W W Grainger
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

2019 Annual Report For more information: The Grainger Fact Book contains information about the company’s strategy, operations and business units. The Fact Book can be found on the Grainger Investor Relations website at invest.grainger.com. Grainger’s Corporate Social Responsibility commitments include operating responsibly, valuing its people, sustaining the environment and serving its communities. To learn more about Grainger’s CSR efforts, please visit graingerCSR.com Grainger Shareholders: At Grainger, our purpose is to keep the world working. Whether helping a hospital focus on patient care, a manufacturing plant focus on building great products, or a school focus on teaching, the work Grainger’s 25,000 team members do in the background helps keep facilities running so our more than three and half million customers can focus on what they do best. D.G. Macpherson Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer In 2019, we introduced the Grainger Edge, our new strategic framework that defines who we are, why we exist, and how we’ll work together to achieve our objectives. Our new framework includes a set of principles that define the behaviors we expect from our team members as they work with each other, our customers and our supplier partners. They support our commitment to having an inclusive culture where we operate with the highest ethics in and outside of our industry. Holding ourselves accountable to these principles will help us execute our strategy and create value for our shareholders. The Grainger Edge also is the foundational structure for our strategy as we work to consistently gain share through our two distinct business models that allow us to leverage our scale and supply chain to support customers with different needs. Our high-touch solutions model serves customers that have complex needs and are looking for more tailored service. In this model, we develop powerful customer solutions, deliver a great customer experience and develop deep customer relationships. Our Grainger U.S., Canada, and Mexico operations, as well as our Cromwell and Fabory businesses, execute this model. In our endless assortment model, we provide less complex customers with an expansive product assortment and easy-to-use website. This model is based on acquiring customers and leveraging our simple and efficient customer experience to develop and maintain strong customer relationships. Our MonotaRO and Zoro businesses excel within this model. When we execute against these two models, we consistently gain share, grow profitably and deliver strong shareholder value. Over the last few years we’ve taken actions to strengthen both models and position the Company for success, including: • Reset pricing of our U.S. business; • Verticalized our sales force and added an inside sales group; • Centralized our call centers; • Restructured our KeepStock inventory management program; • Improved search on Grainger.com; • Added capacity to our U.S. supply chain; • Reset our Canadian business; and • Divested non-core international businesses. And we’ve done all this while also realizing significant leverage on our cost structure. Our market was certainly challenging in 2019, with market growth declining as the year progressed. In the face of a slow and variable market, we delivered solid results. The Grainger business in the United States outgrew the MRO market by 150 to 200 basis points, maintaining share-gaining momentum throughout the year and posting 300 basis points of growth in the fourth quarter. In the U.S. business we remerchandised $1.2 billion of products, more than double any time in our history. In our endless assortment model, we grew revenue 19 percent driven by strong growth at both MonotaRO and Zoro. We invested to enhance our Zoro U.S. offering, including adding roughly 1.5 million SKUs, which pushed Zoro’s assortment to nearly 3.5 million products. Other full-year 2019 highlights include: • Company sales of $11.5 billion, up three percent from 2018 on a constant currency basis*; • Adjusted earnings per share were $17.29, up four percent versus 2018*; • Cash generated from operations of $1.04 billion; and • Cash returned to shareholders of over $1 billion in the form of approximately 2.4 million shares repurchased for $700 million and $328 million in dividends paid. * Please refer to pages 72 and 21 of this report for the GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliations of net sales growth on a constant currency basis and adjusted earnings per share, respectively. i Going forward, with our strategy and alignment, we expect to consistently outgrow the market by 300 to 400 basis points in our core high-touch solutions business in the U.S. In our endless assortment businesses, we expect about 20 percent annual revenue growth. In 2020, we are focused on several initiatives to support this growth: • Remerchandising $1.6 billion of product, including selective SKU additions, to enhance our assortment; • Reaching more customers through both incremental marketing investments and from more effective marketing; • Bolstering our expertise in digital and technology solutions in order to serve a more sophisticated and tech-enabled customer base; • Investing in network capacity and utilization to enhance our customer experience and strengthen our world-class customer service backbone; • Adding sellers to be more relevant in certain segments and geographies and equipping our sales organization with the right toolset to serve our customers most effectively; • Embedding our solutions with our more complex customers through our inventory management offerings; • Returning our Canadian business to growth and turning around our business in the United Kingdom; • Expanding Zoro’s U.S. assortment to tap into new markets and customer groups not served by other Grainger channels; and • Leveraging the Cromwell supply chain and executing our strategy to profitably grow the Zoro U.K. business. We expect to accomplish these priorities while generating attractive long-term returns for our shareholders, providing a great experience for customers, offering meaningful work for team members, and continuing to be a good citizen to our neighbors. On that front, I am pleased with the progress we continue to make with our sustainability efforts. As a reminder, in 2014, we set a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity target to reduce our emissions per revenue 33 percent by 2020. In 2018 we exceeded our target and continued that progress in 2019 with a 44 percent reduction overall. Last year we were recognized for the second time with a top-10 placement in Barron’s “List of 100 Most Sustainable U.S. Companies.” We are not resting on these accomplishments and this year we intend to set a new, science-based target that will push our sustainability commitment even further. In addition, we plan to enhance our sustainability disclosure efforts in 2020. Currently, we are aligned to GRI and participate in CDP. By the end of the year, we also will begin to report through SASB and TCFD, which will give investors a better understanding of our sustainability initiatives. After serving on Grainger’s Board of Directors for more than three decades, Jim Slavik has elected not to stand for reelection to the Board in 2020. Jim, Chairman of Mark IV Capital, Inc., has been a trusted advisor and will be missed. I want to thank Jim for his dedication and service over the past 33 years. As I look forward to 2020 and beyond, I am excited about the opportunities in front of us and I want to thank all Grainger team members for their continued hard work and dedication to our customers, our communities and each other. I am confident in our ability to drive long-term value for all stakeholders and expect to continue leading this industry for years to come. D.G. Macpherson Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer February 20, 2020 ii UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ______ to _______ Commission file number 1-5684 W.W. Grainger, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Illinois (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 36-1150280 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 100 Grainger Parkway, Lake Forest, Illinois (Address of principal executive offices) 60045-5201 (Zip Code) (Registrant’s telephone number including area code) 847 535-1000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock GWW New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 1 Large Accelerated Filer Accelerated Filer Non-accelerated Filer Smaller Reporting Company Emerging Growth Company If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 139) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by nonaffiliates of the registrant was $13,765,366,450 as of the close of trading as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2019. The Company does not have nonvoting common equity. The registrant had 53,656,306 shares of the Company’s Common Stock outstanding as of January 31, 2020. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed in connection with the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on April 29, 2020, are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof of this Form 10-K where indicated. The registrant's definitive 2019 proxy statement will be filed on or about March 19, 2020. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Item 1: Item 1A: Item 1B: Item 2: Item 3: Item 4: BUSINESS RISK FACTORS UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PART I PART II Item 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Item 6: Item 7: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Item 7A: Item 8: Item 9: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Item 9A: Item 9B: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES OTHER INFORMATION PART III DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES FORM 10-K SUMMARY PART IV Item 10: Item 11: Item 12: Item 13: Item 14: Item 15: Item 16: Signatures 4 10 16 16 16 16 17 19 20 27 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 64 3 Item 1: Business The Company PART I W.W. Grainger, Inc., incorporated in the State of Illinois in 1928, is a broad line, business-to-business distributor of maintenance, repair and operating (MRO) products and services with operations primarily in North America, Japan and Europe. In this report, the words “Grainger” or “Company” mean W.W. Grainger, Inc. and its subsidiaries, except where the context makes it clear that the reference is only to W.W. Grainger, Inc. itself and not its subsidiaries. Strategy In the large and fragmented MRO industry, Grainger’s strategy is to relentlessly expand its leadership position (i.e., supply chain infrastructure, broad in-stock product offering and deep customer relationships) by being the go-to partner for customers who build and run safe, sustainable, and productive operations. To execute this strategy, the Company competes with two business models: high-touch solutions and endless assortment. Grainger’s high-touch solutions businesses serve customers with complex needs primarily in North America and Europe. The endless assortment businesses are focused on customers with less-complex needs and includes Zoro Tools, Inc. (Zoro) in the United States (U.S.) and MonotaRO Co., Ltd. (MonotaRO) in Japan. Competing with these two models allows Grainger to leverage its scale and advantaged supply chain to meet the changing needs of its customers. The following provides a high-level view of each model: 4 MRO Industry The estimated market where Grainger has operations is large with an estimated size of more than $290 billion and is concentrated in North America, Japan and Europe. These large core markets have high gross domestic product per capita, advanced infrastructures and competition is highly fragmented. Grainger estimates to have 4% share within these markets with opportunity and a track record for growth. Grainger’s two reportable segments are the U.S. and Canada, and are further described below. Other businesses include the endless assortment businesses, Zoro and MonotaRO, and smaller international businesses primarily in Europe and Mexico. For further segment and financial information, see “Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Financial Statements). 5 The table below shows Grainger's estimated share of the MRO market and the summary of its operations by reporting segments and other businesses as of December 31, 2019: Approximate Market Share Distribution Centers (DCs)1 Branches1 Approximate Number of Customers Served (thousands)2 United States Canada Other businesses Endless assortment businesses International high-touch solutions businesses TOTAL 7% 4% 2% 1% 4% 17 5 4 6 32 282 53 — 119 454 1,000 50 2,600 150 3,800 1 See Item 2, "Properties" for more information. 2 Customers served in the U.S. may include overlap with Zoro within the endless assortment businesses. Customers and Products Approximately 5,000 suppliers provide Grainger businesses with about 1.6 million products stocked in DCs and branches. Additionally, Grainger’s endless assortment businesses offer millions more products through its expanding drop-ship assortment. No single supplier comprised more than 5% of total purchases and no significant barriers exist with respect to sources of supply. Grainger’s MRO product offering is grouped under several broad categories, including material-handling equipment, safety and security supplies, lighting and electrical products, power and hand tools, pumps and plumbing supplies, cleaning and maintenance supplies and metalworking tools. Products are regularly added and removed from Grainger's product lines on the basis of customer demand, market research, suppliers' recommendations, sales volumes and other factors. No single product category comprises more than 17% of global sales. United States The U.S. business offers a broad selection of MRO products and services through its eCommerce platforms, catalogs, branches and sales and service representatives. A combination of product breadth, local availability, speed of delivery, detailed product information and competitively priced products and services is provided by this business. Sales in 2019 were made to approximately 1 million customers and no single end customer accounted for more than 2% of total sales. U.S. business customers range from mid-sized businesses to large corporations, government entities and other institutions within many industries. Macro trends and technology drive the way U.S. business customers behave. Customers desire highly tailored solutions with real-time access to information and efficient delivery of products and services. These trends are reflected in how customers do business as demonstrated in the following tables for the 2019 line mix: 6 Order Origination Order Fulfillment Digital channels: Website EDI/ePro KeepStock® Subtotal Non-digital channels: Branch Phone Subtotal Total 30% 25% 16% 71% 10% 19% 29% 100% Direct-to-customer: Ship to Customer KeepStock® Subtotal Branch Pick-up Total 70% 17% 87% 13% 100% Customers have access to more than 4 million products through Grainger.com and other branded websites. Grainger.com provides real-time price and product availability, detailed product information and features such as product search and compare capabilities. For customers with sophisticated electronic purchasing platforms, the U.S. business utilizes technology that allows these systems to communicate directly with Grainger.com. The majority of products sold by the U.S. business are third-party owned products. In addition, approximately 21% of 2019 U.S. business sales were private label MRO items bearing Grainger’s registered trademarks, including DAYTON®, SPEEDAIRE®, AIR HANDLER®, TOUGH GUY®, WESTWARD®, CONDOR® and LUMAPRO®. Grainger has taken steps to protect these trademarks against infringement and believes that they will remain available for future use in its business. Sales and service representatives in the U.S. business drive relationships with customers by helping select the right products for their needs and reducing costs by utilizing Grainger as a consistent source of supply. Additionally, inventory management through KeepStock® allows the U.S. business to help customers be more productive. KeepStock® is a comprehensive program that includes vendor-managed inventory, customer-managed inventory and onsite vending machines. DCs are the primary order fulfillment channel with approximately 70% of direct shipments. Automation in the DCs allows the majority of orders to ship complete with next-day delivery and replenish branches that provide same-day availability to customers. The U.S. business DC network is also a primary component of Grainger’s North American distribution network and it supplies inventory, product management, supply chain and related support services to all Grainger subsidiaries in the North American region, including the Canada business, Mexico business and Zoro, which are part of other businesses. Approximately 18%, 62%, and 99% of inventory purchases in 2019 for the Canadian business, Mexican business and Zoro, respectively, were sourced from the U.S. business. Branches in the U.S. business serve the immediate needs of customers by allowing them to directly pick up items and leverage branch staff for their technical product expertise and search-and-select support. Branches also fulfill local KeepStock® operations in their local markets. The U.S. business houses the North American Customer Service Centers which support the needs of customers in the U.S. and Canada. The centers handle more than 73,000 daily customer interactions for the region via phone, email, eCommerce portals and online chat. Canada The Canada business provides a combination of product breadth, local availability, speed of delivery, detailed product information and competitively priced products and services. The Canada business primarily serves Canadian customers through its integrated DC and branch network as well as sales and service representatives. Other businesses Other businesses is comprised of the endless assortment businesses, Zoro and MonotaRO, and smaller international high-touch solutions businesses primarily in Europe and Mexico. 7 Zoro Zoro is an online MRO distributor, primarily serving U.S. customers through its website, Zoro.com. With sales of more than $625 million in 2019, Zoro offers a broad selection of more than 3.5 million products to its customers. Zoro has no branches or sales representatives, and customer orders are fulfilled through the U.S. business supply chain and third parties. MonotaRO Grainger operates in Japan primarily through its majority interest in MonotaRO. MonotaRO had more than $1 billion in revenue in 2019 and provides customers with access to approximately 20 million MRO products primarily through its websites and catalogs. A majority of orders are conducted through MonotaRO.com and fulfilled from its DCs and third parties. MonotaRO also operates small operations in other Asian countries, which represent less than 5% of their sales. Seasonality Grainger sells products that may have seasonal fluctuations during the winter or summer seasons or during periods of natural disasters. However, historical seasonality impacts have not been material to Grainger’s operating results. Competition In the large and fragmented MRO industry, Grainger faces competition from a variety of competitors, including manufacturers (including some of its own suppliers) that sell directly to certain segments of the market, wholesale distributors, retailers and internet-based businesses. Also, competitors vary by size, from large broad-line distributors to small local and regional competitors. Grainger differentiates itself by providing local product availability, a broad product line, sales and service representatives, catalogs (which include product descriptions and, in certain cases, extensive technical and application data) and advanced electronic and eCommerce technology. Grainger also offers other services, such as inventory management and technical support. Employees As of December 31, 2019, Grainger had approximately 25,300 employees, of whom approximately 23,800 were full- time and 1,500 were part-time or temporary. Grainger has never had a major work stoppage and considers employee relations to be good. Website Access to Company Reports Grainger makes available free of charge, through its website, www.invest.grainger.com, its Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports if any, as soon as reasonably practicable after these materials are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC and the address of that site is http://www.sec.gov. 8 Information about our Executive Officers Following is information about the executive officers of Grainger including age as of January 31, 2020. Executive officers of Grainger generally serve until the next annual appointment of officers, or until earlier resignation or removal. Name and Age Kathleen S. Carroll (51) John L. Howard (62) D.G. Macpherson (52) Deidra C. Merriwether (51) Thomas B. Okray (57) Paige K. Robbins (51) Eric R. Tapia (43) Positions and Offices Held and Principal Occupation and Employment During the Past Five Years Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer, a position assumed in December 2018. Previously, Ms. Carroll served as Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer of First Midwest Bancorp, Inc., a diversified financial services company, from 2017 to 2018. Prior to that role, Ms. Carroll was employed at Aon Corporation, a global insurance brokerage and consulting company, between 2006 and 2017, in various human resources roles, culminating in her position as Vice President, Global Head of Talent Acquisition. Senior Vice President and General Counsel, a position assumed in January 2000. Previously, Mr. Howard served in several roles of increasing responsibility at Tenneco, Inc., a global conglomerate. Prior to those roles, Mr. Howard held a variety of legal positions in the federal government, including Associate Deputy Attorney General in the U.S. Department of Justice and in The White House as Counsel to the Vice President. Chairman of the Board, a position assumed in October 2017, and Chief Executive Officer, a position assumed in October 2016 at which time he was also appointed to the Board of Directors. Previously, Mr. Macpherson served as Chief Operating Officer, a position assumed in 2015, Senior Vice President and Group President, Global Supply Chain and International, a position assumed in 2013, Senior Vice President and President, Global Supply Chain and Corporate Strategy, a position assumed in 2012, and Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain, a position assumed in 2008. Senior Vice President and President, North American Sales & Service, a position assumed in November 2019. Previously, Ms. Merriwether served as Senior Vice President, U.S. Direct Sales and Strategic Initiatives, a position assumed in September 2017, Vice President, Pricing and Indirect Procurement, a position assumed in 2016, and as a Vice President in Finance from 2013 to 2016. Prior to joining Grainger in September 2013, Ms. Merriwether held various positions as a Vice President, including positions of increasing responsibility at Sears Holdings Corporation, a broadline retailer, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, a global professional services firm, and Eli Lilly & Company, a global pharmaceutical company, across Finance, Procurement and Operations, lastly serving as Chief Operating Officer, Retail Formats, at Sears Holdings Corporation. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a position assumed in May 2018. Prior to joining Grainger, Mr. Okray served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Advance Auto Parts, Inc., a leading automotive aftermarket parts provider in North America, a position assumed in 2016. Previously, Mr. Okray served as Vice President, Finance, Global Customer Fulfillment, of Amazon.com, Inc., an online retailer, from January 2016 to October 2016, as Vice President, Finance, North American Operations of Amazon, from June 2015 to January 2016, and was employed by General Motors Company, a global automotive company, from July 1989 to June 2015, in a variety of finance and supply chain related roles, culminating in his position as CFO, Global Product Development, Purchasing & Supply Chain, from January 2010 to June 2015. Senior Vice President, Grainger Technology, Merchandising, Marketing, and Strategy, a position assumed in November 2019. Previously, Ms. Robbins served as Senior Vice President and Chief Merchandising, Marketing, Digital, Strategy Officer, a position assumed in May 2019, as Senior Vice President and Chief Digital Officer, a position assumed in September 2017, and as Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain, Branch Network, Contact Centers and Corporate Strategy, a position assumed in 2016. Since joining Grainger in September 2010, Ms. Robbins has held various positions as a Vice President, including in the areas of Global Supply Chain and Logistics. Vice President and Controller, a position assumed in October 2016. Mr. Tapia served as Vice President, Internal Audit, from 2010 to 2016. Mr. Tapia is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and before joining Grainger in 2010 was an audit partner with KPMG. 9 Item 1A: Risk Factors The following is a discussion of significant risk factors relevant to Grainger's business that could adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The risk factors discussed in this section should be considered together with information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered the only risks to which the Company is exposed. Weakness in the economy, market trends and other conditions affecting the profitability and financial stability of Grainger's customers could negatively impact Grainger's sales growth and results of operations. Economic, political, and industry trends affect Grainger's business environments. Grainger serves several industries and markets in which the demand for its products and services is sensitive to the production activity, capital spending and demand for products and services of Grainger's customers. Many of these customers operate in markets that are subject to cyclical fluctuations resulting from market uncertainty, trade and tariff policies, costs of goods sold, currency exchange rates, central bank interest rate changes, foreign competition, offshoring of production, oil and natural gas prices, geopolitical developments, labor shortages, inflation, deflation, and a variety of other factors beyond Grainger's control. Any of these factors could cause customers to idle or close facilities, delay purchases, reduce production levels, or experience reductions in the demand for their own products or services. Any of these events could also reduce the volume of products and services these customers purchase from Grainger or impair the ability of Grainger's customers to make full and timely payments, and could cause increased pressure on Grainger's selling prices and terms of sale. Accordingly, a significant or prolonged slowdown in economic activity in the U.S., Canada or any other major world economy, or a segment of any such economy, could negatively impact Grainger's sales growth and results of operations. The facilities maintenance industry is highly competitive, and changes in competition could result in decreased demand for Grainger's products and services. Grainger competes in a variety of ways, including product assortment and availability, services offered to customers, pricing, purchasing convenience, and the overall experience Grainger offers. This includes the ease of use of Grainger's high-touch high-service operations (branches and digital platforms) and delivery of products. There are several large competitors in the industry, although most of the market is served by small local and regional competitors. Grainger faces competition in all markets it serves from manufacturers (including some of its own suppliers) that sell directly to certain segments of the market, wholesale distributors, catalog houses, retail enterprises and online businesses that compete with price transparency. To remain competitive, the Company must be willing and able to respond to market pressures. Downward pressure on sales prices, changes in the volume of our orders, and an inability to pass higher product costs on to customers could cause our gross profit percentage to fluctuate or decline. We may not be able to pass rising product costs to customers if those customers have ready product or supplier alternatives in the marketplace. These pressures could have a material effect on Grainger’s sales and profitability. If the Company is unable to grow sales or reduce costs, among other actions, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. Moreover, Grainger expects technological advancements and the increased use of eCommerce solutions within the industry to continue to evolve at a rapid pace. As a result, Grainger's ability to effectively compete requires Grainger to respond and adapt to new industry trends and developments. Implementing new technology and innovations may result in unexpected costs and interruptions to operations, may take longer than expected, and may not provide all anticipated benefits. Volatility in commodity prices may adversely affect gross margins. Some of Grainger's products contain significant amounts of commodity-priced materials, such as steel, copper, petroleum derivatives, or rare earth minerals, and are subject to price changes based on fluctuations in the commodities market. Fluctuations in the price of fuel could affect transportation costs. Grainger's ability to pass on such increases in costs in a timely manner depends on market conditions. The inability to pass along cost increases could result in lower gross margins. In addition, higher prices could reduce demand for these products, resulting in lower sales volumes. 10 Unexpected product shortages, tariffs, and risks associated with Grainger's suppliers could negatively impact customer relationships or result in an adverse impact on results of operations. Grainger's competitive strengths include product selection and availability. Products are purchased from approximately 5,000 suppliers located in various countries around the world, not one of which accounted for more than 5% of total purchases. Historically, no significant difficulty has been encountered with respect to sources of supply; however, disruptions could occur due to factors beyond Grainger's control, including economic downturns, geopolitical unrest, tariffs, new tariffs or tariff increases, trade issues and policies, labor problems experienced by Grainger's suppliers, transportation availability and cost, shortage of raw materials, inflation and other factors, any of which could adversely affect a supplier's ability to manufacture or deliver products or could result in an increase in Grainger's product costs. Further, Grainger sources products from Asia and other areas of the world. This increases the risk of supply disruption due to the additional lead time required and distances involved. If Grainger was to experience difficulty in obtaining products, there could be a short-term adverse effect on results of operations and a longer-term adverse effect on customer relationships and Grainger's reputation. In addition, Grainger has strategic relationships with a number of vendors. In the event Grainger was unable to maintain those relations, there might be a loss of competitive pricing advantages which could, in turn, adversely affect results of operations. Changes in customer base or product mix could cause changes in Grainger's gross margin or affect Grainger's competitive position. From time to time, Grainger experiences changes in customer base and product mix that affect gross margin. Changes in customer base and product mix result primarily from business acquisitions, changes in customer demand, customer acquisitions, selling and marketing activities, competition and the increased use of eCommerce by Grainger and its competitors. There can be no assurance that Grainger will be able to maintain historical gross margins in the future. Additionally, as customer base and product mix change over time, Grainger must identify new products, product lines and services that respond to industry trends and customer needs. The inability to introduce new products and effectively integrate them into Grainger's existing product mix could have a negative impact on future sales growth and Grainger's competitive position. Disruptions in Grainger's supply chain could result in an adverse impact on results of operations. The occurrence of one or more natural disasters such as earthquakes, storms, hurricanes, floods, fires, droughts, tornados and other extreme weather; pandemic diseases or viral contagions such as the coronavirus outbreak; geopolitical events, such as war, civil unrest or terrorist attacks in a country in which Grainger operates or in which its suppliers are located; and the imposition of measures that create barriers to or increase the costs associated with international trade could result in disruption of Grainger's logistics or supply chain network. For example, should the coronavirus outbreak persist or spread, it could disrupt the operations of the Company and its suppliers and customers. Any such disruption or other catastrophic event could cause one or more of Grainger's distribution centers or branches to become non-operational, adversely affect Grainger's ability to obtain or deliver inventory in a timely manner, impair Grainger's ability to meet customer demand for products, result in lost sales, additional costs, or penalties, or damage Grainger's reputation. Grainger's ability to provide same-day shipping and next-day delivery is an integral component of Grainger's business strategy and any such disruption could adversely impact results of operations and financial performance. Interruptions in the proper functioning of information systems could disrupt operations and cause unanticipated increases in costs and/or decreases in revenues. The proper functioning of Grainger's information systems is critical to the successful operation of its business. Grainger continues to invest in software, hardware and network infrastructures in order to effectively manage its information systems. Although Grainger's information systems are protected with robust backup and security systems, including physical and software safeguards and remote processing capabilities, information systems are still vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, power losses, telecommunication failures, user error, third party actions 11 such as malicious computer programs, denial-of-service attacks and cybersecurity breaches, and other problems. In addition, from time to time Grainger relies on the IT systems of third parties to assist in conducting its business. If Grainger's systems or those of third parties on which Grainger depends are damaged, breached or cease to function properly Grainger may have to make a significant investment to repair or replace them and may suffer interruptions in its business operations in the interim. If critical information systems fail or otherwise become unavailable, Grainger's ability to operate its eCommerce platforms, process orders, maintain proper levels of inventories, collect accounts receivable, disburse funds, manage its supply chain, monitor results of operations, and process and store employee or customer data, among other functions, could be adversely affected. Any such interruption of Grainger's information systems could have a material adverse effect on its business or results of operations. Cybersecurity incidents, including breaches of information systems security, could damage Grainger's reputation, disrupt operations, increase costs and/or decrease revenues. Through Grainger's sales and eCommerce channels, Grainger collects and stores personally identifiable, confidential, proprietary and other information from customers so that they may, among other things, purchase products or services, enroll in promotional programs, register on Grainger's websites or otherwise communicate or interact with the Company. Moreover, Grainger's operations routinely involve receiving, storing, processing and transmitting sensitive information pertaining to its business, customers, suppliers and employees, and other sensitive matters. Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and those threats and the means for obtaining access to information in digital and other storage media are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Each year, cyber-attackers make numerous attempts to access the information stored in the Company's information systems. Moreover, from time to time, Grainger may share information with vendors and other third parties that assist with certain aspects of the business. While Grainger requires assurances that these vendors and other parties will protect confidential information, there is a risk that the confidentiality of data held or accessed by them may be compromised. If successful, those attempting to penetrate Grainger's or its vendors' information systems may misappropriate intellectual property or personally identifiable, credit card, confidential, proprietary or other sensitive customer, supplier, employee or business information, or cause systems disruption. In addition, a Grainger employee, contractor or other third party with whom Grainger does business may attempt to circumvent security measures in order to obtain such information or inadvertently cause a breach involving such information. Further, Grainger's systems are integrated with customer systems in certain cases, and a breach of the Company's information systems could be used to gain illicit access to customer systems and information. While Grainger has instituted safeguards for the protection of such information, because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, Grainger may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. Any breach of Grainger's security measures or any breach, error or malfeasance of those of its third party service providers could cause Grainger to incur significant costs to protect any customers, suppliers, employees, and other parties whose personal data is compromised and to make changes to its information systems and administrative processes to address security issues. Loss of customer, supplier, employee or intellectual property or other business information or failure to comply with data privacy and security laws could disrupt operations, damage Grainger's reputation and expose Grainger to claims from customers, suppliers, financial institutions, regulators, payment card associations, employees and others, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Grainger, its financial condition and results of operations. In the past, Grainger has experienced certain cybersecurity incidents. In each instance, Grainger provided notifications and adopted remedial measures. While these incidents have not been deemed to be material to Grainger, there can be no assurance that a future breach or incident would not be material to Grainger's operations and financial condition. Grainger's ability to adequately protect its intellectual property or successfully defend against infringement claims by others may have an adverse impact on operations. Grainger's business relies on the use, validity and continued protection of certain proprietary information and intellectual property, which includes current and future patents, trade secrets, trademarks, service marks, copyrights and confidentiality agreements as well as license and sublicense agreements to use intellectual property owned by affiliated entities or third parties. Unauthorized use of Grainger's intellectual property by others could result in harm to various 12 aspects of the business and may result in costly and protracted litigation in order to protect Grainger’s rights. In addition, Grainger may be subject to claims that it has infringed on the intellectual property rights of others, which could subject Grainger to liability, require Grainger to obtain licenses to use those rights at significant cost or otherwise cause Grainger to modify its operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency could have an effect on reported results of operations. Grainger's exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency rates results primarily from the translation exposure associated with the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as from transaction exposure associated with transactions in currencies other than an entity's functional currency. While the Consolidated Financial Statements are reported in U.S. dollars, the financial statements of Grainger's subsidiaries outside the U.S. are prepared using the local currency as the functional currency and translated into U.S. dollars. In addition, Grainger is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk with respect to the U.S. dollar relative to the local currencies of Grainger's international subsidiaries, primarily the Canadian dollar, euro, pound sterling, Mexican peso, renminbi and yen, arising from transactions in the normal course of business, such as sales and loans to wholly owned subsidiaries, sales to customers, purchases from suppliers, and bank loans and lines of credit denominated in foreign currencies. Grainger also has foreign currency exposure to the extent receipts and expenditures are not denominated in a subsidiary's functional currency and that could have an impact on sales, costs and cash flows. These fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could affect Grainger's results of operations and impact reported net sales and net earnings. An inability to successfully implement Grainger’s strategy or to integrate acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures and other business combination transactions could result in the benefits anticipated not being realized and could have an adverse effect on results of operations. Grainger has implemented and is implementing several initiatives to increase sales and earnings. If Grainger is unable to successfully implement these initiatives, Grainger’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures and other business combination transactions, both foreign and domestic, involve various inherent risks, such as uncertainties in assessing value, strengths, weaknesses, liabilities and potential profitability. There is also risk relating to Grainger's ability to achieve identified operating and financial synergies anticipated to result from the transactions. Additionally, problems could arise from the integration of acquired businesses, including unanticipated changes in the business or industry or general economic or political conditions that affect the assumptions underlying the acquisition. Any one or more of these factors could cause Grainger to not realize the benefits anticipated or have a negative impact on the fair value of the reporting units. Accordingly, goodwill and intangible assets recorded as a result of acquisitions could, and have in the past, become impaired. In order to compete, Grainger must attract, retain and motivate key employees, and the failure to do so could have an adverse effect on results of operations. In order to compete and have continued growth, Grainger must attract, retain and motivate executives and other key employees, including those in managerial, technical, sales, marketing and support positions. Grainger competes to hire employees and then must train them and develop their skills and competencies. Grainger's results of operations could be adversely affected by increased costs due to increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover or increased employee benefit costs. Grainger’s continued success is substantially dependent on positive perceptions of Grainger’s reputation. One of the reasons why customers choose to do business with Grainger and why employees choose Grainger as a place of employment is the reputation that Grainger has built over many years. To be successful in the future, Grainger must continue to preserve, grow and leverage the value of Grainger's brand. Reputational value is based in large part on perceptions of subjective qualities. Even an isolated incident, or the aggregate effect of individually insignificant incidents, can erode trust and confidence, particularly if they result in adverse publicity, governmental investigations or litigation, and as a result, could tarnish Grainger's brand and lead to adverse effects on Grainger's business. 13 Grainger is subject to various domestic and foreign laws, regulations and standards. Failure to comply or unforeseen developments in related contingencies such as litigation could adversely affect Grainger's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Grainger's business is subject to legislative, legal, and regulatory risks and conditions specific to the countries in which it operates. In addition to Grainger's U.S. operations, which in 2019 generated approximately 72% of its consolidated net sales, Grainger operates its business principally through wholly-owned subsidiaries in Canada, China, Germany, Mexico, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and its majority-owned subsidiary in Japan. The wide array of laws, regulations and standards in each domestic and foreign jurisdiction where Grainger operates, include, but are not limited to: advertising and marketing regulations, anti-bribery and corruption laws, anti-competition regulations, data protection (including, because Grainger accepts credit cards, the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard), data privacy (including in the U.S., the California Consumer Privacy Act, and in the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation 2016, with interpretations varying from state to state and country to country) and cybersecurity requirements (including protection of information and incident responses), environmental protection laws, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, health and safety laws, import and export requirements, intellectual property laws, labor laws (including federal and state wage and hour laws), product compliance or safety laws, supplier regulations regarding the sources of supplies or products, tax laws (including as to U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiaries), unclaimed property laws and laws, regulations and standards applicable to other commercial matters. Moreover, Grainger is also subject to audits and inquiries in the normal course of business. Failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations and standards could result in civil, criminal, monetary and non- monetary fines, penalties and/or, remediation costs as well as potential damage to the Company's reputation. Changes in these laws, regulations and standards, or in their interpretation, could increase the cost of doing business, including, among other factors, as a result of increased investments in technology and the development of new operational processes. Furthermore, while Grainger has implemented policies and procedures designed to facilitate compliance with these laws, regulations and standards, there can be no assurance that employees, contractors, suppliers, vendors, or other third parties will not violate such laws, regulations and standards or Grainger's policies. Any such failure to comply or violation could individually or in the aggregate materially adversely affect Grainger's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, Grainger's business and results of operations in the UK may be negatively affected by changes in trade policies, or changes in labor, immigration, tax or other laws, resulting from the UK's anticipated exit from the European Union. Grainger is subject to a number of rules and regulations related to its government contracts, which may result in increased compliance costs and potential liabilities. Grainger's contracts with U.S. federal, state and local government entities are subject to various regulations related to procurement, formation and performance. In addition, the Company's government contracts may provide for termination, reduction or modification by the government at any time, with or without cause. From time to time, Grainger is subject to governmental or regulatory investigations or audits related to its compliance with these rules and regulations. Violations of these regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions, the inability to participate in existing or future government contracting and other administrative sanctions. Any such penalties could result in damage to the Company's reputation, increased costs of compliance and/or remediation and could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations. In conducting its business Grainger may become subject to legal proceedings or governmental investigations, including in connection with product liability or product compliance claims if people, property or the environment are harmed by Grainger’s products or services. Grainger is, and from time to time may become, party to a number of legal proceedings or governmental investigations for alleged violations of laws, rules or regulations. Grainger also may be subject to disputes and proceedings incidental to its business, including product-related claims for personal injury or illness, death, or environmental or property damage, including the proceedings discussed in Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings. Grainger also may be requested or required to recall products or take other actions. The defense of these proceedings may require significant expenses and divert management's time and attention, and Grainger may be required to pay damages that could individually or in the aggregate materially adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Company’s 14 reputation could also be adversely affected by any resulting negative publicity. In addition, any insurance or indemnification rights that Grainger may have with respect to such matters may be insufficient or unavailable to protect the Company against potential loss exposures. Tax changes could affect Grainger's effective tax rate and future profitability. Grainger's future results could be adversely affected by changes in the effective tax rate as a result of changes in Grainger's overall profitability and changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in tax legislation, the results of the examination of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessment of the Company's tax exposures. In December 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation that included significant changes to the taxation of business entities. The Company's accounting for the tax effects of such legislation may be subject to change due to subsequent clarification or amendment of the tax law which could adversely affect the Company's operating results or financial condition. Grainger's common stock may be subject to volatility or price declines. The trading price of Grainger's common stock is subject to broad and unpredictable fluctuation due to changes in economic, political and market conditions, the operating results of Grainger and its competitors, changes in expectations as to Grainger's future financial or operating performance, including estimates by securities analysts and investors, the Company’s failure to meet the financial performance guidance or other forward-looking statements provided to the public, changes in capital structure, share repurchase programs or dividend policies, and a number of other factors, including those discussed in this Item 1A. These factors, many which are outside of Grainger's control, could cause stock price volatility or Grainger's stock price to decline. Changes in Grainger’s credit ratings and outlook may reduce access to capital and increase borrowing costs. Grainger’s credit ratings are based on a number of factors, including the Company’s financial strength and factors outside of Grainger’s control, such as conditions affecting Grainger’s industry generally or the introduction of new rating practices and methodologies. Grainger cannot provide assurances that its current credit ratings will remain in effect or that the ratings will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the rating agencies. If rating agencies lower, suspend or withdraw the ratings, the market price or marketability of Grainger’s securities may be adversely affected. In addition, any change in ratings could make it more difficult for the Company to raise capital on favorable terms, impact the Company’s ability to obtain adequate financing, and result in higher interest costs for the Company’s existing credit facilities or on future financings. Grainger has incurred substantial indebtedness and may incur substantial additional indebtedness, which could adversely affect cash flow, decrease business flexibility, or prevent Grainger from fulfilling its obligations. As of December 31, 2019, Grainger’s consolidated indebtedness was approximately $2.4 billion. The Company’s indebtedness could, among other things, limit Grainger’s ability to respond to rapidly changing business and economic conditions, require the Company to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flows to the payment of principal and interest on its indebtedness, reducing the funds available for other business purposes, and make it more difficult to satisfy the Company’s financial obligations as they come due during periods of adverse economic and industry conditions. The agreements governing Grainger’s debt agreements and instruments contain representations, warranties, affirmative, negative and financial covenants, and default provisions. Grainger’s failure to comply with these restrictions and obligations could result in a default under such agreements, which may allow Grainger’s creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness. Any such acceleration could have a material adverse effect on Grainger’s business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and its ability to obtain financing on favorable terms in the future. In addition, Grainger may in the future seek to raise additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, refinancing of indebtedness, share repurchases or other general corporate purposes. Grainger’s ability to obtain additional financing will be dependent on, among other things, the Company’s financial condition, prevailing market conditions and numerous other factors beyond the Company’s control. Such additional financing may not be available 15 on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any inability to obtain financing when needed could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations. Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2: Properties As of December 31, 2019, Grainger’s owned and leased facilities totaled approximately 28.2 million square feet. The U.S. and Canada businesses accounted for the majority of the total square footage. Grainger believes that its properties are generally in excellent condition, well maintained and suitable for the conduct of business. A brief description of significant facilities follows: Location U.S. (1) U.S. (2) U.S. (3) Canada (4) Canada (5) Canada Other businesses (6) Chicago area (2) Facility and Use (7) 282 branch locations 17 DCs Other facilities 53 branch locations 5 DCs Other facilities Other facilities Headquarters and general offices Total Square Feet Size in Square Feet (in thousands) 6,348 9,660 3,970 686 968 578 5,034 947 28,191 (1) Consists of 246 stand-alone, 34 onsite and 2 will-call express locations, of which 202 are owned and 80 are (2) (3) leased. These branches range in size from approximately 500 to 109,000 square feet. These facilities are primarily owned and range in size from approximately 45,000 to 1.5 million square feet. These facilities include both owned and leased locations and primarily consist of storage facilities, office space and call centers. (4) Consists of 34 stand-alone and 19 onsite locations, of which 18 are owned and 35 are leased. These branches range in size from approximately 500 to 70,000 square feet. (5) (6) These facilities are primarily owned and range in size from approximately 40,000 to 540,000 square feet. These facilities include owned and leased locations in North America, Japan and Europe. (7) Owned facilities are not subject to any mortgages. Item 3: Legal Proceedings For a description of legal proceedings, see the disclosure contained in Note 15 to the Financial Statements included in "Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 16 Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities PART II Market Information and Dividends Grainger's common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol GWW. Grainger expects that its practice of paying quarterly dividends on its common stock will continue, although the payment of future dividends is at the discretion of Grainger’s Board of Directors and will depend upon Grainger’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and other factors. Holders The approximate number of shareholders of record of Grainger’s common stock as of January 31, 2020, was 604 with approximately 206,588 additional shareholders holding stock through nominees. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Fourth Quarter Period Oct. 1 – Oct. 31 Nov. 1 – Nov. 30 Dec. 1 – Dec. 31 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased (A) 112,700 126,183 81,184 320,067 (D) Average Price Paid Per Share (B) $301.83 $320.04 $319.32 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (C) 112,700 126,183 80,144 319,027 Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 3,284,920 shares 3,158,737 shares 3,078,593 shares (A) There were no shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations. (B) Average price paid per share includes any commissions paid. (C) Purchases were made pursuant to a share repurchase program approved by Grainger's Board of Directors and announced on April 24, 2019 (2019 Program). The 2019 Program authorizes the repurchase of up to 5 million shares with no expiration date. (D) The difference of 1,040 shares between the Total Number of Shares Purchased and the Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs represents shares purchased by the administrator and record keeper of the W.W. Grainger, Inc. Employees Profit Sharing Plan for the benefit of the employees who participate in the plan. 17 Company Performance The following stock price performance graph compares the cumulative total return on an investment in Grainger common stock with the cumulative total return of an investment in each of the Dow Jones US Industrial Suppliers Total Stock Market Index and the S&P 500 Stock Index. It covers the period commencing December 31, 2014, and ending December 31, 2019. The graph assumes that the value for the investment in Grainger common stock and in each index was $100 on December 31, 2014, and that all dividends were reinvested. W.W. Grainger, Inc. Dow Jones US Industrial Suppliers Total Stock Market Index S&P 500 Stock Index December 31, 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 100 $ 81 $ 95 $ 99 $ 121 $ 148 100 100 81 101 102 114 114 138 105 132 139 174 18 Item 6: Selected Financial Data Net sales Gross profit Operating earnings $ Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. (herein referred to as Net earnings) Net earnings per basic share Net earnings per diluted share Total current assets Property, building and equipment, net Long-term debt (less current maturities) Total shareholders' equity Operating cash flow 11,486 4,397 1,262 849 15.39 15.32 3,555 1,400 1,914 2,060 1,042 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 (In millions of dollars, except for per share amounts) 10,137 $ 10,425 $ 11,221 $ $ 4,348 1,158 782 13.82 13.73 3,557 1,352 2,090 2,093 1,057 4,098 1,035 586 10.07 10.02 3,206 1,392 2,248 1,828 1,057 4,115 1,113 606 9.94 9.87 3,020 1,421 1,841 1,906 1,024 9,973 4,231 1,294 769 11.69 11.58 3,049 1,431 1,388 2,353 1,036 4.59 Cash dividends paid per share $ 5.68 $ 5.36 $ 5.06 $ 4.83 $ The items discussed below are considered to materially affect the comparability of the information reflected in the selected financial data. For further information see “Part II, Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference. Net earnings for 2019 included a net expense of $109 million primarily consisting of a $104 million net non-cash charge related to intangible assets impairment at the Cromwell business in the U.K., which is part of other businesses and a net charge of $5 million related to restructuring primarily in the U.S business. Net earnings for 2018 included a net expense of $170 million primarily consisting of a $133 million net non-cash charge related to goodwill and intangible asset impairment at Cromwell, which is part of other businesses and a net charge of $37 million related to restructuring primarily consisting of asset impairment charges in Canada and other related charges, net of gains from the sale of real estate in the U.S., Canada and corporate offices. Net earnings for 2017 included a net expense of $84 million primarily consisting of a net charge of $102 million related to restructuring and other charges primarily consisting of branch closures in the U.S. and Canada businesses, net of gains on sale of real estate in the U.S., the consolidation of the contact center network in the U.S. and the wind-down of operations in Colombia, which was part of other businesses. This was partially offset by the net benefit of $15 million related to U.S. tax legislation and other discrete tax items. Net earnings for 2016 included a net expense of $105 million primarily related to restructuring actions in the U.S. and Canada, goodwill and intangible impairments in Europe and Latin America operations, contingencies and a net tax benefit. 19 Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations General W.W. Grainger, Inc. (Grainger or Company) is a broad line, business-to-business distributor of maintenance, repair and operating (MRO) products and services with operations primarily in North America, Japan and Europe. More than 3.5 million customers worldwide rely on Grainger for products such as safety, gloves, ladders, motors and janitorial supplies, along with services such as inventory management and technical support. These customers represent a broad collection of industries (see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Financial Statements)). They place orders through digital channels, over the phone and at local branches. Approximately 5,000 suppliers provide Grainger with about 1.6 million products stocked in Grainger's distribution centers (DCs) and branches worldwide. Grainger’s two reportable segments are the U.S. and Canada (Acklands - Grainger, Inc. and its subsidiaries). These reportable segments reflect the results of the Company's high-touch solutions businesses in those geographies. Other businesses include the endless assortment businesses, (Zoro in the U.S. and MonotaRO in Japan), and smaller international high-touch solutions businesses in Europe and Mexico. Outlook The Company’s strategic priority for 2020 is clear: relentlessly expand Grainger’s leadership position in the MRO space by being the go-to-partner for people who build and run safe, sustainable and productive operations. To achieve this, each Grainger business has a set of strategic objectives focused on top line growth through market share gain. The U.S. business is focused on growing through differentiated sales and services (e.g., direct customer relationships and onsite services), advantaged MRO solutions (e.g., get customers the exact products and services they need to solve a problem quickly) and unparalleled customer service (e.g., deliver flawlessly on every customer transaction). The Canada business is focused on growing volume and gaining market share after substantially completing a multi-year turnaround. The other businesses are primarily focused on profitably growing the international high-touch businesses in Europe and Mexico and the endless assortment businesses through product assortment expansion and innovative customer acquisition. Additionally, all Grainger businesses are focused on continuously improving cost structures, investing in digital marketing, technology and supply chain infrastructure to ultimately deliver long-term returns for shareholders. Results of Operations The following table is included as an aid to understanding changes in Grainger's Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions of dollars): For the Years Ended December 31, Percent Increase/ (Decrease) from Prior Year As a Percent of Net Sales 2019 2018 2019 2019 2018 $ 11,486 $ 11,221 2 % 100.0% 100.0% 7,089 4,397 3,135 1,262 53 314 895 46 6,873 4,348 3,190 1,158 77 258 823 41 782 3 % 1 % (2)% 9 % (31)% 22 % 9 % 12 % 8 % 61.7% 38.3% 27.3% 11.0% 0.5% 2.7% 7.8% 0.4% 7.4% 61.3% 38.7% 28.4% 10.3% 0.7% 2.3% 7.3% 0.4% 7.0% Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Operating earnings Other expense, net Income taxes Net earnings Noncontrolling interest Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. $ 849 $ 20 2019 Compared to 2018 Grainger's net sales of $11,486 million for the year ended 2019 increased $265 million, or 2.5%, compared to the same period in 2018. The increase in net sales was primarily driven by volume increases in the U.S. business from market share gain and continued double-digit growth in the endless assortments businesses, partially offset by lower sales in the Canada business and other businesses. See Note 14 to the Financial Statements and refer to the Segment Analysis below for further details. Gross profit of $4,397 million for the year ended 2019 increased $49 million, or 1% compared with the same period in 2018. The gross profit margin of 38.3% decreased 0.5 percentage points when compared to the same period in 2018, primarily driven by the lower margin endless assortment businesses which are growing at a faster rate than the rest of the Company. Elsewhere, lower gross profit margins in the U.S. were offset by supply chain favorability in Canada. The tables below reconcile reported Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A), operating earnings, net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. and diluted earnings per share, determined in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States of America to adjusted SG&A, operating earnings, net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. and diluted earnings per share, which are all considered non-GAAP measures. The Company believes that these non-GAAP measures provide meaningful information to assist shareholders in understanding financial results and assessing prospects for future performance as they provide a better baseline for analyzing the ongoing performance of its businesses by excluding items that may not be indicative of core operating results. Because non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized, it may not be possible to compare these measures with other companies' non-GAAP measures having the same or similar names. These non- GAAP measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for reported results. These non-GAAP measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of operations that, when viewed with GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of the business. All tables below are in millions of dollars: SG&A reported Restructuring, net of branch gains (U.S.) Restructuring, net of branch gains (Canada) Restructuring (Other businesses) Impairment charges (Other businesses) Restructuring (Unallocated expense) Subtotal SG&A adjusted Operating earnings reported Total restructuring, net and impairment charges Operating earnings adjusted Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. reported Total restructuring, net and impairment charges Tax effect (1) Total restructuring and impairment charges, net of branch gains and tax Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ 3,135 $ 3,190 % (2)% 5 — 2 120 (1) 126 9 35 5 139 (2) 186 $ 3,009 $ 3,004 — % 2019 2018 % 1,262 $ 1,158 9 % 126 186 1,388 $ 1,344 3 % 2019 2018 $ $ $ 849 $ 126 (17) 109 % 8 % 1 % 782 186 (16) 170 952 Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. adjusted $ 958 $ (1) The tax impact of adjustments and non-cash impairments are calculated based on the income tax rate in each applicable jurisdiction, subject to deductibility and the Company's ability to realize the associated tax benefits. 21 SG&A of $3,135 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased $55 million, or 2% compared to $3,190 million in the same period in 2018. In the fourth quarter of 2019, Grainger recorded $120 million of impairment charges related to intangible assets at the Cromwell business in the U.K., which is in other businesses and in the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded $139 million of impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets for Cromwell. Excluding restructuring, net and impairment charges in both periods as noted in the table above, SG&A was flat to prior year on net sales growth of 2.5%. Operating earnings of $1,262 million in 2019 increased $104 million, or 9% compared to $1,158 million in the same period in 2018. Excluding restructuring, net and impairment charges in both periods as noted in the table above, operating earnings increased $44 million, or 3%, driven primarily by cost take-out actions in the Canadian business and improved SG&A leverage in the U.S. business. Other expense, net of $53 million for the year ended 2019, decreased $24 million, or 31% compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease in expense was primarily due to lower losses from the conclusion of the Company's clean energy investments during the second half of 2018. Income taxes of $314 million for the year ended 2019 increased $56 million, or 22% compared to $258 million for the same period in 2018. Grainger's effective tax rates were 26.0% and 23.9% in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by lower tax benefit from stock-based compensation and the absence of the Company's clean energy tax benefits in 2019 as the Company concluded its investments in 2018. Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. for the year ended 2019 increased $67 million, or 8% to $849 million from $782 million in the same period in 2018. Excluding restructuring, net and impairment charges and income taxes from both periods as noted in the table above, net earnings increased $6 million, or 1%. The increase in net earnings primarily resulted from lower SG&A and other expense, net. Diluted earnings per share was $15.32 for the year ended 2019 and increased 12% compared to $13.73 for the same period in 2018, due to higher net earnings and lower average shares outstanding. Excluding restructuring, net and impairment charges and income taxes from both periods as noted in the table above, diluted earnings per share would have been $17.29 compared to $16.70 in 2018, an increase of 4%. 2018 Compared to 2017 For the full year 2017 to 2018 comparative discussion, see Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations in Grainger’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Segment Analysis - 2019 Compared to 2018 The following comments at the reportable segment and other business unit level include external and intersegment net sales and operating earnings. See Note 14 to the Financial Statements. United States Net sales were $8,815 million for the year ended 2019, an increase of $227 million, or 2.5% compared with net sales of $8,588 million for 2018 and consisted of the following: Volume Price Intersegment sales to Zoro (included in other businesses) Other Total Percent Increase (Decrease) 2.0% 0.5 0.5 (0.5) 2.5% Overall, revenue increases were primarily driven by market share gains. See Note 2 to the Financial Statements for information related to disaggregated revenue. 22 Gross profit margin decreased 0.4 percentage points compared to the same period in 2018 reflecting the impact of contract renegotiations and customer mix. SG&A for the year ended 2019 was flat compared to the same period in 2018 due to strong expense management. Operating earnings of $1,391 million increased $53 million, or 4% from $1,338 million in the same period of 2018. This increase was driven primarily by higher sales, higher gross profit dollars and improved SG&A leverage. Canada Net sales were $529 million for the year ended 2019, a decrease of $124 million, or 19% when compared with $653 million for 2018 and consisted of the following: Volume Price Foreign Exchange Total Percent (Decrease)/ Increase (19.0)% 2.0 (2.0) (19.0)% For the year ended 2019, volume decreased by 19 percentage points compared to the same period in 2018 due to customer disruption as a result of actions taken to reduce the branch footprint and optimize sales coverage. Gross profit margin increased 0.7 percentage points in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to inventory and supply chain efficiencies. SG&A decreased $89 million, or 34% in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Excluding restructuring, net in both periods as noted in the table above, SG&A would have decreased $54 million, or 24% compared to the prior period. This decrease was primarily due to cost reduction actions and lower variable expense as a result of lower sales volume. Operating earnings were $3 million for the year ended 2019 compared to losses of $49 million in the same period in 2018. Excluding restructuring, net in both periods (as noted in the table above and Note 5 to the Financial Statements), operating earnings would have been $3 million compared to operating losses of $14 million in the prior period primarily due to lower SG&A and lower sales volume. Other businesses Net sales for other businesses were $2,651 million for the year ended 2019, an increase of $210 million, or 8.5%, when compared to the same period in 2018. The net sales increase was primarily due to incremental sales at the endless assortment businesses and consisted of the following: Volume Foreign exchange Total Percent Increase/ (Decrease) 9.5% (1.0) 8.5% The net sales increase was primarily due to customer acquisition growth from the endless assortment businesses, partially offset by foreign exchange headwinds from the euro and pound sterling. Operating losses for other businesses were $9 million for the year ended 2019, a decrease of $17 million, or 216% compared to operating earnings of $8 million for 2018. Other businesses included impairment charges in 2019 and 2018 relating to the Cromwell business in the U.K. See Note 4 and Note 5 to the Financial Statements. Excluding restructuring, net and impairment charges in both periods, operating earnings decreased $40 million, or 27%. This decrease is primarily due to the endless assortment businesses' investments to drive long-term growth and performance in the high-touch solutions businesses. 23 Segment Analysis - 2018 Compared to 2017 For the full year 2017 to 2018 comparative discussion, see Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Segment Analysis - 2018 Compared to 2017 in Grainger’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Financial Condition For the full year 2017 discussion, see Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Condition in Grainger’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Grainger believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and availability under its revolving credit facilities will be sufficient to meet its liquidity needs. Grainger expects to continue to invest in its business and return excess cash to shareholders through cash dividends and share repurchases, which it plans to fund through total available liquidity and cash flows generated from operations. Grainger also maintains access to capital markets and may issue debt or equity securities from time to time, which may provide an additional source of liquidity. Cash and Cash Equivalents At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Grainger had cash and cash equivalents of $360 million and $538 million, respectively. Approximately 69% and 49% were outside the U.S. as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Grainger has no material limits or restrictions on its ability to use these foreign liquid assets. Cash Flows 2019 Compared to 2018 Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,042 million and $1,057 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily related to employee variable compensation payments, partially offset by favorable net income and changes in working capital. Net cash used in investing activities was $202 million and $166 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. This increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by lower proceeds from the sales of assets when compared to the prior year. Net cash used in financing activities was $1,023 million and $670 million in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in net cash used in financing activities was primarily driven by higher treasury stock repurchases in 2019 compared to 2018 and lower proceeds from stock options exercised. Working Capital Internally generated funds are the primary source of working capital and growth initiatives including capital expenditures. Grainger's working capital is not impacted by significant seasonality trends throughout the year. Working capital consists of current assets (less non-operating cash) and current liabilities (less short-term debt, current maturities of long-term debt and lease liabilities). Working capital was $2,092 million at December 31, 2019, compared with $1,898 million at December 31, 2018, primarily due to an increase in accounts receivable and inventory and decreases in accrued compensation and benefits partially offset by increases in accounts payable. At these dates, the ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 2.6 and 2.4, respectively. 24 Capital Expenditures In each of the past two years, a portion of the Company's net cash flows has been used for additions to property, buildings, equipment and capitalized software (presented in Intangibles - net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet) as summarized in the following table (in millions of dollars): Land, buildings, structures and improvements Furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment Subtotal Capitalized software Total For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 47 $ 131 178 43 221 $ 69 137 206 33 239 In 2019, the Company continued to invest in its North American and Japanese distribution networks (e.g. new DCs and branches as well as machinery and equipment to further automate the distribution process). In addition, the Company invested in the development of inventory management and software solutions. In 2018, the Company continued to invest in its North American distribution network (e.g. new or expanding existing facilities and technology). Other investments include the consolidation of facility and office locations and development of software solutions. Projected spending for 2020 is expected to be approximately $250 million which includes continued investments in its supply chain, software development, office space maintenance and inventory management solutions. Grainger expects to fund 2020 capital spending primarily from operating cash flows. Debt Grainger maintains a debt ratio and liquidity position that provides flexibility in funding working capital needs and long- term cash requirements. In addition to internally generated funds, Grainger has various sources of financing available, including bank borrowings under lines of credit. Total debt, which is defined as total interest-bearing debt (short-term current and long-term) and lease liabilities as a percent of total capitalization, was 54.3% and 51.5%, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Grainger receives ratings from two independent credit ratings agencies: Moody's Investor Service (Moody's) and Standard & Poor's (S&P). Both credit rating agencies currently rate our corporate credit at investment grade. The following table summarizes the Company's credit ratings at December 31, 2019: Moody's S&P Corporate Senior Unsecured Short-term A3 A+ A3 A+ P2 A1 25 Commitments and Other Contractual Obligations At December 31, 2019 Grainger's contractual obligations, including estimated payments due by period, are as follows (in millions of dollars): Payments Due by Period Total Amounts Committed Less than 1 Year 1 - 3 Years 3 - 5 Years More than 5 Years $ 246 $ Debt obligations Interest on debt Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations: Uncompleted additions to property, buildings and equipment Commitments to purchase inventory Other goods and services Other liabilities Total $ $ 2,181 2,035 239 88 498 317 103 5,461 $ 81 63 88 498 177 81 1,234 129 157 100 — — 112 5 $ 6 $ 156 46 — — 28 4 1,800 1,641 30 — — — 13 $ 503 $ 240 $ 3,484 See Notes 6, 7 and 9 to the Financial Statements for further detail related to debt, interest on debt and operating lease obligations. Purchase obligations are made in the normal course of business to meet operating needs. While purchase orders for both inventory purchases and non-inventory purchases are generally cancelable without penalty, certain vendor agreements provide for cancellation fees or penalties depending on the terms of the contract. Other liabilities represent future payments for profit sharing and other employee benefit plans. The Company's net obligation for postretirement healthcare benefits plan of approximately $2 million, is not included in the table above as no additional amounts are required to be funded as of December 31, 2019. The Company's historical practice regarding this plan has been to contribute amounts necessary to satisfy minimum pension funding requirements, plus periodic discretionary amounts determined to be appropriate. Grainger has recorded a noncurrent liability of approximately $32 million for tax uncertainties and interest at December 31, 2019. This amount is excluded from the table above, as Grainger cannot predict the timing of these cash payments by period. See Note 13 to the Financial Statements. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Grainger does not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements. Critical Accounting Estimates The methods, assumptions, and estimates that used in applying the Company’s accounting policies may require the application of judgments regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company considers an accounting policy to be a critical estimate if: (1) it involves assumptions that are uncertain when judgment was applied, and (2) changes in the estimate assumptions, or selection of a different estimate methodology could have a significant impact on Grainger’s consolidated financial position and results. While the Company believes that estimates, assumptions, and judgments used are reasonable, they are based on information available when the estimate was made. See Note 1 to the Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s critical accounting estimates, which are as follows: Inventory: Inventory reflected at the lower of cost or net realizable value considering future demand, market conditions and liquidation values; 26 Goodwill and Intangible Assets Impairment: the valuation methods and assumptions used in assessing the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets; and Contingencies: the estimation of when a contingent loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Forward-Looking Statements From time to time, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in other written reports, communications and verbal statements, Grainger makes forward-looking statements that are not historical in nature but concern forecasts of future results, business plans, analyses, prospects, strategies, objectives and other matters that may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” under the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements can generally be identified by their use of terms such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “expect,” “could,” “forecast,” “may,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will” or “would” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions. Grainger cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will be realized and achievement of future results is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company's control, which could cause Grainger's results to differ materially from those that are presented. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those presented or implied in the forward- looking statements include, without limitation: higher product costs or other expenses; a major loss of customers; loss or disruption of sources of supply; increased competitive pricing pressures; failure to develop or implement new technology initiatives or business strategies; failure to adequately protect intellectual property or successfully defend against infringement claims; fluctuations or declines in the Company's gross profit percentage; the Company's responses to market pressures; the outcome of pending and future litigation or governmental or regulatory proceedings, including with respect to wage and hour, anti-bribery and corruption, environmental, advertising, product liability, safety or compliance, or privacy and cybersecurity matters; investigations, inquiries, audits and changes in laws and regulations; failure to comply with laws, regulations and standards; government contract matters; disruption of information technology or data security systems involving us or third parties on which we depend; general industry, economic, market or political conditions; general global economic conditions including tariffs and trade issues and policies; currency exchange rate fluctuations; market volatility, including volatility or price declines of the Company's common stock; commodity price volatility; labor shortages; facilities disruptions or shutdowns; higher fuel costs or disruptions in transportation services; pandemic diseases or viral contagions; natural and other catastrophes; unanticipated and/or extreme weather conditions; loss of key members of management; the Company's ability to operate, integrate and leverage acquired businesses; changes in effective tax rates; changes in credit ratings or outlook; the Company's incurrence of indebtedness and other factors identified under Item 1A: Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on Grainger's forward-looking statements and Grainger undertakes no obligation to update or revise any of its forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Grainger's primary market risk exposures as follows: Foreign Currency Exchange Rates Grainger’s financial results, including the value of assets and liabilities, are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk when the financial statements of the business units outside the U.S., as stated in their local currencies, are translated into U.S. dollars. Grainger's net earnings exposure to foreign currency exchange rates was not material for 2019. Interest Rate Risks Grainger is exposed to interest rate risk on its variable-rate debt used to fund international businesses (See Note 7 to the Financial Statements) and it does not currently use any derivative instruments to manage these exposures. As of December 31, 2019, the annualized effect of a 0.1 percentage point increase in interest rates on Grainger’s variable- rate debt obligations would not have a material impact on net earnings. 27 Commodity Price Risk Grainger’s transportation costs are exposed to fluctuations in the price of fuel and some sourced products contain commodity-priced materials. The Company regularly monitors commodity trends and, as a broadline supplier, mitigates any material exposure to commodity price risk by having alternative sourcing plans in place that mitigate the risk of supplier concentration, passing commodity-related inflation to customers or suppliers, and continuing to scale its distribution networks, including its transportation infrastructure. Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements and supplementary data are included on pages 32 to 63. See the Index to Financial Statements and Supplementary Data on page 31. Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A: Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures Grainger carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Grainger's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that Grainger's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (A) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management's report on Grainger's internal control over financial reporting is included on page 32 of this Report under the heading Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. (B) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm The report from Ernst & Young LLP on its audit of the effectiveness of Grainger's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, is included on page 33 of this Report under the heading Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. (C) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in Grainger's internal control over financial reporting during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Grainger's internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B: Other Information None. 28 Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Grainger's proxy statement relating to the annual meeting of shareholders to be held April 29, 2020, under the captions “Nominees and Director Experience and Qualifications,” "Annual Election of Directors,” “Candidates for Board Membership,” “Board Affairs and Nominating Committee,” “Audit Committee” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.” Information required by this item regarding executive officers of Grainger is set forth in Part I, Item 1, under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers.” is available Grainger has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer and controller. This code of ethics is part of Grainger’s Business Conduct Guidelines for through Grainger’s website at directors, officers and employees, which www.invest.grainger.com. All Grainger employees are trained and certified yearly on these guidelines. A copy of the Business Conduct Guidelines is also available in print without charge to any person upon request to Grainger's Corporate Secretary. Grainger intends to disclose on its website any amendment to any provision of the Business Conduct Guidelines that relates to any element of the definition of “code of ethics” enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act and any waiver from any such provision granted to Grainger’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller or persons performing similar functions. Grainger has also adopted Operating Principles for the Board of Directors, which are available on its website and are available in print to any person who requests them. free of charge Item 11: Executive Compensation The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Grainger's proxy statement relating to the annual meeting of shareholders to be held April 29, 2020, under the captions “Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Committee,” “Report of the Compensation Committee of the Board” and "Fees for Independent Compensation Consultant." Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Grainger's proxy statement relating to the annual meeting of shareholders to be held April 29, 2020, under the captions “Ownership of Grainger Stock” and “Equity Compensation Plans.” Item 13: Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Grainger's proxy statement relating to the annual meeting of shareholders to be held April 29, 2020, under the captions “Director Independence,” "Annual Election of Directors" and “Transactions with Related Persons.” Item 14: Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Grainger's proxy statement relating to the annual meeting of shareholders to be held April 29, 2020, under the caption “Audit Fees and Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures.” 29 Item 15: Exhibits and Financial Statements Schedules (a) Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K PART IV (1) Financial Statements: see "Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," on page 31 hereof, for a list of financial statements. Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. (2) Financial Statement Schedules: the schedules listed in Rule 5-04 of Regulation S-X have been omitted because they are either not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. (3) Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K: the information required by this Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K is set forth on the Exhibit Index that follows the Signatures page 64 of the Form 10-K. Item 16: Form 10-K Summary None. 30 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 MANAGEMENT'S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page 32 33 36 37 38 39 40 41 31 MANAGEMENT'S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of W.W. Grainger, Inc. (Grainger) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Grainger's internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to Grainger's management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements under all potential conditions. Therefore, effective internal control over financial reporting provides only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance with respect to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. Grainger's management assessed the effectiveness of Grainger's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Based on its assessment under that framework and the criteria established therein, Grainger's management concluded that Grainger's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited Grainger's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in their report, which is included herein. 32 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of W.W. Grainger, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive earnings, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 20, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. 33 Valuation of Goodwill for the Canadian Reporting Unit Description of the Matter At December 31, 2019, the Company’s Canadian reporting unit goodwill balance was $126 million. As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 of the financial statements, goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level annually during the fourth quarter and more frequently if impairment indicators exist. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit Auditing management’s annual goodwill impairment test was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required in assessing the fair value of the Canadian reporting unit. The fair value estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions such as the revenue growth expectations, future expected cash flows, and operating earnings, which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions. Our audit procedures included, among others obtaining an understanding, evaluating the design and testing the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment review process, including controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions described above. To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s Canadian reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing methodologies and involving our valuation specialists to assist in testing the significant assumptions and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends, changes to the Company’s business model, customer base or product mix, and other relevant factors. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates and performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting units that would result from changes in the assumptions. In addition, we reviewed the reconciliation of the fair value of the reporting units to the market capitalization of the Company. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005. Chicago, Illinois February 20, 2020 34 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited W.W. Grainger, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (the COSO Criteria). In our opinion, W.W Grainger, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive earnings, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and our report dated February 20, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, Illinois February 20, 2020 35 W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS (In millions, except for per share amounts) Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Operating earnings Other (income) expense: Interest expense, net Other, net Total other expense, net Earnings before income taxes Income taxes Net earnings Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. Earnings per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average number of shares outstanding: Basic Diluted For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 11,486 $ 11,221 $ 10,425 7,089 4,397 3,135 1,262 79 (26) 53 1,209 314 895 46 6,873 4,348 3,190 1,158 82 (5) 77 1,081 258 823 41 $ $ $ 849 $ 782 $ 15.39 $ 15.32 $ 13.82 $ 13.73 $ 54.7 54.9 56.1 56.5 6,327 4,098 3,063 1,035 86 13 99 936 313 623 37 586 10.07 10.02 57.7 58.0 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 36 W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (In millions of dollars) Net earnings $ 895 $ 823 $ 623 For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Other comprehensive earnings (losses): Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of reclassification (see Note 5 and Note 12) Postretirement benefit plan re-measurement, net of tax expense $29 million (see Note 8 and Note 12) Postretirement benefit plan reclassification, net of tax benefit of $2 million, $3 million and $1 million, respectively Total other comprehensive earnings (losses) Comprehensive earnings, net of tax Less: Comprehensive earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interest Net earnings Foreign currency translation adjustments Total comprehensive earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interest 26 — (6) 20 915 46 3 49 (41) — (7) (48) 775 41 3 44 Comprehensive earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. $ 866 $ 731 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 93 47 2 142 765 37 4 41 724 37 W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In millions of dollars, except for share and per share amounts) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $21 million and $25 million, respectively) Inventories – net Prepaid expenses and other assets Prepaid income taxes Total current assets PROPERTY, BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT – NET DEFERRED INCOME TAXES GOODWILL INTANGIBLES – NET OTHER ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Short-term debt Current maturities of long-term debt Trade accounts payable Accrued compensation and benefits Accrued contributions to employees’ profit-sharing plans Accrued expenses Income taxes payable Total current liabilities LONG-TERM DEBT (less current maturities) DEFERRED INCOME TAXES AND TAX UNCERTAINTIES OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Cumulative preferred stock – $5 par value – 12,000,000 shares authorized; none issued nor outstanding Common Stock – $0.50 par value –300,000,000 shares authorized; issued 109,659,219 shares Additional contributed capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive losses Treasury stock, at cost - 55,971,691 and 53,796,859 shares, respectively Total W.W. Grainger, Inc. shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders' equity $ $ As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ 360 $ 538 1,425 1,655 104 11 3,555 1,400 11 429 304 306 1,385 1,541 83 10 3,557 1,352 12 424 460 68 6,005 $ 5,873 55 $ 246 719 228 85 318 27 1,678 1,914 106 247 — 55 1,182 8,405 (154) (7,633) 1,855 205 2,060 49 81 678 262 133 269 29 1,501 2,090 103 86 — 55 1,134 7,869 (171) (6,966) 1,921 172 2,093 5,873 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY $ 6,005 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 38 W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In millions of dollars) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net earnings $ 895 $ 823 $ Provision for losses on accounts receivable Deferred income taxes and tax uncertainties Depreciation and amortization Impairment of goodwill, intangible and other assets Net (gains) losses from sales of assets and business divestitures Stock-based compensation Subtotal Change in operating assets and liabilities Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Trade accounts payable Accrued liabilities Income taxes – net Other non-current liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Additions to property, buildings, equipment and intangibles Proceeds from sales of assets Equity method proceeds (investment) Other – net Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net decrease in commercial paper Borrowings under lines of credit Payments against lines of credit Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payments of long-term debt Proceeds from stock options exercised Payments for employee taxes withheld from stock awards Purchases of treasury stock Cash dividends paid Other – net Net cash used in financing activities Exchange rate effect on cash and cash equivalents NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Supplemental cash flow information: Cash payments for interest (net of amounts capitalized) Cash payments for income taxes 12 4 229 123 (6) 40 402 (42) (106) (33) 32 (84) (3) (19) 1,042 (221) 17 2 — (202) — 20 (15) — (42) 49 (11) (700) (328) 4 (1,023) 5 (178) 538 360 $ 84 $ 322 $ $ $ $ 7 7 257 156 (6) 47 468 (79) (129) (2) (51) 18 36 (27) 1,057 (239) 86 (13) — (166) — 26 (31) — (96) 181 (12) (425) (316) 3 (670) (10) 211 327 538 86 229 $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 623 16 (5) 264 28 28 33 364 (103) (5) (5) 72 113 4 (6) 1,057 (237) 120 (35) 6 (146) (370) 74 (43) 401 (39) 47 (28) (605) (304) — (867) 9 53 274 327 78 335 39 W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (In millions of dollars, except for per share amounts) Common Stock Additional Contributed Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings (Losses) Treasury Stock Noncontrolling Interest Total $ 55 $ 1,030 $ 7,113 $ (273) $ (6,128) $ 108 $ 1,905 — — — — — — 10 — — — — 1 — — 586 — — (294) — — — 138 — — 60 (608) — — — — — — 37 4 — 70 (608) 623 142 — (11) (304) $ 55 $ 1,041 $ 7,405 $ (135) $ (6,676) $ 138 $ 1,828 — — — — — — — 92 — — — — — 1 — — 782 — — (15) (303) — — — (51) — 15 — 122 (412) — — — — — — — 41 3 4 — 214 (412) 823 (48) 4 — (14) (316) $ 55 $ 1,134 $ 7,869 $ (171) $ (6,966) $ 172 $ 2,093 — — — — — — 46 — — — 2 — — — 849 — — (313) — — — 17 — — 33 (700) — — — — — — 46 3 — 79 (700) 895 20 2 (16) (329) $ 55 $ 1,182 $ 8,405 $ (154) $ (7,633) $ 205 $ 2,060 Balance at January 1, 2017 Stock based compensation Purchases of treasury stock Net earnings Other comprehensive earnings (losses) Capital contribution Cash dividends paid ($5.06 per share) Balance at December 31, 2017 Stock based compensation Purchases of treasury stock Net earnings Other comprehensive earnings (losses) Capital contribution Reclassification due to the adoption of ASU 2018-02 Cash dividends paid ($5.36 per share) Balance at December 31, 2018 Stock based compensation Purchases of treasury stock Net earnings Other comprehensive earnings (losses) Capital contribution Cash dividends paid ($5.68 per share) Balance at December 31, 2019 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 40 NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES COMPANY BACKGROUND W.W. Grainger, Inc. is a broad line, business-to-business distributor of maintenance, repair and operating (MRO) products and services with operations primarily in North America, Japan and Europe. In this report, the words “Company” or “Grainger” mean W.W. Grainger, Inc. and its subsidiaries. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The Consolidated Financial Statements (Financial Statements) include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control. All significant intercompany transactions are eliminated from the consolidated financial statements. The Company has a controlling ownership interest in MonotaRO Co., Ltd. (MonotaRO), the endless assortment business in Japan, with the residual representing the noncontrolling interest. USE OF ESTIMATES The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates. FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION The U.S. dollar is the Company's reporting currency for all periods presented. The financial statements of the Company’s foreign operating subsidiaries are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operating subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the period. Translation gains or losses are recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive earnings (losses). REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company recognizes revenue when a sales arrangement with a customer exists (e.g., contract, purchase orders, others), the transaction price is fixed or determinable and the Company has satisfied its performance obligation per the sales arrangement. The majority of Company revenue originates from contracts with a single performance obligation to deliver products, whereby performance obligations are satisfied when control of the product is transferred to the customer per the arranged shipping terms. Some Company contracts contain a combination of product sales and services, which are distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations, and are satisfied when the services are rendered. Total service revenue is not material and accounted for approximately 1% of total Company revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. The Company’s revenue is measured at the determinable transaction price, net of any variable considerations granted to customers and any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Variable considerations include rights to return product and sales incentives, which primarily consist of volume rebates. These variable considerations are estimated throughout the year based on various factors, including contract terms, historical experience and performance levels. Total accrued sales returns were approximately $25 million and $29 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and are reported as a reduction of Accounts receivable, net. Total accrued sales incentives were approximately $57 million and $62 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and are reported as part of Accrued expenses. The Company records a contract asset when it has a right to payment from a customer that is conditioned on events other than the passage of time. The Company also records a contract liability when customers prepay but the Company has not yet satisfied its performance obligation. The Company did not have any material unsatisfied performance obligations, contract assets or liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. COST OF GOODS SOLD (COGS) COGS includes the purchase cost of goods sold, net of vendor considerations, in-bound shipping and handling costs and service costs. The Company receives vendor considerations, such as rebates to promote their products, which are generally recorded as a reduction to COGS. Rebates earned from vendors that are based on product purchases are capitalized into inventory and rebates earned based on products sold are credited directly to COGS. 41 ADVERTISING Advertising costs, which includes online marketing, are generally expensed in the year the related advertisement is first presented or when incurred. Catalog expense is amortized over the life of the catalog, generally one year, beginning in the month of its distribution and is included in advertising expense. Total advertising expense was $316 million, $241 million and $187 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES (SG&A) Company SG&A is primarily comprised of compensation and benefit costs, indirect purchasing, supply chain and branch operations, technology, leases, restructuring, impairments, advertising and selling expenses, as well as other types of general and administrative costs. STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS The Company measures all share-based payments using fair-value-based methods and records compensation expense on a straight line basis over the vesting periods, net of estimated forfeitures. INCOME TAXES The Company recognizes the provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. Also, the Company evaluates deferred income taxes to determine if valuation allowances are required using a “more likely than not” standard. This assessment considers the nature, frequency and amount of book and taxable income and losses, the duration of statutory carryback and forward periods, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and tax planning strategies, among other matters. The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if (based on the technical merits of the position) it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on examination by the tax authority. The Company recognizes interest expense and penalties to its tax uncertainties in the provision for income taxes. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSSES) The Company's Other comprehensive earnings (losses) include foreign currency translation adjustments and unrecognized gains (losses) on postretirement and other employment-related benefit plans. Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (losses) (AOCE) are presented separately as part of shareholders' equity. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS The Company considers investments in highly liquid debt instruments, purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less, to be cash equivalents. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK The Company places temporary cash investments with institutions of high credit quality and, by policy, limits the amount of credit exposure to any one institution. Also, the Company has a broad customer base representing many diverse industries across North America, Japan and Europe. Consequently, no significant concentration of credit risk is considered to exist. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS Accounts receivable are stated at their estimated net realizable value. The Company establishes allowances for customer accounts that are potentially uncollectible and these are determined based on several factors, including the age of the receivables, historical collection trends, and economic conditions that may have an impact on a specific industry, group of customers or a specific customer. INVENTORIES Company inventories primarily consist of merchandise purchased for resale, and they are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company uses the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method to account for approximately 70% of total inventory and the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method for the remaining inventory. The Company regularly reviews inventory to evaluate continued demand and records provisions for the difference between excess and obsolete inventories and net realizable value. Estimated realizable value consider various variables, including product demand, aging and shelf life, market conditions, and liquidation or disposition history and values. 42 If FIFO had been used for all of the Company’s inventories, they would have been $426 million and $394 million higher than reported at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Concurrently, net earnings would have increased by $24 million and $8 million, and decreased by $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. PROPERTY, BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT Company property, buildings and equipment are valued at cost. Depreciation is estimated using the declining-balance, sum-of-the-years-digits and straight-line depreciation methods over the assets' useful lives as follows: Buildings, structures and improvements Furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment 10 to 30 years 3 to 10 years Depreciation expense was $150 million, $162 million and $170 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company capitalized interest costs of $9 million, $10 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. LEASES The Company leases certain properties and buildings (including branches, warehouses, distribution centers and office space) and equipment under various arrangements which provide the right to use the underlying asset and require lease payments for the lease term. The Company’s lease portfolio consists mainly of operating leases which expire at various dates through 2036. Many of the property and building lease agreements obligate the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance and certain maintenance costs (hereinafter referred to as non-lease components). Certain of the Company’s lease arrangements contain renewal provisions from 1 to 30 years, exercisable at the Company's option. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company determines if an arrangement is an operating lease at inception. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. All other leases are recorded on the balance sheet with right of use (ROU) assets representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities representing the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term and include options to extend or terminate the lease when they are reasonably certain to be exercised. The present value of lease payments is determined primarily using the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date. Lease agreements with lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for as a single lease component. The Company’s operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in SG&A. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS In a business acquisition, the Company recognizes goodwill as the excess purchase price of an acquired reporting unit over the net amount assigned to assets acquired including intangible assets, and liabilities assumed. Acquired intangibles include both: assets with indefinite lives and assets that are subject to amortization, which are amortized straight line over their estimated useful lives. The Company tests goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment annually during the fourth quarter and more frequently if impairment indicators exist. The Company performs qualitative assessments of significant events and circumstances, such as reporting units' historical and current results, assumptions regarding future performance, strategic initiatives and overall economic factors to determine the existence of impairment indicators and assess if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value and if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. In the quantitative test, Grainger compares the carrying value of the reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset with its fair value. Any excess of the carrying value over fair value is recorded as an impairment charge, presented as part of SG&A. The fair value of reporting units is calculated primarily using the discounted cash flow method and utilizing value indicators from a market approach to evaluate the reasonableness of the resulting fair values. Estimates of market- 43 participant risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital are used as a basis for determining the discount rates to apply to the reporting units’ future expected cash flows and terminal value. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangibles are primarily trade names. The fair value of trade names is calculated primarily using the relief-from-royalty method, which estimates the expected royalty savings attributable to the ownership of the trade name asset. The key assumptions when valuing a trade name are the revenue base, the royalty rate, and the discount rate. Additionally, the Company capitalizes certain costs related to the purchase and development of internal-use software, which are presented as intangible assets. Amortization of capitalized software is on a straight-line basis over three or five years. LONG-LIVED ASSETS The carrying value of long-lived assets, primarily property, buildings and equipment and amortizable intangibles, is evaluated whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset group may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows resulting from use of the asset group, including disposition, are less than their carrying value. Impairment is measured as the amount by which the asset group's carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CONTINGENCIES The Company accrues for costs relating to litigation claims and other contingent matters, when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS In July 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-07, Codification Updates to SEC Sections - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates (SEC Update). This ASU clarifies or improves the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of codification topics by aligning with the SEC's regulations, thereby eliminating redundancies and making the codification easier to apply. This ASU was effective immediately upon issuance and did not have a material impact on the Company's Financial Statements and related disclosures. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases as modified subsequently by ASUs 2018-01, 2018-10, 2018-11, 2018-20 and 2019-01(Topic 842). The Company utilized the simplified modified retrospective transition method that allowed for a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and did not restate prior periods. Additionally, the Company elected the practical expedients package permitted under the transition guidance. Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of ROU assets and lease liabilities of approximately $208 million and $205 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019 related to operating and finance leases. In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments as modified by subsequently issued ASUs 2018-19, 2019-04, 2019-05 and 2019-11. This ASU requires estimating all expected credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Per the permitted effective dates, the Company will adopt this ASU effective January 1, 2020. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company's Financial Statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU clarifies and simplifies accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions for intraperiod tax allocation principles, the methodology for calculating income tax rates in an interim period, and recognition of deferred taxes for outside basis differences in an investment, among other updates. Per the permitted effective dates, the Company will adopt this ASU effective January 1, 2021. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU. 44 NOTE 2 - REVENUE Company revenue is primarily comprised of MRO product sales and related activities, such as freight and services. Grainger serves a large number of customers in diverse industries, which are subject to different economic and market specific factors. The Company's presentation of revenue by industry most reasonably depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of Company revenue and cash flows are affected by economic and market specific factors. The following table presents the Company's percentage of revenue by reportable segment and by major customer industry: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 Canada U.S. Total Company (2) 14 % 17 % 10 % 5 % 6 % 8 % 7 % 8 % 4 % 21 % 100 % 100 % Total Company (2) 14 % 18 % 11 % 5 % 5 % 8 % 7 % 8 % 4 % 20 % 100 % 100 % Government Heavy Manufacturing Light Manufacturing Transportation Healthcare Commercial Retail/Wholesale Contractors Natural Resources Other (1) Total net sales Percent of Total Company Revenue 18 % 19 % 12 % 6 % 7 % 10 % 9 % 10 % 3 % 6 % 100 % 72 % 6 % 20 % 6 % 8 % — % 9 % 4 % 10 % 33 % 4 % 100 % 5 % (1) Other category primarily includes revenue from individual customers not aligned to major industry segment, including small businesses and consumers, and intersegment net sales. (2) Total Company includes other businesses, which include the Company's endless assortment businesses and operations in Europe and Mexico and account for approximately 23% of revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 Canada U.S. Government Heavy Manufacturing Light Manufacturing Transportation Healthcare Commercial Retail/Wholesale Contractors Natural Resources Other (1) Total net sales Percent of Total Company Revenue 18 % 19 % 13 % 6 % 7 % 9 % 8 % 10 % 3 % 7 % 100 % 72 % 6 % 20 % 6 % 7 % — % 10 % 4 % 11 % 32 % 4 % 100 % 6 % (1) Other category primarily includes revenue from individual customers not aligned to major industry segment, including small businesses and consumers, and intersegment net sales. (2) Total Company includes other businesses, which include the Company's endless assortment businesses and operations in Europe and Mexico and account for approximately 22% of revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. 45 NOTE 3 - PROPERTY, BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT Property, buildings and equipment consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): Land Building, structures and improvements Furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment Property, buildings and equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, buildings and equipment, net $ $ $ NOTE 4 - GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS As of December 31, 2019 332 $ 1,329 1,832 3,493 $ 2,093 1,400 $ December 31, 2018 318 1,338 1,785 3,441 2,089 1,352 The balances and changes in the carrying amount of Goodwill by segment are as follows (in millions of dollars): United States Canada Other businesses Total Balance at January 1, 2018 Impairment Translation Balance at December 31, 2018 Translation Balance at December 31, 2019 $ $ 192 — — 192 — 192 $ $ 130 — (10) 120 6 126 $ $ 222 (105) (5) 112 (1) 111 $ $ 544 (105) (15) 424 5 429 Cumulative goodwill impairment charges, December 31, 2019 (1) $ — $ 32 $ 152 $ 184 United States Canada Other businesses Total (1) Restated to include only impairments related to current businesses in Grainger's portfolio. There were no impairments to goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2017. In 2018, there was a $105 million goodwill impairment recorded in SG&A at the Cromwell business in the U.K. 46 The balances and changes in Intangible assets - net are as follows (in millions of dollars): As of December 31, 2019 2018 Weighted average life Gross carrying amount Accumulated amortization/ impairment Net carrying amount Gross carrying amount Accumulated amortization/ impairment Net carrying amount Customer lists and relationships Trademarks, trade names and other Non-amortized trade names and other Capitalized software Total intangible assets 13.2 years $ 401 $ 301 $ 100 $ 410 $ 204 $ 206 14.1 years — 4.2 years 36 100 626 20 38 16 62 500 126 24 133 657 15 34 9 99 511 146 8.2 years $ 1,163 $ 859 $ 304 $ 1,224 $ 764 $ 460 Amortization expense of intangible assets presented within SG&A, excluding impairment charges was $78 million, $92 million, and $89 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for future periods is as follows (in millions of dollars): Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total Expense 72 55 38 13 12 52 242 $ $ Grainger completed its annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of 2019. Qualitative tests for the quarter indicated the existence of impairment indicators for the Canada business and Cromwell (included in other businesses). As such, quantitative tests were performed. Based on the result of the quantitative tests performed for the Canada business, the Company concluded that there was no impairment of goodwill. The risk of impairment for the Canada business is dependent upon key assumptions included in the determination of the reporting unit's fair value, particularly revenue growth expectations, future expected cash flows and operating earnings performance. Changes in assumptions regarding future performance and unfavorable economic environment in Canada may have a significant impact on future cash flows expectations and require the recording of future impairment charges. The carrying value of the Canada businesses goodwill was $126 million as of December 31, 2019. The quantitative test for Cromwell indicated the existence of impairment of the reporting unit’s intangible assets. Cromwell’s declining operating performance and accelerated customer attrition resulted in lowered outlook projections. As a result, the Company concluded that Cromwell’s trade name was fully impaired. Concurrently, as a result of the circumstances leading to trade name impairment, the Company performed a recoverability and fair value test of Cromwell’s customer relationships intangible asset and concluded to impair the asset. The aggregate impairment charge for Cromwell’s intangibles in 2019 amounted to approximately $120 million. Previously, during the third quarter of 2018 the Company recorded impairment charges totaling $139 million attributable to all of Cromwell’s goodwill and a portion of its trade name assets. This impairment was driven by the deterioration 47 of Cromwell’s operating performance at the time combined with prolonged softness and uncertainty in the U.K. market due to Brexit and other unfavorable economic conditions. NOTE 5 - RESTRUCTURING Restructuring activity for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was not material. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded restructuring charges of approximately $47 million and $116 million, respectively. These charges primarily consisted of involuntary employee termination costs across the business, asset impairments, write-down losses and other exit-related costs and are included in SG&A. The charges in the U.S. and Canada businesses were partially offset by gains from the sales of real estate. The reserve balance as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was approximately $10 million and $47 million, respectively, and is primarily included in Accrued compensation and benefits. The remaining reserves are expected to be paid through 2020. NOTE 6 - SHORT-TERM DEBT Short-term debt consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): Lines of Credit Outstanding at December 31 Maximum month-end balance during the year Weighted average interest rate during the year Weighted average interest rate at December 31 Commercial Paper Outstanding at December 31 Maximum month-end balance during the year Weighted average interest rate during the year As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ 55 56 2.32% 2.44% — — —% $ $ $ $ 49 138 2.29% 2.35% — 90 1.80% Lines of Credit The Company's U.S. business has a five-year $750 million unsecured revolving line of credit, maturing in 2022. There were no borrowings outstanding under the line of credit as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The primary purpose of this credit facility is to support the Company's commercial paper program and for general corporate purposes. Foreign subsidiaries utilize lines of credit for working capital purposes and other operating needs. These foreign lines of credit in aggregate were $55 million and $49 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Commercial Paper The Company issues commercial paper from time to time for general working capital needs. At December 31, 2019, there was none outstanding. The Company's short-term debt instruments include affirmative and negative covenants that are usual and customary for companies with similar credit ratings and do not contain any financial performance covenants. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2019. 48 NOTE 7 - LONG-TERM DEBT Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): 4.60% senior notes due 2045 3.75% senior notes due 2046 4.20% senior notes due 2047 British pound term loan Euro term loan Canadian dollar revolving credit facility Other Subtotal Less current maturities Debt issuance costs and discounts, net of amortization Long-term debt (less current maturities) $ As of December 31, 2019 2018 Carrying Value Fair Value (1) Carrying Value Fair Value (1) $ 1,000 $ 1,194 $ 1,000 $ 1,026 400 400 170 123 46 42 2,181 (246) (21) 1,914 416 449 170 123 46 42 2,440 (246) 400 400 174 126 44 49 2,193 (81) (21) (22) $ 2,173 $ 2,090 $ 357 383 174 126 44 49 2,159 (81) (22) 2,056 (1) The estimated fair value of the Company’s Senior Notes was based on available external pricing data and current market rates for similar debt instruments, among other factors, which are classified as level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of other long-term debt approximates fair value due to their variable interest rates. Senior Notes In the years 2015-2017, Grainger issued $1.8 billion in long-term debt (Senior Notes) to partially fund the repurchase of $2.8 billion in shares of the total $3 billion previously announced. The remaining share repurchases were funded from internally generated cash. Debt was issued as follows: • • • In May 2017, $400 million payable in 30 years and carries a 4.20% interest rate, payable semiannually. In May 2016, $400 million payable in 30 years and carries a 3.75% interest rate, payable semiannually. In June 2015, $1 billion payable in 30 years and carries a 4.60% interest rate, payable semiannually. The Company may redeem the Senior Notes in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a “make-whole” redemption price prior to their respective maturity dates. The redemption price is calculated by reference to the then- current yield on a U.S. treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the Senior Notes plus 20-25 basis points, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, at the redemption date. Additionally, if the Company experiences specific kinds of changes in control, it will be required to make an offer to purchase the Senior Notes at 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, at the date of purchase. Within one year of the maturity date, the Company may redeem the Senior Notes in whole at any time or in part at 100% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. Costs and discounts of approximately $24 million associated with the issuance of the Senior Notes, representing underwriting fees and other expenses, have been recorded as a contra-liability within Long-term debt and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Senior Notes. British Pound Term Loan In August 2015, the Company entered into an unsecured credit facilities agreement providing for a five-year term loan of £160 million and revolving credit facility of up to £20 million (see Note 6 to the Financial Statements). Under the agreement, the principal amount of the term loan will be repaid semiannually in installments of £4 million beginning February 2016 through February 2020 with the remaining outstanding amount due August 2020 and accordingly, the amount outstanding is included in Current maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2019. At the election of the Company, the term loan bears interest at the LIBOR Rate plus a margin of 75 basis points, as defined within the term loan agreement. At December 31, 2019 , the Company had elected a one-month LIBOR interest period. The weighted average interest rate was 1.47% and 1.34% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 49 Euro Term Loan In August 2016, the Company entered into an agreement for a five-year term loan of €110 million and a revolving credit facility of up to €20 million (see Note 6 to the Financial Statements). Under the agreement, no principal amount of the loan will be required to be paid until the loan becomes due on August 31, 2021, at which time the loan will be required to be paid in full. The Company, at its option, may prepay this term loan in whole or in part at the end of any interest period without penalty. The loan bears interest at the EURIBOR plus a margin of 45 basis points, as defined within the term loan agreement. If EURIBOR is less than zero, then EURIBOR will be deemed to be zero. The interest rate at both December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 0.45%. Canadian Dollar Revolving Credit Facility In September 2014, the Company entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility with a maximum availability of C$175 million. The loan bears interest at the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) plus a margin of 80 basis points, as defined within the loan agreement. The weighted average interest rate during the year on this outstanding amount was 2.82%. No principal payments are required on the credit facility until the maturity date. In July 2019, the facility was amended to mature in 2020 and accordingly, the amount outstanding is included in Current maturities of long- term debt as of December 31, 2019. The scheduled aggregate principal payments related to long-term debt, excluding debt issuance costs, are due as follows (in millions of dollars): Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total Payment Amount $ $ 246 129 — — 6 1,800 2,181 The Company's long-term debt instruments include affirmative and negative covenants that are usual and customary for companies with similar credit ratings and do not contain any financial performance covenants. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2019. NOTE 8 - EMPLOYEE BENEFITS The Company provides various retirement benefits to eligible employees, including contributions to defined contribution plans, pension benefits associated with defined benefit plans, postretirement medical benefits and other benefits. Eligibility requirements and benefit levels vary depending on employee location. Various foreign benefit plans cover employees in accordance with local legal requirements. Defined Contribution Plans A majority of the Company's U.S. employees are covered by a noncontributory profit-sharing plan. The plan aligns Company contributions to Company performance and includes two components, a variable annual contribution based on the Company's rate of return on invested capital and an automatic contribution equal to 3% of the eligible employee's total eligible compensation. In addition, employees covered by the plan are also able to make personal contributions. The total Company contribution will be maintained at a minimum of 8% and a maximum of 18% of total eligible compensation paid to eligible employees. The total profit-sharing plan expense was $113 million, $164 million, and $120 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company sponsors additional defined contribution plans available to certain U.S. and foreign employees for which contributions are made by the Company and participating employees. The expense associated with these defined contribution plans totaled $19 million, $13 million, and $18 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Postretirement Healthcare Benefits Plans The Company has a postretirement healthcare benefits plan that provides coverage for a majority of its U.S. employees hired prior to January 1, 2013, and their dependents should they elect to maintain such coverage upon retirement. Covered employees become eligible for participation when they qualify for retirement while working for the Company. 50 Participation in the plan is voluntary and requires participants to make contributions toward the cost of the plan, as determined by the Company. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company implemented plan design changes effective January 1, 2018, for the post-65 age group. This plan change moved all post-65 Medicare eligible retirees to healthcare exchanges and provided them a subsidy to purchase insurance. The amount of the subsidy is based on years of service. As a result of the plan change, the plan obligation was remeasured as of August 31, 2017. The remeasurement resulted in a decrease in the postretirement benefit obligation of $76 million and a corresponding unrecognized gain recorded in Other comprehensive earnings net of tax of $29 million. Certain amounts in the 2017 financial statements, as previously reported, have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation. In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07), which became effective January 1, 2018. The net periodic benefits costs were valued with a measurement date of January 1 for each year and August 31, 2017 remeasurement date and consisted of the following components (in millions of dollars): For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2019 2017 SG&A Service cost Other income (expense) Interest cost Expected return on assets Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of unrecognized gains Net periodic (benefits) costs $ $ 4 $ 6 $ 7 (12) (10) (4) (15) $ 7 (13) (10) (3) (13) $ 7 8 (12) (7) (2) (6) Reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances of the postretirement benefit obligation, which is calculated as of December 31 measurement date, the fair value of plan assets available for benefits and the funded status of the benefit obligation follow (in millions of dollars): Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants' contributions Actuarial (gains) Benefits paid Prescription drug rebates Benefit obligation at end of year Plan assets available for benefits at beginning of year Actual (losses) returns on plan assets Plan participants' contributions Prescription drug rebates Benefits paid Plan assets available for benefits at end of year Noncurrent postretirement benefit obligation 51 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ 190 4 7 3 5 (9) — 200 176 28 3 — (9) 198 2 $ $ $ $ 208 6 7 3 (26) (9) 1 190 189 (8) 3 1 (9) 176 14 The amounts recognized in AOCE consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): Prior service credit Unrecognized gains Deferred tax (liability) Net accumulated gains As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 61 44 (26) 79 $ $ 71 37 (26) 82 The Company has elected to amortize the amount of net unrecognized gains over a period equal to the average remaining service period for active plan participants expected to retire and receive benefits of approximately 11.1 years for 2019. The postretirement benefit obligation was determined by applying the terms of the plan and actuarial models. These models include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, long-term rates of return on plan assets, healthcare cost trend rate and cost-sharing between the Company and the retirees. The Company evaluates its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and considers changes in these long-term factors based upon market conditions and historical experience. The following assumptions were used to determine net periodic benefit costs at January 1 of each year (excluding the August 31, 2017 remeasurement date): For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Discount rate Long-term rate of return on plan assets, net of tax Initial healthcare cost trend rate Pre age 65 Post age 65 Catastrophic drug benefit Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate reached HRA credit inflation index for grandfathered retirees 4.08% 7.13% 6.31% NA NA 4.50% 2026 2.50% 3.44% 7.13% 6.56% NA 12.50% 4.50% 2026 2.50% 4.00% 7.13% 6.81% 9.36% NA 4.50% 2026 NA The following assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31: Discount rate Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, net of tax Initial healthcare cost trend rate Pre age 65 Post age 65 Catastrophic drug benefit Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate reached HRA credit inflation index for grandfathered retirees 2019 2018 2017 3.01% 4.00% 6.06% NA NA 4.50% 2026 2.50% 4.08% 7.13% 6.31% NA 11.50% 4.50% 2026 2.50% 3.44% 7.13% 6.56% NA 12.50% 4.50% 2026 2.50% The discount rate assumptions reflect the rates available on high-quality fixed income debt instruments as of December 31, the measurement date of each year. These rates have been selected due to their similarity to the duration of the projected cash flows of the postretirement healthcare benefit plan. As of December 31, 2019, the Company decreased the discount rate from 4.08% to 3.01% to reflect the decrease in the market interest rates at December 31, 2019. The Company reviews external data and its own historical trends for healthcare costs to determine the healthcare cost trend rates. As of December 31, 2019, the initial healthcare cost trend rate was 6.06% for pre age 65. The 52 healthcare costs trend rates decline each year until reaching the ultimate trend rate of 2.50%. The plan amendment adopted in 2017 moves all post age 65 Medicare eligible retirees to an exchange and provides a subsidy to those retirees to purchase insurance. The amount of the subsidy is based on years of service and is indexed at 2.50% for grandfathered employees. The Company has established a Group Benefit Trust (Trust) to fund the plan obligations and process benefit payments. In 2019, the Company liquidated previously held index funds and has temporarily invested all assets of the Trust in money market funds. The Company is in the process of transitioning the Trust assets from money market funds into a liability driven investment solution composed of growth assets and fixed income. The plan's assets are stated at fair value, which represents the net asset value of shares held by the plan in the registered investment companies at the quoted market prices (Level 1 input). The plan assets available for benefits are net of Trust liabilities, primarily related to deferred income taxes and taxes payable at December 31 (in millions of dollars): Registered investment companies: Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund Fidelity Government Money Market Fund Fidelity Spartan U.S. Equity Index Fund Vanguard 500 Index Fund Vanguard Total International Stock Plan Assets Less: trust liabilities Plan assets available for benefits 2019 2018 $ $ 109 95 — — — 204 (6) 198 $ $ — — 80 93 26 199 (23) 176 Consistent with the new investment strategy, the after-tax expected long-term rates of return on plan assets of 4.00% at December 31, 2019 is based on the historical average of long-term rates of return and an estimated tax rate. The required use of an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets may result in recognition of income that is greater or lower than the actual return on plan assets in any given year. Over time, however, the expected long-term returns are designed to approximate the actual long-term returns and, therefore, result in a pattern of income recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the employees. The Company's investment policies include periodic reviews by management and trustees at least annually concerning: (1) the allocation of assets among various asset classes (e.g., domestic stocks, international stocks, short-term bonds, long-term bonds, etc.); (2) the investment performance of the assets, including performance comparisons with appropriate benchmarks; (3) investment guidelines and other matters of investment policy and (4) the hiring, dismissal or retention of investment managers. The funding of the Trust is an estimated amount that is intended to allow the maximum deductible contribution under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), as amended. There are no minimum funding requirements and the Company intends to follow its practice of funding the maximum deductible contribution under the IRC. The Company forecasts the following benefit payments related to postretirement (which include a projection for expected future employee service) for the next ten years (in millions of dollars): Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025-2029 Total Estimated Gross Benefit Payments 9 10 11 12 12 62 116 $ $ 53 NOTE 9 - LEASES The Company leases certain properties and buildings (including branches, warehouses, distribution centers and office space) and equipment under various arrangements which provide the right to use the underlying asset and require lease payments for the lease term. The Company’s lease portfolio consists mainly of operating leases which expire at various dates through 2036. Finance leases and service contracts with lease arrangements are not material and the following disclosures pertain to the Company’s operating leases. Information related to operating leases is as follows (in millions of dollars): As of December 31, 2019 ROU Assets Other assets Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses Other non-current liabilities Total operating lease liabilities $ $ 223 58 171 229 Weighted average remaining lease term Weighted average incremental borrowing rate Cash paid for operating leases ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 5 years 2.3% 67 88 $ $ Rent expense was $76 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017. These amounts are net of sublease income of $3 million, $3 million and $2 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017. Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 (in millions of dollars) are as follows: Maturity of operating lease liabilities $ 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total lease payments Less interest Present value of lease liabilities $ 63 55 45 30 16 30 239 (10) 229 Capital leases as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were not considered material. Capital lease obligations are reported in Long-term debt. As of December 31, 2019, the Company's future lease obligations that have not yet commenced are immaterial. 54 NOTE 10 - STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS The Company maintains stock incentive plans under which the Company may grant a variety of incentive awards to employees and executives, which include restricted stock units (RSUs), non-qualified stock options, performance shares and deferred stock units. As of December 31, 2019, there were 2.3 million shares available for grant under the plans. When awards are exercised or settled, shares of the Company’s treasury stock are issued. Pretax stock-based compensation expense included in SG&A was $40 million, $47 million, and $33 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was primarily comprised of RSUs. Related income tax benefits recognized in earnings were $15 million, $26 million, and $26 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Restricted Stock Units The Company awards RSUs to certain employees and executives. RSUs vest generally over periods from one to seven years from issuance. RSU expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $27 million, $23 million and $17 million, respectively. The following table summarizes RSU activity (in millions, except for share and per share amounts): 2019 2018 2017 Weighted Average Price Per Share Weighted Average Price Per Share Weighted Average Price Per Share Shares Shares Shares 343,814 $ 96,823 $ 245.38 299.25 352,919 $ 226.31 373,403 $ 221.77 141,775 $ 284.98 129,378 $ 222.53 (36,224) $ 253.22 (56,393) $ 245.08 (47,488) $ 229.36 (78,289) $ 326,124 $ 247.96 259.88 (94,487) $ 233.75 (102,374) $ 203.51 343,814 $ 245.38 352,919 $ 226.31 Beginning nonvested units Issued Canceled Vested Ending nonvested units Fair value of shares vested $ 19 $ 22 $ 21 At December 31, 2019 there was $45 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested RSUs that the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. Stock Options The Company issues stock options to certain employees and executives. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company's stock on the day of the grant. The options generally expire 10 years from the grant date. Stock option expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $8 million, $9 million and $13 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019 there was $10.5 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested option awards, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. 55 NOTE 11 - CAPITAL STOCK The Company had no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The activity related to outstanding common stock and common stock held in treasury was as follows: 2019 2018 2017 Outstanding Common Stock Treasury Stock Outstanding Common Stock Treasury Stock Outstanding Common Stock Treasury Stock 55,862,360 53,796,859 56,328,863 53,330,356 58,804,314 50,854,905 232,052 (232,052) 930,258 (930,258) 407,542 (407,542) 52,182 (52,182) 80,988 (80,988) 103,331 (103,331) 14,027 (14,027) 1,911 (1,911) 13,978 (13,978) Balance at beginning of period Exercise of stock options Settlement of restricted stock units, net of 26,107, 39,075 and 36,585 shares retained, respectively Settlement of performance share units, net of 6,737, 1,027 and 9,334 shares retained, respectively Purchase of treasury shares (2,473,093) 2,473,093 (1,479,660) 1,479,660 (3,000,302) 3,000,302 Balance at end of period 53,687,528 55,971,691 55,862,360 53,796,859 56,328,863 53,330,356 56 NOTE 12 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS (LOSSES) (AOCE) The components of AOCE consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): Foreign Currency Translation and Other Defined Postretirement Benefit Plan Other Employment- related Benefit Plans Total Foreign Currency Translation Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests AOCE Attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. $ (316) $ 25 $ (5) $ (296) $ (23) $ (273) Balance at January 1, 2017, net of tax Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax Amounts reclassified to Net earnings Net current period activity $ Balance at December 31, $ 2017, net of tax Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax Amounts reclassified to Net earnings Amounts reclassified to Retained earnings 75 18 93 $ (223) $ (43) 2 — Net current period activity $ (41) $ Balance at December 31, 2018, net of tax $ (264) $ Other comprehensive earnings (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax Amounts reclassified to Net earnings Net current period activity Balance at December 31, 25 1 26 86 (38) 48 $ 73 $ 4 (10) 15 9 $ 82 $ 8 (11) (3) 1 — 162 (20) 4 — 1 $ 142 $ 4 $ 158 (20) 138 (4) $ (154) $ (19) $ (135) (1) (40) — — (8) 15 3 — — (1) $ (33) $ 3 $ (43) (8) 15 (36) (5) $ (187) $ (16) $ (171) (3) — (3) 30 (10) 20 3 — 3 27 (10) 17 2019, net of tax $ (238) $ 79 $ (8) $ (167) $ (13) $ (154) 57 NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES Earnings (losses) before income taxes by geographical area consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): U.S. Foreign Total For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ 1,226 (17) 1,209 $ $ 1,163 (82) 1,081 $ $ 971 (35) 936 Income tax expense consisted of the following (in millions of dollars): For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2019 Current income tax expense: U.S. Federal U.S. State Foreign Total current Deferred income tax expense Total income tax expense $ $ 199 44 58 301 13 314 $ $ 166 32 47 245 13 258 $ $ 248 29 22 299 14 313 The income tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to the net deferred tax asset (liability) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (in millions of dollars): Deferred tax assets: Accrued expenses Foreign operating loss carryforwards Accrued employment-related benefits Tax credit carryforward Other Deferred tax assets Less valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Property, buildings and equipment Intangibles Prepaids Other Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability The net deferred tax asset (liability) is classified as follows: Noncurrent assets Noncurrent liabilities Net deferred tax liability As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ 86 67 49 22 12 236 (72) 164 (134) (83) (6) (6) (229) (65) $ 11 (76) (65) $ $ 35 64 49 22 11 181 (72) 109 (44) (105) (6) (8) (163) (54) 12 (66) (54) $ $ $ $ $ At December 31, 2019 the Company had $286 million of net operating loss (NOLs) carryforwards related primarily to foreign operations. Some of the operating loss carryforwards may expire at various dates through 2039. The Company 58 has recorded a valuation allowance, which represents a provision for uncertainty as to the realization of the tax benefits of these carryforwards and deferred tax assets that may not be realized. The Company's valuation allowance changed as follows (in millions of dollars): For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of period Increases primarily related to foreign NOLs Releases related to foreign NOLs Increase related to U.S. foreign tax credits Balance at end of period $ $ (72) $ (9) 10 (1) (72) $ (84) (3) 16 (1) (72) A reconciliation of income tax expense with federal income taxes at the statutory rate follows (in millions of dollars): Federal income tax State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit Clean energy credit Foreign rate difference Goodwill impairment U.S. tax legislation impact Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation Other - net Income tax expense Effective tax rate Foreign Undistributed Earnings For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2019 $ $ 254 36 — 25 — — (2) 1 314 26.0% $ $ 227 32 (20) 20 20 — (15) (6) 258 23.9% $ $ 327 20 (38) 10 — (3) (14) 11 313 33.5% Estimated gross undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2019, amounted to $402 million. The Company considers these undistributed earnings permanently reinvested in its foreign operations and is not recording a deferred tax liability for any foreign withholding taxes on such amounts. The Company's permanent reinvestment assertion has not changed following the enactment of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. If at some future date the Company ceases to be permanently reinvested in its foreign subsidiaries, the Company may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes on these undistributed earnings and may need to record a deferred tax liability for any outside basis difference in its investments in its foreign subsidiaries. Tax Uncertainties The Company recognizes in the financial statements a provision for tax uncertainties, resulting from application of complex tax regulations in multiple tax jurisdictions. The changes in the liability for tax uncertainties, excluding interest, are as follows (in millions of dollars): Balance at beginning of year Additions for tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Reductions due to statute lapse Settlements, audit payments, refunds - net Balance at end of year $ $ 59 For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 37 3 1 (1) (10) (2) 28 $ $ 45 4 3 (5) (9) (1) 37 $ $ 59 4 5 (13) (5) (5) 45 The Company classifies the liability for tax uncertainties in deferred income taxes and tax uncertainties. Included in this amount are $8 million and $13 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility. Any changes in the timing of deductibility of these items would not affect the annual effective tax rate but would accelerate the payment of cash to the taxing authorities to an earlier period. Excluding the timing items, the remaining amounts would affect the annual tax rate. In 2019, the changes to tax positions related generally to the impact of expiring statutes, conclusion of audits and audit settlements. Estimated interest and penalties were not material. The Company regularly undergoes examination of its federal income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service. The statute of limitations expired for the Company's 2015 federal tax return while tax years 2016 through 2019 are open. The Company is also subject to audit by state, local and foreign taxing authorities. Tax years 2012-2019 remain subject to state and local audits and 2007-2019 remain subject to foreign audits. The amount of liability associated with the Company's tax uncertainties may change within the next 12 months due to the pending audit activity, expiring statutes or tax payments. A reasonable estimate of such change cannot be made. NOTE 14 - SEGMENT INFORMATION Grainger’s two reportable segments are the U.S. and Canada. These reportable segments reflect the results of the Company's high-touch solutions businesses in those geographies. Other businesses include the endless assortment businesses, Zoro Tools, Inc. (Zoro) and MonotaRO Co. (MonotaRO), and smaller high-tough solutions businesses in Europe and Mexico. These businesses individually do not meet the criteria of a reportable segment. Operating segments generate revenue almost exclusively through the distribution of MRO supplies, as service revenues account for approximately 1% of total revenues for each operating segment. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Intersegment transfer prices are established at external selling prices, less costs not incurred due to a related party sale. The segment results include certain centrally incurred costs for shared services that are charged to the segments based upon the relative level of service used by each operating segment. Following is a summary of segment results (in millions of dollars): United States Canada 2019 Total Reportable Segments Other businesses Total Total net sales $ Intersegment net sales Net sales to external customers $ 8,815 $ (505) 8,310 $ 529 $ 9,344 $ 2,651 $ 11,995 — (505) (4) 529 $ 8,839 $ 2,647 (509) 11,486 Segment operating earnings $ 1,391 $ 3 $ 1,394 $ (9) $ 1,385 United States Canada 2018 Total Reportable Segments Other businesses Total Total net sales $ Intersegment net sales Net sales to external customers $ 8,588 $ (457) 8,131 $ 653 $ 9,241 $ 2,441 $ 11,682 — (457) (4) (461) 653 $ 8,784 $ 2,437 $ 11,221 Segment operating earnings $ 1,338 $ (49) $ 1,289 $ 8 $ 1,297 60 United States Canada 2017 Total Reportable Segments Other businesses Total Total net sales $ Intersegment net sales Net sales to external customers $ 7,960 $ (404) 7,556 $ 753 $ 8,713 $ 2,120 $ 10,833 — (404) (4) (408) 753 $ 8,309 $ 2,116 $ 10,425 Segment operating earnings $ 1,200 $ (77) $ 1,123 $ 56 $ 1,179 Following are reconciliations of the segment information with the consolidated totals per the Financial Statements (in millions of dollars): 2019 2018 2017 1,394 (9) (123) 1,262 2,668 173 2,841 3,003 161 6,005 148 17 165 45 210 168 9 177 72 249 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,289 8 (139) 1,158 2,496 188 2,684 2,879 310 5,873 166 19 185 49 234 200 7 207 39 246 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,123 56 (144) 1,035 2,310 279 2,589 3,033 182 5,804 169 19 188 53 241 187 8 195 67 262 Operating earnings: Total operating earnings for reportable segments Other businesses Unallocated expenses Total consolidated operating earnings Assets: United States Canada Assets for reportable segments Other current and noncurrent assets Unallocated assets Total consolidated assets Depreciation and amortization: United States Canada $ $ $ $ $ $ Depreciation and amortization for reportable segments $ Other businesses and unallocated Total consolidated depreciation and amortization Additions to long-lived assets United States Canada Additions to long-lived assets for reportable segments Other businesses and unallocated Total consolidated additions to long-lived assets $ $ $ $ 61 Following are revenue and long-lived assets by geographic location (in millions of dollars): Revenue by geographic location: United States Canada Other foreign countries Long-lived segment assets by geographic location: United States Canada Other foreign countries 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ 8,865 539 2,082 11,486 1,268 152 327 1,747 $ $ $ $ 8,613 658 1,950 11,221 1,140 136 202 1,478 $ $ $ $ 7,948 761 1,716 10,425 1,098 199 247 1,544 The Company is a broad-line distributor of MRO products and services. Products are regularly added and deleted from the Company's inventory. Accordingly, it would be impractical to provide sales information by product category due to the way the business is managed. Unallocated amounts include corporate-level support and administrative expenses, corporate-level assets consisting primarily of cash, property, buildings and equipment and intersegment eliminations and other adjustments. Unallocated expenses and assets are not included in any reportable segment. Assets for reportable segments include net accounts receivable and first-in, first-out inventory, which are reported to the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker. Long-lived assets consist of property, buildings, equipment, capitalized software and ROU assets of $223 million as of December 31, 2019. Depreciation and amortization presented above includes depreciation of long-lived assets and amortization of capitalized software. NOTE 15 - CONTINGENCIES AND LEGAL MATTERS From time to time the Company is involved in various legal and administrative proceedings that are incidental to its business, including claims related to product liability, general negligence, contract disputes, environmental issues, unclaimed property, wage and hour laws, intellectual property, employment practices, regulatory compliance or other matters and actions brought by employees, consumers, competitors, suppliers, customers, governmental entities and other third parties. For example, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, Grainger has been named in several product liability-related lawsuits in the Harris County, Texas District Court relating to an explosion at a KMCO, LLC chemical refinery located in Harris County. The complaints seek recovery of compensatory and other damages and relief. Grainger is investigating the claims, which are at an early stage, and intends to contest these matters vigorously. Also, as a government contractor selling to federal, state and local governmental entities, the Company may be subject to governmental or regulatory inquiries or audits or other proceedings, including those related to contract administration or to pricing compliance. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of any of these matters, it is not expected that the ultimate resolution of any of these matters will have, either individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations. From time to time, the Company has also been named, along with numerous other nonaffiliated companies, as a defendant in litigation in various states involving asbestos and/or silica. These lawsuits typically assert claims of personal injury arising from alleged exposure to asbestos and/or silica as a consequence of products manufactured by third parties purportedly distributed by the Company. While several lawsuits have been dismissed in the past based on the lack of product identification, if a specific product distributed by the Company is identified in any pending or future lawsuits, the Company will seek to exercise indemnification remedies against the product manufacturer to the extent available. In addition, the Company believes that a substantial number of these claims are covered by insurance. The Company has entered into agreements with its major insurance carriers relating to the scope and coverage and the costs of defense, of lawsuits involving claims of exposure to asbestos. The Company believes it has strong legal and factual defenses and intends to continue defending itself vigorously in these lawsuits. While the Company is unable 62 to predict the outcome of these proceedings, it believes that the ultimate resolution will not have, either individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. NOTE 16 - SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) A summary of selected quarterly information for 2019 and 2018 is as follows (in millions of dollars, except for per share amounts): Net sales COGS Gross profit SG&A Operating earnings Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. Earnings per share - basic Earnings per share - diluted Net sales COGS Gross profit SG&A Operating earnings Net earnings attributable to W.W. Grainger, Inc. Earnings per share - basic Earnings per share - diluted March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Total 2019 Quarter Ended $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,799 1,704 1,095 732 363 253 4.50 4.48 March 31 2,766 1,674 1,092 757 335 232 4.09 4.07 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,893 1,772 1,121 741 380 260 4.69 4.67 $ $ $ $ 2,947 1,848 1,099 761 338 233 4.27 4.25 $ $ $ $ 2,847 1,765 1,082 901 181 103 1.89 1.88 2018 Quarter Ended June 30 September 30 December 31 2,861 1,750 1,111 767 344 237 4.19 4.16 $ $ $ $ 2,831 1,752 1,079 890 189 104 1.84 1.82 $ $ $ $ 2,763 1,697 1,066 776 290 209 3.71 3.68 $ 11,486 7,089 4,397 3,135 1,262 849 15.39 15.32 Total 11,221 6,873 4,348 3,190 1,158 782 13.82 13.73 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ NOTE 17 - SUBSEQUENT EVENT In February 2020, the Company entered into a five-year syndicated $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (2020 Credit Facility). The 2020 Credit Facility is unsecured and repayable at maturity in February 2025, subject to two one-year extensions if sufficient lenders agree. This revolving credit facility replaced the Company's 2017 Credit Facility. 63  SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. DATE: February 20, 2020 W.W. GRAINGER, INC. By: /s/ D.G. Macpherson D.G. Macpherson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of Grainger on February 20, 2020, in the capacities indicated. /s/ D.G. Macpherson D.G. Macpherson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Thomas B. Okray Thomas B. Okray Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Eric R. Tapia Eric R. Tapia Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Brian P. Anderson Brian P. Anderson Director /s/ V. Ann Hailey V. Ann Hailey Director /s/ Neil S. Novich Neil S. Novich Director /s/ E. Scott Santi E. Scott Santi Director /s/ Lucas E. Watson Lucas E. Watson Director 64 EXHIBIT NO. 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 EXHIBIT INDEX (1) DESCRIPTION Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2015, by and among Grainger, GWW UK Holdings Limited, Gregory Family Office Limited and Michael Gregory, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 31, 2015. Restated Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998. By-laws, as amended on March 9, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 9, 2017. No instruments which define the rights of holders of W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Industrial Development Revenue Bonds are filed herewith, pursuant to the exemption contained in Regulation S-K, Item 601(b)(4)(iii). W.W. Grainger, Inc. hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC, upon request, a copy of any such instrument. Indenture, dated as of June 11, 2015, between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 11, 2015. First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 11, 2015, between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, and Form of 4.60% Senior Notes due 2045, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 11, 2015. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 16, 2016, between W.W. Grainger, Inc., and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 16, 2016. Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 22, 2017, between W.W. Grainger, Inc., and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 22, 2017. Form of 3.75% Senior Notes due 2046 (included in Exhibit 4.4), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 16, 2016. Form of 4.20% Senior Notes due 2047 (included in Exhibit 4.5), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 22, 2017. Description of Registrant's Securities Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 1990 Long-Term Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006.* Form of Indemnification Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and each of its directors and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(i) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009.* Frozen Executive Death Benefit Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b) (v) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.* First amendment to the Frozen Executive Death Benefit Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(v)(1) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.* Second amendment to the Frozen Executive Death Benefit Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(iv)(2) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.* Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(viii) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.* Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan II, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(ix) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.* Voluntary Salary and Incentive Deferral Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xi) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.* Summary Description of the 2019 Directors Compensation Program.* 2005 Incentive Plan, as amended, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(d) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006.* 65 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 2010 Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit B of W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Proxy Statement dated March 12, 2010.* Form of Stock Option Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xvi) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.* Form of Stock Option Award and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xvii) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xviii) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010.* Form of 2012 Performance Share Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xix) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.* Summary Description of the 2020 Management Incentive Program.* Incentive Program Recoupment Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xxv) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.* Form of Change in Control Employment Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xxvii) to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010.* Form of 2013 Performance Share Award Agreement between Grainger and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xxiii) to Grainger's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.* Form of 2014 Performance Share Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b)(xxiv) to Grainger's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.* Form of 2015 Performance Share Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.* W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit B of W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Proxy Statement dated March 13, 2015.* First Amendment to the W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to 10.1 of W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.* W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan as Amended and Restated Effective October 31, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10- Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.* £180,000,000 Facilities Agreement, dated as of August 26, 2015, by and among GWW UK Holdings Ltd, W.W. Grainger, Inc., the lender parties thereto, Lloyds Bank PLC and Lloyds Securities Inc., as Arrangers, and Lloyds Bank PLC, as Agent, incorporated by reference to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 1, 2015. Form of Stock Option Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016.* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016.* Form of 2016 Performance Share Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016.* Form of Stock Option Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.* Form of 2017 Performance Share Award Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.* Separation Agreement and General Release by and between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Ronald L. Jadin dated April 2, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.* 66 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 21 23 31.1 31.2 32 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE 104 Form of Separation Agreement and General Release by and between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and Joseph C. High, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.* Form of 2018 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.* Form of 2018 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.* Form of 2018 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.* Form of 2019 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.* Form of 2019 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.* Form of 2019 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement between W.W. Grainger, Inc. and certain of its executive officers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.* Credit Agreement dated as of February 14, 2020, by and among W.W. Grainger, Inc., the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to W.W. Grainger, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 14, 2020. Subsidiaries of Grainger. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). (*) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. (1) Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the Registrant are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant hereby undertakes to furnish to the SEC, upon request, copies of any such instruments. 67  Exhibit 23 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-203444) of W. W. Grainger, Inc. (2) Registration Statement (Form S-4 No. 33-32091 and Post-Effective Amendment No.1) of W. W. Grainger, Inc. (3) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 33-43902) pertaining to the 1990 Long Term Stock Incentive Plan of W. W. Grainger, Inc. (4) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-166345) pertaining to the 2010 Incentive Plan of W. W. Grainger Inc. (5) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-203715) pertaining to the 2015 Incentive Plan of W. W. Grainger, Inc. of our reports dated February 20, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of W. W. Grainger, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of W.W. Grainger, Inc. included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of W. W. Grainger, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2019. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Chicago, Illinois February 20, 2020 68 I, D.G. Macpherson, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.1 I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of W.W. Grainger, Inc.; 1. 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 20, 2020 By: Name: Title: /s/ D.G. Macpherson D.G. Macpherson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer 69 I, Thomas B. Okray, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.2 I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of W.W. Grainger, Inc.; 1. 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 20, 2020 By: Name: Title: /s/ Thomas B. Okray Thomas B. Okray Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 70 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of W.W. Grainger, Inc. (“Grainger”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2019, (the “Report”), D.G. Macpherson, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Grainger, and Thomas B. Okray, as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Grainger, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: 1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Grainger. /s/ D.G. Macpherson D.G. Macpherson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer February 20, 2020 /s/ Thomas B. Okray Thomas B. Okray Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 20, 2020 71 RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES (Unaudited) (in millions of dollars) The reconciliation provided below reconciles the non-GAAP financial measure of net sales growth constant currency with GAAP financial measures: Net Sales Growth Reported Foreign Exchange Impact Net Sales Growth Constant Currency Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 2.5% 0.5 3.0% 72 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Rodney C. Adkins Former Senior Vice President of International Business Machines Corporation; President of 3RAM Group LLC D.G. Macpherson Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of W.W. Grainger, Inc. E. Scott Santi Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Illinois Tool Works Inc. (1, 2) (2, 3) Brian P. Anderson Former Chief Financial Officer of OfficeMax Incorporated and Baxter International, Inc. Neil S. Novich Former Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of Ryerson Inc. James D. Slavik Chairman of Mark IV Capital, Inc.; Chief Executive Officer and President of Emerald Bay Ventures II, LLC (1, 2) (1, 2) (2, 3) V. Ann Hailey Former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of L Brands, Inc. (formerly Limited Brands, Inc.) (1, 2) Stuart L. Levenick Former Group President of Caterpillar Inc. (2, 3, †) Beatriz R. Perez Senior Vice President and Chief Communications, Public Affairs, Sustainability and Marketing Assets Officer of The Coca-Cola Company (2, 3) Michael J. Roberts Former Global President and Chief Operating Officer of McDonald’s Corporation; Chief Executive Officer and founder of Westside Holdings LLC (2, 3) Lucas E. Watson Chief Marketing Officer and Rideshare General Manager at GM Cruise LLC (1, 2) (1) Member of Audit Committee (2) Member of Board Affairs and Nominating Committee (3) Member of Compensation Committee † Lead Director GRAINGER LEADERSHIP TEAM D.G. Macpherson Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Kathleen S. Carroll Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Barry I. Greenhouse Senior Vice President and President, Global Supply Chain and Customer Experience John L. Howard Senior Vice President and General Counsel Deidra C. Merriwether Senior Vice President and President, North American Sales and Services Thomas B. Okray Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Paige K. Robbins Senior Vice President, Grainger Technology, Merchandising, Marketing and Strategy Masaya Suzuki Managing Director, Endless Assortment Business 73 Investor Relations Contacts Irene Holman Vice President, Investor Relations 847.535.0809 Abby Sullivan Senior Manager, Investor Relations 847.535.0939 Grainger’s Annual Report, Form 10-K, Forms 10-Q, Forms 8-K, proxy statement and other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as its Fact Book and news releases, including quarterly earnings, may be accessed free of charge at the Investor Relations section of the company’s website at invest.grainger.com. For more information, contact Investor Relations at 847.535.1000. Requests for other company-related information should be made to Hugo Dubovoy, Jr., Vice President, Corporate Secretary, at the company’s headquarters. Media Relations Contact Joseph Micucci Senior Director, External Affairs & Stakeholder Management 847.535.0879 SHAREHOLDER AND MEDIA INFORMATION Company Headquarters W.W. Grainger, Inc. 100 Grainger Parkway Lake Forest, Illinois 60045-5201 847.535.1000 Annual Meeting The 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held at the company’s headquarters in Lake Forest, Illinois, at 10:00 a.m. CDT on Wednesday, April 29, 2020. Auditor Ernst & Young LLP 155 North Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60606-1787 Common stock The company’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol GWW. Transfer Agent, Registrar and Dividend Disbursing Agent Instructions and inquiries regarding transfers, certificates, changes of title or address, lost or missing dividend checks, consolidation of accounts and elimination of multiple mailings should be directed to: First Class/Registered/Certified Mail: Computershare Investor Services PO BOX 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 800.446.2617 Courier Services: Computershare Investor Services 462 South 4th Street Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Dividend Direct Deposit Shareholders of record have the opportunity to have their quarterly dividends electronically deposited directly into their checking, money market or savings accounts at financial institutions that participate in the automated clearinghouse system. Shareholders who are interested in taking advantage of this service or would like more information on the program should contact Computershare. 74 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS From time to time, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in other written reports, communications and verbal statements, Grainger makes forward-looking statements that are not historical in nature but concern forecasts of future results, business plans, analyses, prospects, strategies, objectives and other matters that may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” under the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements can generally be identified by their use of terms such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “expect,” “could,” “forecast,” “may,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will” or “would” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions. Grainger cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will be realized and achievement of future results is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, which could cause Grainger’s results to differ materially from those that are presented. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those presented or implied in the forward-looking statements include, without limitation: higher product costs or other expenses; a major loss of customers; loss or disruption of sources of supply; increased competitive pricing pressures; failure to develop or implement new technology initiatives or business strategies; failure to adequately protect intellectual property or successfully defend against infringement claims; fluctuations or declines in the Company’s gross profit percentage; the Company’s responses to market pressures; the outcome of pending and future litigation or governmental or regulatory proceedings, including with respect to wage and hour, anti-bribery and corruption, environmental, advertising, product liability, safety or compliance, or privacy and cybersecurity matters; investigations, inquiries, audits and changes in laws and regulations; failure to comply with laws, regulations and standards; government contract matters; disruption of information technology or data security systems involving us or third parties on which we depend; general industry, economic, market or political conditions; general global economic conditions including tariffs and trade issues and policies; currency exchange rate fluctuations; market volatility, including volatility or price declines of the Company’s common stock; commodity price volatility; labor shortages; facilities disruptions or shutdowns; higher fuel costs or disruptions in transportation services; pandemic diseases or viral contagions; natural and other catastrophes; unanticipated and/ or extreme weather conditions; loss of key members of management; the Company’s ability to operate, integrate and leverage acquired businesses; changes in effective tax rates; changes in credit ratings or outlook; the Company’s incurrence of indebtedness and other factors identified under Item 1A: Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on Grainger’s forward-looking statements and Grainger undertakes no obligation to update or revise any of its forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Recyclable. Please recycle. © 2020 W.W. Grainger, Inc. 

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