automobile transactions. This loss of data may decrease the quantity and quality of the information that we provide to consumers and may also reduce our ability to identify transactions for which we can invoice dealers. If our relationships with affinity group marketing partners change, our business, revenue, operating results and prospects may be harmed. 20 If key industry participants, including car dealers, affinity partners and automobile manufacturers, perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged. Our primary source of revenue consists of fees paid by TrueCar Certified Dealers to us in connection with the sales of automobiles to our users. In addition, our value proposition to consumers depends on our ability to provide pricing information on automobiles from a sufficient number of automobile dealers by brand and in a given consumer’s geographic area. If our relationships with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers suffer harm in a manner that leads to the departure of these dealers from our network, then our revenue and ability to maintain and grow unique visitor traffic would be adversely affected. For example, at the end of 2011 and the beginning of 2012, due to regulatory and publicity-related challenges, many dealers canceled their agreements with us and our franchise dealer count fell from 5,571 at November 30, 2011 to 3,599 at February 28, 2012. In 2015, 279 franchise dealers became inactive as the result of a contractual dispute with a large dealer group, and our franchise dealer count decreased from 9,300 at June 30, 2015 to 8,702 at September 30, 2015. At December 31, 2021, our franchise dealer count was 8,482. TrueCar Certified Dealers have no contractual obligation to maintain their relationship with us. Accordingly, these dealers may leave our network at any time or may develop or use other products or services in lieu of ours. Further, while we believe that our service provides a lower cost, accountable customer acquisition channel, dealers may have difficulty rationalizing their marketing spend across TrueCar and other channels, which may dilute our dealer value proposition. If we are unable to create and maintain a compelling value proposition for dealers to become and remain TrueCar Certified Dealers, our dealer network might not grow and could decline. Similarly, if dealers come to view our products and services, in particular the products and services associated with TrueCar+ that we have recently begun to provide and in the future may provide, in a negative light, whether because they perceive them as competing with their own offerings or otherwise, our dealer network could be adversely affected. In addition, although the automobile dealership industry is fragmented, a small number of groups have significant influence over the industry, including state and national dealership associations, state regulators, car manufacturers, consumer groups, individual dealers and consolidated dealer groups. If any of these groups comes to believe that automobile dealerships should not do business with us, this belief could become quickly and widely shared by automobile dealerships, and we could lose a significant number of dealers in our network. For example, in 2015, the California New Car Dealers Association, or CNCDA, filed a lawsuit alleging that we were operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. Although this litigation was ultimately settled, we cannot assure you that similar litigation will not be brought against us in the future. A significant number of automobile dealerships are also members of larger dealer groups, and if a group decides to leave our network, that decision would typically apply to all dealerships within the group. Furthermore, automobile manufacturers may provide their franchise dealers with financial or other marketing support on the condition that they adhere to certain marketing guidelines, and these manufacturers may determine that the manner in which certain dealers use our platform is inconsistent with the terms of those guidelines. That determination could result in potential or actual loss of the manufacturers’ financial or other marketing support to the dealers whose use of the TrueCar platform is deemed objectionable. The potential or actual loss of marketing support could cause those dealers to cease being members of our TrueCar Certified Dealer network, which would adversely affect our ability to maintain or grow the number and productivity of dealers in our network or the revenue derived from those dealers. And, as discussed in greater detail in the risk factor “The loss of a significant affinity group marketing partner or a significant reduction in the number of cars purchased from our TrueCar Certified Dealers by members of our affinity group marketing partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results,” a majority of our units have historically been matched to the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners, and any deterioration in our reputation or relationships with those partners could result in a number of adverse effects on our business. We cannot assure you that we will maintain strong relationships with the dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers or that we will not suffer dealer attrition in the future. We may also have disputes with dealers from time to time, including relating to the collection of fees from them and other matters. We may need to modify our products, change pricing or take other actions to address dealer concerns in the future. If a significant number of these automobile dealerships decide to leave our network or change their financial or business relationship with us, our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects would suffer. Our business could be adversely affected by executive and other transitions in our senior management team or if any vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner. We could face management turnover, which could divert our remaining management team’s attention from key business areas and negatively affect our business in other ways. Although we generally enter into employment agreements with our executives, the agreements have no specific duration and our executive officers are at-will employees. As a result, they may terminate their 21 employment relationship with us at any time, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any of them. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows. We have experienced management turnover such as this in the past. For example, in 2019, we experienced significant turnover in our top executives, including the departures of our chief executive officer, chief technology officer and chief marketing officer and the replacement of our chief financial officer, chief people officer and executive vice president of dealer solutions, and in 2020, after nine months of service in an interim capacity, the board appointed Michael Darrow as our chief executive officer. Also in 2020, in connection with the reorganization of our business discussed earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, we hired a new chief operating officer and chief consumer officer, and our chief financial officer and chief accounting officer resigned. In 2021, we hired a new chief financial officer and a new senior vice president, head of product, our executive vice president of dealer solutions departed and we terminated the employment of our chief operating officer, and in early 2022 our chief people officer departed. As a result of the turnover and open positions, our remaining management team took on increased responsibilities. Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge and a learning curve for new executives, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with any such transition, and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any vacant roles and train any new hires could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate candidates for any vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek. The search for candidates for these positions has resulted, and may in the future result, in significant recruiting and relocation costs. An inability to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel could harm our ability to develop and successfully grow our business. We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees. The loss of key personnel, including members of management as well as key engineering, product and technology employees who understand our business and can innovate our products, could have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees, including our dealer, marketing, finance, accounting, legal and other personnel. Competition for qualified employees in our industry, particularly for software engineers, data scientists and other technical staff, is intense, and we face significant competition in hiring and retaining them. Moreover, we have in the past conducted reductions in force that could adversely affect employee morale, retention and recruiting efforts. We are also limited in our ability to recruit internationally by immigration and other laws. To attract and retain executives and other key employees in this competitive marketplace, we must provide competitive compensation packages, including cash and stock-based compensation. Our primary forms of stock-based incentive awards are stock options and restricted stock units. Our stock price has long experienced substantial volatility, which may negatively impact the extent to which our stock-based compensation is viewed as a valuable benefit. Further, in response to the financial disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, we temporarily reduced executive base salaries and deferred employee bonuses, raises and promotions. Although we have since been able to reverse these temporary measures, executives’ and other employees’ bonuses have also been negatively affected by the disruptions we have faced recently, including the termination of the USAA partnership, the coronavirus pandemic and the automobile inventory shortage. The fact that we have taken these actions, and if we take any similar measures in the future, could hamper our recruiting and retention. If our total compensation packages are not considered competitive, our ability to attract, retain and motivate executives and key employees could be weakened. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees, retaining and motivating existing employees or integrating new employees, our business could be materially and adversely affected. We may fail to respond adequately to changes in technology and consumer demands that could lead to decreased demand for automobiles. In recent years, the market for motor vehicles has been characterized by rapid changes in technology and consumer demands. Self-driving technology, ride sharing, transportation networks and other fundamental changes in the automotive industry and transportation technology and infrastructure could have a substantial impact on consumer demand for the purchase or lease of automobiles. Moreover, if a broader nationwide shift toward work-from-home arrangements occurs, consumer demand for cars could decrease. If we fail to respond adequately to a decline in the demand for automobile purchases, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects. Additionally, we are not currently able to monetize a transaction in which a manufacturer sells a new automobile directly to a consumer without the involvement of a TrueCar Certified Dealer, as Tesla does, for example. If this practice becomes more 22 widespread and we are not able to adjust, including in response to changing consumer demands during and after the coronavirus pandemic, our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. Our ability to enhance our current product offerings, or grow complementary product offerings, may be limited, which could negatively impact our growth rate, revenues and financial performance. As we introduce new offerings, or enhance existing products and services on our platform, for example, in connection with our rollout of TrueCar+, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to introduce these products or product enhancements successfully. Our attempts to do so may place us in competitive and regulatory environments with which we are unfamiliar and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on these investments are not achieved for several years, if at all. In addition, we may not successfully demonstrate the value of these enhanced or complementary products to dealers or consumers, and failure to do so would compromise our ability to successfully expand our user experience and could harm our growth rate, revenue and operating performance. Further, key contractual counterparties, including our affinity group marketing partners and automobile manufacturers who participate in our incentive programs, are increasingly requiring that our products adhere to technical standards, including accessibility standards, more stringent than those that we believe are currently required by applicable law. Ensuring that our products adhere to these requirements could divert our attention from key initiatives and require the investment of a significant amount of resources and, if we are unsuccessful in implementing the standards, could negatively affect our reputation and contractual relationships, which could adversely affect our growth rate, revenue and financial and operating performance. We may make product and investment decisions that do not prioritize short-term financial results and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect. We may make product and investment decisions that do not prioritize short-term financial results if we believe that those decisions are consistent with our mission or will otherwise improve our financial performance over the long term. For example, we completed a long-term replatforming of our technology platform in 2018 that required a substantial dedication of resources over a sustained period of time and therefore caused a delay in pursuing other projects that may have had a more immediate financial impact. We also may introduce new features or other changes to existing products, or introduce new stand-alone products, that attract users away from products or use cases where we have more proven means of monetization. For example, in 2020, we introduced new consumer experiences that allow our users more control over the dealers to which their contact information is provided, the specific information so provided and the methods by which they are contacted. Although we believe that these experiences improved our product and will yield long-term financial benefits, in the short term, certain aspects of those new experiences had an incrementally negative impact on our monetization rates. Similarly, as discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, we believe that the rollout of our TrueCar+ offering is critical to the long-term success of our business. However, we cannot assure you that we will do so successfully, or, if we do, that it will improve our business. These and other similar decisions may adversely affect our business and results of operations and may not produce the long- term benefits that we expect. Failure to maintain or increase our revenue, or to reduce our expenses as a percentage of revenue, would adversely affect our financial condition and profitability. We expect to make significant future investments to support the further development and expansion of our business and these investments may not result in increased revenue or growth on a timely basis or at all, and may not be sufficient to replace the revenue that we historically derived from our partnership with USAA. Furthermore, these investments may not decrease as a percentage of revenue if our business grows. In particular, we may continue to make substantial expenditures to acquire or develop and launch new products and enhance our existing products and services, continue to grow and train our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and continue to upgrade and enhance our technology infrastructure. We also intend to continue investing to increase awareness of our brand, including through television, digital, social, email and radio advertisements, particularly in connection with the rollout of TrueCar+. There can be no assurance that these investments will have the effect of maintaining or increasing revenue or that we will eventually be able to decrease our expenses as a percentage of revenue, and failure to do so would adversely affect our financial condition and profitability. 23 We cannot predict whether we will be able to maintain or grow our business. If we are unable to successfully respond to changes in the market, our business could be harmed. Our business has grown when users and automobile dealers have increasingly used our products and services. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain or grow our business. We expect that our business will evolve in ways that may be difficult to predict. For example, marketing expenditures in certain situations become inefficient, particularly with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications. Revenue growth may be dependent on a number of factors, including the success of our TrueCar+ offering or our ability to focus on increasing the number of transactions, subscriptions and other sources from which we derive revenue by growing our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, including dealers representing high-volume brands, both on an overall basis and in important geographies, as well as growth in the revenue we derive from car manufacturer incentive programs. It is also possible that dealers could broadly determine that they no longer believe in the value of our services. For example, as described in greater detail in the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending,” the automobile inventory shortage in recent periods reduced the attractiveness of our value proposition to many dealers. In the event of these or any other developments, our continued success will depend on our ability to successfully adjust our strategy to meet the changing market dynamics. If we are unable to do so, our business could be harmed and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. We rely on relationships with data providers and may experience interruptions in the data feeds or API services they provide, which could adversely affect our current and future product offerings and could limit our ability to provide our TrueCar+ offering to our users and dealer customers as well as the timeliness of the information we provide, and which may impair our ability to attract or retain consumers and TrueCar Certified Dealers and to timely invoice our dealers, and otherwise negatively affect our business. We receive data that is important for our business, such as automobile purchase data, from many third-party data providers, including our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers; dealer management system, or DMS, data feed providers; data aggregators and integrators; survey companies; purveyors of registration data; our affinity group marketing partners; and other companies with which we partner from time to time. An interruption in our receipt of data from any of the data sources on which we rely could negatively affect our business. For example, in the circumstances in which we employ a pay-per-sale billing model, we use automobile purchase data to match purchases from TrueCar Certified Dealers so that we may collect transaction fees from those dealers and recognize revenue from the related transactions. We also use that data to demonstrate to TrueCar Certified Dealers on a subscription billing model the value we provide to support maintaining or increasing our subscription rates. From time to time, we experience interruptions in one or more data feeds that we receive from third-party data providers, particularly DMS data feed providers. These interruptions sometimes negatively affect our business, for example, by impacting our ability to timely invoice the dealers in our network. These interruptions may occur for a number of reasons, including changes to the software used by these data feed providers and difficulties in renewing our agreements with third-party data feed providers. In the circumstances in which we employ a pay-per-sale billing model, an interruption in the automobile purchase data feeds that we receive may affect our ability to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers, thereby delaying our submission of an invoice to a dealer in our network for a given transaction and delaying the timing of cash receipts from the dealer, and in circumstances in which we employ a subscription billing model, an interruption in those data feeds may affect our ability to justify maintaining or increasing our subscription rates. The redundancies of automobile purchase data feeds received from multiple providers may not result in sufficient data to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers. In the case of an interruption in these data feeds, our billing structure may transition to a subscription model for affected automobile dealers in our network until the interruption ceases. However, our subscription billing model may result in lower revenues during an interruption and, when an interruption ceases, we may not be able to retroactively match a transaction and collect a fee. In addition, our likelihood of collecting the fee owed to us for a given transaction decreases for those periods during which we are unable to submit an invoice to automobile dealers. Interruptions that occur in close proximity to the end of a given reporting period could result in delays in our ability to recognize those transaction revenues in that reporting period and these shortfalls in transaction revenue could be material to our operating results. Finally, as described in greater detail in the risk factor “If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business and prospects could be adversely affected,” we depend on certain third-party providers of data and other services in providing our Access package of Trade and Payments solutions, and our TrueCar+ offering 24 relies on these and a number of other third-party providers. If our access to any of these providers is interrupted, or if any of them ends or adversely alters its relationship with us or the data they provide, we may be required to modify or curtail features of our TrueCar+ offering. We rely, in part, on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected. We depend in part on Internet search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo! to drive traffic to our website, both through organic search results and the purchase of car-related keywords. For example, when a user types an automobile-related term into an Internet search engine, we rely on a high organic search ranking of our webpages in these search results to refer the user to our website. However, our ability to maintain high, non-paid search result rankings is not within our control. Our competitors’ Internet search engine optimization efforts may result in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than ours, or Internet search engines could revise their methodologies in a way that adversely affects our search result rankings. If Internet search engines modify their search algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, or if our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts are more successful than ours, overall growth in our user base could slow, our user base could decline or we could attract a less in-market user base. Internet search engine providers could provide automobile dealer and pricing information directly in search results, align with our competitors or choose to develop competing services. Our website has experienced fluctuations in search result rankings in the past, and we anticipate similar fluctuations in the future. We also purchase car-related keywords by anticipating what words and terms consumers will use to search for car purchases on search engines and then bid on those words and terms in the search engines’ auction systems. Search engines frequently update and change the logic that determines the placement and ordering of results on a user’s search, which may reduce the effectiveness of the keywords we have purchased. Further, we bid against our competitors and other advertisers for preferred placement on the search engines’ results pages. Many of our competitors have greater resources with which to bid and better brand recognition and consumer visibility than we do. We experience competition for paid advertisements, which increases the cost of paid Internet search advertising and as a result our marketing and advertising expenses. Search engines may also adopt a more aggressive auction-pricing system for keywords that causes us to incur higher advertising costs or reduces our market visibility to prospective users. If paid search advertising costs increase or become cost-prohibitive, whether because of increased competition, pricing system changes, algorithm changes or otherwise, our advertising expenses could rise significantly or we could reduce or discontinue our paid search advertisements. Moreover, the use of voice recognition technology like Alexa, Google Assistant or Siri may drive traffic away from search engines, which could reduce traffic to our website. Any reduction in the number of users directed to our website through Internet search engines could harm our business and operating results. Our users may in some cases require dealers who wish to communicate with them other than by email to communicate by text message rather than by calling. If consumers or dealers do not see value in this functionality, or if it results in privacy concerns, our business could be negatively affected. We allow some of our users to choose how dealers contact them other than by email, whether both by telephone and by text message or only by text message. We believe that allowing this method of communication is beneficial to both consumers and dealers, but we cannot assure you that they will agree. To the extent that dealers perceive text-message connections to be less valuable, for example because dealers believe that they are able to sell fewer cars to our users when using it, our business and results of operations could be negatively affected. Additionally, we use a third-party vendor to facilitate text message communications between our users and dealers, and we have access to those communications. If either we, or our third-party vendor, are perceived to violate our dealers’ or users’ privacy in connection with those communications, or any law or regulation that applies to those communications, our reputation and business could be harmed. For more information on this type of risk, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.” The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts, especially with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications, as well as those efforts of the affinity group marketing partners whose websites we power, and these efforts may not be successful. We believe that the TrueCar website and our TrueCar-branded mobile applications are important components of the growth of our business. Because TrueCar.com is a consumer brand, we rely heavily on marketing and advertising to increase the visibility of this brand with potential users of our products and services. We advertise through television marketing campaigns, digital and online media, sponsorship programs and other means, the goals of which are to increase the strength and recognition of, and trust in, the TrueCar brand and to drive more unique visitors to our website and mobile applications, and we expect to continue to advertise in support of our branding initiatives and future product launches. For more information on this initiative, see the risk factor “If 25 consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our financial performance and our ability to grow unique visitor traffic and expand our dealer network could be negatively affected.” We incurred expenses of $136.5 million and $151.9 million on sales and marketing during the years ended 2021 and 2020, respectively. We strive to decrease incremental user acquisition costs by scaling our business and revenues. Our revenue growth has been highly influenced by marketing expenditures. In part because of our reliance on a subscription-based billing model, incremental marketing expenditures may not result in sufficient revenue to permit recovery of incremental user acquisition costs through revenue growth. This limits the growth in revenue that can be achieved through marketing expenditures. If we are unable to recover our marketing costs through increases in user traffic and in the number of transactions by users of our platform, our growth, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Additionally, when we discontinue our broad marketing campaigns or elect to reduce our sales and marketing costs to decrease our losses, as we did at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, our ability to acquire consumers and dealers and grow our revenues is adversely affected. Further, the industry-wide vehicle inventory shortage in 2021 resulted in increased vehicle prices that required us to discontinue long-running, high-performing advertising messages about the amount of savings that our users typically save off of the manufacturers’ suggested retail price, which we believe reduces the effectiveness of our advertising. For more information on the 2021 inventory shortage, see the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.” Our current and potential competitors may also have significantly more financial, marketing and other resources than we have and the ability to devote greater resources to the promotion and support of their products and services. The realities of competing for users and brand visibility, as well as ensuring the satisfaction of our dealers, may limit our ability to reduce our own marketing expenditures, potentially negatively impacting our operating margins and financial results. Moreover, the number of transactions generated by the members of our affinity group marketing partners depends in part on the emphasis that these affinity group marketing partners place on marketing the purchase of cars within their platforms. Should one or more of our affinity group marketing partners decide to deemphasize the marketing of our platform, or if their marketing efforts are otherwise unsuccessful, our revenue, business and financial results would be harmed. Finally, as noted above, we rely in part on digital and online media for our marketing efforts. Historically, this has involved, among other things, collecting, tracking, using and sharing certain personal data of consumers who interact with our webpages or application. The protection of the privacy of consumers’ data is a topic of heightened national political and commercial attention in a rapidly-changing landscape. The developments resulting from this heightened attention include, in addition to the legal and regulatory changes discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, numerous actual and potential actions by private entities to protect consumers’ data privacy. For example, recent versions of Apple’s iOS software require all applications on iPhones running that operating system to request permission from users before using their personal data. Because of this, Facebook has restricted our ability to use the data of its users who are directed to our webpages or application. These restrictions have negatively impacted the effectiveness of our digital marketing, and we expect that similar future restrictions imposed on us by other third parties similar to Apple and Facebook could have similar impacts, which may lead us to redirect resources to other marketing channels. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to mitigate the negative effects of these and other similar changes, and failure to do so could harm our revenue, business, operating margins and financial results. If consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our financial performance and our ability to grow unique visitor traffic and expand our dealer network could be negatively affected. We regularly expend resources on the preservation and refreshment of our branding. For example, in 2020, shortly before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, we launched a rebranding campaign that included a change in our logo and extensive advertising and promotional activity. We cannot guarantee that any given investment in our branding will improve our brand recognition or otherwise result in benefits that outweigh its costs. If consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our sales, performance and consumer and dealer relationships could be adversely affected. Moreover, maintaining and enhancing our brand largely depends on the success of our efforts to maintain the trust of our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers and to deliver value to each of our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers. If our existing or potential users come to perceive that we are not focused primarily on providing them with a better car-buying experience, or if dealers do not perceive us as offering a compelling value proposition, our reputation and the strength of our brand would be adversely affected. Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, our marketing and advertising campaigns, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to users, our approach to data privacy and security issues and 26 other aspects of our business, irrespective of their validity, could diminish users’ and dealers’ confidence in and use of our products and services and adversely affect our brand. These concerns could also diminish the trust of existing and potential affinity group marketing partners. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance our brand, and failure to do so could harm our business growth prospects and operating results. We participate in a highly competitive market, and pressure from existing and new companies may adversely affect our business and operating results. We face significant competition from companies that provide vehicle inventory listings, vehicle information, lead generation and car-buying services designed to reach consumers and enable dealers to reach these consumers. Our competitors offer various products and services that compete with us. Some of these competitors include: • • • • • Internet search engines and online automotive sites such as Google, Amazon Vehicles, Autotrader.com, eBay Motors, AutoWeb.com (formerly Autobytel.com), KBB.com, CarSaver.com, CarGurus.com and Cars.com; sites operated by automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Ford; online automobile retailers such as Carvana, Vroom, CarMax (and its subsidiary Edmunds) and Shift Technologies; providers of offline, membership-based car-buying services such as the Costco Auto Program; and offline automotive classified listings, such as trade periodicals and local newspapers. We compete with many of the companies that provide the above-mentioned products and services, among other companies, for a share of car dealers’ overall marketing budget for online and offline media marketing spend. If car dealers come to view alternative marketing and media strategies to be superior to us, we may not be able to maintain or grow the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers and our TrueCar Certified Dealers may sell fewer cars to users of our platform, and our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the automotive retail industry with competing products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, business and financial results. Our competitors could significantly impede our ability to expand and optimize our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and to reach consumers. Our competitors may also develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future products and services less competitive, unmarketable or obsolete. Moreover, if our competitors develop products or services with similar or superior functionality to our solutions, we may need to decrease the prices for our solutions in order to remain competitive. If we are unable to maintain our current pricing structure due to competitive pressures, our revenue will be reduced and our operating results will be negatively affected. Our current and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, and the ability to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and support of their products and services. Additionally, they may have more extensive automotive industry relationships, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may be better able to respond more quickly with new technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing or promotional campaigns. Further, if any of our competitors have existing relationships with dealers or automobile manufacturers for marketing or data analytics solutions, those dealers and automobile manufacturers may be unwilling to continue to partner with us. If we are unable to compete with these companies, the demand for our products and services could substantially decline. In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future third-party data providers, technology partners or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to develop, improve and promote our solutions. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our revenue, business and financial results. 27 We are subject to a complex framework of laws and regulations, including, among others, those concerning vehicle sales, advertising and brokering, many of which are unsettled, still developing and contradictory, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model or otherwise harm our business. Various aspects of our business are or may be subject, directly or indirectly, to U.S. laws and regulations. Failure to comply with those laws or regulations may result in the suspension or termination of our ability to do business in affected jurisdictions or the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines or the award of significant damages against us and our TrueCar Certified Dealers in class action or other civil litigation. Motor Vehicle Sales, Advertising and Brokering Laws The advertising and sale of new or used motor vehicles is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell motor vehicles, regulatory authorities or third parties could take the position that some of the regulations applicable to dealers or to the manner in which motor vehicles are advertised and sold generally are directly applicable to our business. If our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our TrueCar Certified Dealers could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. In addition, even without a determination that our products or services do not comply with relevant regulatory requirements, if dealers are uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, we may lose, or have difficulty increasing the number of, TrueCar Certified Dealers in our network, which would adversely affect our future growth. Several jurisdictions in which we do business have laws and regulations that strictly regulate or prohibit the brokering of motor vehicles or the making of so-called “bird-dog” payments by dealers to third parties in connection with the sale of motor vehicles through persons other than licensed salespersons. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we may be forced to implement new measures, which could be costly, to reduce our exposure to those obligations, including the discontinuation of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if regulators conclude that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws and regulations, we or our TrueCar Certified Dealers could be subject to significant civil or criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation. In addition to generally applicable consumer protection laws, many jurisdictions in which we do business have laws and regulations that specifically regulate the advertising for sale of new or used motor vehicles. These advertising laws and regulations are frequently subject to multiple interpretations and are not uniform from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, sometimes imposing inconsistent requirements on the advertiser of a new or used motor vehicle. If the content displayed on the websites we operate is determined or alleged to be inaccurate or misleading, under motor vehicle advertising laws, generally applicable consumer protection laws or otherwise, we could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation. Moreover, allegations like these, even if unfounded or decided in our favor, could be extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant sums in settlements and could interfere with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. From time to time, certain authorities, dealer associations and others have taken the position that aspects of our products and services violate brokering, “bird-dog” or advertising laws. When these allegations have arisen, we have endeavored to resolve the identified concerns on a consensual and expeditious basis, through negotiation and education efforts, without resorting to the judicial process. In some instances, we have nevertheless been required to suspend all or certain aspects of our business operations in a jurisdiction pending the resolution of these issues, the resolution of which included the payment of fines in 2011 and 2012 in an aggregate amount of approximately $26,000. For example, in the beginning of 2012, following implementation of our first nationwide television advertising campaign, regulatory inquiries into the compliance of our products and services with brokering, “bird-dog” and advertising laws intensified to a degree we had not previously experienced. Responding to and resolving these inquiries, as well as our efforts to ameliorate the related adverse publicity and loss of TrueCar Certified Dealers from our network, resulted in decreased revenues and increased expenses and, accordingly, increased our losses during much of 2012. In 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by the CNCDA in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles, which we refer to as the CNCDA Litigation. The complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief based on allegations that we were operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. In 2017, the parties entered into a binding settlement agreement to fully resolve the lawsuit, and the litigation was dismissed. Also in 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles by numerous dealers participating on the TrueCar platform, which we refer to as the Participating Dealer Litigation. The complaint, as subsequently amended, sought declaratory and injunctive relief based on allegations that we were engaging in unfairly competitive practices and were operating as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker in contravention of various state laws. Later that year, 28 the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed this lawsuit “without prejudice,” which means that the Participating Dealer Litigation is currently resolved, but that it could be re-filed at a later date. Also in 2015, we received a letter from the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles, which we refer to as the Texas DMV Notice, asserting that certain aspects of our advertising in Texas constituted false, deceptive, unfair or misleading advertising within the meaning of applicable Texas law. We then responded to the Texas DMV Notice in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Texas DMV Notice without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience in Texas. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter following our response to the Texas DMV Notice, we consider the issues raised by the Texas DMV Notice to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future. Also in 2015, we were named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit filed by Gordon Rose in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles, which we refer to as the California Consumer Class Action. The complaint asserted claims for unjust enrichment, violation of the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act and violation of the California Business and Professions Code, based in part on allegations that we are operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. After the trial and appellate courts rejected the plaintiff’s motion for class certification, he voluntarily dismissed the remainder of his case, meaning that the California Consumer Class Action is currently resolved. In 2016, we received a letter from the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Commission, which we refer to as the Mississippi MVC Letter, asserting that an aspect of our advertising in Mississippi was not in compliance with a regulation adopted by the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Commission. We responded to the Mississippi MVC Letter in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Mississippi MVC Letter without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience in Mississippi. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter following our response to the Mississippi MVC Letter, we consider the issues raised by the Mississippi MVC Letter to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future. Also in 2016, we met with investigators from the California Department of Motor Vehicles, or the California DMV, regarding an allegation made by a dealer that we were operating as an unlicensed automobile auction in California, which we refer to as the Unlicensed Auction Allegation. We provided the investigators with information about our business in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation. Later that year, we were informally advised by an investigator for the California DMV that the concerns raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation had been resolved, but that the investigators will continue to evaluate our responses regarding certain matters related to the advertising of new motor vehicles. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter, we consider the issues raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future. In 2017, we received an investigatory subpoena from the Consumer Protection Section of the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Ohio issued pursuant to the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act. The investigatory subpoena requested certain information about online content we displayed related to vehicles listed for sale by TrueCar Certified Dealers in Ohio. We responded to the investigatory subpoena and supplied the information it sought. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter subsequent to our response to the investigatory subpoena, we consider this matter to be resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future. Also in 2017, we were named as a defendant in a putative class action filed by Kip Haas in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, which we refer to as the Federal Consumer Class Action. The complaint asserted claims for violation of the California Business and Professions Code, based principally on allegations of false and misleading advertising and unfair business practices. The complaint sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. Later that year, the parties entered into a binding settlement agreement, and the litigation was dismissed. If regulators or other third parties take the position in the future that our products or services violate applicable brokering, “bird-dog” or advertising laws or regulations, responding to those allegations could be costly, require us to pay significant sums in settlements, require us to pay civil and criminal penalties, including fines, interfere with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions or require us to make adjustments to our products and services or the manner in which we derive revenue from our participating dealers, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, loss of TrueCar Certified Dealers from our network, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. Insurance Regulatory Laws The advertising and sale of automobile insurance is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell insurance, certain of our partners sell insurance to the public in general, and may sell insurance to our users in particular. Further, we enter into arrangements with certain such partners from time to time pursuant to which we receive fees based in 29 whole or in part on the volume of our users who choose to interact with those partners. We cannot guarantee you that regulatory authorities or third parties will not take the position that some of the regulations applicable to insurance brokers or to the manner in which insurance products are advertised or sold generally apply to our platforms or business. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we or our partners may be required to implement new measures, which could be costly, to reduce our or their exposure to those obligations, including the discontinuation of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our partners could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. Even without a determination that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws or regulations or do not comply their requirements, if any of our current or prospective affinity or other partners is uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, those partners may terminate or curtail their business with us, or we could have difficulty attracting new partners, which would adversely affect our future growth. Any or all of these adverse effects could result in substantial negative publicity, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. Laws Relating to Financial Products The provision of financial products, including related to the purchase or lease of automobiles, is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not provide financial products, certain of our partners provide automobile financing or other financial products to the public in general, and may provide automobile financing products to our users in particular, including products that may involve a credit application or access to consumer credit scores. Further, we enter into arrangements with certain such partners from time to time pursuant to which we receive fees based in whole or in part on the volume of our users who choose to interact with those partners, including arrangements based upon the volume of our users who complete transactions with those partners. We cannot assure you that relevant regulatory authorities or third parties will not take the position that some of the regulations applicable to financial product providers, or to the manner in which such products are advertised or sold, apply to our platforms or business. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we or our partners may be required to implement new measures to comply with these laws and regulations, which could be costly, or be required to discontinue or limit the offering of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our partners could be subject to possibly significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. Even without a determination that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws or regulations or do not comply their requirements, if any of our current or prospective affinity or other partners is uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, those partners may terminate or curtail their business with us, or we could have difficulty attracting new partners, which would adversely affect our future growth. Any or all of these adverse effects could result in substantial negative publicity, increased regulatory scrutiny, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. Federal Advertising Regulations The Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, has authority to take actions to remedy or prevent advertising practices that it considers to be unfair or deceptive and that affect commerce in the United States. If the FTC takes the position in the future that any aspect of our business constitutes an unfair or deceptive advertising practice, responding to those allegations could require us to pay significant damages, settlements and civil penalties, or could require us to make adjustments to our products and services, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. In March 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit purportedly filed on behalf of numerous automotive dealers who are not on the TrueCar platform in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint sought injunctive relief in addition to over $250 million in damages based on allegations that we violated the Lanham Act as well as various state laws prohibiting unfair competition and deceptive acts or practices related to our advertising and promotional activities. In July 2019, the court granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’ Lanham Act claim and, in light of the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ sole federal claim, the court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over their state-law claims and therefore dismissed them without prejudice. 30 Federal Antitrust Laws The antitrust laws prohibit, among other things, any joint conduct among competitors that would lessen competition in the marketplace. Some of the information that we obtain from dealers is competitively sensitive and, if disclosed inappropriately, could potentially be used by dealers to impede competition or otherwise diminish independent pricing activity. A governmental or private civil action alleging the improper exchange of information, or unlawful participation in price maintenance or other unlawful or anticompetitive activity, even if unfounded, could be costly to defend and adversely impact our ability to maintain and grow our dealer network. In addition, governmental or private civil actions under the antitrust laws could result in orders suspending or terminating our ability to do business or otherwise altering or limiting certain of our business practices, including the manner in which we handle or disclose dealer pricing information, or the imposition of significant civil or criminal penalties, including fines or the award of significant damages against us and our TrueCar Certified Dealers in class action or other civil litigation. Privacy Laws We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that relate to privacy, data protection and personal information, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and inconsistently with our current practices and policies. For example, legislative or regulatory actions affecting the manner in which we display content to our users, use or share information or obtain consent to use or share information could adversely affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results. For more information concerning these and other similar potential actions, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.” Other The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to continuous change. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations in an unfavorable way may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. Further, investigations by government agencies, including the FTC, into allegedly anticompetitive, unfair, deceptive or otherwise unlawful business practices by us or our TrueCar Certified Dealers, could cause us to incur additional expenses and, if adversely concluded, could result in substantial civil or criminal penalties and significant legal liability. Finally, the evolution of our business, in particular in connection with the development and implementation of our TrueCar+ offering, could implicate additional regulatory frameworks with which we have not had prior experience. For example, regulators could take the position that permitting consumers to use our technology solutions and interactive platform to arrange with our dealers for transportation of vehicles they purchase from those dealers implicates regulations enforced by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. If any additional regulatory frameworks are finally determined to apply to our business, or if we are found for any reason not to comply with any applicable regulations, our business could be negatively impacted. We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results. We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data provided by consumers and dealers. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to effect secure transmission of this information. From time to time, concerns have been expressed about whether our products, services or processes compromise the privacy of our users. Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could harm our business and operating results. There are many federal, state, local and foreign laws regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storage, sharing, disclosure, use or protection of personal information and other data. The scope of these laws is changing, they are subject to differing interpretations and they may be costly to comply with and may be inconsistent between countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other rules. Numerous jurisdictions in which we do business are currently considering, or have enacted, data protection legislation, most prominently, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which we refer to as the CCPA. The CCPA imposes sweeping data protection obligations on many companies doing business in California and provides for substantial fines for non-compliance and, in 31 some cases, a private right of action for consumers who are victims of data breaches involving their unencrypted personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Moreover, California voters in 2020 amended the CCPA to, among other things, further restrict information sharing, heighten penalties and establish a new governmental agency to enforce the CCPA. The CCPA has increased our compliance costs and potential liability. Modifications to our data processing practices and policies, products and consumer experience that we have made to comply with the CCPA and similar legislation, or that we may be required to make in the future as a result of the continuing changes to the requirements under that legislation or similar future legislation, may materially negatively impact our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. Legislation similar to the CCPA has also passed in a number of other states. The potential effects of these states’ legislation are far-reaching and may require us to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply, and it is unclear whether, and if so how, the United States Congress will respond to these overlapping, state-by-state enactments. Further, many laws, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 and the Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act of 2019, regulate outbound contacts with consumers, such as phone calls, texts or emails. If we, or dealers on our network, are perceived to have violated these or other similar laws and regulations, our brand and reputation could be negatively affected and we could face potentially costly litigation. Our business operations and data handling procedures are based on industry standards. We maintain and update privacy and information security policies and employ an audit and assurance program designed to ensure that we comply with privacy and security-related obligations to third parties. We strive to monitor the changing regulatory environment and to address the new requirements of applicable laws and regulations and other mandatory obligations relating to privacy and data protection. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, that they may conflict with other rules or our practices or that new regulations could be enacted. In addition to the increasing technical and financial burdens they impose on our business, the rapid legislative and other legal developments in this field create considerable uncertainties and impose substantial compliance costs and challenges. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to consumers or other third parties or our privacy-related legal obligations, including those imposed by the CCPA and other state privacy laws, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which may include personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others. Any of these consequences could cause consumers and automobile dealers to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. Additionally, if vendors, developers or other third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put consumer or dealer information at risk and could in turn harm our reputation, business and operating results. We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits. These claims may arise from a wide variety of business practices and initiatives, including product innovations, the content and functionality of the websites and mobile applications that we operate, our advertising practices and content, our use and storage of data, our use of intellectual property, M&A transactions and business transactions or other business relationships, such as those with our users, participating dealers, affinity partners, OEM partners, licensors, licensees landlords, tenants and employees. Additionally, as a public company, we face the risk of stockholder lawsuits, particularly if we experience declines in the price of our common stock. Adverse outcomes in any claim or lawsuit against us could result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. Examples of litigation to which we are, and have been, subject include: Stockholder Litigation Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation In March 2018, Leon Milbeck filed a putative securities class action complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, which we refer to as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. On June 27, 2018, the court appointed the Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement Fund as lead plaintiff, who filed an amended complaint on August 24, 2018. The amended complaint sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, attorney’s fees and equitable relief based on allegations that the defendants made false or misleading statements about our business, operations, prospects and performance during a purported class period of February 16, 2017 through November 6, 2017 in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and that the defendants made actionable misstatements in violation of Section 11 of the Securities Act in connection with our secondary offering that occurred during the class period. The amended complaint named us, certain of our then- current and former officers and directors and the underwriters for our secondary offering as defendants. On October 31, 2018, the lead 32 plaintiff dismissed the underwriters from the litigation “without prejudice,” meaning that they could be reinstated as defendants at a later time. On August 2, 2019, the parties entered into an agreement to settle the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation on a class-wide basis for $28.25 million, all of which was paid by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, pursuant to which the court dismissed the case on May 26, 2020. As a result, the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation has been resolved and we do not anticipate a loss related to this matter, because the settlement was covered by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. However, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs or adverse changes in our dealer network, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation In August 2019, three purported stockholder derivative actions were filed in Delaware alleging a variety of claims nominally on our behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaints named us, certain of our then-current and former directors and officers, USAA and, in one of the actions, certain of entities affiliated with USAA and certain of our current and former directors as defendants. On October 7, 2019, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated the cases into a single action in that court bearing the caption In re TrueCar, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation, which we refer to as the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. On November 6, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against all of the defendants named in the prior actions, asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, contribution and indemnification against our current and former officers and directors, and claims for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty against the entities affiliated with USAA and with our current and former directors. The plaintiffs sought an award of damages against the defendants on our behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On December 19, 2019, we filed motions to dismiss for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim. On September 30, 2020, the court dismissed the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation with prejudice for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim and the plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling. As a result, the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation has been resolved. Following the court’s decision, the plaintiffs sent a letter to us demanding that we pursue claims against certain current and former officers for various alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties, based substantially on the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. On November 18, 2020, our board of directors established a special committee of the board, which we refer to as the Special Committee, to investigate the claims in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Lee Derivative Litigation and other related stockholder demands. In October 2021, following the aforementioned investigation, our board of directors adopted the Special Committee’s recommendation that our board refuse the demands in their entirety and conclude that no further action is necessary. Lee Derivative Litigation In December 2019, Sulgi Lee, a purported stockholder, filed a derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging a variety of claims nominally on our behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation, which we refer to as the Lee Derivative Litigation and, together with the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Derivative Litigation. The complaint named us, certain of our then-current and former directors and officers and USAA as defendants. The plaintiff seeks an award of damages against the defendants on our behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On May 5, 2020, the court entered the parties’ stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. Following the dismissal of the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, on December 22, 2020, the court entered the parties’ further stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the Special Committee’s investigation. Following the board’s action on the Special Committee’s recommendation, which is described above, the stay on the Lee Derivative Litigation remains in effect, and we expect to move to dismiss the case if the plaintiff does not agree to do so voluntarily. Based on the current stage of the proceedings in this case, the outcome of this legal proceeding, including the anticipated legal defense costs, remains uncertain; however, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards resulting from this or other civil litigation. If this matter is not resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Trademark Litigation In April 2020, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by Six Star, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The complaint alleged that our new “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline infringed and diluted Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and included claims of false advertising and deceptive and unfair trade practices. The complaint sought injunctive relief in addition to certain monetary awards. On June 25, 2021, the parties entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the litigation in exchange for our agreement to not use Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and to only use our “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline in connection with our trademarked word “TrueCar.” The settlement agreement did not provide for either party to pay the other any amount. On June 28, 2021, the court dismissed the litigation pursuant to the settlement agreement. As a result, this litigation is currently resolved and we do not anticipate further legal expenses or loss related to this matter. However, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur 33 significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs or adverse changes in our dealer network, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. *** In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of a particular company’s securities, securities class action lawsuits have often been instituted against affected companies, and as noted above, this type of lawsuit has been instituted against us in the form of the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation and the Derivative Litigation, among others. Additional lawsuits of this type or similar types, if instituted against us or one or more of our officers or directors, whether arising from alleged facts the same as, similar to or different from those alleged in the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation or the Derivative Litigation, could result in significant legal fees, settlements or damage awards, as well as the diversion of our management’s attention and resources, and thus could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have incurred significant legal fees in our defense of certain of the matters referred to above and we may incur additional fees and other liabilities in connection with those matters that are still pending and any additional lawsuits that may be filed against us or one or more of our officers or directors hereafter. Our insurance policies may not provide sufficient coverage to adequately mitigate the legal fees and potential liabilities arising from these matters and, even where fees and liabilities are covered by those policies, we may be unable to fully collect the insurance proceeds in a timely manner or at all. As a result, these fees and other liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have in the past undertaken and may in the future pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results, and if we do not manage them successfully or if acquired entities or investments fail to perform as expected, our financial results, business and prospects could be harmed. In pursuing our business strategy, we routinely discuss and evaluate potential acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions. For example, we may seek to expand or complement our existing products and services through the acquisition of or investment in attractive businesses and technologies rather than through internal development, such as our acquisition of DealerScience in 2018 and our investment in Accu-Trade in 2019. Transactions such as these require significant management time and resources and have the potential to divert our attention from our ongoing business, and we may not manage them successfully. We may be required to make substantial investments of resources to support any such transaction, and we cannot assure you that they will be successful. Additionally, strategic investments in and partnerships with other businesses expose us to the risk that we may not be able to control the operations of those businesses, which could decrease the benefits we realize from a particular relationship. We are also exposed to the risk that our partners in strategic investments may encounter financial difficulties that could lead to disruption of their activities, or impairment of assets acquired, which could adversely affect future reported results of operations and stockholders’ equity. The risks we face in connection with transactions such as these include: • • • • • • • • diversion of management time and focus from operating our business; additional operating losses and expenses of other businesses; integration of acquisitions, including coordination of technology, research and development and sales and marketing functions; transition of the other business’s users to our website and mobile applications; retention of employees from an acquired business, or separation of employees from a divested business; cultural and other challenges associated with integrating employees from an acquired business into our organization; integration of an acquired business’s accounting, management information, human resources, legal and other administrative systems, or extrication of such systems from a divested business; the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that prior to the transaction may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies; 34 • • • • • • potential write-offs of intangibles or other assets acquired in acquisitions or similar transactions, or write-downs of investments, that may have an adverse effect our operating results in a given period; the risks associated with the businesses, products or technologies in question, which may differ from or be more significant than the risks our preexisting business faces; the risks associated with obtaining necessary regulatory approval for a transaction; liability for the activities, products or services of the business, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; risk related to the payment of contingent consideration; and litigation or other claims in connection with the business, product or technology in question, including claims from terminated employees, consumers, former stockholders or other third parties. Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future transactions could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of those transactions, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and harm our business generally. Future transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities; the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses; or the write-off of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition, and the anticipated benefits of any transaction may not materialize. For example, the total consideration of $135 million payable in connection with the divestiture of our ALG subsidiary in 2020, which we refer to as the Divestiture, included up to a maximum of $22.5 million in contingent consideration, comprising one payment of up to $7.5 million payable based on ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020 and another payment of up to $15 million payable based on its achievement of certain other revenue metrics in 2022. The first tranche of $7.5 million in contingent consideration was paid in the first quarter of 2021, but we cannot guarantee that we will receive any of the $15 million amount of the remaining contingent payment because of a number of factors that are beyond our control, including broader macroeconomic factors referred to elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section as well as the fact that we have no control over ALG’s operations or business strategy other than through certain limited operational covenants set forth in the definitive documentation giving effect to the Divestiture. Our platform must integrate with a variety of web browsers and operating systems, both on desktop computers and mobile devices, that are developed by others, and our business is dependent on our ability to maintain our platform’s functionality and deliver a compelling consumer experience across those browsers and operating systems. We interact with users through our Internet-based platform, which is designed to operate on a variety of network, hardware and software platforms that are developed by others and over which we have no control, including the numerous web browsers and operating systems that consumers use to access the Internet, both on desktop computers and mobile devices. As a result, we need to continuously modify and enhance our platform to keep pace with consumers’ evolving expectations and changes in network, hardware, software, communication and browser technologies. For example, some web browsers have begun to discontinue third-party cookie tracking, and the providers of certain other web browsers have announced an intention to do so as well. Certain of our marketing efforts currently rely on cookies to identify in- market consumers. We cannot assure you that we will be able to mitigate any adverse effects that result from browsers blocking our cookies, or altering the manner in which, or the extent to which, they support our cookies. If we are unable to respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to the rapid technological developments in the network, hardware and software programs that consumers use to interact with us and our dealers and partners, or otherwise to provide a compelling consumer experience across each of the devices and browsers that consumers prefer to use, our platform could become obsolete or otherwise attract fewer users, which could adversely impact our revenues, business and operating results. The success of our business depends on consumers’ continued and unimpeded access to our platform on the Internet. Consumers must have Internet access to use our platform. Some providers may take measures that affect consumers’ ability to use our platform, such as degrading the quality of the connections through which we transmit data packets over their lines, giving those packets lower priority, giving other packets higher priority than ours, blocking our packets entirely or attempting to charge their 35 customers more for using our platform. If network operators attempt to interfere with our services, extract fees from us to deliver our platform or otherwise engage in discriminatory practices, our business could be adversely affected. In December 2010, the FCC adopted so-called “net neutrality” rules barring Internet providers from blocking or slowing down access to online content, protecting services like ours from this type of interference, which we refer to as the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. Effective June 11, 2018, however, the FCC repealed the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations, and considerable uncertainty currently surrounds the regulatory environment in this field. For example, on September 30, 2018, California enacted the California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018, or the California Net Neutrality Act. Among other things, the California Net Neutrality Act, which took effect on January 1, 2019, imposes net neutrality requirements similar to the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. On the day of its enactment, the federal government sued California, claiming that the California Net Neutrality Act is preempted by federal law, and the State of California subsequently agreed not to enforce the California Net Neutrality Act pending the resolution of the ongoing legal challenges. On October 1, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the FCC’s repeal of the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations, but overturned the FCC’s preemption of state-level regulations like the California Net Neutrality Act and similar enactments of other states, including Oregon, Vermont and Washington, and remanded to the FCC for further action. On October 27, 2020, the FCC, on remand, readopted its previous order. This FCC action could be subject to further court challenges, and following the recent federal election, could be subject to repeal by a newly-constituted FCC, and on July 9, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order calling on the FTC to do so. On April 10, 2019, the United States House of Representatives voted in favor of legislation that would reinstate the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. As a result, considerable uncertainty currently complicates this area of the law. We cannot predict the final outcome of the legal challenges to the FCC’s action and the California Net Neutrality Act or whether other states or governmental entities, including the U.S. Congress, will respond to the D.C. Circuit’s decision, the FCC’s decision or the enactment of the California Net Neutrality Act. In this regulatory environment, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our growth, cause us to incur additional expense or otherwise negatively affect our business. If we suffer a significant interruption in our access to third-party data, we may be unable to maintain key aspects of our user experience, including the TrueCar Curve and certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, and our business and operating results would be harmed. Our business relies on our ability to analyze data for the benefit of our users and the TrueCar Certified Dealers in our network. We use data obtained through agreements with third parties to power certain aspects of the user experience on our platform, including certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s payments functionality and the TrueCar Curve, a graphical distribution of what others paid for the same make and model of car. In addition, the effectiveness of our user acquisition efforts depends in part on the availability of data relating to existing and potential users of our platform. If we are unable to renew data agreements as they expire, or use alternative data sources, and we experience a material disruption in the data provided to us, the information that we provide to our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers may be limited, the quality of this information may suffer, the user experience may be negatively affected and certain functionality on our platform may be disabled, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be materially and adversely affected. Security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, or other hacking and phishing attacks on our systems, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business. Our industry is prone to cyberattacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to our data or users’ data or to disrupt our ability to provide service. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, including personal information, content or payment information from users, could result in the loss or misuse of such data, which could harm our business and reputation and diminish our competitive position. In addition, computer malware, viruses, social engineering (such as spear phishing attacks) and general hacking have become more prevalent in our industry, have occurred on our systems in the past and are likely to occur on our systems in the future. Such attacks may cause interruptions to the services we provide, degrade the user experience, cause users to lose confidence and trust in our products, impair our internal systems or result in financial harm to us. Further, these risks could be heightened by the fact that most of our employees work from home. Our efforts to protect our data or the data we receive could also be unsuccessful due to software bugs or other technical malfunctions; employee, contractor or vendor error or malfeasance; government surveillance; or other threats. In addition, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose information to gain access to our data or our users’ data. Cyberattacks continue to evolve in sophistication and volume and may be inherently difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our data and user data, to prevent data loss and to prevent or detect security breaches, we cannot assure you that such measures will provide absolute security, and we may need to expend significant resources in protecting against or remediating security breaches and cyberattacks. In addition, some of our third-party partners, including developers, affinity group marketing partners and OEM partners, may receive or store information that we or our users provide. If these partners fail to adopt or adhere to adequate data security practices, or 36 suffer a breach of their networks, our data or our users’ data could be improperly accessed, used or disclosed. Affected users or government authorities could initiate legal or regulatory actions against us in connection with any actual or perceived security breaches or improper disclosure of data, which could cause us to incur significant expense and liability or result in orders or consent decrees requiring us to modify our business practices. Such incidents or our efforts to remediate those incidents could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation or financial results. Our products and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical. If it contains undetected errors or vulnerabilities, our business could be adversely affected. Our products and internal systems rely on software, including software developed or maintained internally or by third parties, that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our products and internal systems depend on the ability of that software to store, retrieve, process and manage substantial amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may in the future contain, undetected errors, bugs or vulnerabilities. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors, vulnerabilities or other design defects within the software on which we rely have in the past, and may in the future, result in a negative experience for consumers, dealers and partners who use our products, delay product introductions or enhancements, result in targeting, measurement or billing errors, compromise our ability to protect consumers’, dealers’ and partners’ data and our intellectual property or lead to reductions in our ability to provide some or all of our products and services. In addition, any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects discovered in the software on which we rely, and any associated degradation or interruption of service, could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial results. Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain and scale our technical infrastructure, and any significant disruption in service on our website or mobile applications could damage our reputation and result in a loss of consumers, which could harm our business, brand, operating results and financial condition. Our brand, reputation and ability to attract consumers, affinity groups and advertisers depend on the reliable performance of our technology platform and content delivery. We have on occasion in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, interruptions with our systems. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the security or availability of our products and services on our website and mobile application and prevent or inhibit the ability of consumers to access our products and services. To the extent that our consumer base and the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers grow, we would need an increasing amount of technical infrastructure, including network capacity and computing power, to satisfy consumers’ and dealers’ needs, and we may not effectively scale and grow our technical infrastructure to accommodate any increased demands. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems or with the upgrading, architectural unification or scaling of those systems could harm our reputation, result in a loss of consumers, dealers and affinity group marketing partners and result in additional costs. In addition, a significant disruption in our billing systems could affect our ability to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers and delay or prevent us from submitting invoices to TrueCar Certified Dealers, receiving payment for invoices and recognizing revenue related to purchases. Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance or reliability problems with our network operations, or with the services we receive from third-party network infrastructure providers, could cause interruptions in access to our products and could harm our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition. We rely on Amazon Web Services for the majority of our computing, storage, bandwidth and other services. Any disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services would negatively affect our operations and seriously harm our business. Amazon provides a distributed computing infrastructure platform for business operations, or what is commonly referred to as a “cloud” computing service, and we currently run nearly all of our computing on Amazon Web Services. Any transition of the cloud services currently provided by Amazon Web Services to another cloud provider would be difficult to implement and would cause us to incur significant time and expense. We have built our software and computer systems to use computing, storage capabilities, bandwidth and other services provided by Amazon, some of which do not have a readily available alternative in the market. Given this, any significant disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services would negatively impact our operations and seriously harm our business. If our users or partners are not able to access our products and services through Amazon Web Services or encounter difficulties in doing so, we may lose customers, dealers, partners and revenue. The level of service provided by Amazon Web Services or similar providers may also impact our customers’, dealers’ and partners’ usage of our products and services and satisfaction with us. If Amazon Web Services or similar providers experience interruptions in service regularly or for a prolonged period of time, or other similar issues, our business would be seriously harmed. Hosting costs also have increased in the past and may continue to increase to 37 the extent that our user base and user engagement grow and may seriously harm our business if we are unable to grow our revenues faster than the cost of using the services of Amazon or similar providers. Amazon has broad discretion to change and interpret its terms of service and other policies that apply to us, and those actions may be unfavorable to us. Amazon may also alter how we are able to process data on the Amazon Web Services platform. If Amazon makes changes or interpretations that are unfavorable to us, our business could be seriously harmed. Additionally, any disruption of or interference with the use of Amazon Web Services, including disruptions due to system failures, denial-of-service or other cyberattacks and computer viruses, or an interruption to Amazon’s systems or in the infrastructure that allows us to connect to them for an extended period, may impact our ability to operate the business and would adversely impact our operations and our business. Our growth in prior years may not be indicative of our future growth. Our revenue grew from $38.1 million in 2010 to $335.0 million in 2019. However, our rate of revenue growth declined from 2017 to 2018 and our overall revenue declined by 16.8% in 2020 to $278.7 million and by a further 16.9% in 2021 to $231.7 million. In light of the termination of our partnership with USAA in 2020 and the automobile inventory shortage that has affected our business since 2021, our revenue in the near future may continue to be lower than it has been in past periods. In addition, our ability to grow our revenue is dependent on our ability to: • • • • • • successfully develop and roll out our TrueCar+ offering; expand our dealer network in a geographically optimized manner, including increasing dealers in our network representing high-volume brands; increase the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers; increase dealer subscription rates, and manage dealer churn; grow the revenue we derive from car manufacturer incentive programs; increase the number of dealers subscribing to our other products, including our Reach and Sponsored Listings products; • maintain and grow our affinity group marketing partner relationships and increase the productivity of our current affinity group marketing partners, and to replace the units generated by our former partnership with USAA; • • • • increase the number of users of our products and services, and in particular the number of unique visitors to the TrueCar website and our TrueCar-branded mobile applications, including by improving our search-engine optimization; enhance our consumer experience and increase the rate at which site visitors prospect with a TrueCar Certified Dealer and purchase from the prospected dealer; improve the quality of our existing products and services, and introduce high-quality new products and services; and introduce third-party ancillary products and services, including by integrating acquired products and services into our business. We may not successfully accomplish any of these objectives. We plan to continue our investment in future growth. Among other things, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on: • marketing and advertising; • • • • dealer outreach and training; technology and product development, including the continuing development of TrueCar+, other new products and new features for existing products; strategic partnerships, investments and acquisitions; and general administration, including legal, accounting and other compliance expenses related to being a public company. 38 We have a history of losses and we may not be profitable in the future. We have not been profitable since inception. We had an accumulated deficit of $393.8 million at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we had a net loss of $38.3 million. From time to time in the past, we have made significant investments in our operations that have not resulted in corresponding revenue growth and, as a result, increased our losses. We continue to make significant investments to support the further development and expansion of our business and these investments may not result in increased revenue or growth on a timely basis or at all. Our revenue growth has been highly influenced by marketing expenditures. Incremental marketing expenditures in certain situations do not result in sufficient incremental revenue to cover their cost. This limits the growth in revenue that can be achieved through marketing expenditures. In addition, as a public company, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including slowing demand for our products and services, increasing competition, weakness in the automobile industry generally and other risks described in this report, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown factors. If we incur losses in the future, we may not be able to reduce costs effectively because many of our costs are fixed. In addition, if we reduce variable costs to respond to losses, this may affect our ability to acquire users and dealers, improve our products and services and grow our revenues. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and we may continue to incur significant losses in the future, and this could seriously harm our business and cause the price of our common stock to decline. Our unique visitors, revenue and operating results fluctuate due to seasonality. Our revenue trends reflect consumers’ car buying patterns. Across the automotive industry, consumers tend to purchase a higher volume of cars in the second and third quarters of each year, due in part to the introduction of new vehicle models from manufacturers. In the past, these seasonal trends have not been pronounced due to the overall growth of our business, and more recently the effects of seasonality on our results have been outweighed by disruptions to our business, such as the termination of our partnership with USAA, the coronavirus pandemic and the automobile inventory shortage, but we expect that in the future our revenues may be affected more by these seasonal trends. Our business could also be impacted by cyclical trends affecting the overall economy, specifically the retail automobile industry, as well as by actual or threatened severe weather or other significant events outside of our control. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our business and operating results. Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to our success. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information by requiring our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements and third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Competitors may adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of the term “TrueCar.” We currently hold the “TrueCar.com” and “True.com” Internet domain names as well as various other related domain names. The regulation of domain names in the United States is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain all domain names that use the name TrueCar. We are occasionally party to intellectual property disputes, which can be costly and could harm our business and operating results. From time to time, we face allegations that we, or businesses we acquired or in which we invested, have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties, including from our competitors or non-practicing entities. For example, in the second quarter of 2020, a Florida dealer sued us claiming that our “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline, which is featured in some of our marketing materials, infringed its “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark. Although this litigation was resolved without any effect on our business, if any similar litigation is brought and decided adversely to us, we could be required to change our tagline and replace the marketing materials in which it is featured, which would be costly and could damage our brand. For more information on this litigation, refer to the risk factor “We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that 39 could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.” Moreover, as discussed in greater detail under the risk factor “Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our business and operating results,” from time to time, we take legal action to protect our own intellectual property. Patent and other intellectual property litigation may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict and may require us to stop offering some features, purchase licenses or modify our products and features while we develop non-infringing substitutes or may result in significant settlement costs. In addition, we use open-source software in our products and expect to use open-source software in the future. From time to time, we may face claims by companies that incorporate open-source software into their products, claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the source code, the open-source software or derivative works that were developed using the software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open-source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our platform or services, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and operating results. Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, operating results and reputation. The impairment of our goodwill, intangible or other long-lived assets or investments would require us to record a non- cash charge to earnings, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. At December 31, 2021, we had goodwill and intangible assets of $51.2 million and $5.0 million, respectively. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we review our goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We review our intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For example, in the first quarter of 2020, in light of the global economic disruption and uncertainty occasioned by the coronavirus pandemic and the announcement of the then-impending termination of our affinity partnership with USAA, we performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of March 31, 2020, which concluded that the carrying value of our single reporting unit was greater than its fair value. Accordingly, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $10.2 million, of which $1.9 million was included in discontinued operations. We cannot guarantee you that in future periods we will not be required to recognize additional impairment charges, whether in our goodwill or other intangible assets, nor that we will be able to avoid a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which an impairment is determined to exist. As a result, the carrying value of our goodwill and intangible assets may not be recoverable due to factors such as a decline in our stock price and market capitalization, reduced estimates of future revenues or cash flows or slower growth rates in our industry. Estimates of future revenues and cash flows are based on a long-term financial outlook of our operations. Actual performance in the near-term or long-term could be materially different from these forecasts, which could impact future estimates and the recorded value of the intangible assets. If we have to reduce the carrying value of our goodwill or intangible assets, the impairment charge could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Further, we review our equity-method investment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment of an equity-method investment if the fair value of the investment as a whole, and not the underlying assets, has declined and the decline is other than temporary. For example, on February 2, 2022, the Company entered into a redemption agreement with Accu-Trade to redeem the Company’s 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. The terms of the transaction include initial cash consideration of $12.8 million which will be paid at closing and $3.2 million cash held in an escrow account. As a result of the events and circumstances leading up to our entry into the redemption agreement with Accu-Trade, we concluded that the carrying value of our investment in Accu-Trade was greater than its fair value. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized an impairment charge of $4.1 million. Further, if any other equity-method investment that we make in the future, is not recoverable, we may be required to record additional impairment charges, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. If our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes is limited, we may not receive the benefit of those assets. We had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $301.4 million and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $236.0 million at December 31, 2021. These federal and state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in the years ending December 31, 2034 and 2022, respectively. Federal net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 will not expire and will carry forward indefinitely, but will be limited in any given year to offsetting a maximum of 80% of our taxable income for the year, determined without regard to the application of such net operating loss carryforwards. At December 31, 2021, we had 40 federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million and $11.0 million, respectively. The federal credit carryforwards begin to expire in the year ending December 31, 2028. The state credit carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely. Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which we refer to as the IRC, impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in the event of a cumulative “ownership change” of a corporation of more than 50% over a three-year period. Accordingly, if we generate taxable income in the future, changes in our stock ownership, including equity offerings and share repurchase programs, as well as other changes that may be outside our control, could potentially result in material limitations on our ability to use our net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards. We experienced a cumulative ownership change as of December 31, 2019 within the meaning of Sections 382 and 383 of the IRC. We estimate that up to $15.2 million and $0.5 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020 for the Section 382 limitation of $3.2 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Additionally, with the finalization of our 2011 - 2020 research and development tax credit study in 2021, we estimate that certain federal research and development credit carryforwards may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 for the Section 383 limitation of $12.3 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Changes in applicable tax law and resolutions of tax disputes could negatively affect our financial results. We are subject to taxation in the United States. Changes in tax laws applicable to us, including interpretations thereof and related accounting standards, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For example, in 2018, the United States Supreme Court decided South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. That decision overturned earlier case law that online sellers are not required to collect sales and use taxes unless they have a physical presence in the buyer’s state. Although the Wayfair decision has not had a material effect on our business, it has resulted in nationwide uncertainty over sales tax liability and could precipitate responses from federal and state legislators, regulators and courts that materially increase our tax administrative costs and tax risk. Many states have also adopted laws requiring so-called “marketplace facilitators” to collect and remit sales taxes on behalf of participants in their marketplaces. Certain states also require sales tax to be collected and remitted with respect to the provision of software as a service (SaaS), downloadable software, information services, data processing services and, under certain circumstances, lead generating services. To the extent regulators take the position that such laws require us to collect and remit sales taxes related to the sales of cars to consumers by TrueCar Certified Dealers or characterize any of our existing or future product offerings as taxable SaaS, downloadable software, information services, data processing services, lead generation services or as any other taxable product or service, our business could be adversely affected. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2020, California enacted legislation suspending net operating loss deductions for taxpayers with more than $1 million of business income and imposing a $5 million cap on the use of tax credits effective for tax years 2020 through 2022. Therefore, for the impacted tax years, including 2020, during which we recognized net taxable income in California due to the Divestiture, California taxes that otherwise could have been offset by California net operating losses, which are limited to a 20-year carryforward period, will instead need to be offset by our California research and development credits, which do not expire (i.e., can be carried forward indefinitely), up to the $5 million annual cap. As a result, our tax assets will be or have been diminished. Further, potential revisions to federal corporate tax law are currently under discussion in Congress. We continue to monitor and evaluate the impact of these and other changes in applicable tax law. 41 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which could cause our stock price to decline. We typically provide guidance about our business and future operating results as part of our press releases, investor conference calls or otherwise. In developing any such guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. For example, in the second quarter of 2015 and the fourth quarter of 2018, our business results varied significantly from guidance for the quarter and the price of our common stock declined. Our future business results may vary significantly from our guidance due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which could materially and adversely affect our operations, financial condition and operating results. If our publicly-announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet the expectations of securities analysts, investors or other interested parties, the price of our common stock could decline. Given the volatility of our business recently during the coronavirus pandemic, the ongoing automobile inventory shortage and following the termination of our partnership with USAA, we have not in recent quarters provided guidance about our future operating results, which may also have caused, and may in the future cause, additional volatility in the trading price of our common stock. The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline. The trading price of our common stock has been volatile since our initial public offering and is likely to continue to fluctuate substantially. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the trading price of our common stock fluctuated from a low of $3.08 per share to a high of $6.25 per share. The trading price of our common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Additional factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of technology stocks; changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in the automotive industry in particular; sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders; the failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our company; our failure to meet our publicly-announced guidance of future operating results or otherwise to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors in this regard; announcements by us or our competitors of new products or innovations to existing products; the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC, including the guidance regarding our future operating results or the absence of such guidance; rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results; actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally; our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights; 42 • • • • • • announced or completed acquisitions, divestitures, investments or other similar transactions involving us or our competitors; new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; any significant change in our management; conditions in the automobile industry; and general macroeconomic conditions and the growth rate of our markets and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on these conditions and markets. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, including those relating to the coronavirus pandemic, may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Additionally, as a public company, we face the risk of shareholder lawsuits, particularly if we experience declines in the price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of our securities, securities class action lawsuits have often been instituted against us, and we may in the future be subject to these legal actions. Concentration of ownership among our existing executive officers and directors, their affiliates and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions. As of December 31, 2021, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock (based upon the most recent filings on Schedule 13G with the SEC with respect to each such holder) beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 65% of our outstanding shares of common stock (assuming exercise of all beneficially owned shares). Some of these persons or entities may have interests that are different from yours. For example, these stockholders may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree or which are not in your interests. These stockholders are able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our certificate of incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock. The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, a large number of shares of our common stock becoming available for sale or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares. At December 31, 2021, 96,213,243 shares of our common stock were outstanding. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, there were 6.1 million shares underlying options and 7.5 million shares underlying restricted stock units. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our stock could decline. Under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, shares held by non-affiliates for more than six months may generally be sold without restriction, other than a current public information requirement, and may be sold freely without any restrictions after one year. Shares held by affiliates may also be sold under Rule 144, subject to applicable restrictions, including volume and manner of sale limitations. In January 2017, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which we refer to as the 2017 Registration Statement. Under the 2017 Registration Statement, we sold 1.15 million shares of common stock and certain selling stockholders sold 9.2 million shares of common stock. Although the 2017 Registration Statement has expired and we have deregistered the unsold shares thereunder, we may file a subsequent registration statement with the SEC, after which we or selling stockholders may periodically offer additional securities in amounts, at prices and on terms to be announced when and if the securities are offered. If we do so, we will prepare and file with the SEC a prospectus supplement containing specific information about the terms of the offering. 43 Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline. If our existing stockholders, including employees and service providers who obtain equity, sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. All of our outstanding shares are eligible for sale in the public market, other than approximately 3.7 million shares (including vested options) as of December 31, 2021 held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates that are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. Our employees, other service providers and directors are subject to our trading blackout periods. In addition, we have reserved shares for issuance under our equity incentive plans. The issuance and subsequent sale of these shares will be dilutive to our existing stockholders and the trading price of our common stock could decline. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions: • • • • • • • creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms; authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock; limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings; requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; and providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings. These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock. Any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws or of Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we otherwise agree, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for: • • • • any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; and 44 • any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or other agents, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, employees and other agents. If a court were to find this exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business. We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our credit facility currently restrict our payment of cash dividends on our capital stock. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock. We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully used or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and will diminish our cash reserves. Although our board of directors has authorized a share repurchase program, the program does not require us to spend any specific dollar amount on repurchases or to repurchase any specific number of shares of our common stock. We cannot guarantee when or if the repurchases authorized under the program will be made or that the program will enhance long-term stockholder value. For example, we made no repurchases of shares under our share repurchase program in the three months ended December 31, 2021. The program could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of the program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, to the extent that repurchases are made, implementation of this program will diminish our cash reserves. 45 General Risk Factors We have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been and will be required to continue to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices. As a public company, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act and other laws and rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq impose various requirements on public companies, including in relation to corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, changing rules and regulations may increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. If, despite our efforts to comply with new or changing laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed. Further, failure to comply with these laws, regulations and standards may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or board committees or as executive officers. Our compliance with applicable provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to management assessment of internal controls requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement additional corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer if, in the future, material weaknesses are found, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our stock. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our stated operating results and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement and maintain internal controls effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on internal control from our independent registered public accounting firm. If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. The analysts who cover us have from time to time in the past changed their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, and provided more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, which has in the past caused our stock price to decline. Any of these analysts could do so again, which could cause our stock price to decline again. Additionally, from time to time, analysts who cover us have ceased coverage of our company, and if any further analysts who cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control could damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could impact consumer spending. Our corporate headquarters, many of our employees and many of our essential business operations are located in the Los Angeles area, near major geologic faults that have experienced earthquakes in the past. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortage or outage could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, if any of our facilities or the facilities of our third-party service providers, dealers or partners is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, power shortages, floods, public health crises (such as pandemics and epidemics), political crises (such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict) or other events outside our control, including a cyberattack, our critical business or IT systems could be destroyed or disrupted and our ability to conduct normal business operations and our revenues and operating results could be adversely affected. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions or, depending upon the severity, globally, which could adversely impact our operating results. 46 We may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances. If capital is not available to us, our operating results, business and financial condition may be harmed. Since our founding, we have raised substantial equity and debt financing to support the growth of our business. Because we intend to continue to make investments to support the growth of our business, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including to develop new products or services or further improve existing products and services, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in further equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, our current revolving credit facility contains restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, and any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve further restrictive covenants which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and pursue business opportunities. Volatility in the credit markets, including increased volatility due to the economic disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings. If we raise additional funds through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of the securities will result in dilution to our stockholders. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in the past, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid in the past. In addition, if we were to issue securities in connection with our acquisition of complementary businesses, products or technologies, our stockholders would also experience dilution. 47 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We maintain our principal office in Santa Monica, California and lease an office near Austin, Texas. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that should it be needed, we will be able to secure additional space to accommodate any such expansion of our operations. Item 3. Legal Proceedings Please refer to the disclosure under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our annual consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a description of our material pending legal proceedings, which disclosure is incorporated by reference into this Item 3 of Part I. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 48 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information for Common Stock Our common stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “TRUE” since May 16, 2014. Our initial public offering was priced at $9.00 per share. Before that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. Holders of Record As of February 16, 2022, there were 129 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, any restrictions on paying dividends, including the current restriction on our ability to pay dividends under our credit facility, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers On August 6, 2020, the Company issued a press release announcing that its Board of Directors (the “Board”) had authorized a share repurchase program of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of the Company’s common stock. In May 2021, the Company’s Board increased the authorization of the share repurchase program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. This action did not affect the authorization’s expiration date on September 30, 2022 or the fact that it does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount of its shares. Sales of Unregistered Securities None. 49 Stock Performance Graph The following shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2016 through December 31, 2021 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index (Nasdaq Composite) and the RDG Internet Composite. The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2016 in our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite and the RDG Internet Composite, and the data for the Nasdaq Composite and the RDG Internet Composite assumes reinvestments of dividends. As discussed above, we have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our common stock and do not anticipate declaring or paying a cash dividend in the foreseeable future. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. 50 Item 6. Reserved 51 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included herein. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere herein. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Overview TrueCar is a leading automotive digital marketplace that enables car buyers to connect to our network of Certified Dealers. We are building the industry’s most personalized and efficient car buying experience as we seek to bring more of the purchasing process online. We have established a diverse software ecosystem on a common technology infrastructure, powered by proprietary data and analytics. Our company-branded platform is available on our TrueCar website and mobile applications. In addition, we customize and operate our platform on a co-branded basis for our many affinity group marketing partners, including financial institutions like Navy Federal, PenFed and American Express; membership-based organizations like Consumer Reports, AARP, Sam’s Club, and AAA; and employee buying programs for large enterprises such as IBM and Walmart. We enable users to obtain market-based pricing data on new and used cars, and to connect with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. We also allow automobile manufacturers, known in the industry as OEMs, to connect with TrueCar users during the purchase process and efficiently deliver targeted incentives to consumers. We benefit consumers by providing information related to what others have paid for a make, model and trim of car in their area and price offers on actual vehicle inventory, which we refer to as VIN-based offers, from our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. VIN-based offers provide consumers with price offers for specific vehicles from specific dealers. We benefit our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers by enabling them to attract these informed, in-market consumers in a cost-effective, accountable manner, which we believe helps them to sell more cars profitably. We benefit OEMs by allowing them to more effectively target their incentive spending at deep-in-market consumers during their purchase process. Our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers consists primarily of new car franchises, representing all major makes of cars, as well as independent dealers selling used vehicles. TrueCar Certified Dealers operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our subsidiary, TCDS, provides our TrueCar Trade and Payments products. Our Trade solution gives consumers information on the value of their trade-in vehicles and enables them to obtain a guaranteed trade-in price before setting foot in the dealership. This valuation is, in turn, backed by a third-party guarantee to dealers that the vehicles will be repurchased at the indicated price if the dealer does not want to keep them. Our Payments solution leverages the digital retailing technology of our DealerScience subsidiary to help consumers calculate accurate monthly payments. Finally, our former ALG subsidiary provided forecasts and consulting services regarding determination of the residual value of an automobile at given future points in time. These residual values are used to underwrite automotive loans and leases to determine payments by consumers. In addition, financial institutions use this information to measure exposure and risk across loan, lease, and fleet portfolios. On November 30, 2020, we divested ALG to J.D. Power. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included herein for further details. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated revenues of $231.7 million and recorded a net loss of $38.3 million. COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Automotive Semiconductor Chip Shortage Events surrounding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have resulted and will continue to result in significant economic disruptions. We continue to experience the negative effects of COVID-19 on our business, operations and financial results as reflected in the year over year decline in revenues, and we expect to experience further negative effects on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. In addition to vehicle inventory shortages caused by closures in OEM production facilities in the early days of the COVID-19 induced lockdown, OEMs have also been forced to cut production in the current year as supply-chain disruption due to the pandemic resulted in a global automotive semiconductor chip shortage. The ensuing automobile inventory shortage has resulted in significant unmet demand, with automotive dealers seeing some incoming new car shipments presold. The inventory shortage along with strong consumer demand has impacted and may continue to impact the decision of our current network of Certified Dealers and OEMs to cancel or pause our services and product offerings and could discourage new dealers and OEMs from joining our network. Refer to Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, for additional disclosures of risks related to COVID-19 and the global automotive semiconductor chip shortage. 52 Key Metrics We regularly review a number of key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make operating and strategic decisions. Average Monthly Unique Visitors Units (1) Monetization Franchise Dealer Count Independent Dealer Count Year Ended December 31, 2020 8,354,082 766,413 2021 8,636,501 607,667 $ 380 $ 352 $ 8,482 4,013 10,589 3,794 2019 7,441,251 998,495 335 12,565 4,395 (1) We issued full credits of the amount originally invoiced with respect to 14,912, 17,655, and 21,201 units during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As discussed in the description of the units metric below, we have not adjusted the number of units downward to reflect these credited units. Average Monthly Unique Visitors We define a monthly unique visitor as an individual who has visited our website, our landing page on our affinity group marketing partner sites, or our mobile applications within a calendar month. We identify unique visitors through cookies for browser- based visits on either a desktop computer or mobile device and through device IDs for mobile application visits. In addition, if a TrueCar.com user logs in, we supplement their identification with their log-in credentials to attempt to avoid double counting on TrueCar.com across devices, browsers and mobile applications. If an individual accesses our service using different devices or different browsers on the same device within a given month, the first access through each such device or browser is counted as a separate monthly unique visitor, except where adjusted based upon TrueCar.com log-in information. We calculate average monthly unique visitors as the sum of the monthly unique visitors in a given period, divided by the number of months in that period. We view our average monthly unique visitors as a key indicator of the growth in our business and audience reach, the strength of our brand, and the visibility of car-buying services to the member base of our affinity group marketing partners. The number of average monthly unique visitors increased 3.4% to approximately 8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from approximately 8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher investments in marketing in the earlier months of 2021 as COVID-19 restrictions eased. Units We define units as the number of automobiles purchased from TrueCar Certified Dealers that are matched to users of TrueCar.com, our TrueCar-branded mobile applications or the car-buying sites and mobile applications we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners. A unit is counted after we have matched the sale to a TrueCar user with a TrueCar Certified Dealer. We view units as a key indicator of the health of our business, the effectiveness of our product and the size and geographic coverage of our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. On occasion, we issue credits to our TrueCar Certified Dealers with respect to units sold. However, we do not adjust our unit metric for these credits as we believe that in most cases a vehicle has in fact been purchased through our platform given the high degree of accuracy of our sales matching process. Credits are most frequently issued to a dealer that claims that it had a pre-existing relationship with a purchaser of a vehicle, and we determine whether we will issue a credit based on a number of factors, including the facts and circumstances related to the dealer claim and the level of claim activity at the dealership. In most cases, we issue credits in order to maintain strong business relations with the dealer and not because we have made an erroneous sales match or billing error. The number of units decreased 20.7% to 607,667 for the year ended December 31, 2021 from 766,413 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The unit decrease was primarily due to lower automobile inventory levels resulting from the global automotive semiconductor chip shortage. The impact of the chip shortage on units will be dependent on the duration of the chip-related production cuts by OEMs. 53 Monetization We define monetization as the average transaction revenue per unit, which we calculate by dividing all of our transaction revenue (dealer revenue and OEM incentives revenue) in a given period by the number of units in that period. Our monetization increased by 8.0% to $380 during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $352 during the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to temporary concessions provided to certain subscription arrangements in the second quarter of 2020 that were not continued in the corresponding periods of 2021 and increases within newer revenue streams, partially offset by a decline within OEM incentives revenue that has been negatively impacted by the automobile inventory shortage. We expect our monetization to be affected in the future by changes in our pricing structure and the unit mix between new and used cars, with used cars providing higher monetization. Franchise Dealer Count We define franchise dealer count as the number of franchise dealers in the network of TrueCar Certified Dealers who participate in our Auto Buying Program at the end of a given period. This number is calculated by counting the number of brands of new cars sold at each individual location, or rooftop, regardless of the size of the dealership that owns the rooftop. The network is comprised of dealers with a range of unit sales volume per dealer, with dealers representing certain brands consistently achieving higher than average unit sales volume. We view our ability to increase our franchise dealer count, particularly dealers representing high volume brands, as an indicator of our market penetration and the likelihood of converting users of our platform into unit sales. Our TrueCar Certified Dealer network includes independent non-franchised dealers that primarily sell used cars and are not included in franchise dealer count. Our franchise dealer count decreased to 8,482 at December 31, 2021 from 10,589 at December 31, 2020 and from 12,565 at December 31, 2019. The decline in franchise dealer count was primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of automobile inventory shortages and high consumer demand, certain franchise dealers have less of a need for marketing services and products. We expect our franchise dealer count to continue to be impacted by these inventory shortages. Independent Dealer Count We define independent dealer count as the number of independent dealers in the network of TrueCar Certified Dealers who participate in our Auto Buying Program at the end of a given period that exclusively sell used vehicles and are not directly affiliated with a new car manufacturer. This number is calculated by counting each location, or rooftop, individually, regardless of the size of the dealership that owns the rooftop. Our independent dealer count increased to 4,013 at December 31, 2021 from 3,794 at December 31, 2020 and decreased as compared to 4,395 at December 31, 2019. The increase in 2021 from 2020 was primarily due to strong used car demand, and the decline in 2020 from 2019 was primarily due to suspensions, cancellations, or going-out-of-business due to COVID-19. We expect our independent dealer count to also be impacted by new car shortages as demand for used cars have increased, which have also resulted in inventory constraints in the used car market. 54 Non-GAAP Financial Measures Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude interest income, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, loss from equity method investment including impairment charges, certain litigation costs, certain restructuring costs, certain executive departure costs, certain transaction costs, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, goodwill impairment, other income, impairment of right-of-use assets, and income taxes. We have provided below a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our Adjusted EBITDA measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other organizations as they may not calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same manner as we calculate this measure. We use Adjusted EBITDA as an operating performance measure as it is (i) an integral part of our reporting and planning processes; (ii) used by our management and board of directors to assess our operational performance, and together with operational objectives, as a measure in evaluating employee compensation and bonuses; and (iii) used by our management to make financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments. We believe that using Adjusted EBITDA facilitates operating performance comparisons on a period-to-period basis because it excludes variations primarily caused by changes in the excluded items noted above. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA and similar measures are widely used by investors, securities analysts, rating agencies and other parties in evaluating companies as measures of financial performance and debt service capabilities. Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are: • • • • • • • • • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the receipt of interest or the payment of income taxes; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditures or any other contractual commitments; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the costs to advance our claims in certain litigation or the costs to defend ourselves in various complaints filed against us, which we expect to continue to be significant; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the severance charges associated with restructuring plans; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impairment charges on our right of use (“ROU”) assets associated with subleasing; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the legal, accounting, consulting and other third-party fees and costs incurred by us in connection with the evaluation and negotiation of potential merger and acquisition transactions; Adjusted EBITDA does not consider the potentially dilutive impact of shares issued or to be issued in connection with stock-based compensation; and other companies, including companies in our own industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including our net loss, our other GAAP results, and various cash flow metrics. In addition, in evaluating Adjusted EBITDA you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses such as those that are the subject of adjustments in deriving Adjusted EBITDA, and you should not infer from our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA that our future results will not be affected by these expenses or any unusual or non-recurring items. 55 The following table presents a reconciliation of net (loss) income to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented: Reconciliation of Net (Loss) Income to Adjusted EBITDA: Net (loss) income Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Loss from continuing operations Non-GAAP adjustments: Interest income Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation (1) Share of net loss from equity method investment (2) Certain litigation costs (3) Executive departure costs (4) Restructuring charges (5) Transaction costs (6) Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability Goodwill impairment (7) Other income Impairment of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets (8) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Adjusted EBITDA Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) $ (38,329) $ 76,544 $ (54,890) (40) (38,369) (96,383) (19,839) (3,445) (58,335) (52) 16,279 20,395 5,404 — — — — 41 — (667) 1,652 206 (462) 20,547 23,077 1,989 (1,939) — 8,346 — 182 8,264 (198) 2,136 (6) (2,480) 20,665 36,462 1,280 1,575 5,089 3,015 1,926 300 — — — (1,321) $ 4,889 $ 42,097 $ 8,176 (1) The excluded amounts include stock-based compensation of $7.2 million incurred in 2019 associated with the acceleration of certain equity awards and the extension of the exercise period for certain vested stock options related to the departures of certain executives, including our former chief executive officer. (2) The excluded amounts include a $4.1 million impairment charge on our equity method investment in Accu-Trade in the fourth quarter of 2021. (3) The excluded amounts relate to legal costs incurred in connection with complaints filed by non-TrueCar dealers and the California New Car Dealers Association against TrueCar and consumer class action lawsuits. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the excluded amount also includes a $2.0 million payment received from one of our insurance carriers in settlement of a lawsuit we brought in the fourth quarter of 2017 to recover insured legal fees. We believe the exclusion of these costs and recovery is appropriate to facilitate comparisons of our core operating performance on a period-to-period basis. Based on the nature of the specific claims underlying the excluded litigation matters, once these matters are resolved, we do not believe our operations are likely to entail defending against the types of claims raised by these matters. (4) The excluded amounts include $4.6 million in executive severance costs, as well as related recruiting fees of $0.5 million, associated with the separation of our former chief executive officer and the termination of executive-level employees in connection with the change in chief executive officer in 2019. We believe excluding the impact of these terminations and the associated chief executive officer recruiting fees is consistent with our use of these non-GAAP measures as we do not believe they are a useful indicator of our ongoing operating results. (5) The excluded amounts represent charges associated with the restructuring plans undertaken in the second quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2019 to improve efficiency and reduce expenses. We believe excluding the impact of these charges is consistent with our use of these non-GAAP measures as we do not believe they are a useful indicator of our ongoing operating results. (6) The excluded amounts represent external legal, accounting, consulting and other third-party fees and costs we incurred in connection with the evaluation and negotiation of potential merger and acquisition transactions. These expenses are included in 56 general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). We consider these fees and costs, which are associated with potential merger and acquisition transactions outside the normal course of our operations, to be unrelated to our underlying results of operations and believe that their exclusion provides investors with a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business operations. (7) The excluded amount represents a non-cash impairment charge we recognized on our goodwill during the first quarter of 2020. (8) The excluded amount represents impairment charges on our ROU assets associated with certain of our existing office locations. We consider these charges to be unrelated to our underlying results of operations and believe that their exclusion is appropriate to facilitate period-to-period operating performance comparisons. Presentation of Financial Statements Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries in accordance with FASB ASC 810 — Consolidation. Business acquisitions are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. Our purchase accounting resulted in all assets and liabilities of acquired businesses being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition dates. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We report our financial results as one operating segment, with three distinct service offerings: Dealer products and services, OEM incentives, and other. Our operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker on a consolidated basis, principally to make decisions about how we allocate our resources and measure our consolidated operating performance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews revenue for each of our dealer, OEM incentives and other offerings in order to gain more depth and understanding of the factors driving our business. We are reporting the historical results of our divested ALG subsidiary, including the results of operations and cash flows as discontinued operations for all periods presented herein. Components of Operating Results Revenues Our revenues are comprised primarily of dealer revenue and OEM incentives revenue. We recognize transaction revenue for certain of our Auto Buying Program and OEM incentives arrangements at the time introductions and incentives are delivered based upon expected subsequent vehicle sales between the Auto Buying Program user and the dealer. Dealer Revenue. Dealer revenue is comprised of Auto Buying Program revenue as well as revenue from TrueCar Trade and DealerScience. Auto Buying Program revenue consists of fees paid by dealers participating in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. Dealers pay us these fees on a per-vehicle basis for sales to our users, on a per-introduction basis for sales to our users or in the form of a subscription arrangement. Subscription arrangements fall into several types: flat-rate subscriptions, subscriptions subject to downward adjustment based on a minimum number of vehicle sales, which we refer to as guaranteed-sales subscriptions, and subscriptions based on introduction or impression volume, including those subject to downward adjustment based on a minimum number of introductions, which we refer to as guaranteed-introductions subscriptions. Additionally, certain dealers pay an incremental subscription fee for add-on products within our Auto Buying Program. Under flat-rate subscription arrangements, fees are charged at a monthly flat rate regardless of the number of introductions made to users of our platform by the dealer. Under guaranteed-sales subscription arrangements, fees are charged based on the number of guaranteed sales multiplied by a fixed amount per vehicle. To the extent that the actual number of vehicles sold by the dealers to users of our platform is less than the number of guaranteed sales, we provide a credit to the dealer. If the actual number of vehicles sold exceeds the number of guaranteed sales, we are not entitled to any additional fees. Certain of our subscription arrangements are charged based on volume of introductions or impressions provided while other introduction-based subscription arrangements operate under a guaranteed-introductions model. Under guaranteed-introductions subscription arrangements, fees are charged based on a periodically-updated formula that considers, among other things, the introductions anticipated to be provided to the dealer. To the extent that the number of actual introductions is less than the number of guaranteed introductions, we provide a credit to the dealer. If the actual number of introductions provided exceeds the number guaranteed, we are not entitled to any additional fees. 57 For guaranteed-sales and guaranteed-introductions subscription arrangements, fees are charged based on the lesser of (i) the actual number of sales generated or introductions delivered through our platform during the subscription period multiplied by the contracted price per sale/introduction or (ii) the guaranteed number of sales or introductions multiplied by the contracted price per sale/introduction. We offer additional add-on products to eligible dealers as part of the Auto Buying Program to increase traffic and retarget in- market consumers. These products include TrueCar Sponsored Listings and TrueCar Reach. TrueCar Sponsor Listings enables a dealer to place qualifying vehicles at more prominent positions within the used car search results page. TrueCar Reach is a service offered to retarget in-market consumers on the dealer’s behalf with co-branded emails. Fees are charged based on a monthly subscription rate for the right to sponsor up to a set number of vehicles at any time throughout the month under Sponsored Listings. Fees for our Reach product are also charged on a flat monthly rate regardless of the number of emails delivered. TrueCar Trade revenue consists of dealers who pay monthly subscription fees that vary depending on the level of trade service selected. Depending on their subscription terms, some dealers pay additional transaction fees for each vehicle purchased from a consumer that was introduced via TrueCar Trade. DealerScience revenue consists of monthly subscription fees paid by dealers for access to DealerScience’s products and services. DealerScience provides dealers with advanced digital retailing software tools that allow them to calculate accurate monthly payments, expedite vehicle desking, which is the process of presenting and agreeing upon financial terms and financing options, and streamline the consumers’ experience from shopping to showroom. In 2021, we began to phase out selling certain of DealerScience’s products and services. OEM Incentives Revenue. OEM incentives revenue consists of fees paid by automobile manufacturers, or OEMs, to promote the sale of their vehicles through the offering of additional consumer incentives to members of our affinity group marketing partners. These OEMs pay us a subscription or per-vehicle fee for promotion of the incentive. Other Revenue. Other revenue consists primarily of fees earned associated with the USAA transition services agreement for the year ended December 31, 2020. For a description of our revenue accounting policies, see Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements. Costs and Operating Expenses Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenue includes expenses related to the fulfillment of our services, consisting primarily of data costs and licensing fees paid to third-party service providers and expenses related to operating our website and mobile applications, including data center costs; hosting fees; data processing costs required to deliver introductions to our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers; employee costs related to certain dealer operations and sales matching; and facilities costs. Cost of revenue excludes depreciation and amortization of software costs and other hosting and data infrastructure equipment used to operate our platforms, which are included in the depreciation and amortization line item on our statements of comprehensive income (loss). Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of television, digital, and radio advertising; media production costs; affinity group partner marketing fees, which also include loan subvention costs where we pay certain affinity group marketing partners a portion of consumers’ borrowing costs for car loan products offered by these affinity group marketing partners; marketing sponsorship programs; and digital customer acquisition. In addition, sales and marketing expenses include employee-related expenses for sales, customer support, marketing and public relations employees, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses; third-party contractor fees; and facilities costs. Marketing and advertising costs promote our services and are expensed as incurred, except for media production costs, which are expensed the first time the advertisement is aired. Technology and Development. Technology and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses; third-party contractor fees; facilities costs; software costs; and costs associated with our product development, product management, research and analytics, and internal IT functions. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses for executive, finance, accounting, legal, and human resources functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal, accounting, and other third-party professional service fees, bad debt, lease exit costs, and facilities costs. 58 Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation consists primarily of depreciation expense recorded on property and equipment. Amortization expense consists primarily of amortization recorded on intangible assets, capitalized software costs, and leasehold improvements. Interest Income. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Other Income. Other income primarily consists of fees earned associated with the transition services agreement with J.D. Power as a result of our ALG divestiture. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes. We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States. We provided a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, as it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result of the valuation allowance, our income tax expense (benefit) is significantly less than the federal statutory rate of 21%. Our provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily reflects tax expense associated with state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets. Our benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily arose in connection with the impairment of goodwill, resulting in reduction of indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities. We had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $301.4 million and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $236.0 million at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2021, we also had federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million and $11.0 million, respectively. Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code impose substantial restrictions on the use of net operating losses and other tax attributes in the event of a cumulative “ownership change” of a corporation of more than 50% over a three-year period. We experienced a cumulative ownership change as of December 31, 2019 within the meanings of Sections 382 and 383. We estimate that up to $15.2 million and $0.5 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020 for the Section 382 limitation of $3.2 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Additionally, with the finalization of our 2011 - 2020 research and development tax credit study in 2021, we estimate that certain federal research and development credit carryforwards may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 for the Section 383 limitation of $12.3 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act was enacted to provide economic relief to individuals and businesses facing economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 public health emergency. The CARES Act includes, among other things, provisions relating to payroll tax credits and deferrals, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations, and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. On March 11, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP Act) was enacted to further extend economic relief from the impacts of COVID. The ARP Act includes, among other things, provisions relating to the extension of employee retention tax credits and credits for paid sick and family medical leave, repeal of a worldwide interest allocation election, changes to pension funding requirements, and expanded limits on executive compensation deductions. We estimate that neither the CARES or ARP Act will have a material impact on our tax expense (benefit), financial position or cash flows. In addition, on June 29, 2020 California enacted legislation suspending NOL deductions for taxpayers with more than $1 million of business income and imposing limits on the use of tax credits up to $5 million effective for tax years 2020 through 2022. As a result, we plan to utilize California research and development credits to offset California state taxes for the impacted tax years, including 2020, during which we recognized net taxable income in California due to the Divestiture. We will continue to monitor possible future impact of changes in tax legislation. See Note 12 of our consolidated financial statements included herein for more information about our provision for income taxes. 59 Results of Operations The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: Revenues Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Goodwill impairment Total costs and operating expenses Loss from operations Interest income Other income Loss from equity method investment Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Loss from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net (loss) income Other Non-GAAP Financial Information Adjusted EBITDA 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ 231,698 $ 278,678 $ 335,046 22,239 136,479 41,432 48,747 16,279 — 265,176 (33,478) 52 667 (5,404) (38,163) 206 (38,369) 40 21,549 151,915 44,930 49,989 20,547 8,264 297,194 (18,516) 462 198 (1,989) (19,845) (6) (19,839) 96,383 27,828 226,977 56,114 64,318 20,665 — 395,902 (60,856) 2,480 — (1,280) (59,656) (1,321) (58,335) 3,445 $ (38,329) $ 76,544 $ (54,890) $ 4,889 $ 42,097 $ 8,176 60 The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of operations data as a percentage of revenues for each of the periods indicated. Revenues Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization presented separately below) Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Goodwill impairment Loss from operations Interest income Other income Loss from equity method investment Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Loss from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net (loss) income Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 100 % 100 % 100 % 10 59 18 21 7 — (14) (2) (16) (17) * * * * 8 55 16 18 7 3 (7) (1) (7) (7) 35 * * * (17) % 27 % 8 68 17 19 6 — (18) 1 — (18) * * (17) 1 (16) % * Less than 0.5% of revenues Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 Revenues Revenues Dealer revenue OEM incentives revenue Other revenue Total revenues Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) $ 222,000 $ 252,928 $ 317,965 8,676 1,022 16,833 8,917 16,569 512 $ 231,698 $ 278,678 $ 335,046 (12.2) % (48.5) % (88.5) % (16.9) % (20.5) % 1.6 % 1,641.6 % (16.8) % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in our revenues of $47.0 million, or 16.9%, in 2021 as compared to 2020 was primarily impacted by the automobile inventory shortage. Dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and other revenue comprised 95.9%, 3.7%, and 0.4%, respectively, of revenues for 2021 as compared to 90.8%, 6.0%, and 3.2%, respectively, for 2020. The decrease of $30.9 million in dealer revenue was primarily a result of low inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. The decrease of $8.2 million in OEM incentives revenue was driven by the loss of OEM programs that targeted USAA members only and certain OEMs pausing their programs also as a result of low inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. A decrease of $7.9 million in other revenue was primarily driven by fees earned related to the USAA transition services agreement which ended on September 30, 2020. We expect our revenues to continue to be impacted by the inventory constraints caused by the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage, which may influence dealers on our Certified Dealers network to cancel or pause our services or product offerings and could discourage new dealers from joining our network, and may also influence OEMs to pause on their incentive programs. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in our revenues of $56.4 million, or 16.8%, in 2020 as compared to 2019 primarily reflected a decrease in our dealer revenue offset by an increase in other revenue. Dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and other revenue comprised 90.8%, 6.0%, and 3.2%, respectively, of revenues for 61 2020 as compared to 94.9%, 4.9%, and 0.2%, respectively, for 2019. The decrease of $65.0 million in dealer revenue for 2020 reflected a decrease in our Auto Buying Program revenue of $65.8 million primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 and concessions we provided to certain subscription arrangements as well as the wind-down of our partnership with USAA, offset by increases within newer revenue streams of $0.8 million. These decreases were offset by an increase of $8.4 million in other revenue primarily driven by fees earned related to the USAA transition services agreement for the year ended December 31, 2020. Costs and Operating Expenses Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) as a percentage of revenues Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 (dollars in thousands) 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 % Change $ 22,239 $ 21,549 $ 27,828 3.2 % (22.6) % 9.6 % 7.7 % 8.3 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in cost of revenue of $0.7 million, or 3.2%, for 2021 as compared to 2020 was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase in data and licensing expenses primarily driven by growth in dealer adoption of our retail solutions products compared to the prior year. This increase was offset by a $2.5 million decrease in employee-related expenses, of which $0.6 million is associated with severance-related costs incurred as part of the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020 and $1.9 million related to reduced headcount, a $0.3 million decrease in stock- based compensation, and a $0.3 million decrease in facilities costs. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in cost of revenue of $6.3 million, or 22.6%, for 2020 as compared to 2019 was primarily due to a $2.6 million decrease in data and licensing costs, a $1.8 million decrease in employee-related costs related to reduced headcount following the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020, a $0.7 million decrease in stock-based compensation, and a $0.6 million decrease in conference and travel-related expenses. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expense Sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenues Years Ended December 31, 2020 2021 (dollars in thousands) 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 % Change $ 136,479 $ 151,915 $ 226,977 (10.2) % (33.1) % 58.9 % 54.5 % 67.7 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in sales and marketing expenses of $15.4 million, or 10.2%, for 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily reflected a $11.9 million decrease in employee-related expenses of which $5.3 million is associated with severance-related costs incurred as part of the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020 and $6.6 million related to reduced headcount, a $2.5 million decrease in creative production costs, a $1.5 million decrease in travel-related and industry conference expenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a $1.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation, and a $0.7 million decrease in outsourced services, offset by a $2.3 million increase in revenue share paid to affinity marketing partners and a $1.0 million increase in branded media spend. We expect sales and marketing expenses to vary over the course of the year depending on the state of the automobile inventory and semiconductor chip shortages as it impacts the deployment of our branded media spend and revenue share that we pay to our affinity marketing partners. Additionally, we expect to incur incremental branded media expenses to support the launch of our TrueCar+ initiative. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in sales and marketing expenses of $75.1 million, or 33.1%, for 2020 as compared to 2019 primarily reflected a $30.2 million decrease in partner marketing and revenue share paid to affinity marketing partners, a $23.4 million decrease in branded media spend, and a $10.5 million decrease, net of severance costs, in salaries and employee-related expenses due to reduced headcount following the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020. Further decreases include a $6.3 million decline in conference and travel-related expenses and a $4.7 million decrease in stock-based compensation. 62 Technology and Development Expenses Technology and development expenses Technology and development expenses as a percentage of revenues Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) $ 41,432 $ 44,930 $ 56,114 (7.8) % (19.9) % 17.9 % 16.1 % 16.7 % Capitalized software costs $ 11,781 $ 10,664 $ 11,253 10.5 % (5.2) % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in technology and development expenses of $3.5 million, or 7.8%, for 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily reflected a $4.0 million decrease in employee-related expenses, of which $1.6 million is associated with severance-related costs incurred as part of the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020 and $2.4 million related to reduced headcount, and a $0.5 million decrease in facilities costs, partially offset by a $1.3 million increase in outsourced services. Capitalized software costs increased $1.1 million for 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily due to an increase in third-party software costs of $1.7 million offset by a decrease in internally-developed software of $0.6 million. We expect technology and development expenses to continue to be affected by variations in the amount of capitalized internally developed software. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in technology and development expenses of $11.2 million, or 19.9%, for 2020 as compared to 2019 primarily reflected a $6.2 million decrease, net of severance costs, in salaries and employee-related expenses due to reduced headcount following the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020, a $3.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation, and a $1.2 million decrease in conference and travel- related expenses. Capitalized software costs decreased $0.6 million for 2020 as compared to 2019 primarily due to a decrease in the amount of internally-developed software of $0.9 million offset by an increase in third-party software costs of $0.4 million. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expense General and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) $ 48,747 $ 49,989 $ 64,318 (2.5) % (22.3) % 21.0 % 17.9 % 19.2 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. General and administrative expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 2.5%, for 2021 as compared to 2020. The decrease primarily reflected a $2.4 million decrease in bad debt expense driven by adjustments to our allowance for doubtful accounts resulting from both improved collection efforts and forecast assumptions, a $1.9 million decrease in employee-related expenses, of which $0.8 million is associated with severance-related costs incurred as part of the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020 and $1.1 million related to reduced headcount, a $0.4 million decrease in impairment charges on our right-of-use assets associated with office leases, and a $0.6 million decrease in stock- based compensation expense. The decrease was offset by a $3.3 million increase in legal expenses as a result of a $2.0 million payment received in the first quarter of 2020 from one of our insurance carriers in settlement of a lawsuit we brought during the fourth quarter of 2017 to recover insured legal fees and a $1.1 million increase in other expenses associated with bank fees and insurance costs. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. General and administrative expenses decreased $14.3 million, or 22.3%, for 2020 as compared to 2019. The decrease is primarily due to a $8.1 million decrease in costs for consulting and outsourced services, a $4.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation, a $3.0 million decrease in employee-related expenses due to decreased headcount following the restructuring undertaken in the second quarter of 2020, and a $1.2 million decrease in conference and travel-related expenses. These decreases were offset by a $2.1 million impairment charge on our right-of-use asset associated with an office lease and a $1.5 million increase in bad debt expense driven by an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts due in part to the impact of COVID-19. 63 Depreciation and Amortization Expenses Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) Depreciation and amortization expenses $ 16,279 $ 20,547 $ 20,665 (20.8) % (0.6) % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $4.3 million, or 20.8%, for 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily due to certain long-lived assets reaching the end of their useful lives in 2020. We expect our depreciation and amortization expenses to continue to be affected by the amount of capitalized internally developed software costs, property and equipment, and the timing of placing projects in service. We expect our depreciation and amortization expenses to continue to be affected by the amount of capitalized internally developed software costs, property and equipment, and the timing of placing projects in service. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $0.1 million, or 0.6%, for 2020 as compared to 2019. Goodwill Impairment For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a non-cash goodwill impairment charge in the amount of $8.3 million, which represents the amount that our carrying value was in excess of its estimated fair value at March 31, 2020. For further details, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included herein. Interest Income Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) Interest income $ 52 $ 462 $ 2,480 (88.7) % (81.4) % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Interest income decreased $0.4 million, or 88.7%, for 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily due to lower interest rates. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. Interest income decreased $2.0 million, or 81.4%, for 2020 as compared to 2019 primarily due to lower interest rates. Other Income For the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, other income consists primarily of fees earned from the transition services agreement we entered into with J.D. Power in connection with our ALG divestiture. Loss from Equity Method Investment Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) Loss from equity method investment $ 5,404 $ 1,989 $ 1,280 171.7 % 55.4 % For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized an impairment charge in the amount of $4.1 million on our equity method investment in Accu-Trade, which represents the amount that our carrying value was in excess of its estimated fair value at December 31, 2021. For further details, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included herein. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ 206 $ (6) $ (1,321) 3,533.3 % 99.5 % Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) 64 Years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The provision for income taxes for 2021 of $0.2 million primarily reflects tax expense associated with state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets. The benefit from income taxes for 2020 of less than $0.1 million primarily arose in connection with the impairment of goodwill, resulting in reduction of indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities. The benefit from income taxes for 2019 of $1.3 million primarily reflects a tax benefit associated with the intraperiod tax allocation required by ASC 740. Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code impose substantial restrictions on the use of net operating losses and other tax attributes in the event of a cumulative “ownership change” of a corporation of more than 50% over a three-year period. We experienced a cumulative ownership change as of December 31, 2019 within the meanings of Sections 382 and 383. We estimate that up to $15.2 million and $0.5 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, may expire unused. The Section 382 limitation resulted in a reduction of deferred tax assets of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Additionally, with the finalization of the 2011 - 2020 research and development tax credit study in 2021, we estimate that certain of the federal research and development credit carryforwards may expire unused. The Section 383 limitation resulted in a reduction of deferred tax assets of $12.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Income from Discontinued Operations Years Ended December 31, % Change 2021 2020 2019 2021 vs. 2020 2020 vs. 2019 (dollars in thousands) Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes $ 40 $ 96,383 $ 3,445 (100.0) % 2,697.8 % Year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes, was less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 30, 2021 and relates to the resolution of net working capital adjustments of our ALG divestiture and professional fees associated with this resolution. We completed our divestiture of ALG on November 30, 2020. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements included herein for more information. Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019. Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes, increased $92.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to a gain on sale of $92.5 million recognized on the ALG divestiture. Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2021, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents totaling $245.2 million. We have incurred cumulative losses of $393.8 million from our operations through December 31, 2021, and expect to incur additional losses in the future. We generate cash inflows from operations primarily from selling services to dealers participating in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, and cash outflows to enable our business operations, develop new services and core technologies that further enhance our online automotive marketplace, and fund share repurchases based on our evaluation of market conditions and other factors. We believe that our existing sources of liquidity and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. However, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue levels, the timing and extent of our spending to support our technology and development efforts, costs related to potential acquisitions to further expand our business and product offerings, collection of accounts receivable, macroeconomic activity, and the length and severity of business disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents, and cash from operations, are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. 65 Credit Facility We are party to a credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank that provides for advances of up to $35.0 million. This credit facility provides a $10.0 million subfacility for the issuance of letters of credit and contains an increase option permitting us, subject to the lender’s consent, to increase the revolving credit facility by up to $15.0 million, to an aggregate maximum of $50.0 million. The credit facility’s previous three-year term matured on April 19, 2021. In April 2021, we entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of our credit facility for another three years to expire on April 12, 2024. No amounts were outstanding at December 31, 2021. The amount available under the amended credit facility at December 31, 2021 was $32.6 million, reduced for the letters of credit issued and outstanding under the subfacility of $2.4 million. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements herein for more information about our amended credit facility. Share Repurchase Program In the third quarter of 2020, our board of directors authorized an open market stock repurchase program (the “Program”) of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of shares of our common stock through September 30, 2022. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company’s board of directors increased the authorization of the Program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. The timing and amount of any repurchases is determined by us based on our evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Repurchases of our common stock may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common stock to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws, open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate us to purchase any minimum number of shares. For the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company repurchased and retired a total of 6.1 million and 9.3 million shares under the Program for $32.3 million and $42.2 million respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a remaining authorization of $75.5 million for future share repurchases. Cash Flows The following table summarizes net cash derived from operating, investing, and financing activities from continuing operations, as well as net cash from discontinued operations: Consolidated Cash Flow Data: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in financing activities Net cash used in continuing operations Net cash provided by discontinued operations Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Operating Activities of Continuing Operations Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) $ 14,374 $ 29,898 $ 12,823 (10,689) (10,277) (38,086) (34,401) 6,304 (28,097) $ (49,238) (29,617) 121,397 91,780 $ (33,355) (480) (21,012) 6,418 (14,594) $ Our net loss and cash flows provided by or used in operating activities are significantly influenced by our investments in headcount and infrastructure to support our growth, marketing, advertising, and sponsorship expenses. We have experienced positive operating cash flows despite having experienced a net loss due to the inclusion of non-cash expenses and charges. Cash provided by operating activities in 2021 was $14.4 million. This was primarily due to a loss from continuing operations of $38.4 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including stock-based compensation expense of $20.4 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $16.3 million, loss from equity method investment of $5.4 million of which $4.1 million was related to an impairment charge, amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $4.3 million, an impairment charge associated with certain of our existing office locations of $1.7 million, and bad debt expense of $0.5 million. Net cash provided by operating activities also reflected an increase of $3.6 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which primarily reflected a decrease of $15.7 million in accounts receivable primarily due to a reduction in revenue and a decrease of $2.7 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, offset by a decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $5.6 million primarily due to a decrease in marketing fees payable to our affinity group partners and advertisers, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $5.2 million, a decrease in accounts payable of $1.8 million, and a decrease in accrued employee expenses of $1.8 million. 66 Cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was $29.9 million. This was primarily due to a loss from continuing operations of $19.8 million, which was adjusted for non-cash items, including stock-based compensation expense of $23.1 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $20.4 million, goodwill impairment of $8.3 million, amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $5.4 million, bad debt expense of $3.0 million, and asset impairment and write-off of $2.4 million primarily due to a ROU asset impairment of $2.1 million. Net cash provided by operating activities also included a $14.2 million decrease from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $14.2 million decrease primarily reflected a decrease of $8.2 million in accounts payable primarily due to a decrease in marketing fees payable to our affinity group partners and advertisers, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $6.3 million, and a decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $4.1 million driven by reduced accrued legal fees, offset by cash collections of $2.3 million from accounts receivable, a decrease of $1.3 million in prepaid expense and other assets primarily due to a decrease in prepaid marketing costs. Cash provided by operating activities in 2019 was $12.8 million. This was primarily due to a loss from continuing operations of $58.3 million, which adjusted for non-cash items, including stock-based compensation expense of $36.5 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $20.7 million and amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $5.9 million. Net cash provided by operating activities also included a $3.7 million increase in changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $3.7 million increase primarily reflected an increase of $10.5 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities mainly driven by accrued marketing costs and cash collections of $4.0 million from accounts receivable, offset by a $6.8 million decrease in operating lease liabilities and a $4.9 million decrease in accounts payable. Investing Activities of Continuing Operations Our investing activities consist primarily of cash paid for equity method investment and capital expenditures for capitalized software development costs and property and equipment. Cash used in investing activities of $10.7 million during 2021 was for purchases of property and equipment, consisting primarily of $9.8 million of investments in software. Cash used in investing activities of $10.3 million during 2020 was for purchases of property and equipment, consisting primarily of $9.1 million of investments in software. Cash used in investing activities of $33.4 million during 2019 resulted primarily from a $23.2 million equity method investment in Accu-Trade as well as $10.2 million of purchases of property and equipment, consisting primarily of $9.8 million of investments in software. Financing Activities of Continuing Operations Cash used in financing activities of $38.1 million during 2021 primarily represents payments of $31.9 million for the repurchase of our common stock, taxes paid of $5.3 million for the net share settlement of certain equity awards, and a $2.2 million payment related to the fair value portion of a contingent consideration related to our 2018 acquisition of DealerScience. These decreases were offset by proceeds received of $1.4 million from the exercise of employee stock options. Cash used in financing activities of $49.2 million during 2020 primarily represents payments of $42.8 million for the repurchase of our common stock, taxes paid of $4.3 million for the net share settlement of certain equity awards, and a $2.3 million payment related to the fair value portion of a contingent consideration related to our 2018 acquisition of DealerScience. Cash used in financing activities of $0.5 million for 2019 reflects taxes paid for the net share settlement of certain equity awards of $3.3 million, offset by $2.9 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Net Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations Net cash provided by discontinued operations of $6.3 million mainly consisted of the $7.5 million cash earnout received from J.D. Power based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020 net of a cash payment of $1.0 million related to final net working capital adjustments associated with the divestiture. Net cash provided by discontinued operations of $121.4 million in 2020 includes net cash provided by operating activities of $9.2 million and cash provided by investing activities of $112.2 million, primarily from cash proceeds received from the sale of ALG. See Note 4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information. 67 Net cash provided by discontinued operations of $6.4 million in 2019 includes net cash provided by operating activities of $7.5 million, offset by cash used in investing activities of $1.1 million for purchases of property and equipment. Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements The Company’s material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations. Leases The Company has various leases for office space. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had fixed lease payment obligations of $37.0 million, with $6.8 million payable within 12 months that have not been reduced by minimum non-cancellable sublease rentals aggregating $7.6 million. See Note 3 “Leases” to our consolidated financial statements for more information. Purchase obligations The Company has long-term agreements to purchase data information, software related licenses and support services, and other obligations that are enforceable and legally binding. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had purchase obligations of $11.1 million, with $7.8 million payable within 12 months. Purchase obligations exclude agreements that are cancellable without penalty. See Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for more information. Critical Accounting Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions on an ongoing basis and that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates. See Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements, which describes our significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The methods, estimates, and judgments that we use in applying our accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgements, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. Our most critical accounting estimates are those relating to revenue recognition, sales allowances and allowances for doubtful accounts, the recoverability of goodwill, long-lived assets, and equity method investment, income taxes, and the expensing and capitalization of software and website development costs. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our consolidated financial statements included herein. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market risk represents the risk of loss that may affect our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We do not believe that there is any material market risk exposure that would require disclosure under this Item 7A. Interest Rate Risk We had cash and cash equivalents of $245.2 million at December 31, 2021, which consist entirely of bank deposits and short- term money market funds. These interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. To the extent we borrow funds under our credit facility, we would be subject to fluctuations in interest rates. See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources.” As of December 31, 2021, we had no borrowings under the credit facility. We believe that we do not have a material exposure to changes in fair value as a result of changes in interest rates. 68 Inflation Risk We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Historically, as our operations and sales have been primarily in the United States, we have not faced any significant foreign currency risk. If we plan for international expansion, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The information required by this Item 8 appears in a separate section of this annual report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The phrase “disclosure controls and procedures” refers to controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer, or CEO, and chief financial officer, or CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of December 31, 2021, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed at a reasonable assurance level and were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that is included herein. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act during the fourth quarter of 2021 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 69 Limitations on Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Controls over Financial Reporting In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Item 9B. Other Information On February 23, 2022, the Company announced that it had appointed Jantoon E. Reigersman as its Chief Operating Officer effective on March 1, 2022 in addition to his continuing role as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, which he assumed in January 2021. In connection with this appointment, there were no changes made to Mr. Reigersman’s compensation package as set forth in his employment agreement described in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 21, 2021 and included as Exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021 (the “Employment Agreement”). Other than pursuant to the Employment Agreement, there are no transactions between the Company and Mr. Reigersman that are reportable under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K. No “family relationship,” as that term is defined in Item 401(d) of Regulation S-K, exists between Mr. Reigersman and any director, nominee for election as a director or executive officer of the Company. There were no new plans, contracts or arrangements or any amendments to any plans, contracts or arrangements entered into with Mr. Reigersman in connection with his appointment as Chief Operating Officer, nor were there any grants or awards made to Mr. Reigersman in connection therewith. Mr. Reigersman’s biographical information is included in the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the Company’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed with the SEC on April 7, 2021. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 70 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2021. Our board of directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all officers, directors and employees, which is available on our website (ir.truecar.com) under “Corporate Governance – Documents and Charters.” We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendment to, or waiver of, a provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on the website address and location specified above. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2021. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2021. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2021. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2021. 71 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) The following documents are filed as part of this report: 1. Financial Statements: Index: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) Consolidated Balance Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statements Schedule F-1 F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-9 All schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or the required information is otherwise included in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. 3. Exhibits The following exhibits are filed as part of, or are incorporated by reference in, this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Exhibit 2.1* 2.2* 2.3* 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 Exhibit Title Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated December 7, 2018, by and among TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc., DealerScience, LLC, Andrew Gordon and the Registrant. Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated February 8, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Accu-Trade, LLC, R.M. Hollenshead Auto Sales & Leasing, Inc., Robert M. Hollenshead and Jeff Zamora. Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2020, by and among J.D. Power, TrueCar, Inc. and ALG, Inc. Amendment No. 1 to Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 14, 2021, by and between the Registrant and J.D. Power. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant. Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated May 1, 2014, by and between the Registrant and the United Services Automobile Association. 4.3 Description of Securities. Filed Herewith Incorpora ted by Reference Form Exhibit No. Date Filed X X X X X X X X X 8-K 2.1 December 7, 2018 8-K 2.1 February 14, 2019 8-K 2.1 August 6, 2020 10-K 10-Q S-1 S-1 2.4 3.1 3.4 4.2 March 5, 2021 August 7, 2020 May 5, 2014 May 5, 2014 S-1 10-K 4.16 4.3 May 5, 2014 February 28, 2020 72 Exhibit 10.1# 10.2# 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12* 10.13 10.14 Exhibit Title Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder. Clock Tower Building Office Lease, dated May 10, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Clock Tower, LLC, as amended by the Amendment to Lease Re Additional Space and Term Extension dated November 20, 2010 and the Second Amendment to Lease, dated September 19, 2013, by and between the Registrant and SaMo Clock Tower, LLC (successor in interest to Clock Tower, LLC). Office Lease, dated October 15, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Douglas Emmett 1995, LLC. Second Amendment, dated February 11, 2015, to Office Lease, dated October 15, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Douglas Emmett 1995, LLC. Third Amendment to Office Lease, dated May 11, 2021, by and between the Registrant and DE Palisades Promenade, LLC. 1401 Ocean Avenue Office Lease Agreement, dated July 10, 2014, by and between the Registrant and Mani Brothers Portofino Plaza (DE), LLC. Office Lease Agreement, dated May 3, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Hill Country Texas Galleria, LLC. Third Amended & Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated February 18, 2015, by and among the Registrant, TrueCar.com, Inc., ALG, Inc. and Silicon Valley Bank. First Amendment to Third Amended & Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated February 28, 2018, by and among the Registrant, TrueCar.com, Inc., ALG, Inc. and Silicon Valley Bank. Second Amendment to Third Amended & Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated December 6, 2018, by and between the Registrant, TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc., ALG, Inc. and Silicon Valley Bank. Consent Agreement, dated as of August 4, 2020, by and among Silicon Valley Bank, the Registrant and TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. Third Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated February 17 2021, by and among Silicon Valley Bank, the Registrant and TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. Fourth Amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated April 12, 2021, by and among Silicon Valley Bank, the Registrant and TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. 10.15# Executive Incentive Compensation Plan. Filed Herewith Incorpora ted by Reference Form Exhibit No. Date Filed X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X S-1 S-1 10.1 10.4 April 4, 2014 May 15, 2014 S-1 10.14 April 4, 2014 S-1 10.15 April 4, 2014 10-K 10.18 March 12, 2015 10-Q 10.2 August 6, 2021 10-Q 10.5 August 14, 2014 10-Q 10.1 August 9, 2016 10-K 10.22 March 12, 2015 10-K 10.15 March 1, 2018 10-K 10.11 March 1, 2019 10-K 10.11 March 5, 2021 10-K 10.12 March 5, 2021 10-Q S-1 10.6 10.23 May 6, 2021 May 5, 2014 73 Exhibit 10.16# 10.17# 10.18# 10.19# 10.20# 10.21# 10.22# 10.23# 10.24# 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 Exhibit Title Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Form of Retention RSU Award Agreement Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement. Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 9, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Michael Darrow. Employment Agreement, dated January 25, 2017, by and between the Registrant and Jeffrey Swart. Employment Agreement, dated as of January 20, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Jantoon Reigersman. Separation Agreement and Release, dated as of March 17, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Kristin Slanina. Separation Agreement and Release, dated as of March 18, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Simon Smith. List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Power of Attorney (included on signature page). Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation 101.DEF Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XRBL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101) Filed Herewith Incorpora ted by Reference Form Exhibit No. Date Filed X X X X X X X X X 8-K 10-Q 10-Q 10.1 10.2 10.3 March 21, 2019 May 11, 2020 May 11, 2020 10-Q 10.3 May 6, 2021 8-K 10.1 March 10, 2020 10-K 10.36 March 1, 2017 10-K 10.30 March 5, 2021 10-Q 10.1 May 6, 2021 10-Q 10.2 May 6, 2021 X X X X X X 74 * Certain schedules and similar attachments to this exhibit are omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act (“Regulation S-K”). The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedules and similar attachments to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. # Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan. + Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K because they are not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed. The registrant agrees to furnish an unredacted copy of this exhibit on a supplemental basis to the SEC or its staff upon request. 75 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 76 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES TRUECAR, INC. By: /s/ Michael D. Darrow Michael D. Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 23, 2022 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Michael D. Darrow, Jantoon E. Reigersman and Jeffrey J. Swart, jointly and severally, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /s/ Michael D. Darrow Michael D. Darrow Title President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer and Director) Date February 23, 2022 /s/ Jantoon E. Reigersman Jantoon E. Reigersman Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) February 23, 2022 /s/ Robert E. Buce Robert E. Buce /s/ Barbara A. Carbone Barbara A. Carbone /s/ Christopher W. Claus Christopher W. Claus /s/ Faye M. Iosotaluno Faye M. Iosotaluno /s/ Erin N. Lantz Erin N. Lantz /s/ John W. Mendel John W. Mendel /s/ Wesley A. Nichols Wesley A. Nichols Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 77 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 February 23, 2022 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-9 F-1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of TrueCar, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TrueCar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Changes in Accounting Principles As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. F-2 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Revenue Recognition – Estimate of Variable Consideration to be Received Upon Future Sales As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, for fee arrangements based on a pay-per-sale billing model, revenue for the Auto Buying Program is recognized when introductions are delivered to the dealer and for the amount that management estimates it will be able to earn. To formulate this estimate, management uses the expected value method based primarily on an analysis of the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions. This estimate is based on historical introductions to vehicle sale close rate trends as well as actual sales measured in period. As a result, revenue recognition occurs earlier than billing as an estimate of the variable consideration to be received upon control transfer of the delivered introduction, resulting in a contract asset. For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue from the pay-per-sale billing model makes up a portion of total consolidated revenues of $231.7 million. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition, specifically related to the estimate of variable consideration to be received upon future sales, is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determining the estimate of the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions and (ii) the high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating the assumption related to the estimate of the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over the estimate of the expected number of sales from in-period introductions. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for determining the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the expected value method; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by management; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumption used by management related to whether the historical introductions to vehicle sale rate trend remains relevant. Evaluating management’s assumption related to the historical introductions to vehicle sale rate trend to the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions involved evaluating whether the assumption was reasonable considering current sales trends. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Los Angeles, California February 23, 2022 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009. F-3 TrueCar, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except par value and share data) Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $3,099 and $7,147 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively Prepaid expenses Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Goodwill Intangible assets, net Equity method investment Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities December 31, 2021 2020 $ 245,217 $ 273,314 16,710 6,145 1,866 269,938 19,155 23,605 51,205 4,950 14,500 4,317 32,923 5,800 12,901 324,938 21,421 29,192 51,205 6,600 19,905 4,800 $ 387,670 $ 458,061 Accounts payable (includes related party payables of $1,128 and $913 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively) $ 11,364 $ Accrued employee expenses Operating lease liabilities, current Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) Stockholders’ Equity Preferred stock — $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020 Common stock — $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively; 96,213,243 and 99,690,942 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity 5,187 5,253 9,677 31,481 103 26,300 — 57,884 — 10 723,623 (393,847) 329,786 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 387,670 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 13,198 6,506 4,771 18,402 42,877 40 31,974 388 75,279 — 10 738,290 (355,518) 382,782 458,061 F-4 TrueCar, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands except per share data) Revenues Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Goodwill impairment Total costs and operating expenses Loss from operations Interest income Other income Loss from equity method investment Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes Loss from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net (loss) income (Loss) income per share, basic and diluted Continuing operations Discontinued operations Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 231,698 $ 278,678 $ 335,046 22,239 136,479 41,432 48,747 16,279 — 265,176 (33,478) 52 667 (5,404) (38,163) 206 (38,369) 40 21,549 151,915 44,930 49,989 20,547 8,264 297,194 (18,516) 462 198 (1,989) (19,845) (6) (19,839) 96,383 27,828 226,977 56,114 64,318 20,665 — 395,902 (60,856) 2,480 — (1,280) (59,656) (1,321) (58,335) 3,445 $ $ $ (38,329) $ 76,544 $ (54,890) (0.39) $ — $ (0.19) $ 0.91 $ (0.55) 0.03 Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 97,352 106,315 105,805 Other comprehensive income (loss): Comprehensive (loss) income $ (38,329) $ 76,544 $ (54,890) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 TrueCar, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (in thousands except share data) Common Stock Shares Amount APIC Accumulated Deficit Stockholders’ Equity Balance at December 31, 2018 104,337,508 $ 10 $ 720,025 $ (373,482) $ 346,553 Cumulative-effect of accounting change adopted as of January 1, 2019 Net loss Stock-based compensation — — — Shares issued in connection with employee stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes 2,528,322 — — — 1 — — 39,785 (488) (3,690) (54,890) — — (3,690) (54,890) 39,785 (487) Balance at December 31, 2019 Net income Repurchase of common stock Stock-based compensation Shares issued in connection with employee stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes Balance at December 31, 2020 Net loss Repurchase of common stock Stock-based compensation Shares issued in connection with employee stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes 106,865,830 $ 11 $ 759,322 $ (432,062) $ 327,271 — (9,282,485) — 2,107,597 — (1) — — — 76,544 (42,334) 25,456 (4,154) — — — 76,544 (42,335) 25,456 (4,154) 99,690,942 $ 10 $ 738,290 $ (355,518) $ 382,782 — (6,137,734) — 2,660,035 — — — — — (38,329) (32,429) 21,691 (3,929) — — — (38,329) (32,429) 21,691 (3,929) Balance at December 31, 2021 96,213,243 $ 10 $ 723,623 $ (393,847) $ 329,786 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 TrueCar, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities Net (loss) income Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Loss from continuing operations Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Goodwill impairment Deferred income taxes Bad debt expense and other reserves Stock-based compensation Increase in the fair value of contingent consideration liability Amortization of lease right-of-use assets Loss from equity method investment Impairment of right-of-use assets and write-off and net loss on disposal of finite- lived assets Other noncash expenses Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable Accrued employee expenses Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities - discontinued operations Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of property and equipment Cash paid for equity method investment Net cash used in investing activities - continuing operations Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities - discontinued operations Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Payment of contingent consideration liability Proceeds from exercise of common stock options Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards Payments for the repurchase of common stock Net cash used in financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ (38,329) $ 40 76,544 $ 96,383 (38,369) (19,839) (54,890) 3,445 (58,335) 16,279 — 63 528 20,395 41 4,295 5,404 1,682 408 15,685 2,733 (1,806) (1,754) (5,192) (5,630) (388) 14,374 (180) 14,194 (10,689) — (10,689) 6,484 (4,205) (2,214) 1,391 (5,320) (31,943) (38,086) (28,097) 273,314 245,217 $ $ 20,372 8,264 (743) 2,984 23,077 182 5,408 1,989 2,436 — 2,332 1,297 (8,221) 357 (6,257) (4,128) 388 29,898 9,219 39,117 (10,277) — (10,277) 112,178 101,901 (2,263) 97 (4,251) (42,821) (49,238) 91,780 181,534 273,314 $ 20,695 — 215 1,432 36,462 300 5,946 1,280 1,109 — 3,989 (103) (4,922) 1,494 (6,846) 10,504 (397) 12,823 7,521 20,344 (10,181) (23,174) (33,355) (1,103) (34,458) — 2,859 (3,339) — (480) (14,594) 196,128 181,534 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7 TrueCar, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) (Continued) Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid during the year for: Income taxes For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 1,554 43 26 Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities Stock-based compensation capitalized for software development Capitalized assets included in accounts payable, accrued employee expenses and other accrued expenses Capitalized asset retirement costs included in property and equipment $ 1,296 $ 1,322 $ 1,670 1,239 — 643 498 363 — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-8 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Organization and Nature of Business TrueCar, Inc. is an Internet-based information, technology, and communication services company. Hereinafter, TrueCar, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc., DealerScience, LLC and ALG, Inc. (up to the date of disposition) are collectively referred to as “TrueCar” or the “Company”; ALG, Inc. is referred to as “ALG,” TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. is referred to as “TCDS” and DealerScience, LLC is referred to as “DealerScience.” TrueCar was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2005 and began business operations in April 2005. Its principal corporate offices are located in Santa Monica, California. TrueCar is a digital automotive marketplace that (i) provides pricing transparency about what other people paid for their cars and enables consumers to engage with TrueCar Certified Dealers who are committed to providing a superior purchase experience; (ii) empowers Certified Dealers to attract these informed, in-market consumers in a cost-effective, accountable manner; and (iii) allows automobile manufacturers (“OEMs”) to more effectively target their incentive spending at deep-in-market consumers during their purchase process. TrueCar has established a diverse software ecosystem on a common technology infrastructure, powered by proprietary data and analytics. Consumers access TrueCar’s platform through the TrueCar.com website and TrueCar mobile applications or through the car buying websites and mobile applications that TrueCar operates for its affinity group marketing partners (“Auto Buying Programs”). An affinity group is comprised of a network of members or employees that provides discounts to its members. Through its subsidiary TCDS, the Company provides its TrueCar Trade and Payments products. Our Trade solution gives consumers information on the value of their trade-in vehicles and enables them to obtain a guaranteed trade-in price before setting foot in the dealership. This valuation is, in turn, backed by a third-party guarantee to dealers that the vehicles will be repurchased at the indicated price if the dealer does not want to keep them. The Company’s Payments solution leverages the digital retailing technology of its DealerScience subsidiary, acquired in December 2018, to help consumers calculate accurate monthly payments. ALG provided forecasts, consulting, and other services regarding determination of the residual value of an automobile at future given points in time, which are used to underwrite automotive loans and leases and by financial institutions to measure exposure and risk across loan, lease, and fleet portfolios. ALG also obtained automobile purchase data from a variety of sources and uses this data to provide consumers and dealers with highly accurate, geographically specific, real-time pricing information. On November 30, 2020, the Company completed the sale of its 100% interest in ALG to J.D. Power, a Delaware corporation (“J.D. Power”). Refer to Note 4 for further discussion of this divestiture. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The Company’s accounting and financial reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company is reporting the historical results of the divested ALG subsidiary, including the results of operations, cash flows, and related assets and liabilities, as discontinued operations for all periods presented herein. Unless otherwise noted, the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements have all been revised to reflect continuing operations only. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TrueCar and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Business acquisitions are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. The Company’s purchase accounting resulted in all assets and liabilities of acquired businesses being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition dates. Divestitures are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements through the date of disposition. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. F-9 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Assets and liabilities that are subject to judgment and use of estimates include sales allowances and allowances for doubtful accounts, contract assets, the recoverability and related impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, valuation allowances with respect to deferred tax assets, useful lives associated with property and equipment and intangible assets, right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, contingencies, and the valuation and assumptions underlying stock-based compensation and other equity instruments. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. In addition, the Company engaged valuation specialists to assist with management’s determination of the fair values of its single reporting unit related to goodwill impairment, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, assets and liabilities of its equity method investment and performance- based stock units. Segments The Company has one operating segment. From January 1, 2021 through January 26, 2021, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) was solely comprised of the President and Chief Executive Officer who managed the Company’s operations based on consolidated financial information for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. Upon hiring of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer on January 27, 2021 and through December 31, 2021, the CODM was comprised of both the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, who jointly managed the Company’s operations based on consolidated financial information for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. The CODM reviews financial information on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about dealer revenue, OEM incentive revenue, and other revenue (Note 5). All of the Company’s principal operations, decision-making functions and assets are located in the United States. Equity Method Investment On February 8, 2019, the Company acquired 20% of the outstanding equity interests of Accu-Trade, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Accu-Trade”), from R.M. Hollenshead Auto Sales & Leasing, Inc., a Florida corporation (“RHAS”), Robert M. Hollenshead (“Hollenshead”) and Jeffrey J. Zamora (“Zamora” and, together with RHAS and Hollenshead, the “Sellers”), pursuant to a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 8, 2019 (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among Accu-Trade, RHAS, Hollenshead, Zamora and the Company. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and upon the terms and subject to the conditions thereof, the Company paid the Sellers $17.9 million in cash consideration and made a $5 million capital contribution to Accu-Trade. The Company recognizes its proportional share of the income or loss from the equity method investment on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from Accu-Trade. Included in the initial carrying value of $22.9 million, which represents the fair value on the transaction date, was a basis difference of $22.9 million related to the difference between the cost of the investment and the Company’s proportionate share of the net assets of Accu-Trade. The carrying value of the equity method investment is primarily adjusted for the Company’s share in the income and losses of Accu-Trade and amortization of the basis difference. The Company amortizes its basis difference between the estimated fair value and the underlying book value of Accu-Trade’s technology and guarantor relationship over their respective useful lives using the straight-line method. These intangible assets are amortized over a weighted-average useful life of approximately 5 years measured at the transaction date. The Company assesses the carrying value of its investment in Accu-Trade for impairment whenever changes in the facts and circumstances indicate a loss in value has occurred. When indicators exist, the fair value is estimated and compared to the investment carrying value. If any impairment is judgmentally determined to be other than temporary, the carrying value of the investment is written down to fair value. On February 2, 2022, the Company entered into a redemption agreement with Accu-Trade to redeem the Company’s 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. See Note 16 for further details. As a result of the events and circumstances leading up to the Company’s entry into the redemption agreement with Accu-Trade, the Company concluded that the investment in Accu- Trade was impaired and recorded a $4.1 million impairment charge in its equity method investment for the year ended December 31, F-10 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 2021, which is included within loss from equity method investment on the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Accounting standards describe a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following: • • • Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities or funds. Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Fair Value Methods Fair value is based on quoted market prices, if available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based on internally-developed models that primarily use market-based or independently sourced market parameters as inputs. For assets and liabilities measured at fair value, the following section describes the valuation methodologies, key inputs, and significant assumptions. Cash equivalents, consisting primarily of money market instruments and debt securities, represent highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at purchase. Generally, market prices are used to determine the fair value of money market instruments and debt securities. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these items. Certain assets, including the equity method investment, right-of-use assets, property and equipment, goodwill, and intangible assets are also subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded an ROU asset impairment charge of $1.7 million, related to an operating lease. See Note 3 for additional information. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $4.1 million, related to its equity method investment in Accu-Trade. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $10.2 million, of which $1.9 million was included in discontinued operations. See below for further information on goodwill. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded an ROU asset impairment charge of $2.1 million related to another operating lease. For the year ended December 31, 2019, no impairments were identified on those assets required to be measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The Company recorded a contingent consideration liability upon the acquisition of DealerScience in 2018. Contingent consideration is measured at fair value and is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair-value hierarchy. The valuation of contingent consideration uses assumptions the Company believes a market participant would make. The Company assesses these estimates on an ongoing basis as it obtains additional data impacting the assumptions. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to updated assumptions and estimates are recognized within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration F-11 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) using the probability-adjusted discounted cash flow method. Because the DealerScience purchase agreement makes payment of the contingent consideration contingent on achievement of certain revenue milestones, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of contingent consideration are the probabilities of achieving those milestones and discount rates. Significant increases or decreases in the probabilities of achieving the milestones would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021 and 2020 by level within the fair-value hierarchy. These assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement (in thousands): At December 31, 2021 At December 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Value Total Fair Total Fair Assets: Cash equivalents Total Assets $ 234,763 $ $ 234,763 $ — $ — $ — $ 234,763 $ 262,309 $ — $ 234,763 $ 262,309 $ — $ — $ — $ 262,309 — $ 262,309 Liabilities: Contingent consideration, current Contingent consideration, non-current Total Liabilities $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,459 $ 2,459 — — — — — — — — — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,459 $ 2,459 Contingent Consideration Obligations The following table summarizes the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligation (in thousands): Fair value, at beginning of year Cash payments Additions and changes in fair value Fair value, at end of year Concentrations of Credit and Business Risk Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 $ $ 2,459 $ (2,500) 41 — $ 4,777 (2,500) 182 2,459 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company, at times, maintains cash balances at financial institutions in excess of amounts insured by United States government agencies or payable by the United States government directly. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions. Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of their financial condition and other factors. The Company generally does not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based on these evaluations. No single customer comprised more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. At December 31, 2021, no single customer comprised more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. At December 31, 2020, one customer accounted for approximately 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. F-12 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The Company’s largest source of unit sales and one of the largest sources of visitors from affinity group marketing partners in 2020 and 2019 came from its relationship with United Services Automobile Association (“USAA”), a related party until its partnership with the Company terminated on September 30, 2020. See Note 15 for further details. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, cash and cash equivalents were comprised of cash held in money market funds and checking accounts. Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, and Sales Allowances The Company extends credit in the normal course of business to its customers and performs credit evaluations on a case-by- case basis. The Company does not obtain collateral or other security related to its accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are recorded based on the amount due from the customer and do not bear interest. The Company reduces accounts receivable for sales allowances and its allowance for doubtful accounts. For contract assets, the Company records the assets net of sales allowances and an allowance for doubtful accounts, which are estimated in the same manner as for accounts receivable balances. The Company establishes sales allowances at the time of revenue recognition based on its history of adjustments and credits provided to its network of dealers. Sales allowances relate primarily to credits issued where a dealer claims that an introduction was previously identified by the dealer from a source other than the Company. While the dealer is contractually obligated to pay the invoice, the Company may issue a credit against the invoice to maintain overall dealer relations. In assessing the adequacy of its sales allowances, the Company evaluates its history of adjustments and credits made through the date of the issuance of the financial statements. Estimated sales adjustments and credits and ultimate losses may vary from actual results which could be material to the financial statements; however, to date, actual sales allowances have been materially consistent with the Company’s estimates. On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the new accounting guidance on measuring credit losses on its trade accounts receivable using the modified retrospective approach. The new credit loss guidance replaces the old model for measuring the allowance for credit losses with a model that is based on the expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new credit loss model, lifetime expected credit losses are measured and recognized at each reporting date based on historical, current and forecast information. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under the new guidance, the Company considers the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which the Company expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. The primary current and future economic indicators that the Company uses to develop its current estimate of expected credit losses include the current and forecast U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Company calculates the expected credit losses on a pool basis for those trade receivables that have similar risk characteristics. For those trade receivables that do not share similar risk characteristics, the allowance for doubtful accounts is calculated on an individual basis. Risk characteristics relevant to the Company’s accounts receivable include revenue billing model and aging status. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts each reporting period and assesses the aging of account balances, with an emphasis on those that are past due over ninety days. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company determines that it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers. F-13 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts and sales allowances (in thousands): Allowances, at beginning of year Charged as a reduction of revenue Charged to bad debt expense in general and administrative expenses Write-offs, net of recoveries Allowances, at end of year Property and Equipment, net Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ 7,147 $ 4,205 528 (8,781) 3,099 $ 6,591 $ 8,365 2,984 (10,793) 7,147 $ 3,342 11,566 1,432 (9,749) 6,591 Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which is generally three years for computer hardware and software, five years for furniture and equipment, and over the shorter of the lease term or the useful life of the assets for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the Company’s results of operations. Leases On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new lease accounting standard using the modified retrospective transition method applied at the effective date of the standard. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and determine the classification of the lease, as either operating or finance, at commencement. The Company does not have any finance leases. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company estimates the incremental borrowing rate to reflect the profile of secured borrowing over the expected term of the leases based on the information available at the later of the initial date of adoption or the lease commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Sublease rental income is recognized as a reduction to the related lease expense on a straight-line basis over the sublease term. See Note 3 for additional information. Software and Website Development Costs The Company accounts for the costs of computer software obtained or developed for internal use in accordance with FASB ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. Computer software development costs and website development costs are expensed as incurred, except for internal use software or website development costs that qualify for capitalization as described below, and include certain employee related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses; costs of computer hardware and software; and costs incurred in developing features and functionality. These capitalized costs are included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company expenses costs incurred in the preliminary project and post-implementation stages of software development and capitalizes costs incurred in the application development stage and costs associated with significant enhancements to existing internal use software applications. Software costs are amortized using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of three years commencing when the software project is ready for its intended use. Costs incurred related to less significant modifications and enhancements as well as maintenance are expensed as incurred. F-14 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) At December 31, 2021 and 2020, capitalized software costs were $67.9 million and $56.2 million, respectively, before accumulated amortization of $50.6 million and $38.5 million, respectively. Expected amortization expense with respect to capitalized software costs at December 31, 2021 for each of the years through December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2023 2024 Total amortization expense $ $ 9,474 5,735 2,106 17,315 Intangible Assets Acquired in Business Combinations The Company values assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination, and allocates the purchase price to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on its best estimate of fair value. Acquired intangible assets include: trade names, customer relationships, and developed technology. The Company determines the appropriate useful life of intangible assets by performing an analysis of cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefits associated with the asset are expected to be consumed, which to date has approximated the straight-line method of amortization. The estimated useful lives for trade names, customer relationships, and technology are generally, one to fifteen years, two to ten years, and three to ten years, respectively. Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets, including its ROU assets, with finite useful lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Such triggering events or changes in circumstances may include: a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, the impact of competition or other factors that could affect the value of a long-lived asset, a significant deterioration in the amount of revenue or cash flows expected to be generated from an asset group, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of a long-lived asset, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset, or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long- lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously-estimated useful life. The Company performs impairment testing at the asset group level that represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable and the expected undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset group are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value is recorded. Fair value is determined based upon estimated discounted future cash flows. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded ROU asset impairment charges of $1.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively, related to certain operating leases. See Note 3 for additional information. During the year December 31, 2019, there were no impairment charges recorded on the Company’s long-lived assets. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price paid over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in the Company’s business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Events or changes in circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include a significant adverse change in business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the Company’s overall business strategy, significant negative industry or economic trends, significant underperformance F-15 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations, or a decline in the Company’s stock price and market capitalization. The Company has the option to assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or to perform the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative test involves comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its respective book value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value exceeds book value, goodwill is considered not to be impaired. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than book value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess. The Company assesses recoverability of goodwill on an annual basis at December 31 or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable, such as a decline in stock price and market capitalization. During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the recent global economic disruption and uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the Company’s announcement that it had entered into a short-term agreement to extend its partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank to continue to power the USAA Car Buying Service through September 30, 2020, the Company concluded a triggering event had occurred. In light of these factors, the Company performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of March 31, 2020, in which the Company estimated the fair value of its single reporting unit by utilizing an income approach which uses a discounted cash flow analysis. Given the high degree of market volatility and lack of reliable market data as of March 31, 2020, the Company determined that the income approach provided the best approximation of fair value. Determining fair value requires the exercise of significant assumptions and judgments, which are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, including the revenue growth rates, workforce cost savings, long-term growth rates and the discount rate. The Company bases cash flow projections on management’s estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration market conditions. The discount rate is based on the weighted-average cost of capital, which represents the average rate a business must pay its providers of debt and equity, plus a risk premium. Based on the results of the interim impairment test, the Company concluded that the carrying value of its reporting unit was greater than the fair value and, accordingly, recognized a non- cash impairment charge of $10.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020, of which $1.9 million was included in discontinued operations. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company estimated the fair value of its single reporting unit using a market approach, which is based on the market capitalization by using its share price in the NASDAQ Global Market and an appropriate control premium. As the Company’s market capitalization plus an estimated control premium were higher than the net book value of its reporting unit, it concluded that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. While the Company believes it has made reasonable estimates and assumptions to estimate the control premium of its reporting unit, it is possible that a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s estimates and assumptions, or if the Company’s share price decreases, the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit may decrease to below its net carrying value, which could result in impairment of the Company’s goodwill. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: • • • • • Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; Determination of the transaction price; Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and Recognition of revenue when, or as, the performance obligation or obligations are satisfied. F-16 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Dealer Revenue Dealer revenue is comprised of Auto Buying Program revenue as well as revenue from TrueCar Trade and DealerScience. Auto Buying Program revenues include fees paid by customers participating in the Company’s dealer network with which the Company has an agreement (“TrueCar Certified Dealers” or “Dealers”). TrueCar Certified Dealers pay the Company fees in one of three ways: on a per-vehicle basis for sales to Auto Buying Program users, on a per-introduction basis for sales to Auto Buying Program users, or under a subscription arrangement. Additionally, certain Dealers pay an incremental subscription fee for add-on products within our Auto Buying Program. Contracts are cancellable by the Dealer or the Company at any time. The Company does not provide significant Dealer financing terms. The Company’s performance obligation to TrueCar Certified Dealers is the same for all payment types for our Auto Buying Program revenues: to provide Dealers with introductions to in-market consumers through the use of the TrueCar platform, so that those Dealers have the opportunity to sell vehicles to those consumers. Control transfers to Dealers upon delivery of introductions, which is the point at which the Company recognizes revenue. When a user decides to proceed with a vehicle purchase through the Company, the user provides his or her name, address, email, and phone number during the process of obtaining price offers on actual vehicle inventory, which gives the Company the identity and source of a TrueCar introduction provided to a specific Dealer before an actual sale occurs. After a sale occurs, the Company receives information regarding the sale, including the identity of the purchaser, through the Dealer Management System used by the Dealer that made the sale. The Company also receives information regarding vehicle sales from a variety of other data sources, including third-party car sales aggregators, car dealer networks, and other publicly available sources (collectively, “sales data”) and uses this sales data to further verify that a sale has occurred between an Auto Buying Program user and a TrueCar Certified Dealer, as well as to invoice the Dealer shortly after the completion of the sales transaction. Pay-Per-Sale. Under fee arrangements based on a pay-per-sale billing model, revenue for the Auto Buying Program is recognized when introductions are delivered to the Dealer and for the amount that the Company estimates it will be able to earn. To formulate this estimate, the Company uses the expected value method based primarily on an analysis of the expected number of sales resulting from in-period introductions. This estimate is based on historical introductions to vehicle sale close rate trends as well as actual sales measured in period. Under the contractual terms and conditions of arrangements with TrueCar Certified Dealers that pay on a per-vehicle-sale basis, the Dealer is not obligated to pay the Company until a vehicle sale has occurred between the Auto Buying Program user and the Dealer, for which the introduction was provided to the Dealer by the Company. Contractually, the Dealers’ obligation to pay is not contingent on verification or acceptance of the transaction by the Dealer. As a result, revenue recognition occurs earlier than billing as an estimate of the variable consideration to be received upon control transfer of the delivered introduction, resulting in a contract asset. Pay-Per-Introduction. Under fee arrangements based on a pay-per-introduction billing model, revenue for the Auto Buying Program is recognized when introductions are delivered. The Company also recognizes revenue from Dealers under subscription agreements. Subscription fee arrangements are short- term in nature with terms ranging from one to six months and are also cancellable by the Dealer or the Company at any time. Subscription arrangements fall into three types: flat-rate subscriptions, subscriptions subject to downward adjustment based on a minimum number of vehicle sales (“guaranteed sales”), and subscriptions based on introduction or impressions volume, including those subject to downward adjustment based on a minimum number of introductions (“guaranteed introductions”). For all subscription arrangements, the Company recognizes the fees as revenue when introductions or impressions are delivered by allocating a portion of the monthly subscription fee to each delivered introduction or impression. For guaranteed sales and guaranteed introduction subscriptions, the amount allocated is adjusted at the end of each month for any credits, as described below. Total revenue recognized in any given month remains unchanged from the old revenue standard for subscription arrangements. Flat-Rate Subscription. Under flat-rate subscription arrangements, fees are charged at a monthly flat rate regardless of the number of introductions provided by the Company to the Dealer or sales made to users of the Company’s platform by the Dealer. Guaranteed-Sales Subscription. Under guaranteed-sales subscription arrangements, monthly fees are charged based on the number of guaranteed sales multiplied by a fixed amount per vehicle. To the extent that the actual number of vehicles sold by the F-17 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Dealers to users of the Company’s platform is less than the number of guaranteed sales, the Company provides a credit to the Dealer. If the actual number of vehicles sold exceeds the number of guaranteed sales, the Company is not entitled to any additional fees. Guaranteed-Introductions Subscription. Under guaranteed-introductions subscription arrangements, monthly fees are charged based on a periodically-updated formula that considers, among other things, the introductions anticipated to be provided to the Dealer. To the extent that the number of actual introductions is less than the number of guaranteed introductions, the Company provides a credit to the Dealer. If the actual number of introductions provided exceeds the number guaranteed, the Company is not entitled to any additional fees. Auto Buying Program Add-On Features. We offer additional add-on products to eligible Dealers as part of the Auto Buying Program to increase traffic and retarget in-market consumers. These products include TrueCar Sponsored Listings (“Sponsored Listings”) and TrueCar Reach (“Reach”). Sponsored Listings enables a Dealer to place qualifying vehicles at more prominent positions within the used car search results page. Reach is a service offered to retarget in-market consumers on the Dealer’s behalf with co-branded emails. Fees are charged based on a monthly subscription rate for the right to sponsor up to a set number of vehicles at any time throughout the month under Sponsored Listings. Fees for the Reach product are also charged on a flat monthly rate regardless of the number of emails delivered. Subscription fees are recognized on a monthly basis. TrueCar Trade. TrueCar Trade provides consumers with information on the value of their trade-in vehicles, while providing Dealers with introductions to these in-market consumers so that those Dealers have the opportunity to buy trade-in vehicles from those consumers. Dealers pay monthly subscription fees for access to TrueCar Trade that vary depending on the level of service selected. Depending on their subscription terms, some Dealers pay additional transaction fees for each vehicle purchased from a consumer that was introduced through TrueCar Trade. Subscription fees are recognized on a monthly basis, while transaction fees for vehicles purchased by a Dealer are estimated and recognized at the point in time the introduction between the Dealer and consumer occurs. DealerScience. DealerScience revenues consist of monthly subscription fees paid by dealers for access to DealerScience’s products and services. DealerScience provides dealers with advanced digital retailing software tools that allow them to calculate accurate monthly payments, expedite vehicle desking, which is the process of presenting and agreeing upon financial terms and financing options, and streamline the consumers’ experience from shopping to showroom. Subscription fees are recognized on a monthly basis. OEM Incentives Revenue The Company enters into arrangements with OEMs to promote the sale of their vehicles primarily through the offering of additional consumer incentives. These manufacturers pay a per-vehicle fee to the Company for promotion of the incentive after the sale of the vehicle has occurred between the Auto Buying Program user and the Dealer. The Company’s performance obligation to OEMs is to deliver incentive offers to consumers. Control transfers upon delivery of incentive offers, which is the point at which the Company recognizes revenue. The Company recognizes revenue for the amount that the Company estimates it will be able to earn. To formulate this estimate, the Company uses the expected value method based primarily on an analysis of the expected number of sales resulting from in-period incentive offers delivered. This estimate is based on historical incentive offers to vehicle sale close rate trends as well as delivered incentive offers resulting in actual sales measured in period. As a result, revenue recognition occurs earlier than billing as an estimate of the variable consideration to be received upon control transfer, resulting in a contract asset. Incremental Costs to Obtain a Contract The revenue standard requires capitalization of the incremental costs to obtain a contract, which the Company has identified as certain of its sales commissions paid to internal sales representatives for the sale of TrueCar’s services to Dealers. These costs are deferred and then amortized over the expected customer life. Amortization expense is included within sales and marketing on the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) Cost of revenue includes expenses related to the fulfillment of the Company’s services, consisting primarily of data costs and licensing fees paid to third-party service providers and expenses related to operating the Company’s website and mobile applications, including those associated with its data centers, hosting fees, data processing costs required to deliver introductions to its network of F-18 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) TrueCar Certified Dealers, employee costs related to certain dealer operations, sales matching, and facilities costs. Cost of revenue excludes depreciation and amortization of software development costs and other hosting and data infrastructure equipment used to operate the Company’s platforms, which are included in the depreciation and amortization line item on its statements of comprehensive income (loss). Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of: television, digital, and radio advertising; media production costs; affinity group partner marketing fees, which also includes loan subvention costs where the Company pays certain affinity group marketing partners a portion of consumers’ borrowing costs for car loan products offered by these affinity group marketing partners; marketing sponsorship programs; and digital customer acquisition. In addition, sales and marketing expenses include employee-related expenses for sales, customer support, marketing, and public relations employees, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock- based compensation expenses; third-party contractor fees; and facilities costs. Marketing and advertising costs promote our services and are expensed as incurred, except for media production costs which are expensed the first time the advertisement is aired. Marketing and advertising expenses were $57.2 million, $57.0 million, and $82.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There were no prepaid media costs included in prepaid expenses at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Accrued marketing and advertising expenses were $2.7 million and $7.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and were included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Technology and Development Technology and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses for technology and development staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, severance, and stock-based compensation; the cost of certain third-party service providers; and facilities costs. Technology and development expenses are expensed as incurred. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses for administrative, legal, finance, and human resource staffs, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, severance, and stock-based compensation; professional fees; insurance premiums; other corporate expenses; lease-exit charges; and facilities costs. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and restricted stock units based on the fair value of the awards on the grant date. Stock-based compensation for employee awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite period, except for performance-based awards which are recognized using the graded-vesting model. The Company estimates the grant-date fair value of option grants, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black- Scholes option-pricing model. For issuances of restricted stock units, the Company determines the fair value of the award based on the closing market value of its common stock at the date of grant Compensation expense for non-employee stock-based awards is recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2018-07, Stock-based Compensation - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting, which the Company adopted on January 1, 2019. This ASU aligns much of the guidance on measuring and classifying nonemployee awards with that of awards to employees. Under this new guidance, the measurement of nonemployee equity awards is fixed on the grant date. Stock option awards issued to non-employees are accounted for at fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Restricted stock unit awards are measured based on the closing market value of the Company’s common stock at grant date. Stock-based compensation is recognized over the service period. Share Repurchase Program Shares repurchased pursuant to the Company’s share repurchase program are immediately retired upon purchase. Repurchased common stock is reflected as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. The Company’s accounting policy related to its share repurchases is to reduce its common stock based on the par value of the shares and to reduce its capital surplus for the excess of the F-19 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) repurchase price over the par value. Since the inception of its share repurchase program in the third quarter of 2020, the Company has had an accumulated deficit balance; therefore, the excess over the par value has been applied to additional paid-in-capital. Once the Company has retained earnings, the excess will be charged entirely to retained earnings. Income Taxes The Company uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the year that includes the enactment date. The Company determines deferred tax assets including net operating losses and liabilities, based on temporary differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established to reduce net deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. The Company has a full valuation allowance, and has concluded, based on the weight of all available evidence, that it is more likely than not that our net deferred tax assets will not be realized, primarily due to historical net operating losses. The Company uses a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires the Company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. If a tax position is not considered “more likely than not” to be sustained, no benefits of the position are recognized. If the Company determine that a position is “more likely than not” to be sustained, then the Company proceed to step two, measurement, which is based on the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized on effective settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, in its income tax provision in the accompanying statements of comprehensive income (loss). Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) encompasses all changes in equity other than those arising from transactions with stockholders. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no other comprehensive income (loss) items and accordingly, net income (loss) equaled comprehensive income (loss). Recent Accounting Pronouncements In October 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new guidance that updates various codification topics by clarifying or improving disclosure requirements. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021 using the prospective transition method. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 3. Leases On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new lease accounting standard using the modified retrospective transition method applied at the effective date of the standard. The Company has elected to utilize the package of practical expedients at the time of adoption, which allows the Company to (1) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) not reassess the lease classification of any expired or existing leases, and (3) not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company also has elected to utilize the short-term lease recognition exemption and, for those leases that qualified, the Company did not recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or lease liabilities. F-20 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Lease Costs For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the Company recorded operating lease costs of corporate offices, excluding subleases, that were included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as follows (in thousands): Operating lease costs recorded within: Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Total operating lease costs Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019 $ $ 62 $ 489 $ 1,356 2,082 2,793 1,680 2,420 2,887 6,293 $ 7,476 $ 740 1,741 2,462 3,597 8,540 The Company did not include short term or variable lease costs in the table above as these amounts were immaterial. The Company made cash payments of $7.2 million, $8.3 million and $9.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, all of which were included in cash flows from operating activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company’s operating leases have a weighted average remaining lease term of 5.4 years and weighted average discount rate of 5.8%. For its subleases, the Company recorded contra rent expense of $1.1 million, $1.2 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The Company recognized ROU asset group impairment charges of $1.7 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, reducing the carrying value of the related lease assets to its estimated fair value. Fair value was estimated using an income approach based on management’s forecast of future cash flows expected to be derived based on current sublease market rent. The impairment charge is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The existing operating leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 3.0 to 8.1 years. Certain lease agreements contain options to renew, with renewal terms that generally extend the lease terms by 3 to 5 years for each option. F-21 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Lease Commitments Future undiscounted lease payments for the Company’s operating lease liabilities, a reconciliation of these payments to its operating lease liabilities, and related sublease income at December 31, 2021 are as follows (in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total lease payments Less: imputed interest Total lease liabilities (discounted) Year ended December 31, 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total sublease income 4. Discontinued Operations $ $ $ $ $ 6,799 7,628 7,860 6,083 2,820 5,799 36,989 (5,436) 31,553 Sublease Income 1,553 1,864 1,932 1,540 652 56 7,597 On November 30, 2020, the Company completed the sale of its 100% interest (the “Divestiture”) in ALG to J.D. Power for $112.5 million in cash (subject to customary working capital and other adjustments) pursuant to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2020 (the “Purchase Agreement”). The Purchase Agreement provides for J.D. Power to pay the Company (i) a potential cash earnout of up to $7.5 million based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020 and (ii) a potential cash earnout of up to $15 million based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2022. The Company received cash proceeds of $111.5 million, net of working capital adjustments, and transactions costs of approximately $1.9 million. As part of the Divestiture, the Company also received a five-year data license from J.D. Power for use of certain ALG data in the Company’s products and services. The Company recorded the fair value of the data license of $1.9 million in other current assets and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The data license is being treated as additional consideration received and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company accounts for the future earnouts as gain contingencies and recognizes the contingent consideration associated with the Divestiture when the consideration is determined to be realizable. The Divestiture resulted in a pre-tax gain of $92.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a receivable of $7.5 million associated with the achievement of the first earnout based on certain 2020 revenue metrics. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company received a cash payment of $7.5 million related to the first earnout and is reflected within investing activities of discontinued operations on the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. During the third quarter of 2021, the Company finalized its net working capital adjustments associated with the Divestiture. The resolution resulted in additional gain on sale of $0.2 million offset by additional administrative costs of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Divestiture represents a strategic shift in the Company’s business and meets the criteria of discontinued operations. As a result, the operating results and cash flows from ALG have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for all periods presented. F-22 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following table presents the detail of “Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes” within the Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands): Revenues Costs and operating expenses: Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization presented separately below) Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Depreciation and amortization Goodwill impairment Total costs and operating expenses Income from operations Gain on sale Interest income Income from discontinued operations before income taxes Provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ — $ 17,361 $ 18,834 — — — 180 — — 180 (180) 220 — 40 — 4,286 1,625 1,188 971 2,910 1,923 12,903 4,458 92,528 171 97,157 774 5,599 2,365 1,074 830 4,926 — 14,794 4,040 — 1,015 5,055 1,610 3,445 Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes $ 40 $ 96,383 $ 5. Revenue Information and Deferred Sales Commissions Deferred Sales Commissions Deferred sales commissions within other assets were $1.8 million and $2.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, amortization expense for deferred sales commissions was $1.6 million, $1.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized in any period. Contract Balances The Company’s contract asset balance for estimated variable consideration to be received upon the occurrence of subsequent vehicle sales is included within other current assets and is distinguished from accounts receivable in that these amounts are conditional upon subsequent sales and not only upon the passage of time. Substantially all of the contract asset balances of $2.3 million and $2.8 million at January 1, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were transferred to accounts receivable during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 as vehicle sales occurred, with no significant changes in the estimate. A contract asset of $0.9 million and $2.3 million was recorded as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for leads delivered where consideration to be received was still conditional upon subsequent vehicle sales. F-23 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Disaggregation of Revenue The Company disaggregates revenue into three revenue streams: dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and other revenue. Prior to adoption of the new revenue standard, dealer revenue and OEM incentives revenue had been disclosed together as “transaction revenue.” The following table presents the Company’s revenue categories during the periods presented (in thousands): Dealer revenue OEM incentives revenue Other revenue Total revenues Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 222,000 $ 252,928 $ 317,965 8,676 1,022 16,833 8,917 16,569 512 $ 231,698 $ 278,678 $ 335,046 6. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): December 31, 2021 2020 Computer equipment, software, and internally developed software $ 77,237 $ Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Less: Accumulated depreciation Total property and equipment, net 3,794 15,664 96,695 66,198 4,610 15,727 86,535 (77,540) (65,114) $ 19,155 $ 21,421 Included in the table above are property and equipment of $1.3 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are capitalizable but had not yet been placed in service. These balances were comprised primarily of capitalized software not ready for its intended use. Total depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $14.6 million, $18.1 million, and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Amortization of internal use capitalized software development costs was $12.2 million, $13.1 million, and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. F-24 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 7. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): Acquired technology and domain name Customer relationships Total Acquired technology and domain name Customer relationships Total At December 31, 2021 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value $ $ 11,390 $ (6,440) $ 1,300 (1,300) 12,690 $ (7,740) $ 4,950 — 4,950 At December 31, 2020 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Value $ $ 11,390 $ (4,790) $ 2,800 (2,800) 14,190 $ (7,590) $ 6,600 — 6,600 Amortization expense by asset type for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 is shown below (in thousands): Acquired technology and domain name Customer relationships Total amortization Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ 1,650 $ 1,650 $ — 750 1,650 $ 2,400 $ 1,654 750 2,404 Expected amortization expense with respect to intangible assets at December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2022 2023 2024 Total amortization expense 8. Credit Facility $ $ 1,650 1,650 1,650 4,950 The Company is party to a third amended and restated loan and security agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with a financial institution that provides for advances under a $35.0 million revolving line of credit. In February 2018, the Company entered into a first amendment to the Credit Facility that, among other things, extended the expiration from February 18, 2018 to February 18, 2021. In December 2018, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Credit Facility to make certain other revisions that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. In February 2021, the Company entered into a third amendment to the Credit Facility to extend the expiration date to April 19, 2021 that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. In April 2021, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to April 12, 2024 that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. The Credit Facility provided a $10.0 million subfacility for the issuance of letters of credit and contained an increase option permitting the Company, subject to the lender’s consent, to increase the revolving credit facility by up to $15.0 million, to an aggregate maximum of $50 million. F-25 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The Credit Facility bears interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) the prime rate published by The Wall Street Journal, plus a spread of -0.25% to 0.25%, or (ii) a LIBOR rate determined in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility, plus a spread of 1.75% to 2.25%. In each case, the spread is based on the Company’s adjusted quick ratio, which is a ratio of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents plus net billed accounts receivable to current liabilities, excluding operating lease obligations, plus all obligations and liabilities to the financial institution including issued and outstanding letters of credit. Interest is due and payable quarterly in arrears for prime rate loans and on the earlier of the last day of each quarter or the end of an interest period, as defined in the Credit Facility, for LIBOR rate loans. The Company is also obligated to pay an unused revolving line facility fee of 0.0% to 0.15% per annum based on the Company’s adjusted quick ratio. The Credit Facility requires the Company to maintain an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.25 to 1.00 on the last day of each quarter. The Credit Facility also limits the Company’s ability to pay dividends. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company was in compliance with the Credit Facility’s financial covenants. The Company’s future material domestic subsidiaries are required, upon the lender’s request, to become co-borrowers under the Credit Facility. Additionally, the Credit Facility contains acceleration clauses that accelerate any borrowings in the event of default. The Company’s obligations and those of its future material domestic subsidiaries are collateralized by substantially all of their respective assets, subject to certain exceptions and limitations. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had no outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the amounts available were $32.6 million and $32.2 million, reduced for letters of credit issued and outstanding under the subfacility of $2.4 million and $2.8 million, respectively. 9. Commitments and Contingencies Reorganization and Executive Departures In May 2020, the Company committed to a restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) in furtherance of its efforts to enhance productivity and efficiency, preserve profitability and streamline its organizational structure to better align operations with its long-term commitment to providing an enhanced consumer experience. The Company recorded restructuring costs of approximately $8.3 million in the second quarter of 2020 in connection with the Restructuring Plan. Of the total, the Company recorded $0.6 million in cost of revenue, $5.3 million in sales and marketing, $1.6 million in technology and development and $0.8 million in general and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during the year ended December 31, 2020. Included in discontinued operations are restructuring costs of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The majority of the restructuring costs liability was paid during the year ended December 31, 2020 with the remaining accrual reversed in 2021 upon the expiration of the unexercised health benefits. The Company does not expect to incur significant additional charges in future periods related to the Restructuring Plan. In January 2019, the Company initiated and completed a restructuring plan (the “Reorganization Plan”) to improve efficiency and reduce expenses. The Company recorded severance costs of approximately $3.0 million in the first quarter of 2019 in connection with the Reorganization Plan. Of the total, the Company recorded $0.3 million in cost of revenue, $1.0 million in sales and marketing, $1.6 million in technology and development and $0.1 million in general and administrative expenses within the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during the year ended December 31, 2019. Included in discontinued operations are restructuring costs of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. In the second quarter of 2019, the Company incurred severance costs totaling $4.6 million associated with the separations of executive-level employees, including its former chief executive officer. Of the total, the Company recorded $0.4 million in sales and marketing, $0.9 million in technology and development and $3.3 million in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during the year ended December 31, 2019. F-26 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following table presents a roll forward of the restructuring costs liability for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands): Accrual at December 31, 2019 Expense (Continuing and Discontinued Operations) Cash Payments Accrual at December 31, 2020 Reversal of accrual Accrual at December 31, 2021 Legal Proceedings Restructuring Costs Liability 28 8,514 (8,161) 381 (381) — $ $ From time to time, the Company may become subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company records loss contingencies in its financial statements only for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, the Company records the minimum estimated liability. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the specific claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved is material. The Company continuously assesses the potential liability related to the Company’s pending litigation and revises its estimates when additional information becomes available. The Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, other than as described below. Stockholder Litigation Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation On March 30, 2018, Leon Milbeck filed a putative securities class action against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (the “Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation”). On June 27, 2018, the court appointed the Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement Fund as lead plaintiff, who filed an amended complaint on August 24, 2018. The amended complaint sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, attorney’s fees and equitable relief based on allegations that the defendants made false or misleading statements about the Company’s business, operations, prospects and performance during a purported class period of February 16, 2017 through November 6, 2017 in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and that the defendants made actionable misstatements in violation of Section 11 of the Securities Act in connection with our secondary offering that occurred during the class period. The amended complaint named the Company, certain of its then-current and former officers and directors and the underwriters for its secondary offering as defendants. On October 31, 2018, the plaintiff dismissed the underwriters from the litigation “without prejudice,” meaning that they could be reinstated as defendants at a later time, and on November 5, 2018, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which the court denied on February 5, 2019. On May 9, 2019, the court granted the lead plaintiff’s motion for class certification. On August 2, 2019, the parties entered into an agreement to settle the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation on a class-wide basis for $28.25 million, all of which was paid by the Company’s directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. On October 15, 2019, the court granted preliminary approval of the proposed settlement, and on January 27, 2020, the court issued a minute order granting final approval to the settlement. The court entered the final judgment and order of dismissal on May 26, 2020. As a result, the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation is resolved. Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation In August 2019, three purported stockholder derivative actions were filed in Delaware alleging a variety of claims nominally on the Company’s behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaints named the Company, certain of its then-current and former directors and officers, USAA and, in one of the actions, certain entities affiliated with USAA and certain of our current and former directors as defendants. On October 7, 2019, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated the cases into a single action in that court bearing the caption In re TrueCar, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation (the “Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation”). F-27 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) On November 6, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against all of the defendants named in the prior actions, asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, contribution and indemnification against the Company’s current and former officers and directors, and claims for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty against the entities affiliated with USAA and with certain of the Company’s current and former directors. The plaintiffs sought an award of damages against the defendants on behalf of the Company and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On December 19, 2019, the defendants filed motions to dismiss for failure to make a pre-suit demand. On September 30, 2020, the court dismissed the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation with prejudice for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim and the plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling. As a result, the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation is resolved. Following the court’s decision, the plaintiffs sent a letter to the Company demanding that it pursue claims against certain current and former officers for various alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties, based substantially on the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. On November 18, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) established a special committee of the Board (the “Special Committee”) to investigate the claims contained in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Lee Derivative Litigation and other related stockholder demands. In October 2021, following the aforementioned investigation, the Board adopted the Special Committee’s recommendation that the Board refuse the demands in their entirety and conclude that no further action is necessary. The Company has not recorded an accrual related to this matter as of December 31, 2021 as the Company does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable. Lee Derivative Litigation In December 2019, Sulgi Lee, a purported stockholder, filed a derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging a variety of claims nominally on the Company’s behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaint named the Company, certain of its then-current and former directors and officers and USAA as defendants. The plaintiff seeks an award of damages against the defendants on the Company’s behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On May 5, 2020, the court entered the parties’ stipulation to stay this litigation pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. Following the dismissal of the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, on December 22, 2020, the court entered the parties’ further stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the Special Committee’s investigation. Following the Board’s action on the Special Committee’s recommendation, which is described in greater details above, the stay on the Lee Derivative Litigation remains in effect, and we expect to move to dismiss the case if the plaintiff does not agree to do so voluntarily. The Company believes that the complaint is without merit, and should the litigation proceed, the Company intends to vigorously defend itself in this matter. The Company has not recorded an accrual related to this matter as of December 31, 2021 as the Company does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable. Trademark Litigation On April 9, 2020, the Company was named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by Six Star, Inc. (“Six Star”) in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida (the “Trademark Litigation”). The complaint in the Trademark Litigation alleges that the Company’s new “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline infringed and diluted Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and included claims of false advertising and deceptive and unfair trade practices. The complaint seeks injunctive relief in addition to certain monetary awards. On June 25, 2021, the parties entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the Trademark Litigation in exchange for the Company agreeing not to use Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and to only use its own trademark in conjunction with the word “TrueCar.” The settlement agreement did not provide for either party to pay the other any amounts. On June 28, 2021, the court dismissed the Trademark Litigation pursuant to the settlement agreement. As a result, the Trademark Litigation is currently resolved. Employment Contracts The Company has entered into employment contracts with certain executives of the Company. Employment under these contracts is at-will employment. However, under the provisions of the contracts, the Company would incur severance obligations of up to twelve months of the executive’s annual base salary for certain events, such as involuntary terminations. Indemnifications In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnities of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, investors, directors, officers, employees and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses F-28 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) arising out of the Company’s breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company, or intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. While the Company’s future obligations under certain of these agreements may contain limitations on liability for indemnification, other agreements do not contain such limitations and under such agreements it is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under such indemnities have not had a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Additionally, the Company does not believe that any amounts that it may be required to pay under these indemnities in the future will be material to the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Purchase Obligations At December 31, 2021, the Company had the following purchase obligations (in thousands): Purchase obligations $ 11,050 $ 7,785 $ 2,963 $ 302 $ — Total Less Than 1 Year 1 - 3 Years 3 - 5 Years More Than 5 Years Purchase obligations include long-term agreements to purchase data information, software-related licenses, and support services, and other obligations that are enforceable and legally binding as of December 31, 2021. Purchase obligations exclude agreements that are cancellable without penalty. 10. Stockholders’ Equity Share Repurchase Program In July 2020, the Company’s board of directors authorized an open market stock repurchase program (the “Program”) of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through September 30, 2022. In May 2021, the Company’s board of directors increased the authorization of the Program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by Company management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Repurchases of the Company’s common stock may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common stock to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws, open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate the Company to purchase any minimum number of shares. During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company repurchased and retired a total of 6.1 million and 9.3 million shares under the Program for $32.3 million and $42.2 million respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a remaining authorization of $75.5 million for future share repurchases. Warrant Issued to USAA In May 2014, the Company extended our affinity group marketing agreement with USAA, the largest affinity partner and a significant stockholder of the Company. As part of the agreement, on May 1, 2014, the Company issued to USAA a warrant to purchase 1,458,979 shares of the Company’s common stock, which will be exercisable in two tranches. The first tranche of 392,313 shares has an exercise price of $7.95 per share and the second tranche of 1,066,666 shares has an exercise price of $15.00 per share. The warrant becomes exercisable based on the achievement of performance milestones based on the level of vehicle sales of USAA members through the Company’s auto buying platforms. The warrant terminates on the earlier of (i) the eighth anniversary of the date of issuance, (ii) the first anniversary of the termination of the USAA car-buying program, or (iii) the date on which the Company no longer operates the USAA car-buying program. As a result of the termination of the USAA car-buying program on September 30, 2020, the warrant expired on September 30, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, there was no warrant expense recognized. F-29 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Reserve for Unissued Shares of Common Stock The Company is required to reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of common stock such number of shares sufficient for the exercise of all outstanding warrants, plus shares granted and available for grant under the Company’s equity incentive plans. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for these purposes at December 31, 2021 is as follows: Outstanding stock options Outstanding restricted stock units Additional shares available for grant under the equity plans Total 11. Stock-based Awards Number of Shares 6,078,180 7,536,114 18,391,638 32,005,932 The Company has four equity incentive plans: the Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Plan (the “2005 Plan”), the 2008 Stock Plan (the “2008 Plan”), the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), and the 2015 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “Inducement Plan”). In connection with the Company’s initial public offering in May 2014 (the “IPO”), the 2005 Plan and the 2008 Plan were terminated. Upon the IPO, the shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan include (i) shares that have been reserved but not issued pursuant to any awards granted under the 2005 Plan, plus (ii) shares subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the 2005 Plan or the 2008 Plan that, after the registration date, expire or terminate without having been exercised in full and shares issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2005 Plan or the 2008 Plan are forfeited or repurchased by the Company. In addition, the shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan include an annual increase on January 1 of each year equal to the least of: (x) 10,000,000 shares; (y) 5% of the total outstanding shares of TrueCar common stock as of the last day of the previous fiscal year; or (z) such other amount as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2021, the total number of shares available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan was 16,551,638 shares. In accordance with the evergreen provision, effective January 1, 2022, an additional 4,810,662 shares of common stock were authorized to be issued under the 2014 Plan. Under the Inducement Plan, there were 1,840,000 shares of common stock reserved for the issuance of nonqualified stock options. In December 2015, in conjunction with the hiring of the Company’s then president and CEO, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 1,840,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the Inducement Plan, which expired unexercised in 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the total number of shares available for future issuance under the Inducement Plan was 1,840,000 shares. In February 2022, the Inducement Plan was terminated. Under the 2014 Plan, the Company has the ability to issue incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance shares. The exercise price of stock options granted under the 2014 Plan must at least equal the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Stock options granted generally vest monthly over a four year period and expire ten years from the date of grant. Restricted stock units generally vest quarterly over a four to five year period. F-30 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Stock Options A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows: Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) Outstanding at December 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Forfeited/expired Outstanding at December 31, 2021 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2021 10,009,282 $ 925,862 (404,571) (4,452,393) 6,078,180 $ 6,078,180 $ 9.58 4.74 3.44 9.59 9.24 9.24 Exercisable at December 31, 2021 4,296,424 $ 11.23 (in years) (in millions) 5.1 6.2 $ 6.2 $ 5.2 $ 0.8 0.8 0.3 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value represents the excess of the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $3.40 on December 31, 2021 over the exercise price of in-the-money stock option awards. At December 31, 2021, total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested option awards was $4.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of options granted for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $2.78, $1.88, and $3.97, respectively. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards of $3.7 million, $5.5 million, and $13.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised in 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $0.7 million, $0.1 million, and $0.5 million, respectively. Restricted Stock Units A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit (“RSU”) activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows: Non-vested — December 31, 2020 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested — December 31, 2021 Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value 6,918,474 $ 6,173,367 (3,397,105) (2,158,622) 7,536,114 $ 4.63 4.64 4.74 4.57 4.60 The total fair market value of RSUs that vested for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $15.8 million, $11.6 million, and $16.0 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $4.64, $3.08, and $6.36, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the Company recorded $16.7 million, $17.6 million, and $23.2 million in compensation expense, respectively. At December 31, 2021, total remaining stock-based compensation expense for non-vested RSUs is $29.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years. F-31 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Valuation Assumptions and Stock-based Compensation Cost The fair value of stock options granted to employees is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This valuation model requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the expected term, the volatility of the Company’s common stock, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The Company uses the simplified method under the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, to calculate expected term for plain vanilla share options, as the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term. The computation of expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. Prior to 2020, expected volatility was based on an average of the historical volatilities of the common stock of several entities with characteristics similar to those of the Company. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option. The Company uses an expected dividend of zero, as it does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Forfeitures on share-based awards are recognized as they occur. The fair value of each stock option award was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Risk-free interest rate Expected term (years) Expected volatility Dividend yield Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 0.95 % 0.52 % 2.32 % 6.05 65 % — 6.02 65 % — 6.07 60 % — The Company recorded stock-based compensation cost relating to stock options and RSUs in the following categories on the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands): Cost of revenue Sales and marketing Technology and development General and administrative Total stock-based compensation expense Amount capitalized to internal-use software Total stock-based compensation cost Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ 227 $ 556 $ 6,958 4,489 8,721 20,395 1,296 8,258 4,966 9,297 23,077 1,322 $ 21,691 $ 24,399 $ 1,284 12,971 8,095 14,112 36,462 1,670 38,132 As referenced in Note 9, certain executive-level employees, including the Company’s former chief executive officer, separated from the Company in the second quarter of 2019. Benefits provided associated with these terminations include severance payments, acceleration of certain equity awards and extension of the exercise period for certain vested stock options. As a result of these termination benefits, the Company recognized $7.2 million in additional stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2019. F-32 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 12. Income Taxes The components of the Company’s income tax provision (benefit) are as follows (in thousands): Current: Federal State Total current provision Deferred: Federal State Total deferred provision (benefit) Total income tax provision (benefit) Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 $ $ (119) $ 262 143 43 20 63 206 $ — $ 88 88 (60) (34) (94) (6) $ — 15 15 (1,118) (218) (1,336) (1,321) The 2021 income tax expense of $0.2 million primarily reflects state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets. The 2020 income tax benefit of less than $0.1 million primarily arose in connection with the impairment of goodwill, resulting in reduction of indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities. The 2019 income tax benefit of $1.3 million primarily reflects the required allocation of income taxes between continuing operations and discontinued operations as prescribed by ASC 740. While the tax effect of income (loss) before income taxes generally should be computed without regard to the tax effects of income (loss) before income taxes from the other categories, an exception applies when there is a pre-tax loss from continuing operations and pre-tax income from those other categories. This exception to the general rule applies even when a valuation allowance is in place at the beginning and end of the year. The overall effective income tax rate differs from the statutory federal rate as follows: Income tax benefit based on the federal statutory rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit Nondeductible expenses Change in valuation allowance Stock-based compensation Research and development tax credits Uncertain tax positions Goodwill impairment Overall effective income tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2021 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % 4.4 3.2 2.4 (8.6) (20.1) (2.8) — 35.7 (3.2) (49.9) (23.2) 25.1 — (5.5) (2.1) (3.1) (3.1) (10.5) — — — (0.5) % — % 2.2 % F-33 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The components of deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2021 2020 Deferred income tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Stock-based compensation Accrued expenses Research and development tax credits Operating leases liabilities Intangible assets and goodwill Other Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Property, equipment and software Capitalized commissions §481(a) Adjustment - ASC 606 Operating lease assets Contingent consideration from divestiture Gross deferred tax liabilities $ 77,634 $ 6,550 914 6,405 7,662 1,205 1,176 101,546 (94,117) 7,429 (1,363) (427) — (5,742) — (7,532) Total net deferred tax liabilities $ (103) $ 70,828 9,406 1,861 13,421 9,026 1,405 3 105,950 (95,042) 10,908 (1,934) (578) (186) (7,097) (1,153) (10,948) (40) The net deferred tax liability at December 31, 2021 and 2020 relates to amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the net deferred tax liability does not reduce the need for a valuation allowance related to the Company’s net deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2021, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $301.4 million and $236.0 million, respectively. Of the Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards, $248.2 million will begin to expire in 2034 and $53.2 million does not expire. The Company’s state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2022. At December 31, 2021, the Company had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million and $11.0 million, respectively. The federal tax credit carryforwards begin to expire in the year ending December 31, 2028. The state tax credit carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely. The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”), imposes substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in the event of an “ownership change” of a corporation. Accordingly, a company’s ability to use pre-change net operating loss and research tax credits may be limited as prescribed under IRC Sections 382 and 383. Events that may cause a limitation in the amount of the net operating losses and credits that the Company uses in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company experienced a cumulative ownership change as of December 31, 2019. The Company estimates that up to $15.2 million and $0.5 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, may expire unused. The Section 382 limitation resulted in a reduction of deferred tax assets of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in the Company’s valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Additionally, with the finalization of the 2011 - 2020 research and development tax credit study in 2021, the Company anticipates that certain of the federal research and development credit carryforwards may expire unused. The Section 383 limitation resulted in a reduction of deferred tax assets of $12.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. F-34 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2021. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence such as its projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, at December 31, 2021, a valuation allowance of $94.1 million has been recorded since it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The change in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 is as follows (in thousands): Valuation allowance, at beginning of year Decrease in valuation allowance - operating lease impact Valuation allowance, at beginning of year, as adjusted Increase in valuation allowance Decrease in valuation allowance Valuation allowance, at end of year Year Ended December 31, 2021 95,042 $ — 95,042 $ — (925) 94,117 $ 2020 111,193 $ — 111,193 $ — (16,151) 95,042 $ $ $ $ 2019 109,625 (915) 108,710 2,483 — 111,193 The $0.9 million decrease in valuation allowance is primarily related to the reduction of deferred tax assets for federal research and development tax credits and tax impacts of stock based compensation, offset by the increase in deferred tax assets for net operating losses and the impairment charge to the Company’s equity investment in Accu-Trade. The following is a reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Unrecognized tax benefit, beginning of year Increase (decrease) based on tax positions in prior period Increase based on tax positions in current period Unrecognized tax benefit, end of year Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 $ $ 7,640 $ (3,504) 1,101 5,237 $ (3) $ 1,447 6,196 7,640 $ (3) — — (3) The December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 balances include tax benefits of $3.3 million, $7.6 million, and less than $0.1 million, respectively, which if recognized, would be in the form of net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards and require a full valuation allowance based on present circumstances. These amounts are net of offsetting benefits from other tax jurisdictions. The $3.5 million decrease in the prior period unrecognized tax benefit is primarily related to the reduction of research and development tax credits in accordance with Section 383. The $1.1 million increase in the current period unrecognized tax benefit is primarily related to bonus expense that does not qualify as a federal income tax deduction when accrued for financial reporting purposes. The Company expects the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to decrease by $1.1 million in the next 12 months as a result of proposed filing of application for a change in accounting method with the filing of the tax return. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, in the income tax provision. At December 31, 2021, no interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions have been accrued. The Company is subject to United States federal and state taxation. Due to the presence of net operating loss carryforwards, all income tax years remain open for examination by the Internal Revenue Service and various state taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under Internal Revenue Service or state tax examination. 13. Net Income (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, net of the weighted average unvested restricted stock subject to repurchase by the Company, if any, during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the effects of potentially dilutive F-35 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) common stock, which are comprised of stock options, restricted stock units and stock warrants, using the treasury-stock method, and convertible preferred stock, using the if-converted method. Because the Company reported losses attributable to common stockholders for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive common stock is antidilutive for those periods. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data): Net (loss) income Loss from continuing operations Income from discontinuing operations, net of taxes Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (Loss) income per share, basic and diluted Continuing operations Discontinued operations Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (38,329) $ (38,369) $ 40 $ 76,544 $ (19,839) $ 96,383 $ (54,890) (58,335) 3,445 97,352 106,315 105,805 (0.39) $ — $ (0.19) $ 0.91 $ (0.55) 0.03 $ $ $ $ $ The following table presents the number of anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands): Options to purchase common stock Common stock warrants Unvested restricted stock units Total shares excluded from net loss per share attributable to common stockholders 14. Employee Benefit Plan December 31, 2021 2020 2019 6,078 — 7,536 10,009 510 6,918 10,626 1,459 5,891 13,614 17,437 17,976 The Company has a 401(k) Savings Retirement Plan that covers substantially all full-time employees who meet the plan’s eligibility requirements and provides for an employee elective contribution. The Company made matching contributions to the plan of $1.7 million, $1.7 million, and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. 15. Related Party Transactions Transactions with USAA USAA is a large stockholder in the Company and was the Company’s most significant affinity marketing partner. At the time that the Company entered into arrangements with USAA to operate its Auto Buying Program, USAA met the definition of a related party. In February 2020, the Company entered into a short-term agreement to extend its partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank (“USAA FSB”) to continue to power the USAA Car Buying Service through September 30, 2020. USAA FSB paid the Company a $20 million transition services fee that was earned over the term of the agreement. Revenue share from USAA FSB to the Company remained the same as it was under the previous agreement except that amounts earned after March 1, 2020 were settled net of the transaction service fee. At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 the Company had no amounts due to or from USAA. The Company recognized net revenue of $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the transition services fee. The Company F-36 TrueCar, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) recorded sales and marketing expense of $1.9 million and $23.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to service arrangements entered into with USAA. Transactions with Accu-Trade During the first quarter of 2019, the Company became a 20% owner of Accu-Trade and accounts for the investment using the equity method, as the Company has significant influence over the investee. The Company had amounts due to Accu-Trade at December 31, 2021 and 2020 of $1.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The Company recognized contra-revenue of $1.0 million, $1.2 million, and $1.2 million and cost of revenue of $5.4 million, $1.7 million, and $1.0 million, during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, related to a software and data licensing agreement entered into with Accu-Trade. 16. Subsequent Events On February 2, 2022, the Company entered into a redemption agreement with Accu-Trade to redeem the Company’s 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. The terms of the transaction include initial cash consideration of $12.8 million which will be paid at closing and $3.2 million cash held in an escrow account. The $3.2 million cash held in escrow is releasable to the Company upon meeting certain criteria during a time window that is 75 calendar days after the transaction closes. Also upon close of the transaction, the current software and data license agreement with Accu-Trade will be terminated, and the Company will enter into a new software license agreement with the Accu-Trade business at no cost to the Company during the first year and cancellable by either party thereafter on 60 days’ notice. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2022. F-37 Executive Officers Michael Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer Jantoon Reigersman Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer Jeff Swart Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Board of Directors Michael Darrow President and Chief Executive Officer TrueCar, Inc. Christopher Claus Chairman of the Board TrueCar, Inc. Robert Buce Chairman Palisades Holdings Barbara Carbone Retired KPMG Audit Partner Faye Iosotaluno Chief Strategy Officer Match Group Erin Lantz Chief Revenue Officer Ethos Life John Mendel Former EVP, Automobile Division American Honda Motor Company Wesley Nichols Entrepreneur and Board Partner Upfront Ventures Corporate Address TrueCar, Inc. 1401 Ocean Avenue, Suite 300 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Mail Computershare PO BOX 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Investor Relations investors@truecar.com Transfer Agent Computershare Telephone: 877. 373. 6374 Fax: 866. 519. 8563 International: 781. 575. 2879 Courier Computershare 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Ticker Symbol NASDAQ: TRUE T r u e C a r A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 2 1 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 2 1 © 2022 TrueCar, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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