Uniti Group
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

Annual Report 2016 MY FELLOW STOCKHOLDERS: A year ago, we outlined our strategy to become a leader in acquiring and deploying mission- critical infrastructure in the communications industry while diversifying our reliance on our largest tenant. I am proud to report that we made excellent progress in 2016 executing this strategy. We invested approximately $700 million in 2016 to acquire fiber infrastructure providers who primarily serve the wireless industry’s ever-growing demand for scalable backhaul. We believe fiber is the new mission-critical asset in the communications ecosystem and our newly branded Uniti Fiber business unit will become a platform for future growth. We also established a tower operating platform branded Uniti Towers in 2016 through a series of small transactions to acquire wireless macro towers, ground lease assets and a management team with deep-rooted industry experience. Pro-forma for our 2016 acquisitions, revenues from sources other than our largest tenant grew from 4 percent in 2015 to 20 percent of consolidated revenues in the 4th quarter of 2016. As our wireless customers look to densify their networks to support mobile wireless data growth and the expected launch of the next generation technology to serve residential customers through a fixed wireless broadband connection, our fiber and tower operating platforms are well positioned to capture the convergence of fiber, towers, small cells and distributed antenna systems. We expect the wireless industry investment cycle to densify their networks is in the early stages and will create tremendous opportunity for us for many years. We were very active in the capital markets during 2016 as we raised over $600 million of new capital to support the acquisitions, re-priced over $2 billion in term loans and eliminated the overhang in our common stock by facilitating the sale of our largest tenant’s ownership stake in us. We are very pleased to see our cost of capital decline and the strong demand and support from our investors as we execute our strategy. 2016 was also a successful year in building our management team, Board of Directors and the culture that will make us successful. I greatly appreciate the effort and entrepreneurial spirit of my colleagues to meet the challenges of building a unique REIT of communication infrastructure assets. To better reflect our alignment with our business units, we changed our corporate name to Uniti Group Inc. and now trade under the symbol “UNIT”. As we look ahead to 2017, we are ideally positioned to capitalize on organic growth prospects of our Uniti Fiber and Uniti Towers operating units and be active in mergers and acquisitions, utilizing our recently established UPREIT structure, to continue to diversify our revenues and deliver a predictable and growing dividend to our stockholders. I appreciate your patience and confidence in our strategy. Sincerely, Kenny A. Gunderman President and Chief Executive Officer UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) (cid:95) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 OR (cid:133) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _____ to _____ Commission File Number 001-36708 COMMUNICATIONS SALES & LEASING, INC. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) Maryland ( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 10802 Executive Center Drive Benton Building Suite 300 Little Rock, Arkansas (Address of principal executive offices) 46-5230630 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 72211 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (501) 850-0820 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.0001 Par Value Name of each exchange on which registered The NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES (cid:95) NO (cid:134) Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES (cid:134) NO (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES (cid:95) NO (cid:134) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES (cid:95) NO (cid:134) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer (cid:95) Accelerated filer (cid:134) (cid:134) (Do not check if a small reporting company) Non-accelerated filer Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES (cid:134) NO (cid:95) The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2016, was $3,618,955,277. The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 15, 2017 was 155,785,924. Smaller reporting company (cid:134) DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) Page Table of Contents 5 13 22 22 22 23 24 26 28 41 42 88 88 89 90 90 90 91 91 92 98 Business PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary ii EXPLANATORY NOTE Prior to April 24, 2015, Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings,” and together with its subsidiaries, “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”), to CS&L. In exchange, CS&L issued to Windstream (i) approximately 149.8 million shares of its common stock, (ii) $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Senior Secured Notes”), (iii) $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “Senior Unsecured Notes” and together with the Senior Secured Notes, the “Notes”) and (iv) approximately $2.0 billion in cash obtained from borrowings under CS&L’s senior credit facilities. The contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business and the related issuance of cash, debt and equity securities are referred to herein as the “Spin-Off.” The Spin-Off was effective on April 24, 2015. CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements as defined under U.S. federal securities law. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations, including, but not limited to, statements regarding: our expectations regarding the future growth and demand of the telecommunication industry; future financing plans, business strategies, growth prospects and operating and financial performance; expectations regarding the acquisition of Network Management Holdings LTD (“NMS”), including expectations regarding operational synergies with Uniti Towers; expectations regarding settling conversion of our 3% convertible preferred stock in cash upon conversion; expectations regarding the probability of our obligation to pay contingent consideration upon Tower Cloud, Inc.’s (“Tower Cloud”) achievement of certain defined operational and financial milestones; expectations regarding future deployment of fiber strand miles and recognition of revenue related thereto; expectations regarding levels of capital expenditures; expectations regarding the deductibility of goodwill for tax purposes; expectations regarding the amortization of intangible assets; and expectations regarding the payment of dividends. Words such as “anticipate(s),” “expect(s),” “intend(s),” “plan(s),” “believe(s),” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seek(s)” and similar expressions, or the negative of these terms, are intended to identify such forward- looking statements. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could lead to actual results differing materially from those projected, forecasted or expected. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the ability and willingness of our customers to meet and/or perform their obligations under any contractual arrangements entered into with us, including master lease arrangements; the ability of our customers to comply with laws, rules and regulations in the operation of the assets we lease to them; the ability and willingness of our customers to renew their leases with us upon their expiration, and the ability to reposition our properties on the same or better terms in the event of nonrenewal or in the event we replace an existing tenant; our ability to renew, extend or obtain our contracts with significant customers (including customers of the businesses that we acquire); the availability of and our ability to identify suitable acquisition opportunities and our ability to acquire and lease the respective properties on favorable terms or operate and integrate the acquired businesses; the ability to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness; the ability to access debt and equity capital markets; 3 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the impact on our business or the business of our customers as a result of credit rating downgrades, and fluctuating interest rates; our ability to retain our key management personnel; our ability to qualify or maintain our status as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”); changes in the U.S. tax law and other federal, state or local laws, whether or not specific to REITs; covenants in our debt agreements that may limit our operational flexibility; the possibility that we may experience equipment failures, natural disasters, cyber attacks or terrorist attacks for which our insurance may not provide adequate coverage; the risk that we fail to fully realize the potential benefits of or have difficulty in integrating the companies we acquire; other risks inherent in the communications industry and in the ownership of communications distribution systems, including potential liability relating to environmental matters and illiquidity of real estate investments; and additional factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except in the normal course of our public disclosure obligations, we expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in our expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. 4 Item 1. Business. The Company PART I Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Maryland on September 4, 2014 as a subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings” and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, CS&L was separated and spun-off from Windstream (the “Spin-Off”). In connection with the Spin-Off, Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets to CS&L, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”). Immediately following the Spin-Off, we entered into a long-term exclusive triple-net- lease agreement with Windstream (the “Master Lease”) pursuant to which we lease the Distribution Systems back to Windstream. CS&L operates as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on income generated by its REIT operations, which includes income derived from the Master Lease. We have elected to treat the subsidiaries through which we operate Uniti Fiber and Consumer CLEC Business as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs enable us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. On February 23, 2017, the Company announced that it will change its corporate name to Uniti Group Inc. for alignment with the brand name of its principal business units – Uniti Towers, Uniti Fiber and Uniti Leasing. Effective at market open on February 27, 2017, trading for Uniti Group Inc. will begin under the symbol “UNIT” (NASDAQ: UNIT). The Company’s common stock will continue to trade under the ticker symbol “CSAL” on NASDAQ until market close on February 24, 2017. The name change does not affect the rights of the Company’s stockholders. No action is required by stockholders with respect to the name change. The Company’s new website is www.uniti.com. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we had revenues of $770.4 million, net loss available to common shareholders of $5.5 million, Funds From Operations (“FFO”) of $346.1 million and Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) of $398.5 million. Both FFO and AFFO are non-GAAP financial measures, which we use to analyze our results. Refer to Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of this Annual Report for additional information regarding these non-GAAP measures. As of December 31, 2016, we managed our operations in three reportable business segments, which are described in more detail in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Business We are an independent, internally-managed REIT engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. Effective in the first quarter of 2017, following the acquisition of NMS, we commenced managing our operations in four separate lines of business: Uniti Fiber, Uniti Towers, Uniti Leasing and Talk America. 5 Uniti Fiber On May 2, 2016, we acquired PEG Bandwidth, LLC (“PEG”), a provider of infrastructure solutions including cell site backhaul and dark fiber for telecommunications carriers and enterprises. As a result of the PEG acquisition, we gained an extensive fiber network located in the Northeast/Mid Atlantic, Illinois and South Central regions of the United States. On August 31, 2016, we acquired Tower Cloud, Inc. (“Tower Cloud”), a provider of data transport services focused on infrastructure solutions to the wireless and enterprise sectors, including fiber-to-the-tower backhaul, small cell networks, and dark fiber deployments in the South East region of the United States. Following these acquisitions, on August 31, 2016, we announced the combination of Tower Cloud and PEG Bandwidth into a unified organization, Uniti Fiber. Today Uniti Fiber is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions, including cell site backhaul and small cell for wireless operators and Ethernet, wavelengths and dark fiber for telecommunications carriers and enterprises. With Uniti Fiber, our goal is to capitalize on the rising demand by carriers and enterprises for dark fiber, establish ourselves as a proven small-cell systems provider and leverage wholesale enterprise opportunities as well as opportunities through the School and Libraries Program (commonly referred to as E-Rate) administered by the Universal Service Administrative Company. We believe our launch of Uniti Fiber is well-timed as fiber becomes the mission-critical focal point in the modern communications infrastructure industry and will accelerate our growth and diversification strategy and expand our relationships with high quality national and international wireless carriers. At December 31, 2016, Uniti Fiber’s network consisted of 605,000 strand miles of fiber, with approximately 200,000 fiber strand miles awarded for future deployment for wireless carriers, and approximately 5,450 customer connections. Results for Uniti Fiber are reported in our consolidated financial statements in our Fiber Infrastructure business segment. Uniti Towers On January 22, 2016, we acquired Summit Wireless Infrastructure LLC, which primarily builds, owns and operates telecommunications towers for wireless carriers in Latin America. On May 12, 2016, we acquired 32 wireless towers owned by Windstream and operating rights for 49 wireless towers previously conveyed to the Company in the Spin-Off and leased back to Windstream in the Master Lease. On November 14, 2016, we announced the combination of our U.S. and Latin America towers and tower real estate businesses into a unified organization, Uniti Towers. On January 31, 2017, Uniti Towers completed the previously announced acquisition of Network Management Holdings LTD (“NMS”). At close, NMS owns and operates 366 wireless communications towers in Latin America with an additional 105 build-to-suit tower sites under development. The NMS portfolio spans three Latin American countries with 212 sites in Mexico, 100 in Colombia, and 54 in Nicaragua. With the addition of NMS, the Uniti Towers portfolio now consists of 468 wireless communication towers. Results for Uniti Towers are reported in our 2016 consolidated financial statements in our Leasing business segment. Beginning with the first quarter of 2017, results for Uniti Towers will be reported in our new Towers business segment and prior period segment data will be recast to conform to the new presentation beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. Our Uniti Towers strategy is to acquire and construct tower and tower-related real estate in the United States and Latin America. We are focused on markets with strong macroeconomic fundamentals, politically stable environments and strong underlying communications growth trends. Specifically, our focus is on markets where numerous investment grade carriers operate and there is strong communications infrastructure potential due to underpenetrated 4G or even 3G technology. Uniti Towers also provides build-to-suit opportunities using customized master lease agreements designed for long-term carrier partnerships. We believe that our strategy of focusing on fiber and towers in the United States and Latin America through Uniti Fiber and Uniti Towers is highly synergistic and will drive incremental growth opportunities. Uniti Leasing Uniti Leasing is engaged in acquiring mission-critical communications assets, such as fiber, data centers, next- generation consumer broadband, coaxial and upgradeable copper, and leasing them back to anchor customers on 6 either an exclusive or shared-tenant basis. Presently, Uniti Leasing’s primary source of revenue is rental revenues from leasing the Distribution Systems to Windstream under the Master Lease. We believe our attractive cost of capital and advantaged REIT structure will enable Uniti Leasing to provide creative and tax-efficient solutions to additional customers, including (i) sale leaseback transactions, whereby Uniti Leasing acquires existing infrastructure assets from communications service providers and leases them back on a long-term basis; (ii) capital investment financing, whereby Uniti Leasing offers communications service providers a cost-efficient method of raising funds for discrete capital investments to upgrade or expand their network; and (iii) mergers and acquisitions financing, whereby Uniti Leasing facilitates mergers and acquisition transactions as a capital partner. Results for Uniti Leasing are reported in our in our consolidated financial statements in our Leasing business segment. Talk America We conduct the Consumer CLEC Business through Talk America Services, LLC (“Talk America”). Talk America provides local telephone, high-speed Internet and long distance service to approximately 37,000 customers principally located in 17 states across the eastern and central United States. Substantially all of the network assets used to provide these services to customers are contracted through interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. Results for Talk America are reported in our in our consolidated financial statements in our Consumer CLEC business segment. Industry The current communications infrastructure industry is marked by the growing demand for and use of bandwidth- intensive devices and applications, such as smart devices, real-time and online streaming video, cloud-based applications, social media and mobile broadband. This growth in consumption requires the support of robust communications infrastructure, of which fiber networks and communications towers are critical components. Substantial investments have been made in recent years in fiber networks, lit services and colocation facilities to keep pace with the increased bandwidth use of both enterprise- and consumer-end users. As companies attempt to keep pace with this rapidly evolving business sector, communications infrastructure is increasing in priority and economic importance. We believe this considerable demand creates tremendous opportunities for us as an acquirer and operator and as a funding source for operators seeking to capitalize on these trends through build outs and acquisitions of infrastructure assets. The wireless communications industry is a prime example of the growing importance of the bandwidth infrastructure industry. As wireless traffic and mobile data consumption continue to grow worldwide, participants in the wireless communications industry are increasing their network capacity through the development of new wireless cell sites and the addition of bandwidth capacity. Consumers are demanding network quality and coverage, and as a result wireless carriers are making significant capital investments to improve quality, expand their coverage and remain relevant in a highly competitive industry. We expect this continued growth in capital expenditures to generate high demands for wireless towers (including strong growth in long-term tower leasing), tower space and bandwidth infrastructure services. Strategy Our primary goal is to create long-term stockholder value by (i) generating reliable and growing cash flows, (ii) diversifying our tenant and asset base, (iii) paying a consistent dividend, and (iv) maintaining our financial strength and liquidity. To achieve this goal, we employ a business strategy that leverages our first mover advantages in the sector and our strong access to the capital markets. The key components of our business strategy include: Acquire Additional Infrastructure Assets Through Sale Leaseback Transactions We are actively seeking to acquire communications infrastructure assets from communication service providers and lease these assets back to the communication service providers on a long-term basis. We believe this type of transaction benefits the communication service providers with incremental liquidity which can be used to reduce indebtedness or for other investments, while they continue to focus on their existing business. We will employ a 7 disciplined, opportunistic acquisition strategy and seek to price transactions appropriately based on, among other things, growth opportunities, the mix of assets acquired, length and terms of the lease, and credit worthiness of the tenant. This strategy will also expand our mix of tenants and other real property and will reduce our revenue concentration with Windstream. We expect that this objective will be achieved over time as part of our overall strategy to acquire new distribution systems and other real property within the communications infrastructure industry to further diversify our overall portfolio. Capitalize on the Market Demand for Increased Bandwidth Infrastructure and Performance Bandwidth intensive devices and applications are rapidly fueling worldwide consumption of bandwidth, which in turn fuels a continuously growing demand for stable and secure bandwidth. Communications service providers and other enterprises whose services and businesses require substantial amounts of bandwidth are increasingly looking to infrastructure providers to support their bandwidth needs and to expand the reach, performance and security of their networks. We believe Uniti Fiber is well positioned to capitalize on this ongoing demand for bandwidth infrastructure solutions. Fund Capital Extensions and Improvements of Infrastructure Assets for Existing and New Tenants We believe the communications infrastructure industry in the United States is currently going through an upgrade cycle driven by the consumer’s general desire for greater bandwidth and wireless services. These upgrades require significant capital expenditures, and we believe CS&L provides an attractive, non-competitive funding source for communication service providers to help accelerate the expansion of their networks at an attractive cost of capital. We intend to support our tenant operators and other communication service providers by providing capital to them for a variety of purposes, including capacity augmentation projects, tower construction and network expansions. We expect to structure these investments as lease arrangements that produce additional rents. Facilitate M&A Transactions in the Communication Service Sector as a Capital Partner We believe CS&L can provide cost efficient funds to potential acquirors in the communication service sector, and thereby facilitate M&A transactions as a capital partner. The highly fragmented nature of the communication service sector is expected to result in more consolidation, which we believe will provide us ample opportunity to pursue these types of transactions. Maintain Balance Sheet Strength and Liquidity We seek to maintain a capital structure that provides the resources and financial flexibility to position us to capitalize on strategic growth opportunities. Our access to, and cost of, external capital is dependent on various factors, including general market conditions, credit ratings on our securities, interest rates and expectations of our future business performance. We intend to maintain a strong balance sheet through disciplined use of leverage, aiming to lower our relative cost of capital over time, and continuing to have access to multiple sources of capital and liquidity. As of December 31, 2016, we had $171.8 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and $500 million of undrawn borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility. All of our debt is either fixed-rate debt, or floating-rate debt that we have fixed through the use of interest rate swaps. Competition We compete for investments in the communications industry with telecommunications companies, investment companies, private equity funds, hedge fund investors, sovereign funds and other REITs who focus primarily on specific segments of the communications infrastructure industry. The communications infrastructure industry is characterized by a high degree of competition among a large number of participants, including many local, regional and global corporations. Some of our competitors are significantly larger and have greater financial resources and 8 lower costs of capital than we have. In addition, revenues from our network properties are dependent, to an extent, on the ability of our operating partners, like Windstream, to compete with other communication service providers. However, we believe we are positioned to identify and successfully capitalize on acquisition opportunities that meet our investment objectives and that we have significant competitive advantages that support our leadership position in owning, funding the construction of and leasing communications infrastructure, including: First-Mover Advantage; Uniquely Positioned to Capitalize on Expansion Opportunities We are the first and only REIT primarily focused on the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We believe this provides us with a significant first-mover competitive advantage to capitalize on the large and fragmented communications infrastructure industry. Additionally, we believe our position, scale and national reach will help us achieve operational efficiencies and support future growth opportunities. Large Scale Anchor Tenant; Stable Rent Revenues We believe the assets we lease to Windstream under the Master Lease are critical for Windstream to successfully run its business and operations. Windstream, as our anchor tenant, provides us with a base of stable and highly predictable rent revenues as an initial platform for us to grow and diversify our portfolio and tenant base. Windstream is a publicly-traded company that provides advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. Windstream also offers broadband, phone and digital TV services to consumers primarily in rural areas. Windstream continues to operate the Distribution Systems, hold the associated regulatory licenses and own and operate other assets, including distribution systems in select states not included in the Spin-Off. Windstream has a diverse customer base, encompassing enterprise and small business customers, carriers and consumers. The Distribution Systems we lease to Windstream are located in 29 different states across the continental United States. The fiber assets in any one state do not account for more than 20% of the total route miles in our network. We believe this geographic diversification will limit the effect of changes in any one market on our overall performance. Windstream is subject to the reporting requirements of the SEC, which include the requirements to file annual reports containing audited financial information and quarterly reports containing unaudited financial information. Windstream’s filings with the SEC can be found at www.sec.gov. Windstream’s filings are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. Strong Relationships with Communication Service Providers Members of our management team have developed an extensive network of relationships with qualified local, regional and national communication service providers across the United States. This extensive network has been built by our management team through decades of operating experience, involvement in industry trade organizations and the development of banking relationships and investor relations within the communications infrastructure industry. We believe these strong relationships will allow us to effectively source investment opportunities from communication service providers other than Windstream. We intend to work collaboratively with our operating partners in providing expansion capital at attractive rates to help them achieve their growth and business objectives. We will seek to partner with communication service providers who possess local market knowledge, demonstrate hands-on management and have proven track records. Experienced and Committed Management Team Our senior management team is comprised of veteran leaders with strong backgrounds in their respective disciplines. As a result of extensive public company experience, our senior management team has over 70 years of combined experience in managing telecommunications operations, consummating mergers and acquisitions and accessing both debt and equity capital markets to fund growth and maintain a flexible capital structure. 9 Insurance We maintain, or will require in our leases, including the Master Lease, that our tenants maintain, all applicable lines of insurance on our properties and their operations. Under the Master Lease, Windstream has the right to self-insure or use a captive provider with respect to its insurance obligations. We believe that the amount and scope of insurance coverage provided by our policies and the policies maintained by our tenants are customary for similarly situated companies in the telecommunications industry. However, our tenants may elect not to, or be able to, maintain the required insurance coverages, and the failure by any of them to do so could have a material adverse effect on us. We may not continue to require the same levels of insurance coverage under our leases, including the Master Lease, and such insurance may not be available at a reasonable cost in the future or fully cover all losses on our properties upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Moreover, we cannot guarantee the future financial viability of the insurers. Employees At December 31, 2016, we had 316 full-time employees, none of whom are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Significant Customers For the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, 87.9% and 96.3% of our revenues, respectively, were derived from leasing our Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease. Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement U.S. Telecommunications Regulatory Overview Market Overview Our subsidiaries and our tenants operate in a regulated and highly competitive market. Current and potential competitors include other communications tower owners, providers of voice and data services, providers of fiber and other backhaul services, traditional telephone companies, cable companies, Internet service providers, and other companies. As operators of telecommunications facilities and services, both we and the current and future tenants of our telecommunications assets are typically subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local telecommunications laws and regulations. The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) regulates the provision of interstate and international telecommunications services, and state public utility commissions (“PUCs”) regulate intrastate telecommunications services. Both FCC and PUC telecommunications regulations are wide- ranging and can subject us and our tenants to civil, criminal and administrative sanctions. We expect that the telecommunications industry, in general, will continue to face increased competition and regulation. Changes in laws and regulations and regulatory non-compliance by us or our tenants could have a significant direct or indirect effect on our operations and financial condition, which in turn may adversely affect us, as detailed below and set forth under “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business.” Our operations require that certain of our subsidiaries hold licenses or other forms of authorization from the FCC and state PUCs in those states where we operate, and in some jurisdictions our subsidiaries must file tariffs or other price lists describing their rates, terms and conditions of the services they provide. The FCC and PUCs can modify or terminate a service provider’s license or other authority to provide telecommunications services for failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. The FCC and PUCs may also investigate our subsidiaries’ operations and may impose fines or other penalties for violations of the same. In addition, our subsidiaries are required to submit periodic reports to the FCC and PUCs documenting their revenues and other data. Some of this information is used as the basis for the imposition of various regulatory fees and other assessments. In order to engage in certain transactions in some jurisdictions, including changes of control, the encumbrance of certain assets, the issuance of securities, the incurrence of indebtedness, the guarantee of indebtedness of other entities, including subsidiaries of ours, and the transfer of our assets, we are required to provide notice and/or obtain prior approval from certain governmental agencies. The construction of additions to our current fiber network through our Uniti Fiber 10 subsidiary is also subject to certain state and local governmental permitting and licensing requirements. Uniti Fiber also holds and maintains a number of licenses from the FCC for the operation of microwave backhaul links. Our subsidiaries are subject to a number of federal and state regulations that govern the way we can conduct our business. Such regulations also impose certain operating costs on our businesses. These regulations can include restrictions on pricing flexibility for certain products, minimum service quality standards, service reporting, intercarrier compensation, universal service funding, and other obligations. We believe that we have structured the operations for our core real estate business in a manner that will not require us to become regulated as a public utility or common carrier by the FCC or PUCs. But, a number of our business operations nonetheless are subject to federal, state, and local regulation. Consumer CLEC Business Talk America Services operates the Consumer CLEC Business as a reseller of telecommunication services pursuant to a Wholesale Master Services Agreement and a Master Service Agreement with Windstream. In almost all cases, Windstream does not own the underlying telecommunication facilities required to support the Consumer CLEC Business, rather it is a reseller of facility-based services pursuant to wholesale interconnection agreements with third-party carriers that own the underlying telecommunication facilities. Talk America Services is authorized and regulated as a CLEC and an interexchange (long-distance) service provider in most states where it has Consumer CLEC Business customers. These certifications subject Talk America Services to regulations requiring it to file and maintain tariffs for the rates charged to its Consumer CLEC Business customers for regulated services and to comply with service quality, service reporting and other regulatory obligations. Talk America Service’s ability to operate the Consumer CLEC Business is dependent on existing telecommunication regulations that allow access to such underlying facilities of other carriers at reasonable rates. With respect to the broadband Internet services that we provide, traditionally, the FCC has recognized that broadband Internet access services are “information services” subject to limited regulation. In 2015, the FCC issued a “network neutrality” decision that declared broadband Internet access services to be subject to certain “telecommunications services” regulation under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. This decision creates uncertainty concerning the level of regulation that will apply to broadband services going forward. These regulations will limit the ways that broadband Internet access service providers can structure business arrangements and manage their networks and could spur additional restrictions, including rate regulation, which could adversely affect broadband investment and innovation. The proper scope of such regulations is being debated in Congress and may be revisited by the FCC. It is unclear at this time how broadband services will be regulated in the future, and the potential impact those regulations may have on our broadband Internet service business. Uniti Towers Uniti Towers is subject to international, federal, state and local regulatory requirements with respect to the registration, siting, construction, lighting, marking and maintenance of our towers. In the United States, the construction of new towers or modifications to existing towers may require pre-approval by the FCC and the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”), depending on factors such as tower height and proximity to public airfields. Towers requiring pre-approval must be registered with the FCC and maintained in accordance with FCC and FAA standards. Similar requirements regarding pre-approval of the construction and modification of towers are imposed by regulators in other countries where Uniti Towers owns and operates towers. Non-compliance with applicable tower-related requirements may lead to monetary penalties or site deconstruction orders. Regulatory regimes outside of the U.S. and its territories vary by country and locality; however, these regulations typically require approval from local officials or government agencies prior to tower construction or modification or the addition of a new antenna to an existing tower. Additionally, some regulations include ongoing obligations regarding painting, lighting and maintenance. Our international operations may also be subject to limitations on foreign ownership of land in certain areas. Non-compliance with such regulations may lead to monetary penalties or deconstruction orders. Our international operations are also subject to various regulations and guidelines regarding employee relations and other occupational health and safety matters. 11 In all countries where Uniti Towers operates, it is subject to zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by local authorities or community organizations. While these regulations vary, they typically require approval from local authorities or community standards organizations prior to tower construction or the addition of a new antenna to an existing tower. Opposition by local zoning authorities and community residents can delay or prevent new tower construction or site upgrade projects, thereby increasing the costs and timing of new tower construction and modifications or site upgrades. The failure to properly maintain towers pursuant to applicable regulatory requirements, such as but not limited to, lighting, painting, and other safety standards, can subject us to significant enforcement actions, including monetary penalties both within the U.S. and abroad. Uniti Fiber Our subsidiaries that compose Uniti Fiber own and operate significant fiber and other communications backhaul facilities throughout various regions of the U.S. The provision of such services is subject to FCC and PUC licensure in many jurisdictions, and the companies are typically licensed as CLECs and/or interexchange carriers in those states where they operate. The companies also hold various FCC wireless licenses in order to provide microwave backhaul services. Because of the nature of the licenses that these companies hold, and the nature of the services that they provide, they are subject to various federal and state regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to, revenue and other reporting requirements and tariffing requirements. The companies must also maintain their wireless licenses with the FCC, which requires construction and notification reporting and other regulatory requirements. Regulatory Changes Future revenues, costs and capital investment in the communication businesses of our tenants, Talk America Services, Uniti Fiber, Uniti Towers, and other related entities could be adversely affected by material changes to, or decisions regarding applicability of, government requirements, including, but not limited to, changes in rules governing inter-carrier compensation, interconnection access to network facilities, state and federal universal service fund (“USF”) support, rules governing the prices that can be charged for business data services, infrastructure location and siting rules, and other requirements. Federal and state communications laws may be amended in the future, and other laws may affect our business. In addition, certain laws and regulations applicable to us and our competitors may be, and have been, challenged in the courts and could be changed at any time. We cannot predict future developments or changes to the regulatory environment or the impact such developments or changes would have on our business. In addition, regulations could create significant compliance costs for us. Delays in obtaining FCC and PUC certifications and regulatory approvals could cause us to incur substantial legal and administrative expenses, and conditions imposed in connection with such approvals could adversely affect the rates that we are able to charge our customers. Both our subsidiaries and our tenants may also be affected by legislation and/or regulation imposing new or additional obligations related to, for example, law enforcement assistance, cyber-security protection, intellectual property rights protections, environmental protections, consumer privacy, tax, or other areas. We can’t predict how any such future changes may impact our business, or the business of our tenants. Environmental Matters A wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect telecommunications operations and facilities. These complex laws, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal, state and local laws may directly impact us. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal property damages and the owner’s liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property and/or the assets of the owner. In addition, the 12 presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral, which, in turn, could reduce revenues. Available Information Our principal executive offices are located at 10802 Executive Center Drive, Benton Building Suite 300, Little Rock, AR 72211 and our telephone number is (501) 850-0820. We currently maintain a website at www.cslreit.com. In connection with the Company’s name change, on February 27, 2017, we will launch a new corporate website: www.uniti.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’) are available on our current website (and will be available on our new website), free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Our Exchange Act filings can also be found at www.sec.gov. Current copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics & Whistleblower Policy, Corporate Governance Guidelines, and the charters for our Audit, Compensation and Governance Committees are posted in the Corporate Governance section of the Investors page of our website at www.cslreit.com and will be available at www.uniti.com starting on February 27, 2017. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Risks Related to Our Business We are dependent on Windstream Holdings to make payments to us under the Master Lease, and an event that materially and adversely affects Windstream’s business, financial position or results of operations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. Windstream Holdings is the lessee of the Distribution Systems pursuant to the Master Lease and, therefore, is presently the source of a substantial portion of our revenues. There can be no assurance that Windstream Holdings will have sufficient assets, income and access to financing to enable it to satisfy its payment obligations under the Master Lease. The inability or unwillingness of Windstream Holdings to meet its rent obligations under the Master Lease could materially adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations, including our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders as required to maintain our status as a REIT. The inability of Windstream Holdings to satisfy its other obligations under the Master Lease, such as the payment of insurance, taxes and utilities, could materially and adversely affect the condition of the Distribution Systems as well as the business, financial position and results of operations of Windstream. In addition, Windstream Holdings will be dependent on distributions from Windstream Services and its subsidiaries in order to satisfy the payment obligations under the Master Lease, as such, if Windstream Services or their subsidiaries were to experience a material and adverse effect on their business, financial position or results of operations, our business, financial position or results of operations could also be materially and adversely affected. Failure by Windstream Holdings to comply with the terms of the Master Lease or to comply with the regulations to which the Distribution Systems are subject could require us to find another lessee for such Distribution Systems, or a portion thereof, and there could be a decrease or cessation of rental payments by Windstream Holdings. There is no assurance that we would be able to lease the Distribution Systems to another lessee on substantially equivalent or better terms than the Master Lease, or at all, successfully reposition the Distribution Systems for other uses or sell the Distribution Systems on terms that are favorable to us. It may be more difficult to find a replacement tenant for a telecommunications property than it would be to find a replacement tenant for a general commercial property due to the specialized nature of the business. Even if we are able to find a suitable replacement tenant for the Distribution Systems, transfers of operations of communication distribution systems are subject to regulatory approvals not required for transfers of other types of commercial operations, which may affect our ability to successfully transition the Distribution Systems. 13 If the Spin-Off, together with certain related transactions, fails to qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, both we and Windstream could be subject to significant tax liabilities and, in certain circumstances, we could be required to indemnify Windstream for material taxes pursuant to indemnification obligations under the tax matters agreement entered into in connection with the Spin-Off. Windstream received a private letter ruling (the “IRS Ruling”) from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) to the effect that, on the basis of certain facts presented and representations and assumptions set forth in the request submitted to the IRS, the Spin-Off will qualify as tax-free under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Although a private letter ruling from the IRS generally is binding on the IRS, if the factual representations and assumptions made in the letter ruling request are untrue or incomplete in any material respect, then Windstream will not be able to rely on the IRS Ruling. In addition, the IRS Ruling does not address certain requirements for tax-free treatment of the Spin-Off under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code and Windstream’s use of CS&L indebtedness and common stock to retire certain of Windstream’s indebtedness (the “debt exchanges”). Accordingly, the Spin-Off was conditioned upon the receipt by Windstream of a tax opinion from its counsel with respect to the requirements on which the IRS did not rule, which concluded that such requirements also should be satisfied. The tax opinion was based on, among other things, the IRS Ruling, then current law and certain representations and assumptions as to factual matters made by Windstream and us. Any change in currently applicable law, which may or may not be retroactive, or the failure of any factual representation or assumption to be true, correct and complete in all material respects, could adversely affect the conclusions reached in the tax opinion. In addition, the tax opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and the IRS or the courts may not agree with the tax opinion. If the Spin-Off were determined to be taxable, Windstream would recognize taxable gain. Under the terms of the tax matters agreement entered into with Windstream in connection with the Spin-Off (the “Tax Matters Agreement”), we are generally responsible for any taxes imposed on Windstream that arise from the failure of the Spin-Off and the debt exchanges to qualify as tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, within the meaning of Section 355 and Section 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code, as applicable, to the extent such failure to qualify is attributable to certain actions, events or transactions relating to our stock, indebtedness, assets or business, or a breach of the relevant representations or any covenants made by us in the Tax Matters Agreement, the materials submitted to the IRS in connection with the request for the IRS Ruling or the representations provided in connection with the tax opinion. Our indemnification obligations to Windstream are not limited by any maximum amount and such amounts could be substantial. If we are required to indemnify Windstream under the circumstances set forth in the Tax Matters Agreement, we may also be subject to substantial tax liabilities. In addition, if the Spin-Off or the debt exchanges failed to qualify as tax free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Windstream may incur significant tax liabilities that could materially affect Windstream’s ability to make payments under the Master Lease. Our level of indebtedness could materially and adversely affect our financial position, including reducing funds available for other business purposes and reducing our operational flexibility. As of December 31, 2016, we had outstanding long term indebtedness of approximately $4.2 billion consisting of a combination of senior notes and term loans. Additionally, we have a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $500 million, which was undrawn as of December 31, 2016, provided by a syndicate of banks and other financial institutions. Subject to the restrictions set forth in our debt agreements, our board of directors may establish and change our leverage policy at any time without stockholder approval. Any significant additional indebtedness could require a substantial portion of our cash flow to make interest and principal payments due on our indebtedness. Greater demands on our cash resources may reduce funds available to us to pay dividends, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, or carry out other aspects of our business strategy. Increased indebtedness can also limit our ability to adjust rapidly to changing market conditions, make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and create competitive disadvantages for us compared to other companies with relatively lower debt levels. Increased future debt service obligations may limit our operational flexibility, including our ability to acquire assets, finance or refinance our assets or sell assets as needed. 14 Covenants in our debt agreements may limit our operational flexibility, and a covenant breach or default could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. The agreements governing our indebtedness, including the indentures and our senior secured credit facilities, contain customary covenants, which may limit our operational flexibility. The indentures have terms customary for high yield senior notes, including covenants relating to debt incurrence, liens, restricted payments, asset sales, transactions with affiliates, and mergers, acquisitions or sales of all or substantially all of our assets, and customary provisions regarding optional redemption and events of default. Our credit agreement contains customary covenants that, among other things, require us to maintain our REIT status and restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to grant liens on assets, incur indebtedness, sell assets, make investments, engage in acquisitions, mergers or consolidations and pay certain dividends and other restricted payments. The credit agreement also contains customary events of default and requires us to comply with specified financial maintenance covenants. Breaches of certain covenants may result in defaults and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness, even if we satisfy our payment obligations to the respective obligee. In addition, defaults under the Master Lease, including defaults associated with the bankruptcy of the tenant or the termination of the Master Lease, may result in cross-defaults under certain of our indebtedness. Covenants that limit our operational flexibility, as well as covenant breaches or defaults under our debt instruments, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations, or our ability to incur additional indebtedness or refinance existing indebtedness. We intend to pursue acquisitions of additional properties and seek other strategic opportunities, which may result in the use of a significant amount of management resources or significant costs, and we may not fully realize the potential benefits of such transactions. We intend to pursue acquisitions of additional properties and seek acquisitions and other strategic opportunities. Accordingly, we currently are, and expect in the future to be, engaged in evaluating potential transactions and other strategic alternatives. In addition, from time to time, we may engage in discussions that may result in one or more transactions. Consistent with our strategy, we are currently pursuing a number of opportunities to grow our business through acquisitions that are complementary to our current platform. Although there is uncertainty that any of these discussions will result in definitive agreements or the completion of any transaction, we may devote a significant amount of our management resources to such a transaction, which could negatively impact our operations. We may incur significant costs in connection with seeking acquisitions or other strategic opportunities regardless of whether the transaction is completed. In the event that we consummate an acquisition or strategic alternative in the future, there is no assurance that we would fully realize the potential benefits of such a transaction. Integration may be difficult and unpredictable, and acquisition-related integration costs, including certain non- recurring charges, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, integrating assets and businesses may significantly burden management and internal resources, including the potential loss or unavailability of key personnel. If we fail to successfully integrate the assets and businesses we acquire, we may not fully realize the potential benefits we expect, and our operating results could be adversely affected. Risks Related to the Status of CS&L as a REIT If we do not qualify as a REIT, or fail to remain qualified as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax as a regular corporation and could face a substantial tax liability, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders and to service debt. We operate as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We received an opinion of tax counsel to Windstream with respect to our qualification as a REIT in connection with the Spin-Off. Investors should be aware, however, that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS or any court. The opinion of tax counsel represents only the view of such counsel based on its review and analysis of existing law and on certain representations as to factual matters and covenants made by us, including representations relating to the values of our assets and the sources of our income. The opinion was expressed only as of the date issued. Tax counsel has no obligation to advise us or the holders of our stock of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed or of any subsequent change in applicable law. Furthermore, both the validity of the opinion of tax counsel and our qualification as a 15 REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis, the results of which will not be monitored by tax counsel. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we may not obtain independent appraisals. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of our common stock and to service debt. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from reelecting to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Code. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT may depend in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including legislative actions adverse to REITs. Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us. The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”). Changes to the tax laws affecting REITs or TRSs, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect our stockholders or us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our stockholders or us. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that new legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions will not significantly affect our ability to remain qualified as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, the determination of the amount of REIT taxable income or the amount of tax paid by the TRSs. We could fail to qualify as a REIT if income we receive from Windstream is not treated as qualifying income. Under applicable provisions of the Code, we will not be treated as a REIT unless we satisfy various requirements, including requirements relating to the sources of our gross income. Rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of these requirements if the Master Lease is not respected as a true lease for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is instead treated as a service contract, joint venture or some other type of arrangement. If the Master Lease is not respected as a true lease for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements if we or a beneficial or constructive owner of 10% or more of our stock beneficially or constructively owns 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of Windstream Holdings stock entitled to vote or 10% or more of the total value of all classes of Windstream Holdings stock. Our charter provides for restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares of stock, including restrictions on such ownership or transfer that would cause the rents received or accrued by us from Windstream to be treated as non-qualifying rent for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that such restrictions will be effective in ensuring that rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of REIT qualification requirements. REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan. We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, in order for us to qualify as a REIT (assuming that certain other requirements are also satisfied) so that U.S. federal corporate income tax does not apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement and qualify for taxation as a REIT but 16 distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed net taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified for REITs under U.S. federal income tax laws. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code. Our FFO is currently generated primarily by rents paid under the Master Lease. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our cash flow as a result of differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell assets at disadvantageous prices or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions in order to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax, including the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and decrease cash available to service debt. Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow. Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. For example, we hold some of our assets and conduct certain of our activities through a TRS that is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate-level income taxes as a regular C corporation. In addition, we may incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS if they are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Any of these taxes could decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders and servicing our debt. Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive acquisition opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must ensure that, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and “real estate assets” (as defined in the Code). The remainder of our investments (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a TRS) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our total assets (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a TRS) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets (or 20% after December 31, 2017) can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs, and for taxable years starting after December 31, 2015, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments (as defined in the Code). If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result of such asset limitations, we may be required to liquidate or forego otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders and servicing our debt. In addition to the asset tests set forth above, to qualify as a REIT we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source-of-income or asset-diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments. Risks Related to our Business We are dependent on the communications industry and may be susceptible to the risks associated with it, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. 17 As the owner, lessor and provider of communications services and distribution systems serving the communications industry, we are impacted by the risks associated with the communications industry. Therefore, our success is to some degree dependent on the communications industry, which could be adversely affected by economic conditions in general, changes in consumer trends and preferences, changes in communications technology and other factors over which we and our tenants have no control. As we are subject to risks inherent in substantial investments in a single industry, a decrease in the communications business would likely have an adverse effect on our revenues. Our business is subject to government regulations and changes in current or future laws or regulations could restrict our ability to operate our business in the manner currently contemplated. Our business, and that of our tenants, is subject to federal, state, local and foreign regulation. In certain jurisdictions these regulations could be applied or enforced retroactively. Local zoning authorities and community organizations are often opposed to construction in their communities and these regulations can delay, prevent or increase the cost of new distribution system construction and modifications, thereby limiting our ability to respond to customer demands and requirements. Existing regulatory policies may materially and adversely affect the associated timing or cost of such projects and additional regulations may be adopted which increase delays or result in additional costs to us, or that prevent such projects in certain locations. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. For more information regarding the regulations we are subject to, please see the section entitled “Business – Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement.” If Uniti Fiber is unable to renew or extend its contracts with significant customers, our results may be adversely affected. Most of Uniti Fiber’s revenues are generated through contracts with customers that must be renewed or extended from time to time. A number of customer contracts are subject to renewal or extension in the near term. If significant customers terminate or do not renew or extend their contracts with Uniti Fiber, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. If we lose any of our significant customers, one of our significant customers reduces its use of our services, or if any of our significant customers negotiates less favorable terms with us, then we will lose revenue, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Revenue from customers that have accounted for significant revenue in past periods, individually or as a group, may not continue, or if continued, may not reach or exceed historical levels in any period. Any failure of Uniti Fiber’s physical infrastructure or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions. Uniti Fiber’s business depends on providing customers with highly reliable service. The services provided are subject to failure resulting from numerous factors, including human error, power loss, improper maintenance, physical or electronic security breaches, fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood and other natural disasters, water damage, the effect of war, terrorism and any related conflicts or similar events worldwide, and sabotage and vandalism. Problems within Uniti Fiber’s networks or facilities, whether within our control or the control of third-party providers, could result in service interruptions or equipment damage. We may not be able to efficiently upgrade or change Uniti Fiber’s networks or facilities to meet new demands without incurring significant costs that we may not be able to pass on to customers. Given the service guarantees that may be included in Uniti Fiber’s agreements with customers, such disruptions could result in customer credits; however, we cannot assume that customers will accept these credits as compensation in the future, and we may face additional liability or loss of customers. Uniti Fiber uses franchises, licenses, permits, rights-of-way, conduit leases, fiber agreements, and property leases, which could be canceled or not renewed. Uniti Fiber must maintain rights-of-way, franchises, and other permits from railroads, utilities, state highway authorities, local governments, transit authorities, and others to operate its fiber network. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining these rights-of-way agreements or obtaining future agreements on acceptable terms. Some of these agreements are short-term or revocable at will, and we cannot assure you that 18 we will continue to have access to existing rights-of-way after they have expired or terminated. If a material portion of these agreements are terminated or are not renewed, we might be forced to abandon these networks. In order to operate these networks, we must also maintain fiber leases and indefeasible right of use (“IRU”) agreements between Uniti Fiber and both public and private entities, and there is no assurance that we will be able to renew those fiber leases and IRU agreements on favorable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew those fiber leases and IRU agreements on favorable terms, we may face increased costs or reduced revenues. In order to expand Uniti Fiber’s network to new locations, we often need to obtain additional rights-of-way, franchises, and other permits. Our failure to obtain these rights in a prompt and cost-effective manner may prevent us from expanding our network, which may be necessary to meet our contractual obligations to our customers and could expose us to liabilities. If we lose or are unable to renew key real property leases where Uniti Fiber has located networks or facilities, it could adversely affect our services and increase our costs, as we would be required to restructure or move these networks or facilities. New technologies or changes in a tenant’s business model could make our business less desirable and result in decreasing revenues. The development and implementation of new technologies designed to enhance the efficiency of communications distribution systems, including lit fiber networks and wireless equipment, or changes in a tenant’s business model due to such technological changes, could reduce the need for our services, decrease demand for tower space or fiber or reduce previously obtainable lease rates for communications infrastructure. In addition, tenants may allocate less of their budgets to certain types of communications infrastructure, as the industry is trending towards deploying increased capital to the development and implementation of new technologies. Further, a tenant may decide to no longer outsource certain types of communications infrastructure or otherwise change its business model, which would result in a decrease in our revenue. The development and implementation of any of these and similar technologies to any significant degree or changes in a tenant’s business model could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Our foreign operations are subject to economic, political and other risks that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our international business operations expose us to potential adverse financial and operational problems not typically experienced in the United States, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) international political, economic and legal conditions; our ability to comply with foreign regulations and/or laws affecting operations and projects; difficulties in attracting and retaining staff and business partners to operate internationally; language and cultural barriers; seasonal reductions in business activities and operations in the countries where our international projects are located; integration of foreign operations; potential adverse tax consequences; and potential foreign currency fluctuations. In addition, many of our tenants in our international operations are subsidiaries of global telecommunications companies. These subsidiaries may not have the explicit or implied financial support of their parent entities. Any of these factors could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our continued operation and expansion outside the United States, including in developing countries, increase the risk of violations of applicable anti-corruption in the future. 19 Our internal policies provide for compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws, but despite our training and compliance programs, we cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures will always protect us from unauthorized, reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, agents or partners. A finding that the Company or its affiliates have violated the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) or similar foreign anti- corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, which could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations. We or our tenants may experience uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in a significant loss of the capital we have invested in a property, decrease anticipated future revenues or cause us to incur unanticipated expenses. The Master Lease requires, and we expect that new lease agreements that we enter into will require, that the tenant maintain comprehensive insurance and hazard insurance or self-insure its insurance obligations. However, there are certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods that may be uninsurable or not economically insurable. Insurance coverage may not be sufficient to pay the full current market value or current replacement cost of a loss. Inflation, changes in ordinances, environmental considerations, and other factors also might make it infeasible to use insurance proceeds to replace the property after such property has been damaged or destroyed. Under such circumstances, the insurance proceeds received might not be adequate to restore the economic position with respect to such property. In addition, even if damage to our properties is covered by insurance, a disruption of business caused by a casualty event may result in loss of revenue for our tenants or us. Any business interruption insurance may not fully compensate them or us for such loss of revenue. If one of our tenants experiences such a loss, it may be unable to satisfy its payment obligations to us under its lease with us. We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business. We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of our business processes, including financial transactions and maintenance of records. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing confidential information. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of the data maintained in our information systems, it is possible that our security measures will not be able to prevent the systems’ improper functioning, or the improper disclosure of information in the event of cyber- attacks. Physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar security breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could materially and adversely affect us. Risks Related to Our Common Stock We cannot assure you of our ability to pay dividends in the future. It is expected that our dividend will be $2.40 per share per annum, subject to approval of our board of directors. The qualify as a REIT, the annual dividend must not be less than 90% of our REIT taxable income on an annual basis, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors herein. Dividends will be authorized by our board of directors and declared by us based upon a number of factors, including actual results of operations, restrictions under Maryland law or applicable debt covenants, our financial condition, our taxable income, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, our operating expenses and other factors our directors deem relevant. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash dividends or year-to-year increases in cash dividends in the future. Furthermore, while we are required to pay dividends in order to maintain our REIT status (as described above under “Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT- REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan”), we may elect not to maintain our REIT status, in which case we would no longer be required to 20 pay such dividends. Moreover, even if we do maintain our REIT status, after completing various procedural steps, we may elect to comply with the applicable distribution requirements by distributing, under certain circumstances, shares of our common stock in lieu of cash. If we elect not to maintain our REIT status or to satisfy any required distributions in shares of common stock in lieu of cash, such action could negatively affect our business and financial condition as well as the market price of our common stock. No assurance can be given that we will pay any dividends on shares of our common stock in the future. Our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of our outstanding stock, which may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or change of control of our company. In order for us to qualify as a REIT, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year after the first year for which we elect to be taxed and qualify as a REIT. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year (other than the first taxable year for which we elect to be taxed and qualify as a REIT). Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary or advisable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Our charter also provides that, unless exempted by the board of directors, no person may own more than 9.8% in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes and series of our stock. The constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause shares of stock owned directly or constructively by a group of related individuals or entities to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. These ownership limits could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us that might involve a premium price for shares of our stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. The acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding stock by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of 9.8% in value of our outstanding stock, and thus violate our charter’s ownership limit. Our charter also prohibits any person from owning shares of our stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, our charter provides that (i) no person shall beneficially own shares of stock to the extent such beneficial ownership of stock would result in us failing to qualify as a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity” within the meaning of Section 897(h) of the Code, and (ii) no person shall beneficially or constructively own shares of stock to the extent such beneficial or constructive ownership would cause us to own, beneficially or constructively, more than a 9.9% interest (as set forth in Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code) in a tenant of our real property. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the transfer being automatically void. Maryland law and provisions in our charter and bylaws may delay or prevent takeover attempts by third parties and therefore inhibit our stockholders from realizing a premium on their stock. Our charter and bylaws contain, and Maryland law contains, provisions that are intended to deter coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, rather than to attempt a hostile takeover. Our charter and bylaws, among other things, (1) contain transfer and ownership restrictions on the percentage by number and value of outstanding shares of our stock that may be owned or acquired by any stockholder; (2) provide that stockholders are not allowed to act by written consent; (3) permit the board of directors, without further action of the stockholders, to increase or decrease the authorized number of shares and to issue and fix the terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock, which may have rights senior to those of the common stock; (4) permit only the board of directors to amend the bylaws; (5) establish certain advance notice procedures for stockholder proposals and director nominations; and (6) designate the Maryland courts as the exclusive forum for resolving certain claims. We believe these provisions protect our stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in our best interests. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors. 21 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None Item 2. Properties. CS&L and its subsidiaries own approximately 88,100 fiber network route miles, representing approximately 4.2 million fiber strand miles, approximately 231,900 route miles of copper cable lines, central office land and buildings across 32 states and beneficial rights to permits, pole agreements and easements. Below is a geographic distribution summary of our fiber and copper mileage and wireless communication towers as of December 31, 2016: Network Properties Location GA TX IA KY NC AR OH OK FL MO NM IL PA MS AL IN VA MI WI NY NE Other(1)(cid:3) Fiber Route Miles 15,100 9,200 8,600 7,400 4,200 2,900 3,200 1,600 3,600 1,300 900 5,800 5,700 2,400 1,200 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,100 1,500 — 4,200 88,100 Copper Route Miles Total Route Miles Towers 45,200 39,700 32,700 31,600 18,600 12,900 10,800 12,200 8,400 10,700 5,200 — — 1,500 2,400 — — — — — — — 231,900 60,300 (cid:3)(cid:3) 48,900 (cid:3)(cid:3) 41,300 (cid:3)(cid:3) 39,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) 22,800 (cid:3)(cid:3) 15,800 (cid:3)(cid:3) 14,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) 13,800 (cid:3)(cid:3) 12,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) 12,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) 6,100 (cid:3)(cid:3) 5,800 (cid:3)(cid:3) 5,700 (cid:3)(cid:3) 3,900 (cid:3)(cid:3) 3,600 (cid:3)(cid:3) 2,600 (cid:3)(cid:3) 2,400 (cid:3)(cid:3) 2,200 (cid:3)(cid:3) 2,100 (cid:3)(cid:3) 1,500 (cid:3)(cid:3) — (cid:3)(cid:3) 4,200 (cid:3)(cid:3) 320,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) 3 21 — 2 2 1 1 3 — 1 25 — 3 — — — — — — 1 13 26 102 (1) Includes 11 states and Mexico. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to claims and administrative proceedings, none of which we believe are material or would be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us (including our subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees and agents and certain other related parties) for any liability arising from or relating to legal proceedings involving Windstream's telecommunications business prior to the Spin-Off, and, pursuant to the Master Lease, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us for, among other things, any use, misuse, maintenance or repair by Windstream with respect to the Distribution Systems. Windstream is currently a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings, including various claims arising in the ordinary course of its telecommunications business, which are subject to the indemnities provided by Windstream to us. While these 22 actions and proceedings are not believed to be material, individually or in the aggregate, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted. The resolution of any such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on Windstream's business, financial position or results of operations, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations if Windstream is unable to meet their indemnification obligations. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. None 23 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CSAL.” In connection with the name change, on February 27, 2017, the Company’s common stock will commence trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “UNIT” and will cease trading under the symbol “CSAL.” It has been our policy to declare quarterly dividends to common shareholders so as to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code governing REITs. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market since our common stock commenced trading on April 20, 2015, and the cash dividends declared per common share: 2016 Quarter ended March 31 Quarter ended June 30 Quarter ended September 30 Quarter ended December 31 (cid:3)(cid:3) 2015 Quarter ended March 31 Quarter ended June 30 Quarter ended September 30 Quarter ended December 31 (cid:3)(cid:3) High $ 22.91 $ 29.57 $ 32.73 $ 31.54 Low $ 15.13 $ $ 21.63 $ $ 28.71 $ $ 22.50 $ Per Share Declared 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 High Low Per Share Declared * $ 34.63 $ 24.83 $ 20.93 * * $ 24.39 $ 0.4418 0.60 $ 17.50 $ 0.60 $ 16.96 $ (1 ) * Information not applicable for periods presented or any prior periods (1) Per share distribution represents a pro-rata quarterly distribution of $0.60 based upon the date of the Spin-Off, which was April 24, 2015. Holders As of February 15, 2017, the closing price of our common stock was $26.39 per share as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. As of February 15, 2017, we had 155,785,924 outstanding shares of common stock, 23,711 record holders and approximately 190,126 beneficial owners of our common stock. Dividends (Distributions) Distributions with respect to our common stock is characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gains dividends, non-dividend distribution or a combination thereof. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 our common stock distribution per share was $2.40 and $1.04, respectively, characterized as follows: (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) Ordinary dividends Non-dividend distributions Total Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from 1.31 $ 1.09 2.40 $ April 24 - December 31, 2015 0.87 0.17 1.04 $ $ It is expected that our dividend will be $2.40 per share per annum, subject to approval of our board of directors. 24 Stock Performance The following graph shows a comparison from April 20, 2015 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market) through December 31, 2016 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Standard & Poor's 400 Stock Index (S&P 400 Index), and the MSCI US REIT Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market open on April 20, 2015 and that all dividends were reinvested in the common stock of CS&L, the S&P 400 Index and the MSCI US REIT Index. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. Comparison of Quarterly Cumulative Total Return Assumes Initial Investment of $100 December 2016 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 4/20/2015 6/30/2015 9/30/2015 12/31/2015 3/31/2016 6/30/2016 9/30/2016 12/31/2016 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. S&P 400 Index - Total Returns MSCI US REIT INDEX Cumulative Total Stockholder Returns Based on Investment of $100.00 Beginning on April 20, 2015 Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. S&P 400 Index MSCI US REIT Index Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 4/20/2015 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 107.65 $ 100.00 $ 111.76 100.00 109.46 100.00 72.33 $ 92.56 100.78 The table below provides information regarding shares withheld from CS&L employees to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of restricted stock granted under the Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. The shares of common stock withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations may be deemed purchases of such shares required to be disclosed pursuant to this Item 5. Period October 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016 November 1, 2016 to November 30, 2016 December 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 Total Average Price Paid per Share(2) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 31.41 - — 31.41 — — — — — — — — Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) 164 — — 164 $ (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) 25 (1) Excludes 7,656 shares withheld related to awards of CS&L restricted stock held by current Windstream employees granted in connection with the Spin-Off accordance with the Employee Matters Agreement. Additional information regarding the Employee Matters Agreement is contained in Note 11 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (2) The weighted-average price per share is the weighted-average of the fair market prices at which we calculated the number of shares withheld to cover tax withholdings for the employees. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. The following table sets forth selected financial data for CS&L on a consolidated and combined historical basis as of the dates and for the years indicated. Prior to April 24, 2015, we did not operate the Consumer CLEC Business separately from Windstream, nor did we commence our leasing business. The selected historical financial data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for the period from January 1, 2015 to April 24, 2015 and the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 has been derived from the audited financial statements of the Consumer CLEC Business and Distribution Systems. The following should be read in conjunction with the combined financial statements, accompanying notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, each of which are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. (Thousands, except per share data) Statement of Income Data: Total revenue(1)(cid:3) Interest expense Net (loss) income applicate to common shareholders (Loss) earnings per common share - basic (Loss) earnings per common share - diluted Balance Sheet Data: Total assets(2)(cid:3) Notes and other debt(3)(cid:3) Total shareholders' (deficit) equity(4)(cid:3) Other Data: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Dividends paid Dividends declared per common share Funds from operations ("FFO")(5)(cid:3) Diluted FFO per common share Adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO")(5) Diluted AFFO per common share Year Ended December 31, 2016 (cid:3) April 24 - December 31, 2015 January 1 - April 24, 2015 $ 770,408 $ 275,394 476,314 $ 10,149 $ 181,797 * (5,497) (0.04) (0.04) 23,718 0.16 0.16 * * * Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 36,015 $ * * * * 45,126 $63,478 * * * * * * * * $ 3,318,752 $ 2,542,636 4,082,749 3,505,228 (1,402,445) (1,166,906) * $2,588,450 $ 2,704,882 $29,444 * * * * * * 2,580,565 2,695,223 $ 293,208 375,988 $ (535,231) (1,079,442) 928,714 188,766 156,854 367,830 1.64 2.40 259,829 346,051 1.73 2.27 267,077 398,537 1.78 2.61 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Information not applicable for periods presented (1) For periods prior to April 24, 2015, amounts represent revenues of the Consumer CLEC Business as an integrated operation within Windstream. (2) As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 amounts represent the combined assets of the Consumer CLEC Business and the Distribution Systems. For the year ended December 31, 2012, amount represents only the Consumer CLEC Business. (3) As of December 31, 2016, amount includes $54.5 million of capital lease obligations. 26 (4) As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 amounts include the net assets contributed of the Consumer CLEC (5) Business and the Distribution Systems. For a more detailed discussion and reconciliation of FFO and AFFO, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in Item 7. 27 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations describes the principal factors affecting the results of our operations, financial condition, and changes in financial condition, as well as our critical accounting estimates. Because we were formed in connection with the Spin-Off from Windstream Holdings on April 24, 2015, the comparable period results discussed in this section cover only the 252- day period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. As such, there are inherent limitations to period over period comparability. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying audited financial statements, and the notes thereto set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview Company Description On April 24, 2015, CS&L completed the Spin-Off from Windstream pursuant to which Windstream contributed the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business to CS&L and CS&L issued common stock and indebtedness and paid cash obtained from borrowings under CS&L's senior credit facilities to Windstream. In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into the Master Lease with Windstream, pursuant to which a substantial portion of our real property is leased to Windstream and from which a substantial portion of our revenues are currently derived. We are an independent, internally managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We are principally focused on acquiring and constructing fiber optic broadband networks, wireless communications towers, copper and coaxial broadband networks and data centers. Our goal is to grow and diversify our company by pursuing a range of transaction structures with communication service providers as discussed further in Part I, Item 1 “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on income generated by its REIT operations, which includes income derived from the Master Lease. We have elected to treat the subsidiaries through which we operate our fiber business (“Uniti Fiber”) and the Consumer CLEC Business (“Talk America”) as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs enable us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. During 2016, we managed our operations as three reportable business segments: Leasing, Fiber Infrastructure and Consumer CLEC. Our Leasing segment represents our REIT operations, including the results of our leasing programs (“Uniti Leasing”) and our tower operations (“Uniti Towers”), and corporate expenses not directly attributable to other operating segments. The Fiber Infrastructure segment represents the operations of the Uniti Fiber business, as well as corporate expenses directly attributable to the operations of that business, and the Consumer CLEC segment represents the operations of Talk America and corporate expenses directly attributable to the operation of that business. We evaluate the performance of each segment based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a segment performance measure defined as net income determined in accordance with GAAP, before interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of transaction and integration related expenses, the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs, costs incurred as a result of the early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments, and other similar items. For more information on Adjusted EBITDA, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” Detailed information about our segments can be found in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Effective in the first quarter of 2017, following the acquisition of NMS, we commenced managing and reporting our operations in four reportable business segment: Leasing, Fiber Infrastructure, Towers and Consumer CLEC. Our Leasing segment includes Uniti Leasing, Fiber Infrastructure includes Uniti Fiber, Towers includes Uniti Towers and our ground lease investments, and Consumer CLEC includes Talk America. This change in segments aligns with how management, including our Chief Executive Officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, evaluates the performance of our businesses and make decisions regarding the allocation of resources. We will recast prior period segment data to conform to this new presentation beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. 28 Significant Business Developments Acquisition of NMS. On January 31, 2017, we completed the previously announced acquisition of Network Management Holdings LTD (‘‘NMS’’). At close, NMS owns and operates 366 wireless communications towers in Latin America with an additional 105 build to suit tower sites under development. The NMS portfolio spans three Latin America countries with 212 towers in Mexico, 54 in Nicaragua, and 100 in Colombia. The consideration for the 366 wireless towers currently in operation was $62.6 million, which was funded through cash on hand. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, we will acquire the towers under development when construction is completed. Following the close of the NMS transaction, the Uniti Towers portfolio consists of consists of 468 wireless communication towers. Issuance of Senior Unsecured Notes. On December 15, 2016, we, along with our wholly-owned subsidiary CSL Capital, LLC (“CSL Capital”), co-issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 7.125% Senior Unsecured Notes due December 15, 2024 (“the 2024 Notes”). The 2024 Notes were issued at an issue price of 100% of par value, and are guaranteed by each of CS&L’s wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantee indebtedness under CS&L’s senior credit facilities. A portion of the proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Notes were used to repay existing borrowings under the $500 million revolving credit facility that matures on April 24, 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) under the credit agreement entered into by the Company and CSL Capital on April 24, 2015 (the “Credit Agreement”), and the remaining proceeds were retained for general corporate purposes. Acquisition of Tower Cloud, Inc. On August 31, 2016, we completed the previously announced acquisition of Tower Cloud, Inc. The consideration for all outstanding equity interests was valued at $345 million, and included $187.7 million in cash and the issuance of 1.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock with an acquisition date fair value of $58.5 million. Additional contingent consideration of up to $130 million, with an acquisition date fair value of $98.6 million, will be paid upon the achievement of certain defined operational and financial milestones. Tower Cloud provides data transport services, with particular focus on providing infrastructure solutions to the wireless and enterprise sectors, including fiber-to-the-tower backhaul, small cell networks, and dark fiber deployments. At acquisition, Tower Cloud’s network consisted of approximately 90,000 fiber strand miles in service across the southeastern United States, with 181,000 fiber strand miles awarded for future deployment for major wireless carriers. We funded the cash portion of the transaction through cash on hand and $150 million of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. This transaction compliments our diversification strategy, expands our national wireless carrier relationships, and will accelerate our small cell and dark fiber businesses. Following the close of the transaction, the Tower Cloud and PEG Bandwidth businesses were combined into a unified fiber infrastructure organization, Uniti Fiber. During January 2017, we paid contingent consideration payments of $18.8 million for the achievement of certain milestones in accordance with the Tower Cloud merger agreement. Windstream’s Disposition of Retained Interest in CS&L. On June 15, 2016, Windstream Holdings disposed of 14.7 million shares of our common stock, representing approximately half of its retained ownership interest, to certain creditors of Windstream in exchange for satisfaction of certain Windstream debt. Citigroup Global Markets Inc. (“Citigroup”) then acquired such shares from the creditors and sold the shares to institutional accredited investors, including funds managed by Searchlight Capital Partners, L.P. (“Searchlight”). The Company did not receive any proceeds resulting from the disposition of these shares. In connection with the transaction, Searchlight, as the lead private investor of 10 million shares of our common stock, was offered by CS&L the right to designate one member to the Company’s board of directors, provided such designee is reasonably acceptable to the Company, as noted above. The designation right will terminate if Searchlight’s ownership drops below 5% prior to June 15, 2019 or below 8% thereafter. On June 24, 2016, Windstream Holdings disposed of its remaining 14.7 million shares of our common stock as part of a public offering (the “Resale Offering”). The Company did not receive any proceeds resulting from the disposition of these shares. In connection with the Resale Offering, we issued 2.2 million additional shares of our common stock pursuant to an overallotment option granted to the underwriters. The shares were sold at a public offering price of $26.01, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $54.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, which were used to repay existing borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. 29 Issuance of Senior Secured Notes. On June 9, 2016, we, along with our wholly-owned subsidiary CSL Capital, co- issued $150 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes as an add-on to the Company’s existing Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023, which are referred to herein as add-on Notes. The add-on Notes were issued at an issue price of 99.25%, are subject to the same customary covenant requirements as the existing Senior Secured Notes, and are guaranteed by each of CS&L’s wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantee indebtedness under CS&L’s senior credit facilities. The issuance of the add-on Notes was not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), but was exempt from registration under Securities Act pursuant to Rule 144A, Regulation S and other applicable exemptions of the Securities Act. Proceeds from the issuance of the add-on Notes, together with cash on hand, were used to re-pay existing borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Acquisition of PEG Bandwidth, LLC. On May 2, 2016, we completed the previously announced acquisition of PEG Bandwidth. The purchase price for all outstanding equity interests was valued at $424 million, and included $322.5 million of cash, issuance of one million shares of the Company’s common stock, and the issuance of 87,500 shares of the Company’s 3% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. PEG Bandwidth is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions, including cell site backhaul and dark fiber, to the telecommunications industry, and has an extensive fiber network consisting of over 300,000 strand miles in the Northeast/Mid Atlantic and South Central regions of the United States and the State of Illinois. We funded the cash portion of the transaction through cash on hand and $321 million of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2016 to the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 The following tables sets forth, for the periods indicated, our results of operations expressed as dollars and as a percentage of total revenues: Year Ended December 31, 2016 % of Revenues Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 (cid:3) % of Revenues (Thousands) Revenues: Leasing Fiber Infrastructure Consumer CLEC Total revenues Costs and Expenses: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expense Operating expense Transaction related costs Total costs and expenses Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net (loss) income Participating securities' share in earnings Dividends declared on convertible preferred stock Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Net (loss) income applicable to common shareholders $ $ 677,368 87.9% $ 70,568 9.2% 22,472 2.9% 770,408 100.0% 275,394 35.7% 375,970 48.8% 35,402 4.6% 49,668 6.4% 33,669 4.4% 770,103 100.0% 305 0.0% 517 0.1% (212) (0.0%) (1,557) (0.2%) (1,743) (0.2%) 458,614 96.3% - 0.0% 17,700 3.7% 476,314 100.0% 181,797 38.2% 238,748 50.1% 11,208 2.4% 13,743 2.9% 5,210 1.1% 450,706 94.6% 25,608 5.4% 738 0.2% 24,870 5.2% (1,152) (0.2%) - 0.0% (1,985) (0.3%) (5,497) (0.7%) $ - 0.0% 23,718 5.0% Revenues Leasing – Lease revenues are primarily attributable to rental revenue from leasing our Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease. Under the Master Lease, Windstream Holdings is responsible for the costs related to operating the Distribution Systems, including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance and repair costs. As a result, we do not record an obligation related to the payment of property taxes, as Windstream 30 makes direct payments to the taxing authorities. The Master Lease has an initial term of 15 years with four five-year renewal options and encompasses properties located in 29 states. Rent under the Master Lease is an annual fixed amount of $650 million during the first three years. Commencing with the fourth year of the Master Lease and continuing for the remainder of the initial term, rent under the Master Lease is subject to an annual escalation of 0.5%. Additionally, we funded $43.1 million of capital expenditures related to the Distribution System on December 29, 2015. Monthly rent paid by Windstream increased by approximately $3.5 million per year in accordance with the Master Lease effective as of the date we provided the funding. Rental revenues over the initial term of the Master Lease are recognized in the financial statements on a straight line basis, representing approximately $670.7 million per year. The Master Lease provides that tenant funded capital improvements (“TCIs”), defined as maintenance, repair, overbuild, upgrade or replacement to leased network, including without limitation, the replacement of copper distribution systems with fiber distribution systems, automatically become property of CS&L upon their construction by Windstream. We receive non-monetary consideration related to TCIs as they automatically become our property, and we recognize the cost basis of TCIs that are capital in nature as real estate investments and deferred revenue. We depreciate the real estate investments over their estimated useful lives and amortize the deferred revenue as additional leasing revenues over the same depreciable life of the TCI assets. During the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, we recorded $157.0 million and $68.6 million of TCIs, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized $677.4 million of revenue under the Master Lease, which included $6.1 million of TCI revenue. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $458.6 million of revenue under the Master Lease, which includes $0.8 million of TCI revenue. The increase is primarily attributable to a full year of revenue during 2016 as compared to 252 days of revenue during the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Because a substantial portion of our revenue is derived from lease payments by Windstream pursuant to the Master Lease, there could be a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, liquidity and/or financial condition if Windstream experiences operating difficulties and becomes unable to generate sufficient cash to make payments to us under the Master Lease. In recent years, Windstream has experienced annual declines in its total revenue and sales. Accordingly, we monitor the credit quality of Windstream through numerous methods, including by (i) reviewing the credit ratings of Windstream by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, (ii) reviewing the financial statements of Windstream that are publicly available and that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the Master Lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding Windstream and its businesses, (iv) conducting research to ascertain industry trends potentially affecting Windstream, and (v) monitoring the timeliness of its lease payments. In addition to periodic financial statements, Windstream is obligated under the Master Lease to provide us (i) a detailed consolidated budget on an annual basis and any significant revisions approved by Windstream’s board of directors, (ii) prompt notice of any adverse action or investigation by a governmental authority relating to Windstream’s licenses affecting the leased property, and (iii) any information we require to comply with our reporting and filing obligations with the SEC. Furthermore, pursuant to the Master Lease, we may inspect the properties leased to Windstream upon reasonable advance notice, and, no more than twice per year, we may require Windstream to deliver an officer’s certificate certifying, among other things, its material compliance with the covenants under the Master Lease, the amount of rent and additional charges payable thereunder, the dates the same were paid, and any other questions or statements of fact we reasonably request. Fiber Infrastructure – We recognized $70.6 million of revenue, approximately 78% of which was derived from lit backhaul services, from our Fiber Infrastructure segment for the year ended December 31, 2016. This revenue was derived from the newly acquired PEG Bandwidth and Tower Cloud businesses. Revenues related to the PEG Bandwidth acquisition have been included in our results of operations for the period from May 2, 2016 to December 31, 2016 and revenues related to the Tower Cloud acquisition have been included in our results of operations for the period from September 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2016, we had approximately 5,450 customer connections. Consumer CLEC – For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized $22.5 million of revenue from the Consumer CLEC Business, compared to $17.7 million for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. 31 The increase is primarily attributable to a full year of revenue during 2016 as compared to 252 days of revenue during the prior year period. We served approximately 37,000 customers as of December 31, 2016, a 19.6% decrease from 46,000 at December 31, 2015. The decrease in customers is due to the effects of competition and customer attrition. The increase in the performance of our Leasing and Consumer CLEC segments for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the period from April 24 to December 31, 2015, is primarily attributable to the impact of a full four quarters of activity in 2016, while there was only 252 days of activity in 2015. Interest Expense Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled $275.4 million (35.7% of revenue), which included non-cash interest expense of $16.0 million resulting from the amortization of our debt discounts and debt issuance costs. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred $4.1 million in interest expense related to our previously undrawn Revolving Credit Facility, $4.9 million related to the $150 million of newly issued add-on Notes and $1.2 million in interest expense related to the 2024 Notes. Interest expense for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 totaled $181.8 million, which included non-cash interest expense of $10.0 million resulting from the amortization of our debt discounts and debt issuance costs. Depreciation and Amortization Expense We incur depreciation and amortization expense related to our property, plant and equipment, corporate assets and intangible assets. Charges for depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled $376.0 million (48.8% of revenue), which included property, plant and equipment depreciation of $369.9 million and intangible asset amortization of $6.1 million. Charges for depreciation and amortization for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 totaled $238.7 million (50.1% of revenue), which included real estate investment depreciation of $235.9 million, corporate asset depreciation of $0.2 million and intangible asset amortization of $2.6 million. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expenses include compensation costs (including stock-based compensation awards), professional and legal services, corporate office costs and other costs associated with administrative activities. For the year ended December 31, 2016, general and administrative costs totaled $35.4 million (4.6% of revenue), which included $4.8 million of stock-based compensation expense. For the year ended December 31, 2016, our general and administrative expenses included $13.1 million (1.7% of revenue) of expense related to the newly acquired PEG Bandwidth and Tower Cloud businesses. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, general and administrative costs totaled $11.2 million (representing 2.4 % of revenue), which includes $1.9 million of stock-based compensation expense. Operating Expense Operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled $49.7 million (6.4% of revenue), which consists of $17.4 million (2.3% of revenue) of expense related to the operation of the Consumer CLEC Business and $32.1 million (4.2% of revenue) of expense related to the newly acquired PEG Bandwidth and Tower Cloud businesses. For the year ended December 31, 2016, Fiber Infrastructure operating expenses include $7 million of tower rent, $5.3 million of payroll related expense, and $4.3 million of lit service expense. Operating expense for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 totaled $13.7 million (2.9% of revenue), which consist primarily of expenses related to the operation of the Consumer CLEC Business. 32 Reportable Segments The following sets forth, for the year ended December 31, 2016, revenues and Adjusted EBITDA of our reportable segments: (cid:3) (Thousands) Revenues Adjusted EBITDA Less: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization Transaction related costs Stock-based compensation Income tax expense Net loss Year Ended December 31, 2016 Leasing (cid:3) Infrastructure (cid:3) Consumer CLEC (cid:3)(cid:3) Fiber Subtotal of Reportable Segments 677,368 $ 70,568 $ 22,472 $ 770,408 659,198 $ 25,912 $ 5,074 $ 690,184 (cid:3) $ $ 344,083 28,629 3,258 $ 275,394 375,970 33,669 4,846 517 (212) The following table sets forth, for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, revenues and Adjusted EBITDA of our reportable segments: (cid:3) (Thousands) Revenues Adjusted EBITDA Less: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization Transaction related costs Stock-based compensation Income tax expense Net income Non-GAAP Financial Measures Period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 Leasing (cid:3) Consumer CLEC (cid:3)(cid:3) Subtotal of Reportable Segments 458,614 $ 17,700 $ 476,314 449,340 $ 3,957 $ 453,297 (cid:3) $ $ 236,177 2,571 $ 181,797 238,748 5,210 1,934 738 24,870 We refer to EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Funds From Operations (“FFO”) as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), Normalized Funds From Operations (“NFFO”) and Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) in our analysis of our results of operations, which are not required by, or presented in accordance with, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). While we believe that net income, as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measure, we also believe that EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, FFO, NFFO and AFFO are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT. We define “EBITDA” as net income, as defined by GAAP, before interest expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization. We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as EBITDA before stock-based compensation expense and the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of transaction and integration related costs, the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs, costs incurred as a result of the early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments, and other similar items. We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are important supplemental measures to net income because they provide additional information to evaluate our operating performance on an unleveraged basis. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA is calculated similar to defined terms in our material debt agreements used to determine compliance with specific financial 33 covenants. Since EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered as alternatives to net income determined in accordance with GAAP. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires the recognition of depreciation expense except on land, such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. However, since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market and other conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that uses historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. Thus, NAREIT created FFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs that excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, among other items, from net income, as defined by GAAP. FFO is defined by NAREIT as net income applicable to common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from real estate dispositions, plus real estate depreciation and amortization and impairment charges. We compute FFO in accordance with NAREIT’s definition. The Company defines NFFO, as FFO excluding the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of transaction and integration related costs. The Company defines AFFO, as NFFO excluding (i) non-cash revenues and expenses such as stock-based compensation expense, amortization of debt and equity discounts, amortization of deferred financing costs, depreciation and amortization of non-real estate assets, straight line revenues, revenue associated with the amortization of TCIs and (ii) the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of maintenance capital expenditures, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees, additional costs incurred as a result of early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments and similar items. We believe that the use of FFO, NFFO and AFFO, and their respective per share amounts, combined with the required GAAP presentations, improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among investors and analysts, and makes comparisons of operating results among such companies more meaningful. We consider FFO, NFFO and AFFO to be useful measures for reviewing comparative operating performance. In particular, we believe AFFO, by excluding certain revenue and expense items, can help investors compare our operating performance between periods and to other REITs on a consistent basis without having to account for differences caused by unanticipated items and events, such as transaction and integration related costs. The Company uses FFO, NFFO and AFFO, and their respective per share amounts, only as performance measures, and FFO, NFFO and AFFO do not purport to be indicative of cash available to fund our future cash requirements. While FFO, NFFO and AFFO are relevant and widely used measures of operating performance of REITs, they do not represent cash flows from operations or net income as defined by GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to those measures in evaluating our liquidity or operating performance. Further, our computations of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, FFO, NFFO and AFFO may not be comparable to that reported by other REITs or companies that do not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition or define EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, NFFO and AFFO differently than we do. The reconciliation of our net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA and of our net income applicable to common shareholders to FFO, NFFO and AFFO for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 is as follows: (Thousands) Net (loss) income Depreciation and amortization Interest expense Income tax expense EBITDA Stock based compensation Transaction related costs Adjusted EBITDA $ $ $ 34 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from (212) $ 375,970 275,394 517 651,669 $ 4,846 33,669 690,184 $ April 24 - December 31, 2015 24,870 238,748 181,797 738 446,153 1,934 5,210 453,297 (Thousands) Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders $ Real estate depreciation and amortization Participating securities' share in earnings Participating securities' share in FFO FFO applicable to common shareholders Transaction related costs NFFO applicable to common shareholders Amortization of deferred financing costs Amortization of debt discount Stock-based compensation Non-real estate depreciation and amortization Straight-line revenue Maintenance capital expenditures Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Other non-cash (revenue) expense, net AFFO applicable to common shareholders $ Critical Accounting Estimates Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from (5,497) $ April 24 - December 31, 2015 23,718 236,177 1,152 (1,218) 259,829 5,210 265,039 4,832 5,172 1,934 2,571 (11,795) - - (676) 267,077 351,548 1,557 (1,557) 346,051 33,669 379,720 7,823 8,179 4,846 24,422 (17,293) (3,327) 1,985 (7,818) 398,537 $ We make certain judgments and use certain estimates and assumptions when applying accounting principles in the preparation of our financial statements. The nature of the estimates and assumptions are material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain factors or the susceptibility of such factors to change. We have identified the accounting for income taxes, revenue recognition, useful lives of assets, and the impairment of property, plant and equipment as critical accounting estimates, as they are the most important to our financial statement presentation and require difficult, subjective and complex judgments. We believe the current assumptions and other considerations used to estimate amounts reflected in our financial statements are appropriate. However, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and other considerations used in estimating amounts reflected in our financial statements, the resulting changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and, in certain situations, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Income Taxes We have elected on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders, and meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including asset holding requirements. As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, and we could not deduct dividends paid to our shareholders in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to shareholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from reelecting to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. To maintain REIT status, we must distribute a minimum of 90% of our taxable income. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our income to holders of our common stock, and therefore no provision is required in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for U.S. federal income taxes related to the activities of the REIT and its passthrough subsidiaries. We are subject to the statutory requirements of 35 the locations in which we conduct business, and state and local income taxes are accrued as deemed required in the best judgment of management based on analysis and interpretation of respective tax laws. CS&L operates as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on income generated by its REIT operations, which includes income derived from the Master Lease. We have elected to treat the subsidiaries through which we operate Uniti Fiber and Talk America as TRSs. TRSs enable us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized under the asset and liability method for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period of the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized. We recognize the benefit of tax positions that are "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination based on their technical merit. The benefit of a tax position is measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If applicable, we will report tax-related penalties and interest expense as a component of income tax expense. The Company will be subject to a federal corporate level tax (currently 35%) on any gain recognized from the sale of assets occurring within a specified recognition period after the Spin-Off up to the amount of the built in gain that existed on April 24, 2015, which is based on the fair market value of the assets in excess of the Company’s tax basis as of such date. The Company has no plans to dispose of the assets it acquired through the Spin-Off within the applicable recognition period. Revenue Recognition Leasing revenues are primarily derived from providing access to or usage of leased networks and facilities. Leasing revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the initial lease term. Revenues derived from other telecommunications services, including broadband, long distance and enhanced service revenues are recognized monthly as services are provided. Sales of customer premise equipment and modems are recognized when products are delivered to and accepted by customers. Service revenues are primarily derived from providing broadband transport and backhaul communications services and are recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) the services have been provided to the customer, (iii) the sales price is fixed or determinable, and (iv) the collection of the sales price is reasonably assured. Services provided to the Company’s customers are pursuant to contractual fee-based arrangements, which generally provide for recurring fees charged for the use of designated portions of the Company’s network and typically range for a period of three to ten years. The Company’s revenue arrangements often include upfront fees charged to the customer for the cost of establishing the necessary components of the Company’s network prior to the commencement of use by the customer. Fees charged to customers for the recurring use of the Company’s network are recognized during the related periods of service. Upfront fees that are billed in advance of providing services are deferred until such time the customer accepts the Company’s network and then are recognized as service revenues ratably over a period in which substantive services required under the revenue arrangement are expected to be performed, which is the initial term of the arrangement. Useful Lives of Assets The calculation of depreciation and amortization expense is based on the estimated economic useful lives of the underlying property, plant and equipment and customer lists intangible assets. Some of our Distribution Systems assets use a group composite depreciation method. Under this method, when plant is retired, the original cost, net of salvage value, is charged against accumulated depreciation and no immediate gain or loss is recognized on the disposition of the plant. 36 Rapid changes in technology or changes in market conditions could result in significant changes to the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment that could materially affect the carrying value of these assets and our future operating results. An extension of the average useful life of our property, plant and equipment of one year would decrease depreciation expense by approximately $24.8 million per year, while a reduction in the average useful life of one year would increase depreciation expense by approximately $31.3 million per year. At December 31, 2016, our unamortized customer lists intangible assets totaled $160.6 million. The customer lists are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. A reduction in the average useful lives of the customer lists of one year would have increased the amount of amortization expense recorded in 2016 by approximately $1.4 million. Impairment of Property, Plant, and Equipment We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amount of our property, plant and equipment may not be recoverable or realized. When indicators of potential impairment suggest that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability by estimating whether we will recover the carrying value of those assets through its undiscounted future cash flows and the eventual disposition of the asset. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our property, plant and equipment, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the related assets. Business Combinations We apply the acquisition method of accounting for acquisitions meeting the definition of a business combination, where assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value at the date of each acquisition, and the results of operations are included with those of the Company from the dates of the respective acquisitions. Any excess of the purchase price paid by the Company over the amounts recognized for assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. ASC 805 also requires acquirers, among other things, to estimate the acquisition date fair value of any contingent consideration and to recognize any subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration in earnings. When provisional amounts are initially recorded, the Company continues to evaluate acquisitions for a period not to exceed one year after the applicable acquisition date of each transaction to determine whether any additional adjustments are needed to the allocation of the purchase price paid for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill Goodwill is recognized for the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually. In accordance with ASC 350-20, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, we evaluate goodwill for impairment between annual impairment tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Unless circumstances otherwise dictate, the annual impairment test is performed in the fourth quarter. During the year ended December 31, 2016, no impairment losses were recognized. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our principal liquidity needs are to fund operating expenses, meet debt service requirements, fund investment activities, and make dividend distributions. Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash on hand, cash provided by operating activities (primarily arising under the Master Lease with Windstream), borrowings under our Credit Agreement, and proceeds from the issuance of debt and equity securities. As of December 31, 2016, we had we had $171.8 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, and $500 million of undrawn borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility. Cash provided by operating activities totaled $375.9 million and $293.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities is driven by favorable changes in working capital, primarily attributable to our leasing activities. 37 Cash used in investing activities was $535.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was driven by the acquisitions of PEG Bandwidth ($315.4 million) and Tower Cloud ($173.4 million) and capital expenditures ($46.4 million). Cash used in investing activities was $1.1 billion for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, due to consideration paid to Windstream for their contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off ($1.04 billion) and capital expenditures ($44 million), primarily due to the funding of capital expenditures related to the Distribution Systems. Cash provided by financing activities was $188.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, which primarily represents the proceeds from the 2024 Notes ($400 million), add-on Notes ($148.9 million), proceeds from the sale of common stock ($54.2 million), partially offset by dividend payments ($367.8 million) and principal payments related to the $2.14 billion senior secured term loan B facility that matures on October 24, 2022 (the “Term Loan Facility”) under our Credit Agreement ($22.0 million). Cash provided by financing activities was $928.7 million for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, which primarily represents the proceeds received from the Term Loan Facility of $1.1 billion, partially offset by dividend payments of $156.9 million. Master Lease The Master Lease has an initial term of 15 years which, at the option of Windstream, may be extended for up to four renewal terms of five years each beyond the initial term. In addition, Windstream has the right to extend the initial term from 15 years to 20 years and, if exercised, the number of renewal terms will be reduced to three so that the maximum term (taking into account all renewals) is 35 years. The initial annual rent under the Master Lease is $650 million during the first three years. Commencing with the fourth year, the rent is subject to annual escalation of 0.5%. The rent for the first year of each renewal term will be an amount agreed to by us and Windstream, or if we are unable to agree, the renewal rent will be determined by an independent appraisal process. Commencing with the second year of each renewal term, the renewal rent will increase at an escalation rate of 0.5%. In addition, if we fund any capital improvements by Windstream, the rent will be increased to account for such funding. At-the-Market Common Stock Offering Program We have an effective shelf registration statement on file with the SEC (the “Registration Statement”) to offer and sell various securities from time to time. Under the Registration Statement, we have established an at-the-market common stock offering program (the “ATM Program”) to sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $250.0 million. To date, no sales have been made under the ATM Program. This program provides additional financial flexibility and an alternative mechanism to access the capital markets at an efficient cost as and when we need financing, including for acquisitions. While we have not used the program to date, we currently intend to utilize the program when we believe the price we can obtain for our common stock is attractive. UPREIT Operating Partnership Units When implemented, our UPREIT structure will enable us to acquire properties by issuing to sellers, as a form of consideration, limited partnership interests in our operating partnership. As a result, this structure may potentially facilitate our acquisition of assets in a more efficient manner and may allow us to acquire assets that an owner would otherwise be unwilling to sell. Although we have no current plan or intention to use limited partnership units in the operating partnership as consideration for properties we acquire, we believe that the flexibility to do so provides us an advantage in seeking future acquisitions while preserving our available cash for other purposes, including the possible payment of dividends. Senior Notes At December 31, 2016, we had outstanding $550.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”), $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “2023 Notes”) and $400 million aggregate principal amount of 7.125% Senior Unsecured Notes due December 15, 2024 (the “2024 Notes” and collectively with the Secured Notes and the 2023 Notes, the “Notes”). The Secured Notes are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, CSL Capital and certain of our wholly owned domestic subsidiaries, each of which also guarantees indebtedness under our senior credit 38 facilities (the “Guarantors”), subject to certain exceptions, and are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The 2023 Notes and 2024 Notes are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The Notes contain customary high yield covenants limiting our ability to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; incur or guarantee secured indebtedness; pay dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, capital stock; make certain investments or other restricted payments; sell assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; merge or consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our assets; and create restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. The covenants are subject to a number of limitations, qualifications and exceptions. Credit Agreement Our Credit Agreement consists of the Term Loan Facility and a $500 million revolving credit facility that matures on April 24, 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). On October 21, 2016, the Company and CSL Capital amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, replace the then outstanding principal amounts of the term loans thereunder with a like aggregate amount of new term loans having substantially similar terms as the then outstanding term loans, other than with respect to the applicable interest rate and the period of time for which prepayment premiums in respect of certain repricing transactions apply. The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate equal to a Eurodollar rate, subject to a 1.00% floor, plus an applicable margin equal to 3.50%, and is subject to amortization of 1.00% per annum. The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.75% to 2.25% based on our consolidated secured leverage ratio as defined in the Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Guarantors, and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, CSL Capital and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions, which assets also secure the Secured Notes. We are subject to customary covenants under the Credit Agreement, including an obligation to maintain a consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00. We are permitted, subject to customary conditions, to incur incremental term loan borrowings and/or increased commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount equal to $150 million plus, an unlimited amount, so long as, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to any such increases, our consolidated total leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 6.50 to 1.00 and our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 4.00 to 1.00. On February 9, 2017, we completed a repricing of our Term Loan Facility. The repricing (i) decreases the interest rate by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 3.00% per annum with a minimum LIBOR rate of 1.0% and (ii) will reduce our cash interest costs by $10 million annually. Our interest rate swap agreements are unaffected by this repricing and effectively fix the interest rate on our Term Loan Facility at 5.1%. Interest Rate Swaps On April 27, 2015 we entered into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Term Loan Facility. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and have a notional value of $2.13 billion and mature on October 24, 2022. The weighted average fixed rate paid is 2.105%, and the variable rate received resets monthly to the one-month LIBOR subject to a minimum rate of 1.0%. Outlook We anticipate our cash on hand and borrowing availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, combined with our cash flows provided by leasing activities will be sufficient to fund our business operations, debt service and distributions to our shareholders over the next twelve months. However, we may take advantage of opportunities to generate additional liquidity through capital markets transactions. The amount, nature and timing of any capital markets transactions will depend on: our operating performance and other circumstances; our then-current commitments and obligations; the amount, nature and timing of our capital requirements; any limitations imposed by our current credit arrangements; and overall market conditions. These expectations are forward-looking and subject to a number of uncertainties and assumptions. If our expectations about our liquidity prove to be incorrect, we could be subject to a shortfall in liquidity in the future, and this shortfall may occur rapidly and with little or no notice, which would limit our ability to address the shortfall on a timely basis. 39 Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2016, we had contractual obligations and commitments as follows: (millions) Long-term debt(a)(cid:3) Interest payments on long-term debt obligations(b)(cid:3) Operating leases Capital leases Network deployment(c) Total projected obligations and commitments(d)(cid:3) Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years Payments Due by Period $ 21 $ 42 $ 42 $ More than 5 Years Total 4,062 $4,167 249 15 7 33 495 19 14 - 491 7 13 - 390 6 61 - 1,625 47 95 33 $ 325 $ 570 $ 553 $ 4,519 $5,967 (a) Excludes $139.8 million of unamortized discounts on long-term debt and deferred financing costs. (b) (c) Network deployment purchase commitments are for success-based projects for which we have a signed Interest rates on our Term Loan Facility are based on our swap rates. customer contract before we commit resources to expand our network. (d) Excludes $6.1 million of derivative liability related to interest rate swaps maturing on October 24, 2022. Dividends We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. In order to maintain our REIT status, we intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service obligations. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities. On January 13, 2017, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on December 30, 2016, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from October 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016. On October 14, 2016, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on September 30, 2016, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from July 1, 2016 through September 30, 2016. On July 15, 2016, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on June 30, 2016, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from April 1, 2016 through June 30, 2016. On April 15, 2016, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 31, 2016, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from January 1, 2016 through March 31, 2016. On January 15, 2016, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on December 31, 2015, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from October 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures for the Distribution Systems leased under the Master Lease are generally the responsibility of Windstream. The Master Lease stipulates that Windstream can request that we fund $50 million of capital expenditures per year for five years (but in no event to extend beyond the end of the sixth year of the Master Lease); however, Windstream cannot require CS&L to make such capital expenditures. If we elect to fund requested capital expenditures, the annual lease payments will be increased by 8.125% of the capital expenditures funded by us during 40 the first two years and at a floating rate based on our cost of capital thereafter. No capital expenditure funding requests were made by Windstream for the year ended December 31, 2016. We anticipate incurring total capital expenditures of $70 million to $85 million during 2017 related to the Uniti Fiber business, driven by network deployment. We anticipate incurring total capital expenditures of $25 million to $30 million during 2017 related to the Uniti Towers business, driven by the development of build-to-suit towers. We do not anticipate incurring significant capital expenditures on an annual basis in connection with operating our Consumer CLEC Business or related to our corporate assets. Off Balance-Sheet Arrangements As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk with respect to our variable rate indebtedness under our Term Loan Facility. In addition, we have a variable rate Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of $500 million, which is undrawn as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To manage this exposure, we have entered into interest rate swap agreements in order to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Term Loan Facility. We also expect to manage our exposure to interest rate risk by maintaining a mix of fixed and variable rates for our indebtedness. The interest rate risk for variable rate debt has been mitigated through the interest rate swap agreement, and the interest rate for our remaining debt has a fixed rate, therefore a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates effective at December 31, 2016 would have no material adverse impact on CS&L’s results of operations. An increase in interest rates could make the financing of any acquisition by us more costly. Rising interest rates could also limit our ability to refinance our debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. 41 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Deficit Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements CLEC Business Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Statement of Revenues and Direct Expenses Notes to Financial Statements Page 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 84 85 86 42 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ deficit and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15 present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedules, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedules, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits (which was an integrated audit in 2016). We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As described in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 because they were acquired by the Company in purchase business combinations during 2016. We have also excluded Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total 43 assets represent 12.7% and 14.8%, respectively and total revenues represent 1.8% and 7.4%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Little Rock, Arkansas February 23, 2017 44 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (Thousands, except par value) Assets: Property, plant and equipment, net Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Straight-line revenue receivable Other assets Total Assets Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock and Shareholders' Deficit: Liabilities: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Accrued interest payable Deferred revenue Derivative liability Dividends payable Deferred income taxes Capital lease obligations Contingent consideration Notes and other debt, net Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, $0.0001 par value, 88 shares authorized, issued and outstanding, $87,500 liquidation value Shareholders' Deficit: Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding: 155,139 shares at December 31, 2016 and 149,862 at December 31, 2015 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings Total shareholders' deficit December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,670,037 171,754 15,281 262,334 160,584 29,088 9,674 3,318,752 40,977 27,812 261,404 6,102 94,607 28,394 54,535 98,600 4,028,214 4,640,645 2,374,760 142,498 2,083 - 10,530 11,795 970 2,542,636 10,409 24,440 67,817 5,427 90,507 5,714 - - 3,505,228 3,709,542 80,552 - - - 15 141,092 (6,369 ) (1,537,183 ) (1,402,445 ) 15 1,392 (5,427) (1,162,886) (1,166,906) Total Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Shareholders' Deficit $ 3,318,752 $ 2,542,636 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 45 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Income Year Ended Period from December 31, 2016 April 24 - December 31, 2015 (Thousands, except per share data) Revenues: Leasing Fiber Infrastructure Consumer CLEC Total revenues Costs and Expenses: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expense Operating expense (exclusive of depreciation, accretion and amortization) Transaction related costs Total costs and expenses Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net (loss) income Participating securities' share in earnings Dividends declared on convertible preferred stock Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Net (loss) income applicable to common shareholders (Loss) earnings per common share: Basic Diluted Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ 677,368 $ 70,568 22,472 770,408 275,394 375,970 35,402 49,668 33,669 770,103 305 517 (212) (1,557) (1,743) (1,985) (5,497) $ (0.04) $ (0.04) $ 152,473 152,473 458,614 - 17,700 476,314 181,797 238,748 11,208 13,743 5,210 450,706 25,608 738 24,870 (1,152) - - 23,718 0.16 0.16 149,835 149,835 1.64 Dividends declared per common share $ 2.40 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 46 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Thousands) Net (loss) income Other comprehensive (loss) income: Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative contracts Changes in foreign currency translation Other comprehensive (loss) income $ Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from (cid:3) April 24 - December 31, 2015 24,870 (212) $ (675) (267) (942) (5,427) - (5,427) 19,443 Comprehensive (loss) income $ (1,154) $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 47 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Deficit Preferred Stock Shares Amount - $ - Common Stock Shares - 149,827,214 $ - - Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Distributions in Excess of Accumulated Earnings Total Shareholders' Deficit 15 $ - - - - - - - 15 $ - $ - - - - (542) 1,934 - 1,392 $ - $ 2,508,405 $ 2,508,420 24,870 - 24,870 (5,427 ) - - - - - (3,447,879 ) (3,447,879) (5,427) - (247,361) (247,361 ) (656) (114 ) 1,934 - (807) (807 ) (5,427 ) $ (1,162,886 ) $(1,166,906) - - - - - - - - 35,245 - - - - 149,862,459 $ - - - - - - 5,077,629 - - - 137,665 - - (212 ) - (212) 137,665 - - - - - - (1,985) - - - (942 ) - - - (370,186 ) (1,985) (942) (370,186) - - - - - - - 198,549 - 155,138,637 $ - - - - - (623) (203) 4,846 15 $141,092 $ - - - - (1,743) (623) (2,359) 4,846 (6,369 ) $ (1,537,183 ) $(1,402,445) (1,743 ) - (2,156 ) - (Thousands, except share data) Balance at April 24, 2015 Net income Distributions to Windstream related to Spin-Off Other comprehensive loss Common stock dividends Equity issuance cost Stock-based compensation Other Balance at December 31, 2015 2016 Activity: Net loss Issuance of common stock Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Other comprehensive loss Common stock dividends Convertible preferred stock dividends Equity issuance cost Net share settlement Stock-based compensation Balance at December 31, 2016 - - - - - - - $ - - - - - - - - - - $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 48 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (cid:3) (Thousands) Cash flow from operating activities Net (loss) income Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of deferred financing costs Amortization of debt discount Deferred income taxes Straight-line rental revenues Stock-based compensation Other Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Accounts receivable Other assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired Consideration paid to Windstream Services, LLC Acquisition of ground lease investments Other capital expenditures Net cash used in investing activities Cash flow from financing activities Principal payment on debt Dividends paid Proceeds from issuance of Term Loans Proceeds from issuance of Notes Borrowings under revolving credit facility Payments under revolving credit facility Capital lease payments Deferred financing costs Common stock issuance, net of costs Net share settlement Cash in-lieu of fractional shares Net cash provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Supplemental cash flow information: Cash paid for interest Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash investing and financing activities: Property and equipment acquired but not yet paid Tenant capital improvements Acquisition of businesses through non-cash consideration Issuance of notes and other debt to Windstream Services, LLC, net of deferred financing costs ($34,681) Year Ended December 31, 2016 (cid:3) (cid:3) Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 $ (212 ) $ 24,870 375,970 7,823 8,179 (2,186 ) (17,293 ) 4,846 936 (3,516 ) (1,365 ) 2,806 375,988 (488,788 ) - (11,543 ) (34,900 ) (535,231 ) (22,027 ) (367,830 ) - 548,875 641,000 (641,000 ) (1,549 ) (20,557 ) 54,213 (2,359 ) - 188,766 (267 ) 29,256 142,498 171,754 $ 255,945 $ 3,003 $ (cid:3) 5,752 (cid:3)$ 156,972 (cid:3)$ 259,996 (cid:3)$ 238,748 4,832 5,172 (1,211) (11,795) 1,934 (3) (215) (1,148) 32,024 293,208 - (1,035,029) - (44,413) (1,079,442) (10,700) (156,854) 1,127,000 - - - - (30,057) (543) (113) (19) 928,714 - 142,480 18 142,498 147,428 1,284 - 68,569 - - (cid:3)$ 2,412,829 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 49 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Organization and Description of Business Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2014 and reorganized in the state of Maryland on September 4, 2014 as a subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings” and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, in connection with the separation and spin-off of CS&L from Windstream (the “Spin-Off”), Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) to CS&L, which it leases back from CS&L pursuant to a long-term, triple-net-lease (“the Master Lease”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”) to CS&L in exchange for certain consideration paid to Windstream. The assets and liabilities of the Distribution Systems and Consumer CLEC Business were recorded in our consolidated financial statements on a carryover basis as of the date of the Spin-Off. We are an independent, internally managed REIT engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We are principally focused on acquiring and constructing fiber optic broadband networks, wireless communications towers, copper and coaxial broadband networks and data centers. Our fiber infrastructure group, Uniti Fiber, is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions including cell site backhaul and dark fiber, to the telecommunications industry. Uniti Towers is a provider of build-to-suit construction in both the U.S and Latin America. At December 31, 2016, Uniti Towers’ portfolio consists of 102 wireless communication towers. The Consumer CLEC Business, which was reported as an integrated operation within Windstream prior to the Spin- Off, offers voice, broadband, long-distance, and value-added services to residential customers located primarily in rural locations. Substantially all of the network assets used to provide these services to customers are contracted through interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for financial information set forth in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), as published by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CS&L and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements, in accordance with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions used in the accompanying financial statements are based upon management’s evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the accompanying financial statements, and such differences could be material. Property, Plant and Equipment—Property, plant and equipment is stated at original cost, net of accumulated depreciation. The Company capitalizes costs incurred in bringing property, plant and equipment to an operational state, including all activities directly associated with the acquisition, construction, and installation of the related assets it owns. The Company also enters into leasing arrangements providing for the long-term use of constructed fiber that is then integrated into the Company’s network infrastructure. For each lease that qualifies as a capital lease, the present value of the lease payments, which may include both periodic lease payments over the term of the lease as well as upfront payments to the lessor, is capitalized at the inception of the lease and included in property and equipment. 50 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Certain Distribution System property, plant and equipment are depreciated using a group composite depreciation method. Under this method, when property is retired, the original cost, net of salvage value, is charged against accumulated depreciation and no immediate gain or loss is recognized on the disposition of the property. For all other property, which includes amortization of capital lease assets, depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the respective property. When the property is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are written-off, with the corresponding gain or loss reflected in operating results. Construction in progress includes direct materials and labor related to fixed assets during the construction period. Depreciation will begin once the construction period has ceased and the related asset has been placed into service, in which it will be depreciated over its useful life. Costs of maintenance and repairs to property, plant and equipment subject to the Master Lease are the responsibility of our tenant. Costs of maintenance and repairs to property, plant and equipment not subject to triple-net leasing arrangements are expensed as incurred. We acquire real property interests from third parties who own land where communications infrastructure assets are located and desire to monetize the underlying real property. These real property interests entitle us to receive rental payments from leases on our sites. The financial results of the acquired real property interests are included in the Leasing segment from the date of acquisition and were not material, individually or in the aggregate, to our results of operations. Real property interests are recorded in property, plant and equipment on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Tenant Capital Improvements—Our lease with Windstream provides that tenant funded capital improvements (“TCI’s”), defined as maintenance, repair, overbuild, upgrade or replacements to the leased network, including, without limitation, the replacement of copper distribution systems with fiber distribution systems, automatically become property of CS&L upon their construction by Windstream. We receive non-monetary consideration related to the TCIs as they automatically become our property, and we recognize the cost basis of TCIs that are capital in nature as real estate investments and deferred revenue. We depreciate the real estate investments over their estimated useful lives and amortize the deferred revenue as additional leasing revenues over the same depreciable life of the TCI assets. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the net book value of TCI’s recorded as a component of property, plant and equipment on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was $218.7 million and $67.8 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2016 we recognized $6.1 million of revenue and depreciation expense related to TCIs. From the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 we recognized $0.8 million of revenue and depreciation expense related to TCIs. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable from future undiscounted net cash flows we expect the asset group to generate. If the asset group is not fully recoverable, an impairment loss would be recognized for the difference between the carrying value of the asset group and its estimated fair value based on discounted net future cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2016 and from the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 no impairment losses were recognized. Asset Retirement Obligations—The Company records obligations to perform asset retirement activities, primarily including requirements to remove equipment from leased space or customer sites as required under the terms of the related lease and customer agreements. The fair value of the liability for asset retirement obligations, which represents the net present value of the estimated expected future cash outlay, is recognized in the period in which it is incurred and the fair value of the liability can reasonably be estimated. The liability accretes as a result of the passage of time and related accretion expense is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. The associated asset retirement costs are capitalized as an additional carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the asset’s useful life. Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include all non-restricted cash held at financial institutions and other non-restricted highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—We account for our derivatives in accordance with FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, in which we reflect all derivative instruments at fair value as either assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging 51 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued instruments, we record the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedged instruments as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Any ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized within net income. For derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, changes in fair value are immediately recognized within net income. See Note 5 and Note 7. Customer List Intangible Assets—Customer list intangible assets are presented in the financial statements at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized using the sum-of-the-digits method over their estimated useful lives. Foreign Currency Translation—The financial statements of our international subsidiaries whose functional currency is the local currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and the weighted average exchange rate for the applicable period for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. Translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Reclassifications—Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation. Transaction Related Costs—The Company expenses transaction related costs in the period in which they are incurred and services are received. Transaction related costs include incremental acquisition pursuit, transaction and integration costs, including unsuccessful acquisition pursuit costs. Pursuit and transaction costs include professional services (legal, accounting, advisory, regulatory, etc.), finder’s fees, travel expenses, and other direct expenses associated with an acquisition. Integration costs include direct costs necessary to integrate an acquired business, including professional services, systems and data conversion, severance and retention bonuses payable to employees of an acquired business. Debt Issuance Costs—The Company recognizes debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The costs, which include underwriting, legal, and other direct costs related to the issuance of debt, are amortized over the contractual term of the debt using the effective interest method. Revenue Recognition—We recognize leasing revenues on a straight-line basis over the applicable lease term when collectability is reasonably assured. Recognizing leasing income on a straight-line basis generally results in recognized revenues during the first half of the lease term in excess of cash amounts contractually due from our tenants, creating a straight-line rent receivable. We evaluate the collectability of straight-line rent receivables and record a provision for doubtful accounts if management believes the receivables to be uncollectible. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, no allowance was recorded related to our straight-line rent receivable. We lease the Distribution Systems to Windstream under a triple-net lease basis, whereby Windstream is responsible for the costs related to operating the Distribution Systems, including property taxes, insurance and maintenance and repair costs. As a result, we do not record an obligation related to the payment of property taxes, as Windstream makes direct payments to the taxing authorities. Consumer CLEC Business revenues are primarily derived from providing access to or usage of leased networks and facilities, and are recognized over the period that the corresponding services are rendered to customers. Revenues derived from other telecommunications services, including broadband, long distance and enhanced service revenues are recognized monthly as services are provided. Sales of customer premise equipment and modems are recognized when products are delivered to and accepted by customers. The Company recognizes service revenues related to its broadband transport and backhaul communications services when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) the services have been provided to the customer, (iii) the sales price is fixed or determinable, and (iv) the collection of the sales price is reasonably assured. Services provided to the Company’s customers are rendered pursuant to contractual fee-based arrangements, which generally provide for recurring fees charged for the use of designated portions of the Company’s network and typically range for a period of three to ten years. The Company’s revenue arrangements often include upfront fees charged to the 52 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued customer for the cost of establishing the necessary components of the Company’s network prior to the commencement of use by the customer. Fees charged to customers for the recurring use of the Company’s network are recognized during the related periods of service. Upfront fees that are billed in advance of providing services are deferred until such time the customer accepts the Company’s network and then are recognized as service revenues ratably over a period in which substantive services required under the revenue arrangement are expected to be performed, which is the initial term of the arrangement. We evaluate the collectability of service receivables by considering a variety of factors. The Company typically does not require collateral. When the Company becomes aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, the Company records a specific reserve for bad debt to reduce the related accounts receivable to the amount the Company reasonably believes is collectible. When appropriate, the Company also records reserves for bad debts for all other customers based on a variety of factors including the length of time the receivable is past due, the financial health of the customer, macroeconomic considerations, and historical experience. If circumstances related to specific customers change, the Company adjusts its estimates of the recoverability of receivables as needed. At December 31, 2016 the allowance recorded for service receivables was $1.4 million. At December 31, 2015 no allowance was recorded for service receivables. Stock-Based Compensation—We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value method of accounting. We have determined that our stock-based payment awards granted in exchange for employee services qualify as equity classified awards, which are measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of the grant. The fair value of restricted stock-based payments is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of performance-based awards, which have performance conditions, is based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of all stock-based compensation is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. See Note 10. Income Taxes— We have elected on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders, and meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including asset holding requirements. As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, and we could not deduct dividends paid to our shareholders in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to shareholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from reelecting to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. To maintain REIT status, we must distribute a minimum of 90% of our taxable income. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our income to holders of our common stock, and therefore no provision is required in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for U.S. federal income taxes related to the activities of the REIT and its passthrough subsidiaries. We are subject to the statutory requirements of the locations in which we conduct business, and state and local income taxes are accrued as deemed required in the best judgment of management based on analysis and interpretation of respective tax laws. CS&L operates as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on income generated by its REIT operations, which includes income derived from the Master Lease. We have elected to treat the subsidiaries through which we operate Uniti Fiber and Talk America as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs enable us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized under the asset and liability method for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently 53 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period of the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized. We recognize the benefit of tax positions that are "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination based on their technical merit. The benefit of a tax position is measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If applicable, we will report tax-related penalties and interest expense as a component of income tax expense. We currently have no liabilities for uncertain income tax positions. The Company will be subject to a federal corporate level tax rate (currently 35%) on any gain recognized from the sale of assets occurring within a specified recognition period after the Spin-Off up to the amount of the built in gain that existed on April 24, 2015, which is based on the fair market value of the assets in excess of the Company’s tax basis as of such date. The Company has no plans to dispose of the assets it acquired through the Spin-Off within the applicable recognition period. Business Combinations—In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, we apply the acquisition method of accounting for acquisitions meeting the definition of a business combination, where assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value at the date of each acquisition, and the results of operations are included with those of the Company from the dates of the respective acquisitions. Any excess of the purchase price paid by the Company over the amounts recognized for assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. ASC 805 also requires acquirers, among other things, to estimate the acquisition date fair value of any contingent consideration and to recognize any subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration in earnings. When provisional amounts are initially recorded, the Company continues to evaluate acquisitions for a period not to exceed one year after the applicable acquisition date of each transaction to determine whether any additional adjustments are needed to the allocation of the purchase price paid for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill—Goodwill is recognized for the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually. In accordance with ASC 350-20, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other, we evaluate goodwill for impairment between annual impairment tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Unless circumstances otherwise dictate, the annual impairment test is performed in the fourth quarter. During the year ended December 31, 2016, no impairment losses were recognized. Earnings per Share—Outstanding restricted stock awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are deemed to be participating securities, requiring the application of the two-class method of computing basic and dilutive earnings per share. Basic earnings per share includes only the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive earnings per share includes the weighted average number of common shares and the dilutive effect of restricted stock and performance-based awards outstanding during the period, when such awards are dilutive. See Note 10. Concentration of Credit Risks—In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into the Master Lease agreement with Windstream, pursuant to which all real property associated with the Spin-Off is leased to Windstream and from which substantially all of CS&L’s leasing revenues are currently derived. Windstream is a publicly traded company and is subject to the periodic filing requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Windstream filings can be found at www.sec.gov. Windstream filings are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because 87.9% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 is derived from lease payments by Windstream pursuant to the Master Lease, there could be a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, liquidity and/or financial condition if Windstream experiences operating difficulties and becomes unable 54 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued to generate sufficient cash to make payments to us. In recent years, Windstream has experienced annual declines in its total revenue and sales. Accordingly, we monitor the credit quality of Windstream through numerous methods, including by (i) reviewing the credit ratings of Windstream by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, (ii) reviewing the financial statements of Windstream that are publicly available and that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the Master Lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding Windstream and its businesses, (iv) conducting research to ascertain industry trends potentially affecting Windstream, and (v) monitoring the timeliness of its payments to us under the Master Lease. Recently Issued Accounting Standards—In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”). ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. We adopted ASU 2016-09 effective April 1, 2016, and will reverse compensation cost of forfeited awards as they occur. At the time of adoption, we had not experienced any forfeited awards and therefore no cumulative-effect adjustment was necessary. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments (“ASU 2015-16”) which eliminates the prior requirement to recognize measurement-period adjustments to provisional amounts retrospectively. Instead, ASU 2015-16 requires the acquirer to recognize measurement-period adjustments, as well as the impact on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization and similar items (if any) resulting from the change to the provisional amounts, in the period when the amount of each measurement-period adjustment is determined. As required, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2015-16 in the third quarter of its fiscal year ending December 31, 2016 and its adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 provides guidance around management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. ASU 2014-15 is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted ASU 2014-15 effective December 31, 2016, and there was no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment" ("ASU 2017-04”), which removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and applied prospectively. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), in an effort to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. ASU 2017-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We have elected to early adopt ASU 2017-01 as of January 1, 2017, with prospective application. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements. Currently, our real property interest investments will be impacted by ASU 2017- 01 as transaction cost associated with the investments will be capitalized as opposed to be recorded as an expense prior to adoption. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 provides guidance on reducing the diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. 55 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued In addition to other specific cash flow issues, ASU 2016-15 provides clarification on when an entity should separate cash receipts and cash payments into more than one class of cash flows and when an entity should classify those cash receipts and payments into one class of cash flows on the basis of predominance. The new guidance is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts the adoption of this accounting standard will have on our financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASC 842”), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it will have on our financial statements by reviewing its existing operating lease contracts, where we are the lessee and service contracts that may include embedded leases. The Company expects a gross-up of its Consolidated Balance Sheets as a result of recognizing lease liabilities and right of use assets, the extent of the impact of a gross-up is under evaluation. The Company does not anticipate material changes to the recognition of operating lease expense in its Consolidated Statements of Income. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). This update outlines a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for entities to follow in accounting for revenue from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry- specific guidance. The core principle of the revenue model is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company intends to adopt the revenue recognition guidance on January 1, 2018. The Company’s implementation efforts include reviewing revenue contracts and the identification of revenue within scope of the guidance. While the Company currently has not identified any material changes in the timing of revenue recognition, the evaluation is ongoing and we are in the process of determining the method of adoption. Note 4. Business Combinations Tower Cloud, Inc. On August 31, 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Tower Cloud, Inc. (“Tower Cloud”) for $187.7 million in cash and 1.9 million shares of our common stock with an acquisition date fair value of $58.5 million. Additional contingent consideration of up to $130 million, with an acquisition date fair value of $98.6 million, may be paid upon the achievement of certain defined operational and financial milestones. At the Company’s discretion, a combination of cash and CS&L common shares may be used to satisfy the contingent consideration payments, provided that at least 50% of the aggregate amount of payments is satisfied in cash. Tower Cloud provides data transport services, with particular focus on providing infrastructure solutions to the wireless and enterprise sectors, including fiber-to-the-tower backhaul, small cell networks, and dark fiber deployments. Following the close of the transaction, the Tower Cloud business and the previously acquired PEG Bandwidth business were combined into a unified fiber infrastructure organization, Uniti Fiber. The operating results from this acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The acquisition was recorded by allocating the costs of the assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value of the assets acquired is recorded as goodwill within our Fiber Infrastructure segment. See Note 13. The following is a summary of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed: 56 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Property, plant and equipment Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Other assets Intangible assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Deferred revenue Deferred income taxes Capital lease obligations Net assets acquired Goodwill $ $ $ (thousands) 163,680 14,346 3,043 2,595 116,218 (16,782) (23,900) (24,866) (6,750) 227,584 117,280 The above purchase price allocation is considered preliminary and is subject to revision when the valuation of assets and liabilities are finalized upon receipt of the final valuation report from a third party valuation expert, and resolution of contractual adjustments, such as working capital adjustments, set forth in the merger agreement, which is anticipated to be finalized during the first half of 2017. The goodwill is primarily attributable to strategic opportunities that arose from the acquisition of Tower Cloud. The acquisition was treated as a taxable acquisition of the outstanding stock of Tower Cloud, Inc. Thus, none of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. We acquired an intangible asset that was assigned to customer relationships of $116.2 million (30 year life). Tower Cloud had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $81.2 million at the date of the acquisition, which will expire between 2026 and 2036. As a result of the change in ownership, the utilization of NOL carryforwards is subject to limitations imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. The gross deferred tax assets associated with the NOL and other temporary differences as of August 31, 2016 were approximately $37.0 million, with respect to which we have determined that a valuation allowance is not required. A net deferred tax liability of $24.8 million was recorded in connection with the acquisition, which is primarily related to the excess of the recorded amounts for Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets over their respective historical tax bases. The acquired business contributed revenue of $13.5 million and an operating loss of $2.1 million, which excludes transaction and transition costs, to our consolidated results from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2016. We recorded transaction related costs related to the acquisition of Tower Cloud for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $9.1 million within transaction related costs on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The following table presents the unaudited pro forma summary of our financial results as if the business combination had occurred as of the Spin-Off. The pro forma results include additional depreciation and amortization resulting from purchase accounting adjustments, adjustments to amortized deferred revenue, and interest expense associated with debt used to fund the acquisition. The pro forma results do not include any synergies or other benefits of the acquisition. The pro forma results are not indicative of future results of operations, or results that might have been achieved had the acquisition been consummated as of as of the Spin-Off. (Thousands, except per share data) Pro forma revenue Pro forma net (loss) income Pro forma net (loss) income per share Year Ended December 31, 2016 (cid:3)(cid:3) Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 $ $ 798,054 $ (3,581) (0.02) (cid:3)(cid:3) $ 505,764 17,609 0.12 57 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued PEG Bandwidth, LLC On May 2, 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of PEG Bandwidth for $322.5 million in cash, the issuance of 87,500 shares of our 3.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock with a fair value of $78.6 million and 1 million shares of our common stock with an acquisition date fair value of $23.2 million. PEG Bandwidth is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions, including cell site backhaul and dark fiber, to the telecommunications industry. The operating results from this acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The acquisition was recorded by allocating the costs of the assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value of the assets acquired is recorded as goodwill within our Fiber Infrastructure segment. See Note 13. The following is a summary of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed: Property, plant and equipment Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Other assets Intangible assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Deferred revenue Capital lease obligations Net assets acquired Goodwill $ $ $ (thousands) 293,030 7,003 6,584 5,161 38,000 (8,643) (12,700) (49,195) 279,240 145,054 The goodwill is primarily attributable to strategic opportunities that arose from the acquisition of PEG Bandwidth. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Of the $38 million of acquired intangible assets, $36 million was assigned to customer relationships (weighted average 17 year life) and $2 million was assigned to trademarks (indefinite life). The acquired business contributed revenue of $57.0 million and an operating loss of $8.8 million, which excludes transaction and transition costs, to our consolidated results from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2016. We recorded transaction related costs related to the acquisition of PEG Bandwidth for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $11.2 million within transaction related costs on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The following table presents the unaudited pro forma summary of our financial results as if the business combination had occurred as of the Spin-Off. The pro forma results include additional depreciation and amortization resulting from purchase accounting adjustments, adjustments to amortized deferred revenue, and interest expense associated with debt used to fund the acquisition. The pro forma results do not include any synergies or other benefits of the acquisition. The pro forma results are not indicative of future results of operations, or results that might have been achieved had the acquisition been consummated as of the Spin-Off. (Thousands, except per share data) Pro forma revenue Pro forma net income Pro forma net income per share Summit Wireless Infrastructure, LLC Year Ended December 31, 2016 (cid:3)(cid:3) Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 $ $ 797,637 $ 6,264 0.04 (cid:3)(cid:3) $ 529,911 19,809 0.13 On January 22, 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Summit Wireless Infrastructure LLC (“Summit”). Summit builds, owns and operates telecommunication infrastructure serving wireless carriers in Mexico. Consideration given to acquire Summit included performance-based shares of common equity valued at 58 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued $1.1 million, which will vest in full on the third anniversary of the closing date, subject to Summit meeting certain performance targets, and the assumption of Summit’s existing debt. The financial results of Summit are included in the Leasing segment from the date of acquisition and were not material, individually or in the aggregate, to our results of operations and therefore, pro forma financial information has not been presented. Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of inputs utilized in measuring assets and liabilities at fair values. This hierarchy establishes market- based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the assessment date Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and other receivables, a derivative liability, contingent consideration, our outstanding notes and other debt, and accounts, interest and dividends payable. The following table summarizes the fair value of our financial instruments at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015: (Thousands) At December 31, 2016 Liabilities Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Prices with Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Total Prices with Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Senior secured term loan B - variable rate, due October 24, 2022 Senior secured notes - 6.00% , due April 15, 2023 Senior unsecured notes - 8.25%, due October 15, 2023 Senior unsecured notes - 7.125%, due December 15, 2024 Derivative liability Contingent consideration Total 2,139,586 569,250 — — 2,139,586 569,250 1,176,600 — 1,176,600 — — — 404,000 6,102 98,600 $ 4,394,138 $ — — — — $ 404,000 6,102 — 4,295,538 $ — — 98,600 98,600 (Thousands) At December 31, 2015 Liabilities Senior secured term loan B - variable rate, due October 24, 2022 Senior secured notes - 6.00% , due April 15, 2023 Senior unsecured notes - 8.25%, due October 15, 2023 Derivative liability Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Prices with Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Total Prices with Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) — $ — — — - $ 1,986,198 $ 376,000 937,950 5,427 3,305,575 $ — — — — — $ 1,986,198 $ 376,000 937,950 5,427 $ 3,305,575 $ 59 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and other receivables, and accounts, interest and dividends payable approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. The total principal balance of our Notes and other debt was $4.2 billion at December 31, 2016, with a fair value of $4.3 billion. The estimated fair value of the Notes and other debt was based on available external pricing data and current market rates for similar debt instruments, among other factors, which are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Derivative liabilities are carried at fair value. See Note 7. The fair value of our interest rate swap is determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows using observable, quoted LIBOR swap rates for the full term of the swap and also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both CS&L's own non-performance risk and non-performance risk of the respective counterparties. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivative liabilities fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; however the associated credit valuation adjustments utilized Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustment is not significant to the overall value of the derivatives. As such, the Company classifies its derivative liabilities valuation in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As part of the acquisition of Tower Cloud on August 31, 2016, we may be obligated to pay contingent consideration upon achievement of certain defined operational and financial milestones; therefore, we recorded the estimated fair value of future contingent consideration of $98.6 million as of August 31, 2016. The fair value of the contingent consideration as of August 31, 2016, was determined using a discounted cash flow model and probability adjusted estimates of the future earnings and is classified as Level 3. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration will be recorded in our Consolidated Statement of Income in the period in which the change occurs. There was no change in the fair value of the contingent consideration as of December 31, 2016. The following is a roll forward of our liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs (Level 3): (Thousands) Contingent consideration December 31, 2015 Transfers into Level 3 Gain/(Loss) included in earnings Settlements — $ — $ December 31, 2016 98,600 $ — $ 98,600 $ 60 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment The carrying value of property, plant and equipment is as follows: (Thousands) Land Building and improvements Real property interests Poles Fiber Equipment Copper Conduit Tower assets Capital lease assets Construction in progress Other assets Corporate assets Less accumulated depreciation Net property, plant and equipment Depreciable Lives Indefinite $ 3 - 40 years 50 - 99 years 13 - 40 years 7 - 40 years 5 - 7 years 7 - 40 years 13 - 47 years 20 - 49 years See Note 3 See Note 3 15 - 20 years 3 - 7 years $ December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 26,841 314,750 - 228,031 1,948,192 - 3,475,987 89,460 1,209 - 4,749 4,322 2,319 6,095,860 (3,721,100) 2,374,760 26,833 318,967 12,265 234,393 2,243,822 130,945 3,538,566 90,540 4,307 89,723 52,685 5,299 2,731 6,751,076 (4,081,039 ) 2,670,037 $ $ Capital lease assets above represent fiber leases, where we have the exclusive, unrestricted, and indefeasible right to use one, a pair, or more strands of fiber of a fiber cable. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was $369.9 million and $236.2 million, respectively. Note 7. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate volatility inherent in our variable rate debt, which could unfavorably impact our future earnings and forecasted cash flows. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. On April 27, 2015, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Senior Secured Term Loan B facility. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and have a notional value of $2.13 billion and mature on October 24, 2022. The weighted average fixed rate paid is 2.105%, and the variable rate received resets monthly to the one-month LIBOR subject to a minimum rate of 1.0%. The Company does not currently have any master netting arrangements related to its derivative contracts. The following table summarizes the fair value and the presentation in our Consolidated Balance Sheet: (Thousands) Interest rate swaps Location on Consolidated Balance Sheet Derivative liability December 31, 2016 $ 6,102 December 31, 2015 $ 5,427 As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, all of the interest rate swaps were valued in net unrealized loss positions and recognized as liability balances within the derivative liability balance. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, the amount recorded in other comprehensive income related to the unrealized loss on derivative instruments was $24.5 million and $21.7 million, respectively. The amount reclassified out of other comprehensive income into interest expense on our Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was 61 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued $23.8 million and $16.3 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, there were no ineffective portions of the change in fair value derivatives. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. During the next twelve months, beginning January 1, 2017, we estimate that $24 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense. Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill occurring during the year ended December 31, 2016, are as follows: (Thousands) Goodwill at December 31, 2015 Goodwill associated with 2016 acquisitions Goodwill at December 31, 2016 Fiber Infrastructure $ - $ 262,334 262,334 $ $ Total - 262,334 262,334 The carrying value of our other intangible assets is as follows: (Thousands) Indefinite life intangible assets: Trade name Finite life intangible assets: Customer lists (cid:3)(cid:3) Total intangible assets Less: Accumulated amortization Total intangible assets, net December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Cost Accumulated Amortization Cost Accumulated Amortization $ 2,000 $ - $ - $ - 188,642 (30,058) 190,642 (30,058) 160,584 $ $ (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) 34,501 (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) 34,501 (23,971 ) 10,530 (cid:3) (23,971) Amortization expense for the customer list intangible assets was $6.1 million and $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, respectively. Amortization expense is estimated to be $8.7 million in 2017, $8.1 million in 2018, $7.5 million in 2019, $7.0 million in 2020 and $6.5 million in 2021. Note 9. Notes and Other Debt Notes and other debt is as follows: (Thousands) Principal amount Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs Notes and other debt less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs 62 December 31, 2016 (cid:3)(cid:3) December 31, 2015 3,639,300 $ (134,072) 3,505,228 4,167,967 (cid:3)(cid:3) $ (139,753 ) (cid:3)(cid:3) 4,028,214 (cid:3)(cid:3) $ $ Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Notes and other debt at December 31, 2016 consisted of the following: (cid:3) (Thousands) Senior secured term loan B - variable rate, due October 24, 2022 (discount is based on imputed interest rate of 5.66%) Senior secured notes - 6.00%, due April 15, 2023 (discount is based on imputed interest rate of 6.29%) Senior unsecured notes - 8.25%, due October 15, 2023 (discount is based on imputed interest rate of 9.06%) Senior unsecured notes - 7.125%, due December 15, 2024 Total December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs Unamortized Discount and Debt Issuance Costs Principal (cid:3)(cid:3) Principal $ 2,107,967 $ (78,699) $ 2,129,300 (cid:3)(cid:3)$ (77,105) 550,000 (9,817) 400,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) (6,767) 1,110,000 (45,599) 1,110,000 (cid:3)(cid:3) (50,200) 400,000 $ 4,167,967 (5,638) - (139,753) $ 3,639,300 (cid:3)(cid:3)$ (134,072) - (cid:3)(cid:3) At December 31, 2016, we had outstanding: (i) $2.1 billion under our senior secured term loan B facility that matures on October 24, 2022 (“Term Loan Facility”); (ii) $550.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”); (iii) $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “2023 Notes”); and (iv) $400 million aggregate principal amount of 7.125% Senior Unsecured Notes due December 15, 2024 (the “2024 Notes”). Credit Agreement On April 24, 2015 the Company and CSL Capital entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), which provides for the Term Loan Facility (in an initial principal amount of $2.14 billion) and a $500 million senior secured revolving credit facility maturing April 24, 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Facilities”). On October 21, 2016, the Company and CSL Capital amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, replace the then outstanding principal amounts of the term loans thereunder with a like aggregate amount of new term loans having substantially similar terms as the then outstanding term loans, other than with respect to the applicable interest rate and the period of time for which prepayment premiums in respect of certain repricing transactions apply. The term loans under the Facilities were originally issued at an issue price of 98.00% of par value, now bear interest at a rate equal to a Eurodollar rate, subject to a 1.0% floor, plus an applicable margin equal to 3.50%, and are subject to amortization of 1.0% per annum. The loans have been incurred by the Company and CSL Capital, are guaranteed by certain of CS&L’s wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”), and are secured by substantially all of the assets of CS&L, CSL Capital and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions, which assets also secure the Secured Notes. The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.75% to 2.25% based on our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement. We are subject to customary covenants under the Credit Agreement, including an obligation to maintain a consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00. We are permitted, subject to customary conditions, to incur incremental term loan borrowings and/or increased commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount equal to $150 million plus, an unlimited amount, so long as, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to any such increases, our consolidated total leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 6.50 to 1.00 and our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 4.00 to 1.00. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, including a cross default provision whereby the failure by the Company or certain of its subsidiaries to make payments under other debt obligations, or the occurrence of certain events affecting those other borrowing arrangements, could trigger an obligation to repay any amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement. In particular, a repayment obligation could be triggered if (i) the Company or certain of its subsidiaries fails to make a payment when due of any principal or interest on any other indebtedness aggregating $75.0 million or more, or (ii) an event occurs that causes, or would permit the holders of any other indebtedness aggregating $75.0 million or 63 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued more to cause, such indebtedness to become due prior to its stated maturity. As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under the Credit Agreement. On April 22, 2016, the Company borrowed $321 million under the Revolving Credit Facility to fund the cash portion of consideration paid to acquire PEG Bandwidth and related transaction costs and, on August 26, 2016, the Company borrowed $150 million under the Revolving Credit Facility to fund the cash portion of consideration paid to acquire Tower Cloud and related transaction costs. See Note 4. As of December 31, 2016, the date hereof, the Revolving Credit Facility is undrawn. The Notes On April 24, 2015, we, along with CSL Capital, co-issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of the Secured Notes and $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Notes (together the “Notes”). The Secured Notes were issued at an issue price of 100% of par value, while the 2023 Notes were issued at an issue price of 97.055% of par value. The Notes are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The Notes were issued to Windstream Services as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off. As such, CS&L did not receive any proceeds from the issuance of the Notes. The issuance of the Notes and their exchange by Windstream Services for certain of its outstanding indebtedness were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), but were exempt from registration under Rule 144A, Regulation S and other applicable exemptions of the Securities Act. Pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into by the Company in connection with the sale of the 2023 Notes, the Company subsequently filed with the SEC a registration statement relating to an exchange offer pursuant to which 2023 Notes due 2023 (the “Exchange Notes”) that were registered with the SEC, were offered in exchange for 2023 Notes tendered by the holders of those notes. The terms of the Exchange Notes are substantially identical to the terms of the 2023 Notes in all material respects, except that the Exchange Notes are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the transfer restrictions, registration rights and additional interest provision applicable to the 2023 Notes do not apply to the Exchange Notes. The exchange offer was completed on September 2, 2015, with all outstanding 2023 Notes being tendered and exchanged for Exchange Notes. On June 9, 2016, we, along with CSL Capital, co-issued an additional $150 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes (the “add-on Notes”) as an add-on to the Company’s existing Secured Notes. The add- on Notes were issued at an issue price of 99.25% of par value, are subject to the same customary covenant requirements as the existing Secured Notes, and are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The issuance of the add-on Notes was not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), but was exempt from registration under Rule 144A, Regulation S and other applicable exemptions of the Securities Act. Proceeds from the issuance of the add-on Notes were used to repay existing borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. On December 15, 2016, we, along with CSL Capital, co-issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes were issued at an issue price of 100% of par value and are guaranteed by the Guarantors. Proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Notes were used to repay existing borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Deferred Financing Cost Deferred financing costs were incurred in connection with the issuance of the Notes and the Facilities. These costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the related indebtedness, and are included in interest expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $7.8 million and $4.8 million of non-cash interest expense, respectively, related to the amortization of deferred financing costs. 64 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Aggregate annual maturities of our long-term obligations at December 31, 2016 are as follows: (Thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total $ $ 21,133 21,133 21,133 21,133 21,133 4,062,302 4,167,967 As discussed in Note 6, we have acquired property pursuant to capital leases. At December 31, 2016, future minimum lease payments under capital lease obligations are as follows: (Thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total minimum payments Less amount representing interest Total $ $ 7,313 7,115 7,125 6,655 6,262 60,495 94,965 (40,430) 54,535 Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Plan”), which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Awards issuable under the Equity Plan include incentive stock options, “non-qualified” stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares, restricted shares, and restricted stock units. In connection with the Spin-Off, the Company issued 538,819 restricted shares and 70,889 performance-based restricted stock units to employees of Windstream in accordance with the terms of the Employee Matters Agreement between the Company and Windstream. Under the Employee Matters Agreement, which governs the compensation and employee benefit obligations of CS&L and Windstream with respect to the current and former employees of each company, employees of Windstream who held equity awards as of the date of the Spin-Off were entitled to receive equity awards of CS&L in the same proportion as if the equity awards had been common shares on the date of the Spin-Off. The CS&L awards issued have the same form and vesting requirements as the underlying Windstream awards. For the purposes of vesting in the CS&L awards, continued service with Windstream is deemed to be continued service with CS&L. We do not recognize any compensation expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income related to these awards, as none of the employees granted awards provide service to CS&L. At December 31, 2016, 161,588 restricted shares and 16,033 performance-based restricted stock units issued to Windstream employees remained outstanding. Certain employees of CS&L have retained their unvested Windstream awards that were held prior to the Spin-Off. Unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards was $5,100 at December 31, 2016, and will be amortized to compensation expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $63,000 and $197,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to these awards, which is recorded in general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statement of Income. 65 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Restricted Awards During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company granted 308,146 shares of restricted stock to employees, which had a fair value of $6.3 million as of the date of grant. We calculate the grant date fair value of non-vested shares of restricted stock awards using the closing sale prices on the trading day on the grant date. The restricted stock awards are amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over the vesting period, which is generally three years. As of December 31, 2016, there were 5,110,563 shares available for future issuance under the Equity Plan. The following table sets forth the number of unvested restricted stock awards and the weighted-average fair value of these awards at the date of grant: (cid:3) Restricted Awards Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) ($000s) Unvested balance December 31, 2015 Granted Forfeited Vested Unvested balance, December 31, 2016 241,140 $ 308,146 $ (12,419) $ (42,976) $ 493,891 $ 25.82 20.56 21.42 26.34 22.60 $ 12,550 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the market value of our common stock as of December 30, 2016. The market value as of December 30, 2016 was $25.41 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock reported for transactions effected on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on December 30, 2016, the final trading day of 2016. The total fair value of shares vesting during the ended December 31, 2016 was $1.1 million. As of December 31, 2016, total unrecognized compensation expense on restricted awards was approximately $7.1 million, and the expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.8 years. Performance Awards The Company grants long-term incentives to members of management in the form of performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) under the Equity Plan. The number of PSUs earned is based on the Company’s achievement of specified performance goals, over a specified performance period, and may range from 0% to 150% of the target shares. The PSUs have a service condition that will expire at the end of the three-year performance period provided that the holder continues to be employed by the Company at the end of the performance period. Holders of PSUs are entitled to dividend equivalents, which will be accrued quarterly and paid in cash upon the vesting of a PSU. Dividend equivalents are forfeited to the extent that the underlying PSU is forfeited. On February 29, 2016, we issued 101,660 PSUs equal to 100% of the target amount, with an aggregate value of $2.1 million on the grant date. The PSUs, in addition to a service condition, are subject to the Company’s performance versus the total return of the MSCI US REIT Index and a triple-net lease peer group, as defined by the Compensation Committee. Upon evaluating the results of the market conditions, the final number of shares is determined and such shares vest based on satisfaction of the service condition. The PSUs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. During the year ended December 31, 2016, no PSUs were forfeited due to termination of service. The following table sets forth the number of unvested PSUs and the weighted-average fair value of these awards at the date of grant: Performance Awards Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) ($000s) Unvested balance December 31, 2015 Granted Forfeited Vested Unvested balance, December 31, 2016 60,970 $ 101,660 $ — $ — $ 162,630 $ 66 21.82 20.71 — — 21.13 $ 4,132 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the market value of our common stock as of December 30, 2016. The market value as of December 30, 2016 was $25.41 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock reported for transactions effected on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on December 30, 2016, the final trading day of 2016. As of December 31, 2016, total unrecognized compensation expense related to PSUs was approximately $2.1 million, and the weighted-average vesting period was 1.8 years. The fair value of each PSU award is estimated at the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation requires assumptions for expected volatility, risk-free return, and dividend yield. Our assumptions include a 0% dividend yield, which is the mathematical equivalent to reinvesting the dividends over the three-year performance period as is consistent with the terms of the PSUs. The following table summarizes the assumptions used to value the PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015: Expected term (years) Expected volatility Expected annual dividend Risk free rate Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 2.9 26.6% 0.0% 0.9% 3.0 48.8% 0.0% 0.9% For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $4.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to restricted stock awards and performance-based awards, which is recorded in general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statement of Income. Note 11. Related Party Transactions In connection with the Spin-Off, we issued approximately 149.8 million shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, to Windstream as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business. Windstream Holdings distributed approximately 80.4% of the CS&L shares it received to existing stockholders of Windstream Holdings and retained a passive ownership interest of approximately 19.6% of the common stock of CS&L. As a result of this ownership Windstream was deemed to be a related party. On June 15, 2016, Windstream Holdings disposed of 14.7 million shares of our common stock, representing approximately half of its retained ownership interest. On June 24, 2016, Windstream Holdings disposed of its remaining 14.7 million shares of our common stock as part of a public offering. The Company did not receive any proceeds resulting from the disposition of these shares. Accordingly, Windstream is no longer deemed a related party under applicable accounting regulations. Our consolidated financial statements reflect the following transactions with Windstream during the periods in which Windstream was deemed a related party. Revenues – The Company records leasing revenue pursuant to the Master Lease. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, we recognized leasing revenues of $337.6 million related to the Master Lease. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized leasing revenues of $458.6 million related to the Master Lease, which includes $0.8 million of TCI revenue recognized as a result of upgrades made by Windstream to the Distribution Systems. General and Administrative Expenses – We are party to a Transition Services Agreement (“TSA”) pursuant to which Windstream and its affiliates provide, on an interim basis, various services, including but not limited to information technology services, payment processing and collection services, financial and tax services, regulatory compliance and other support services. On April 1, 2016, the TSA ceased and we incurred $19,000 of related TSA expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we incurred $0.1 million of expense under the TSA. 67 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued CLEC Operating Expenses – We are party to a Wholesale Master Services Agreement (“Wholesale Agreement”) and a Master Services Agreement with Windstream related to the Consumer CLEC Business. Under the Wholesale Agreement, Windstream provides us transport services (local and long distance telecommunications service), provisioning services (directory assistance, directory listing, service activation and service changes), and repair services (routine and emergency network maintenance, network audits and network security). Under the Master Services Agreement, Windstream provides billing and collections services to CS&L. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we incurred expenses of $6.6 million and $0.9 million related to the Wholesale Agreement and Master Services Agreement, respectively. During the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 we incurred expenses of $10.1 million and $1.1 million related to the Wholesale Agreement and Master Services Agreement, respectively. Accounts Receivable – As of December 31, 2015, there was $1.7 million accounts receivable from Windstream related to the collection of Consumer CLEC Business revenues, net of amounts owed to Windstream under the Wholesale Agreement and Master Services Agreement recorded in accounts receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Dividend Payable – At December 31, 2015 there was a $17.6 million dividend payable to Windstream related to the dividend declared on November 6, 2015, based on Windstream ownership of CS&L shares as of the December 31, 2015 record date. This amount was paid to Windstream on January 15, 2016 along with the dividends payable to all common shareholders. Employee Matters Agreement – We are party to an Employee Matters Agreement (“Employee Matters Agreement”) with Windstream that governs the respective compensation and employee benefit obligations of the Company and Windstream in connection with and following the Spin-Off. Under the Employee Matters Agreement, if requested by a Windstream employee, the Company is required to withhold shares to satisfy the employee’s tax obligations arising from the recognition of income and the vesting of shares related to awards of CS&L restricted stock held by the employee that were granted in connection with the Spin-Off. In that case, the Company must pay to Windstream an amount of cash equal to the amount required to be withheld to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations or, at the request of Windstream, remit such cash directly to the applicable taxing authorities. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we withheld 91,412 common shares to satisfy these minimum statutory tax- withholding obligations and delivered $1.9 million to Windstream for remittance to the applicable taxing authorities. Tower Purchase – In May, 2016, we completed the previously announced transaction with Windstream to acquire 32 wireless towers owned by Windstream and operating rights for 49 wireless towers previously conveyed to the Company in the Spin-Off for a purchase price of approximately $3 million. Lease Amendment – During the quarter ended March 31, 2016, we amended the Master Lease with Windstream (the “Master Lease Amendment”) to allow for the transfer of ownership rights or exchanges of indefeasible rights of use (an “IRU”) and other long term rights in certain fiber and associated assets constituting leased property under the Master Lease. We will enter into such transactions pursuant to certain fiber exchange agreements under which we will grant to a third party ownership rights in certain fiber assets or an IRU in certain fiber assets that constitute leased property under the Master Lease in exchange for CS&L receiving ownership rights in certain fiber assets or an IRU in certain fiber assets of the third party, which we will then lease to Windstream as leased property under the Master Lease. Under the terms of the Master Lease Amendment, Windstream is responsible for any taxes imposed on CS&L related to the sale, exchange or other disposition of the fiber assets delivered to a third party or the granting of rights to the leased property that arise from fiber exchange agreements. As of June 30, 2016, no such transactions had been consummated. The Master Lease Amendment also permits us to install, own and operate certain wireless communication towers, antennas and related equipment on designated portions of the leased property. Landlord Funded Capital Expense – Windstream Holdings requested, and we funded, $43.1 million of capital expenditures related to the Distribution Systems on December 29, 2015. Monthly rent paid by Windstream increased in accordance with the Master Lease effective as of the date we provided the funding, which equates to approximately $3.5 million of incremental rent per year. 68 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Note 12. Earnings Per Share Our restricted stock awards are considered participating securities as they receive non-forfeitable rights to dividends at the same rate as common stock. As participating securities, we included these instruments in the computation of earnings per share under the two-class method described in FASB ASC 260, Earnings per Share. We also issue PSUs; however these units contain forfeitable rights to receive dividends and are therefore considered non-participating restrictive shares and are not dilutive under the two-class method until performance conditions are met. During the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately 220,000 PSUs were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect is anti-dilutive as a result of our net loss for this period. For the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, approximately 61,000 PSUs were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as their performance conditions had not been met. The earnings per share impact of the Series A Shares (See Note 17) is calculated using the net share settlement method, whereby the redemption value of the instrument is assumed to be settled in cash and only the conversion premium, if any, is assumed to be settled in shares. The Series A Shares provide CS&L the option to cash or share settle the instrument, and it is our policy to settle the instrument in cash upon conversion. The following sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method: (Thousands, except per share data) Basic earnings per share: Numerator: Net (loss) income $ Less: Income allocated to participating securities Dividends declared on convertible preferred stock Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Net (loss) income applicable to common shares $ Denominator: Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding $ Basic (loss) earnings per common share (Thousands, except per share data) Diluted earnings per share: Numerator: Net (loss) income $ Less: Income allocated to participating securities Dividends declared on convertible preferred stock Amortization of discount on convertible preferred stock Net (loss) income applicable to common shares $ Denominator: Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding Effect of dilutive non-participating securities Weighted-average shares for dilutive earnings per common share Dilutive (loss) earnings per common share $ 69 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 (cid:3) (cid:3) (212) $ (1,557) (1,743) (1,985) (5,497) $ 152,473 (0.04) $ 24,870 (1,152) - - 23,718 149,835 0.16 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 (212) $ (1,557) (1,743) (1,985) (5,497) $ 152,473 — 152,473 (0.04) $ 24,870 (1,152) - - 23,718 149,835 — 149,835 0.16 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Note 13. Segment Information As of December 31, 2016, our management, including our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, manages our operations as three operating business segments: Leasing, Fiber Infrastructure and Consumer CLEC. Our Leasing segment represents our REIT operations, including the results of our tower and ground lease operations and corporate expenses not directly attributable to our other operating segments. The Fiber Infrastructure segment represents the operations of the Uniti Fiber business, as well as corporate expenses directly attributable to the operations of that business, and the Consumer CLEC segment represents the operations of our Consumer CLEC Business and corporate expenses directly attributable to the operation of that business. We determined that each of these operating segments represents a reportable segment. Management evaluates the performance of each segment using Adjusted EBITDA, which is a segment performance measure defined as net income determined in accordance with GAAP, before interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of transaction and integration related expenses, the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs, costs incurred as a result of the early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments, and other similar items. The Company believes that net income, as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings metric; however we believe that Adjusted EBITDA serves as a useful supplement to net income because it allows investors, analysts and management to evaluate the performance of our segments in a manner that is comparable period over period. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income as determined in accordance with GAAP. Selected financial data related to our segments is presented below for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015: (cid:3) (Thousands) Revenues Adjusted EBITDA Less: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization Transaction related costs Stock-based compensation Income tax expense Net loss Year Ended December 31, 2016 Leasing (cid:3) Infrastructure (cid:3) Consumer CLEC (cid:3)(cid:3) Fiber Subtotal of Reportable Segments 677,368 $ 70,568 $ 22,472 $ 770,408 659,198 $ 25,912 $ 5,074 $ 690,184 (cid:3) $ $ 344,083 28,629 3,258 $ 275,394 375,970 33,669 4,846 517 (212) Capital expenditures (1)(cid:3) $ 15,437 $ 31,006 $ - $ 46,443 70 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (cid:3) (Thousands) Revenues Adjusted EBITDA Less: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization Transaction related costs Stock-based compensation Income tax expense Net income Period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 Leasing (cid:3) Consumer CLEC (cid:3)(cid:3) Subtotal of Reportable Segments 458,614 $ 17,700 $ 476,314 449,340 $ 3,957 $ 453,297 (cid:3) $ $ 236,177 2,571 181,797 238,748 5,210 1,934 738 24,870 44,413 $ - $ Capital expenditures (1)(cid:3) $ 44,413 $ (1) Segment capital expenditures represents acquisition of ground lease investments and other capital expenditures as reported in the investing activities section of the Statement of Cash Flows. Total assets by business segment as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows: (Thousands) Leasing Fiber Infrastructure Consumer CLEC Subtotal of reportable segments 2,390,431 $ 914,082 14,239 3,318,752 December 31, 2016 $ $ $ December 31, 2015 2,527,915 - 14,721 2,542,636 Following the acquisition of Network Management Holdings, LTD in the first quarter of 2017, the Company now manages and reports our operations in four reportable business segment: Leasing, Fiber Infrastructure, Towers and Consumer CLEC. This change in segments aligns with how management, including our Chief Operating Decision maker, evaluates the performance of our businesses and make decisions regarding the allocation of resources. We will recast prior period segment data to conform to this new presentation beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to claims and administrative proceedings, none of which we believe are material or would be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. We have fiber lease agreements and office space lease agreements under non-cancelable operating leases. Rental expense under operating leases approximated $834,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $132,000 for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Future minimum payments, by year and in the aggregate, under non-cancellable operating leases with initial or remaining lease terms of one year or more, are as follows: (Thousands) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total $ $ 15,483 11,390 7,450 4,840 2,030 5,579 46,772 71 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us (including our subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees and agents and certain other related parties) for any liability arising from or relating to legal proceedings involving Windstream's telecommunications business prior to the Spin-Off, and, pursuant to the Master Lease, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us for, among other things, any use, misuse, maintenance or repair by Windstream with respect to the Distribution Systems. Windstream is currently a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings, including various claims arising in the ordinary course of its telecommunications business, which are subject to the indemnities provided by Windstream to us. Under the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement entered into with Windstream, we are generally responsible for any taxes imposed on Windstream that arise from the failure of the Spin-Off and the debt exchanges to qualify as tax- free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, within the meaning of Section 355 and Section 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code, as applicable, to the extent such failure to qualify is attributable to certain actions, events or transactions relating to our stock, indebtedness, assets or business, or a breach of the relevant representations or any covenants made by us in the Tax Matters Agreement, the materials submitted to the IRS in connection with the request for the private letter ruling or the representations provided in connection with the tax opinion. We believe that the probability of us incurring obligations under the Tax Matters Agreement are remote; and therefore, have recorded no such liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. Note 15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income by component is as follows for the year ended December 31, 2016: (Thousands) Beginning balance at December 31, 2015 Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Ending balance at December 31, 2016 Note 16. Income Taxes Currency Translation Adjustment Changes in Fair Value of Effective Cash Flow Hedge (Note 7) $ $ — $ (267) — (267) $ (5,427 ) $ (24,465 ) 23,790 (6,102 ) $ Total (5,427) (24,732) 23,790 (6,369) We have elected on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a REIT and thus have no provision for U.S. federal income tax related to activities of the REIT and its passthrough subsidiaries. The REIT and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to certain state and local income taxes, franchise taxes, and gross receipts taxes. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. 72 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Income tax expense (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 as reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Income was comprised of the following: (cid:3) (Thousands) Current Federal State Total current expense Deferred Federal State Total deferred expense Total income tax expense (cid:3) $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from (cid:3)(cid:3)April 24 - December 31, 2015 1,596 $ 1,107 2,703 (1,488) (698) (2,186) 517 $ 1,208 741 1,949 (770) (441) (1,211) 738 An income tax expense reconciliation between the U.S. statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate is as follows: (cid:3) (Thousands) Income from continuing operations, before tax Income tax at U.S. statutory federal rate Increases (decreases) resulting from: State taxes, net of federal benefit Benefit of REIT status Capitalized transaction costs Change in valuation allowance Adjustment of deferred tax balances Permanent differences Rate differential Income tax expense Year Ended December 31, 2016 $ (cid:3) Period from (cid:3) April 24 - December 31, 2015 24,795 8,665 305 $ 107 (224) (4,016) (3,915) 8,176 149 52 188 517 $ 266 (8,193) - - - - - 738 $ The effective tax rate on income from continuing operations differs from tax at the statutory rate primarily due to our status as a REIT, certain capitalized costs incurred to acquire assets that were transferred to a TRS, and changes in valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets of a TRS. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. 73 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued The components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows: (Thousands) Deferred tax assets: Deferred revenue Accrued bonuses Goodwill Stock based compensation Accrued expenses and other Asset retirement obligation Inventory reserve Net operating loss carryforwards Deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant & equipment Customer list intangible Other intangible amortization Other Deferred tax liabilities (cid:3)(cid:3) Deferred tax asset (liability), net $ $ $ $ December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 4,244 $ 520 1,886 179 802 790 401 39,916 48,738 (8,176) 40,562 (20,923) $ (47,721) (137) (175) (68,956) $ (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) (28,394) $ 90 - - - - - - - 90 - 90 (1,759) (4,045) - - (5,804) (5,714) A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 primarily relates to net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”s) of one of our TRSs. On August 31, 2016 we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Tower Cloud, Inc., which had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $81.2 million at the date of the acquisition that will expire between 2026 and 2036. As a result of the change in ownership, the utilization of Tower Cloud, Inc. NOL carryforwards is subject to limitations imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. The gross deferred tax assets associated with the NOL and other temporary differences as of August 31, 2016 were approximately $37.0 million, with respect to which we determined that a valuation allowance is not required. A net deferred tax liability of $24.8 million was recorded in connection with the acquisition, which is primarily related to the excess of the recorded amounts for Property, Plant & Equipment and Intangible Assets over their respective historical tax bases. We have total federal NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2016 of approximately $102.9M which will expire between 2026 and 2036. The Company has no liability for unrecognized tax benefits or tax-related penalties or interest at December 31, 2016 and does not expect a significant change in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. With the exception of Tower Cloud, Inc., our 2015 returns remain open to examination. As Tower Cloud, Inc. has NOLs available to carry forward, the applicable tax years will generally remain open to examination several years after the applicable loss carryforwards have been utilized or expire. Note 17. Capital Stock On August 31, 2016, we issued 1.9 million shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as partial consideration for all outstanding equity interests of Tower Cloud. See Note 4. 74 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued On June 24, 2016, in connection with Windstream’s disposition of its retained ownership interest in CS&L pursuant to the public offering (See Note 11), we issued 2.2 million additional shares of our common stock. The shares were sold at a public offering price of $26.01, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $54.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, which were used to repay existing borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. On May 2, 2016, we issued 1 million shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, as partial consideration for all outstanding equity interests of PEG Bandwidth. See Note 4. In addition, we issued 87,500 shares of the Company’s 3% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value (“Series A Shares”), with a liquidation value of $87.5 million. The Series A Shares are non-voting and entitle the holders to receive cumulative dividends at the rate per annum of 3.0%, payable in cash. Holders of the Series A Shares have the option to convert at any time after three years, or are mandatorily convertible after eight years at a conversion rate of 28.5714 shares of common stock per Series A Share, subject to adjustment for certain dilutive events not to exceed a conversion rate of 50.5305 shares of common stock per Series A Share. The Series A Shares provide us the option to cash or share settle, and it is our policy to settle in cash upon conversion. Upon liquidation, each holder of the Series A Shares shall be entitled to receive the liquidation preference per share of $1,000 plus an amount equal to the accumulated and unpaid dividends on such shares. The Series A Shares were recorded at inception on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as mezzanine equity at fair value. We are authorized to issue up to 500,000,000 shares of voting common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 155,138,637 and 0 shares, respectively, were outstanding at December 31, 2016. We had 344,861,363 shares of voting common stock available for issuance at December 31, 2016. Note 18. Dividends (Distributions) Distributions with respect to our common stock is characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gains dividends, non-dividend distribution or a combination thereof. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 our common stock distribution per share was $2.40 and $1.04, respectively, characterized as follows: (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) Ordinary dividends Non-dividend distributions Total Note 19. Future Minimum Rents Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from 1.31 $ 1.09 2.40 $ April 24 - December 31, 2015 0.87 0.17 1.04 $ $ Future minimum lease payments to be received, excluding operating expense reimbursements, from tenant under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2016, are as follows: (Thousands)(cid:3) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total $ $ 657,103 660,883 664,727 668,578 671,845 5,769,327 9,092,463 75 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Note 20. Employee Benefit Plan We sponsor a defined contribution plan under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which covers employees who are 21 years of age and over. Under this plan, we match voluntary employee contributions at a rate of 100% for the first 3% of an employee’s annual compensation and at a rate of 50% for the next 2% of an employee’s annual compensation. Employees vest in our contribution immediately. Our expense related to the plan recognized for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was $0.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively. We sponsor a deferred compensation plan. The plan is established and maintained by the Company primarily to permit certain management or highly compensated employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, within the meaning of Section 301(a) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), to defer a percentage of their compensation. The plan is an unfunded deferred compensation plan intended to qualify for the exemptions provided in, and shall be administered in a manner consistent with Section 201, 301 and 401 of ERISA and Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Note 21. Subsequent Events On January 31, 2017, Uniti Towers completed the previously announced acquisition of NMS. NMS owns and operates wireless communications towers in Latin America with an additional build-to-suit tower sites under development. The NMS portfolio spans across Mexico, Nicaragua, and Colombia. The consideration for the wireless towers currently in operation was $62.6 million, which was funded through cash on hand. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, Uniti Towers will acquire the rights to towers under development when construction is completed. With the addition of NMS, the Uniti Towers portfolio now consists of 468 wireless communication towers. On February 9, 2017, we completed a repricing of our Term Loan Facility. The repricing decreases the interest rate by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 3.00% per annum with a minimum LIBOR rate of 1.0%. Our interest rate swap agreements are unaffected by this repricing and effectively fix the interest rate on our Term Loan Facility at 5.1%. On February 23, 2017, we announced a definitive agreement to acquire Hunt Telecommunications, LLC (“Hunt”) for initial consideration of $114.5 million in cash and approximately two million operating partnership units. Hunt is a leading provider of data transport to K-12 schools and government agencies with a dense fiber network in Louisiana. We intend to fund the cash portion of the transaction through cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The transactions is expected to close during the third quarter of 2017 and is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary terms and conditions. Note 22. Supplemental Guarantor Information Pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Rule 3-10 “Financial statements of guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities registered or being registered,” the Company is required to provide condensed consolidating financial information for CSL Capital and the Guarantors because the Exchange Notes (see Note 9) and the guarantees thereof were registered with the SEC under the Securities Act. While the condensed consolidating financial information presented below is in respect of our Exchange Notes only, our Secured Notes, 2024 Notes and senior credit facilities under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Guarantors. These guarantees are full and unconditional as well as joint and several. All property assets and related operations of the Guarantors are pledged as collateral under the Secured Notes and Credit Agreement and the Guarantors are subject to restrictions on certain investments and payments. Subject to the terms and provisions of the debt agreements, in certain circumstances, a Guarantor may be released from its guarantee obligation including, upon the sale or transfer of any portion of its equity interest or all or substantially all of its property, and upon any Guarantor being designated an Unrestricted Subsidiary, as defined in the Credit Agreement, or otherwise no longer being required to remain a Guarantor given its size or regulatory restrictions. 76 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Certain amounts in the prior period have been revised to correct errors identified during the fourth quarter 2016 that relate to prior periods. Specifically, immaterial adjustments were made to properly reflect the Guarantor’s proportionate share in net assets of Non-Guarantor entities. The adjustments have no impact on the consolidated results of the Company. 77 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued The following information summarizes our Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, and the Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2016 and for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015: (cid:3) (Thousands) Assets: (cid:3) (cid:3) Property, plant and equipment, net $ Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Affiliate receivable Goodwill Intangible assets, net Straight-line revenue receivable Investment in consolidated subsidiaries Other assets Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2016 Non- CS&L CSL Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations (cid:3) Consolidated — $ 131,145 (3) — — — — 32,426 8,989 — — $1,975,455 $ 694,582 $ 8,183 — 6,295 — — 2,413 145,054 117,280 — 37,033 123,551 — 4 29,084 — — $ 2,670,037 171,754 — 15,281 — (2,413 ) — 262,334 — 160,584 — 29,088 — 2,801,234 2,036,717 761,609 - (5,599,560 ) — 1,066 9,674 $ 2,933,442 $ 2,036,717 $2,996,217 $ 954,349 $ (5,601,973 ) $ 3,318,752 2,041 6,567 — — Total Assets Liabilities and Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity: Liabilities: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Accrued interest payable Deferred revenue Derivative liability Affiliate payable Dividends payable Deferred income taxes Capital lease obligations Contingent consideration Notes and other debt, net Total liabilities $ — $ 27,812 — 6,102 — 94,607 — — 98,600 — $ 27,812 — 6,102 — — — — — 4,028,214 4,028,214 4,255,335 4,062,128 — — 40,977 $ 25,081 $ 15,896 $ 27,812 (27,812 ) — 261,404 — 157,857 103,547 6,102 (6,102 ) — — (2,413 ) — 94,607 — — 28,394 — 26,791 54,535 — 6,558 — 98,600 — — (4,028,214 ) 4,028,214 234,931 152,792 (4,064,541 ) 4,640,645 — 2,413 — 1,603 47,977 — — Convertible preferred stock 80,552 — — — — 80,552 Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity: Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Distributions in excess of earnings (1,537,183) (2,019,309) 2,761,286 801,824 (1,543,801 ) (1,537,183) (1,402,445) (2,025,411) 2,761,286 801,557 (1,537,432 ) (1,402,445) Total shareholders' deficit 15 141,092 15 141,092 — — — — — — (6,369) (6,102) — — (6,369) (267) 6,369 — Total Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Shareholders' Deficit $ 2,933,442 $ 2,036,717 $2,996,217 $ 954,349 $ (5,601,973 ) $ 3,318,752 78 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (Thousands) Assets: Property, plant and equipment, net $ Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Affiliate receivable Intangible assets, net Straight-line rent receivable Investment in consolidated subsidiaries Other assets Total Assets Liabilities and Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity: Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Accrued Interest payable Deferred Revenue Derivative liability Affiliate payable Dividends payable Deferred income taxes Notes and other debt, net Total liabilities Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2015 Non- CS&L CSL Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated — $ 17 — — — — — $1,841,712 $ 533,048 $ 2,284 — 1,609 — — — 10,530 — — — 140,197 474 151 — 11,795 — $ 2,374,760 142,498 — 2,083 — (151 ) — 10,530 — 11,795 — 2,458,679 2,458,679 — — 510,093 970 672 $ 2,458,696 $ 2,458,679 $2,505,094 $ 547,769 $ (5,427,602 ) $ 2,542,636 — (5,427,451 ) — 298 — $ — $ 24,440 — 5,427 — 90,507 — — $ 24,440 — 5,427 — — — 3,505,228 3,505,228 3,625,602 3,535,095 9,204 $ — 44,862 — — — 1,677 — 55,743 1,205 $ — 22,955 — 151 — 4,037 10,409 — $ 24,440 (24,440 ) 67,817 — 5,427 (5,427 ) — (151 ) 90,507 — 5,714 — — (3,505,228 ) 3,505,228 28,348 (3,535,246 ) 3,709,542 Common Stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (5,427) Distributions in excess of earnings (1,162,886) (1,070,989) 2,449,351 519,421 (1,897,783 ) (1,162,886) (1,166,906) (1,076,416) 2,449,351 519,421 (1,892,356 ) (1,166,906) Total shareholders' deficit 15 1,392 15 1,392 — — — — — — (5,427) (5,427) — — 5,427 — — Total Liabilities and Shareholders' (Deficit) Equity $ 2,458,696 $ 2,458,679 $2,505,094 $ 547,769 $ (5,427,602 ) $ 2,542,636 79 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (Thousands) Revenues: Leasing Fiber Infrastructure Consumer CLEC Total revenues Costs and Expenses: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expense Operating expense (exclusive of depreciation, accretion and amortization) Transaction related costs Total costs and expenses Earnings from consolidated subsidiaries (Loss) income before income taxes Income tax expense Net (loss) income Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Non- CS&L CSL Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — — — $ 674,683 $ 57,030 — — — 731,713 2,685 $ 13,538 22,472 38,695 — $ 677,368 70,568 — 22,472 — 770,408 267,959 273,022 — 4,829 7,046 — 279,507 28,161 — 389 (273,022 ) 275,394 — 375,970 35,402 — 96,463 2,412 — — — 3,945 25,666 29,566 24,002 158 49,668 33,669 276,733 273,022 369,946 123,424 (273,022 ) 770,103 — 276,521 288,468 305 517 (212) — (479,234 ) (84,729 ) (206,212 ) — 15,446 $ 275,365 $ (84,599 ) $ (206,212 ) $ (85,755) 15,446 276,012 647 (212) — (212) $ — — (130 ) — $ Comprehensive (loss) income $ (1,154) $ 14,771 $ 275,365 $ (84,866 ) $ (205,270 ) $ (1,154) (Thousands) Revenues: Rental revenues Consumer CLEC Total revenues Costs and Expenses: Interest expense Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expense Operating expense (exclusive of depreciation, accretion and amortization) Transaction related costs Total costs and expenses Earnings (losses) from consolidated subsidiaries (Loss) Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net (loss) income Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 Non- CS&L CSL Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations Consolidated $ — $ — — — $ 458,334 $ — — — 458,334 280 $ 17,700 17,980 — $ 458,614 17,700 — — 476,314 181,797 181,797 — 1,934 — — 173,648 9,274 — — — — 5,210 183,731 181,797 188,132 — — — (181,797 ) 181,797 — 238,748 11,208 — 65,100 — 13,743 — 13,743 5,210 78,843 (181,797 ) 450,706 — — 208,601 208,601 24,870 — $ 24,870 $ (62,249) 26,804 207,953 201 — (354,953 ) (60,863 ) (173,156 ) — 26,804 $ 207,752 $ (61,400 ) $ (173,156 ) $ 537 — — 25,608 738 24,870 Comprehensive (loss) income $ 19,443 $ 21,377 $ 207,752 $ (61,400 ) $ (167,729 ) $ 19,443 80 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (cid:3) (Thousands) Cash flow from operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired Acquisition of ground lease investments Other capital expenditures Net cash used in investing activities Cash flow from financing activities Principal payment on debt Dividends paid Proceeds from issuance of Notes Borrowings under revolving credit facility Payments under revolving credit facility Capital lease payments Deferred financing costs Common stock issuance, net of costs Net share settlement Intercompany transactions, net Net cash provided (used in) by financing activities Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, December 31, 2015 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31, 2016(cid:3) Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 CSL Non- (cid:3) CS&L Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations (cid:3)Consolidated $ (59,076) $ — $ 626,147 $ 18,686 $ (209,769 ) $ 375,988 — — — — — (315,494) (173,294 ) (11,543 ) — — — (20,333 ) (14,567) — (330,061) (205,170 ) — (488,788) (11,543) — — (34,900) — (535,231) (22,027) (367,830) 548,875 641,000 (641,000) — (20,557) 54,213 (2,359) (111) — — — — — (1,357) — — — — (22,027) — — (367,830) — — 548,875 — — 641,000 — — (641,000) — — (1,549) — (20,557) — — 54,213 — — (2,359) — — — — (402,500) 192,842 209,769 — — — — — (192 ) — — — 190,204 — (403,857) 192,650 209,769 188,766 — — — (267 ) — (267) 131,128 — (107,771) 5,899 — 29,256 17 — 140,197 2,284 142,498 $ 131,145 $ — $ 32,426 $ 8,183 $ — $ 171,754 81 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued (Thousands) Cash flow from operating activities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Consideration paid to Windstream Services Capital expenditures - other Net cash used in investing activities Cash flow from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of Term Loans Deferred financing costs Principal payment on debt Common stock issuance costs Net share settlement Dividends paid Intercompany transactions, net Cash in-lieu of fractional shares Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, April 24, 2015 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31, 2015(cid:3) Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 CSL Non- CS&L Capital Guarantors Guarantors Eliminations (cid:3) Consolidated $ 106,332 $ — $ 426,719 $ 13,519 $ (253,362 ) $ 293,208 (1,035,029) — — — (1,035,029) — — (33,178) (33,178) — (11,235 ) (11,235 ) — (1,035,029) — (44,413) — (1,079,442) 1,127,000 — (30,057) — (10,700) — (543) — (113) — — — — — — — — (156,854) — — — — (253,362) — (19) — — — — 253,362 — — — 1,127,000 (30,057) — (10,700) — (543) — (113) (156,854) — (19) 928,714 — (253,362) — 253,362 928,714 17 — 140,179 18 — — 2,284 — — — 142,480 18 $ 17 $ — $ 140,197 $ 2,284 $ — $ 142,498 Note 23. Quarterly Results of Operations (unaudited) Selected quarterly information for each of the four quarters in the year ended December 31, 2016: (cid:3) (Thousands, except per share data) Total revenues Income (loss) before income taxes Net income (loss) Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders Basic earnings (loss) per common share Diluted earnings (loss) per common share Dividends declared per common share 2016 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter (cid:3)(cid:3) Fourth Quarter 174,675 $ 8,480 8,036 188,573 $ (1,208) (1,535) 200,240 $ (2,215 ) (2,343 ) 206,920 (4,752) (4,370) 7,681 (2,871) (4,144 ) (6,163) 0.05 $ 0.05 $ 0.60 $ (0.02) $ (0.02) $ 0.60 $ (0.03 ) $ (0.03 ) $ 0.60 $ (0.04) (0.04) 0.60 $ $ $ $ 82 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued Selected quarterly information for period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015: (cid:3) (Thousands, except per share data) Total revenues Income before income taxes Net income Net income applicable to common shareholders Basic earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share Dividends declared per common share Period from April 24 - June 30, 2015 2015 Third Quarter Fourth Quarter (cid:3)(cid:3) $ $ $ $ 128,748 $ 8,532 8,301 7,976 173,634 $ 9,671 9,403 8,973 173,932 7,405 7,166 6,769 0.05 $ 0.05 $ 0.44 $ 0.06 $ 0.06 $ 0.60 $ 0.05 0.05 0.60 83 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. We have audited the accompanying special purpose statements of revenue and direct expenses for the period from January 1, 2015 to April 24, 2015 and for the year ending December 31, 2014 of the Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (“CLEC”) Business of Windstream Holdings, Inc. These special purpose financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these special purpose financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the special purpose financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the special purpose financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall special purpose financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. The accompanying special purpose financial statements were prepared for the purpose of complying with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission as described in Note 2 and are not intended to be a complete presentation of CLEC’s revenues and expenses. In our opinion, the special purpose financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the revenues and direct expenses for the period from January 1, 2015 through April 24, 2015 and for the year ending December 31, 2014 of the CLEC Business of Windstream Holdings, Inc. in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Little Rock, Arkansas March 7, 2016 84 Consumer CLEC Business Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses (Thousands) Revenues Direct expenses: Cost of revenues Selling, general, and administrative Amortization Total direct expenses Revenues in Excess of Direct Expenses For the Period January 1 - April 24, 2015 (cid:3)(cid:3) Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014 36,015 10,149 $ 5,552 22 1,283 6,857 3,292 $ 19,060 80 4,586 23,726 12,289 $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 85 Consumer CLEC Business Notes to Financial Statements Note 1. Description of Business Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2014 and reorganized in the state of Maryland on September 4, 2014. On April 24, 2015, in connection with the separation and spin-off of CS&L from Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings” and together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Windstream”), Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”) to CS&L in exchange for cash, shares of common stock of CS&L and certain indebtedness of CS&L (the “Spin-Off”). The Consumer CLEC Business, which historically has been reported as an integrated operation within Windstream, offers voice, broadband, long-distance, and value-added services to residential customers located primarily in rural locations. Substantially all of the network assets used to provide these services to customers are contracted through interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. Prior to the Spin-Off, Windstream ceased accepting new residential customers in the service areas covered by the Consumer CLEC Business. Note 2. Basis of Presentation Subsequent to the Spin-Off, all financial results of the Consumer CLEC Business are reported within the consolidated financial statements of CS&L. The accompanying Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses for the period January 1, 2015 to April 24, 2015 (the “Spin Date”) and the year ended December 31, 2014 have been prepared for the purpose of complying with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), as permitted by the SEC and are not intended to be a complete presentation of the results of operations of the Consumer CLEC Business. The elements of the financial statements are stated in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted as permitted by the SEC’s rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results presented have been included. The results of operations for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results of the Consumer CLEC Business following the Spin-Off. The accompanying Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses include all direct costs incurred in connection with the operation of the Consumer CLEC Business for which specific identification was practicable. In addition, direct costs incurred by Windstream to operate the Consumer CLEC Business for which specific identification was not practicable have been allocated based on assumptions that management believes reasonable under the circumstances as more fully discussed in Note 4. The Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses exclude costs that are not directly related to the Consumer CLEC Business including general corporate overhead costs, interest expense and income taxes. Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates —The preparation of financial statements, in accordance with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. The estimates and assumptions used in the accompanying financial statements are based upon management’s evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the accompanying financial statements, and such differences could be material. Revenue Recognition—Service revenues are primarily derived from providing access to or usage of leased networks and facilities. Service revenues are recognized over the period that the corresponding services are rendered to customers. Revenues derived from other telecommunications services, including broadband, long distance and enhanced service revenues are recognized monthly as services are provided. Sales of customer premise equipment and modems are recognized when products are delivered to and accepted by customers. 86 Consumer CLEC Business Notes to Financial Statement – Continued In assessing collectability of receivables, management considers a number of factors, including historical collection experience, aging of the accounts receivable balances and current economic conditions. When internal collection efforts on accounts have been exhausted, the accounts are written off by reducing the allowance for doubtful accounts. The provision for doubtful accounts, which is included in cost of service, was $111,000 for the period from January 1, 2015 to Spin Date. Subsequent Events—The accompanying financial statements of the Consumer CLEC Business are derived from the consolidated financial statements of Windstream, which issued its audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 on February 25, 2016. Accordingly, management has evaluated transactions for consideration as recognized subsequent events in the accompanying financial statement through the date of February 25, 2016. In addition, management has evaluated transactions that occurred as of the issuance of these financial statements on March 7, 2016 for purposes of disclosure of unrecognized subsequent events. Note 4. Allocations As described in Note 2, the accompanying Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses of the Consumer CLEC Business include all direct costs incurred in connection with the operation of the Consumer CLEC Business for which specific identification was practicable. In addition, certain costs incurred by Windstream to operate the Consumer CLEC Business for which specific identification was not practicable have been allocated based on revenues and sales. These allocated expenses are included in “Cost of revenues” and “Selling, general and administrative.” General and administrative costs incurred by Windstream not directly related to the Consumer CLEC Business have not been allocated to these operations. Costs not allocated include amounts related to executive management, accounting, treasury and cash management, data processing, legal, human resources and certain occupancy costs. 87 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We have established disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2016. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2016. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (cid:120) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (cid:120) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (cid:120) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. On August 31, 2016 and May 2, 2016, the Company completed the acquisitions of Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC, respectively. Management excluded Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 because they were acquired by the Company in purchase business combinations in 2016. Tower Cloud, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth, LLC represent 12.7% and 14.8% of total assets, respectively and 1.8% and 7.4% of total revenue, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). 88 Based on this evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO, management concluded the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, who has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, as stated in their report which appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None 89 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. Except as set forth below, the information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. We have a code of ethics as defined in Item 406 of Regulation S-K, which code applies to all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. A copy of this code of ethics, titled “Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics,” is available free of charge on our website at www.cslreit.com. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements of Form 8-K regarding any amendment to, or a waiver from, any provision of our code of ethics by posting such amendment or waiver on our website. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. Except as set forth below, the information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The following table contains information about our equity compensation plan as of December 31, 2016: EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) Number of securities available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) - - - - - - 5,110,5631 - 5,110,563 Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total 1 Shares available for issuance under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. 90 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act in connection with our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders. 91 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. Financial Statements PART IV See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Financial Statement Schedules Communication Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule I – Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant (Parent Company) on page S-1 of this report. Communication Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts on page S-5 of this report. Communication Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule III – Schedule of Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation on page S-6 of this report. Index to Exhibits The exhibits listed in the Index to Exhibits immediately preceding the exhibits are filed herewith in response to this item. 92 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 23, 2017 COMMUNICATIONS SALES & LEASING, INC. By: /s/ Kenneth A. Gunderman Kenneth A. Gunderman President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date /s/ Kenneth A. Gunderman Kenneth A. Gunderman President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Mark A. Wallace Mark A. Wallace Executive Vice President – Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Blake Schuhmacher Blake Schuhmacher Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 23, 2017 February 23, 2017 February 23, 2017 /s/ Francis X. Frantz Francis X. Frantz Chairman and Director February 23, 2017 /s/ Jennifer S. Banner Jennifer S. Banner Director /s/ Scott G. Bruce Scott G. Bruce /s/ Andrew Frey Andrew Frey Director Director /s/ David L. Solomon David L. Solomon Director February 23, 2017 February 23, 2017 February 23, 2017 February 23, 2017 93 Exhibit Index Exhibit No. Description 2.1 Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2015, by and among Windstream Holdings, Inc., Windstream Services, LLC and Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of March 26, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 2.2 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 7, 2016, by and among Communications Sales 2.3** 2.4 & Leasing, Inc., CSL Bandwidth Inc., Penn Merger Sub, LLC, PEG Bandwidth, LLC, PEG Bandwidth Holdings, LLC, and PEG Bandwidth Holdings, LLC, as Unitholders’ Representative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of January 12, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 20, 2016, by and among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc., CSL Fiber Holdings LLC, Thor Merger Sub, Inc., Tower Cloud, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, as representative of the equityholders of Tower Cloud, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of August 11, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) First Amendment, dated as of August 11, 2016, to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 20, 2016, by and among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc., CSL Fiber Holdings LLC, Thor Merger Sub, Inc., Tower Cloud, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, as representative of the equityholders of Tower Cloud, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of August 11, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 10, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 10, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.1 Indenture, dated as of April 24, 2015, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors named therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, governing the 8.25% Senior Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.2 Form of 8.25% Senior Note due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.1 above) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.3* Second Supplemental Indenture (8.25% Senior Notes due 2023), dated as of October 19, 2016, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association 4.4 Indenture, dated as of April 24, 2015, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors named therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee and as collateral agent, governing the 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)). Form of 6.00% Senior Secured Note due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.4 above) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Second Supplemental Indenture (6.00% Senior Secured Notes due 2023), dated as of June 14, 2016, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association 4.5 4.6* 94 Exhibit No. 4.7* Third Supplemental Indenture (6.00% Senior Secured Notes due 2023), dated as of October 19, 2016, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association Description 4.8 Articles Supplementary for 3.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of May 4, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.9 Indenture, dated as of December 15, 2016, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors named therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, governing the 7.125% Senior Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of December 15, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.10 Form of 7.125% Senior Note due 2024 (included in Exhibit 4.9 above) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of December 15, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 4.11* First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 22, 2017, to the Indenture, dated as of December 10.1 10.2 15, 2016, among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Issuers, the guarantors named therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, governing the 7.125% Senior Notes due 2024. Master Lease, entered into as of April 24, 2015, by and among CSL National, L.P. and the other entities listed therein, as Landlord, and Windstream Holdings, Inc., as Tenant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Tax Matters Agreement, entered into as of April 24, 2015, by and among Windstream Holdings, Inc., Windstream Services, LLC and Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.3 Transition Services Agreement, dated April 24, 2015, by and between Windstream Services, LLC 10.4 and CSL National, L.P., on behalf of itself and its Affiliates, including Talk America Services, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Intellectual Property Matters Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2015, by and among Windstream Services, LLC, individually and on behalf of its subsidiaries that may hold certain intellectual property as described therein, CSL National, LP, and Talk America Services, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.5 Wholesale Master Services Agreement, dated April 24, 2015, between Windstream 10.6 10.7 Communications, Inc. and Talk America Services, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Master Services Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2015, by and between Windstream Services, LLC, on behalf of itself and its competitive local exchange and interexchange carrier affiliates, and Talk America Services, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Credit Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2015, by and among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as Borrowers, the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto from time to time and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 95 Exhibit No. Description 10.8 Recognition Agreement, dated April 24, 2015, by and among CSL National, LP and the other entities listed therein, as Landlord, and Windstream Holdings, Inc., as Tenant, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of April 27, 2015 (File No. 001- 36708)) 10.9+ Employment Agreement between Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and Kenneth Gunderman, effective as of February 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 dated and filed with the SEC as of March 12, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.10+ Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 dated and filed with the SEC as of March 12, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.11+ Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. 2015 Short-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of June 3, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.12+ Severance Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2015, by and between Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and Mark A. Wallace (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of June 3, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.13+ 10.14+ 10.15+ Severance Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2015, by and between Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and Daniel L. Heard (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated and filed with the SEC as of July 2, 2015 (File No. 333-205450)) Form of Restricted Shares Agreement for employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of June 3, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of June 3, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.16+ Form of Restricted Shares Agreement for non-employee directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of June 3, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.17 Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated and filed with the SEC as of July 2, 2015 (File No. 333- 205450)) 10.18+ Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective August 10, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of August 13, 2015 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.19 Form of Lockup Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of January 12, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.20 Stockholders’ and Registration Rights Agreement, dated May 2, 2016, by and between Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. and PEG Bandwidth Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of May 4, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.21 Amendment No. 1 to Master Lease, entered into as of February 12, 2016, by and among CSL National, L.P. and the other entities listed therein, as Landlord, and Windstream Holdings, Inc., as Tenant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of May 12, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.22+*** Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. 2016 Short Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of May 12, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 96 Exhibit No. 10.23 10.24 Description Letter Agreement between Searchlight II CLS, L.P. and Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. dated as of June 15, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of August 11, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) Registration Rights Agreement by and among each of the parties listed on the signature pages thereto and Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. dated as of June 15, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated and filed with the SEC as of August 11, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.25 Amendment No. 1 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of October 21, 2016 by and among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as borrowers, the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of October 21, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) 10.26 Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2017 by and among Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and CSL Capital, LLC, as borrowers, the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the SEC as of February 9, 2016 (File No. 001-36708)) List of Subsidiaries of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 21.1* 23.1* 23.2* 31.1* 31.2* Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1* Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2* Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. XBRL Instance Document 101.INS* 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Filed herewith * ** Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment granted by, and have been filed separately with, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Also, certain exhibits and schedules to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any such omitted exhibit or schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request but may request confidential treatment for any exhibit or schedule so furnished. *** Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment granted by, and have been filed separately with, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Constitutes a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement. + 97 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 98 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule I – Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Parent Company) Balance Sheets (Thousands, except par value) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Other assets Investment in consolidated subsidiaries Total Assets Liabilities: Accrued interest payable Derivative liability Dividends payable Contingent consideration Notes and other debt, net Total liabilities December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ $ $ 131,145 $ (3 ) 1,066 2,801,234 2,933,442 $ 27,812 $ 6,102 94,607 98,600 4,028,214 4,255,335 17 - - 2,458,679 2,458,696 24,440 5,427 90,507 — 3,505,228 3,625,602 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, $0.0001 par value, 88 shares authorized, issued and outstanding, $87,500 liquidation value 80,552 Shareholders' Deficit: Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding: 155,139 shares at December 31, 2016 and 149,862 at December 31, 2015 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings Total shareholders' deficit Total Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Shareholders' Deficit - - 15 141,092 (6,369 ) (1,537,183 ) (1,402,445 ) 15 1,392 (5,427) (1,162,886) (1,166,906) $ 2,933,442 $ 2,458,696 See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of CS&L, Inc. included in Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. S-1 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule I – Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Parent Company) Statements of Comprehensive Income (cid:3) (Thousands) Costs and Expenses: Interest expense General and administrative expense Transaction related costs Total costs and expenses Operating loss Earnings from consolidated subsidiaries (Loss) income before income taxes Net (loss) income Comprehensive (loss) income Year Ended (cid:3)(cid:3) December 31, 2016 Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 $ $ 267,959 $ 4,829 3,945 276,733 (276,733 ) 276,521 (212 ) (212 ) (1,154 ) $ 181,797 1,934 - 183,731 (183,731) 208,601 24,870 24,870 19,443 See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of CS&L, Inc. included in Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. S-2 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule I – Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Parent Company) Statements of Cash Flows (cid:3) (Thousands) Cash flow from operating activities Net (loss) income Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: Amortization of deferred financing costs Amortization of debt discount Equity in earnings from subsidiaries Distributions from subsidiaries Stock-based compensation Changes in: Accounts receivable Other assets Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired Consideration paid to Windstream Services Capital expenditures Net cash used in investing activities Cash flow from financing activities Principal payment on debt Dividends paid Proceeds from issuance of Term Loans Proceeds from issuance of Notes Borrowings under revolving credit facility Payments under revolving credit facility Capital lease payments Deferred financing costs Common stock issuance, net of costs Net share settlement Intercompany transactions, net Cash in-lieu of fractional shares Net cash provided by investing activities Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Year Ended (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) December 31, 2016 (cid:3)(cid:3) Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 $ (212 ) $ 24,870 7,823 8,179 (276,521 ) 194,500 4,846 3 (1,066 ) 3,372 (59,076 ) 4,832 5,172 (208,601) 253,362 1,934 - - 24,763 106,332 - - - - - (1,035,029) - (1,035,029) (22,027 ) (367,830 ) - 548,875 641,000 (641,000 ) - (20,557 ) 54,213 (2,359 ) (111 ) - 190,204 - 131,128 17 131,145 $ (10,700) (156,854) 1,127,000 - - - - (30,057) (543) (113) - (19) 928,714 - 17 - 17 $ See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of CS&L, Inc. included in Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. S-3 Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. Schedule I – Condensed Financial Information of The Registrant (Parent Company) Background and Basis of Presentation – Pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Rule 3-10 “Financial statements of guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities registered or being registered,” the Company is required to provide condensed consolidating financial information for CSL Capital and the Guarantors because the Exchange Notes and the guarantees thereof were registered with the SEC under the Securities Act. While the condensed consolidating financial information presented below is in respect of our Exchange Notes only, our Secured Notes, 2024 Notes and senior credit facilities under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Guarantors. These guarantees are full and unconditional as well as joint and several. All property assets and related operations of the Guarantors are pledged as collateral under the Secured Notes and Credit Agreement and the Guarantors are subject to restrictions on certain investments and payments. Accordingly, these condensed financial statements of CS&L have been presented on a “Parent Only” basis. Under this basis of presentation, CS&L’s investment in its consolidated subsidiaries are presented under the equity method of accounting. The condensed parent company financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes of CS&L and its subsidiaries included in Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. S-4 Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (dollars in thousands) Column A Description Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets: Year Ended December 31, 2016 Period from April 24 - December 31, 2015 (cid:3)(cid:3) Column B (cid:3)(cid:3) Balance at Beginning of Period (cid:3)(cid:3) Column C Column D Column E Additions Charged to Cost and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts Deductions Balance at End of Period (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3)$ (cid:3)(cid:3)$ - $ - $ - $ 8,176 $ - $ 8,176 - $ - $ - $ - S-5 Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. Schedule III – Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation As of December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands) Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F Col. G Col. H Col. I Cost capitalized subsequent to acquisition(1) (3) Gross Amount Carried at Close of Period Distribution Systems Total Carry Costs Initial cost to company(1)(cid:3) Distribution Systems Encumbrances — $ Improvements (1) (1) (1) $ 26,833 $ Accumulated Depreciation (201) Date of Construction(2)(cid:3) (2) Date Acquired(2) Description Land Building and improvements Poles Fiber Copper Conduit Towers Real property interest Other assets Construction in progress — — — — — — — — — (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 318,616 (148,432) (1) (1) 234,393 (173,441) (1) (1) 2,024,564 (820,389) (1) (1) 3,538,565 (2,856,327) (1) (1) 89,661 (54,487) (1) (1) 4,307 (659) (1) (1) 12,265 (94) (1) (1) 5,299 (718) (1) (1) 1,745 — (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Life on which Depreciation in Latest Income Statements is Computed 3 - 40 years 13 - 40 years 7 - 40 years 7 - 40 years 13 - 47 years 20 - 49 years 50 - 99 years 15 - 20 years (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) Given the voluminous nature and variety of the Distribution Systems assets, this schedule omits columns C and D from the schedule III presentation. (2) Because additions and improvements to the Distribution Systems are ongoing, construction and acquisition dates are not applicable. (3) For the year ended December 31, 2016, the amount of capitalized costs related to the Distribution Systems is as follows (millions): Tenant capital improvements(4) $ 157.0 (4) Tenant capital improvements represent, maintenance, repair, overbuild, upgrade or replacements to the leased network, including, without limitation, the replacement of copper distribution systems with fiber distribution systems. We receive non-monetary consideration related to the TCIs as they automatically become our property, and we recognize the cost basis of TCIs that are capital in nature. S-6 Communications Sales and Leasing, Inc. Schedule III – Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation As of December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands) Gross amount at beginning Additions during period: Tenant capital improvements Acquisitions Other Total additions Deductions during period: Cost of real estate sold or disposed Other Total deductions Balance at end Gross amount of accumulated depreciation at beginning Additions during period: Depreciation Other Total additions Deductions during period: Amount of accumulated depreciation for assets sold or disposed Other Total deductions Balance at end 2016 6,093,541 $ 156,972 15,848 - 172,820 10,113 - 10,113 $ 6,256,248 2016 3,720,890 $ 343,971 - 343,971 10,113 10,113 $ 4,054,748 S-7 DIRECTORS: Francis X. Frantz – Chairman of the Board of Uniti Group Inc. Kenneth A. Gunderman – President and Chief Executive Officer, Uniti Group Inc. Jennifer S. Banner – Chief Executive Officer, Schaad Companies, LLC David L. Solomon – Managing Director, Meritage Funds Scott G. Bruce – Managing Director, Associated Partners, LP Andrew Frey – Partner, Searchlight Capital Partners, L.P. CORPORATE OFFICERS: Kenneth A. Gunderman – President and Chief Executive Officer Mark A. Wallace – Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Daniel L. Heard – Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Ronald J. Mudry – Executive Vice President, Fiber Operations Blake Schuhmacher – Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR Wells Fargo Shareowner Services 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101 Mendota Heights, MN 55120 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Little Rock, Arkansas CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 10802 Executive Center Drive Benton Building, Suite 300 Little Rock, AR 72211 INVESTOR RELATIONS Website: www.uniti.com Contact: investor.relations@uniti.com LISTING NASDAQ Global Select Market, Ticker Symbol “UNIT” 10802 Executive Center Dr. Benton Building, Suite 300 Little Rock, AR 72211 501-850-0820 www.uniti.com 

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