WesBanco
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

2017 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) FOR THE YEAR Earnings per common share—diluted Earnings per common share—diluted, excluding certain items (1)(2) Dividends declared per common share Net income available to common shareholders Average common shares outstanding—diluted Period end common shares outstanding AT YEAR END Securities Net portfolio loans Total assets Deposits Total FHLB and other borrowings Subordinated and junior subordinated debt Shareholders’ equity December 31, 2017 2016 % Change $ $ $ $ 2.14 $ 2.45 $ 1.04 $ 94,482 $ 44,075,293 44,043,244 2.16 2.37 0.96 86,635 40,127,076 43,931,715 $ 2,284,822 $ 2,316,214 6,205,762 9,790,877 7,040,879 1,168,322 163,598 1,341,408 6,296,157 9,816,178 7,043,588 1,133,008 164,327 1,395,321 (0.9) 3.4 8.3 9.1 9.8 0.3 (1.4) 1.5 0.3 0.0 (3.0) 0.4 4.0 TRUST ASSETS AT MARKET VALUE (1) $ 3,943,519 $ 3,723,142 5.9 KEY RATIOS Return on average assets Return on average assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average tangible assets (1) Return on average tangible assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average equity Return on average equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) Return on average tangible equity (1) Return on average tangible equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) Average loans to average deposits Allowance for loan losses to total loans Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans Non-performing assets to total assets Net loan charge-offs to average loans Dividend payout ratio Non-interest income as a percentage of total revenues Efficiency ratio (1)(4) Net interest margin (4) CAPITAL RATIOS AT YEAR END Shareholders’ equity to total assets Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) Tier 1 leverage ratio Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Total capital to risk-weighted assets Common equity tier 1 capital ratio PER COMMON SHARE Closing common stock price Book value at year end Tangible book value at year-end (1) 0.96% 1.09 1.05 1.20 6.83 7.79 12.23 13.90 89.86 0.71 104.35 0.50 0.13 48.37 23.43 56.44 3.44 14.21% 8.79 10.39 14.12 15.16 12.14 0.97% (1.0) 1.9 1.07 (0.9) 1.06 3.4 1.16 (4.2) 7.13 (0.5) 7.83 (3.9) 12.73 (0.4) 13.96 4.7 85.79 1.4 0.70 (5.8) 110.76 2.0 0.49 8.3 0.12 8.8 44.44 (3.7) 24.34 (0.4) 56.69 3.6 3.32 13.70% 8.20 9.81 13.16 14.18 11.28 3.7 7.2 5.9 7.3 6.9 7.6 $ 40.65 $ 31.68 18.42 43.06 30.53 17.19 (5.6) 3.8 7.2 (1) See non-GAAP financial measures for additional information relating to the calculation of this ratio. (2) Certain items excluded from the calculation consist of after-tax merger-related expenses and the net deferred tax asset revaluation. (3) These assets are held by WesBanco in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. (4) Taxable-equivalent basis. TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS, WesBanco had another successful year during 2017 as we reported record core earnings of approximately $108 million for the year, an increase of 13%, with earnings per diluted share of $2.45, adjusting for the net deferred tax asset revaluation from Federal tax reform legislation as well as merger-related expenses [non-GAAP measure]. We are executing upon the well- defined operational and growth plans we have implemented over the last few years, and remain focused on the long-term success of our diversified business model, customers, and shareholders. We are strengthening our loan portfolio, continuing to seek opportunities to organically grow our fee-based businesses, including our century-old wealth management business, and delivering positive operating leverage. As our various measures demonstrate, we remain committed to maintaining a strong financial institution for our shareholders, and continue to be well positioned for the future. Including the net deferred tax asset revaluation and merger-related expenses, we recorded net income of $94 million with earnings per diluted share of $2.14. We generated returns on average assets and average tangible equity of 0.96% and 12.23%, respectively, or when excluding the items previously mentioned [non-GAAP measure], our returns on average assets and average tangible equity would have been 1.09% and 13.90%, respectively. In addition, WesBanco continued to demonstrate strength across our credit quality measures as we adhered to our strong legacy of credit and risk management, and maintained strong regulatory capital ratios. At December 31, 2017, Tier I leverage was 10.39%, Tier I Risk-Based capital was 14.12%, Total Risk-Based capital was 15.16%, and the Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio (“CET 1”) was 12.14%. Both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios are well above the applicable “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators and the BASEL III capital standards. We remain focused on returning value to our shareholders as demonstrated by the recently announced increase in the quarterly dividend rate. Strong earnings and improved total capital have enabled WesBanco to declare on February 22, 2018 a quarterly dividend rate increase to $0.29 per share. This increase represents an 11.5% increase in the quarterly dividend compared to the fourth quarter of 2017, an annualized cash dividend of $1.16, an 11.5% increase over the cash dividend paid during 2017, and the eleventh increase in the last eight years for a cumulative increase of 107%. WesBanco offers a current dividend yield of approximately 2.7% based upon the market price of WesBanco common stock on February 21, 2018. 2017 was another year of accomplishments that contributed to our strong performance, and positions us for long-term success. • We have balanced loan and deposit distribution across our diverse regional footprint. We achieved mid-single digit loan growth across our key focus loan categories, as we continue to benefit from our core funding advantage from shale energy-related deposits in our legacy markets. • We saw the benefits of our diversified growth engines as we experienced nice growth in our fee-based businesses, including increased secondary market sales of our residential mortgage originations, increased customer fee income, and organically grew our wealth management business. In fact, our wealth management business is on the cusp of crossing $4 billion in assets under management for the first time. • We have maintained strong market positions across our legacy and major metropolitan markets. We are the largest bank headquartered in the state of West Virginia, maintain top ten market share in the Pittsburgh, Louisville, and Fort Knox-Elizabethtown MSAs, and have top 15 market share in the Columbus and Dayton MSAs. The integration of our 2016 expansion into Kentucky and Southern Indiana progressed very well as we maintained a strong team of employees, while also building upon that team through recent hires across lending and wealth management. • During 2017, we delivered on the expected cost savings from the YCB acquisition, as well as diligently managed overall discretionary expenses, which drove an improvement in the full year efficiency ratio to 56.44%. • On November 13, 2017, we jointly announced with First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. the execution of a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger providing for the merger of First Sentry with and into WesBanco. The all-stock transaction, valued at approximately $101.4 million, has received all regulatory and shareholder approvals and is expected to close early in the second quarter of 2018. First Sentry is an outstanding community-based financial institution with a strong management team, a commercial lending focus, and solid credit quality that matches well with WesBanco’s strengths and strategies, and bridges our existing market gap between Charleston, West Virginia and southeast Ohio. • As the proposed merger with First Sentry will take us above $10 billion in assets, we are well prepared and strategically positioned for crossing the regulatory threshold and the associated regulatory requirements. Over the last several years, we have built the necessary structure, and are well positioned from staffing, infrastructure, processes, compliance, DFAST reporting, and CRA perspectives. • WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation was recently awarded multi-state New Markets Tax Credits from the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund totaling $40 million. WesBanco CDC’s goal is to promote meaningful, community-driven investments and fund a wide variety of businesses providing critical social and commercial services to low-income residents across the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. • We continued to receive top rankings during 2017 that recognized the Bank for its performance, strength, quality, and strong community focus. These recognitions are a testament to WesBanco and our employees working hard every day to maintain our community banking roots and customer-focused philosophy. O Early in 2017, WesBanco Bank was awarded a composite “Outstanding” rating by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for its Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) performance for the period July 8, 2013 through October 24, 2016, which measured the bank’s performance in meeting community lending, investment, and service needs. This is the Bank’s sixth consecutive “Outstanding” rating, the highest rating awarded by federal regulators. O Bauer Financial, Inc., a financial analysis and reporting company, again awarded WesBanco their highest rating as a “five-star” bank, and, for the second year in a row, the central Ohio market of WesBanco Bank was awarded a Top Workplaces honor by Columbus C.E.O. magazine. O In June, WesBanco Bank was again recognized with the America Saves Designation of Savings Excellence for its extraordinary efforts during America Saves Week/Military Saves. The award is presented annually to financial institutions that succeed in getting people to open and add to wealth-building accounts. O During November, WesBanco Bank was named to Money magazine’s 2017-2018 list of the “Best Bank in Every State”. WesBanco Bank, one of the few institutions recognized in multiple states, received the best bank designation for the states of Kentucky and West Virginia. O Recently, WesBanco was again named to Forbes magazine’s list of the Best Banks in America. The 2018 ranking is WesBanco’s eighth year making the list since its inception in 2010, and the first time in the top twenty—coming in as the 17th Best Bank. During 2017, we have demonstrated continued strength in credit quality, profitability measures, and expense management. We have been successful in our balance sheet re-mix strategy as we encouraged loan growth while reducing lower-yielding securities, which meshed perfectly with our $10 billion asset threshold plans. Total assets as of December 31, 2017 remained at $9.8 billion year-over-year, with total portfolio loans increasing 1.5% to $6.3 billion. Year-over-year total loan growth continues to reflect our efforts to prudently manage our loan portfolios to stimulate growth without sacrificing credit standards. We realized mid-single digit growth of 4.0% in our strategic focus categories of C&I and home equity lending. Furthermore, we continued to execute upon our targeted strategies in our consumer loan portfolio to reduce its risk profile, and in our residential mortgage loan portfolio as we increased secondary market loan sales, which reduced the amount of residential mortgage loans held on our balance sheet. Total deposits were $7.0 billion at December 31, 2017, as growth in all transaction deposit accounts offset the continued targeted reductions in certificates of deposit. Our stock price last year benefitted from a rise across the financial services industry, driven by the Presidential election; however, the increases eroded somewhat throughout the year, as the expected regulatory reform did not materialize. The stock price closed 2017 at $40.65, down slightly from the prior year’s close but it generated a dividend yield of just under three percent. Since December 31, 2015, our annualized total shareholder return exceeds twenty percent per year over this two-year period. We wish to recognize Gregory A. Dugan, who retired from his position as Executive Vice President, Senior Operations Officer of WesBanco, effective February 28, 2018. Throughout his 39 years of service to the company, much of the foundation upon which we operate was installed under his leadership. He has been an integral part of our innovation and planning, as well as a leader of the conversion and integration of acquired institutions. We wish him well in his retirement, and are pleased that he will continue to serve WesBanco in a part-time consultative capacity. We also wish to acknowledge Ernest S. Fragale, who will retire from the WesBanco Board as his term expires at the 2018 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting. Mr. Fragale has served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Corporation since August 20, 1996. He is a member of the Audit Committee of the Corporation, and a member and former Chairman of the Loan Review Committee of the Bank. We thank Mr. Fragale for his counsel and dedicated service to WesBanco. WesBanco’s strong performance during 2017 could not have been accomplished without the continued support of our customers and shareholders, as well as the hard work and dedication of our board of directors and nearly 2,000 employees. WesBanco remains well positioned for success in any type of operating environment, and we are excited about our opportunities for the upcoming year, and look forward to providing additional value to our customers and shareholders. We would like to invite you to the Annual Meeting of the Shareholders, which will be held on Wednesday, April 18, 2018 at 12:00 noon at Oglebay Park, Wheeling, West Virginia. A reservation card is included with the proxy material. Please respond promptly to your invitation to assist us in our planning for the meeting. James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. February 27, 2018 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-08467 WESBANCO, INC. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) WEST VIRGINIA (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV (Address of principal executive offices) 55-0571723 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 26003 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 304-234-9000 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock $2.0833 Par Value Name of each Exchange on which registered NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer Í Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Emerging growth company ‘ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes ‘ No Í The aggregate market value of the registrant’s outstanding voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2017, determined using a per share closing price on that date of $39.54, was $1,630,100,029. As of February 20, 2018, there were 44,053,332 shares of WesBanco, Inc. common stock $2.0833 par value per share, outstanding. Certain specifically designated portions of Wesbanco, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement which will be filed by April 30, 2018 for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be held in 2018 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE WESBANCO, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM # ITEM 1 1A 1B 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 9A 9B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Part I Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. 3 - 14 14 - 25 25 25 25 25 26 - 28 29 - 33 34 - 79 80 - 85 86 - 152 153 153 153 154 154 154 155 155 Part IV Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 - 162 156 Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2 ITEM 1. BUSINESS GENERAL PART I WesBanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”), a bank holding company incorporated in 1968 and headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, offers a full range of financial services including retail banking, corporate banking, personal and corporate trust services, brokerage services, mortgage banking and insurance. WesBanco offers these services through two reportable segments, community banking and trust and investment services. For additional information regarding WesBanco’s business segments please refer to Note 23, “Business Segments” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco operated one commercial bank, WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), through 172 branches and 160 ATM machines located in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky and southern Indiana. Total assets of WesBanco Bank as of December 31, 2017 approximated $9.8 billion. WesBanco Bank also offers trust and investment services and various alternative investment products including mutual funds and annuities. The market value of assets under management of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2017. These assets are held by WesBanco Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. On November 13, 2017, WesBanco and First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, West Virginia entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger pursuant to which FTSB will merge with and into WesBanco. As of September 30, 2017, FTSB had approximately $658.2 million in assets excluding goodwill, with $527.6 million in total deposits and $402.4 million in total loans, and 5 branches in West Virginia The transaction will enhance WesBanco’s position in the Huntington, WV MSA. The transaction, valued at approximately $101.4 million, is scheduled to close early in the second quarter of 2018. WesBanco offers additional services through its non-banking subsidiaries, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc. (“WesBanco Insurance”), a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients; and WesBanco Securities, Inc. (“WesBanco Securities”), a full service broker-dealer, which also offers discount brokerage services. WesBanco Asset Management, Inc., which was incorporated in 2002, holds certain investment securities and loans in a Delaware-based subsidiary. WesBanco Properties, Inc. holds certain commercial real estate properties. The commercial property is leased to WesBanco Bank and to certain non-related third parties. Kentuckiana Real Estate Holdings, LLC, and Southern Indiana Real Estate Holdings, LLC, are Indiana and Kentucky limited liability corporations, and they hold certain real estate properties in those markets. CBIN Insurance Inc. is a captive insurance company, which issues policies to WesBanco’s banking subsidiaries for certain risks that aren’t covered by the Company’s commercial insurances purchased from third- party carriers. WesBanco has twelve capital trusts, which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. For more information regarding WesBanco’s issuance of trust preferred securities please refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. AMSCO, Inc. (“AMSCO”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of WesBanco Bank, which formerly engaged in the management of certain real estate development and construction of 1-4 family residential units through one joint venture partnership, AMS Ventures, LLC. It is in the process of winding up its business activities and will be dissolved. 3 WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department also serves as investment adviser to a family of mutual funds, namely the “WesMark Funds”. The fund family is comprised of the WesMark Growth Fund, the WesMark Balanced Fund, the WesMark Small Company Growth Fund, the WesMark Government Bond Fund, the WesMark West Virginia Municipal Bond Fund, and the WesMark Tactical Opportunity Fund. As of December 31, 2017, none of WesBanco’s subsidiaries were engaged in any operations in foreign countries, and only one had any transactions with customers in foreign countries. The Bank provides letters of credit internationally for certain domestic customers and provides international wire services through a third- party correspondent bank. EMPLOYEES There were 1,940 full-time equivalent employees employed by WesBanco and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2017. None of the employees were represented by collective bargaining agreements. WesBanco believes its employee relations to be satisfactory. WEB SITE ACCESS TO WESBANCO’S FILINGS WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION All of WesBanco’s electronic filings for 2017 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are made available at no cost on WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com, in the “About Us” section through the “Investor Relations” link as soon as reasonably practicable after WesBanco files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. WesBanco’s SEC filings are also available through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Upon written request of any shareholder of record on December 31, 2017, WesBanco will provide, without charge, a printed copy of this 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the SEC. To obtain a copy of this report, contact: John Iannone, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 905-7021. COMPETITION Competition in the form of price and service from other banks, including local, regional and national banks and financial companies such as savings and loans, internet banks, payday lenders, money services businesses, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms and other non-banking companies providing various regulated and non-regulated financial services and products, is intense in most of the markets served by WesBanco and its subsidiaries. WesBanco’s trust and investment services segment receives competition from commercial banks, trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies. As a result of consolidation within the financial services industry, mergers between, and the expansion of, financial institutions both within and outside of WesBanco’s major markets have provided significant competitive pressure in those markets. Many of WesBanco’s competitors have greater resources and, as such, may have higher lending limits and may offer other products and services that are not provided by WesBanco. WesBanco generally competes on the basis of superior customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, available loan and deposit products, rates of interest charged on loans, rates of interest paid for deposits, and the availability and pricing of trust, brokerage and insurance services. As a result of WesBanco’s expansion into certain larger metropolitan markets, it has faced entrenched larger bank competitors with an already existing customer base that may far exceed WesBanco’s initial entry position into those markets. As a result, WesBanco may be forced to compete more aggressively for loans, deposits, trust and insurance products in order to grow its market share, potentially reducing its current and future profit potential from such markets. 4 SUPERVISION AND REGULATION As a bank holding company and a financial holding company under federal law, WesBanco is subject to supervision and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”) under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”), and is required to file with the Federal Reserve Board reports and other information regarding its business operations and the business operations of its subsidiaries. WesBanco also is required to obtain Federal Reserve Board approval prior to acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of certain voting shares of other banks, as described below. Since WesBanco is both a bank holding company and a financial holding company, WesBanco can offer customers virtually any type of service that is financial in nature or incidental thereto, including banking and activities closely related to banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both underwriting and agency) and merchant banking. Assuming the acquisition of FTSB is completed, WesBanco expects increased supervision from the Federal Reserve Board due to its increased asset size and will ensure that sufficient resources are allocated to compliance so that the enhanced demands of the Federal Reserve Board are met. As indicated above, WesBanco presently operates one bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, which is a West Virginia banking corporation and is not a member bank of the Federal Reserve System. It is subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions (“WVDIF”). The deposits of WesBanco Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC. WesBanco’s non-bank subsidiaries are subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board and specifically, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Ohio (“Federal Reserve”) and examination by other federal and state agencies, including, in the case of certain securities activities, regulation by the SEC, the Financial Institution Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and the Securities Investors Protection Corporation. WesBanco Bank maintains one designated financial subsidiary, WesBanco Insurance, which, as indicated above, is a multi-line insurance agency specializing in property, casualty, life and title insurance, with benefit plan sales and administration for personal and commercial clients. WesBanco is also under the jurisdiction of the SEC and certain state securities commissions for matters relating to the offering and sale of its securities. WesBanco is subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. WesBanco is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (the “NASDAQ”) under the trading symbol “WSBC” and is subject to the rules of the NASDAQ for listed companies. Under the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, as amended (the “Riegle- Neal Act”), a bank holding company may acquire banks in states other than its home state, subject to certain limitations. The Riegle-Neal Act also authorizes banks to merge across state lines, thereby creating interstate banking. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), banks are also permitted to establish de novo branches across state lines to the same extent that a state-chartered bank in each host state would be permitted to open branches. Under the BHCA, prior Federal Reserve Board approval is required for WesBanco to acquire more than 5% of the voting stock of any bank. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, federal banking regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, and the acquiring institution’s record of addressing the credit needs of the communities it serves, including the needs of low and moderate income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operation of the bank, under the Community Reinvestment Act, as amended (the “CRA”). HOLDING COMPANY REGULATIONS As indicated above, WesBanco has one state bank subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, as well as non-bank subsidiaries, which are described further in “Item 1. Business—General” section of this Annual Report on 5 Form 10-K. The subsidiary bank is subject to affiliate transaction restrictions under federal law, which limit “covered transactions” by the subsidiary bank with the parent and any non-bank subsidiaries of the parent, which are referred to in the aggregate in this paragraph as “affiliates” of the subsidiary bank. “Covered transactions” include loans or extensions of credit to an affiliate (including repurchase agreements), purchases of or investments in securities issued by an affiliate, purchases of assets from an affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit, the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate, certain transactions that involve borrowing or lending securities, and certain derivative transactions with an affiliate. Such covered transactions between the subsidiary bank and any single affiliate are limited in amount to 10% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus, and, with respect to covered transactions with all affiliates in the aggregate, are limited in amount to 20% of the subsidiary bank’s capital and surplus. Furthermore, such loans or extensions of credit, guarantees, acceptances and letters of credit, and any credit exposure resulting from securities borrowing or lending transactions or derivatives transactions, are required to be secured by collateral at all times in amounts specified by law. In addition, all covered transactions must be conducted on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The Dodd-Frank Act requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary bank. Under this source of strength requirement, the Federal Reserve Board may require a bank holding company to make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank, and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. A capital infusion conceivably could be required at a time when WesBanco may not have the resources to provide it. PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS Dividends from the subsidiary bank are a significant source of funds for payment of dividends to WesBanco’s shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2017, WesBanco declared cash dividends to its common shareholders of approximately $45.8 million. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco Bank was “well capitalized” under the definition in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations. Therefore, as long as the Bank remains “well capitalized” or even becomes “adequately capitalized,” there would be no basis under Section 325.105 to limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends because it had not become undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. As of January 1, 2016, WesBanco Bank and WesBanco are subject to “capital conservation buffer” rules, which require WesBanco and WesBanco Bank to have capital levels above the regulatory minimums in order to pay dividends (discussed below in connection with the Basel III initiative under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). All financial institutions are subject to the prompt corrective action provisions set forth in Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDI Act”) and the provisions set forth in Section 325.105 of the FDIC Regulations. Immediately upon a state non-member bank receiving notice, or being deemed to have notice, that the bank is undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, or critically undercapitalized, as defined in Section 325.103 of the FDIC Regulations, the bank is precluded from being able to pay dividends to its shareholders based upon the requirements in Section 38(d) of the FDI Act, 12. U.S.C. § 1831o(d). In addition, with respect to possible dividends by the Bank, under Section 31A-4-25 of the West Virginia Code, the prior approval of the West Virginia Commissioner of Banking would be required if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year would exceed the total of the Bank’s net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years. Further, Section 31A-4-25 limits the ability of a West Virginia banking institution to pay dividends until the surplus fund of the banking institution equals the common stock of the banking institution and if certain specified amounts of recent profits of the banking institution have not been carried to the surplus fund. 6 If, in the opinion of the applicable regulatory authority, a bank under its jurisdiction is engaged in or is about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice which, depending on the financial condition of the bank, could include the payment of dividends, such authority may require, after notice and hearing, that such bank cease and desist from such practice. The Federal Reserve Board has issued policy statements which provide that insured banks and bank holding companies should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2017, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $58.7 million from WesBanco Bank. Additional information regarding dividend restrictions is set forth in Note 21, “Regulatory Matters,” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. On February 24, 2009, the Federal Reserve Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation issued a letter providing direction to bank holding companies on the payment of dividends, capital repurchases and capital redemptions. Although the letter largely reiterates longstanding Federal Reserve supervisory policies, it emphasizes the need for a bank holding company to review various factors when considering the declaration of a dividend or taking action that would reduce regulatory capital provided by outstanding financial instruments. These factors include the potential need to increase loan loss reserves, write down assets and reflect declines in asset values in equity. In addition, the bank holding company should consider its past and anticipated future earnings, the dividend payout ratio in relation to earnings, and adequacy of regulatory capital before any action is taken. The consideration of capital adequacy should include a review of all known factors that may affect capital in the future. In certain circumstances, defined by regulation relating to levels of earnings and capital, advance notification to, and in some circumstances, approval by the regulator could be required to declare a dividend or repurchase or redeem capital instruments. FDIC INSURANCE FDIC insurance premiums are assessed by the FDIC using a risk-based approach that places insured institutions into categories based on capital and risk profiles. In 2017, WesBanco Bank paid deposit insurance premiums of $3.5 million, compared to $4.0 million and $4.1 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease from the prior years was due to the FDIC reducing its assessment rate for banks with less than $10 billion in assets as of July 1, 2016. WesBanco Bank’s capital, net income and loan quality financial ratios used to calculate the assessment rate have continually improved, leading to a decrease in the assessment rate. Effective July 1, 2016, the FDIC issued a final rule in order to implement section 334 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which requires the FDIC to (1) raise the minimum reserve ratio for the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund to 1.35 percent, from 1.15 percent, (2) assess premiums on banks to reach the 1.35 percent goal by September 30, 2020, and (3) offset the effect of the increase in the minimum reserve ratio on insured depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. The final rule imposes a quarterly surcharge on insured depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets of 4.5 basis points applied to their assessment base (after making certain adjustments), to be assessed over a period of eight quarters. If this surcharge is insufficient to increase the reserve ratio to 1.35 percent by December 31, 2018, a one-time shortfall assessment will be imposed on institutions with total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more on March 31, 2019. WesBanco is currently not subject to the surcharge assessment. When WesBanco becomes subject to the surcharge, management currently estimates that, based on the final rule, FDIC expense will increase minimally as the surcharge is calculated only upon assets greater than $10 billion. However, the assessment factors and rates for the Bank are expected to be higher in the future once the Bank experiences four quarters over $10 billion in total assets as per its filed Bank Call Reports. 7 CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS The Federal Reserve Board has issued risk-based capital ratio and leverage ratio guidelines for bank holding companies. The risk-based capital ratio guidelines establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures into explicit account in assessing capital adequacy, and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. Under the guidelines and related policies, bank holding companies must maintain capital sufficient to meet both a risk-based asset ratio test and a leverage ratio test on a consolidated basis. The risk-based ratio is determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance sheet commitments into several weighted categories, with higher weightings being assigned to categories perceived as representing greater risk. A bank holding company’s capital is then divided by total risk-weighted assets to yield the risk-based ratio. The leverage ratio is determined by relating core capital to total assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines. The Bank is subject to substantially similar capital requirements. The federal regulatory authorities’ risk-based capital guidelines are based upon agreements reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”). The Basel Committee is a committee of central banks and bank supervisors and regulators from the major industrialized countries that develops broad policy guidelines for use by each country’s supervisors in determining the supervisory policies they apply. In December 2010, the Basel Committee issued a strengthened set of international capital and liquidity standards for banks and bank holding companies, known as “Basel III.” In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards and establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act. The rule was effective January 1, 2015 subject to a transition period providing for full implementation on January 1, 2019. Generally, under the applicable guidelines, a financial institution’s capital is divided into common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), total Tier 1 and Tier 2. CET1 includes common shares and retained earnings less goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. In addition, under the final capital rule, an institution may make a one-time, permanent election to continue to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. If an institution does not make this election, unrealized gains and losses will be included in the calculation of its CET1. Total Tier 1 is comprised of CET1 and certain restricted capital instruments, including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and qualifying trust preferred securities, in their Tier 1 capital, up to a limit of 25% of Tier 1 capital. (See below within this section for more information regarding the capital treatment of trust preferred securities.) Tier 2, or supplementary capital, includes, among other things, portions of trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as perpetual preferred stock, intermediate-term preferred stock, hybrid capital instruments, perpetual debt, mandatory convertible debt securities, term subordinated debt, unrealized holding gains on equity securities, and the allowance for loan and lease losses, all subject to certain limitations. “Total capital” is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The amount of Tier 2 capital that exceeds the amount of Tier 1 capital must be excluded from the total capital calculation. The Federal Reserve Board has established the following minimum capital levels banks and bank holding companies are required to maintain as a percentage of risk-weighted assets (including various off-balance sheet items): (i) CET1 of at least 4.5%, (ii) Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%, (iii) total capital ratio (Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital) of at least 8%; and (iv) a non-risk-based leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets) of 4%. The risk-based capital standards are designed to make regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in credit and market risk profiles among banks and financial holding companies, to account for off- balance sheet exposure, and to minimize disincentives for holding liquid assets. Balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures are assigned to one of several risk-weights primarily based on relative credit risk. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by the regulators about components, risk- weightings, and other factors. Additionally, when the final capital rule is fully implemented, it will require an institution to maintain a 2.5% common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer over the minimum risk-based capital requirements to avoid restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, discretionary bonuses to executive 8 officers, and engage in share repurchases. The capital conservative buffer was 1.25% for 2017, increasing to 1.875% effective January 1, 2018, and it will be the full 2.5% effective January 1, 2019. Failure to meet applicable capital guidelines could subject a financial institution to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities, including limitations on the ability to pay dividends, the issuance by the regulatory authority of a capital directive to increase capital, and the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, as well as to the measures described below under “Prompt Corrective Action” as applicable to undercapitalized institutions. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco’s CET1, Tier 1 and total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios were 12.14%, 14.12% and 15.16%, respectively. WesBanco made a timely permanent election to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from regulatory capital. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco Bank also had capital in excess of the minimum requirements. Neither WesBanco nor the Bank had been advised by the appropriate federal banking regulator of any specific leverage ratio applicable to it. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco’s leverage ratio was 10.39%. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco had $164.3 million in subordinated and junior subordinated debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets, which includes $138.6 million of junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $134.3 million underlying such junior subordinated debt were included in Tier 1 capital as of December 31, 2017, in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. In 2013, the federal banking agencies amended capital requirements to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital. A grandfather provision, however, permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. The final Basel III capital rule permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010 for institutions of less than $15 billion in size, subject to a 25% limit of Tier 1 capital. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit could be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. For more information regarding trust preferred securities, please refer to Note 11, “Subordinated and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The risk-based capital standards of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC specify that evaluations by the banking agencies of a bank’s capital adequacy will include an assessment of the exposure to declines in the economic value of the bank’s capital due to changes in interest rates. These banking agencies issued a joint policy statement on interest rate risk describing prudent methods for monitoring such risk that rely principally on internal measures of exposure and active oversight of risk management activities by senior management. PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) requires federal banking regulatory authorities to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, FDICIA establishes five capital tiers: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. An institution is deemed to be “well-capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% or greater, and a new common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater, and is not subject to a regulatory order, agreement, or directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. An institution is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or greater, generally a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% or greater, and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater, and the institution does not meet the definition of a “well-capitalized” institution. An institution that does not meet one or more of the “adequately capitalized” tests is deemed to be “undercapitalized.” If the institution has a total risk- based capital ratio that is less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4%, or a Tier 1 leverage ratio that is less than 3%, it is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized.” Finally, an institution is deemed to 9 be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco Bank had capital levels that met the “well- capitalized” standards under FDICIA and its implementing regulations. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution, including payment of a cash dividend, or paying any management fee to its holding company, if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. Undercapitalized institutions are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. If any depository institution subsidiary of a holding company is required to submit a capital restoration plan, the holding company would be required to provide a limited guarantee regarding compliance with the plan as a condition of approval of such plan by the appropriate federal banking agency. If an undercapitalized institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. Significantly undercapitalized institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized institutions may not, beginning 60 days after becoming critically undercapitalized, make any payment of principal or interest on their subordinated debt and/or trust preferred securities. In addition, critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator within 90 days of becoming critically undercapitalized. GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLB Act”), banks are no longer prohibited from associating with, or having management interlocks with, a business organization engaged principally in securities activities. By qualifying as a “financial holding company,” as authorized under the GLB Act, a bank holding company acquires new powers not otherwise available to it. WesBanco has elected to become a financial holding company under the GLB Act. It also has qualified a subsidiary of the Bank as a financial subsidiary under the GLB Act. Financial holding company powers relate to “financial activities” that are determined by the Federal Reserve Board, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, to be financial in nature, incidental to an activity that is financial in nature, or complementary to a financial activity, provided that the complementary activity does not pose a safety and soundness risk. The GLB Act itself defines certain activities as financial in nature, including but not limited to: underwriting insurance or annuities; providing financial or investment advice; underwriting, dealing in, or making markets in securities; merchant banking, subject to significant limitations; insurance company portfolio investing, subject to significant limitations; and any activities previously found by the Federal Reserve Board to be closely related to banking. National and state banks are permitted under the GLB Act, subject to capital, management, size, debt rating, and CRA qualification factors, to have “financial subsidiaries” that are permitted to engage in financial activities not otherwise permissible. However, unlike financial holding companies, financial subsidiaries may not engage in insurance or annuity underwriting; developing or investing in real estate; merchant banking (for at least five years); or insurance company portfolio investing. DODD-FRANK ACT The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted on July 21, 2010, and the rules implementing its provisions have resulted in numerous and wide-ranging reforms to the structure of the U.S. financial system and the enhanced regulation and supervision of WesBanco. This includes, among other things, rules to promote financial stability and prevent or mitigate the risks that may arise from the material distress or failure of a large bank holding company; enhance consumer protections; prohibit proprietary trading; and implement enhanced prudential requirements for large bank holding companies regarding risk-based capital and leverage, risk and liquidity management, stress testing, and recovery and resolution planning. The Dodd-Frank Act, including current and future rules implementing its provisions and the interpretation of those rules, have affected, and management expects will continue to affect, 10 most of WesBanco’s businesses in some way, either directly through regulation of specific activities or indirectly through regulation of concentration risks, capital or liquidity. Bank holding companies are subjected to increased capital requirements (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Capital Requirements”). The Volcker Rule and the final rules jointly issued by federal banking agencies implementing the rule’s provisions limit WesBanco’s ability to engage in proprietary trading, as well as its ability to sponsor or invest in hedge funds or private equity funds. The Volcker Rule includes certain compliance program requirements that apply to banking entities that engage in permissible proprietary trading or permitted covered fund activities. The type of compliance program required is determined based on the level of total consolidated assets held by the banking entity. Because WesBanco will have over $10 billion in assets when the FTSB acquisition is complete, WesBanco will be subject to the “standard compliance program,” which imposes additional compliance program requirements, including a requirement to maintain additional documentation specific to covered fund activities. WesBanco’s activities and investments are currently in full compliance with the Volcker Rule and its regulations and WesBanco will ensure that its compliance program meets the requirements of the “standard compliance program” upon the closing of the FTSB acquisition. Additionally, an interim final rule was issued in January 2014 that exempts investments in certain collateralized debt obligations backed primarily by trust preferred securities from the provisions of the Volcker Rule. This interim final rule was effective April 1, 2014 and did not have a material impact on WesBanco for the year ended December 31, 2017. Passed in 2011, the Durbin Amendment requires the Federal Reserve to limit fee charges to retailers for debit card processing. The Federal Reserve Board promulgated Regulation II (Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing) that limits the interchange fees paid by merchants to issuers when their debit cards are used as payment. An issuer is defined as “any person that authorizes the use of the debit card to perform an electronic debit transaction.” The application of the Durbin Amendment is determined by whether the issuer, together with its affiliates, has $10 billion in assets as of the end of the calendar year preceding the date of the electronic debit transaction. An affiliate is defined as “any company that controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with another company.” Therefore, if an insured institution issues a debit card and it, together with its affiliates, has assets exceeding $10 billion, it is subject to this rule. The rule caps debit card interchange fees (also known as swipe fees) at $0.21 plus an additional 0.05%. Previously, the average interchange fee generated $0.44 per transaction for an insured institution. Financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets by the year-end assessment deadline are subject to the cap on interchange income in July of the following year. As a result of the FTSB acquisition WesBanco and the Bank will be subject to the requirements imposed by the Durbin Amendment because, for purposes of determining whether an issuer has $10 billion in assets, the assets of the institution and its affiliates are combined beginning in July of 2019. Additionally, section 165(i)(2) of the Dodd-Frank Act requires annual company-run stress tests for bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of between $10 billion and $50 billion and for savings and loan holding companies and state member banks with $10 billion or more in total assets. Total consolidated assets are reported on the insured institution’s Call Report or the holding company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for Holding Companies reporting form (FR Y-9C) and calculated over the four most recent consecutive quarters. The Federal Reserve Board and FDIC promulgated rules requiring these company-run stress tests. These rules establish the testing criteria, reporting requirements, and publication deadlines for all covered institutions, and are meant to be consistent across the federal banking agencies’ respective annual stress testing rules. Once a bank crosses the $10 billion total consolidated asset threshold, it will become subject to the requirements of its applicable regulator. The Federal Reserve Board regulates bank holding companies, and therefore, if WesBanco has total consolidated assets of over $10 billion, it will be required to conduct the Federal Reserve Board stress-tests. 11 WesBanco Bank, a subsidiary state nonmember bank, is governed by the FDIC. Under the FDIC rule, a covered bank includes “any state nonmember bank . . . with average total consolidated assets . . . that are greater than $10 billion but less than $50 billion.” It is anticipated that after the FTSB acquisition, WesBanco Bank will have over $10 billion in average total consolidated assets, and therefore, would meet the definition of a covered bank and would be subject to the FDIC stress-test rules. Therefore, depending on how assets of the bank are reported, WesBanco could be subject to Federal Reserve Board stress tests (reported at the holding company level), and stress tests at the subsidiary insured institution level. When the Dodd-Frank Act stress test rules apply, WesBanco must assess the potential impact of a minimum of three macroeconomic scenarios—baseline, adverse, and severely adverse—on its consolidated losses, revenues, balance sheets (including risk-weighted assets) and capital. Each scenario includes economic variables, including macroeconomic activity, unemployment, exchange rates, prices, incomes and interest rates. The adverse and severely adverse scenarios are not forecasts, but rather hypothetical scenarios designed to assess the strength and resilience of financial institutions. Additionally, WesBanco must publically disclose these test results on an annual basis. The required summary of results may be published on WesBanco’s web site or in any other forum that is reasonably accessible to the public. All covered institutions, as defined in the final rules, with between $10 and $50 billion in total consolidated assets are required to submit the results of their yearly company-run stress tests to the respective regulator by July 31 and publish those results between October 15 and October 31. An insured institution or holding company that becomes a covered institution on or before March 31 of a given year must conduct its first annual stress test in the next calendar year after the date it becomes a covered institution. An insured institution or holding company that becomes a covered institution after March 31 of a given year must conduct its first annual stress test in the second calendar year after the date of it becoming a covered institution. Assuming the acquisition of FTSB is completed after March 31, 2018, WesBanco would first report the results of its stress tests in 2020. As required by Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve issued a rule that strengthens the supervision and regulation of large U.S. bank holding companies and foreign banking organizations by establishing a number of enhanced prudential standards. These standards include liquidity, risk management, and capital. Under the rule, a publicly traded bank holding company with $10 billion or more in consolidated assets is required to establish an enterprise-wide risk committee. The risk committee oversees risk management. The committee would need to establish a risk management framework, including policies and procedures. The new risk management requirements complement the stress testing requirements. Assuming the proposed acquisition is completed, WesBanco would be subject to the Federal Reserve Enhanced Prudential Standards. WesBanco established its enterprise-wide risk committee in April of 2017. The Dodd-Frank Act made several changes affecting the securitization markets, which may affect a bank’s ability or desire to use those markets to meet funding or liquidity needs. One of these changes calls for federal regulators to adopt regulations requiring the sponsor of a securitization to retain at least 5% of the credit risk, with exceptions for “qualified residential mortgages.” Publicly traded companies are required by the Dodd-Frank Act to give shareholders an advisory vote on executive compensation, and, in some cases, golden parachute arrangements. Further, SEC and NASDAQ rulemaking under the Dodd-Frank Act requires NASDAQ-listed companies to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. WesBanco’s compensation committee members currently satisfy the independence criteria. The Dodd-Frank Act also called for regulators to issue new rules relating to incentive- based compensation arrangements deemed excessive, and proxy access by shareholders. All banks and other insured depository institutions will have increased authority to open new branches across state lines (discussed above under “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation”). A provision authorizing insured depository institutions to pay interest on checking accounts will likely increase WesBanco’s interest expenses. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), a federal agency created by the 12 Dodd-Frank Act, has the authority to write rules implementing numerous consumer protection laws applicable to all banks (discussed below under “Item 1. Business—Consumer Protection Laws”). CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS In connection with its lending and leasing activities, all banks are subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending and other financial services to various sectors of the economy and population. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), the Truth in Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, and, in some cases, their respective state law counterparts. The CFPB has consolidated the authority to write regulations implementing these and other laws. WesBanco’s other subsidiaries that provide services relating to consumer financial products and services will also be subject to the CFPB’s regulations. As an institution with assets of less than $10 billion, WesBanco Bank has historically been examined by the FDIC for compliance with these rules. When the Bank exceeds $10.0 billion in assets for four consecutive quarters, it will come under CFPB supervision and examination. Relating to mortgage lending, the Dodd-Frank Act authorized the CFPB to issue new regulations governing the ability to repay, qualified mortgages, mortgage servicing, appraisals and compensation of mortgage lenders, all of which have been issued and have taken effect. They limit the mortgage products offered by the Bank and have an impact on timely enforcement of delinquent mortgage loans. The Dodd-Frank Act also directed the CFPB to integrate the mortgage loan disclosures under TILA and RESPA. The CFPB issued new integrated disclosures rules (“TRID”), which became effective October 3, 2015 and have combined the prior good faith estimate and truth in lending disclosure form into a new form, the loan estimate. They have also combined the HUD-1 and final truth in lending disclosure forms into a new form, the closing disclosure. The rule is extremely complex, contains significant uncertainties as to penalties, some of which can be quite material, contains prohibitions against correcting even technical mistakes, creates uncertainty regarding last minute changes in the transaction and has triggered significant ambiguity in compliance. Thus for covered transactions and most closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property, the TRID rules have presented significant and ongoing challenges to real estate lenders. Federal law currently contains extensive customer privacy protection provisions. Under these provisions, a financial institution must provide to its customers, at the inception of the customer relationship and annually thereafter, the institution’s policies and procedures regarding the handling of customers’ nonpublic personal financial information. These provisions also provide that, except for certain limited exceptions, an institution may not provide such personal information to unaffiliated third parties unless the institution discloses to the customer that such information may be so provided and the customer is given the opportunity to opt out of such disclosure. Federal law makes it a criminal offense, except in limited circumstances, to obtain or attempt to obtain customer information of a financial nature by fraudulent or deceptive means. the FDIC, The CRA requires WesBanco Bank’s primary federal bank regulatory agency, to assess WesBanco Bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods and persons. Institutions are assigned one of four ratings: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve” or “Substantial Noncompliance.” This assessment is reviewed when a bank applies to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. The Bank’s ongoing community development efforts recently culminated with the FDIC assigning the Bank an “Outstanding” rating for the Bank’s community development performance under the CRA received on February 21, 2017. The FDIC assigned this rating based on its examination of our performance from 2013 through June 30, 2016. It is the highest rating awarded by federal regulators. The Bank also received the “America Saves Designation of Savings Excellence for Banks,” a designation from America Saves that recognizes banks that went above and beyond to encourage people to save money during America Saves Week 2016. WesBanco has worked with America Saves for more than ten years, and has been an active participant in America Saves Week since its inception in 2007. 13 SECURITIES REGULATION WesBanco’s full service broker-dealer subsidiary, WesBanco Securities, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and in the states in which it does business. WesBanco Securities also is a member of FINRA. WesBanco Securities is subject to regulation by the SEC, FINRA and the securities administrators of the states in which it is registered. WesBanco Securities is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, which in the event of the liquidation of a broker-dealer, provides protection for customers’ securities accounts held by WesBanco Securities of up to $500,000 for each eligible customer, subject to a limitation of $250,000 for claims for cash balances. In addition, WesBanco Bank’s Investment Department serves as an investment adviser to a family of mutual funds and is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC and in some states. On April 8, 2016, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued its final version of the new regulation revising the definition of a “fiduciary” with respect to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (hereinafter “ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Act of 1986 (hereinafter the “Code”) (the “Fidiuciary Rule”). The new regulation categorizes persons who provide investment advice or recommendations for a fee or other compensation to ERISA retirement plans and individual retirement accounts (hereinafter “IRAs”) as fiduciaries. After a brief delay of the compliance date issued by the DOL in April 2017 (the “Delaying Rule”), the Fiduciary Rule’s mandatory compliance date was June 9, 2017. Therefore, a firm whose activities are subject to the Fiduciary Rule are now required to comply with ERISA’s fiduciary requirements, prohibited transaction restrictions and conditions for reliance on any applicable exemptions, such as the “best interest contract exemption” (“BIC Exemption”). The Delaying Rule did, however, simplify the conditions required for compliance with the BIC Exemption during a “Transition Period,” which was originally scheduled to expire on January 1, 2018. However, on August 31, 2017, the DOL proposed a new rule to extend the Transition Period until July 1, 2019. The DOL published the final rule on November 29, 2017. that The effect the Fiduciary Rule will have on the business of the Bank is not yet determinable. Nevertheless, the Bank continues to move forward with the creation and implementation of policies and procedures necessary to ensure the Bank is in compliance with the new regulation. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING INITIATIVES AND THE USA PATRIOT ACT A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “USA Patriot Act”) substantially broadened the scope of United States anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued various implementing regulations which apply certain requirements of the USA Patriot Act to financial institutions, such as WesBanco Bank and WesBanco’s broker-dealer subsidiary. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Failure of WesBanco and its subsidiaries to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for WesBanco and its subsidiaries. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The risks described below are not the only ones we face in our business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially harmed. 14 DUE TO INCREASED COMPETITION, WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN BANKING CUSTOMERS AT CURRENT LEVELS. WesBanco operates in a highly competitive banking and financial industry that could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes. WesBanco faces banking competition in all the markets it serves from the following: • • • • • • • • • local, regional and national banks; savings and loans; internet banks; credit unions; payday lenders and money services businesses; finance companies; online trading and robo-advisors; financial technology companies and other non-bank lenders; and brokerage firms serving WesBanco’s market areas. In particular, WesBanco’s competitors include several major national financial companies whose greater resources may afford them a marketplace advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous banking locations and mount extensive promotional and advertising campaigns. Additionally, banks and other financial institutions may have products and services not offered by WesBanco such as new payment system technologies and cryptocurrency, which may cause current and potential customers to choose those institutions. Areas of competition include interest rates for loans and deposits, efforts to obtain deposits and range and quality of services provided. Competitively priced deposits from other banks may cause a loss of despoits to be replaced by more expensive wholesale funding. WesBanco also faces competition from financial technology (“FinTech”) companies. In addition to providing products and services traditionally offered by banks, some FinTech companies allow customers to complete financial transactions without the need for bank intermediaries. This could result in the loss of revenue from transaction fees and fewer customer accounts. If WesBanco is unable to attract new and retain current customers, loan and deposit growth could decrease, causing WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition to be negatively impacted. WESBANCO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO EXPAND ITS TRUST AND INVESTMENT SERVICES SEGMENT AND RETAIN ITS CURRENT CUSTOMERS. WesBanco may not be able to attract new and retain current investment management clients due to competition from the following: • commercial banks and trust companies; • mutual fund companies; • • • • investment advisory firms; law firms; brokerage firms; and other financial services companies. Its ability to successfully attract and retain investment management clients is dependent upon its ability to compete with competitors’ investment products, level of investment performance, client services and marketing 15 and distribution capabilities. Due to changes in economic conditions, the performance of the trust and investment services segment may be negatively impacted by the financial markets in which investment clients’ assets are invested, causing clients to seek other alternative investment options. If WesBanco is not successful, its results from operations and financial position may be negatively impacted. CUSTOMERS MAY DEFAULT ON THE REPAYMENT OF LOANS WHICH COULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS THROUGH INCREASES IN THE PROVISION AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES. The Bank’s customers may default on the repayment of loans, which may negatively impact WesBanco’s earnings due to loss of principal and interest income. Increased operating expenses may result from the allocation of management time and resources to the collection and work-out of the loan. Collection efforts may or may not be successful causing WesBanco to write off the loan or repossess the collateral securing the loan, which may or may not exceed the balance of the loan. WesBanco maintains an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, to provide for probable incurred losses in our loan portfolio. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses at least quarterly, which includes testing certain individual loans as well as collective pools of loans for impairment. This evaluation includes an assessment of actual loss experience within each category of the portfolio, individual commercial and commercial real estate loans that exhibit credit weakness; current economic events, trends in bankruptcy filings, and other pertinent factors; industry or geographic concentrations; and regulatory guidance. including employment statistics, WesBanco’s regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Based on their assessment the regulatory agencies may require WesBanco to adjust the allowance for loan losses. These adjustments could negatively impact WesBanco’s results of operations or financial position. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN WESBANCO’S MARKET AREAS COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank serves both individuals and business customers throughout West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky and southern Indiana. The substantial majority of WesBanco’s loan portfolio is to individuals and businesses in these markets. As a result, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of WesBanco are affected by local and regional economic conditions. A downturn in these economies could have a negative impact on WesBanco and the ability of the Bank’s customers to repay their loans. The value of the collateral securing loans to borrowers may also decline as the economy declines. As a result, deteriorating economic conditions in these markets could cause a decline in the overall quality of WesBanco’s loan portfolio requiring WesBanco to charge-off a higher percentage of loans and/or increase its allowance for loan losses. A decline in economic conditions in these markets may also force customers to utilize deposits held by WesBanco Bank in order to pay current expenses causing the Bank’s deposit base to shrink. As a result the Bank may have to borrow funds at higher rates in order to meet liquidity needs. Lower oil and gas prices in prior years have reduced shale gas activity in the region, which somewhat negatively impacted local and regional economic conditions, affecting both commercial and retail customers, resulting in lower deposits and credit deterioration in the loan portfolio. While current prices for oil and gas have increased, and shale gas activity has increased, these markets are volatile and lower prices could return in the near future. These events may have a negative impact on WesBanco’s earnings and financial condition. CURRENT MARKET INTEREST RATES AND COST OF FUNDS MAY NEGATIVELY IMPACT WESBANCO’S BANKING BUSINESS. Fluctuations in interest rates may negatively impact the business of the Bank. The Bank’s main source of income from operations is net interest income, which is equal to the difference between the interest income 16 received on interest-bearing assets (usually loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings). These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond WesBanco’s control, including general economic conditions, both domestic and foreign, and the monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory authorities. WesBanco Bank’s net interest income can be affected significantly by changes in market interest rates. Changes in relative interest rates may reduce the Bank’s net interest income as the difference between interest income and interest expense decreases. As a result, the Bank has adopted asset and liability management policies to minimize the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on net interest income, primarily by altering the mix and maturity of loans, investments and funding sources. However, even with these policies in place, WesBanco cannot be certain that changes in interest rates or the shape of the interest rate yield curve will not negatively impact its results of operations or financial position. The higher interest rates in 2017 caused a decrease in fair value of certain lower- rate securities within our investment portfolio of which the unrealized losses were recorded in other comprehensive income. In the current rising rate environment, WesBanco’s cost of funds for banking operations may increase at a faster pace than asset yields. Cost of funds also may increase as a result of future general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures. The Bank has traditionally obtained funds principally through deposits and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), correspondent banks, and other wholesale borrowing sources. As a general matter, deposits are a cheaper source of funds than borrowings because interest rates paid for deposits are typically less than interest rates charged for borrowings. If, as a result of general economic conditions, market interest rates, competitive pressures or higher deposit betas in relation to increases in federal funds rate increases, the value of deposits at the Bank decreases relative to its overall banking operations, the Bank may have to rely more heavily on borrowings as a source of funds in the future. SIGNIFICANT DECLINES IN U.S. AND GLOBAL MARKETS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. The capital and credit markets could experience extreme disruption. These conditions result in less liquidity, greater volatility, widening of credit spreads and a lack of price transparency in certain asset types. In many cases, markets could exert downward pressure on stock prices, security prices and credit capacity for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. Sustained weakness in business and economic conditions in any or all of the domestic or foreign financial markets could result in credit deterioration in investment securities held by us, rating agency downgrades for such securities or other market factors that (such as lack of liquidity for re-sales, absence of reliable pricing information or unanticipated changes in the competitive market) could result in us having to recognize other-than-temporary impairment in the value of such investment securities, with a corresponding charge against earnings. Furthermore, our pension assets are primarily invested in equity and debt securities, and weakness in capital and credit markets could result in deterioration of these assets, and changes in certain key pension assumptions based on current interest rates, long-term rates of return and other economic or actuarial assumptions may increase minimum funding contributions and future pension expense. If these markets were to deteriorate further, these conditions may be material to WesBanco’s ability to access capital and may adversely impact results of operations. Further, WesBanco’s trust and investment services income could be impacted by fluctuations in the securities market. A portion of this revenue is based on the value of the underlying investment portfolios. If the values of those investment portfolios decline, the Bank’s revenue could be negatively impacted. WESBANCO COULD BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE RECENT ADOPTION OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX REFORM. On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, known as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” was signed into law. Among other things, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act lowers the corporate tax rate to 21%, eliminating current brackets that have a maximum tax rate of 35%. As a result of the reduction of the corporate tax rate to 21%, companies revalued their 17 deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the date of enactment, and any resulting tax effects will need to be accounted for in the reporting period of enactment. WesBanco has undertaken a re-valuation of its deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the net deferred tax assets were written down $12.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. The remeasurement should be in accordance with SEC Staff Bulletin No. 18, which provides SEC staff guidance for the applications of ASC Topic 740, Income Tax, in the reporting period in which the 2017 Tax Act was signed into law. In addition, the new law could have an adverse impact on WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio and low income housing tax credits. Since the new law is reducing the federal income tax rate to 21%, the benefit of these investments could deteriorate as corporations’ income tax expense declines. RISKS INHERENT IN MUNICIPAL BONDS COULD HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON WESBANCO’S EARNINGS. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 39% of WesBanco’s total securities portfolio was invested in municipal bonds. Although WesBanco’s municipal portfolio is broadly spread across the U.S., any downturn in the economy of a state or municipality in which WesBanco holds municipal obligations could increase the default risk of the respective debt. In addition, a portion of WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio is comprised of Build America bonds. Due to current government sequester reducing the interest subsidy that the government provides to the issuing municipalities, extraordinary redemption provisions (ERP) may be executed by the municipality if it is in their favor to do so. There is a risk that when an ERP is executed, WesBanco may not recover its amortized cost in the bond if it was purchased at a premium. Credit risks are also prevalent when downgrades of credit ratings are issued by major credit rating agencies, which are caused by creditworthiness issues of both bond insurers and the municipality itself. Credit rating downgrades to a non-investment grade level may force WesBanco to sell a municipal bond at a price where amortized cost may not be recovered. The enacted Federal tax reform legislation reduces the corporate income tax rate to 21%. The decrease in the tax rate could significantly reduce the demand of tax-exempt municipal bonds causing the current market values to decline. Rising interest rates could also cause the current market values of our municipal bond portfolio to decline as they all have a fixed interest component. Any of the above default risks, early redemption risks and credit risks could cause WesBanco to take impairment charges, which could be significant, that would negatively impact earnings. WESBANCO MAY BE REQUIRED TO WRITE DOWN GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, CAUSING ITS FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS TO BE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED. When WesBanco acquires a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The amount of the purchase price which is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets is determined by the excess of the purchase price over the net identifiable assets acquired. WesBanco’s goodwill is 41% and 43% of stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Under current accounting standards, if WesBanco determines that goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, it is required to write down the carrying value of these assets. WesBanco conducts an annual review to determine whether goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets are impaired. WesBanco completed such an impairment analysis in 2017 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary for the year ended December 31, 2017. WesBanco cannot provide assurance that it will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have a negative effect on its shareholders’ equity and financial results and may cause a decline in our stock price. WESBANCO IS SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND SUPERVISION. WesBanco is subject to extensive federal and state regulation, supervision and examination. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, rather than corporate shareholders. These regulations affect WesBanco’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, operations and growth, among other things. These regulations also impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedure and controls. Congress and 18 federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect WesBanco in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject WesBanco to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products that could be offered, and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s business, financial condition and result of operations. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco had $164.3 million in subordinated and junior subordinated debt presented as a separate category of long-term debt on its Consolidated Balance Sheets, which includes $138.6 million in junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, Trust Preferred Securities totaling $134.3 million underlying such junior subordinated debt are included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with regulatory reporting requirements. On March 1, 2005, the Federal Reserve Board adopted a rule that retains trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital, but with stricter quantitative limits and clearer qualitative standards. Under the rule, the aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements is limited to 25% of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill. The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit can be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies to develop new consolidated capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and banks. Rules issued in 2013 generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital beginning in 2015, however, a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. For bank holding companies with consolidated assets greater than $15 billion, the existing trust preferred securities would be included as Tier 2 capital until the instruments are redeemed or mature. In addition, new international capital standards known as Basel III, which were implemented by a U.S. federal banking agencies’ joint final rule issued in July 2013, and effective January 1, 2015, further increases the minimum capital requirements applicable to WesBanco and the Bank, which may negatively impact both entities. Additional information about these changes in capital requirements are described above in “Item 1. Business— Capital Requirements.” Regulation of WesBanco and its subsidiaries is expected to continue to expand in scope and complexity in the future. These laws are expected to have the effect of increasing WesBanco’s costs of doing business and reducing its revenues, and may limit its ability to pursue business opportunities or otherwise adversely affect its business and financial condition. The Dodd-Frank Act and other laws, as well as rules implementing or related to them, may adversely affect WesBanco. Specifically, any governmental or regulatory action having the effect of requiring WesBanco to obtain additional capital or increase short-term liquidity could reduce earnings and have a material dilutive effect on current shareholders, including the Dodd-Frank Act source of strength requirement that bank holding companies make capital infusions into a troubled subsidiary bank. Legislation and regulation of debit card fees, credit cards and other bank services, as well as changes in WesBanco’s practices relating to those and other bank services, may affect WesBanco’s revenue and other financial results. Additional information about increased regulation is provided in “Item 1. Business” under the headings “Supervision and Regulation,” “Holding Company Regulations,” “Capital Requirements,” “Dodd-Frank Act,” and “Consumer Protection Laws.” ADDITIONAL GROWTH WILL SUBJECT WESBANCO TO ADDITIONAL REGULATION AND INCREASED SUPERVISION. The Dodd-Frank Act imposes additional regulatory requirements on institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. WesBanco had $9.8 billion in assets as of December 31, 2017 and expects to have over $10 billion in assets with the merger of FTSB in 2018, thus WesBanco would become subject to the following: • Supervision, examination and enforcement by the CFPB with respect to consumer financial protection laws; 19 • Regulatory stress testing requirements, whereby WesBanco would be required to conduct an annual stress test (using assumptions for baseline, adverse and severely adverse scenarios); • A modified methodology for calculating FDIC insurance assessments and potentially higher assessment rates as a result of institutions with $10 billion or more in assets being required to bear a greater portion of the cost of raising the reserve ratio; • Heightened compliance standards under the Volcker Rule; • • Significantly reduced debit card interchange revenue from applicability of the Durbin Amendment; and Enhanced supervision as a larger financial institution; • Registration for its derivatives and mandatory usage of a Central Clearinghouse (CCP) for clearing. The imposition of these regulatory requirements and increased supervision may require additional resources to regulatory compliance and may increase WesBanco’s cost of commitment of operations. Further, the results of the stress testing process may lead WesBanco to retain additional capital or alter the mix of its capital components. financial LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF BORROWINGS AND LIQUIDITY FROM THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM AND OTHER SOURCES COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT EARNINGS. WesBanco Bank is currently a member bank of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh, and while it retains certain short-term borrowings from the FHLB of Cincinnati from prior bank acquisitions, it is no longer considered a member bank of such FHLB. Membership in this system of quasi-governmental, regional home-loan oriented agency banks allows us to participate in various programs offered by the FHLB. We borrow funds from the FHLB, which are secured by a blanket lien on certain residential and commercial mortgage loans, and if applicable, investment securities with collateral values in excess of the outstanding balances. Future earnings shortfalls and minimum capital requirements of the FHLB may impact the collateral necessary to secure borrowings and limit the borrowings extended to their member banks, as well as require additional capital contributions by member banks. The FHLB’s rating assigned to WesBanco Bank may also negatively impact the amount of term collateral and other conditions imposed by the FHLB upon WesBanco Bank. Should these situations occur, WesBanco’s short-term liquidity needs could be negatively impacted. If WesBanco was restricted from using FHLB advances due to weakness in the system or with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, WesBanco may be forced to find alternative funding sources. If WesBanco is required to rely more heavily on higher cost funding sources, revenues may not increase proportionately to cover these costs, which would adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial position. THE SOUNDNESS OF OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS COULD ADVERSELY IMPACT WESBANCO. Financial service institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. WesBanco has exposure to various industries and counterparties, and WesBanco routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds and other institutions. As a result, a default by, or potential default by, a financial institution could result in market-wide liquidity problems, losses or other financial institution defaults. Many of these transactions could expose WesBanco to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. These losses or defaults could adversely effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS DEPEND ON THE SUCCESSFUL GROWTH OF ITS SUBSIDIARIES. WesBanco’s primary business activity for the foreseeable future will be to act as the holding company of its banking and other subsidiaries. Therefore, WesBanco’s future profitability will depend on the success and growth of these subsidiaries. In the future, part of WesBanco’s growth may come from buying other banks and 20 buying or establishing other companies. Such entities may not be profitable after they are purchased or established, and they may lose money or be dilutive to earnings per share, particularly for the first few years. A new bank or company may bring with it unexpected liabilities, bad loans, or poor employee relations, or the new bank or company may lose customers and the associated revenue. Dilution of book and tangible book value may occur as a result of an acquisition that may not be earned back for several years, if at all. WESBANCO’S ABILITY TO PAY DIVIDENDS IS LIMITED, AND COMMON STOCK DIVIDENDS MAY HAVE TO BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED. Holders of shares of WesBanco’s common stock are entitled to dividends if, when, and as declared by WesBanco’s Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. Although the Board of Directors has declared cash dividends in the past, the current ability to pay dividends is largely dependent upon the receipt of dividends from the Bank. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” In general, future dividend policy is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including WesBanco’s and the Bank’s future earnings, liquidity and capital requirements, regulatory constraints and financial condition. FUTURE EXPANSION BY WESBANCO MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AS WELL AS DILUTE THE INTERESTS OF OUR SHAREHOLDERS AND NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK. WesBanco may acquire other financial institutions, or branches or assets of other financial institutions, in the future. WesBanco may also open new branches and enter into new lines of business or offer new products or services. Any such expansion of our business will involve a number of expenses and risks, which may include: • • • • • • • • • • • the time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential expansions; the potential inaccuracy of estimates and judgments used to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risk with respect to target institutions; the time and costs of evaluating new markets, hiring local management and opening new offices, and the delay between commencing these activities and the generation of profits from the expansion; the risk we could discover undisclosed liabilities resulting from any acquisitions for which we may become responsible; our financing of the expansion; the diversion of management’s attention to the negotiation of a transaction and the integration of the operations and personnel of the combining businesses; entry into unfamiliar markets; the introduction of new products and services into our existing business; the incurrence and possible impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and possible adverse short-term effects on our results of operations; the risk that benefits such as enhanced earnings that we anticipate from any new acquisitions may not develop and future results of the combined companies may be materially lower from those estimated; and the risk of loss of key employees and customers. We can give no assurance that integration efforts for any future acquisitions will be successful. We may issue equity securities in connection with acquisitions, which could dilute the economic and voting interests of our existing shareholders. WesBanco has a proposed merger with First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. that is anticipated to close early in the second quarter of 2018. 21 SUITABLE ACQUISITION OPPORTUNITIES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE TO WESBANCO IN THE FUTURE. WesBanco continually evaluates opportunities to acquire other businesses. However, WesBanco may not have the opportunity to make suitable acquisitions on favorable terms in the future, which could negatively impact the growth of its business. WesBanco expects that other banking and financial companies, many of which have significantly greater resources, will compete to acquire compatible businesses. This competition could increase prices for acquisitions that WesBanco would likely pursue, and its competitors may have greater resources than it does. Also, acquisitions of regulated businesses such as banks are subject to various regulatory approvals. If WesBanco fails to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, it will not be able to consummate an acquisition that it believes is in its best interests. HIGHER FDIC DEPOSIT INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND ASSESSMENTS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S FINANCIAL CONDITION. Since 2008, the economic environment caused higher levels of bank failures, which dramatically increased FDIC resolution costs and led to a significant reduction in the deposit insurance fund. In order to restore reserve ratios of the deposit insurance fund, the FDIC has in the past significantly increased the assessment rates paid by financial institutions for deposit insurance. In addition, in May 2009, the FDIC imposed a special assessment on all insured institutions, and in November 2009, it adopted a rule requiring banks to prepay their FDIC assessments for years through 2012, which accompanied a rate increase beginning in 2011. In 2016, the FDIC achieved their targeted reserve fund ratio of 1.15 percent, which allowed banks with total assets of less than $10 billion to have a reduction in costs. Banks greater than $10 billion in total assets will continue to have higher assessed rates until the reserve fund ratio reaches 1.35 percent, including a 4.5 basis point surcharge until late 2018. Additionally, when WesBanco’s total assets surpass $10 billion, under the Dodd Frank Act, to the extent the FDIC increases reserves against future losses, the increased assessments (including the above mentioned surcharge) are to be borne primarily by institutions with assets of greater than $10 billion. Per the enacted Federal tax reform legislation, FDIC insurance premiums are no longer fully deductible for federal income tax purposes for banks above $10 billion in size. Additional increases in FDIC insurance premiums and future special assessments may adversely affect WesBanco’s results of operations and financial condition. A NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARD WILL RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN HOW WE RECOGNIZE CREDIT LOSSES AND MAY HAVE A MATERIAL IMPACT ON OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION OR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standard update, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which replaces the current “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. Under the CECL model, we will be required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and held-to-maturity debt securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the “incurred loss” model required under current generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. Accordingly, we expect that the adoption of the CECL model will materially affect how we determine our allowance for loan losses and could require us to significantly increase our allowance. Moreover, the CECL model may create more volatility in the level of our allowance for loan losses. If we are required to materially increase our level of allowance for loan losses for any reason, such increase could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The new CECL standard will become effective for us for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the impact the CECL model will 22 have on our accounting, but we expect to recognize a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to our allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective, consistent with regulatory expectations set forth in interagency guidance issued at the end of 2016. We cannot yet determine the magnitude of any such one-time cumulative adjustment or of the overall impact of the new standard on our financial condition or results of operations. INTERRUPTION TO OUR INFORMATION SYSTEMS OR BREACHES IN SECURITY COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT WESBANCO’S OPERATIONS. WesBanco relies on information systems and communications for operating and monitoring all major aspects of business, as well as internal management functions. Any failure, interruption, intrusion or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in the WesBanco customer relationship, management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While WesBanco has policies, procedures and technical safeguards designed to prevent or limit the effect of any failure, interruption, intrusion or security breach of its information systems, and also performs testing of business continuity and disaster recovery plans, there can be no absolute assurance that the above-noted issues will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. There have been efforts on the part of third parties to breach data security at financial institutions. The ability of our customers to bank remotely, including online and through mobile devices, requires secure transmission of confidential information and increases the risk of data security breaches. Because the techniques used to attack financial services company communications and information systems change frequently (and generally increase in sophistication), often attacks are not recognized until launched against a target, may be supported by foreign governments or other well-financed entities, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to address these techniques in advance of attacks, including by implementing adequate preventative measures. Certain financial institutions in the United States have also experienced attacks from technically sophisticated and well-resourced third parties that were intended to disrupt normal business activities by making internet banking systems inaccessible to customers for extended periods. These “denial-of-service” attacks, if attempted, would require substantial resources to defend, and may affect customer satisfaction and behavior. Cyber-attacks on third party retailers or other business establishments that widely accept debit card or check payments could compromise sensitive bank customer information, such as debit card and account numbers. Such an attack could result in significant costs to the bank, such as costs to reimburse customers, reissue debit cards and open new customer accounts. The occurrence of any such failure, disruption or security breach of WesBanco’s information systems, particularly if widespread or resulting in financial losses to our customers, could damage WesBanco’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject WesBanco to additional regulatory scrutiny, and expose WesBanco to civil litigation and possible financial liability. In addition, the prevalence of cyber-attacks and other efforts to breach or disrupt our systems has led, and will continue to lead, to costs to WesBanco with respect to prevention and mitigation of these risks, as well as costs reimbursing customers for losses suffered as a result of these actions. Successful attacks or systems failures at other large financial institutions, whether or not WesBanco is included, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in financial institutions with a potential negative impact on WesBanco’s business, additional demands on the part of our regulators, and increased costs to deal with risks identified as a result of the problems affecting others. The risks described above could have a material effect on WesBanco’s business, results of operations and financial condition. WESBANCO IS EXPOSED TO OPERATIONAL RISK THAT COULD ADVERSELY IMPACT THE COMPANY WesBanco is exposed to multiple types of operational risk, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, clerical or record-keeping errors and computer or 23 telecommunications systems malfunctions. WesBanco’s business is dependent on the processing of the ability to process a large number of increasingly complex transactions. WesBanco could be materially and adversely affected if employees, clients, counterparties or other third parties caused an operational breakdown or failure, either as a result of human error, fraudulent manipulation or purposeful damage to any of our operations or systems. LOSS OF KEY EMPLOYEES COULD IMPACT GROWTH AND EARNINGS AND MAY HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACT ON BUSINESS. Our operating results and ability to adequately manage our growth are highly dependent on the services, managerial abilities and performance of our key employees, including executive officers and senior management. Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of this management and personnel. The loss of services, or the inability to successfully complete planned or unplanned transitions of key personnel approaching normal retirement age, could have an adverse impact on WesBanco’s business, operating results and financial condition because of their skills, knowledge of the local markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF WESBANCO’S LOAN PORTFOLIO IS IN WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, KENTUCKY, AND INDIANA AND IN COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE. DETERIORATIONS IN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THIS AREA OR IN THE REAL ESTATE MARKET GENERALLY COULD BE MORE HARMFUL TO THE COMPANY COMPARED TO MORE DIVERSIFIED INSTITUTIONS. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 21% of WesBanco’s loan portfolio was comprised of residential real estate loans, and 47% was comprised of commercial real estate loans. Inherent risks of commercial real estate (“CRE”) lending include the cyclical nature of the real estate market, construction risk and interest rate risk. The cyclical nature of real estate markets can cause CRE loans to suffer considerable distress. During these times of distress, a property’s performance can be negatively affected by tenants’ deteriorating credit strength and lease expirations in times of softening demand caused by economic deterioration or over-supply conditions. Even if borrowers are able to meet their payment obligations, they may find it difficult to refinance their full loan amounts at maturity due to declines in property value. Other risks associated with CRE lending include regulatory changes and environmental liability. Regulatory changes in tax legislation, zoning or similar external conditions including environmental liability may affect property values and the economic feasibility of existing and proposed real estate projects. The company’s CRE loan portfolio is concentrated in West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Indiana. There are a wide variety of economic conditions within the local markets of the three states in which most of the company’s CRE loan portfolio is situated. Rates of employment, consumer loan demand, household formation, and the level of economic activity can vary widely from state to state and among metropolitan areas, cities and towns. Metropolitan markets comprise various submarkets where property values and demand can be affected by many factors, such as demographic makeup, geographic features, transportation, recreation, local government, school systems, utility infrastructure, tax burden, building-stock age, zoning and building codes, and available land for development. As a result of the high concentration of the company’s loan portfolio, it may be more sensitive, as compared to more diversified institutions, to future disruptions in and deterioration of this market, which could lead to losses which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the company. 24 WESBANCO MAY NEED TO RAISE CAPITAL IN THE FUTURE, BUT CAPITAL MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED OR AT ACCEPTABLE TERMS. Federal and state banking regulators require WesBanco and its banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, to maintain adequate levels of capital to support its operations. In addition, in the future WesBanco may need to raise additional capital to support its business or to finance acquisitions, if any, or WesBanco may otherwise elect to raise additional capital in anticipation of future growth opportunities. If WesBanco’s total assets were to increase to $15 billion due to acquisitions, certain trust preferred securities would no longer be included in the Tier 1 capital of the risk-based capital guidelines, although it is expected it should count as Tier 2 capital. WesBanco has $138.6 million and $137.6 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco’s ability to raise additional capital for parent company or banking subsidiary needs will depend on conditions at that time in the capital markets, overall economic conditions, WesBanco’s financial performance and condition, and other factors, many of which are outside our control. There is no assurance that, if needed, WesBanco will be able to raise additional capital or unsecured debt that may count as tier 2 capital on favorable terms or at all. An inability to raise additional capital may have a material adverse effect on our ability to expand operations, and on our financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES WesBanco’s subsidiaries generally own their respective offices, related facilities and any unimproved real property held for future expansion. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco operated 172 banking offices in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana, of which 131 were owned and 41 were leased. WesBanco also operated four loan production offices leased in West Virginia, Ohio and western Pennsylvania. These leases expire at various dates through November 2040 and generally include options to renew. The Bank also owns several regional headquarters buildings in various markets, most of which also house a banking office and/or certain back office functions. The main office of WesBanco is located at 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, West Virginia, in a building owned by the Bank. The building contains approximately 100,000 square feet and serves as the main office for both WesBanco’s community banking segment and its trust and investment services segment, as well as its executive offices. The Bank’s major back office operations currently occupy approximately 90% of the space available in an office building connected via sky-bridge to the main office. This adjacent back office building is owned by WesBanco Properties, Inc., a subsidiary of WesBanco, with the remainder of the building leased to unrelated businesses. At various building locations, WesBanco rents or makes available commercial office space to unrelated businesses. Rental income totaled $1.3 million, $0.8 million and $0.6 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For additional disclosures related to WesBanco’s properties, other fixed assets and leases, please refer to Note 6, “Premises and Equipment” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS WesBanco is also involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, WesBanco does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 25 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES WesBanco’s common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Stock Market under the symbol WSBC. The approximate number of record holders of WesBanco’s $2.0833 par value common stock as of February 16, 2018 was 6,623. The number of holders does not include WesBanco employees who have purchased stock or had stock allocated to them through WesBanco’s Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) plan (the “KSOP”). All WesBanco employees who meet the eligibility requirements of the KSOP are included in this retirement plan. The table below presents for each quarter in 2017 and 2016, the high and low sales price per share as reported by NASDAQ and cash dividends declared per share. Fourth quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First quarter $43.09 41.42 41.77 44.19 $38.09 35.49 36.49 34.81 High Low Dividend Declared $0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 High Low $43.77 33.09 33.47 30.36 $32.06 29.78 28.89 26.93 Dividend Declared $0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 2017 2016 In April 2015, WesBanco shareholders approved an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock from 50,000,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco had twelve capital trusts, which are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The debentures and trust preferred securities issued by the trusts provide that WesBanco has the right to elect to defer the payment of interest on the debentures and trust preferred securities for up to an aggregate of 20 quarterly periods. However, if WesBanco should defer the payment of interest or default on the payment of interest, it may not declare or pay any dividends on its common stock during any such period. For additional disclosure relating to WesBanco Trust Preferred Securities, refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Federal and state laws impose restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, which restrictions are more fully described in “Item 1. Business—Payment of Dividends.” As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco had two active one million share stock repurchase plans. The first plan was originally approved by the Board of Directors on March 21, 2007 and the second, which is incremental to the first, was approved October 22, 2015. Each provides for shares to be repurchased for general corporate purposes, which may include a subsequent resource for potential acquisitions, shareholder dividend reinvestment and employee benefit plans. The timing, price and quantity of purchases are at the discretion of WesBanco, and the plan may be discontinued or suspended at any time. Repurchases in the fourth quarter include those for the KSOP and dividend reinvestment plans and repurchases to facilitate stock compensation transactions and related income tax withholdings. Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Part III, “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” 26 The following table shows the activity in WesBanco’s stock repurchase plan and other purchases for the quarter ended December 31, 2017: Period Balance at September 30, 2017 . . . . . . . . . October 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2017 to November 30, 2017 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2017 Open market repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other repurchases (2) Other transactions (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans — 16,188 — $41.79 — 23 1,816 — 938 — 23 18,942 18,965 — 40.40 40.57 — 41.42 — 40.40 41.66 $41.66 — N/A — 23 N/A — N/A — 23 N/A 23 1,107,320 1,107,320 N/A 1,107,320 1,107,297 N/A 1,107,297 N/A 1,107,320 1,107,297 N/A 1,107,297 (1) Consists of open market purchases transacted for employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans. (2) Consists of shares purchased from employees for the payment of withholding taxes to facilitate stock compensation transactions. N/A—Not applicable 27 The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total shareholder returns for WesBanco, the Russell 2000 Index and the SNL Small Cap Bank Index. The total shareholder return assumes a $100 investment in the common stock of WesBanco and each index since December 31, 2012 with reinvestment of dividends. Total Return Performance WesBanco, Inc. Russell 2000 Index SNL Small Cap Bank Index 250 200 l e u a V x e d n I 150 100 50 0 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 Index 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 WesBanco, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SNL Small Cap Bank Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 148.24 138.82 139.47 165.76 145.62 147.01 147.19 139.19 161.00 217.28 168.85 228.27 210.73 193.58 239.41 Period Ending 28 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following consolidated selected financial data is derived from WesBanco’s audited financial statements as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2017. The following consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. WesBanco’s acquisitions during the five years ended December 31, 2017 include YCB on September 9, 2016 and ESB on February 10, 2015 and include the results of operations since the date of acquisition. (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, PER COMMON SHARE INFORMATION Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted, excluding certain 2.15 $ 2.14 2.16 $ 2.16 2.15 $ 2.15 2.39 $ 2.39 2.18 2.18 2.45 1.04 31.68 18.42 2.42 0.88 26.90 16.09 2.37 0.96 30.53 17.19 2.34 0.92 29.18 16.51 items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 Dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.78 Book value at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.59 14.68 Tangible book value at year end (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average common shares outstanding—basic . . . . . . . . . . . 44,003,208 40,100,320 37,488,331 29,249,499 29,270,922 Average common shares outstanding—diluted . . . . . . . . . 44,075,293 40,127,076 37,547,127 29,333,876 29,344,683 SELECTED BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,284,822 $ 2,316,214 $ 2,422,450 $ 1,511,094 $ 1,532,906 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,855 3,847,549 Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,144,773 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,062,530 Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,044 Total FHLB and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,137 Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746,595 SELECTED RATIOS Return on average assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average assets, excluding certain 20,320 6,296,157 9,816,178 7,043,588 1,133,008 164,327 1,395,321 17,315 6,205,762 9,790,877 7,040,879 1,168,322 163,598 1,341,408 7,899 5,024,132 8,470,298 6,066,299 1,123,106 106,196 1,122,132 5,865 4,042,112 6,296,565 5,048,983 303,816 106,176 788,190 0.96% 1.12% 0.97% 0.99% 1.05% items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible assets, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity (1) Return on average tangible equity, excluding certain items (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Efficiency ratio (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average loans to average deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-performing assets to total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loan charge-offs to average loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average shareholders’ equity to average assets . . . . . . . . . Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tier 1 leverage ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09 1.05 1.20 6.83 7.79 12.23 13.90 3.44 56.44 89.86 0.71 104.35 0.50 0.13 14.04 8.79 10.39 14.12 29 1.07 1.06 1.16 7.13 7.83 12.73 13.96 3.32 56.69 85.79 0.70 110.76 0.49 0.12 13.60 8.20 9.81 13.16 1.08 1.08 1.17 7.62 8.30 13.41 14.58 3.41 57.05 78.53 0.82 92.84 0.60 0.23 13.04 7.95 9.38 13.35 1.13 1.20 1.21 8.97 9.08 15.39 15.57 3.61 59.59 76.89 1.09 87.76 0.89 0.23 12.48 7.88 9.88 13.76 1.06 1.13 1.14 8.72 8.83 15.79 15.99 3.58 60.99 75.28 1.22 91.99 0.92 0.38 12.00 7.35 9.27 13.06 (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, Total capital to risk-weighted assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (CET 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend payout ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trust assets at market value (4) 14.19% N/A 35.78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,943,519 $3,723,142 $3,625,411 $3,840,540 $3,688,734 15.16% 14.18% 12.14 48.37 14.81% N/A 36.82 14.11% 11.66 42.79 11.28 44.44 (1) See non-GAAP Measures with this “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” for additional information relating to the calculation of this item. (2) Certain items excluded from the calculation consist of after-tax merger-related expenses and the net deferred tax asset re-valuation. (3) Presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax- exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 35% for each period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. (4) Trust assets are held by the Bank, in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. N/A—not applicable For the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 SUMMARY STATEMENTS OF INCOME Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $332,424 42,129 $286,097 32,767 $261,712 24,725 $215,991 22,763 $217,890 32,403 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,840 220,860 148,289 53,807 253,330 8,478 244,852 81,499 208,680 117,671 31,036 236,987 8,353 228,634 74,466 193,923 109,177 28,415 193,228 6,405 186,823 68,504 161,633 93,694 23,720 185,487 9,086 176,401 69,285 160,998 84,688 20,763 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,482 $ 86,635 $ 80,762 $ 69,974 $ 63,925 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.15 2.14 $ $ 2.16 2.16 $ $ 2.15 2.15 $ $ 2.39 2.39 $ $ 2.18 2.18 Non-GAAP Measures The following non-GAAP financial measures used by WesBanco provide information that WesBanco believes is useful to investors in understanding WesBanco’s operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of WesBanco’s peers. The following tables summarize the non-GAAP financial measures derived from amounts reported in WesBanco’s financial statements. (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, Tangible equity to tangible assets: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $1,395,321 $1,341,408 $1,122,132 $ 788,190 $ 746,595 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of 811,418 9,816,178 755,005 9,790,877 634,862 8,470,298 471,276 6,296,565 428,434 6,144,773 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) Tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,232,275 $9,204,474 $7,983,028 $5,979,651 $5,826,612 Tangible equity to tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.79% 8.20% 7.95% 7.88% 7.35% 30 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, Tangible book value per share: Total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of $ 1,395,321 $ 1,341,408 $ 1,122,132 $ 788,190 $ 746,595 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (583,903) (586,403) (487,270) (316,914) (318,161) Tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811,418 44,043,244 755,005 43,931,715 634,862 38,459,635 471,276 29,298,188 428,434 29,175,236 Tangible book value per share at year end . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 18.42 94,482 3,211 $ $ 17.19 86,635 2,339 $ $ 16.51 80,762 2,038 $ $ 97,693 1,383,935 88,974 1,215,888 82,800 1,059,490 $ $ 16.09 69,974 1,248 71,222 780,423 14.68 63,925 1,487 65,412 733,249 (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 799,050 $ 699,048 $ 617,275 $ 462,900 $ 414,336 Return on average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.23% 12.73% 13.41% 15.39% 15.79% Return on average tangible assets: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles . . . Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,482 3,211 $ 86,635 2,339 $ 80,762 2,038 $ 69,974 1,248 $ 63,925 1,487 97,693 9,854,312 88,974 8,939,886 82,800 8,123,981 71,222 6,253,253 65,412 6,109,311 (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,269,427 $ 8,423,046 $ 7,681,766 $ 5,935,730 $ 5,790,398 Return on average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05% 1.06% 1.08% 1.20% 1.13% Efficiency Ratio Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: restructuring and merger-related expense . . Non-interest expense excluding restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income on a fully-taxable equivalent $ 220,860 (945) $ 208,680 (13,261) $ 193,923 (11,082) $ 161,633 (1,309) $ 160,998 (1,310) 219,915 195,419 182,841 160,324 159,688 300,789 88,840 263,232 81,499 246,014 74,466 200,545 68,504 192,556 69,285 basis plus non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 389,629 $ 344,731 $ 320,480 $ 269,049 $ 261,841 Efficiency Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.44% 56.69% 57.05% 59.59% 60.99% Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . $ $ 94,482 12,780 614 $ 86,635 — 8,619 $ 80,762 — 7,203 $ 69,974 — 851 63,925 — 851 Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 107,876 $ 95,254 $ 87,965 $ 70,825 $ 64,776 31 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share: Net income per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income, excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related $ 2.14 $ 2.16 $ 2.15 $ 2.39 $ 2.18 0.29 0.02 — 0.21 — 0.19 — 0.03 — 0.03 $ $ 2.45 $ 2.37 $ 2.34 $ 2.42 $ 2.21 $ 94,482 614 12,780 86,635 8,619 — $ $ 80,762 7,203 — $ 69,974 851 — 63,925 851 — expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . 107,876 95,254 87,965 70,825 64,776 Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,383,935 $1,215,888 $1,059,490 $ 780,423 $ 733,249 Return on average tangible equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average tangible equity, excluding after- tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . Net income before amortization of intangibles and excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average total shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of 7.79% 7.83% 8.30% 9.08% 8.83% $ $ 94,482 614 12,780 3,211 $ $ 86,635 8,619 — 2,339 80,762 7,203 — 2,038 $ 69,974 851 — 1,248 63,925 851 — 1,487 111,087 1,383,935 97,593 1,215,888 90,003 1,059,490 72,073 780,423 66,263 733,249 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) Average tangible equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 799,050 $ 699,048 $ 617,275 $ 462,900 $ 414,336 Return on average tangible equity, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Return on average assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: 13.90% 13.96% 14.58% 15.57% 15.99% Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 94,482 614 12,780 86,635 8,619 — $ $ 80,762 7,203 — 69,974 851 — $ 63,925 851 — Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . 107,876 95,254 87,965 70,825 64,776 Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,854,312 $8,939,886 $8,123,981 $6,253,253 $6,109,311 Return on average tangible assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09% 1.07% 1.08% 1.13% 1.06% 32 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 For the years ended December 31, Return on average tangible assets, excluding after- tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add: amortization of intangibles, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . Add: after-tax merger-related expenses (1) . . . . . . . . . . . Add: net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 94,482 3,211 614 12,780 86,635 2,339 8,619 — $ $ 80,762 2,038 7,203 — 69,974 1,248 851 — 63,925 1,487 851 — Net income, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . Average total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: average goodwill and other intangibles, net of 111,087 9,854,312 97,593 8,939,886 90,003 8,123,981 72,073 6,253,253 66,263 6,109,311 deferred tax liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (584,885) (516,840) (442,215) (317,523) (318,913) Average tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,269,427 $8,423,046 $7,681,766 $5,935,730 $5,790,398 Return on average tangible assets, excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) Tax effected at 35% 1.20% 1.16% 1.17% 1.21% 1.14% 33 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Management’s Discussion and Analysis represents an overview of the results of operations and financial condition of WesBanco. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Forward-looking statements in this report relating to WesBanco’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The information contained in this report should be read in conjunction with WesBanco’s Form 10-Qs for the prior quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2017, respectively, and documents subsequently filed by WesBanco which are available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov or at WesBanco’s website, www.wesbanco.com. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements, which are not historical fact, involve risks and uncertainties, including those detailed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such statements are subject to important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such statements, including, without limitation, that the businesses of WesBanco and FTSB may not be integrated successfully or such integration may take longer to accomplish than excepted; the expected cost savings and any revenue synergies from the merger of WesBanco and FTSB may not be fully realized within the expected timeframes; disruption from the merger of WesBanco and FTSB may make it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, associates, or suppliers; the effects of changing regional and national economic conditions; changes in interest rates, spreads on earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and associated interest rate sensitivity; sources of liquidity available to WesBanco and its related subsidiary operations; potential future credit losses and the credit risk of commercial, real estate, and consumer loan customers and their borrowing activities; actions of the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, the SEC, FINRA, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the Securities Investors Protection Corporation, and other regulatory bodies; potential legislative and federal and state regulatory actions and reform, including, without limitation, the impact of the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act; adverse decisions of federal and state courts; fraud, scams and schemes of third parties; internet hacking; competitive conditions in the financial services instruments and industry; rapidly changing technology affecting financial services; marketability of debt corresponding impact on fair value adjustments; and/or other external developments materially impacting WesBanco’s operational and financial performance. WesBanco does not assume any duty to update forward- looking statements. APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and follow general practices within the industries in which it operates. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and as such have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. The most significant accounting policies followed by WesBanco are included in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These policies, along with other Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and this MD&A, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management has identified the allowance for loan losses and the evaluation of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment to be the accounting estimates that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available. 34 Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates, the velocity of changes in historical loss rates, and regulatory guidance pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non- accrual or as a troubled debt restructuring are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate land and construction, residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans that are not risk graded are determined for the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying value of respectively, which represents goodwill and other approximately 41.1% and 1.1% of total shareholders’ equity, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco’s Community Banking segment had two reporting units with Goodwill. intangibles was $573.9 million and $15.3 million, Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Finite-lived intangible assets, which consist primarily of core deposit is not amortized but 35 and customer list intangibles (long-term customer-relationship intangible assets) are amortized using straight-line and accelerated methods over their weighted-average estimated useful lives, ranging from ten to sixteen years in total, and are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective agreements, ranging from one to four years. WesBanco evaluated goodwill for impairment by determining if the fair value is greater than the carrying value of its reporting units. WesBanco uses market capitalization, multiples of tangible book value, a discounted cash flow model, and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. In particular, the discounted cash flow model includes various assumptions regarding an investor’s required rate of return on WesBanco common stock, future loan loss provisions, future net interest margins, along with various growth and economic recovery and stabilization assumptions of the economy as a whole. The resulting fair values of each method are then weighted based on the relevance and reliability of each respective method in light of the current economic environment to arrive at a weighted average fair value. The evaluation also considered macroeconomic conditions such as the general economic outlook, regional and national unemployment rates, and recent trends in equity and credit markets. Additionally, industry and market considerations, such as market- dependent multiples and metrics relative to peers, were evaluated. WesBanco also considered recent trends in credit quality, overall financial performance, stock price appreciation, internal forecasts and various other market-based methods to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units. Since adopting Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)”, the impairment charge is based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. WesBanco concluded that goodwill at the reporting units was not impaired as of November 30, 2017, and also determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2017 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2017, the date of the most recent goodwill impairment evaluation. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. WesBanco does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with finite useful lives as of December 31, 2017 are comprised of $15.2 million in core deposit intangibles held at the Bank and customer list intangibles of $0.1 million held at WesBanco Securities. As of December 31, 2017 there were no indicators of impairment related to intangible assets with finite useful lives. 36 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW On November 13, 2017, WesBanco and First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, WV with approximately $658.2 million in assets (excluding goodwill), entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger providing for the merger of FTSB with and into WesBanco. The transaction, valued at approximately $101.4 million, is expected to close early in the second quarter of 2018. WesBanco continued to achieve loan growth in commercial and home equity loans, maintained credit quality as the loan portfolio expanded, increased net interest income and non-interest income and enhanced operating efficiency through effective management of discretionary costs. Net income increased $7.8 million or 9.1% to $94.5 million. Net income excluding after-tax merger-related expenses and net deferred tax asset revaluation (non-GAAP measure) increased $12.6 million or 13.2% to $107.9 million. Net interest income improved $37.0 million or 14.6%, primarily through a 10.1% increase in average earning assets from the YCB acquisition and organic loan growth and a higher net income margin of 3.44% as compared to 3.32% in 2016. Total commercial loans grew 4.0% and home equity loans grew 4.1% over the past twelve months, which more than offset targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio to reduce overall risk by increasing underwriting standards and reducing the emphasis on certain indirect lending products. Growth was achieved in certain categories of non-interest income: electronic banking fees increased $3.6 million, mortgage banking income increased $2.5 million and service charges on deposits increased $2.2 million. Excluding merger-related costs, non-interest expenses increased 12.5% compared to 2016 reflecting a full year impact of the YCB acquisition and continued preparations for the $10 billion asset threshold, partially offset by cost savings initiatives. Overall, WesBanco’s costs were well controlled in 2017 as WesBanco achieved the best efficiency ratio in the last five years of 56.44% (non-GAAP measure), a 25 basis point improvement from 2016. Total assets as of December 31, 2017 increased $25.3 million or 0.3% compared to December 31, 2016, keeping WesBanco under the $10 billion asset threshold as of December 31, 2017. Portfolio loans of $6.3 billion increased 1.5% over the last twelve months, reflecting growth in our strategic focus categories including commercial and home equity loans. Secondary market loan sales in the residential real estate portfolio continued to increase, which reduced the amount of loans held on the balance sheet. Total deposits, excluding CDs, increased 4.0%, driven by 4.1% growth in interest bearing and non-interest bearing demand deposits, which now represent 49.3% of total deposits as of December 31, 2017. WesBanco continues to maintain strong regulatory capital the YCB acquisition and implementation of the new BASEL III capital standards. As of December 31, 2017, Tier I leverage was 10.39%, Tier I risk-based capital was 14.12%, and total risk-based capital was 15.16% and the Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio, was 12.14%. Both consolidated and bank-level regulatory capital ratios are well above the applicable “well-capitalized” standards promulgated by bank regulators, as well as the BASEL III capital standards. Total tangible equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP measure) was 8.79% at December 31, 2017, increasing from 8.20% at December 31, 2016, as a result of increases in shareholders’ equity at a faster pace than the increase in tangible assets. ratios after Strong earnings and improved total capital have enabled WesBanco to increase the quarterly dividend rate 8.3% to $0.26 per share in the first quarter of 2017, the tenth increase over the last seven years, cumulatively representing a 86% increase. The dividend was increased again in February 2018 to $0.29 per share, a $0.03 per share or 11.5% increase to be paid April 2, 2018. WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation (“WBCDC”) was recently awarded multi-state New Market Tax Credits from the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund totaling $40 million, which would provide a federal tax credit of $15.6 million over seven years. WBCDC’s goal is to promote meaningful, community-driven investments and fund a wide variety of businesses providing critical social and commercial services to low-income residents across the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. 37 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS EARNINGS SUMMARY For the twelve months ending December 31, 2017, net income was $94.5 million, or $2.14 per diluted share, compared to $86.6 million, or $2.16 per diluted share, for 2016. Excluding the net deferred tax asset revaluation, as a result of the recently enacted Federal tax reform legislation, and after-tax merger-related expenses (non- GAAP measure), net income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, increased 13.3% to $107.9 million compared to $95.3 million for 2016. Per share earnings increased to $2.45 per diluted share for 2017 as compared to $2.37 per diluted share for 2016, an increase of 3.4%. For the twelve months ending December 31, 2017, net interest income increased $37.0 million, or 14.6%, as average loan balances increased 15.3%, primarily due to the YCB acquisition, which closed on September 9, 2016, and the net interest margin increased 12 basis points to 3.44%. The increase in the net interest margin reflects the benefit from the increases in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal funds rate over the past year. The increase in the cost of interest bearing liabilities is primarily due to higher rates for interest bearing demand deposits, which include public funds, and certain Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings. The average interest bearing deposit balances increased 20.4% from 2016 primarily due to the YCB acquisition. For 2017, non-interest income increased $7.3 million or 9.0% compared to 2016. Service charges on deposits increased $2.2 million or 12.0% and electronic banking fees increased $3.6 million or 23.0% through a larger customer deposit base from the addition of YCB. Mortgage banking income increased $2.5 million or 99.8% due to increased secondary market sales of residential mortgage originations. The majority of these loans are being sold at a higher margin as they are now sold on a mandatory delivery basis as opposed to best efforts delivery basis. Net securities gains decreased $1.8 million or 75.9% due to agency calls in 2016. The following comments on non-interest expense exclude merger-related expenses in both years. Non- interest expense in 2017 increased $24.5 million or 12.5%, compared to 2016. With net revenue growth of 13.2% in 2017, this positive operating leverage helped to improve the efficiency ratio in 2017 to 56.4% from 56.7% in 2016. For 2017, salaries and wages increased $13.1 million or 15.5% due to increased compensation expense related to a 12.2% increase in full-time equivalent employees, primarily late in the third quarter of 2016 from the YCB acquisition, and routine annual adjustments to compensation. Employee benefits expense increased $2.0 million or 7.1%, primarily from increased health insurance, social security contributions and other benefit plan costs resulting from a larger employee base. Increases in net occupancy and equipment were also primarily from costs related to the additional branches from the YCB acquisition and routine maintenance costs. The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $53.8 million in 2017 compared to $31.0 million in 2016. The increase in income tax expense was due to a $12.8 million impact from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets resulting from the recently enacted Federal tax reform legislation; a 26.0% increase in pre- tax income, and the adoption earlier this year of a new accounting standard related to low income housing tax credit investment amortization, which moved $1.2 million from other operating expense to the provision for income taxes. 38 TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME (dollars in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustments to net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $290,295 10,494 $253,330 9,902 $236,987 9,027 Net interest income, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $300,789 $263,232 $246,014 Net interest spread, non-taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit of net non-interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable-equivalent adjustment Net interest margin, fully taxable-equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17% 0.15% 3.32% 0.12% 3.44% 3.08% 0.12% 3.20% 0.12% 3.32% 3.19% 0.09% 3.28% 0.13% 3.41% Net interest income, which is WesBanco’s largest source of revenue, is the difference between interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and securities, and interest expense on liabilities (deposits and short and long-term borrowings). Net interest income is affected by the general level and changes in interest rates, the steepness and shape of the yield curve, changes in the amount and composition of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, as well as the frequency of repricing of existing assets and liabilities. Net interest income increased $37.0 million or 14.6% in 2017 compared to 2016, due to a 10.1% increase in average earning asset balances, primarily from the YCB acquisition, and a 12 basis point increase in the net interest margin. Loan balances increased by 1.5% in 2017, and were driven by 4.0% growth in total commercial loans and 4.1% growth in home equity loans, both strategic focus categories of WesBanco, and more than offset the targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio to reduce the overall risk profile. Total average deposits increased in 2017 by $742.0 million or 9.7% compared to 2016, while certificates of deposit, which have the highest overall interest cost among deposits, decreased by $131.0 million or 8.6%. Reflecting the benefit from multiple increases in the Federal Reserve’s target federal funds rate over the past year and the higher margin on the acquired YCB net assets, the net interest margin increased to 3.44% in 2017 compared to 3.32% in 2016. Yields increased in 2017 for most earning asset categories, more than offsetting an 11 basis point increase in the cost of interest bearing liabilities from 2016. The increase in the cost of interest bearing liabilities is primarily due to rate increases for larger balance customers in interest bearing demand deposits, which include public funds, and higher rates for certain short term and Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings. Approximately 8 basis points of accretion from prior acquisitions was included in the 2017 net interest margin compared to 7 basis points in the 2016 net interest margin. Interest income increased $46.3 million or 16.2% in 2017 compared to 2016 due to higher average loan balances and higher yields in almost every earning asset category. Earning asset yields were influenced positively in 2017 by the 25 basis point target federal funds rate increases occurring in the first, second and fourth quarters. Average loan balances increased by $845.6 million or 15.3% in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to the YCB acquisition. Loan yields increased by 16 basis points during this same period to 4.28% due to higher loan yields on the acquired YCB loan portfolio and the previously mentioned federal funds rate increases. In 2017, average loans represented 72.8% of average earning assets, an increase from 69.5% in 2016. Total securities yields increased by 11 basis points in 2017 from 2016 due to lower amortization expense from paydowns on mortgage-backed securities, increases in market yields on new purchases and a higher percentage of average tax- exempt securities to total securities. The average balance of tax-exempt securities, which provide the highest yield within securities, increased 8.4% or $56.0 million over the last year, and were 31.2% of total average securities in 2017 compared to 28.5% in 2016, which helped to mitigate their 9 basis point decline as new securities yields were lower than those maturing throughout the period. While increasing 14 basis points in yield, taxable securities balances decreased 5.1% in 2017 from 2016. The securities portfolio balance was controlled by management throughout 2017 to maintain the size of the balance sheet in order to delay the financial impact of crossing $10 billion in assets. 39 Portfolio loans increased $92.0 million or 1.5% over the last twelve months. Loan growth was achieved through $2.0 billion in total loan originations, led by $1.3 billion in business loan originations for 2017. Loan growth was driven by expanded market areas and additional commercial personnel in our core markets, offset by significant loan paydowns or payoffs as some loans moved into the secondary lending market by customers who refinanced their mortgages. Interest expense increased $9.4 million or 28.6% in 2017 compared to 2016, due primarily to increases in the balances and rates paid on most interest bearing liability categories. The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased by 11 basis points in 2017. Average interest bearing deposits increased by $307.5 million or 6.2% from 2016, mostly due to the YCB acquisition; however, the average balance of CDs decreased $131.0 million or 8.6% from 2016. This decrease was partially due to a $30.2 million reduction in CDARS® balances from $135.2 million at December 31, 2016 to $105.0 million at December 31, 2017. In addition, average non-interest bearing demand deposits increased in 2017 by $342.9 million or 23.2% from 2016 and are now 25.7% of total average deposits, compared to 23.0% in 2016, reflecting customers’ preferences and marketing strategies. Average other borrowings and subordinated debt balances increased in 2017 by $121.4 million or 52.8% from 2016 primarily due to debt acquired in the YCB acquisition. The average rate paid on other borrowings and subordinated debt in 2017 increased by 32 and 83 basis points, respectively, from 2016 due to the higher rate borrowings assumed in the YCB acquisition, and increases in LIBOR, the index upon which most of the subordinated debt is priced. Most of these borrowings are currently variable rate. The average balance of FHLB borrowings decreased by $29.8 million in 2017 from 2016, but the average rate paid increased by 18 basis points due to higher interest rates and the replacement of some maturing shorter-term borrowings with those of a medium-term length throughout 2017. On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, known as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” was signed into law. Among other things, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act permanently lowers the corporate tax rate to 21% from the existing maximum rate of 35%, effective for tax years commencing January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction of the corporate tax rate to 21%, it is anticipated that the net interest margin will be negatively impacted beginning in 2018, due to a decrease in the taxable-equivalent adjustment to net interest income. There will be no reduction to net interest income. Based on the current amount of tax-exempt interest income, the impact to the 2018 net interest margin is anticipated to be a reduction of approximately 6 basis points. 40 TABLE 2. AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND NET INTEREST MARGIN ANALYSIS (dollars in thousands) Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 ASSETS Due from banks-interest bearing . . . $ Loans, net of unearned 13,811 $ 118 0.85% $ 27,193 $ 145 0.53% $ 15,467 $ 27 0.17% income (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,358,845 272,007 4.28% 5,513,277 226,993 4.12% 4,840,637 203,993 4.21% Securities: (2) Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt (3) 1,591,149 723,019 Total securities . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,314,168 47,548 38,630 29,983 68,613 2,179 2.43% 1,677,128 4.15% 667,066 2.96% 2,344,194 4.58% 45,704 38,490 28,292 66,782 2,079 2.29% 1,757,288 568,671 4.24% 2.85% 2,325,959 28,721 4.55% 39,314 25,791 65,105 1,614 Total earning assets (3) . . 8,734,372 342,917 3.93% 7,930,368 295,999 3.73% 7,210,784 270,739 2.24% 4.54% 2.80% 5.61% 3.75% Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,119,940 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,854,312 1,009,518 $8,939,886 913,197 $8,123,981 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Interest bearing demand deposits . . . $1,613,451 $ 6,453 2,775 Money market accounts . . . . . . . . . . 745 Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,108 . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit 1,012,660 1,248,985 1,383,807 0.40% $1,340,001 $ 0.27% 961,847 0.06% 1,134,755 0.73% 1,514,767 2,817 1,860 696 10,419 0.21% $1,143,965 0.19% 1,003,980 0.06% 1,044,079 0.69% 1,704,871 $ 1,943 1,914 640 11,033 0.17% 0.19% 0.06% 0.65% Total interest bearing deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,258,903 20,081 0.38% 4,951,370 15,792 0.32% 4,896,895 15,530 0.32% Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt 965,795 187,298 164,156 13,290 1,442 7,317 1.38% 995,644 0.77% 105,735 4.46% 124,318 11,985 478 4,512 1.20% 0.45% 3.63% 591,506 109,165 115,088 5,510 370 3,315 0.93% 0.34% 2.88% Total interest bearing liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,576,152 42,130 0.64% 6,177,067 32,767 0.53% 5,712,654 24,725 0.43% Non-interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,817,782 76,443 1,383,935 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ 1,474,883 72,048 1,215,888 1,267,158 84,679 1,059,490 Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,854,312 $8,939,886 $8,123,981 Net interest spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable equivalent net interest margin (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.29% 3.20% 3.32% $300,787 3.44% $263,232 3.32% $246,014 3.41% (1) Gross of allowance for loan losses and net of unearned income. Includes non-accrual and loans held for sale. Loan fees included in interest income on loans were $3.6 million, $2.8 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Additionally, loan accretion included in interest income on loans acquired from prior acquisitions was $5.9 million, $4.4 million and $3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, while accretion on interest bearing liabilities acquired from prior acquisitions was $1.4 million, $1.8 million, and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (2) Average yields on securities available-for-sale have been calculated based on amortized cost. (3) Taxable equivalent basis is calculated on tax-exempt securities using a rate of 35% for each period presented. 41 TABLE 3. RATE/VOLUME ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INTEREST INCOME AND INTEREST EXPENSE (1) (in thousands) Increase (decrease) in interest income: 2017 Compared to 2016 2016 Compared to 2015 Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Volume Rate Net Increase (Decrease) Due from banks—interest bearing . . . . . . . . $ Loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . . . . Taxable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt securities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other earning assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (91) $ 36,354 (2,027) 2,331 88 64 8,660 2,168 (640) 16 Total interest income change (2) . . . . . . 36,655 10,268 Increase (decrease) in interest expense: Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 103 69 (933) (368) 504 1,647 2,965 812 (20) 622 1,673 460 1,158 Total interest expense change . . . . . . . . 1,692 7,670 $ (27) $ 32 $ 45,014 141 1,691 104 46,923 3,635 915 49 (311) 1,305 964 2,805 9,362 27,787 (1,705) 4,251 814 86 (4,787) 881 (1,750) (349) $ 118 23,000 (824) 2,501 465 31,179 (5,919) 25,260 366 (81) 55 (1,280) 4,535 (12) 282 3,865 508 27 1 666 1,940 120 915 4,177 874 (54) 56 (614) 6,475 108 1,197 8,042 Net interest income increase (decrease) (2) . . . . . $34,963 $ 2,598 $37,561 $27,314 $(10,096) $17,218 (1) Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis. (2) The yield on earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) and annualized basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 35% for each period presented. WesBanco believes this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts. PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES The provision for credit losses is the amount to be added to the allowance for loan losses after net charge- offs have been deducted to bring the allowance to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses in the loan portfolio. The provision for credit losses also includes the amount to be added to the reserve for loan commitments to bring that reserve to a level considered appropriate to absorb probable losses on unfunded commitments. The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $1.5 million or 17.8% to $10.0 million. This increase is primarily the result of overall loan growth as historical loss rates and other credit quality indicators either improved or were stable. The provision for credit losses was higher than net charge-offs by $1.6 million and $1.9 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. (Please see the “Credit Quality” and “Allowance for Credit Losses” sections of this MD&A for additional discussion). 42 TABLE 4. NON-INTEREST INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net insurance services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swap fee and valuation income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other $22,740 20,532 19,183 6,672 4,794 5,053 567 658 2,967 1,958 3,716 $21,630 18,333 15,596 6,449 4,064 2,529 2,357 790 3,023 2,962 3,766 $ 1,110 2,199 3,587 223 730 2,524 (1,790) (132) (56) (1,004) (50) Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $88,840 $81,499 $ 7,341 5.1 12.0 23.0 3.5 18.0 99.8 (75.9) (16.7) (1.9) (33.9) (1.3) 9.0 Non-interest income, a significant source of revenue and an important part of WesBanco’s results of operations, was 23.4% and 24.3% of net revenues for 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco offers its customers a wide range of retail, commercial, investment and electronic banking services, which are viewed as a vital component of WesBanco’s ability to attract and maintain customers, as well as providing additional fee income beyond normal spread-related income to WesBanco. Non-interest income increased $7.3 million or 9.0% compared to 2016. total Trust fees increased $1.1 million compared to 2016 as average trust assets in 2017 were higher than in 2016 due to market improvements along with customer and revenue development initiatives. As of December 31, 2017, trust assets of $3.9 billion increased 5.9% from $3.7 billion at December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2017, trust assets include managed assets of $3.3 billion and non-managed (custodial) assets of $0.6 billion. Assets managed for the WesMark Funds, a proprietary group of mutual funds for which WesBanco Investment Department serves as investment advisor, were $959.4 million as of December 31, 2017 and $884.1 million as of December 31, 2016 and are included in trust managed assets. Service charges on deposits increased $2.2 million or 12.0% compared to the prior year due to the larger customer deposit base from the YCB acquisition in the second half of last year. As of December 31, 2017, deposits, excluding CDs, of $5.8 billion increased $0.2 billion from $5.6 billion as of December 31, 2016. Electronic banking fees, which include debit card interchange fees, continued to grow, increasing $3.6 million or 23.0% compared to 2016, due to a higher volume of debit card transactions from the YCB acquisition and WesBanco’s legacy customers. The volume increase in our legacy markets is due to marketing and process initiatives as well as a higher percentage of customers using these products. Bank-owned life insurance increased $0.7 million compared to 2016 due to two death claims in 2017. As of December 31, 2017, bank-owned life insurance cash surrender value of $192.6 million increased 2.4% from $188.1 as of December 31, 2016. Mortgage banking income increased $2.5 million or 99.8% compared to 2016 due to increased volume and higher gain on sale margins. In the fourth quarter, WesBanco began selling mortgages on a mandatory basis as opposed to best efforts on most loans sold in the secondary market. Loans sold on a mandatory delivery basis are sold at a higher margin because the interest rate risk stays with the seller prior to the sale of the loan. To offset this risk, WesBanco enters into to be announced (“TBA”) forward contracts to counteract the movement in interest rates. Total mortgage production was $393.7 million in 2017, up 1.2% from 2016. Mortgages sold into the secondary market represented $208.7 million or 53.0% of overall mortgage loan production in 2017 compared to $167.6 million or 43.1% in 2016. Net securities gains decreased $1.8 million or 75.9% compared to 2016 due to one agency call in 2016 resulting in a $0.9 million securities gain. 43 Swap fee and valuation income has decreased $1.0 million or 33.9% from 2016 primarily due to the change in the valuation of the interest rate swaps. TABLE 5. NON-INTEREST EXPENSE For the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory, accounting and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 97,361 29,933 17,101 16,026 5,720 3,504 4,940 945 8,423 6,857 4,510 3,879 3,033 2,781 2,487 1,097 12,263 $ 84,281 27,952 14,664 14,543 5,391 3,990 3,598 13,261 6,825 6,270 4,297 3,306 2,919 2,406 1,800 1,210 11,967 $ 13,080 1,981 2,437 1,483 329 (486) 1,342 (12,316) 1,598 587 213 573 114 375 687 (113) 296 Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $220,860 $208,680 $ 12,180 15.5 7.1 16.6 10.2 6.1 (12.2) 37.3 (92.9) 23.4 9.4 5.0 17.3 3.9 15.6 38.2 (9.3) 2.5 5.8 Non-interest expense in 2017 increased $12.2 million or 5.8% compared to 2016, principally from the YCB acquisition, which increased assets by $1.5 billion, excluding goodwill, and added 34 offices to our branch network. In 2017, there was $0.9 million of merger-related expenses for the YCB and FTSB acquisitions and $13.3 million in 2016 for the YCB acquisition. Non-interest expense, excluding merger-related expenses, increased $24.5 million or 12.5% in 2017 as compared to 2016. Salaries and wages increased $13.1 million or 15.5% compared to 2016, due to increased compensation expense from the acquisition, select sales personnel additions, particularly in the new Kentucky and Southern Indiana markets, and staff additions in preparation for the anticipated crossing of $10 billion in total assets. Increased short-term incentives and stock compensation also contributed to the increase. Employee benefits expense increased $2.0 million or 7.1% compared to 2016 due to the acquisition, but much of the increase was offset by lower pension costs in 2017. Net occupancy increased $2.4 million in 2017 or 16.6% compared to 2016 principally due to increased building-related costs including utilities, lease expense, depreciation, repairs and other seasonal maintenance costs, mostly from the YCB branch locations acquired, as well as normal building maintenance and repair costs of the legacy branch network and other infrastructure needs. Equipment costs increased $1.5 million or 10.2% compared to 2016 due to the YCB acquisition and continuous improvements in technology and communication infrastructure, software costs and origination and customer support platforms. FDIC insurance decreased $0.5 million or 12.2% compared to 2016, despite a larger balance sheet from the YCB acquisition, due to the DIF reaching 1.15% prior to July 1, 2016, thus allowing the FDIC to institute new favorable assessment rate calculations beginning on that date for banks under $10 billion in size, as well as improved risk-based factors for the Bank. 44 Amortization of intangible assets increased $1.3 million or 37.3% in 2017 compared to 2016 due to the YCB acquisition, which added approximately $12.0 million in core deposit intangibles and $0.8 million in non- compete agreements with former YCB executives covering a three year term. Restructuring and merger-related expenses in 2017 were comprised primarily of $0.5 million expenses related to the finalization of YCB-related expenses earlier in the year and $0.4 million expenses related to the FTSB merger that is anticipated to close early in the second quarter of 2018 for legal and other professional fees. In 2016, the $13.3 million costs related to the YCB acquisition include $7.5 million from contract termination and conversion costs, $2.4 million from change-in-control payments and employee severance, $1.5 million in investment banking services, $0.8 million in legal expenses, $0.5 million in audit and valuation services, $0.3 million in rebranding and $0.3 million in various other expenses. Miscellaneous taxes increased $1.6 million or 23.4% in 2017 compared to 2016 due to increases in Pennsylvania bank shares tax expense, Kentucky capital stock tax and real estate taxes in various jurisdictions. The acquisition of YCB expanded our branch network into Kentucky and Indiana. Consulting, regulatory, accounting and advisory fees increased $0.6 million or 9.4% compared to 2016 due to certain third-party fees associated with the increased volume in loan originations, as well as consulting fees related to preparations for certain regulatory requirements, such as stress testing, for institutions that exceed $10 billion in total assets. Cost savings initiatives resulted in lower expense for this category in the last half of the year. INCOME TAXES The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $53.8 million in 2017 compared to $31.0 million in 2016. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to the $12.8 million impact from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets from the recently enacted Federal tax reform legislation and a 26.0% increase in pre-tax income. The effective tax rate increased to 36.3% compared to 26.4% for 2016 due to 8.6% for the tax reform remeasurement, the movement of low income housing tax credit amortization from other operating expenses to income tax expense for all of 2017, somewhat offset by a 1.0% increase in net tax-exempt interest income on securities of state and political subdivisions. 45 FINANCIAL CONDITION Total assets increased 0.3% in 2017, while shareholders’ equity increased 4.0% and deposits remained relatively unchanged, compared to December 31, 2016. Total portfolio loans increased $92.0 million or 1.5% primarily as a result of growth in strategic focus categories with commercial loans increasing 4.0% and home equity loans increasing 4.1%, which more than offset targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio. Total deposits remained virtually unchanged in 2017 as deposits increased by $2.7 million due to increases in most deposit categories being offset by a $218.8 million decrease in certificates of deposit. Interest-bearing demand deposits and non-interest-bearing demand deposits increased 5.1% and 3.2%, respectively, while savings and money market deposits increased 4.7% and 3.0%, respectively. The decrease in certificates of deposit is a result of lower rate offerings for maturing certificates of deposit and customer preferences for other deposit types. The increases in demand deposits and savings deposits were attributable to marketing, incentives paid to customers, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships, and customers’ preference for short-term maturities, coupled with initial deposits from bonus and royalty payments for Marcellus and Utica shale gas payments from energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets. Total borrowings decreased 2.6% during 2017, due to a decrease in short-term borrowings of $14.6 million, coupled with a reduction of $20.7 million in FHLB borrowings. Total shareholders’ equity increased by approximately $53.9 million or 4.0%, compared to December 31, 2016, primarily due to net income exceeding dividends for the period by $48.7 million and a $1.2 million gain in other comprehensive income. Also affecting retained earnings was a $5.6 million reclass between accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings for the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)”, related to the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The tangible equity to tangible assets ratio (non-GAAP measure) increased to 8.79% at December 31, 2017 from 8.20% at December 31, 2016, primarily as a result of the increase in shareholders’ equity at a faster pace than the increase in tangible assets. 46 SECURITIES TABLE 6. COMPOSITION OF SECURITIES (1) (dollars in thousands) Trading securities (at fair value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Available-for-sale (at fair value) U.S. Government sponsored entities and December 31, 2017-2016 December 31, 2017 2016 $ Change % Change 2015 7,844 $ 7,071 $ 773 10.9 $ 6,451 agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,843 54,043 17,800 32.9 83,505 934,922 938,289 (3,367) (0.4) 1,142,014 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commerical mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,867 104,830 35,403 96,810 111,663 35,301 18,057 (6,833) 102 18.7 (6.1) 0.3 2.1 10.7 34,066 80,265 58,593 $1,398,443 4,626 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,261,865 $1,236,106 $ 25,759 543 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,070 5,613 Total available-for-sale securities . . . . . . . . . . $1,267,478 $1,241,176 $ 26,302 2.1 $1,403,069 Held-to-maturity (at amortized cost) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,465 $ 13,394 $ (1,929) (14.4) $ — Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,025 794,655 33,355 215,141 (45,116) 805,019 (10,364) (1,058) 34,413 (21.0) (1.3) (3.1) 216,419 762,039 34,472 Total held-to-maturity securities . . . . . . . . . . . $1,009,500 $1,067,967 $(58,467) (5.5) $1,012,930 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,284,822 $2,316,214 $(31,392) (1.4) $2,422,450 Available-for-sale and trading securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total securities: Weighted average yield at the respective year end (2) . . As a % of total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average life (in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.35% 55.8% 4.2 3.85% 44.2% 4.2 2.22% 53.9% 4.3 3.76% 46.1% 5.0 3.01% 2.93% 100.0% 100.0% 4.2 4.6 2.14% 58.2% 4.1 3.94% 41.8% 5.0 2.90% 100.0% 4.5 (1) At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and certain federal or federally-related agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. (2) Weighted average yields have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. 47 Total investment securities, which represent a source of liquidity for WesBanco as well as a contributor to interest income, decreased $31.4 million or 1.4% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. The overall securities decrease was due to a focus on controlling overall growth, primarily through control of the securities portfolio, in order to delay the financial impact of crossing $10 billion in assets. In addition, $9.4 million of securities were sold from the held-to-maturity portfolio in the second quarter of 2017, which resulted in $0.4 million in realized gains. These securities were all deemed to be at maturity, as less than 15% of their acquired principal balance was remaining at the time of sale. The portfolio’s weighted average tax-equivalent yield increased in 2017 by 8 basis points, from 2.93% to 3.01%. This increase was due to multiple federal funds rate increases during 2017 that increased yields on new purchases, and also from lower amortization expense in 2017 on mortgage-backed securities resulting from lower principal paydowns. Total gross unrealized securities losses decreased by $2.6 million, from $29.3 million at December 31, 2016 to $26.7 million at December 31, 2017. WesBanco had $664.5 million in investment securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months at December 31, 2017, which decreased from $1.5 billion in the same category at December 31, 2016; however, the balance of investment securities in an unrealized loss position for more than twelve months increased from $67.5 million at December 31, 2016 to $787.1 million at December 31, 2017. The overall shift of securities to the over 12 months category was due to continued increases in federal funds rates during 2017 causing market prices to decrease on certain lower-rate securities purchased or acquired in prior years. WesBanco believes that all of the unrealized securities losses at December 31, 2017 were temporary impairment losses. Please refer to Note 4, “Securities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. WesBanco does not have any investments in private mortgage-backed securities or those that are collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, nor does WesBanco have any exposure to collateralized debt obligations or government-sponsored enterprise preferred stocks. Net unrealized pre-tax losses on available-for-sale securities were $22.1 million at December 31, 2017, compared to $20.8 million at December 31, 2016. These net unrealized pre-tax losses represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields in the available-for-sale portfolio, and on an after-tax basis are accounted for as an adjustment to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Net unrealized pre-tax gains in the held-to-maturity portfolio, which are not accounted for in other comprehensive income, were $14.3 million at December 31, 2017, compared to $8.8 million at December 31, 2016. 48 TABLE 7. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION AND YIELD ANALYSIS OF SECURITIES The following table presents the amortized cost and tax-equivalent yields of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2017. In some instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. December 31, 2017 One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years Over Ten Years Mortgage- backed and equity Total Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) Amount Yield (1) (dollars in thousands) Available-for-sale U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,000 1.25%$ 2,000 2.00% $ 17,000 1.81% $ 6,874 3.00% $ 36,551 2.60% $ 72,425 2.25% Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (2) . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (2) . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . Equity securities (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale — — — — — — — — 954,115 2.11% 954,115 2.11% — — — — — — — — 116,448 2.33% 116,448 2.33% 3,920 3,982 6.56% 18,583 1.94% 26,264 3.89% 37,123 5.18% 42,737 4.04% 2.84% 4,988 2.88% — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,223 3.40% 102,363 4.52% 35,234 2.75% 4,223 3.40% securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,902 2.56%$ 46,847 3.22% $ 59,111 4.01% $ 49,611 3.89% $1,111,337 2.15% $1,284,808 2.35% Held-to-maturity U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 11,465 2.10% $ 11,465 2.10% Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies (2) . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity — — — — — — — — 170,025 2.18% 170,025 2.18% 4,823 3.92% 104,921 7,628 — — 3.81% 396,870 4.28% 288,041 4.20% 3.09% 25,727 3.62% — — — — — — 794,655 4.19% 33,355 3.50% securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,823 3.92%$112,549 3.76% $422,597 4.24% $288,041 4.20% $ 181,490 2.32% $1,009,500 3.85% Total (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,725 2.85%$159,396 3.60% $481,708 4.21% $337,652 4.16% $1,292,827 2.18% $2,294,308 3.01% (1) Yields are determined based on the lower of the yield-to-call or yield-to-maturity. (2) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. Projected maturities based on current speeds within one year, between one and five years, between five and ten years and over ten years are expected to be approximately $1.0 million, $959.9 million, $286.5 million and $41.2 million, respectively. (3) Average yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions have been calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. (4) Equity securities, which have no stated maturity, are not assigned a maturity category. (5) This table does not include trading securities, which consist of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with a deferred compensation plan, are recorded at fair value and totaled $7.8 million at December 31, 2017. 49 Cost-method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Indianapolis stock totaling $45.9 and $46.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. WesBanco’s municipal portfolio, comprised of both tax-exempt and taxable securities, totaled 39.4% of the overall securities portfolio as of December 31, 2017, and it carries different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types contained in the portfolio. The following table presents the allocation of the municipal bond portfolio based on the combined S&P and Moody’s ratings of the individual bonds: TABLE 8. MUNICIPAL BOND RATINGS (dollars in thousands) Municipal bonds (at fair value) (1): December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Moody’s: Aaa / S&P: AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 96,253 685,446 Moody’s: Aa1 ; Aa2 ; Aa3 / S&P: AA+ ; AA ; AA- . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,032 Moody’s: A1 ; A2 ; A3 / S&P: A+ ; A ; A- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Moody’s: Baa1 ; Baa2 ; Baa3 / S&P: BBB+ ; BBB ; BBB- (2) . . . 7,764 Not rated by either agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 74.9 13.7 0.1 0.8 $ 93,676 700,506 121,903 729 9,991 10.1 75.5 13.2 0.1 1.1 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $915,240 100.0 $926,805 100.0 (1) The highest available rating was used when placing the bond into a category in the table. (2) As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there are no securities in the municipal portfolio rated below investment grade. WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio consists of both taxable (primarily Build America Bonds) and tax- exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table presents additional information regarding the municipal bond type and issuer (at fair value): TABLE 9. COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) Municipal bond type: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total General Obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $630,824 284,416 68.9 31.1 $638,868 287,937 68.9 31.1 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $915,240 100.0 $926,805 100.0 Municipal bond issuer: State Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 95,160 820,080 10.4 89.6 $ 92,241 834,564 10.0 90.0 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $915,240 100.0 $926,805 100.0 50 WesBanco’s municipal bond portfolio is broadly spread across the United States. The following table presents the top five states of municipal bond concentration based on total fair value at December 31, 2017: TABLE 10. CONCENTRATION OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2017 Fair Value % of Total Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $194,872 104,333 100,826 46,736 35,027 433,446 21.3 11.4 11.0 5.1 3.8 47.4 Total municipal bond portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $915,240 100.0 WesBanco uses prices from independent pricing services and, to a lesser extent, indicative (non-binding) quotes from independent brokers, to measure the fair value of its securities. WesBanco validates prices received from pricing services or brokers using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, comparison to secondary pricing services, corroboration of pricing by reference to other independent market data such as secondary broker quotes and relevant benchmark indices, review of pricing by personnel familiar with market liquidity and other market-related conditions, review of pricing service methodologies, review of independent auditor reports received from the pricing service regarding its internal controls, and through review of inputs and assumptions used in pricing certain securities thinly traded or with limited observable data points. The procedures in place provide management with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of WesBanco’s securities. For additional disclosure relating to fair value measurement, refer to Note 16, “Fair Value Measurement” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. 51 LOANS AND LOAN COMMITMENTS Loans represent WesBanco’s largest balance sheet asset classification and the largest source of interest income. Commercial loans include commercial real estate (“CRE”), which is further differentiated between land and construction, and improved property loans; as well as other commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loans that are not secured by real estate. Retail loans include residential real estate mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”), and loans for other consumer purposes. Loan commitments, which are not reported on the balance sheet, represent available balances on commercial and consumer lines of credit, commercial letters of credit, deposit account overdraft protection limits, certain loan guarantee contracts, and approved commitments to extend credit. Approved commitments, which have been accepted by the customer, are included net of any WesBanco loan balances that are to be refinanced by the new commitment. However, typically not all approved commitments will ultimately be funded. Loans and loan commitments are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 11. LOANS AND COMMITMENTS December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total (dollars in thousands) LOANS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . $ 392,597 2,601,851 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 $ 496,539 40.9 2,376,972 7.9 $ 344,748 1,911,633 37.9 6.8 $ 262,643 1,682,817 37.7 6.4 $ 263,117 1,649,802 41.1 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,994,448 1,125,327 Total commercial loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,119,775 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit Total residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,369 1,296,932 529,196 1,882,497 339,169 Total retail loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,221,666 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,341,441 20,320 47.1 17.7 64.8 0.9 20.4 8.3 29.6 5.3 34.9 99.7 0.3 2,873,511 1,088,118 3,961,629 46,226 1,337,164 508,359 1,891,749 396,058 2,287,807 6,249,436 17,315 45.8 17.4 63.2 0.7 21.4 8.1 30.2 6.3 36.5 99.7 0.3 2,256,381 737,878 2,994,259 40,261 1,207,539 416,889 1,664,689 406,894 2,071,583 5,065,842 7,899 44.5 14.5 59.0 0.8 23.8 8.2 32.8 8.0 40.8 99.8 0.2 1,945,460 638,410 2,583,870 19,681 909,089 330,031 1,258,801 244,095 1,502,896 4,086,766 5,865 47.5 15.6 63.1 0.5 22.2 8.1 30.8 6.0 36.8 99.9 0.1 1,912,919 556,249 2,469,168 27,559 863,245 284,687 1,175,491 250,258 1,425,749 3,894,917 5,855 6.7 42.3 49.0 14.3 63.3 0.7 22.1 7.3 30.1 6.4 36.5 99.8 0.2 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,361,761 100.0 $6,266,751 100.0 $5,073,741 100.0 $4,092,631 100.0 $3,900,772 100.0 LOAN COMMITMENTS Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . $ 419,082 158,565 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 $ 392,355 8.5 151,797 22.0 $ 380,704 130,415 8.6 24.6 $ 276,075 81,715 8.5 22.5 $ 305,600 60,387 6.7 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . 577,647 571,692 Total commercial commitments . . . . . . . . 1,149,339 Residential real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . Other mortgages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit Total residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total retail commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,454 31,555 486,516 547,525 36,282 583,807 Total portfolio commitments . . . . . . . . . . Deposit overdraft limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,733,146 126,671 3,846 31.0 30.7 61.7 1.6 1.7 26.1 29.4 1.9 31.3 93.0 6.8 0.2 544,152 540,647 1,084,799 25,468 37,418 447,993 510,879 36,811 547,690 1,632,489 126,517 17,037 30.6 30.4 61.1 1.4 2.1 25.2 28.8 2.1 30.8 91.9 7.1 1.0 511,119 482,799 993,918 17,369 17,191 369,152 403,712 35,360 439,072 1,432,990 106,252 6,865 33.1 31.2 64.3 1.1 1.1 23.9 26.1 2.3 28.4 92.7 6.9 0.4 357,790 420,577 778,367 17,402 9,227 297,888 324,517 26,115 350,632 1,128,999 95,965 3,784 29.2 34.2 63.4 1.4 0.8 24.2 26.4 2.1 28.5 91.9 7.8 0.3 365,987 383,327 749,314 15,661 5,461 268,302 289,424 23,256 312,680 1,061,994 96,291 1,733 26.4 5.2 31.6 33.0 64.6 1.4 0.5 23.1 25.0 2.0 27.0 91.6 8.3 0.1 Total loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,863,663 100.0 $1,776,043 100.0 $1,546,107 100.0 $1,228,748 100.0 $1,160,018 100.0 Letters of credit included above . . . . . . . . $ 31,951 1.7 $ 32,907 1.9 $ 27,408 1.8 $ 23,362 1.9 $ 20,447 1.8 52 Total portfolio loans increased $92.0 million or 1.5% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, primarily due to continued growth in our strategically–focused loan categories. Total commercial loans grew 4.0% and home equity loans grew 4.1% over the past twelve months, which more than offset targeted reductions in the consumer portfolio. Portfolio loans are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of deferred loan fees and costs, and discounts on purchased loans. The net deferred loan (costs) and fees were $(1.6) million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. WesBanco conducts a deferred loan cost study to determine the allowable costs to be deferred over the life of the loan. In the most recent study, WesBanco’s deferred costs have increased at a faster rate than the related customer deferred fee income causing the balance of the deferred loan costs to outweigh the deferred loan fees primarily from home equity lines of credit which have little fee income. CRE represents a significant component of the loan portfolio at 47.1%, which was a 1.3% increase for the year. CRE—land and construction loan balances decreased $103.9 million or 20.9% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 as several large construction projects were completed. CRE—improved property loans increased $224.9 million or 9.5% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 reflecting completed construction projects and organic growth. C&I loans increased $37.2 million or 3.4% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Organic growth was achieved through increased business development efforts that resulted in obtaining new customer relationships and new opportunities created by the acquisition of YCB in September 2016, which resulted in an expanded presence in the greater Louisville, Lexington and Elizabethtown, KY markets along with southern Indiana. The portfolio also benefited from increased business activity due to generally improved economic conditions in all markets. Residential real estate mortgage loans decreased $30.1 million or 2.2% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, due primarily to an increase in secondary market loan sales, which reduced the amount of residential real estate loans held on the balance sheet. WesBanco retained approximately 47% of mortgages originated in 2017 for the portfolio compared to 57% in 2016. In addition, approximately 21% of mortgages originated in 2017 were refinances of existing mortgages compared to 32% in 2016. HELOC loans increased $20.8 million or 4.1% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. This growth was achieved primarily through regular marketing activities and a competitive HELOC product containing features that customers found desirable. Consumer loans decreased $56.9 million or 14.4% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. The decline in consumer portfolio balances was primarily in the indirect loan portfolio for new and used auto and truck financing, and reflects our strategy to reduce the risk profile in this portfolio. Total loan commitments increased $87.6 million or 4.9% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Commitments in the total CRE portfolio increased approximately $33.5 million, HELOC commitments increased $38.5 million and C&I commitments increased $31.0 million. Geographic Distribution—WesBanco extends credit primarily within the market areas where it has branch offices. Loans outside of these markets are generally only made to established customers that have other business relationships with WesBanco in its markets. Loans outside of WesBanco’s markets represented less than 2% of total loans at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. These loans consist primarily of CRE-land and construction loans, residential real estate loans for second residences or vacation homes, consumer purpose lines of credit to wealth management customers and automobile loans to family members of local customers. Management does not plan to significantly increase out-of-market loans. The geographic distribution of the loan portfolio, excluding deposit overdraft limits and loans held for sale, is summarized in Table 12. 53 TABLE 12. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LOANS (percentage of exposure, rounded to nearest whole percent) Land and Construction Improved Property Commercial Real Estate December 31, 2017 (1) Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Lines Consumer Total Upper Ohio Valley MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morgantown, WV MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parkersburg, WV-Marietta, OH MSA . . . . . Other West Virginia Locations . . . . . . . . . . Pittsburgh, PA MSA & Other Pennsylvania Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Columbus, OH MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Western Ohio MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Ohio Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisville KY—Jefferson County MSA . . . Other Indiana Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Kentucky Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent States & Outside-of-Market . . . . . 2% 5 2 4 8% 5 5 6 21% 5 2 6 8 45 12 5 7 0 8 2 21 14 11 10 11 1 5 3 16 12 7 10 16 1 3 1 10% 17% 21% 12% 4 3 10 5 6 21 5 6 12 5 4 8 27 11 14 10 4 0 5 2 19 7 11 12 5 0 5 1 25 3 2 10 2 0 3 2 21 13 10 10 9 1 5 2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% (1) Real estate secured loans are categorized based on the address of the collateral. All other loans are categorized based on the borrower’s address. The Upper Ohio Valley MSAs include the Wheeling, West Virginia and Weirton, West Virginia- Steubenville, Ohio MSAs. Other West Virginia locations include the Fairmont-Clarksburg and Charleston MSAs as well as communities that are not located within an MSA primarily in the northern, central and eastern parts of the state. The western Ohio MSAs include the Dayton-Springfield and the Cincinnati-Middletown MSAs. Other Ohio locations include communities in Ohio that are not located within an MSA, the majority of which are located in southeastern Ohio. Other Indiana locations include communities in Indiana that are not located within an MSA, the majority of which are located in southern Indiana. Other Kentucky locations include the Lexington- Fayette and Elizabethtown KY MSAs along with other Kentucky locations that are not located within an MSA. Adjacent states include parts of Maryland and Tennessee that are within close proximity to WesBanco’s markets. Outside-of-market loans consist of loans in all other locations not included in any of the other defined areas and have remained relatively unchanged overall from 2014. CREDIT RISK The risk that borrowers will be unable or unwilling to repay their obligations is inherent in all lending activities. Repayment risk can be impacted by external events such as adverse economic conditions, social and political influences that impact entire industries or major employers, individual loss of employment or other personal calamities and changes in interest rates. This inherent risk may be further exacerbated by the terms and structure of each loan as well as potential concentrations of risk. The primary goal of managing credit risk is to minimize the impact of all of these factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. Credit risk is managed through the initial underwriting process as well as through ongoing monitoring and administration of the portfolio. Credit policies establish standard underwriting guidelines for each type of loan and require an appropriate evaluation of the credit characteristics of each borrower. This evaluation focuses on the sufficiency and sustainability of the primary source of repayment, the adequacy of collateral, if any, as a secondary source of repayment and other factors unique to each type of loan that may increase or mitigate their risk. The manner and degree of monitoring and administration of the portfolio varies by type and size of loan. 54 Credit risk is also managed by closely monitoring delinquency levels and trends and initiating collection efforts at the earliest stage of delinquency. WesBanco also monitors general economic conditions, including unemployment, housing activity and real estate values in its markets. Underwriting standards are modified when appropriate based on market conditions, the performance of one or more loan categories, and other external factors. An independent loan review function also performs periodic reviews of the portfolio to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of underwriting, loan documentation and portfolio administration. Each category of loans contain distinct elements of risk that impact the manner in which those loans are underwritten, structured, documented, administered and monitored. Customary terms and underwriting practices, together with specific risks associated with each category of loans and WesBanco’s processes for managing those risks are discussed in the remainder of this section. Commercial Loans—The commercial portfolio consists of loans to a wide range of business enterprises of varying size. Many commercial loans often involve multiple loans to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, therefore the potential for loss on any single transaction can be significantly greater for commercial loans than for retail loans. Commercial loan risk is mitigated by limiting total credit exposure to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, industries and geographic markets and by requiring appropriate collateral or guarantors. Commercial loans are monitored for potential concentrations of loans to any one borrower or group of related borrowers. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco’s legal lending limit to any single borrower or their related interests approximated $135 million. The ten largest commercial relationships in total ranged from $500 million to $550 million throughout 2017, but only five relationships exceeded $50 million at December 31, 2017. These large relationships generally consist of more than one loan to a borrower or their related entities. The single largest relationship exposure approximated $59 million at December 31, 2017 and consists of multiple loans to a customer in the multi-family housing sector. The largest CRE loan exposure by property type and industry are set forth in tables 14 and 15. Commercial loans, including renewals and extensions of maturity, are approved within a framework of individual lending authorities based on the total credit exposure of the borrower. Loans with credit exposure up to $500,000 are approved by underwriters that are not responsible for loan origination. Loans with credit exposure greater than $500,000 minimally require the approval of a senior commercial banking officer, and credit exposures greater than $1.5 million require approval of a credit officer that is not responsible for loan origination. Credit exposures greater than $10 million require approval of a credit committee comprised of executive management, directors, and other qualified persons that are not responsible for loan origination. Underwriters and credit officers do not receive incentive compensation based on loan origination volume. Senior commercial banking officers receive incentive compensation based on multiple factors that include loan fees, credit quality, and portfolio administration origination, net growth in outstanding loan balances, requirements. CRE – land and construction consists of loans to finance land for development, investment, use in a commercial business enterprise, agricultural or minerals extraction; construction of residential dwellings for resale, multi-family apartments and other commercial buildings that may be owner-occupied or income generating investments for the owner. Construction loans generally are made only when WesBanco also commits to the permanent financing of the project, has a takeout commitment from another lender for the permanent loan, or the loan is expected to be repaid from the sale of subdivided property. However, even if WesBanco has a takeout commitment, construction loans are underwritten as if WesBanco will retain the loan upon completion of construction. In recent years, due to the low interest rate environment and low property capitalization rates, many construction loans that did not have a takeout commitment when the loan originated have been sold or refinanced in the secondary market times, resulting in significant unscheduled payoffs of loans. immediately upon completion of construction at 55 CRE – improved property loans consist of loans to purchase or refinance owner-occupied and investment properties. Owner-occupied CRE consists of loans to borrowers in a diverse range of industries and property types. Investment properties include multi-family apartment buildings, 1-to-4 family rental units, and various types of commercial buildings that are rented or leased to unrelated parties of the owner. C&I loans consist of revolving lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory and other general business purposes; term loans to finance fixed assets other than real estate, and letters of credit to support trade, insurance or governmental requirements for a variety of businesses. Most C&I borrowers are privately-held companies with annual sales up to $100 million. CRE – land and construction loans require payment of interest only during the construction period, with initial terms ranging from six months to up to three years for larger, multiple-phase projects such as residential housing developments and large scale commercial projects. Interest rates are often fully floating based on an appropriate index but may also be structured in the same manner as the interest rate that will apply to the permanent loan upon completion of construction. Interest during the construction period is typically included in the project costs and therefore is often funded by loan advances. Advances are monitored to ensure that the project is at the appropriate stage of completion with each advance and that interest reserves are not exhausted prior to completion of the project. In the event a project is not completed within the initial term, the loan is re- underwritten at maturity but interest beyond the initial term must be paid by the borrower and in some instances an additional interest reserve is required as a condition of extending the maturity. Upon completion of construction, the loan is converted to permanent financing and reclassified to CRE—improved property. CRE – improved property loans generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods ranging from ten to twenty-five years depending on the type, age and condition of the property. Loans with amortization periods exceeding twenty years typically also have a maturity date or call option of ten years or less. Interest rates are generally adjustable ranging from one to five years based on an appropriate index of comparable duration. Interest rates may also be fixed for longer than five years but the borrower may be required to enter into an interest rate derivative contract that converts WesBanco’s rate to an adjustable rate. C&I term loans secured by equipment and other types of collateral generally require monthly principal and interest payments based on amortization periods up to ten years depending on the estimated useful life of the collateral with interest rates that may be fixed for the term of the loan or adjustable ranging from one to seven years based on an appropriate index. Commercial lines and letters of credit are generally categorized as C&I but may also be categorized as CRE—improved property loans if they are secured primarily by real estate. Lines of credit typically require payment of interest only with principal due on demand or at maturity. Interest rates on lines of credit are generally fully adjustable based on an appropriate short-term index. Letters of credit typically require a periodic fee with principal and interest due on demand in the event the beneficiary of the letter requests an advance on the commitment. Lines of credit may also include a fee based on the amount of the line that is not advanced. Lines and letters of credit are generally renewable or may be cancelled annually by WesBanco but may also be committed for up to three years when appropriate. Letters of credit may also require WesBanco to notify the beneficiary within a specified time in the event WesBanco does not intend to renew or extend the commitment. 56 Table 13 summarizes the distribution of maturities by rate type for all commercial loans. TABLE 13. MATURITIES OF COMMERCIAL LOANS December 31, 2017 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . $ 11,284 Improved property . . . . . 141,426 40,845 Commercial and industrial . . . Total commercial loans . . . . . $193,555 $ 39,444 259,101 175,936 $474,481 2,781 $ $ 247,698 184,672 53,509 $ 93,811 648,225 204,033 401,453 358,695 $435,151 $1,103,187 $656,539 $115,448 278,475 117,517 $511,440 $ 129,829 $ 339,088 1,471,118 1,953,626 723,874 $1,848,609 $3,016,588 247,662 The primary factors considered in underwriting CRE—land and construction loans are the overall viability of each project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, market absorption rates and property values. These loans also have the unique risk that the developer or builder may not complete the project, or not complete it on time or within budget. Risk is generally mitigated by extending credit to developers and builders with established reputations who operate in WesBanco’s markets and have the liquidity or other resources to absorb unanticipated increases in the cost of a project or longer than anticipated absorption, periodically inspecting construction in progress, and disbursing the loan at specified stages of completion. Certification of completed construction by a licensed architect or engineer and performance and payment bonds may also be required for certain types of projects. Since speculative projects are inherently riskier, WesBanco may require a specified percentage of pre-sales for land and residential development or pre- lease commitments for investment property before construction can begin. The primary factors that are considered in underwriting investment real estate are the net rental income generated by the property, the composition of the tenants occupying the property, and the terms of leases, all of which may vary depending on the specific type of property. Other factors that are considered include the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience owning and managing investment property. Repayment of owner-occupied loans must come from the cash flow generated by the occupant’s commercial business. Therefore, the primary factors that are considered in underwriting owner-occupied CRE and C&I loans are the historical and projected earnings, cash flow, capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business. Other factors that are considered for their potential impact on repayment capacity include the borrower’s industry, competitive advantages and disadvantages, demand for the business’s products and services, business model viability, quality, experience and depth of management, and external influences that may impact the business such as general economic conditions and social or political changes. The type, age, condition and location of real estate as well as any environmental risks associated with the property are considered for both owner-occupied and investment CRE. Environmental risk is mitigated by requiring assessments performed by qualified inspectors whenever the current or previous uses of the property or any adjacent properties are likely to have resulted in contamination of the property financed. Risk is further mitigated by requiring borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations may be obtained throughout the life of each loan to more accurately assess current market value when the initial term of a loan is being extended, market conditions indicate that the property value may have declined, and/or the primary source of repayment is no longer adequate to repay the loan under its original terms. 57 CRE loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios are generally limited to the maximum percentages prescribed by WesBanco credit policy or banking regulations which range from 65% for unimproved land to 85% for improved commercial property. Regulatory guidelines also limit the aggregate of CRE loans that exceed prescribed LTV ratios to 30% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital. The aggregate of all CRE loans and loan commitments that exceeded the regulatory guidelines approximated $101 million or 11% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 compared to $109 million or 12% at December 31, 2016. Regardless of credit policy or regulatory guidelines, lower LTV ratios may be required for certain types of properties or when other factors exist that increase the risk of volatility in market values such as single or special use properties that cannot be easily converted to other uses or may have limited marketability. Conversely, higher LTV ratios may be acceptable when there are other factors to adequately mitigate the risk. The type and amount of collateral for C&I loans varies depending on the overall financial strength of the borrower, the amount and terms of the loan, and available collateral or guarantors. Loans secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities represent the lowest risk. Marketable securities are subject to changes in market value and are monitored regularly to ensure they remain appropriately margined. The total of C&I exposure secured by bank deposit accounts and marketable securities approximate $260 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $258 million at December 31, 2016. Unsecured C&I loans, which represent the highest risk, approximated $127 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $150 million at December 31, 2016. Unsecured credit is only extended to those borrowers that exhibit consistently strong repayment capacity and the financial condition to withstand a temporary decline in their operating cash flows. The single largest unsecured exposure is $6.6 million. Collateral other than real estate that fluctuates with business activity, such as accounts receivable and inventory, may also be subject to regular reporting and certification by the borrower and, in some instances, independent inspection or verification by WesBanco. Approximately $108 million or 6.4% of C&I exposure at December 31, 2017 is secured solely by accounts receivable and inventory compared to $110 million or 6.7% at December 31, 2016. Another $142 million or 8.4% of C&I exposure is secured by equipment or motorized vehicles at December 31, 2017 compared to $144 million or 8.8% at December 31, 2016. The remainder of the C&I portfolio is secured by multiple types of collateral, which at times includes real estate that is taken as collateral for reasons other than its value. Most commercial loans are originated directly by WesBanco. Participation in loans originated by other financial institutions represent $309 million or 5.6% of total commercial loans at December 31, 2017 compared to $280 million or 5.6% at December 31, 2016. Included in this total are Shared National Credits of $45 million at December 31, 2017 and $53 million at December 31, 2016. Shared National Credits are defined as loans in excess of $20 million that are financed by three or more lending institutions; however, this dollar threshold will be increasing to $100 million in 2018. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation and underwriting before purchasing loan participations. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from the limited ability to control the actions of the lead, agent or servicing institution. The commercial portfolio is monitored for potential concentrations of credit risk by market, type of lending, CRE property type, C&I and owner-occupied CRE by industry, investment CRE dependence on common tenants and industries or property types that are similarly impacted by external factors. Total credit exposure by real estate property type and industry sectors are summarized in Tables 14 and 15. Due to fluctuations in energy prices, the bank closely monitors its energy portfolio. At December 31, 2017, total exposure to core energy industries such as drilling, extraction, pipeline construction, mining equipment, investment real estate with energy-related tenants and other related support activities approximated $55 million or 0.7% of the total loan portfolio as compared to $51.0 million or 0.6% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2016. Exposure to ancillary industries such as utility distribution and transportation, engineering services, manufacturers and retailers of other heavy equipment used in core energy industries, approximates an additional $65 million in exposure or 0.8% of the total loan portfolio as compared to $78 million or 1.0% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2016. Lodging properties located in the shale gas areas that may be impacted by a reduction in shale gas activities represent an additional $131 million of exposure at December 31, 2017 as compared to $133 million at December 31, 2016. 58 TABLE 14. CRE EXPOSURE BY PROPERTY TYPE CRE Land and Construction CRE Improved Investment CRE Improved Owner Occupied December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands) Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 77,607 $ 31,996 $ 36,846 1-to-4 family . . . . . . . . . Multi-family . . . . . . . . . . 125,729 29,649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail 50,642 Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,866 Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,490 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,723 Senior living . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hospital 1,898 Self-storage . . . . . . . . . . 1,269 Eating place . . . . . . . . . . 225 Gas station . . . . . . . . . . . — Recreational . . . . . . . . . . 14,405 Dormitory . . . . . . . . . . . . — House of worship . . . . . . 9,475 Other special use . . . . . . 13,389 Mixed use . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . 31,110 205,105 6,961 25,334 16,232 23,097 8,067 — 4,952 255 852 — 28,245 1,841 4,031 26,932 4,072 32,568 171,032 413,015 308,479 232,967 57,841 234,019 68,351 2,795 18,493 21,802 11,644 1,966 44,060 2,976 19,062 240,080 28,646 $ 3,687 6,357 13,038 9,319 10,637 3,652 11,539 1,416 — 1,081 29 — — — 305 1,662 7,614 26,971 $ 8,023 2,839 — 70,266 112,504 81,642 — 41,992 25,026 — 23,988 57,669 20,980 — 42,254 63,000 119,145 22,727 $ 495 193 — 1,515 3,985 17,490 — 1,318 30 — 299 208 1,689 — 1,052 20,689 9,687 2,608 $ 154,376 $ 5,480 248,377 12,800 756,887 24,075 426,189 15,540 436,069 17,173 180,723 10,000 279,145 20,229 135,867 19,569 27,851 10,913 4,500 26,424 3,418 47,642 5,405 70,598 24,635 5,379 86,710 23,150 4,236 48,428 117,919 16,869 416,847 25,855 87,408 15,000 16.4 26.4 80.6 45.3 46.4 19.2 29.7 14.4 3.0 2.8 5.1 7.5 2.6 9.2 5.2 12.5 44.3 9.3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $392,597 $419,082 $1,909,796 $97,307 $692,055 $61,258 $3,572,095 $25,855 379.9 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. Multi-family apartments represent the single largest category of CRE. Including construction loans, multi- family apartment exposure increased 8.8% from $696 million at December 31, 2016 to $757 million at December 31, 2017. This exposure represent 80.6% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 compared to 77.6% at December 31, 2016. Approximately 53% of the total multi-family exposure is for new construction projects, many of which are expected to be refinanced in the secondary market over the next 24 months. During 2017, a number of properties refinanced in the secondary market shortly after completion and prior to stabilization. These early payoffs enabled WesBanco to continue to finance new multi-family projects throughout our market. The central Ohio market represents approximately 37% of the total multi-family apartment exposure in 2017 which is the same percentage as in 2016, and the Pittsburgh/Western PA market represents approximately 15% of the total exposure, down from 19% in 2016. Office buildings represent the second largest category of CRE with total exposure of $436 million. This represents 46.4% of total risk-based capital compared to 46.8% at December 31, 2016. Approximately 25% of the office building exposure is in the Central Ohio market with 19% located in the Pittsburgh/Western PA market. Retail property is the third largest category of CRE, which includes shopping centers, single-tenant buildings, and neighborhood retail store fronts. With $426 million in total exposure, this category represents 45.3% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 as compared to 44.7% at December 31, 2016. There is no known concentration of loans secured by retail investment property occupied by a common tenant or group of tenants in the same industry. Approximately 24% of the retail exposure is in the Central Ohio market, 18% in Western Ohio and 18% in the Kentucky and Southern Indiana market. Mixed use properties’ exposure of $417 million is the fourth largest category of CRE and represents 44.3% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 compared to 48.9% at December 31, 2016. This category of 59 loans include various combinations of other property types such as retail, office or housing in one facility. Approximately 31% of the total exposure is in the Western PA market with 30% in the Kentucky, southern Indiana market. Approximately $87 million of mixed use properties also include multi-family apartments in addition to the multi-family exposure summarized above. Other special use properties consist of facilities that have a unique purpose other than those identified in Table 14, and includes properties such as funeral homes, carwashes, other auto care facilities, fire stations, parking garages, other municipal service facilities and school buildings. Unclassified properties are generally smaller, general purpose buildings and store fronts that can typically be adapted to any number of potential commercial uses. In addition to the methods in which WesBanco monitors the CRE portfolio for possible concentrations of risk, to determine whether a bank has an overall the regulatory agencies use a two-tiered assessment concentration of CRE lending as a percentage of bank total risk-based capital. Loan balances used to determine compliance are based upon Call Report instructions and therefore do not necessarily match the balances displayed in Table 14. The first tier measures loans for land, land development, residential and commercial construction. This tier totals $433 million or 46.3% of risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 compared to $528 million or 58.9%, respectively, at December 31, 2016. The regulatory guidance for the first tier is 100.0% of total risk-based capital. The second tier measures loans included in the first tier plus multi-family apartments and other commercial investment property, along with improved owner-occupied real estate. This tier totals $2,870 million or 307.1% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017 compared to $2,735 million or 305.0% at December 31, 2016. The regulatory guidance for the second tier is 300% of total risk-based capital. If the second tier measure excluded improved owner-occupied real estate, the bank would have $2,174 million or 232.5% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital. The regulatory agencies also consider whether a bank’s CRE portfolio has increased by 50% or more within the prior thirty-six months of the assessment date. Total CRE exposure increased $1,037 million or 56.6% for the thirty-six month period ended December 31, 2017, including acquisition-related growth. Management believes that although the bank is slightly above the 300% and 50% thresholds, portfolio credit quality and our sound risk management practices mitigate the risk of continued CRE lending. Basel III requires banks to identify High Volatility Commercial Real Estate (“HVCRE”) loans in their portfolios. These loans are subject to 150% weighting in the risk-based capital calculation effective January 1, 2015. These regulations require, among other things, that all CRE loans (either investment or owner-occupied) for acquisition, development or construction that are not in permanent amortizing loan status, meet the statutory LTV guidelines, have a minimum contributed equity of 15% in cash or marketable securities, and the loan documentation must contain a requirement that the initial capital injection remain in the project until the loan has converted to permanent financing or is paid in full. The bank has approximately $196 million in HVCRE exposure representing 5.5% of total CRE exposure and 21% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2017. This compares to $341 million in HVCRE exposure representing 10.0% of total CRE exposure and 38% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2016. These loans are classified as HVCRE primarily for legal documentation reasons rather than contributed equity being less than 15%. 60 TABLE 15. C&I AND OWNER-OCCUPIED CRE EXPOSURE BY INDUSTRY C&I December 31, 2017 CRE Improved Owner Occupied Property (dollars in thousands) Agriculture and farming . . . . . . . . . . $ Energy—oil and gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy—mining and utilities . . . . . . Construction—general . . . . . . . . . . . Construction—trades . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing—primary metals . . . Manufacturing—other . . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale and distribution . . . . . . . Retail—automobile dealers . . . . . . . Retail—other sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and warehousing . . . Information and communications . . Finance and insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—business and professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services—personal and other . . . . . Schools and education services . . . . Healthcare—medical practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healthcare—hospitals and other . . . Entertainment and recreation . . . . . . Restaurants and lodging . . . . . . . . . . Religious organizations . . . . . . . . . . Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan Balance Loan Commitment Loan Balance Loan Commitment Total Exposure Largest Loan (1) % of Capital (2) 6,339 $ 7,798 35,368 57,024 41,989 19,623 114,643 69,808 32,400 39,995 26,624 2,636 54,997 33,367 91,425 2,795 $ 26,847 8,815 41,024 34,546 20,245 78,892 33,706 14,654 24,478 11,923 2,241 77,058 23,484 21,482 1,515 $ 7,658 4,800 9,888 19,909 6,137 29,992 20,025 16,307 99,649 25,061 1,501 5,751 9,617 107,672 308 $ 178 — 19,112 1,647 — 5,961 532 761 2,455 2,625 — 1,067 — 4,216 10,957 $ 2,500 42,481 3,500 48,983 13,298 127,048 10,000 98,091 12,440 46,005 27,500 229,488 25,000 124,071 20,000 64,122 10,000 166,577 10,000 4,190 66,233 998 6,378 138,873 15,000 66,468 10,000 4,957 224,795 58,771 20,808 73,921 44,835 74,852 5,722 43,728 32,702 88,452 47,500 37,730 5,862 5,547 8,226 18,988 2,749 7,701 17,929 12,360 32,410 20,450 53,359 10,296 45,928 73,013 17,643 36,018 42,422 10,084 17,360 1,691 12,036 598 118,642 8,750 92,065 16,869 90,362 12,425 593 2,183 1,685 1,204 1,052 824 530 99,582 22,500 169,036 25,434 5,379 27,799 5,026 88,651 94,105 15,000 111,720 17,378 3,925 97,800 1.2 4.5 5.2 13.5 10.4 4.9 24.4 13.2 6.8 17.7 7.0 0.7 14.8 7.1 23.9 12.6 9.8 9.6 10.6 18.0 3.0 9.4 10.0 11.9 10.4 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,125,327 $571,692 $692,055 $61,258 $2,450,332 $27,500 260.6 (1) Largest loan represents the largest contractual obligation of WesBanco, which may not be fully funded. (2) Bank total risk-based capital. All of the services sectors combined represent the largest industry exposure at $435 million or 46.3% of capital; however, these sectors include a variety of service-providing businesses. Combined exposure to the services sectors decreased $21 million from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Approximately $134 million in exposure to lessors of non-residential buildings is the single largest industry group exposure in the services sector and represents approximately 31% of the combined total. The manufacturing sectors represent the second largest industry exposure at 29.3% of capital, decreasing slightly from 29.4% at the end of the previous year. Total exposure to manufacturing increased 4.6% from $263 million at December 31, 2016 to $275 million at December 31, 2017. Machinery and equipment, food and the beverage manufacturing, along with metal manufacturing sector. fabrication and forging, collectively represent 44% of The healthcare sector including medical practitioners represents the third largest industry at 28.6 % of capital compared to 26.1% at the end of the previous year. Total exposure to healthcare increased 15.1% from $233 million at December 31, 2016 to $269 million at December 31, 2017. Hospitals and clinics comprise 20% of the hospitals and other category. 61 The retail sales sectors including automobile dealers represent the fourth largest industry exposure at 24.5% of capital compared to 25.1% at the end of the previous year. Total exposure to the retail sectors increased $5.8 million or 2.6% from December 31, 2016. Excluding automobile dealers, gasoline stations and convenience stores represent approximately 57% of the exposure to the other retail businesses. Retail Loans—Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a larger number of individual borrowers. This group is comprised of residential real estate loans, home equity lines of credit and consumer loans. Residential real estate consists of loans to purchase, construct or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, second residence or vacation home. Residential real estate also includes approximately $16 million of 1-to-4 family rental properties. WesBanco originates residential real estate loans for its portfolio as well as for sale in the secondary market. Portfolio loans also include loans to finance vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. Except for construction loans that require interest-only during the construction period, portfolio loans require monthly principal and interest payments to amortize the loan within terms up to thirty years. Construction periods range from six to twelve months but may be longer for larger residences. Loans for vacant land generally begin amortizing immediately and are refinanced when the owner begins construction of a dwelling. Interest rates on portfolio loans may be fixed for up to thirty years. Adjustable rate loans are based primarily on the Treasury Constant Maturity index and can adjust annually or in increments up to five years. HELOC loans are secured by first or second liens on a borrower’s primary residence. HELOCs are generally limited to an amount which when combined with the first mortgage on the property, if any, does not exceed 90% of the market value. Maximum LTV ratios are also tiered based on the amount of the line and the borrower’s credit history. Most HELOCs originated prior to 2005 are available for draws by the borrower for up to fifteen years at which time the outstanding balance is converted to a term loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments sufficient to repay the loan in not more than seven years. Most HELOCs originated since 2005 through 2013 are available to the borrower for an indefinite period as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change, but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Generally, lines originated since 2013 have a 15 year draw period, a ten year repayment period and also give borrowers the option to convert portions of the balance of their line into an installment loan requiring monthly principal and interest payments, with availability to draw on the line restored as the installment portions are repaid. HELOCs that originated prior to 2000 began reaching the end of their availability period starting in 2015 and years thereafter. These lines have the additional risk that the borrower will not have the capacity to make higher payments of interest and principal or may not qualify for a new line of credit. The amount of such lines that will reach the end of their availability period in 2018 represents less than 2% of the total HELOC exposure. Consumer loans consist of installment loans originated directly by WesBanco and indirectly through dealers to finance purchases of automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and other recreational vehicles; home equity installment loans, unsecured home improvement loans, and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured. The maximum term for installment loans is generally eighty-four months for automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and boats; one hundred eighty months for travel trailers; one hundred twenty months for home equity/improvement loans; and sixty months if the loan is unsecured. Maximum terms may be less depending on age of collateral. In January, 2018 the bank decided to no longer underwrite indirect loans for motorcycles, recreational vehicles, trailers, boats or off-road vehicles to reduce the overall risk profile of the portfolio. Revolving lines of credit are generally available for an indefinite period of time as long as the borrower’s credit characteristics do not materially change but may be cancelled by WesBanco under certain circumstances. Interest rates on installment obligations are generally fixed for the term of the loan, while lines of credit are adjustable daily based on the Prime Rate. 62 TABLE 16. MATURITIES OF RETAIL LOANS December 31, 2017 Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total In One Year or Less After One Year Through Five Years After Five Years Total (in thousands) Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,475 $ 40,158 $667,821 $ 713,454 $ 226 $ 3,160 $636,461 $ 639,847 Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . 1,890 . . . . . . . . . 16,436 Consumer 6,526 140,129 21,657 133,299 30,073 118,331 30,846 289,864 29,002 10,972 351,790 7,487 499,123 49,305 Total retail loans . . . . $23,801 $186,813 $822,777 $1,033,391 $149,403 $43,134 $995,738 $1,188,275 The primary factors that are considered in underwriting retail loans are the borrower’s credit history and their current and reasonably anticipated ability to repay their obligations as measured by their total debt-to- income ratio. Portfolio residential real estate loans are generally underwritten to secondary market lending standards using automated underwriting systems developed for the secondary market that rely on empirical data to evaluate each loan application and assess credit risk. The amount of the borrower’s down payment is an important consideration for residential real estate, as is the borrower’s equity in the property for HELOCs. It is common practice to finance the total amount of the purchase price of motor vehicles and other consumer products plus certain allowable additions for tax, title, service contracts and credit insurance. Effective January 10, 2014 underwriting of residential real estate loans also became subject to new regulations promulgated by the CFPB which among other things defined the characteristics of a “qualified mortgage” and imposed new standards for determining and documenting a borrower’s ability to repay. One impact of these regulations is the risk of liability to a borrower at a future date if the borrower claims the institution had knowledge when the loan was made that the borrower did not have the ability to repay. In October 2015, the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule, also known as TRID, became effective for all residential mortgage originations. The lender prepared Closing Disclosure (CD) replaced the traditional HUD- 1 and is presented to the consumer three days prior to the loan closing date. The TRID rule requires that the full monthly payment as well as the full amount of funds needed to close including down payment, closing costs and prepaid costs be disclosed. Risk is further mitigated by requiring residential real estate borrowers to have adequate down payments or cash equity, thereby limiting the loan amount in relation to the lower of the cost or the market value of the property, unless there are sufficient mitigating factors that would reduce the risk of a higher loan-to-value. Market values are determined by obtaining current appraisals or evaluations, whichever is appropriate or required by banking regulations based on the amount financed prior to the loan being made. New appraisals or evaluations are not obtained unless the borrower requests a modification or refinance of the loan or there is increased dependence on the value of the collateral because the borrower is in default. WesBanco does not maintain current information about the industry in which retail borrowers are employed. While such information is obtained when each loan is underwritten, it often becomes inaccurate with the passage of time as borrowers change employment. Instead, WesBanco estimates potential exposure based on consumer demographics, market share, and other available information when there is a significant risk of loss of employment within an industry or a significant employer in WesBanco’s markets. To management’s knowledge there are no concentrations of employment that would have a material adverse impact on the retail portfolio. Most retail loans are originated directly by WesBanco except for indirect consumer loans originated by automobile dealers and other sellers of consumer goods. WesBanco performs its own customary credit evaluation 63 and underwriting before purchasing indirect loans. The credit risk associated with these loans is similar to that of loans originated by WesBanco, but additional risk may arise from WesBanco’s limited ability to control a dealer’s compliance with applicable consumer lending laws. Indirect consumer loans represented $192 million or 38% of consumer loans at December 31, 2017 compared to $236 million or 59% at December 31, 2016, reflecting management’s intent to reduce the overall portfolio risk profile. Loans Held For Sale—Loans held for sale consist of residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Credit risk associated with such loans is mitigated by entering into sales commitments with third party investors to purchase the loans when they are originated. This practice has the effect of minimizing the amount of such loans that are unsold and the interest rate risk at any point in time. WesBanco generally does not service these loans after they are sold. While all loans are sold without recourse, WesBanco may be required to repurchase loans under certain circumstances for contractual periods of generally up to one year or less. The number and principal balance of loans that WesBanco has been required to repurchase has not been material and therefore reserves established for this exposure are not material. Banks that have been acquired by WesBanco serviced many of the residential real estate loans that were sold to the secondary market prior to being acquired. Although these loans are not carried as an asset on the balance sheet, WesBanco continues to service these loans. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco serviced loans for others aggregating approximately $32.1 million and $40.9 million, respectively. The unamortized balance of mortgage servicing rights related to these loans is less than $0.5 million. CREDIT QUALITY The quality of the loan portfolio is measured by various factors, including the amount of loans that are past due, required to be reported as non-performing, or are adversely graded in accordance with internal risk classifications that are consistent with regulatory adverse risk classifications. Non-performing loans consist of non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Non-performing assets also include real estate owned (“REO”) and repossessed assets. Net charge-offs are also an important measure of credit quality. WesBanco seeks to develop individual strategies for all assets that have adverse risk characteristics in order to minimize potential loss. However, there is no assurance such strategies will be successful and loans may ultimately proceed to foreclosure or other course of liquidation that does not fully repay the amount of the loan. Past Due Loans—Loans that are past due but not reported as non-performing generally consist of loans that are between 30 and 89 days contractually past due. Certain loans that are 90 days or more past due also continue to accrue interest because they are deemed to be well-secured and in the process of collection. Earlier stage delinquency requires routine collection efforts to prevent them from becoming more seriously delinquent. Early stage delinquency represents potential future non-performing loans if routine collection efforts are unsuccessful. Table 17 summarizes loans that are contractually past due 30 days or more, excluding non-accrual and TDR loans. 64 TABLE 17. PAST DUE AND ACCRUING LOANS EXCLUDING NON-ACCRUAL AND TDR LOANS December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount % of Total Loans Amount (dollars in thousands) 90 days or more: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — — $ — — $ — — $ 71 0.03 $ 248 0.09 Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 0.01 20 0.00 1,113 0.08 742 0.14 608 0.18 318 0.01 229 0.02 1,922 0.14 626 0.12 644 0.16 — — 33 — 2,159 0.17 407 0.10 527 0.13 — — 22 — 1,306 0.14 570 0.17 319 0.13 318 0.02 — — 1,289 0.14 411 0.14 325 0.13 Total 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,726 0.04 3,739 0.06 3,126 0.06 2,288 0.06 2,591 0.07 30 to 89 days: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 0.04 — — — — — — 2 — 316 0.01 721 0.06 4,392 0.32 2,281 0.43 3,290 0.97 747 0.03 1,522 0.14 6,080 0.44 2,949 0.58 4,731 1.19 318 0.02 275 0.04 3,216 0.26 2,470 0.59 4,726 1.16 480 0.03 216 0.03 3,105 0.33 2,524 0.76 3,022 1.24 2,897 0.18 1,310 0.24 4,894 0.55 1,934 0.68 3,794 1.52 Total 30 to 89 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,172 0.18 16,029 0.26 11,005 0.22 9,347 0.23 14,831 0.38 Total 30 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,898 0.22 $19,768 0.32 $14,131 0.28 $11,635 0.29 $17,422 0.45 Loans past due 30 days or more and accruing interest and not reported as TDRs decreased $5.9 million representing 0.22% of total loans at December 31, 2017 as compared to 0.32% at December 31, 2016. This overall low level of delinquency is the result of management’s continued focus on sound initial underwriting, timely collection of loans at their earliest stage of delinquency, lower unemployment and generally improved economic conditions. Non-Performing Assets—Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, TDRs, REO and repossessed assets. Loans are categorized as TDRs when WesBanco, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider unless the modification results in only an insignificant delay in the payments to be received. Concessions may include a reduction of either the interest rate, the amount of accrued interest, or the principal balance of the loan. Other possible concessions are an interest rate that is less than the market rate for loans with comparable risk characteristics, an extension of the maturity date or an extension of the amortization schedule. Loans reported in this category continue to accrue interest so long as the borrower is able to continue repayment in accordance with the restructured terms. TDRs that are placed on non-accrual are reported in the non-accrual category and not included with accruing TDRs. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they become past due 90 days or more unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. Non-accrual loans include certain loans that are also TDRs as set forth in Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements. 65 Non-accrual loans also include retail loans that were recently discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for less than six consecutive months after the discharge. REO consists primarily of property acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure but may also include bank premises held for sale and residences of bank employees purchased to facilitate the relocation of those employees with WesBanco. Repossessed assets primarily consist of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Table 18 summarizes non-performing assets. TABLE 18. NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (dollars in thousands) TDRs accruing interest: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total TDRs accruing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-accrual loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-performing loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 $ — $ — $ 1,650 128 4,321 407 65 6,571 239 13,318 2,958 14,661 4,762 887 36,825 43,396 5,297 1,618 152 5,311 473 92 7,646 766 9,535 4,299 12,994 3,538 652 967 2,064 205 7,227 642 443 $ — $ — 3,052 415 9,850 902 642 2,437 329 8,215 740 345 11,548 12,066 14,861 1,023 11,507 8,148 9,461 2,391 851 1,488 20,227 4,110 10,329 1,923 741 2,564 17,305 4,380 10,240 1,604 540 31,784 33,381 38,818 36,633 39,430 8,346 44,929 5,825 50,884 5,082 51,494 4,860 Total non-performing assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48,693 $47,776 $50,754 $55,966 $56,354 Non-performing loans as a percentage of total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets . . . . . . Non-performing assets as a percentage of total portfolio 0.68% 0.63% 0.50 0.49 0.89% 0.60 1.25% 0.89 1.32% 0.92 loans, real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . 0.77 0.76 1.00 1.37 1.45 Accruing TDRs decreased $1.1 million or 14.1% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. There were no TDRs greater than $1 million or more at December 31, 2016 or 2017. Accruing TDRs are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan; however, retail loans represent 72.9% of accruing TDR’s at December 31, 2017 compared to 76.9% at December 31, 2016. This includes loans that were discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the current or prior year but for which the borrower has continued to make payments for at least six consecutive months after the discharge. Non-accrual loans increased $5.0 million or 15.9% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Approximately $2.9 million or 7.8% of total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2017 also have restructured terms that would require them to be reported as a TDR if they were accruing interest, compared to $3.5 million or 11.2% of the total at December 31, 2016. These non-accrual loans are not concentrated in any industry, property or type of loan. 66 REO and repossessed assets decreased $3.0 million or 36.5% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. WesBanco seeks to minimize the period for which it holds REO and repossessed assets while also attempting to obtain a fair value from their disposition. Therefore, the sales price of these assets is dependent on current market conditions that affect the value of real estate, used automobiles, and other collateral. The average holding period of REO approximated 15 months at December 31, 2017 compared to 8 months at December 31, 2016. Repossessed assets are generally sold at auction within 60 days after repossession. Expenses associated with owning REO and repossessed assets charged to other expenses were $1.1 million for 2017 compared to $1.2 million for 2016. Net gains or losses on the disposition of REO and repossessed assets are credited or charged to non-interest income and approximated $1.0 million of net gains in 2017 and also $1.0 million in 2016. Classified Loans—Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a description of internally assigned risk grades for commercial loans and a summary of loans by grade. WesBanco’s classified loan grades are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators to identify those loans that have significant adverse characteristics. A classified loan grade is assigned to all non-accrual commercial loans and most commercial TDRs; however, TDRs may be upgraded after the borrower has repaid the loan in accordance with the restructured terms for a period of time, but such loans would generally continue to be reported as TDRs regardless of their grade. Classified loans decreased $12.1 million or 24.2% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, and represented 0.6% of total loans on December 31, 2017 compared to 0.8% on December 31, 2016. Charge-offs and Recoveries—Total charge-offs increased $1.8 million or 16.9% to $12.7 million, while total recoveries remained constant at $4.3 million, resulting in an increase of $1.8 million in net charge-offs for 2017 compared to 2016. The total net loan charge-off rate of 0.13% of average loans at December 31, 2017 compared to 0.12% at December 31, 2016 is consistent with the overall low levels of criticized and classified loans, non-performing loans, an improved economy and a return of commercial and residential real estate values to pre-recession levels. Table 19 summarizes charge-offs and recoveries as well as net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for each category of the loan portfolio. 67 TABLE 19. CHARGE-OFFS AND RECOVERIES (dollars in thousands) Charge-offs: December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 72 2,381 2,669 1,064 1,221 3,989 11,396 1,293 12,689 $ 73 1,886 3,070 937 397 3,606 9,969 884 $ — $ — $ 4,915 2,785 1,803 1,502 2,892 2,426 3,485 2,437 652 3,120 536 6,915 1,505 3,079 549 3,819 13,897 846 12,120 779 16,403 880 10,853 14,743 12,899 17,283 Recoveries: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loan recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 533 938 339 230 1,823 3,963 353 4,316 5 1,543 320 445 274 1,485 4,072 225 4,297 1 840 435 604 262 1,240 3,382 222 3,604 — 603 1,194 454 115 1,034 3,400 233 3,633 125 615 471 401 116 1,144 2,872 255 3,127 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,373 $ 6,556 $11,139 $ 9,266 $14,156 Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — % 0.02% — % — % 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.19 0.60 0.11 0.39 0.22 0.18 0.88 0.02 0.31 0.04 0.03 0.53 0.22 0.33 0.10 0.33 0.45 Total net loan charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.12 0.23 0.22 0.18% 0.38 0.20 0.32 0.15 1.01 0.37 ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The provision for credit losses increased $1.5 million in 2017 compared to 2016, and the total allowance for loan losses (“allowance”) increased $1.6 million or 3.7% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017. The increase in the dollar amount of the allowance is attributable to management’s decision to increase certain qualitative factors that determine the adequacy of the allowance, offset by lower historical loss rates, improved credit quality, and charge-offs of loans that were specifically reserved in prior years with replacement of such specific reserves not being warranted. The allowance represented 0.71% of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017 compared to 0.70% at December 31, 2016. However, the allowance does not include the credit portion of the fair market value adjustment for acquired loans. 68 Table 20 summarizes the allowance together with selected relationships of the allowance and provision for credit losses to total loans and certain categories of loans. TABLE 20. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 December 31, Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 43,674 571 Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,710 613 $ 44,654 455 $ 47,368 602 $ 52,699 341 Total beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,245 42,323 45,109 47,970 53,040 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,983 3 9,986 8,520 (42) 8,478 8,195 158 8,353 6,552 (147) 6,405 8,825 261 9,086 Net charge-offs: Total charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12,689) 4,316 (10,853) 4,297 (14,743) 3,604 (12,899) 3,633 (17,283) 3,127 Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8,373) (6,556) (11,139) (9,266) (14,156) Balance at end of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,284 574 43,674 571 41,710 613 44,654 455 47,368 602 Total ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45,858 $ 44,245 $ 42,323 $ 45,109 $ 47,970 Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing 0.71% 0.70% 1.23x 1.37x 0.82% 1.25x 1.09% 1.15x 1.22% 1.29x loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.04x 1.11x 0.93x 0.88x 0.92x Allowance for loan losses to total non-performing loans and loans past due 90 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.98x 1.01x 0.87x 0.84x 0.88x The allowance consists of specific reserves for certain impaired loans and a general reserve for all other loans. WesBanco uses historical loss rates by risk grade for CRE—improved property and C&I loans, and the historical loss rates for the total of CRE—land and construction loans, retail loans and deposit overdrafts as a base loss rate for the general allowance. The base loss rate is adjusted for the impact of qualitative factors which in management’s judgment are appropriate to accurately reflect probable loss in each loan category. Qualitative factors include the impact of historical loss rates for the most recent sixty months, the volatility and velocity with which historical loss rates have changed during the economic cycle, economic conditions, delinquency levels and trends, non-performing and classified loan levels and trends, changes in credit policies and lending standards, concentrations of credit exposure if any, the results of regulatory examinations and internal loan reviews, and other external factors when appropriate. 69 Table 21 summarizes the components of the allowance. TABLE 21. COMPONENTS OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 General allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $44,896 388 $42,797 877 $40,189 1,521 $40,856 3,798 $46,636 732 Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,284 574 43,674 571 41,710 613 44,654 455 47,368 602 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,858 $44,245 $42,323 $45,109 $47,970 December 31, The general allowance is comprised of factors based on both historical loss experience and other qualitative factors. The general allowance increased $2.1 million or 4.9% from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 primarily due to organic growth in the legacy portfolio. Specific reserves decreased $0.5 million from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017 and the allowance for loan commitments did not materially change over the last year. Table 22 summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses to each category of loans. TABLE 22. ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES (in thousands) Allowance for loan losses: December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit account overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,117 21,166 9,414 3,206 4,497 3,063 821 $ 4,348 18,628 8,412 4,106 3,422 3,998 760 $ 4,390 14,748 10,002 4,582 2,883 4,763 342 $ 5,654 17,573 9,063 5,382 2,329 4,078 575 $ 6,056 18,157 9,925 5,673 2,017 5,020 520 Total allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,284 43,674 41,710 44,654 47,368 Allowance for loan commitments: Commercial real estate—land and construction . . . . . . Commercial real estate—improved property . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 26 173 7 212 37 574 151 17 188 9 162 44 571 157 26 260 7 117 46 613 194 10 112 9 90 40 455 301 62 130 5 85 19 602 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,858 $44,245 $42,323 $45,109 $47,970 70 Please refer to Note 5, “Loans and the Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of loans. Changes in the allowance for all categories of loans also reflect the net effect of changes in historical loss rates, loan balances, specific reserves and management’s judgment with respect to the impact of qualitative factors on each category of loans. Decreases in the allowances for all loan categories generally reflect either lower loan balances, historical loss rates or reductions in non-performing and classified commercial loans. Although the allowance for credit losses is allocated as described in Table 22, the total allowance is available to absorb losses in any category of loans. However, differences between management’s estimation of probable losses and actual incurred losses in subsequent periods may necessitate future adjustments to the provision for credit losses. Management believes the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to absorb probable losses at December 31, 2017. 71 DEPOSITS TABLE 23. DEPOSITS (dollars in thousands) Deposits December 31, 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,846,748 1,625,015 1,024,856 1,269,912 1,277,057 $1,789,522 1,546,890 995,477 1,213,168 1,495,822 $ 57,226 78,125 29,379 56,744 (218,765) Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,043,588 $7,040,879 $ 2,709 3.2 5.1 3.0 4.7 (14.6) 0.0 Deposits, which represent WesBanco’s primary source of funds, are offered in various account forms at various rates through WesBanco’s 172 branches in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana. The FDIC insures all deposits up to $250,000 per account. Total deposits remained virtually unchanged in 2017 as deposits increased by $2.7 million due to increases in most deposit categories being offset by a $218.8 million decrease in certificates of deposit. Interest-bearing demand deposits and non-interest-bearing demand deposits increased 5.1% and 3.2%, respectively, while savings and money market deposits increased 4.7% and 3.0%, respectively, due to corresponding marketing initiatives, incentives to open checking accounts paid to customers, focused retail and business strategies to obtain more account relationships and customers’ overall preference for shorter-term maturities. Deposit balances were also impacted by bonus and royalty payments from Marcellus and Utica shale energy companies in WesBanco’s southwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia markets totaling $243.4 million and $74.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Certificates of deposit decreased by 14.6% in 2017 due primarily to an overall corporate strategy designed to increase and remix retail deposit relationships with a focus on overall products that can be offered at a lower cost to the Bank. The decrease is also impacted by lower offered rates on maturing certificates of deposit and customer preferences for other non-maturity deposit types. WesBanco does not generally solicit brokered or other deposits out-of-market or over the internet, but does participate in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Services (CDARS®) program and the Insured Cash Sweep (ICS®) money market deposit program. CDARS® balances totaled $105.0 million in outstanding balances at December 31, 2017, of which $72.7 million represented one-way buys, compared to $135.2 million in total outstanding balances at December 31, 2016, of which $100.1 million represented one-way buys. ICS® balances totaled $65.9 million and $5.7 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Certificates of deposit greater than $250,000 were approximately $216.4 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $219.3 million at December 31, 2016. Certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more were approximately $581.6 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $681.5 million at December 31, 2016. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $736.4 million at December 31, 2017 with a cost of 0.67% are scheduled to mature within the next year. The average rate on certificates of deposit increased 4 basis points to 0.73% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 0.69% in 2016 with a similar increase experienced for jumbo certificates of deposit. WesBanco will continue to focus on its core deposit strategies and improving its overall mix of transaction accounts to total deposits, which includes offering special promotions on certain certificates of deposit maturities and savings products based on competition, sales strategies, liquidity needs and wholesale borrowing costs. 72 TABLE 24. MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT OF $100,000 OR MORE (dollars in thousands) Maturity: December 31, 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Within three months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over three to six months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over six to twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over twelve months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $169,063 96,083 105,289 211,144 $171,156 90,532 126,824 292,947 $ (2,093) 5,551 (21,535) (81,803) Total certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $581,579 $681,459 $(99,880) (1.2) 6.1 (17.0) (27.9) (14.7) Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more totaled approximately $4.4 million, $5.0 million and $4.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. 73 BORROWINGS TABLE 25. BORROWINGS (dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 $ Change Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debentures and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . $ 948,203 184,806 164,327 $ 968,946 199,376 163,598 $(20,743) (14,570) 729 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,297,336 $1,331,920 $(34,584) % Change (2.1) (7.3) 0.4 (2.6) December 31, Borrowings are a significant source of funding for WesBanco but less than total deposits. During 2017, FHLB borrowings decreased $20.7 million from December 31, 2016, as $630.0 million advances were offset by $650.7 million in maturities. In addition, WesBanco extended the maturities of approximately $490.0 million of FHLB borrowings during the year at an average cost of 1.66%, which is lower than current short-term FHLB rates approximating 2.09%—2.31%. WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. The FHLB system functions as a borrowing source for regulated financial institutions that are engaged in residential and commercial real estate lending along with securities investing. WesBanco uses term FHLB borrowings as a general funding source and to more appropriately match interest maturities for certain assets. FHLB borrowings are secured by blanket liens on certain residential and other mortgage loans with a market value in excess of the outstanding borrowing balances. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid balances. FHLB stock, which is recorded at cost of $45.9 million at December 31, 2017, is also pledged as collateral for these advances. WesBanco’s remaining maximum borrowing capacity, subject to the collateral requirements noted, with the FHLB at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was estimated to be approximately $1.8 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. Other short-term borrowings, which may consist of funds purchased, callable repurchase agreements, overnight sweep checking accounts and borrowings on a revolving line of credit at December 31, 2017 were $184.8 million compared to $199.4 million at December 31, 2016. The decrease in these borrowings occurred primarily as a result of a $33.0 million decrease in federal funds purchased, which was partially offset by an $18.4 million increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase. federal In September 2017, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company, with another financial institution. The revolving line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. The new revolving line of credit also requires WesBanco to maintain at all times a consolidated four quarter average return on average assets of > 0.70%, a Texas ratio of less than 25% (broadly defined as the ratio of non-performing assets to tangible common equity and the allowance for loan losses), unencumbered cash and marketable securities of at least $12.0 million, and to maintain at all times on a consolidated basis and for the Bank a total risk-based capital ratio of > 12.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of > 10.0% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of > 7.0%. WesBanco was in compliance with all terms and conditions at December 31, 2017. There was no outstanding balance as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. 74 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS TABLE 26. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS (in thousands) Deposits without a stated maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . Other short term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future benefit payments under pension plans (2)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Director and executive officer retirement plans (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting agreements (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leases (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software licenses and maintenance agreements (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naming rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited partnership funding Footnote Reference Less than One Year December 31, 2017 (1) One to Three Years Three to Five Years More Than Five Years Total N/A 9 10 10 11 13 N/A N/A 6 N/A N/A $5,766,531 $ — $ — $ — $5,766,531 1,277,057 132,643 948,203 294 184,806 — 736,435 540,770 184,806 372,578 405,168 — 35,401 1,971 — — — — 164,327 164,327 4,014 9,331 10,731 235,149 259,225 1,358 30 4,240 1,215 250 2,305 52 7,261 2,431 500 2,068 25 5,383 2,431 500 3,802 — 13,690 1,215 250 9,533 107 30,574 7,292 1,500 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7,317 2,956 571 665 11,509 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,246,966 $802,582 $154,646 $456,470 $8,660,664 (1) Represents maturities of principal and excludes interest payments. (2) These payments are recognized as expense in the income statement when incurred and not necessarily at the time of payment. (3) Pension plan assets of $142.4 million were available at December 31, 2017 to absorb the undiscounted future estimated payments to plan participants. Significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017 are presented in the table above by due date. The amounts shown do not include future interest payments, accrued interest or other similar carrying value adjustments. Additional information related to each obligation is included in the referenced footnote to the Consolidated Financial Statements. WesBanco’s future benefit payments under pension plans are estimated based on actuarial assumptions and do not necessarily represent the actual contractual cash flows that may be required by WesBanco in the future. Please refer to Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on employee benefit plans. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS WesBanco enters into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, loans approved but not closed, overdraft limits and contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities. Since many of these commitments expire unused or partially used, these commitments may not reflect future cash requirements. Please refer to Note 18, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. 75 CAPITAL RESOURCES Shareholders’ equity increased to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2017 from $1.3 billion at December 31, 2016. The increase was due primarily to net income of $94.5 million, which was partially offset by a $4.4 million other comprehensive loss and the declaration of dividends to common shareholders of $45.8 million. The other comprehensive loss was due to an $869 thousand unrealized loss in the defined benefit pension plan, coupled with a $3.5 million unrealized loss in the securities portfolio. For 2017, common dividends increased to $1.04 per share, or 8.3% on an annualized basis, compared to $0.96 per share in 2016. The common dividend per share payout ratio increased to 48.4% in 2017 from 44.4% in 2016, which is primarily attributable to common dividends increasing more rapidly than earnings year-over-year. A board-approved policy generally targets dividends as a percent of net income in a range of 35% to 55%, subject to capital levels, earnings history and prospects, regulatory concerns, and other factors. The quarterly dividend was increased again in February 2018 to $0.29 per share, or 11.5%. The percentage of dividends paid on adjusted net income in 2017, defined as net income excluding net deferred tax asset revaluation and after-tax merger-related expenses was 42.2% as compared to 40.5% in 2016. Under the current share repurchase plan, WesBanco purchased 13,010 shares during the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2017 from employees for the payment of withholding taxes to facilitate the vesting of restricted stock. At December 31, 2017, the remaining shares authorized to be purchased under the current repurchase plans totaled 1,107,297 shares. WesBanco is subject to risk-based capital guidelines that measure capital relative to risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet instruments. WesBanco and its banking subsidiary WesBanco Bank maintain Tier 1 risk- based, total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios significantly above minimum regulatory levels. WesBanco Bank paid $72.0 million in dividends to WesBanco during 2017, or 73.9% of the Bank’s net income. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2017, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $58.7 million from the Bank. WesBanco currently has $164.3 million in subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheet, $138.6 million of which is junior subordinated debt. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $138.0 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, is included in Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. A grandfather provision of the Dodd-Frank Act permits bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule that implements the Basel III capital standards effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, 2019. The final capital rule establishes the minimum capital permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. Please refer to Note 21, “Regulatory Matters,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on capital amounts, ratios and minimum regulatory requirements. Also refer to “Item 1. Business” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Basel III Capital Standards. 76 LIQUIDITY RISK Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s capacity to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution’s financial condition or overall safety and soundness is adversely affected by an inability, or perceived inability, to meet its obligations. An institution’s obligations, and the funding sources to meet them, depend significantly on its business mix, balance sheet structure, and the cash flows of its on- and off-balance sheet obligations. Institutions confront various internal and external situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk including funding mismatches, market constraints on funding sources, contingent liquidity events, changes in economic conditions, and exposure to credit, market, operation, legal and reputation risk. WesBanco actively manages liquidity risk through its ability to provide adequate funds to meet changes in loan demand, unexpected outflows in deposits and other borrowings as well as to take advantage of market opportunities and meet operating cash needs. This is accomplished by maintaining liquid assets in the form of securities, sufficient borrowing capacity and a stable core deposit base. Liquidity is centrally monitored by WesBanco’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”). WesBanco determines the degree of required liquidity by the relationship of total holdings of liquid assets to the possible need for funds to meet unexpected deposit losses and/or loan demands. The ability to quickly convert assets to cash at a minimal loss is a primary function of WesBanco’s investment portfolio management. WesBanco believes its cash flow from the loan portfolio, the investment portfolio, and other sources, adequately meet its liquidity requirements. WesBanco’s net loans to assets ratio was 64.1% at December 31, 2017 and deposit balances funded 71.8% of assets. The following table lists the sources of liquidity from assets at December 31, 2017 expected within the next year: (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities with a maturity date within the next year and callable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected payments and prepayments on mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage $ 117,572 171,537 obligations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruing loans scheduled to mature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal loan repayments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,166 20,320 914,662 1,264,458 Total sources of liquidity expected within the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,687,715 (1) Projected prepayments are based on current prepayment speeds. Deposit flows are another principal factor affecting overall WesBanco liquidity. Deposits totaled $7.0 billion at December 31, 2017. Deposit flows are impacted by current interest rates, products and rates offered by WesBanco versus various forms of competition, as well as customer behavior. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature within one year totaled $736.4 million at December 31, 2017, which includes jumbo regular certificates of deposit totaling $296.5 million with a weighted-average cost of 0.91%, and jumbo CDARS® deposits of $73.9 million with a weighted-average cost of 0.96%. WesBanco maintains a line of credit with the FHLB as an additional funding source. Available credit with the FHLB at December 31, 2017 approximated $1.8 billion, compared to $1.7 billion at December 31, 2016. The FHLB requires securities to be specifically pledged to the FHLB and maintained in a FHLB-approved custodial arrangement if the member wishes to include such securities in the maximum borrowing capacity calculation. WesBanco has elected not to specifically pledge to the FHLB otherwise unpledged securities. At December 31, 2017, the Bank had unpledged available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost of $296.7 million. A portion of these securities could be sold for additional liquidity, or such securities could be pledged to secure additional FHLB borrowings. Available liquidity through the sale of investment securities is currently limited as only 77 approximately 24.1% of the available-for-sale portfolio is unpledged, due to the pledging agreements that WesBanco has with their public deposit customers. Public deposit balances have increased significantly through the ESB and YCB acquisitions over the past two years. WesBanco’s held-to-maturity portfolio currently contains $583.2 million of unpledged securities. Most of these securities are tax-exempt municipal securities, which can only be pledged in limited circumstances. Except for certain limited, special circumstances, these securities cannot be sold without tainting the remainder of the held-to-maturity portfolio. If tainting occurs, all remaining securities with the held-to-maturity designation would be required to be reclassified as available-for-sale, and the held-to-maturity designation would no longer be available to WesBanco, for some time. WesBanco participates in the Federal Reserve Bank’s Borrower-in-Custody Program (“BIC”) whereby WesBanco pledges certain consumer loans as collateral for borrowings. At December 31, 2017, WesBanco had a BIC line of credit totaling $197.6 million, none of which was outstanding. Alternative funding sources may include the utilization of existing overnight lines of credit with third party banks totaling $285.0 million, of which $25.0 million was outstanding at December 31, 2017, along with seeking other lines of credit, borrowings under repurchase agreement increasing deposit rates to attract additional funds, accessing brokered deposits, or selling securities available-for-sale or certain types of loans. lines, Other short-term borrowings of $159.8 million at December 31, 2017 consisted of callable repurchase agreements and overnight sweep checking accounts for large commercial customers. There has not been a significant fluctuation in the average deposit balances of the overnight sweep checking accounts during 2017. The overnight sweep checking accounts require U.S. Government securities to be pledged equal to or greater than the average deposit balance in the related customer accounts. The principal sources of parent company liquidity are dividends from the Bank, $78.6 million in cash and investments on hand, and a $25.0 million revolving line of credit with another bank, which did not have an outstanding balance at December 31, 2017. WesBanco is in compliance with all loan covenants. There are various legal limitations under federal and state laws that limit the payment of dividends from the Bank to the parent company. As of December 31, 2017, under FDIC and State of West Virginia regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, dividends of approximately $58.7 million from the Bank. Management believes these are appropriate levels of cash for WesBanco given the current environment. Management continuously monitors the adequacy of parent company cash levels and sources of liquidity through the use of metrics that relate current cash levels to historical and forecasted cash inflows and outflows. WesBanco had outstanding commitments to extend credit in the ordinary course of business approximating $1.8 billion at both December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. On a historical basis, only a small portion of these commitments will result in an outflow of funds. Please refer to Note 18, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the “Loans and Loan Commitments” section of this MD&A for additional information. Federal financial regulatory agencies previously have issued guidance to provide for sound practices for managing funding and liquidity risk and strengthening liquidity risk management practices. WesBanco maintains a comprehensive management process for identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling liquidity risk which is fully integrated into its risk management process. Management believes WesBanco has sufficient current liquidity to meet current obligations to borrowers, depositors and others as of December 31, 2017 and that WesBanco’s current liquidity risk management policies and procedures adequately address this guidance. 78 COMPARISON OF 2016 VERSUS 2015 Net income for 2016 was $86.6 million or $2.16 per diluted share compared to $80.8 million or $2.15 per diluted share for 2015. Excluding after-tax merger-related expenses (non-GAAP measure) for 2016, net income increased 8.3% to $95.3 million compared to $88.0 million for 2015, while diluted earnings per share totaled $2.37, compared to $2.34 per share for 2015. The year-over-year net interest margin decreased to 3.32% in 2016 compared to 3.41% in 2015. This decrease in the net interest margin is primarily due to 10 basis points of increased funding costs and an asset yield decline of 2 basis points. Total average loan rates decreased by 9 basis points year-over-year due to repricing of existing loans at lower spreads, competitive pricing on new loans and the extended low interest rate environment. The funding cost increase of 10 basis points in 2016, compared to 2015, is primarily due to an increase in the percentage of borrowings, primarily FHLB, to 19.8% of interest bearing liabilities from 14.3% in 2015, as well as a 27 basis point increase in the average total cost of these borrowings year-over-year. Average interest bearing deposits in 2016 increased 1.1%, as increases in interest bearing demand and savings accounts more than offset declines in CDs and money market accounts. During the last few quarters, the net interest margin has been relatively stable, ranging from 3.29% to 3.32% with an improvement in the fourth quarter of 2016 to 3.42%. The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased $0.1 million or 1.5% to $8.5 million. This increase is primarily the result of overall loan growth as historical loss rates and other credit quality indicators either improved or were stable. The provision for credit losses was higher than net charge-offs by $1.9 million in 2016 and was lower than net charge-offs by $2.8 million in 2015. For 2016, non-interest income increased $7.0 million or 9.4% compared to 2015. Service charges on deposits increased $1.6 million or 9.5% and electronic banking fees increased $1.2 million or 8.6% through a larger customer deposit base from the addition of YCB. Net securities gains increased $1.4 million in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to sales of securities to maintain total assets below $10 billion as a result of the acquisition of YCB, and calls of agency notes and municipal bonds. Net securities brokerage revenue decreased $1.2 million or 16.2% primarily as a result of the Bank’s strategy to retain deposits and lower overall sales. Other income increased $4.2 million due to a $2.7 million increase in commercial customer loan swap fee and market value-related income and improvement in various other income categories. The following comments on non-interest expense exclude merger-related expenses in both years. Non-interest expense in 2016 grew $12.6 million or 6.9%, compared to 2015. With net revenue growth of 7.5% in 2016, this positive operating leverage helped to improve the efficiency ratio in 2016 to 56.7% from 57.1% in 2015. For 2016, salaries and wages increased $6.9 million or 9.0% due to increased compensation expense related to an 18.1% increase in full-time equivalent employees, primarily late in the third quarter of 2016 from the YCB acquisition, and routine annual adjustments to compensation. Employee benefits expense increased $1.1 million, or 3.9%, primarily from increased health insurance, social security contributions and other benefit plan costs resulting from a larger employee base. Increases in net occupancy and equipment were also primarily from costs related to the additional branches from the YCB acquisition. At the end of the fourth quarter, a portion of the intended post-conversion cost savings were experienced as a result of branch and system conversions. The provision for federal and state income taxes increased to $31.0 million in 2016 compared to $28.4 million in 2015. The increase in income tax expense was due to an $8.5 million increase in pre-tax income, which caused a slightly higher effective tax rate of 26.4% for 2016 compared to 26.0% for 2015. 79 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” included in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report. MARKET RISK The primary objective of WesBanco’s ALCO is to maximize net interest income within established policy parameters. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet composition, market risk exposures arising from changing economic conditions and liquidity risk. Market risk is defined as the risk of loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments resulting from fluctuations in interest rates and equity prices. Management considers interest rate risk to be WesBanco’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. The relative consistency of WesBanco’s net interest income is largely dependent on effective management of interest rate risk. As interest rates change in the market, rates earned on interest rate sensitive assets and rates paid on interest rate sensitive liabilities do not necessarily move concurrently. Differing rate sensitivities may arise because fixed rate assets and liabilities may not have the same maturities, or because variable rate assets and liabilities differ in the timing and/or the percentage of rate changes. WesBanco’s ALCO is a Board-level committee with Board and executive management representation, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Risk Management Officer and Senior Treasury Officer. It is responsible for monitoring and managing interest rate risk within Board-approved policy limits. Interest rate risk is monitored through the use of an earnings sensitivity simulation model and an economic value-at-risk model, measuring the fair value of net equity. These models are highly dependent on various assumptions, which change regularly as the balance sheet and market interest rates change. The key assumptions and strategies employed are analyzed and reviewed quarterly by the ALCO, while appropriate documentation is maintained. The earnings sensitivity simulation model projects changes in net interest income resulting from the effect of changes in interest rates. Forecasting changes in net interest income requires management to make certain assumptions regarding loan and security prepayment rates, security call dates, changes to various non-maturity deposit product betas, and non-maturity deposit decay rates, which may not necessarily reflect the manner in which actual cash flows, yields, and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. Assumptions used are based on historical experience, current market rates and economic forecasts, and are periodically back-tested and reviewed by third-party consultants. The net interest income sensitivity results presented in Table 1, “Net Interest Income Sensitivity,” assumes that the balance sheet composition of interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the end of the period remains constant over the period being measured, and also assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve, regardless of the duration of the maturity or re-pricing of specific assets and liabilities. Since the assumptions used in the model relative to changes in interest rates are uncertain, the simulation analysis may not be indicative of actual results. In addition, this analysis does not consider all actions that management might employ in response to changes in interest rates as well as earning asset and costing liability balances. Management is aware of the significant effect inflation or deflation has upon interest rates and ultimately upon financial performance. WesBanco’s ability to cope with inflation or deflation is best determined by analyzing its capability to respond to changing market interest rates, as well as its ability to manage the various elements of non-interest income and expense during periods of increasing or decreasing inflation or deflation. WesBanco monitors the level and mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to reduce the impact of inflation or deflation on net interest income. Management also controls the effects of inflation or deflation by conducting periodic reviews of the prices and terms of its various products and services, 80 both in terms of the costs to offer the services as well as outside market influences upon such pricing, by introducing new products and services or reducing the availability of existing products and services, and by controlling overhead expenses. Interest rate risk policy limits are determined by measuring the anticipated change in net interest income over a twelve-month period, assuming immediate and sustained market interest rate increases and decreases of 100—400 basis points across the entire yield curve, compared to a stable rate environment or base model. WesBanco’s current policy limits this exposure for the noted interest rate changes to a reduction of between 10%—20% or less of net interest income from the stable rate base model over a twelve-month period. The table below shows WesBanco’s interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, assuming the above-noted interest rate increases as compared to a base model. In the current lower interest rate environment, particularly for short-term rates, the 200 and 300 basis point decreasing change are not shown due to the unrealistic nature of results associated with short-term negative rates. TABLE 1. NET INTEREST INCOME SENSITIVITY Immediate Change in Interest Rates (basis points) Percentage Change in Net Interest Income from Base over One Year December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 +400 +300 +200 +100 -100 8.3% 6.2% 4.0% 2.4% (3.0%) 4.5% 4.7% 4.6% 3.1% (2.3%) ALCO Guidelines (20.0%) (15.0%) (12.5%) (10.0%) (10.0%) As per the table above, the earnings sensitivity simulation model at December 31, 2017 currently projects that net interest income for the next twelve-month period would decrease by 3.0% if interest rates were to fall immediately by 100 basis points, compared to a decrease of 2.3% for the same scenario as of December 31, 2016. For rising rate scenarios, net interest income would increase by between 2.4%—8.3% if rates were to increase by between 100—400 basis points as of December 31, 2017, compared to increases of between 3.1%— 4.7% in a 100—400 basis point increasing rate environment as of December 31, 2016. If rates were to increase over a one-year period instead of an instantaneous shock, which management feels is a more practical scenario, then for a 200 basis point increasing rate ramp analysis, the model projects that net interest income would increase 2.2% over the next twelve months, as compared to a 3.2% increase at the end of 2016. Management also utilizes a “Most Likely” forecast scenario to project net interest income over a rolling two-year time frame. This forecast is updated and reviewed quarterly, incorporating updated assumptions into the model such as estimated loan and deposit growth, balance sheet re-mixing strategies, changes in base forecasted rates for various maturities, competitive market spreads for various products and other assumptions. Such modeling helps to predict changes in forecasted outcomes and necessary adjustments to the plan to achieve management’s earnings goals. The balance sheet shows generally increasing asset sensitivity in the higher rate change environments as of December 31, 2017, as compared to December 31, 2016, with differences resulting from changes in the mix of, and growth in various earning assets and costing liabilities, as well as adjustments for various modeling assumptions such as deposit beta rates, decay rates for non-maturity deposits and loan prepayment speeds. Generally, deposit betas have increased over time in the model, while loan prepayment speeds have also increased to reflect various loan classifications’ propensity to prepay over time. Management believes that overall asset sensitivity in non-parallel rising rate scenarios may be somewhat neutralized due to slower prepayment speeds, rate floors, lower than forecasted increases to loan yields, extension risk associated with 81 residential mortgages and mortgage-related securities, and other earning asset and costing liability differences versus currently modeled assumptions. Commercial loan floors currently average 4.10% on approximately $1.2 billion, or 30% of total commercial loans at year-end, as compared to $1.3 billion or 32% of commercial loans at the prior year-end. Approximately 45% or $552.6 million of these loans are currently priced at their floor, as compared to 53% or $671.9 million a year ago. In a less than 100 basis point rising rate environment, these loans may not adjust as rapidly from their current floor level as compared to loans without floors. The net interest margin has grown by 1 and 12 basis points, respectively, for the three and twelve month periods ended December 31, 2017 compared to last year, due to higher yielding earning assets from YCB, low deposit betas given recent federal funds rate increases, loan growth, and purchase accounting accretion. Further margin expansion is dependent on additional federal funds increases and the shape of the yield curve, in addition to continued execution of our business strategy to grow certain loan categories and remixing higher cost borrowings and CDs into lower cost transaction accounts, while controlling transaction account betas as rates rise. In addition, net purchase accounting accretion is expected to decrease throughout 2018, requiring loan growth and/or rate increases to offset such impact. Management currently anticipates that three additional short- term federal funds rate increases may occur by the end of 2018, relatively consistent with market and consensus economist expectations. Delays in implementing further rate increases, or increases to deposit betas beyond our current modeling assumptions for existing accounts, typically would have a negative impact on management’s estimates of the future direction and level of the net interest margin. Customers over the past few years have moved maturing CD balances to lower-costing transaction accounts as well as into non-deposit products. A portion of these lower-cost transaction account balances may migrate to higher-costing CDs or money market accounts as short-term rates continue to increase. Runoff of CDs from prior acquisitions, many of which customers had single service relationships as well as our own retail focus on increasing the number of relationships with our customers has been replaced with FHLB and other short-term borrowings. Certificates of deposit totaling approximately $736.4 million mature within the next year at an average cost of 0.67%. Approximately $490 million of short-term maturing FHLB borrowings in 2017 were replaced with higher cost, medium-term borrowings, which strategy was intended to improve asset sensitivity and liquidity measures. Maturing borrowings in 2018 may also be lengthened at a higher cost than the maturing borrowings’ average rate. In addition, with the pending First Sentry Bancshares acquisition, management is no longer intent on controlling the total size of the balance sheet in order to remain under $10 billion in total assets. The Bank has significant additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, and correspondent banks, and may utilize these funding sources or interest rate swap strategies as necessary to lengthen liabilities, to help offset mismatches in various asset maturities, and manage liquidity. CDARS® and ICS® deposits also may be used for similar purposes as well as for certain customers seeking higher-yielding instruments or maintaining deposit levels below individual FDIC insurance limits. Current balance sheet strategies to manage the net interest margin in the expected rate environment include: • • • • • • increasing total loans, particularly commercial and home equity loans that have variable or adjustable features; selling a greater portion of residential mortgage loan production into the secondary market; growing demand deposit account types to increase the relative portion of these account types to total deposits; employing back-to-back loan swaps for certain commercial loan customers desiring a term fixed rate loan with the Bank receiving a variable rate; extending FHLB term borrowings to balance asset/liability mismatches; using the CDARS® and ICS® deposit programs to manage overall liability mix, and 82 • managing the overall size of the investment portfolio as part of overall liquidity and balance sheet management strategies. WesBanco also periodically measures the economic value of equity, which is defined as the market value of tangible equity in various rate scenarios. At December 31, 2017, the market value of tangible equity as a percent of base in a 200 basis point rising rate environment indicates a decrease of 1.8%, compared to an increase of 6.7% at December 31, 2016. In a 100 basis point falling rate environment at year-end, the model indicates a decrease of 3.1%, compared to a decrease of 9.8% as of the prior year-end. WesBanco’s policy is to limit such change to minus 10% increments for each 100 basis point change in interest rates. Generally, changes in the economic value of equity relate to changes in various assets and liabilities, as well as changes in loan prepayment speeds and deposit decay rates. 83 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of WesBanco is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of WesBanco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of WesBanco’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. WesBanco’s management assessed the effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Based on the assessment, management determined that, as of December 31, 2017, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective, based on the COSO criteria. The effectiveness of WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, WesBanco’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report appearing below. /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ Robert H. Young Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 84 Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of WesBanco, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited WesBanco, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, WesBanco, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 27, 2018 85 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of WesBanco, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of WesBanco, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present the Company at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. the financial position of in all material respects, fairly, We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosure in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1996. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 27, 2018 86 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except shares) ASSETS Cash and due from banks, including interest bearing amounts of $19,826 and $21,913, December 31, 2017 2016 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 117,572 $ 128,170 Securities: Trading securities, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held-to-maturity (fair values of $1,023,784 and $1,076,790, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,844 1,267,478 1,009,500 7,071 1,241,176 1,067,967 Total securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,284,822 2,316,214 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,320 17,315 Portfolio loans, net of unearned income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,341,441 (45,284) 6,249,436 (43,674) Net portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,296,157 6,205,762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premises and equipment, net Accrued interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,722 29,728 589,264 192,589 155,004 133,297 28,299 593,187 188,145 180,488 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,816,178 $9,790,877 LIABILITIES Deposits: Non-interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest bearing demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,846,748 1,625,015 1,024,856 1,269,912 1,277,057 $1,789,522 1,546,890 995,477 1,213,168 1,495,822 Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,043,588 7,040,879 Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt 948,203 184,805 164,327 968,946 199,376 163,598 Total borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,297,335 1,331,920 Accrued interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,178 76,756 2,204 74,466 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,420,857 8,449,469 SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock, no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock, $2.0833 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 44,043,244 and 43,931,715 shares issued in 2017 and 2016, respectively; 44,043,244 and 43,931,715 shares outstanding in 2017 and 2016, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock (0 shares in 2017 and 2016, respectively, at cost) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 91,756 684,730 651,357 — (31,495) (1,027) 91,524 680,507 597,071 — (27,126) (568) Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,395,321 1,341,408 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,816,178 $9,790,877 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 87 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Loans, including fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and dividends on securities: Taxable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax-exempt Total interest and dividends on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 272,007 $ 226,993 $ 203,993 38,631 19,489 58,120 2,297 38,490 18,390 56,880 2,224 39,314 16,764 56,078 1,641 Total interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332,424 286,097 261,712 INTEREST EXPENSE Interest bearing demand deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit Total interest expense on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INTEREST INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-INTEREST INCOME Trust fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service charges on deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronic banking fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities brokerage revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gain on other real estate owned and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDIC insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring and merger-related expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 6,452 2,775 745 10,108 20,080 13,290 1,442 7,317 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 22,740 20,532 19,183 6,672 4,794 5,053 567 658 8,641 88,840 97,361 29,933 17,101 16,026 5,720 3,504 4,940 945 45,330 220,860 148,289 53,807 94,482 2.15 2.14 $ $ 2,817 1,860 696 10,419 15,792 11,985 478 4,512 32,767 253,330 8,478 244,852 21,630 18,333 15,596 6,449 4,064 2,529 2,357 790 9,751 81,499 84,281 27,952 14,664 14,543 5,391 3,990 3,598 13,261 41,000 208,680 117,671 31,036 86,635 2.16 2.16 1,943 1,914 640 11,033 15,530 5,510 370 3,315 24,725 236,987 8,353 228,634 21,900 16,743 14,361 7,692 4,863 2,071 948 356 5,532 74,466 77,340 26,896 13,635 13,194 5,646 4,107 3,136 11,082 38,887 193,923 109,177 28,415 80,762 2.15 2.15 $ $ AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,003,208 44,075,293 40,100,320 40,127,076 37,488,331 37,547,127 DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.04 $ 0.96 $ 0.92 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 88 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in thousands) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale: For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $94,482 $86,635 $ 80,762 Net change in unrealized (losses) on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains reclassified into earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,702) 717 (42) 15 (6,761) 2,461 (2,251) 823 (10,552) 3,875 (596) 219 Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,012) (5,728) (7,054) Securities held-to-maturity: Amortization of unrealized gain transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit pension plan: Amortization of net loss and prior service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition of unrealized gain (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax (expense) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net effect on other comprehensive income for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other comprehensive gain (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (326) 117 (209) (357) 132 (225) (494) 182 (312) 3,247 (1,053) 380 (141) 2,433 1,212 3,046 (1,153) (3,329) 1,217 3,205 (1,201) 5,106 (1,873) (219) 5,237 (6,172) (2,129) Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $95,694 $80,463 $ 78,633 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 89 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Shares Outstanding Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Common Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Deferred Benefits for Directors Total January 1, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,298,188 $61,182 $244,661 $504,578 $(2,151) $(18,825) $(1,255) $ 788,190 For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 — — — — — 80,762 — — — — — (2,129) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . Common dividends declared ($0.92 per share) . . . . . . . . . Shares issued for — — — (35,419) — acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,178,531 19,122 274,507 (324) (1,558) Stock options exercised . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . Repurchase of stock 60,275 49,550 — — — — — 1,925 — 1,558 warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . — — (126,909) — (2,247) 51 — — (3,972) — — — — — 1,666 (462) — — — — — — — — — 86,635 — — — — — (6,172) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . Common dividends declared ($0.96 per share) . . . . . . . . . Shares issued for — — — (39,485) — acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,423,348 11,071 162,934 1,707 (2,281) 56 139 10 (133,678) — Stock options exercised . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . Stock compensation 101,190 81,220 — 3,144 — 1,074 — 2,271 — (3,849) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 2,022 (225) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 80,762 (2,129) 78,633 (35,419) 293,629 1,601 — (2,247) (3,921) 1,666 462 — — — — — — — — — 86,635 (6,172) 80,463 (39,485) 177,149 2,920 — (3,793) 2,022 225 — December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . 38,459,635 $80,304 $516,294 $549,921 $(2,640) $(20,954) $ (793) $1,122,132 December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . 43,931,715 $91,524 $680,507 $597,071 $ — — — — — Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive gain . . . — 94,482 — — — — $(27,126) — 1,212 $ (568) $1,341,408 94,482 1,212 — — Comprehensive income . . . . . Common dividends declared ($1.04 per share) . . . . . . . . . Adoption of accounting standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options exercised . . . . . Restricted stock granted . . . . . Treasury shares acquired . . . . Stock compensation expense . . Deferred benefits for directors—net . . . . . . . . . . . — — — (45,777) — — 78 54,584 74,023 154 (17,078) — — — 794 (154) 168 2,956 5,581 — — — — 657 — (657) — (5,581) — — — — 95,694 (45,777) — 1,529 — (489) 2,956 — — — — — — — 459 — — — (459) — December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . 44,043,244 $91,756 $684,730 $651,357 $ — $(31,495) $(1,027) $1,395,321 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 90 WESBANCO, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other net amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net gains on sales of mortgage loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in deferred income tax assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . Contribution to pension plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: accrued interest receivable and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in: accrued interest payable and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INVESTING ACTIVITIES Net increase in loans held for investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale: For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 $ 80,762 10,441 8,871 9,986 (567) (5,053) 2,956 27,112 (4,794) (5,000) (216,744) 213,610 (773) 4,593 2,944 (438) 141,626 9,242 8,768 8,478 (2,357) (2,529) 2,022 10,824 (4,064) (5,750) (167,370) 159,831 (620) 13,137 7,404 (574) 123,077 8,122 6,460 8,353 (948) (2,071) 1,666 10,665 (4,863) (7,500) (135,892) 135,928 (263) (4,293) (7,988) 248 88,386 (90,225) (174,952) (293,306) Proceeds from sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,760 211,383 (252,314) 277,225 285,318 (213,894) 635,609 319,370 (526,502) Securities held-to-maturity: Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received (paid) to acquire a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of premises and equipment—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sale of portfolio loans—net Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINANCING ACTIVITIES Increase (decrease) in deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) in other short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Decrease) increase in federal funds purchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock warrant Dividends paid to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares purchased—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES Interest paid on deposits and other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers of loans to other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers of portfolio loans to loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash transactions related to YCB and ESB acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,180 (66,473) — 349 (6,035) — (77,375) 110,954 (93,444) 4,863 19 (2,061) 560 194,588 75,295 (390,471) (28,551) 7,803 (9,575) — (210,328) 4,262 680,000 (700,716) 18,429 (33,000) — — (44,864) 1,040 — (74,849) (10,598) 128,170 $ 117,572 (216,785) 140,000 (233,988) 15,711 58,000 — — (37,805) 1,713 (3,026) (276,180) 41,485 86,685 $ 128,170 (233,684) 941,910 (515,388) (4,334) — (36,083) (2,247) (33,007) — (2,542) 114,625 (7,317) 94,002 $ 86,685 $ 42,534 22,875 635 — — $ 34,028 22,075 4,757 560 177,149 $ 27,969 15,855 1,501 — 301,933 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 91 NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations—WesBanco, Inc. (“WesBanco”) is a bank holding company offering a full range of financial services, including trust and investment services, mortgage banking, insurance and brokerage services. WesBanco’s defined business segments are community banking and trust and investment services. WesBanco’s banking subsidiary, WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco Bank” or the “Bank”), headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia, operates through 172 branches and 160 ATM machines in West Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southern Indiana. In addition, WesBanco operates an insurance brokerage company, WesBanco Insurance Services, Inc., and a full service broker/dealer, WesBanco Securities, Inc. Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Principles of Consolidation—The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of WesBanco and those entities in which WesBanco has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. WesBanco determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity. A voting interest entity is an entity in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make financial and operating decisions. WesBanco consolidates voting interest entities in which it owns all, or at least a majority (generally, greater than 50%) of the voting interest. Variable Interest Entities—Variable interest entities (“VIE”) are entities that in general either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. WesBanco uses VIEs in various legal forms to conduct normal business activities. WesBanco reviews the structure and activities of VIEs for possible consolidation. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans or receivables, real estate or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE. WesBanco has twelve wholly-owned trust subsidiaries (collectively, the “Trusts”), for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. Accordingly, the Trusts and their net assets are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures issued by WesBanco to the Trusts (refer to Note 11, “Subordinated Debt and Junior Subordinated Debt”) and the common stock issued by the Trusts is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. WesBanco also owns non-controlling variable interests in certain limited partnerships for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of expected residual returns. These VIEs are not consolidated into WesBanco’s financial statements because WesBanco is not considered the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 8, “Investments in Limited Partnerships” for further detail. Revenue Recognition—Interest and dividend income, loan fees, trust fees, fees and charges on deposit accounts, insurance commissions and other ancillary income related to the Bank’s deposits and lending activities, as well as income at WesBanco’s other subsidiary companies, are accrued as contractually earned. 92 Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, due from banks—interest bearing and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. Securities—Trading securities: Trading securities include various mutual funds held in a grantor trust in connection with a deferred compensation plan. These securities are reported at fair value with the gains and losses included in non-interest income. Available-for-sale securities: Debt securities not classified as trading or held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. These securities may be sold at any time based upon management’s assessment of changes in economic or financial market conditions, interest rate or prepayment risks, liquidity considerations and other factors. These securities are stated at fair value, with the fair value adjustment, net of tax, reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity securities: Securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are stated at cost and adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities into the held-to-maturity category from the available-for-sale category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security. Certain securities with less than 15% of their original purchase price remaining or have experienced measurable credit deterioration may be sold. Cost method investments: Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Securities acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the security. Gains and losses: Net realized gains and losses on sales of securities are included in non-interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The gain or loss is determined as of the trade date. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded through other comprehensive income. Amortization and accretion: Generally, premiums are amortized to call date and discounts are accreted to maturity, on a level yield basis. Other-than-temporary impairment losses: An investment security is considered impaired if its fair value is less than its cost or amortized cost basis. If WesBanco intends to sell or will be required to sell the investment prior to recovery of cost, the entire impairment will be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. If WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, impaired securities prior to the recovery of their cost, a review is conducted each quarter to determine if the impairment is other- than-temporary due to credit impairment. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, WesBanco considers the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, evaluating any credit downgrades or other indicators of a potential credit problem, the extent and duration of the decline in fair value, the type of security, either fixed or equity, and the receipt of principal and interest according to the contractual terms. If the impairment is to be considered temporary, the impairment for available-for-sale securities is recognized in other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. If the impairment is to be considered other-than- temporary based on management’s review of the various factors that indicate credit impairment, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit portions. The credit portion is recognized in the Consolidated 93 Statements of Income. For available-for-sale securities, the non-credit portion is calculated as the difference between the present value of the future cash flows at the contract rate and the fair value of the security and is recognized in other comprehensive income. Loans and Loans Held for Sale—Loans originated by WesBanco are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income, credit valuation adjustments, and unamortized deferred loan fee income and loan origination costs. Interest is accrued as earned on loans except where doubt exists as to collectability, in which case accrual of income is discontinued. Loans originated and intended for sale are carried, in aggregate, at the estimated market value as WesBanco elected the fair value option on October 1, 2017. Performing loans acquired in acquisitions are recorded at fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. The premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment is recognized into interest income using a level yield method over the remaining expected life of the loan. Refer to the “Acquired Loans” policy below for additional detail. Loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income, as an adjustment to the yield, over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs are immediately recognized into income. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual when they are 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans may be returned to accrual status when a borrower has resumed paying principal and interest for a sustained period of at least six months and the Bank is reasonably assured of collecting the remaining contractual principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status at an amount equal to the principal balance of the loan at the time of non-accrual status less any payments applied to principal during the non-accrual period. Loans are reported as a troubled debt restructuring when WesBanco for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Refer to the “Troubled Debt Restructuring” policy below for additional detail. A loan is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that WesBanco will be unable to collect the payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans include all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructurings. WesBanco recognizes interest income on non-accrual loans on the cash basis only if recovery of principal is reasonably assured. Consumer loans are charged down to the net realizable value at 120 days past due for closed-end loans and 180 days past due for open-end revolving lines of credit. Residential real estate loans are charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged down to the net realizable value when it is determined that WesBanco will be unable to collect the principal amount in full. Loans are reclassified to other assets at the net realizable value when foreclosure or repossession of the collateral occurs. Refer to the “Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets” policy below for additional detail. Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”)—A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the debt, and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date, or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. Additionally, all consumer bankruptcies are considered TDR; all TDRs are considered impaired loans. 94 When determining whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties, consideration is given to any known default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal & interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of that collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid. The restructuring of a loan does not have a material effect on the allowance or provision for credit losses as the internal risk grade of a loan has more influence on the allowance than the classification of a loan as a TDR. The internal risk rating is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for commercial loans, including commercial real estate except for loans that are individually evaluated for impairment, in which case a specific reserve is established pursuant to GAAP. Portfolio segment loss history is the primary factor for establishing the allowance for residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans. Non-accrual loans that are restructured remain on non-accrual, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the restructured terms for a period of time. TDRs on accrual status generally remain on accrual as long as they continue to perform in accordance with their modified terms. TDRs may also be placed on non-accrual if they do not perform in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from TDR status after they have performed according to the renegotiated terms for a period of time if the interest rate under the modified terms is at or above market, or if the loan returns to its original terms. Acquired Loans—Loans acquired in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value with no carryover of related allowance for credit losses. Any allowance for loan loss on these pools reflect only losses incurred after the acquisition (meaning the present value of all cash flows expected at acquisition that ultimately are not to be received). Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Management considers a number of factors in evaluating the acquisition-date fair value including the remaining life of the acquired loans, delinquency status, estimated prepayments, payment options and other loan features, internal risk grade, estimated value of the underlying collateral and interest rate environment. Acquired loans that meet the criteria for non-accrual of interest prior to acquisition are considered to be performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if WesBanco can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of expected cash flows on such loans. Accordingly, WesBanco does not consider acquired contractually delinquent loans to be non-accrual or non-performing and continues to recognize interest income on these loans using the accretion method. Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (ASC 310- 30) if, at acquisition, the loans have evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination and it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected. At acquisition, WesBanco considers several factors as indicators that an acquired loan has evidence of deterioration in credit quality. These factors include loans 90 days or more past due, loans with an internal risk grade of substandard or below, loans classified as non-accrual by the acquired institution, and loans that have been previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Under the ASC 310-30 model, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition over recorded fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is the interest component of expected cash flow. The accretable yield is recognized into income over the remaining life of the loan if the timing and/or amount of cash flows expected to be collected can be reasonably estimated (the accretion method). If the timing or amount of cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, the cost recovery method of income recognition is used. The difference between the loan’s total scheduled principal and interest payments over all cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the 95 non-accretable difference. The non-accretable difference represents contractually required principal and interest payments which WesBanco does not expect to collect. Over the life of the loan, management continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected for ASC 310-30 loans. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairments through a charge to the provision for loan losses resulting in an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent improvements in cash flows result in first, reversal of existing valuation allowances recognized subsequent to acquisition, if any, and next, an increase in the amount of accretable yield to be subsequently recognized in interest income on a prospective basis over the loan’s remaining life. Acquired loans that were not individually determined to be purchased with deteriorated credit quality are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (ASC 310-20), whereby the premium or discount derived from the fair market value adjustment, on a loan-by-loan or pooled basis, is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan or pool. Allowance for Credit Losses—The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in future advances against loan commitments. Determining the amount of the allowance requires significant judgment about the collectability of loans and the factors that deserve consideration in estimating probable credit losses. The allowance is increased by a provision charged to operating expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the allowance at least quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The evaluation includes an assessment of quantitative factors such as actual loss experience within each category of loans and testing of certain commercial loans for impairment. The evaluation also considers qualitative factors such as economic trends and conditions, which includes levels of unemployment, real estate values and the impact on specific industries and geographical markets, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, delinquency and other credit quality trends, concentrations of credit risk, if any, the results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies, the volatility of historical loss rates and the velocity of changes in historical loss rates pertaining to the allowance for credit losses. Management relies on observable data from internal and external sources to the extent it is available to evaluate each of these factors and adjusts the actual historical loss rates to reflect the impact these factors may have on probable losses in the portfolio. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non- accrual or as a troubled debt restructuring are tested individually for impairment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any. General reserves are established for loans that are not individually tested for impairment based on historical loss rates adjusted for the impact of the qualitative factors discussed above. Historical loss rates for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are determined for each internal risk grade or group of pass grades using a migration analysis. Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are not risk graded, so historical loss rates are utilized to determine the total of each category of loans. Historical loss rates for deposit account overdrafts are based on actual losses in relation to average overdrafts for the period. Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between estimated and actual incurred losses from period to period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the level of the allowance for credit losses and may have a material impact on future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced; however, there have been no material substantive changes compared to prior periods. 96 Premises and Equipment—Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated economic useful lives of the leased assets or the remaining terms of the underlying leases. Useful lives range from 3 to 10 years for furniture and equipment, 15 to 39 years for buildings and building improvements, and 15 years for land improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while major improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the asset. Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets—Other real estate owned and repossessed assets, which are considered available-for-sale and are reported in other assets, are carried at the lower of cost or their estimated current fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Other real estate owned consists primarily of properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosures. Repossessed collateral primarily consists of automobiles and other types of collateral acquired to satisfy defaulted consumer loans. Subsequent declines in fair value, if any, income and expense associated with the management of the collateral, and gains or losses on the disposition of these assets are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—WesBanco accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest of an acquired business are recorded at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition with any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value recorded as goodwill. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment annually, or more often if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Finite-lived intangible assets, which consist primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles (long-term customer-relationship intangible assets) are amortized using straight-line and accelerated methods over their weighted-average estimated useful lives, ranging from ten to sixteen years in total, and are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective agreements, ranging from one to four years. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by either assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test, or WesBanco may elect to perform the goodwill impairment test. Under the qualitative assessment, WesBanco assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units are less than their carrying amounts, including goodwill. If it is more likely than not, the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of a goodwill impairment loss to be recognized, if any. The estimated fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired, and no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. WesBanco does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets. Bank-Owned Life Insurance—WesBanco has purchased life insurance policies on certain executive officers and employees. WesBanco receives the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or benefits are payable upon the death of the insured. These policies are recorded in the Consolidated 97 Balance Sheets at their net cash surrender value. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in non- interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Interest Rate Lock Commitments—In order to attract potential home borrowers, WesBanco offers interest rate lock commitments (“IRLC”) to such potential borrowers. IRLC are generally for sixty days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some IRLC expire prior to the funding of the related loan. For IRLC issued in connection with potential loans intended for sale, which consist primarily of originated longer-term fixed rate residential home mortgage loans that qualify for secondary market sale, the Bank enters into positions of forward month mortgage-backed security to be announced (“TBA”) contracts on a mandatory basis or a one-to-one forward sales contract on a best efforts basis. A mortgage loan sold on a mandatory basis is sold to the secondary market when the mortgage loan is funded. WesBanco enters into TBA contracts in order to control interest rate risk during the period between the IRLC and the sale of the mortgage loan. The IRLC is executed between the mortgagee and WesBanco, and the forward TBA contract is executed between WesBanco and a counterparty. Both the IRLC and the forward TBA contract is considered a derivative. Both types of derivatives are recorded at fair value and are not designated in a qualified hedged accounting program. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings within mortgage banking income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of IRLC is the gain or loss that would be realized on the underlying loans assuming exercise of the commitments under current market rates versus the rate incorporated in the commitments, taking into consideration fallout. The fair value of forward TBA contracts is based on quoted market prices. Since loans typically close before receipt of funding from an investor, they are accounted for at fair value as “Loans Held for Sale” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A mortgage loan sold on a best efforts basis is locked into a forward sales contract on the same day as the IRLC to control interest rate risk during the period between the IRLC and the sale of the mortgage loan. The IRLC is executed between the mortgagee and WesBanco, and the forward sales contract is executed between WesBanco and a counterparty. Both the IRLC and the forward sales contract are considered a derivative. Both types of derivatives are recorded at fair value and are not designated in a qualified hedged accounting program. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings within mortgage banking income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of IRLC is the gain or loss that would be realized on the underlying loans assuming exercise of the commitments under current market rates versus the rate incorporated in the commitments, taking into consideration fallout. The fair value of forward sales contracts is based on quoted market prices. Since loans typically close before receipt of funding from an investor, they are accounted for at fair value as “Loans Held for Sale” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—WesBanco records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether WesBanco has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. WesBanco enters into back-to-back interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers and then with counter parties for the offsetting interest rate swap. Currently, none of WesBanco’s derivatives are designated in qualifying hedging relationships, as the derivatives are not used to manage risks within WesBanco’s assets or liabilities. As such, all changes in fair value of WesBanco’s derivatives are recognized directly in earnings. Income Taxes—The provision for income taxes included in the Consolidated Statements of Income includes both federal and state income taxes and is based on income in the financial statements, rather than amounts reported on WesBanco’s income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases at which rates they are expected to turnaround. A test of the anticipated realizeability of deferred tax assets is performed at least annually. 98 Fair Value—Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. The ASC also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-based valuation techniques where all significant assumptions are observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market; Level 3—Valuation is generated from model-based techniques where one or more significant assumptions are not observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques may include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Earnings Per Common Share—Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. For diluted EPS, the weighted-average number of shares for the period is increased by the number of shares, which would be issued assuming the exercise of in-the-money common stock options and any outstanding warrants. Time-based restricted stock shares are recorded as issued and outstanding upon their grant, rather than upon vesting, and therefore are included in the weighted-average shares outstanding due to voting rights granted at the time restricted stock is granted. Performance and market-based restricted stock shares are recorded as issued and outstanding upon their achieving the required performance or market factors. These restricted shares are included in the number of shares outstanding for diluted EPS if their performance or market factors are expected to be achieved as of the reporting date. Trust Assets—Assets held by the Bank in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers are not included as assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain money market trust assets are held on deposit at the Bank and are accounted for as such. Stock-Based Compensation—Stock-based compensation awards granted, comprised of stock options, restricted stock, and total shareholder return (“TSR”) awards are valued at fair value and compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service or performance period of each award. For service- based awards with graded vesting schedules, compensation expense is divided equally among the vesting periods with each separately vested portion of the award recognized in compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards and TSR awards, compensation expense is recognized evenly over the performance period, based on the probability of the achievements of the performance or market conditions set forth in the plan. Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718)”, WesBanco recognizes forfeitures as they occur rather than estimate them over the life of the award. Defined Benefit Pension Plan—WesBanco recognizes in the statement of financial position an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. WesBanco recognizes fluctuations in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income. Plan assets are determined based on fair value generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate. The discount rate utilized is based on a fitted yield curve approach whereby the yield curve compares the expected stream of 99 future benefit payments for the plan to high quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace to determine an equivalent discount rate. Periodic pension expense includes service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, an expected return on plan assets based on an actuarially-derived market-related value, an assumed rate of annual compensation increase, and amortization or accretion of actuarial gains and losses as well as other actuarial assumptions. WesBanco utilizes a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The plan has been closed to new entrants since August 2007; however, benefits are still earned for those plan participants with continuing employment after August 2007. Recent accounting pronouncements—In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income”, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The deferred tax asset and liability valuation adjustment as a result of the change in enacted federal tax rate is required to be included in income from continuing operations even in situations in which the related income tax effects of the items in accumulated other comprehensive income were originally recognized in other comprehensive income. The pronouncement permits reporting entities to reclass the stranded tax effects from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The pronouncement is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Upon early adoption of this pronouncement, WesBanco recorded a reclassification of $5.6 million, which is disclosed in Note 17, “Comprehensive Income/(Loss)”. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” The new guidance will make more financial and nonfinancial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. It is intended to more closely align hedge accounting with companies’ risk management strategies, simplify the application of hedge accounting, and increase transparency as to the scope and results of hedging programs. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. WesBanco is assessing the impact of ASU 2017-12 and does not expect it to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09 that provides guidance on determining which changes to the terms and conditions of share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting under Topic 718. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-08 that shortens the amortization period of certain callable debt securities held at a premium. The premium is required to be amortized to the earliest call date. Securities held at a discount continue to be amortized to maturity. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. in the income statement In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07 that changes how an employer presents the net periodic benefit cost for an employer-sponsored defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. Employers will present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. Employers will present 100 the other components of the net periodic benefit cost separately from the line items that includes the service cost outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. These components will not be eligible for capitalization in assets. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period (i.e., only in the first interim period). For WesBanco, this update will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. Upon adoption, WesBanco will reclassify the service cost component from employee benefits to salaries and wages, which are both components of non-interest expense. The service cost component for the twelve months ending December 31, 2017 was $2.6 million. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04 that eliminated the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. Public business entities that are a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filer should adopt this update for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. ASU 2017-01 will be effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. WesBanco is currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2017- 01 but it is not expected that the adoption of this new standard will have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16 that provides the recognition of income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Current guidance prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. This prohibition on recognition is an exception to the principle of comprehensive recognition of current and deferred income taxes in generally accepted accounting principles. The exception has led to diversity in practice and is a source of complexity in financial reporting. FASB decided that an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Consequently, the amendments in this update eliminate the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. The amendments in this update do not include new disclosure requirements; however, existing disclosure requirements might be applicable when accounting for the current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. The amendments in this update should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The adoption of this pronouncement impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. is not expected to have a material In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 that provides guidance for the classification of cash flows related to (1) debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate on the borrowing, (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, (6) distributions received from equity method investees, (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those 101 fiscal years, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 that will require entities to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model on trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses. For available-for- sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to what they do today, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. Entities will have to disclose significantly more information, including information they use to track credit quality by year of origination for most financing receivables. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, which for WesBanco will be effective for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. WesBanco is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this pronouncement on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 that will require all excess income tax benefits or tax deficiencies of stock awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. It also will allow an employer to repurchase more of an employee’s shares than it can today for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting and to make a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. WesBanco made a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating them over the life of the award. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07 that eliminates the requirement to retrospectively apply the equity method in previous periods when an investor initially obtains significant influence over an investee. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and requires prospective adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 that will require entities to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. The principal difference from previous guidance is that the lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases were not previously recognized in the balance sheet. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. While we are currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this pronouncement, we expect the primary impact to our consolidated financial position upon adoption will be the recognition, on a discounted basis, of our minimum commitments under non-cancellable operating leases on our consolidated Balance Sheets resulting in the recording of right of use assets and lease obligations. Our current minimum commitments under non-cancellable operating leases are disclosed in Note 6, “Premises and Equipment”. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 that will require entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income unless the investments qualify for the new practicability exception. The standard does not change the guidance for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans. Entities will have to record changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured under the fair value option in other comprehensive income. Public business entities must apply the new requirements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. 102 In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 related to the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The new revenue pronouncement creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. The pronouncement provides a five-step model for a company to recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The five steps are, (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the separate performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. On July 9, 2015, the FASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date of the update. The update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is now permitted as of the original effective date for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, which amends the principle versus agent guidance in the revenue standard. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, which clarifies when promised goods or services are separately identifiable in the revenue standard. In May 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-12, which provides narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients to the revenue standard. WesBanco has completed the evaluation of the impact of this standard on individual customer contracts and determined this standard will not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements because revenue related to financial instruments, including loans and investment securities are not in scope of these updates. Loan interest income, investment interest income, insurance services revenue and bank-owned life insurance are accounted for under other U.S. GAAP standards and are therefore, out of scope of the ASC 606 revenue standard. Trust fees, service charges on deposits, electronic banking fees, net securities brokerage revenue, net gains on sales of mortgage loans, and net gain on other real estate owned and other assets are in scope of the ASC 606 revenue standard. Management has completed evaluating revenue contracts, as well as identifying WesBanco’s customers, performance obligations and material revenue streams. For the Company’s revenue streams, no material changes have been identified as to the timing of revenue recognition. The Company plans to adopt the revenue recognition standard under the modified retrospective approach as of January 1, 2018. In January 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-01, which applies to all reporting entities that invest in qualified affordable housing projects through limited liability entities. The pronouncement permits reporting entities to make an accounting policy election to account for these investments using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions exist. The pronouncement also requires disclosure that enables users of its financial statements to understand the nature of these investments in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance in the income statement as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The pronouncement is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014. WesBanco made an accounting policy election to adopt the ASU in the first quarter of 2017. With the adoption of this pronouncement, WesBanco now classifies the amortization of the investment as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The amount for the three and twelve months ending December 31, 2017 was $0.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which is included in income tax expense within WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. NOTE 2. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS On November 13, 2017, WesBanco and First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. (“FTSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Huntington, West Virginia which, as of September 30, 2017, had approximately $658.2 million in assets excluding goodwill, $527.6 million in total deposits, $402.4 million in total loans and five branches in West Virginia, entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger. The transaction will enhance WesBanco’s position in the Huntington, West Virginia Metropolitan Statisical Area. The transaction, valued approximately at $101.4 million, is scheduled to close early in April 2018. The acquisition was subject to approval by the appropriate banking regulatory authorities and the shareholders of FTSB, and such approvals were obtained in February 2018. On September 9, 2016, WesBanco completed its acquisition of Your Community Bankshares, Inc. (“YCB”), and its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Your Community Bank (“YCB Bank”), an Indiana state-chartered commercial bank headquartered in New Albany, Indiana. The transaction expanded WesBanco’s franchise into Kentucky and southern Indiana. 103 On the acquisition date, YCB had $1.5 billion in total assets, excluding goodwill, including $1.0 billion in loans and $173.2 million in securities. The YCB acquisition was valued at $220.5 million, based on WesBanco’s closing stock price on September 9, 2016 of $32.62, and resulted in WesBanco issuing 5,423,348 shares of its common stock and $43.3 million in cash in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of YCB common stock. The assets and liabilities of YCB were recorded on WesBanco’s balance sheet at their fair value as of September 9, 2016, the acquisition date, and YCB’s results of operations have been included in WesBanco’s Consolidated Statements of Income since that date. Based on the final purchase price allocation, WesBanco recorded $93.0 million in goodwill and $12.0 million in core deposit intangibles in its Community Banking segment, representing the principal change in goodwill and intangibles in 2016. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes, as the acquisition is accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco recorded merger-related expenses of $0.5 million and $13.3 million, respectively, associated with the YCB acquisition. The final purchase price of the YCB acquisition and resulting goodwill is summarized as follows: (in thousands) Purchase Price: Fair value of WesBanco shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash consideration for outstanding YCB shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total purchase price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of: Tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core deposit and other intangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash received in the acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 9, 2016 $ $ 177,149 43,349 220,498 $ 1,398,183 11,957 (1,330,887) 48,212 $ $ 127,465 93,033 The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. (in thousands) Assets acquired September 9, 2016 Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill and other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,212 173,223 1,012,410 104,990 212,550 Total assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,551,385 Liabilities assumed Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,193,010 123,001 14,876 Total liabilities assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330,887 Net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 220,498 (1) Includes receivables of $105.8 million from the sale of available-for-sale securities prior to the acquisition date. 104 The following table presents the changes in the allocation of the purchase price of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition previously reported as of December 31, 2016: (in thousands) Goodwill recognized as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of net assets acquired: Assets Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued income and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities Borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 9, 2016 $92,889 (1,156) 743 — 269 Fair value of net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (144) Increase in goodwill recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Goodwill recognized as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $93,033 NOTE 3. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE Earnings per common share are calculated as follows: (in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) Numerator for both basic and diluted earnings per common share: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denominator: Total average basic common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of dilutive stock options and other stock compensation . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $ 94,482 $ 86,635 $ 80,762 44,003,208 72,085 40,100,320 26,756 37,488,331 58,796 Total diluted average common shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,075,293 40,127,076 37,547,127 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2.15 2.14 $ 2.16 2.16 2.15 2.15 All options to purchase shares were included in the diluted shares computation for the year ended December 31, 2017 while 95,700 shares were not included in the computation for the year ended December 31, 2016 because the exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect would be antidilutive. All options to purchase shares were included in the year ended December 31, 2015 computation of net income per diluted share. Market and performance-based restricted stock, included in the computation of net income per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2017 because the effect would be included in the antidilutive. Market-based restricted stock, computation of net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015, respectively, because the effect would be antidilutive. totaling 24,000 and 12,000 shares were not totaling 24,675 shares, were not On September 9, 2016, WesBanco issued 5,423,348 shares of common stock (109,257 of which shares were treasury stock) to complete its acquisition of YCB. These shares are included in average shares outstanding beginning on that date. For additional information relating to the YCB acquisition, refer to Note 2, “Mergers and Acquisitions.” 105 NOTE 4. SECURITIES The following table shows the amortized cost and fair values of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Available-for-sale U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . $ 72,425 $ 24 $ (606) $ 71,843 $ 54,803 $ 3 $ (763) $ 54,043 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . Obligations of states and 954,115 214 (19,407) 934,922 953,475 884 (16,070) 938,289 116,448 4 (1,585) 114,867 98,922 27 (2,139) 96,810 political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 102,363 35,234 2,927 228 (460) (59) 104,830 35,403 110,208 35,292 3,114 117 (1,659) (108) 111,663 35,301 Total debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,280,585 4,223 Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,397 1,390 Total available-for-sale $(22,117) $1,261,865 $1,252,700 4,062 5,613 — $ 4,145 1,032 $(20,739) $1,236,106 5,070 (24) securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,284,808 $ 4,787 $(22,117) $1,267,478 $1,256,762 $ 5,177 $(20,763) $1,241,176 Held-to-maturity U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . $ 11,465 $ — $ (325) $ 11,140 $ 13,394 $ — $ (414) $ 12,980 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . Obligations of states and 170,025 544 (2,609) 167,960 215,141 1,279 (2,563) 213,857 political subdivisions . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . 794,655 33,355 17,364 919 (1,609) — 810,410 34,274 805,019 34,413 15,652 418 (5,529) (20) 815,142 34,811 Total held-to-maturity securities . . $1,009,500 $18,827 $ (4,543) $1,023,784 $1,067,967 $17,349 $ (8,526) $1,076,790 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,294,308 $23,614 $(26,660) $2,291,262 $2,324,729 $22,526 $(29,289) $2,317,966 Trading securities, which consist of investments in various mutual funds held in grantor trusts formed in connection with the Company’s deferred compensation plan, are recorded at fair value and totaled $7.8 million and $7.1 million, at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no holdings of any one issuer, other than U.S. government sponsored entities and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of WesBanco’s shareholders’ equity. 106 The following table presents the fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2017. In many instances, the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalty prior to the contractual maturity date. (in thousands) Available-for-sale U.S. Government sponsored One Year or less One to Five Years Five to Ten Years After Ten Years Mortgage-backed and Equity Total December 31, 2017 entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,938 $ 1,990 $ 16,837 $ 6,888 $ 36,190 $ 71,843 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Equity securities (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . Total available-for-sale — — — — 934,922 934,922 — — — — 114,867 114,867 3,964 3,990 — 18,827 26,431 — 39,020 4,982 — 43,019 — — — — 5,613 104,830 35,403 5,613 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,892 $ 47,248 $ 60,839 $ 49,907 $1,091,592 $1,267,478 Held-to-maturity (3) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 11,140 $ 11,140 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . Total held-to-maturity — — — — 167,960 167,960 4,855 — 106,502 7,721 406,338 26,553 292,715 — — — 810,410 34,274 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,855 $114,223 $432,891 $292,715 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,747 $161,471 $493,730 $342,622 $ 179,100 $1,023,784 $1,270,692 $2,291,262 (1) Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. (2) Equity securities, which have no stated maturity, are not assigned a maturity category. (3) The held-to-maturity portfolio is carried at an amortized cost of $1.0 billion. Securities with aggregate fair values of $1.4 billion and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were pledged as security for public and trust funds, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities were $7.8 million, $277.2 million and $635.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Net unrealized losses on available- for-sale securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income net of tax, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $13.3 million, $9.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively. 107 The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Gross realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross realized losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 675 (108) $2,638 (281) $1,029 (81) Net realized gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 567 $2,357 $ 948 The following tables provide information on unrealized losses on investment securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and twelve months or more as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: Less than 12 months December 31, 2017 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities (dollars in thousands) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . $ 24,776 $ (160) 4 $ 42,248 $ (771) 8 $ 67,024 $ (931) 12 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . 423,794 (5,039) 87 637,461 (16,977) 193 1,061,255 (22,016) 280 Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . Obligations of states and 79,061 (1,089) 10 27,852 (496) 6 106,913 (1,585) 16 political subdivisions . . . . . 132,831 4,015 — Corporate debt securities . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . (852) (19) — 210 1 — 77,554 1,948 — (1,217) (40) — 160 1 — 210,385 5,963 — (2,069) (59) — 370 2 — Total temporarily impaired securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $664,477 $(7,159) 312 $787,063 $(19,501) 368 $1,451,540 $(26,660) 680 108 Less than 12 months December 31, 2016 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses # of Securities (dollars in thousands) U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . $ 58,108 $ (1,177) 11 $ — $ — — $ 58,108 $ (1,177) 11 Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage- backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligations of states and political subdivisions . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . Total temporarily impaired 969,174 (16,436) 232 58,839 (2,197) 14 1,028,013 (18,633) 246 88,169 (2,122) 14 679 (17) 2 88,848 (2,139) 16 364,583 10,011 2,938 (7,121) (78) (24) 604 3 2 2,047 5,973 — (67) (50) — 3 2 — 366,630 15,984 2,938 (7,188) (128) (24) 607 5 2 securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,492,983 $(26,958) 866 $67,538 $(2,331) 21 $1,560,521 $(29,289) 887 Unrealized losses on debt securities in the tables represent temporary fluctuations resulting from changes in market rates in relation to fixed yields. Unrealized losses in the available-for-sale portfolio are accounted for as an adjustment, net of taxes, to other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. WesBanco does not believe the securities presented above are impaired due to reasons of credit quality, as substantially all debt securities are rated above investment grade and all are paying principal and interest according to their contractual terms. WesBanco does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, loss position securities prior to recovery of their cost, and therefore, management believes the unrealized losses detailed above are temporary and no impairment loss relating to these securities has been recognized. Securities that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which WesBanco does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost. Cost method investments consist primarily of FHLB of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Indianapolis stock totaling $45.9 million and $46.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cost method investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that their carrying value may not be recoverable. 109 NOTE 5. LOANS AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The recorded investment in loans is presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of deferred loan fees and costs, and discounts on purchased loans. The deferred loan (costs) and fees were $(1.6) million and $0.3 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The unamortized discount on purchased loans from acquisitions was $21.9 million, including $10.5 million related to YCB, and $24.1 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, December 31, 2017 2016 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 392,597 2,601,851 $ 496,539 2,376,972 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,994,448 2,873,511 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125,327 1,353,301 529,196 339,169 1,088,118 1,383,390 508,359 396,058 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,341,441 6,249,436 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,320 17,315 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,361,761 $6,266,751 The following tables summarize changes in the allowance for credit losses applicable to each category of the loan portfolio: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $ 4,348 $18,628 $ 8,412 $ 4,106 $ 3,422 $ 3,998 $ 760 $ 43,674 151 17 188 9 162 44 — 571 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,499 18,645 8,600 4,115 3,584 4,042 760 44,245 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . (1,259) 4,386 2,733 (175) 2,066 1,231 1,001 9,983 (32) 9 (15) (2) 50 (7) — 3 Total provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,291) Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . (72) 100 28 4,395 (2,381) 533 (1,848) 2,718 (2,669) 938 (1,731) (177) 2,116 1,224 1,001 9,986 (1,064) 339 (1,221) 230 (3,989) 1,823 (1,293) 353 (12,689) 4,316 (725) (991) (2,166) (940) (8,373) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . Total ending allowance for credit 3,117 21,166 9,414 3,206 4,497 3,063 821 45,284 119 26 173 7 212 37 — 574 losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,236 $21,192 $ 9,587 $ 3,213 $ 4,709 $ 3,100 $ 821 $ 45,858 110 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $4,390 $14,748 $10,002 $4,582 $2,883 $ 4,763 $ 342 $ 41,710 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 26 260 7 117 46 — 613 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . . Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . . Allowance for loan 4,547 14,774 10,262 4,589 3,000 4,809 342 42,323 26 (6) 20 (73) 5 (68) 4,223 1,160 (9) 4,214 (1,886) 1,543 (343) (72) 1,088 (3,070) 320 (2,750) 16 2 18 662 1,356 1,077 8,520 45 707 (2) — (42) 1,354 1,077 8,478 (937) 445 (492) (397) 274 (3,606) 1,485 (123) (2,121) (884) 225 (659) (10,853) 4,297 (6,556) 4,348 18,628 8,412 4,106 3,422 3,998 760 43,674 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 17 188 9 162 44 — 571 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,499 $18,645 $ 8,600 $4,115 $3,584 $ 4,042 $ 760 $ 44,245 For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total $ 5,654 $17,573 $ 9,063 $ 5,382 $ 2,329 $ 4,078 $ 575 $ 44,654 (in thousands) Balance at beginning of year: Allowance for loan losses . . . . Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 10 112 9 90 40 — 455 5,848 17,583 9,175 5,391 2,419 4,118 575 45,109 (1,265) 1,250 3,289 399 1,794 2,337 Total beginning allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses: Provision for loan losses . . . . . Provision for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . Total provision for credit losses . . . (1,302) Charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net charge-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1 1 (37) 16 1,266 (4,915) 840 (4,075) 148 3,437 (2,785) 435 (2,350) (2) 27 6 397 1,821 2,343 391 — 391 8,195 158 8,353 (1,803) 604 (1,502) 262 (2,892) 1,240 (846) 222 (14,743) 3,604 (1,199) (1,240) (1,652) (624) (11,139) Balance at end of period: Allowance for loan losses . . . . Allowance for loan 4,390 14,748 10,002 4,582 2,883 4,763 342 41,710 commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 26 260 7 117 46 — 613 Total ending allowance for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,547 $14,774 $10,262 $ 4,589 $ 3,000 $ 4,809 $ 342 $ 42,323 111 The following tables present the allowance for credit losses and recorded investments in loans by category: Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial and Industrial Residential Real Estate Home Equity Consumer Deposit Overdraft Total (in thousands) December 31, 2017 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment . . . . . . $ — $ 388 $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ 388 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . 3,117 20,778 9,414 3,206 4,497 3,063 821 44,896 Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 26 173 7 212 37 — 574 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . $ 3,236 $ 21,192 $ 9,587 $ 3,213 $ 4,709 $ 3,100 $821 $ 45,858 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 3,344 $ — $ — $ — $ — $— $ 3,344 Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391,140 2,593,393 1,124,544 1,352,587 529,196 339,163 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,457 5,114 783 714 — 6 — — 6,330,023 8,074 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $392,597 $2,601,851 $1,125,327 $1,353,301 $529,196 $339,169 $— $6,341,441 December 31, 2016 Allowance for credit losses: Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment . . . . . . $ — $ 470 $ 407 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 877 Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . 4,348 18,158 8,005 4,106 3,422 3,998 760 42,797 Allowance for loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 17 188 9 162 44 — 571 Total allowance for credit losses . . . . $ 4,499 $ 18,645 $ 8,600 $ 4,115 $ 3,584 $ 4,042 $760 $ 44,245 Portfolio loans: Individually evaluated for impairment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 3,012 $ 1,270 $ — $ — $ — $— $ 4,282 Collectively evaluated for impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494,928 2,364,067 1,086,445 1,382,447 508,359 396,049 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,611 9,893 403 943 — 9 — — 6,232,295 12,859 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $496,539 $2,376,972 $1,088,118 $1,383,390 $508,359 $396,058 $— $6,249,436 (1) Commercial loans greater than $1 million that are reported as non-accrual or as a TDR are individually evaluated for impairment. WesBanco maintains an internal loan grading system to reflect the credit quality of commercial loans. Commercial loan risk grades are determined based on an evaluation of the relevant characteristics of each loan, assigned at the inception of each loan and adjusted thereafter at any time to reflect changes in the risk profile throughout the life of each loan. The primary factors used to determine the risk grade are the reliability and sustainability of the primary source of repayment and overall financial strength of the borrower. This includes an analysis of cash flow available to repay debt, profitability, liquidity, leverage, and overall financial trends. Other factors include management, industry or property type risks, an assessment of secondary sources of repayment such as collateral or guarantees, other terms and conditions of the loan that may increase or reduce its risk, and economic conditions and other external factors that may influence repayment capacity and financial condition. Commercial real estate—land and construction consists of loans to finance investments in vacant land, land development, construction of residential housing, and construction of commercial buildings. Commercial real 112 estate—improved property consists of loans for the purchase or refinance of all types of improved owner- occupied and investment properties. Factors that are considered in assigning the risk grade vary depending on the type of property financed. The risk grade assigned to construction and development loans is based on the overall viability of the project, the experience and financial capacity of the developer or builder to successfully complete the project, project specific and market absorption rates and comparable property values, and the amount of pre- sales for residential housing construction or pre-leases for commercial investment property. The risk grade assigned to commercial investment property loans is based primarily on the adequacy of net rental income generated by the property to service the debt, the type, quality, industry and mix of tenants, and the terms of leases, but also considers the overall financial capacity of the investors and their experience in owning and managing investment property. The risk grade assigned to owner-occupied commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans is based primarily on historical and projected earnings, the adequacy of operating cash flow to service all of the business’ debt, and the capital resources, liquidity and leverage of the business, but also considers the industry in which the business operates, the business’ specific competitive advantages or disadvantages, the quality and experience of management, and external influences on the business such as economic conditions. Commercial and industrial to finance accounts receivable, loans consist of revolving lines of credit inventory and other general business purposes; term loans to finance fixed assets other than real estate, and letters of credit to support trade, insurance or governmental requirements for a variety of businesses. Most C&I borrowers are privately-held companies with annual sales up to $100 million. Factors that are considered for commercial and industrial loans include the type, quality and marketability of non-real estate collateral and whether the structure of the loan increases or reduces its risk. The type, age, condition, location and any environmental risks associated with a property are also considered for all types of commercial real estate. The overall financial condition and repayment capacity of any guarantors is also evaluated to determine the extent to which they mitigate other risks of the loan. The following paragraphs provide descriptions of risk grades that are applicable to commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Pass loans are those that exhibit a history of positive financial results that are at least comparable to the average for their industry or type of real estate. The primary source of repayment is acceptable and these loans are expected to perform satisfactorily during most economic cycles. Pass loans typically have no significant external factors that are expected to adversely affect these borrowers more than others in the same industry or property type. Any minor unfavorable characteristics of these loans are outweighed or mitigated by other positive factors including but not limited to adequate secondary or tertiary sources of repayment. Criticized or compromised loans are currently protected but have weaknesses, which, if not corrected, may be inadequately protected at some future date. These loans represent an unwarranted credit risk and would generally not be extended in the normal course of lending. Specific issues which may warrant this grade include declining financial results, increased reliance on secondary sources of repayment or guarantor support and adverse external influences that may negatively impact the business or property. Substandard and doubtful loans are equivalent to the classifications used by banking regulators. Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current repayment capacity and equity of the borrower or collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have one or more well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize their repayment or collection in full. These loans may or may not be reported as non-accrual. Doubtful loans have all the weaknesses inherent to a substandard loan with the added characteristic that full repayment is highly questionable or improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and collateral values. However, recognition of loss may be deferred if there are reasonably specific pending factors that will reduce the risk if they occur. 113 The following tables summarize commercial loans by their assigned risk grade: (in thousands) As of December 31, 2017 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commerical Loans by Internally Assigned Risk Grade Commercial Real Estate- Land and Construction Commercial Real Estate- Improved Property Commercial & Industrial Total Commercial Loans $386,753 2,984 2,860 — $2,548,805 25,673 27,373 — $1,110,267 7,435 7,625 — $4,045,825 36,092 37,858 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $392,597 $2,601,851 $1,125,327 $4,119,775 As of December 31, 2016 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criticized—compromised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—substandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified—doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $489,380 4,405 2,754 — $2,324,755 15,295 36,922 — $1,072,751 5,078 10,289 — $3,886,886 24,778 49,965 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $496,539 $2,376,972 $1,088,118 $3,961,629 Residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans are not assigned internal risk grades other than as required by regulatory guidelines that are based primarily on the age of past due loans. WesBanco primarily evaluates the credit quality of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans based on repayment performance and historical loss rates. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard in accordance with regulatory guidelines were $22.8 million at December 31, 2017 and $20.6 million at December 31, 2016, of which $2.5 and $3.4 million were accruing, for each period, respectively. The aggregate amount of residential real estate, home equity and consumer loans classified as substandard are not included in the tables above. Acquired YCB Loans—The carrying amount of loans acquired from YCB with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $4.3 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of which $0.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively, were accounted for under the cost recovery method in accordance with ASC 310-30, as cash flows cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore are categorized as non-accrual. At December 31, 2017, the accretable yield was $0.7 million. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, no allowance for loan loss was recognized related to the YCB acquired impaired loans. Acquired ESB Loans—The carrying amount of loans acquired from ESB Financial Corporation and ESB Bank (“ESB”), which WesBanco acquired on February 10, 2015, with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $3.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of which $3.5 million and $0, respectively, were accounted for under the cost recovery method in accordance with ASC 310-30, as cash flows cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore are categorized as non-accrual. At December 31, 2017, the accretable yield was $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, an allowance for loan losses of $2.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, was recognized related to the ESB acquired impaired loans, as the estimates for future cash flows on these loans have been negatively impacted. 114 The following table provides changes in accretable yield for all loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality: (in thousands) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Balance at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction due to change in projected cash flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclass from non-accretable difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,717 — — 1,719 (216) (1,496) $ 1,724 $1,206 837 (484) 1,065 (328) (579) $1,717 The following tables summarize the age analysis of all categories of loans. Age Analysis of Loans Current 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Total Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing (1) (in thousands) As of December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 392,189 $ — 374 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,589,704 374 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 2,981,893 572 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,121,957 4,487 Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,338,240 2,135 522,584 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,466 334,723 Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,299,397 — 20,320 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,319,717 $10,034 $ 172 1,200 1,372 196 2,376 683 842 5,469 — $5,469 $ 236 $ 10,573 10,809 2,602 8,198 3,794 1,138 26,541 — 408 $ 392,597 2,601,851 12,147 2,994,448 12,555 1,125,327 3,370 1,353,301 15,061 529,196 6,612 339,169 4,446 6,341,441 42,044 20,320 — $26,541 $42,044 $6,361,761 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,195 $ 1,782 6,055 348 15,250 $ 2,130 $2,033 168 $2,201 $23,815 — 27,630 $ 516 $23,815 $28,146 $ 36,825 6,571 43,396 As of December 31, 2016 Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 496,245 $ — 1,154 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,367,790 1,154 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . 2,864,035 2,508 Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082,390 6,701 Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,365,956 2,358 502,087 Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,674 Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390,354 16,395 Total portfolio loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,204,822 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 17,315 Total loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,222,137 $16,395 294 $ $ — $ 363 363 1,011 1,043 862 1,149 4,428 — $4,428 7,665 7,959 2,209 9,690 3,052 881 23,791 — 294 $ 496,539 2,376,972 9,182 2,873,511 9,476 1,088,118 5,728 1,383,390 17,434 508,359 6,272 396,058 5,704 6,249,436 44,614 17,315 — $23,791 $44,614 $6,266,751 $ — 243 243 20 1,113 742 608 2,726 — $2,726 $ — 318 318 229 1,922 626 644 3,739 — $3,739 Impaired loans included above are as follows: Non-accrual loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ TDRs accruing interest (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,570 $ 3,479 342 7,014 $ 923 50 $19,812 240 24,214 $ 632 31,784 7,646 Total impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,584 $ 3,821 $ 973 $20,052 $24,846 $ 39,430 (1) Loans 90 days or more past due and accruing interest exclude TDRs 90 days or more past due and accruing interest. 115 The following tables summarize impaired loans: (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Impaired Loans December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Unpaid Principal Balance (1) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer 412 18,229 3,745 20,821 5,833 1,084 $ 239 12,863 3,086 18,982 5,169 952 $— — — — — — $ 1,212 9,826 4,456 20,152 4,589 884 $ 766 8,141 3,181 18,305 4,011 744 $— — — — — — Total impaired loans without a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,124 41,291 — 41,119 35,148 — With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial Total impaired loans with a specific — 2,105 — — 2,105 — — 388 — — 3,012 4,875 — 3,012 1,270 — 470 407 allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,105 Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52,229 2,105 $43,396 388 $388 7,887 $49,006 4,282 $39,430 877 $877 (1) The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off and fair market value adjustments on acquired impaired loans. Impaired Loans For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (in thousands) With no related specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 10,790 3,577 17,991 4,599 787 $— 436 8 252 19 7 $ 993 9,128 3,188 17,021 3,502 909 $— 115 9 308 20 8 $ 2,156 17,192 2,979 17,876 2,924 1,199 $ 41 437 170 862 90 105 Total impaired loans without a specific allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,204 722 34,741 460 44,326 1,705 With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial real estate: Commercial and industrial — Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,446 Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,700 Total impaired loans with a specific allowance . . Total impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,904 — — — — $722 — 3,012 3,214 6,226 $40,967 — — — — $460 — 5,896 3,579 9,475 $53,801 — — 292 292 $1,997 116 The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and TDRs: (in thousands) Commercial real estate: Non-accrual Loans (1) December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 239 13,318 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,557 2,958 14,661 4,762 887 $ 766 9,535 10,301 4,299 12,994 3,538 652 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36,825 $31,784 (1) At December 31, 2017, there were three borrowers with loans greater than $1.0 million totaling $6.8 million, as compared to two borrowers with loans greater than $1.0 million totaling $4.3 million at December 31, 2016. Total non-accrual loans include loans that are also restructured. Such loans are also set forth in the following table as non-accrual TDRs. (in thousands) Commercial real estate: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Accruing Non-Accrual Total Accruing Non-Accrual Total TDRs Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — 1,650 Total commercial real estate . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,650 128 4,321 407 65 $ 3 428 431 97 1,880 337 120 $ 3 2,078 $ — 1,618 2,081 225 6,201 744 185 1,618 152 5,311 473 92 $ 8 688 696 151 2,212 297 190 $ 8 2,306 2,314 303 7,523 770 282 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,571 $2,865 $9,436 $7,646 $3,546 $11,192 As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were no TDRs greater than $1.0 million. The concessions granted in the majority of loans reported as accruing and non-accrual TDRs are extensions of the maturity date or the amortization period, reductions in the interest rate below the prevailing market rate for loans with comparable characteristics, and/or permitting interest-only payments for longer than three months. WesBanco had unfunded commitments to debtors whose loans were classified as impaired of $0.1 million and $0 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. 117 The following table presents details related to loans identified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016: (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Land and construction . . . Improved property . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Modifications Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Modifications — 2 2 1 3 2 5 $— 345 345 64 144 68 43 $— 331 331 58 137 61 30 — — — 2 4 1 14 21 $— — — 125 178 44 98 $— — — 120 166 40 74 $445 $400 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 $664 $617 (1) Excludes loans that were either paid off or charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding at the beginning of the period. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end. The following table summarizes TDRs which defaulted (defined as past due 90 days) during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 that were restructured within the last twelve months prior to December 31, 2017 and 2016: (dollars in thousands) Commercial real estate: Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Defaulted TDRs (1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Number of Defaults Recorded Investment Land and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improved property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total commercial real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial and industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Home equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — 2 1 3 $— — — — 128 7 — $ 135 — — — — — — 1 1 $— — — — — — 16 $ 16 (1) Excludes loans that were either charged-off or cured by period end. The recorded investment is as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. TDRs that default are placed on non-accrual status unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection. The loans in the table above were not accruing interest. 118 The following table summarizes the recognition of interest income on impaired loans: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Average impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of contractual interest income on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,904 3,089 722 $40,967 2,747 460 $53,801 3,061 1,997 The following table summarizes other real estate owned and repossessed assets included in other assets: (in thousands) December 31, 2017 2016 Other real estate owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,195 102 $8,206 140 Total other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,297 $8,346 At December 31, 2017, other real estate owned included $0.4 million from the YCB acquisition. Residential real estate included in other real estate owned at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $1.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2017, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process on residential real estate loans totaling $3.5 million. NOTE 6. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT Premises and equipment include: (in thousands) December 31, 2017 2016 Land and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,209 141,960 75,816 $ 43,059 136,546 72,050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cost Accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,985 (128,263) 251,655 (118,358) Total premises and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 130,722 $ 133,297 Depreciation and amortization expense of premises and equipment charged to operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $10.4 million, $9.2 million and $8.1 million, respectively. WesBanco leases certain premises and equipment under non-cancellable operating leases. Certain leases contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses calling for rent increases over the term of the lease. All leases which contain a rent escalation clause are accounted for on a straight-line basis. Rent expense under leases was $4.2 million, $3.5 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands): Year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 4,240 3,713 3,548 3,089 2,294 13,690 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30,574 119 NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include goodwill of $573.9 million and $573.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively all of which relates to the Community Banking segment. WesBanco’s other intangible assets of $15.3 million and $19.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily consist of core deposit and other customer list intangibles which have finite lives and are amortized using straight line and accelerated methods. WesBanco recognized $93.0 million in goodwill and $12.0 million in core deposit intangibles in connection with the YCB acquisition. Other intangible assets are being amortized over estimated useful lives ranging from ten to sixteen years. Amortization of core deposit and customer list intangible assets totaled $4.1 million, $2.9 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. WesBanco completed its annual goodwill impairment evaluation as of November 30, 2017 and determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2017 as there were no significant changes in market conditions, consolidated operating results, or forecasted future results from November 30, 2017. Additionally, there were no events or changes in circumstances indicating impairment of intangible assets as of December 31, 2017. The following table shows WesBanco’s capitalized other intangible assets and related accumulated amortization: (in thousands) Other intangible assets: December 31, 2017 2016 Gross carrying amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 37,725 (22,407) $ 37,725 (18,341) Net carrying amount of other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,318 $ 19,384 The following table shows the amortization on WesBanco’s other intangible assets for each of the next five years (in thousands): Year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $3,543 3,037 2,564 2,122 1,701 As part of the YCB and ESB acquisitions, WesBanco entered into non-compete agreements with former YCB and ESB executives with terms ranging from one to four years. The non-compete agreements are recognized in other assets on the balance sheet with the amortization expense recognized in amortization of intangible assets on the income statement. Amortization expense of non-compete agreements totaled $0.9 million and $0.7 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively and is expected to be $0.6 million, $0.2 million and $0 million in the next three years, respectively. NOTE 8. INVESTMENTS IN LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS WesBanco is a limited partner in several tax-advantaged limited partnerships whose purpose is to invest in approved low-income housing investment tax credit projects. These investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The limited partnerships are considered to be VIEs as they generally do not have equity investors with voting rights or have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources to support their activities. The VIEs have not been consolidated because WesBanco is not considered the primary beneficiary. All of WesBanco’s investments in limited partnerships are privately held, and their market values are not readily available. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, 120 WesBanco had $15.6 million and $14.3 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships. WesBanco also recognizes the unconditional unfunded equity commitments of $10.7 million and $8.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, in other liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ losses and impairment of $0.9 million, and $0.6 million, respectively. WesBanco made an accounting policy election to adopt ASU No. 2014-01 in the first quarter of 2017. With the adoption of this pronouncement, WesBanco now classifies the amortization of the investment as a component of income tax expense (benefit) and is proportionally amortized over the tax credit period. The amount for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $1.5 million, which is included in income tax expense within WesBanco’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Tax benefits attributed to these partnerships include low-income housing and historic tax credits which totaled $1.6 million, $0.8 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. WesBanco is also a limited partner in seven other limited partnerships which provide seed money and capital to startup companies, and financing to low-income housing projects. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco had $5.4 million and $5.2 million, respectively, invested in these partnerships, which are recorded in other assets using the equity method. WesBanco included in operations under the equity method of accounting its share of the partnerships’ net income of $47 thousand, net income of $19 thousand and net loss of $1 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. NOTE 9. CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT Certificates of deposit in denominations of $100 thousand or more were $581.6 million and $681.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest expense on certificates of deposit of $100 thousand or more was $4.4 million, $5.0 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2017, the scheduled maturities of total certificates of deposit are as follows (in thousands): Year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 736,435 218,392 154,186 83,079 49,564 35,401 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,277,057 NOTE 10. FHLB AND OTHER SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS WesBanco is a member of the FHLB system. WesBanco’s FHLB borrowings, which consist of borrowings from both the FHLB of Pittsburgh and the FHLB of Cincinnati, are secured by a blanket lien by the FHLB on certain residential mortgages and other loan types or securities with a market value in excess of the outstanding balances of the borrowings. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco had FHLB borrowings of $948.2 million and $968.9 million, respectively, with a remaining weighted-average interest rate of 1.57% and 1.19%, respectively. The terms of the security agreement with the FHLB include a specific assignment of collateral that requires the maintenance of qualifying mortgage and other types of loans as pledged collateral with unpaid principal amounts in excess of the FHLB advances, when discounted at certain pre-established percentages of the loans’ unpaid principal balances. FHLB stock owned by WesBanco totaling $45.9 million and $46.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is also pledged as collateral on these advances. The remaining maximum borrowing capacity by WesBanco with the FHLB at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was estimated to be approximately $1.8 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. 121 The following table presents the aggregate annual maturities and weighted-average interest rates of FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2017 based on their contractual maturity dates and interest rates (dollars in thousands): Year Scheduled Maturity Weighted Average Rate 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 and thereafter $540,770 334,104 71,064 294 — 1,971 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $948,203 1.40% 1.78% 1.96% 5.22% 0.00% 1.42% 1.57% Other short-term borrowings of $184.8 million and $199.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, federal funds purchased, and outstanding borrowings on a revolving line of credit. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $159.8 million and $141.4 million, respectively, with a weighted average interest rate during the year of 0.67% and 0.38%, respectively. There were $25 million and $58.0 million, respectively, in outstanding balances of fed funds purchased at December 31, 2017 and 2016 with interest rates of 1.60% and 0.85%, respectively. In September 2017, WesBanco renewed a revolving line of credit, which is a senior obligation of the parent company with another financial institution. This line of credit, which accrues interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate, provides for aggregate unsecured borrowings of up to $25.0 million. There were no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. NOTE 11. SUBORDINATED DEBT AND JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBT WesBanco had $25.8 million of subordinated debt outstanding at December 31, 2017 that was issued by the former YCB, acquired by WesBanco in 2016. These notes have a fixed rate of 6.25%, mature on December 15, 2025, and are callable on December 15, 2020. The interest rate will become a variable rate equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 4.59% on the call date. The subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 regulatory capital for WesBanco and WesBanco Bank. The Trusts, consisting of WesBanco Capital Trust II, WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III, WesBanco Capital Trusts IV, V and VI, Oak Hill Capital Trusts 2, 3 and 4, Community Bank Shares Statutory Trusts I and II, and First Federal Statutory Trusts II and III are all wholly-owned trust subsidiaries of WesBanco formed for the purpose of issuing Trust Preferred Securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) into a pool of other financial services entity trust preferred securities, and lending the proceeds to WesBanco. The Trust Preferred Securities were issued and sold in private placement offerings. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of common stock by the Trusts were invested in Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (“Junior Subordinated Debt”) issued by WesBanco, the former Oak Hill Financial, Inc., acquired by WesBanco in 2007, and the former YCB, acquired by WesBanco in 2016, which are the sole assets of the Trusts. The Trusts pay dividends on the Trust Preferred Securities at the same rate as the distributions paid by WesBanco on the Junior Subordinated Debt held by the Trusts. The Trusts provide WesBanco with the option to defer payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debt for an aggregate of 20 consecutive quarterly periods. Should any of these options be utilized, WesBanco may not declare or pay dividends on its common stock during any such period. Undertakings made by WesBanco with respect to the Trust Preferred Securities for the Trusts constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by WesBanco of the obligations of these Trust Preferred Securities. WesBanco organized Trusts II and III in June 2003, Trusts IV and V in June 2004 and Trust VI in March 2005. The Oak Hill Trusts 2 and 3 were organized in 2004 and Trust 4 was organized in 2005. The Community Bank Trust I was organized in 2004, and Trust II was organized in 2006. The First Federal Trust II was organized in 2007, and Trust III was organized in 2008. 122 The Junior Subordinated Debt is presented as a separate category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For regulatory purposes, the Federal Reserve Board has allowed bank holding companies to include trust preferred securities in Tier 1 capital up to a certain limit. Provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act require the Federal Reserve Board to generally exclude trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital, but a grandfather provision will permit bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $15 billion, such as WesBanco, to continue counting existing trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital until they mature. All of the Trust Preferred Securities qualified under the current rules as Tier 1 instruments at December 31, 2017, but no such securities issued in the future will count as Tier 1 capital. The Trust Preferred Securities provide the issuer with a unique capital instrument that has a tax deductible interest feature not normally associated with the equity of a corporation. The following table shows WesBanco’s trust subsidiaries with outstanding Trust Preferred Securities as of December 31, 2017: (in thousands) Trust Preferred Securities Common Securities Junior Subordinated Debt Stated Maturity Date Optional Redemption Date WesBanco Capital Trust II (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,000 $ 410 526 WesBanco Capital Statutory Trust III (2) . . . . . . . . . . 619 WesBanco Capital Trust IV (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 WesBanco Capital Trust V (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 WesBanco Capital Trust VI (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Oak Hill Capital Trust 2 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Oak Hill Capital Trust 3 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Oak Hill Capital Trust 4 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Community Bank Shares Statutory Trust I (3) . . . . . . 310 Community Bank Shares Statutory Trust II (8) . . . . . . 310 First Federal Statutory Trust II (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 First Federal Statutory Trust III (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 5,000 8,000 5,000 6,252 8,476 8,419 8,144 $ 13,410 17,526 20,619 20,619 15,464 5,155 8,248 5,155 6,469 8,786 8,729 8,384 6/30/2008 6/30/2033 6/26/2008 6/26/2033 6/17/2009 6/17/2034 6/17/2009 6/17/2034 3/17/2010 3/17/2035 10/18/2034 10/18/2009 10/18/2034 10/18/2009 6/30/2015 6/30/2035 6/17/2014 6/17/2034 6/15/2016 6/15/2036 3/15/2017 3/22/2037 6/24/2018 6/24/2038 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $134,291 $4,273 $138,564 (1) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.15% with a current rate of 4.84% through March 30, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (2) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 3.10% with a current rate of 4.77% through March 26, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (3) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.65% with a current rate of 4.25% through March 17, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (4) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.77% with a current rate of 3.37% through March 17, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (5) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.40% with a current rate of 3.75% through January 18, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (6) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.30% with a current rate of 3.65% through January 18, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (7) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.60% with a current rate of 3.29% through March 30, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (8) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.70% with a current rate of 3.29% through March 15, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (9) Variable rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.60% with a current rate of 3.19% through March 15, 2018, adjustable quarterly. (10) Fixed rate of 8.00% through maturity, callable June 24, 2018 and thereafter at par. 123 NOTE 12. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives WesBanco is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. WesBanco principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. WesBanco manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities. WesBanco’s existing interest rate derivatives result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in WesBanco’s assets or liabilities. WesBanco manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. A matched book is when the Bank’s assets and liabilities are equally distributed but also have similar maturities. Loan Swaps WesBanco executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that WesBanco executes with a third party, such that WesBanco minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements of FASB ASC 815, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting third- party swaps are recognized directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco had 39 and 24, respectively, interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $298.2 and $206.9 million, respectively, related to this program. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, WesBanco recognized (net loss) net gains of $(0.4) million, $0.5 million and $3 thousand, respectively, related to the changes in fair value of these swaps. Additionally, WesBanco recognized $2.3 million, $2.5 million and $0.2 million income for the related swap fees for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale and Loan Commitments Certain residential mortgage loans are originated for sale in the secondary mortgage loan market. These loans are classified as held for sale and carried at fair value as WesBanco has elected the fair value option. Fair value is determined based on rates obtained from the secondary market for loans with similar characteristics. WesBanco sells loans to the secondary market on a mandatory or best efforts basis. The loans sold on a mandatory basis are not committed to an investor until the loan is closed with the borrower. WesBanco enters into forward TBA contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the loan commitment and the closing of the loan. The loans sold on a best efforts basis are committed to an investor simultaneous to the interest rate commitment with the borrower. Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet All derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Derivative assets are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other assets, and derivative liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other liabilities. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. None of WesBanco’s derivatives are designated in qualifying hedging relationships under FASB ASC 815. 124 The table below presents the fair value of WesBanco’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016: (in thousands) Derivatives Loan Swaps: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Notional or Contractual Amount Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Notional or Contractual Amount Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $298,223 $7,351 $7,345 $206,923 $5,596 $5,199 Other contracts: Interest rate loan commitments . . . . . . . . Best efforts forward delivery commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forward TBA contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,319 49 — 19,453 — 2,905 31,750 — — 6 23 19,453 — 79 — 123 — — Total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,400 $7,374 $5,675 $5,322 Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement The table below presents the change in the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments reflected within the other non-interest income line item of the consolidated income statement for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. (in thousands) Location of Gain/(Loss) Interest rate swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income Interest rate loan commitments . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income Best efforts forward sales contracts . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income Forward TBA contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage banking income Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $(391) $ 495 49 (123) (6) 79 (23) — $ 3 15 5 — $(371) $ 451 $ 23 Credit-risk-related Contingent Features WesBanco has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if WesBanco defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then WesBanco could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations. WesBanco also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if WesBanco fails to maintain its status as either a well or adequately capitalized institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and WesBanco would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements. WesBanco has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted collateral with a market value of $3.0 million as of December 31, 2017. If WesBanco had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2017, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value and would have been required to pay any additional amounts due in excess of amounts previously posted as collateral with the respective counterparty. 125 NOTE 13. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Defined Benefit Pension Plan—The WesBanco, Inc. Defined Benefit Pension Plan (“the Plan”) established on January 1, 1985, is a non-contributory, defined benefit pension plan. The Plan covers all employees of WesBanco and its subsidiaries who were hired on or before August 1, 2007 who satisfy minimum age and length of service requirements. Benefits of the Plan are generally based on years of service and the employee’s compensation during the last five years of employment. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. WesBanco uses a December 31 measurement date for the Plan. The benefit obligations and funded status of the Plan are as follows: (dollars in thousands) December 31, 2017 2016 Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $119,559 $104,775 Change in projected benefit obligation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $115,458 2,578 4,393 12,172 — (4,294) $109,400 2,799 5,094 2,569 1,392 (5,796) Projected benefit obligation at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130,307 $115,458 Change in fair value of plan assets: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $121,597 20,119 5,000 — (4,294) $113,292 7,125 5,750 1,226 (5,796) Fair value of plan assets at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $142,422 $121,597 Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position: Funded status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,115 Net amounts recognized as receivable pension costs in the consolidated balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,115 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Unrecognized prior service cost Unrecognized net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 104 24,336 $ $ $ 6,139 6,139 130 27,857 Net amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (before tax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 24,440 $ 27,987 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets 3.81% 3.70% 6.30% 4.46% 3.74% 6.30% 126 The components of and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs are as follows: (dollars in thousands) Components of net periodic benefit cost: For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Service cost—benefits earned during year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost on projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,578 4,393 (7,647) 26 3,221 $ 2,799 5,094 (7,719) 26 3,020 $ 3,355 4,870 (7,735) 26 3,179 Net periodic pension cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,571 $ 3,220 $ 3,695 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Net (gain) loss for period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (300) $ 3,329 (26) (3,020) (26) (3,221) $(5,106) (26) (3,179) Total recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(3,547) $ 283 $(8,311) Total recognized in net periodic pension cost and other comprehensive income . . . $ (976) $ 3,503 $(4,616) Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long-term return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.46% 4.74% 4.33% 3.74% 3.82% 3.77% 6.30% 6.79% 7.00% On December 31, 2016, WesBanco changed the method used to estimate the service and interest components of net periodic benefit cost for pension benefits. This change compared to the previous method resulted in a decrease in the service and interest components for pension cost. Historically, WesBanco estimated these service and interest cost components utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. WesBanco has elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of these components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The change has been made to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between projected benefit cash flows to the corresponding spot yield curve rates. This change does not affect the measurement of the plan’s total benefit obligations as the change in the service and interest costs is completely offset in the actuarial (gain) loss reported. The service cost and interest cost for the plan was reduced by approximately $1.0 million in 2017 as a result of this change. WesBanco accounted for this change as a change in accounting estimate that is inseparable from a change in accounting principle and accordingly accounted for it prospectively. The estimated net loss and prior service credit for the Plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into the net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year are $2.8 million and $26 thousand, respectively. Unrecognized prior service cost and unrecognized net losses are amortized on a straight- line basis. All unrecognized net losses are being amortized over the average remaining service period of approximately 9 years. The expected long-term rate of return for the Plan’s total assets is based on the expected return of each of the Plan asset categories, weighted based on the median of the target allocation for each class. 127 Pension Plan Investment Policy and Strategy —The investment policy as established by the Retirement Plans Committee, to be followed by the Trustee, which is WesBanco’s Trust and Investment Services department, is to invest assets based on the target allocations shown in the table below. Assets are reallocated periodically by the Trustee based on the ranges set forth by the Retirement Plans Committee to meet the target allocations. The investment policy is also subject to review periodically to determine if the policy should be changed. Plan assets are to be invested with the principal objective of maximizing long-term total return without exposing Plan assets to undue risk, taking into account the Plan’s funding needs and benefit obligations. Assets are to be invested in a balanced portfolio composed primarily of equities, fixed income and cash or cash equivalent money market investments. A maximum of 5% may be invested in any one stock. Foreign stocks may be included, either through direct investment or by the purchase of mutual funds which invest in foreign stock. WesBanco common stock can represent up to 5% of the total market value. Corporate bonds selected for purchase must be rated Baa1 by Moody’s or BBB+ by Standard and Poor’s or higher. No more than 5% shall be invested in bonds or notes issued by the same corporation with a maximum term of twenty years. There is no limit on the holdings of U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency Securities. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Plan’s equity securities included 55,300 shares of WesBanco common stock with a fair market value of $2.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The following table sets forth the Plan’s weighted-average asset allocations by asset category: Target Allocation for 2017 December 31, 2017 2016 Asset Category: Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-75% 64% 62% 25-55% 32% 35% 0-5% 4% 3% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% The fair values of WesBanco’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016, by asset category are as follows: December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (in thousands) Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets at Fair Value $ 39,799 64,128 16,147 3,004 $ 39,799 64,128 — — 19,322 — Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $142,400 $103,927 $ — — 16,147 3,004 19,322 $38,473 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $142.4 million. 128 December 31, 2016 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (in thousands) Defined benefit pension plan assets: Registered investment companies . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets at Fair Value $ 21,935 60,144 18,110 2,998 $21,935 60,144 — — 17,176 — Total defined benefit pension plan assets (1) . . . . . . . . $120,363 $82,079 $ — — 18,110 2,998 17,176 $38,284 $— — — — — $— (1) The defined benefit pension plan statement of net assets also includes cash, accrued interest and dividends, and due to/from brokers resulting in net assets available for benefits of $121.6 million. Registered investment companies and equity securities: Valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Corporate debt securities, municipal obligations, and U.S. government agency securities: Valued at fair value based on models that consider criteria such as dealer quotes, available trade data, issuer creditworthiness, market movements, sector news, and bond and swap yield curves. Cash Flows—WesBanco has no required minimum contribution to the Plan for 2018 and as of December 31, 2017; however, WesBanco expects to make a voluntary contribution of $5.0 million in 2018. WesBanco contributed $5.0 million, $5.8 million and $7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The following table presents estimated benefits to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter (in thousands): Year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 to 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ 4,014 4,524 4,839 5,277 5,599 33,631 WesBanco assumed YCB’s obligation for a predecessor bank’s participation in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (“Pentegra Plan”). The participating employer plan has been frozen to new participants since 2002. WesBanco spun off the assets from the Pentegra Plan, contributing approximately $2.8 million to satisfy the estimated final costs to do so. This spin off had no impact on earnings as the liability was included in YCB’s balance sheet as of the acquisition date. The distributed assets from the Pentegra Plan were transferred to a plan providing substantially the same benefits to the participants. At December 31, 2017, this plan’s accumulated benefit obligation totaled $9.4 million, and the fair value of plan assets totaled $8.7 million. The net periodic benefit income was $85 thousand, which was calculated using a 3.71% discount rate and a 5.62% expected long-term rate of return. WesBanco had no required minimum contribution to the plan for fiscal 2018; however, WesBanco expects to make a voluntary contribution of $0.2 million. 129 Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan (“KSOP”)—WesBanco sponsors a KSOP plan consisting of a non-contributory leveraged ESOP and a contributory 401(k) profit sharing plan covering substantially all of its employees. Under the provisions of the 401(k) plan, WesBanco matches a portion of eligible employee contributions based on rates established and approved by the Board of Directors. For each of the past three years, WesBanco matched 100% of the first 3% and 50% of the next 2% of eligible employee contributions. No ESOP contribution has been made for any of the past three years. As of December 31, 2017, the KSOP held 495,090 shares of WesBanco common stock of which all shares were allocated to specific employee accounts. Dividends on shares are either distributed to employee accounts or paid in cash to the participant. Total expense for the KSOP was $3.3 million, $2.8 million, and $2.5 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. WesBanco had 415,052 and 445,978 shares registered on Form S-8 remaining for future issuance under the KSOP plan at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan—The Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), is a non-qualified plan that includes the following components: an Annual Bonus, a Long-Term Incentive, including a Total Shareholder Return Plan, a Stock Option component, and a Restricted Stock component. The components allow for payments of cash, a mixture of cash and stock, granting of stock options, or granting of restricted stock, depending upon the component of the Incentive Plan in which the award is earned through the attainment of certain performance goals or on a time-based vesting requirement. Performance goals or service vesting requirements are established by WesBanco’s Compensation Committee. On April 20, 2017, WesBanco registered an additional 1,000,000 shares of WesBanco common stock for issuance under the Incentive Plan. WesBanco had 912,192 and 117,266 shares, registered on Form S-8, remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Annual Bonus Compensation expense for the Annual Bonus was $1.8 million, $1.6 million and $1.3 million for 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Stock Options On May 16, 2017, WesBanco granted 117,550 stock options to selected participants, including certain named executive officers at an exercise price of $38.88 per share. The options granted in 2017 are service-based and vest in two equal installments on December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, and expire seven years from the date of grant. Compensation expense for the stock option component of the Incentive Plan was $0.6 million, $0.5 million and $0.5 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2017, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock option grants totaled $0.4 million with an expense recognition period of one year remaining. The maximum term of options granted under WesBanco’s stock option plan is ten years from the original grant date; however, options granted in 2017 had a term of seven years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.7 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The cash received and related tax benefit realized from stock options exercised was $1.5 million and $0.3 million in 2017 and was $2.5 million and $0.4 million in 2016. Shares issued in connection with options exercised are issued from treasury shares acquired under WesBanco’s share repurchase plans or from issuance of authorized but unissued shares, subject to prior SEC registration. The fair value of stock options granted is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option- pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that might otherwise have a significant effect on the value of stock options granted that are not considered by the model. 130 The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the grants: Weighted-average life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of the grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 5.2 years 5.1 years 4.9 years 1.91% 1.43% 2.67% 2.97% 21.47% 23.92% 6.02 5.09 $ 1.54% 2.91% 26.27% 5.57 $ The weighted-average life assumption is an estimate of the length of time that an employee might hold an option before option exercise, option expiration or employment termination. The weighted-average life assumption was developed using historical experience. WesBanco used a weighted historical volatility of its common stock price over the weighted average life prior to each issuance as the volatility factor assumption, adjusted for abnormal volatility during certain periods, and current and future dividend payment expectations for the dividend assumption. The following table shows the activity for the Stock Option component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at beginning of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year Exercised during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Options 276,122 117,550 (53,584) (3,400) Outstanding at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336,688 Exercisable at year end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,913 Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share $29.71 38.88 27.96 28.83 $33.20 $31.99 The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding shares and the shares exercisable at year-end was $2.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The following table shows the average remaining life of the stock options at December 31, 2017: Year Issued Exercisable at Year End Exercise Price Range Per Share Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life in Years 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,750 6,750 24,000 40,550 59,488 85,600 58,775 19.76 20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 32.37 38.88 2,750 6,750 24,000 40,550 59,488 85,600 117,550 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,913 $19.76 to $38.88 336,688 $19.76 20.02 25.00 28.79 31.58 32.37 38.88 $33.20 0.38 1.37 2.37 3.39 4.42 5.40 6.35 4.98 131 Restricted Stock During 2017, WesBanco granted 70,321 shares of restricted stock to certain officers. The restricted shares are service-based and cliff vest 36 months from the date of grant. The weighted average fair value of the restricted stock granted was $38.88 per share. The restricted stock grant provides the recipient with voting rights from the date of issuance. Dividends paid on the restricted shares during the restriction period are converted into additional shares of restricted stock on the date the cash dividend would have otherwise been paid, but do not vest until the related grant of the restricted shares complete their vesting. The Compensation Committee has discretion to elect to pay such dividends to participants. WesBanco also granted 9,003 shares of performance-based restricted stock to select officers. These shares have a three-year performance period, beginning January 1, 2018, based on WesBanco’s return on average assets and return on average tangible common equity measured for each year, compared to a national peer group of financial institutions with total assets between approximately $9 billion and $15 billion. Earned performance- based restricted shares are subject to additional service-based vesting with 50% vesting on May 16, 2021 after the completion of the three-year performance period and the final 50% vesting on May 16, 2022. Dividends paid on the restricted shares during the restriction period are converted into additional shares of restricted stock on the date the cash dividend would have otherwise been paid, but do not vest until the related grant of the restricted shares complete their vesting. The Compensation Committee has discretion to elect to pay such dividends to participants. Compensation expense relating to all restricted stock was $2.1 million, $1.4 million, and $1.2 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2017, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock grants totaled $3.9 million with a weighted average expense recognition period of 1.5 years remaining. The following table shows the activity for the Restricted Stock component of the Incentive Plan: For the year ended December 31, 2017 Non-vested at January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested during the year Forfeited or expired during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend reinvestment Restricted Stock 170,482 79,324 (42,029) (4,068) 4,681 Non-vested at end of the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,390 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share $31.40 38.88 29.13 31.34 40.65 $34.91 Total Shareholder Return Plan On November 18, 2015, WesBanco’s Compensation Committee adopted Administrative Rules for a Total Shareholder Return Plan (“TSRP”). The TSRP measures the TSR on WesBanco common stock over a three-year measurement period relative to the return of an established peer group of publicly traded companies over the same performance period. The award is determined at the end of the three-year period if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 50th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. The number of shares to be earned by the participant shall be 200% of the grant-date award if the TSR of WesBanco common stock is equal to or greater than the 75th percentile of the TSR of the peer group. Upon achieving the market-based metric, shares determined to be earned by the participant become service-based and vest in three equal annual installments. WesBanco granted 12,000 TSRP shares in 2017 for the performance period beginning January 1, 2017 and ending December 31, 2019 to certain executive officers. While no TSRP shares were granted during 2016, in late 2015 WesBanco granted 12,000 TSRP shares for the performance period beginning January 1, 2016 132 and ending December 31, 2018 to certain executive officers. The fair value of the market-based awards is based on a Monte-Carlo Simulation valuation of our common stock and our peers’ common stock as of the grant date. Compensation expense relating to the TSR plan was $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The grant date fair value of the 2017 TSR award was $32.90 per share. At December 31, 2017, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested TSR awards totaled $0.5 million with a weighted average expense recognition period of 3.0 years remaining. NOTE 14. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES Other operating expenses consist of miscellaneous taxes, consulting fees, ATM expenses, postage, supplies, legal fees, communications, other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses, and other expenses. Other operating expenses are presented below: (in thousands) Franchise and other miscellaneous taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting, regulatory and advisory fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATM and electronic banking interchange expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postage and courier expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and foreclosure expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $ 8,423 6,857 4,510 3,879 3,033 2,781 2,487 1,097 12,263 $ 6,825 6,270 4,297 3,306 2,919 2,406 1,800 1,210 11,967 $ 5,924 4,959 4,463 3,720 2,841 2,418 1,537 546 12,479 Total other operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,330 $41,000 $38,887 133 NOTE 15. INCOME TAXES On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was signed into law. The Act reduces WesBanco’s corporate federal rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result, WesBanco is required to remeasure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted rate at which WesBanco expects them to be recovered or settled. The effect of this remeasurement is recorded to income tax expense in the year the tax law is enacted. For 2017, the remeasurement of WesBanco’s net deferred tax asset resulted in additional income tax expense of $12.8 million. WesBanco recorded the remeasurement in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which provides SEC staff guidance for the application of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, in the reporting period in which the 2017 Tax Act was signed into law. As such, the company’s financial results reflect the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 is complete and provisional amounts for those specific income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 is incomplete but a reasonable estimate could be determined. The company did not identify items for which the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act have not been completed and a reasonable estimate could not be determined as of December 31, 2017. Reconciliation from the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows: Federal statutory tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax reform remeasurement Net tax-exempt interest income on securities of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank-owned life insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General business credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All other—net For the years ended December 31, 2016 2017 35.0% 35.0% 8.6% 0.0% (6.0%) 1.3% (1.1%) (1.7%) 0.2% (7.0%) 1.4% (1.2%) (2.1%) 0.3% 2015 35.0% 0.0% (6.8%) 1.6% (1.6%) (2.1%) (0.1%) Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3% 26.4% 26.0% The provision for income taxes applicable to income before taxes consists of the following: (in thousands) Current: For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,634 2,061 $18,053 2,159 $15,661 2,089 Deferred: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax reform remeasurement Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,765 13,329 1,018 — 10,519 305 — 10,047 618 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $53,807 $31,036 $28,415 The following income tax amounts were recorded in shareholders’ equity as elements of other comprehensive income: (in thousands) Securities and defined benefit pension plan unrecognized items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 For the years ended December 31, 2017 $345 2016 2015 $(3,480) $(1,202) Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following: (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Allowance for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security gains and losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-accrual interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value adjustments on securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,389 2,536 821 1,565 — 1,389 5,204 6,062 3,962 1,118 $16,198 5,444 2,854 — — 2,392 12,744 12,020 5,394 5,194 $15,246 6,114 2,964 1,275 1,921 2,254 13,580 — 1,979 2,264 Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,046 62,240 47,597 Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accretion on securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred fees and costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase accounting adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,883) (266) (2,989) — (674) (120) (3,448) (421) — (149) (1,128) (2,519) (1,530) (2) — — — (1,511) Gross deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5,932) (7,665) (3,043) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27,114 $54,575 $44,554 At December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco has a $0.1 million valuation allowance on certain capital loss carryforwards. No valuation allowance was established for the remaining deferred tax assets since management believes that deferred tax assets are likely to be realized through future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, WesBanco has approximately $5.2 million of alternative minimum tax credits that may be carried forward indefinitely. As a result of the acquisition of YCB, WesBanco has federal net operating loss carryforwards of $25.9 million, which expire between 2030 and 2036; and Indiana net operating loss carryforwards of $20.8 million, which expire between 2031 and 2036. As a result of the previous acquisitions of YCB, ESB, Fidelity, Western Ohio Financial Corporation, Winton Financial Corporation and Oak Hill Financial, Inc., retained earnings at December 31, 2017 and 2016 includes $45.9 million of qualifying and non-qualifying tax bad debt reserves existing as of December 31, 1987, upon which no provision for income taxes has been recorded. The related amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability is $10.5 million and $17.1 million for 2017 and 2016, respectively. If this portion of retained earnings is used in the future for any purpose other than to absorb bad debts, it will be added to future taxable income. Federal and state income taxes applicable to securities transactions totaled $0.2 million, $0.9 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, WesBanco had approximately $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits and interest. As of December 31, 2017, $0.5 million of these tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate if recognized. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, accrued interest related 135 to uncertain tax positions was $23 thousand and $22 thousand, respectively, net of the related federal tax benefit. WesBanco provides for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes. WesBanco is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as to tax in various state income tax jurisdictions. WesBanco, ESB and YCB are no longer subject to any income tax examinations for years prior to 2014. Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and the federal income tax benefit of unrecognized state tax benefits) is as follows: (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 $436 Balance at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reductions for tax positions of prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Reductions due to the statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $326 110 — (70) — — $ 701 104 (100) (379) — Balance at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $467 $436 $ 326 NOTE 16. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT Fair value estimates are based on quoted market prices, if available, quoted market prices of similar assets or liabilities, or the present value of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. These valuations are significantly affected by discount rates, cash flow assumptions, and risk assumptions used. Therefore, fair value estimates may not be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not intended to reflect the proceeds that may be realizable in an immediate settlement of the instruments. Fair value is determined at one point in time and is not representative of future value. These amounts do not reflect the total value of a going concern organization. Management does not have the intention to dispose of a significant portion of its assets and liabilities and therefore, the unrealized gains or losses should not be interpreted as a forecast of future earnings and cash flows. The following is a discussion of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and valuation techniques applied: Investment securities: The fair value of investment securities which are measured on a recurring basis are determined primarily by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other similar securities. These securities are classified within level 1 or 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Positions that are not traded in active markets for which valuations are generated using assumptions not observable in the market or management’s best estimate are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This includes certain specific municipal debt issues for which the credit quality and discount rate must be estimated. Derivatives: WesBanco enters into interest rate swap agreements with qualifying commercial customers to meet their financing, interest rate and other risk management needs. These agreements provide the customer the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. The credit risk associated with derivatives executed with customers is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and is subject to normal credit policies and 136 monitoring. Those interest rate swaps are economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that WesBanco executes with derivative counterparties in order to offset its exposure on the fixed components of the customer interest rate swap agreements. The interest rate swap agreement with the loan customer and with the counterparty is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings as other income and other expense. WesBanco enters into forward TBA contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the loan commitments to the customer and the closing of the loan for loans that will be sold on a mandatory basis to secondary market investors. The forward TBA contract is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current periods earnings as mortgage banking income. WesBanco determines the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. WesBanco incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. We may be required from time to time to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets and liabilities. Impaired loans: Impaired loans are carried at the lower of cost or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. The use of independent appraisals, discounted cash flow models and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral and impaired loans are therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other real estate owned and repossessed assets: Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. The use of independent appraisals and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral, and therefore other real estate owned and repossessed assets are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale are carried, in aggregate, at fair value as WesBanco has elected the fair value option as of October 1, 2017. The use of a valuation model using quoted prices of similar instruments are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value and therefore loans held for sale are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. 137 Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the table below are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position. The following tables set forth WesBanco’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: (in thousands) December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value December 31, 2017 Recurring fair value measurements Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Securities—available-for-sale U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,844 $ 5,778 $ — $ — $2,066 71,843 — 71,843 — 934,922 — 934,922 — 114,867 — 114,867 104,830 35,403 5,613 — — 5,613 104,830 35,403 — — — — — — — — — — — Total securities—available-for-sale . . . . . . . $1,267,478 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,320 Other assets—interest rate derivatives $ 5,613 $ — $1,261,865 20,320 $ $ — $ — $ — $ — agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,351 $ — $ 7,351 $ — $ — Total assets recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,302,993 $11,391 $1,289,536 $ — $2,066 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,345 $ — Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,345 $ — Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Other real estate owned and repossessed 1,717 $ — assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,297 — Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,014 $ — $ $ $ $ 7,345 $ — $ — 7,345 $ — $ — — — — $1,717 $ — 5,297 — $7,014 $ — 138 (in thousands) December 31, 2016 Fair Value Measurements Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value December 31, 2016 Recurring fair value measurements Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Securities—available-for-sale U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies . . . . Obligations of state and political subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,071 $5,633 $ — $ — $1,438 54,043 — 54,043 — 938,289 — 938,289 — 96,810 — 96,810 111,663 35,301 5,070 — — 2,938 111,663 35,301 2,132 — — — — — — — — — — Total securities—available-for-sale . . . . . . . $1,241,176 $2,938 $1,238,238 $ — $ — Other assets—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,596 $ — $ 5,596 $ — $ — Total assets recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,253,843 $8,571 $1,243,834 $ — $1,438 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,199 — Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,199 $ — Nonrecurring fair value measurements Impaired loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Other real estate owned and repossessed 3,405 $ — $ $ $ 5,199 — — 5,199 $ — $ — — $ 3,405 $ — assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,346 17,315 — — — 17,315 8,346 — — — Total nonrecurring fair value measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 29,066 $ — $ 17,315 $11,751 $ — WesBanco’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no significant transfers between levels 1, 2, or 3 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. 139 The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which WesBanco has utilized level 3 inputs to determine fair value: (in thousands) December 31, 2017: Impaired loans . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2016: Impaired loans . . . . . . . Other real estate owned and repossessed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Estimate Valuation Techniques Unobservable Input Range / Weighted Average $1,717 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) (4.8%) /(4.8%) (7.6%) /(7.6%) 5,297 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) $3,405 Appraisal of collateral (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) Liquidation expenses (2) 0% to (70.0%) /(36.6%) (1.5%) to (8.0%) /(4.6%) 8,346 Appraisal of collateral (1)(3) (1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various level 3 inputs which are not identifiable. (2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted average of appraisal adjustments and liquidation expenses are presented as a percent of the appraisal. Includes estimated liquidation expenses and numerous dissimilar qualitative adjustments by management which are not identifiable. (3) 140 The estimated fair values of WesBanco’s financial instruments are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Estimate (in thousands) Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . $ 117,572 $ 117,572 7,844 7,844 Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . 1,267,478 Securities available-for-sale . . 1,267,478 1,023,784 Securities held-to-maturity . . . 1,009,500 6,212,823 6,296,157 Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,320 20,320 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . 7,351 29,728 7,351 29,728 $ $ 117,572 5,778 5,613 — — — 1,261,865 1,023,191 — $ — — $ — 2,066 — — — — 593 — — 6,212,823 — — 20,320 — 29,728 7,351 — Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior 7,043,588 7,053,536 5,766,531 1,287,005 948,203 184,805 944,706 184,814 — 182,785 944,706 2,029 subordinated debt . . . . . . . . 164,327 146,484 — 146,484 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest payable . . . . . 7,345 3,178 7,345 3,178 — 3,178 7,345 — Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3) Investments Measured at Net Asset Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Estimate (in thousands) Financial Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . $ 128,170 $ 128,170 Trading securities . . . . . . . . . . 7,071 1,241,176 Securities available-for-sale . . . 1,076,790 Securities held-to-maturity . . . 6,073,558 Net loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,315 Loans held for sale . . . . . . . . . Other assets—interest rate 7,071 1,241,176 1,067,967 6,205,762 17,315 derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest receivable . . . 5,596 28,299 5,596 28,299 $ $ 128,170 5,633 2,938 — — — 1,238,238 1,076,189 — $ — — $ — 1,438 — — — — 601 — — 6,073,558 — — 17,315 — 28,299 5,596 — Financial Liabilities Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . Subordinated debt and junior 7,040,879 7,052,501 5,545,057 1,507,444 968,946 199,376 974,430 199,385 — 197,164 974,430 2,221 subordinated debt . . . . . . . . 163,598 134,859 — 134,859 Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest payable . . . . . 5,199 2,204 — 2,204 5,199 — 5,199 2,204 141 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — The following methods and assumptions were used to measure the fair value of financial instruments recorded at cost on WesBanco’s consolidated balance sheets: Cash and due from banks: The carrying amount for cash and due from banks is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Securities held-to-maturity: Fair values for securities held-to-maturity are determined in the same manner as the investment securities which are described above. Net loans: Fair values for loans are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. The discount rates take into account interest rates currently being offered to customers for loans with similar terms, the credit risk associated with the loan and other market factors, including liquidity. WesBanco believes the discount rates are consistent with transactions occurring in the marketplace for both performing and distressed loan types. The carrying value is net of the allowance for loan losses and other associated premiums and discounts. Due to the significant judgment involved in evaluating credit quality, loans are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Accrued interest receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value. Deposits: The carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value for demand, savings and other variable rate deposit accounts. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by a discounted cash flow method using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings: The fair value of FHLB borrowings is based on rates currently available to WesBanco for borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities. Other borrowings: The carrying amount of federal funds purchased and overnight sweep accounts generally approximate fair value. Other repurchase agreements are based on quoted market prices if available. If market prices are not available, for certain fixed and adjustable rate repurchase agreements, then quoted market prices of similar instruments are used. Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt: The fair value of subordinated debt is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. Due to the pooled nature of junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts, which are not actively traded, estimated fair value is based on recent similar transactions of single-issuer trust preferred securities. Accrued interest payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value. Off-balance sheet financial instruments: Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit, including letters of credit. Fair values for commitments to extend credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, the remaining terms of the agreements and the present credit standing of the counterparties. The estimated fair value of the commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are insignificant and therefore are not presented in the above tables. taking into account 142 NOTE 17. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) The activity in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows: (in thousands) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (1) Defined Benefit Pension Plan Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities Available-for-Sale Unrealized Gains on Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity Total Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,758) $ (9,890) $ 522 $(27,126) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 (985) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of accounting standard ASU 2,194 2,433 (27) (1,012) 2018-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,301) (2,348) Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(18,626) $(13,250) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,539) $ (4,162) Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,112) (4,300) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,893 Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (219) (1,428) (5,728) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,758) $ (9,890) Balance at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(22,776) $ 2,892 Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,233 (6,677) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Period change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 5,237 (377) (7,054) — (209) (209) 68 $ 381 $ 747 — (225) (225) $ 522 $1,059 — (312) (312) (746) 1,958 1,212 (5,581) $(31,495) $(20,954) (6,412) 240 (6,172) $(27,126) $(18,825) (3,444) 1,315 (2,129) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(17,539) $ (4,162) $ 747 $(20,954) (1) All amounts are net of tax. Related income tax expense or benefit is calculated using a combined Federal and State income tax rate approximating 37%. 143 Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) Components (in thousands) Securities available-for-sale (1): Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss) For the Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Affected Line Item in the Statement of Net Income Net securities gains (Non-interest income) (42) $(2,251) $ (596) 15 823 219 Provision for income taxes Net securities gains reclassified into earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Related income tax expense . . . . Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities held-to-maturity (1): Amortization of unrealized gain (27) (1,428) (377) transferred from available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax expense . . . . (326) 117 (357) 132 Interest and dividends on securities (Interest and dividend income) (494) 182 Provision for income taxes Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit pension plan (2): Amortization of net loss and prior (209) (225) (312) Employee benefits (Non-interest service costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related income tax benefit . . . . . 3,247 (1,053) 3,046 (1,153) 3,205 (1,201) Provision for income taxes expense) Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,194 1,893 2,004 Total reclassifications for the period . . . . . $ 1,958 $ 240 $ 1,315 (1) For additional detail related to unrealized gains on securities and related amounts reclassified from (2) accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) see Note 4, “Securities.” Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 13, “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional detail. NOTE 18. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Commitments—In the normal course of business, WesBanco offers off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable its customers to meet their financing objectives. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. WesBanco’s exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by the other parties to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is limited to the contractual amount of those instruments. WesBanco uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for all other lending. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The allowance for credit losses associated with commitments was $0.6 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by banks to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, 144 including normal business activities, bond financing and similar transactions. Letters of credit are considered guarantees. The liability associated with letters of credit was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities include affordable housing plan guarantees, andcredit card guarantees. Affordable housing plan guarantees are performance guarantees for various building project loans. The guarantee amortizes as the loan balances decrease. Credit card guarantees are credit card balances not owned by WesBanco, whereby the Bank guarantees the performance of the cardholder. The following table presents total commitments to extend credit, guarantees and various letters of credit outstanding: (in thousands) December 31, 2017 2016 Lines of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans approved but not closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overdraft limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letters of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent obligations to purchase loans funded by other entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,452,697 245,644 126,671 31,951 6,700 $1,418,329 185,254 126,517 32,907 13,036 Contingent Liabilities—WesBanco is a party to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any litigation contains an element of uncertainty, management does not believe that a material loss related to such proceedings or claims pending or known to be threatened is reasonably possible. NOTE 19. WESBANCO BANK COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION WesBanco Bank Community Development Corporation (“WBCDC”), a consolidated subsidiary of WesBanco Bank, is a Certified Development Entity (“CDE”) with $60.0 million of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”) all of which had been invested in WBCDC at December 31, 2017. The NMTC program is administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund of the U.S. Treasury and is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The program provides federal tax credits to investors who make qualified equity investments (“QEIs”) in a CDE. The CDE is required to invest the proceeds of each QEI in low-income communities, which are generally defined as those census tracts with poverty rates greater than 20% and/or median family incomes that are less than or equal to 80% of the area median family income. The credit provided to the investor totals 39% of each QEI in a CDE and is claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. In each of the first three years, the investor receives a credit equal to 5% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. For each of the remaining four years, the investor receives a credit equal to 6% of the total amount the investor paid to the CDE for each QEI. As of December 31, 2017, WesBanco has received $22.4 million in tax credits over the seven-year credit allowance periods for its $60.0 million NMTC authority invested in WBCDC. WesBanco is eligible to receive an additional $1.0 million in tax credits as set forth in the following table with respect to aggregate QEI amounts invested with a remaining seven-year credit allowance period. 145 WesBanco Bank recognized $1.0 million, $1.8 million and $1.9 million in NMTC in its income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These tax credits are subject to certain general business tax credit limitations, as well as the alternative minimum tax, and are therefore limited in deductibility currently due to the applicability of alternative minimum tax on WesBanco’s federal income tax return. No NMTC have been carried forward to future tax years. (in thousands) Year Aggregate QEI Amount (1) 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,000 5,000 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,000 New Markets Tax Credit 2018 $360 300 $660 2019 $— 300 $300 (1) The seven-year credit allowance period has expired for $49.0 million in QEI investments in WBCDC. The NMTC claimed by WesBanco Bank with respect to each QEI remain subject to recapture over each QEI’s credit allowance period upon the occurrence of any of the following: • if less than substantially all (generally defined as 85%) of the QEI proceeds are not used by WBCDC to make qualified low income community investments; • WBCDC ceases to be a CDE; or • WBCDC redeems its QEI investment prior to the end of the current credit allowance periods. At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, none of the above recapture events had occurred, nor in the opinion of management are such events anticipated to occur in the foreseeable future. The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of WBCDC as of December 31, 2017, and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017: BALANCE SHEET (in thousands) December 31, 2017 Assets Cash and due from banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans, net of allowance for loan losses of $254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36,533 35,218 820 195 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72,766 Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 354 72,412 Total Liabilities and Shareholder Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72,766 146 STATEMENT OF INCOME (in thousands) Interest income For the year ended December 31, 2017 Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,282 Total interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282 5 1,277 (148) 235 894 354 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 540 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the year ended December 31, 2017 Operating Activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for loan losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net change in other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing Activities Decrease in loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing Activities Qualified equity investment by parent company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 540 5 148 91 80 864 4,366 4,366 — — 5,230 31,303 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $36,533 NOTE 20. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES Certain directors and officers (including their affiliates, families and entities in which they are principal owners) of WesBanco and its subsidiaries are customers of, or suppliers to, those subsidiaries and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business. In addition, certain directors are also directors or officers of corporations that are customers of, or suppliers to, the Bank and have had, and are expected to have, transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, such transactions are consistent with prudent banking practices and are within applicable banking regulations. Indebtedness of related parties aggregated approximately $16.7 million, $18.7 million and $9.6 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. During 2017, $4.3 million in related party loans were funded and $6.3 million were repaid or no longer related. At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, none of the outstanding related party loans were past due 90 days or more, on non-accrual, or considered to be a TDR. 147 NOTE 21. REGULATORY MATTERS The Federal Reserve Bank is the primary regulator for the parent company, WesBanco. WesBanco Bank is a state non-member bank jointly regulated by the FDIC and the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions. WesBanco is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries and is dependent upon dividends from its subsidiary bank, WesBanco Bank, to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders, fund its current stock repurchase plan and to provide for other cash requirements. The payment of dividends by WesBanco Bank to WesBanco is subject to state and federal banking regulations. Under applicable law, bank regulatory agency approval is required if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year exceeds the available retained earnings or exceeds the aggregate of the bank’s net profits (as defined by regulatory agencies) for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two years. As of December 31, 2017, under FDIC regulations, WesBanco could receive, without prior regulatory approval, a dividend of up to $58.7 million from WesBanco Bank. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are also required to maintain non-interest bearing reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The average required reserve balance was $2.0 million during 2016. WesBanco did not have an average required reserve balance during 2017. Additionally, WesBanco and WesBanco Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements (risk- based capital ratios) administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on WesBanco’s financial results. All bank holding companies and banking subsidiaries are required to have common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) of at least 4.5%, core capital (“Tier 1”) of at least 6% of risk-weighted assets, total capital of at least 8% of risk- weighted assets, and a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. Tier 1 capital consists principally of shareholders’ equity; excluding items recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, less goodwill and other intangibles. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus the allowance for loan losses subject to limitation. The regulations also define “well-capitalized” levels of CET1, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and Tier 1 leverage capital as 6.5%, 8%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. WesBanco and WesBanco Bank were categorized as “well-capitalized” under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act at December 31, 2017 and 2016. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2017 that management believes have changed WesBanco’s “well-capitalized” category. The Basel III capital standards, effective January 1, 2015 with a phase-in period ending January 1, 2019, establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act, permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities as tier 1 capital issued before May 19, 2010 for bank holding companies under $15 billion, and increases the capital required for certain categories of assets. WesBanco currently has $138.6 million in junior subordinated debt in its Consolidated Balance Sheets presented as a separate category of long-term debt. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $138.0 million, issued by unconsolidated trust subsidiaries of WesBanco underlying such junior subordinated debt, are considered Tier 1 capital in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements. 148 The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for WesBanco and the Bank: (dollars in thousands) WesBanco, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . . . Common equity Minimum Value (1) Well Capitalized (2) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) Amount Ratio Minimum Amount (1) December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 4.00% 5.00% $ 970,425 10.39%$373,566 $901,873 9.81% $367,843 Tier 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50% 6.50% 834,554 12.14% 309,298 773,306 11.28% 308,462 Tier 1 capital to risk- weighted assets . . . 6.00% 8.00% 970,425 14.12% 412,397 901,873 13.16% 411,283 Total capital to risk- weighted assets . . . 8.00% 10.00% 1,042,124 15.16% 549,863 971,762 14.18% 548,378 WesBanco Bank, Inc. Tier 1 leverage . . . . . Common equity 4.00% 5.00% $ 869,227 9.32%$372,900 $827,173 9.02% $366,903 Tier 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50% 6.50% 869,227 12.66% 308,900 827,173 12.10% 307,728 Tier 1 capital to risk- weighted assets . . . 6.00% 8.00% 869,227 12.66% 411,866 827,173 12.10% 410,305 Total capital to risk- weighted assets . . . 8.00% 10.00% 940,303 13.70% 549,155 896,598 13.11% 547,073 (1) Minimum requirements to remain adequately capitalized. (2) Well capitalized under prompt corrective action regulations. NOTE 22. CONDENSED PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Presented below are the Condensed Balance Sheets, Statements of Income and Statements of Cash Flows for the parent company: BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands) December 31, 2017 2016 ASSETS Cash and short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment in subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securities available-for-sale, at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 75,911 1,431,021 7,755 2,687 28,614 $ 47,035 1,404,565 8,228 2,133 28,602 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,545,988 $1,490,563 LIABILITIES Junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends payable and other liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 138,564 12,103 $ 137,559 11,596 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,667 1,395,321 149,155 1,341,408 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,545,988 $1,490,563 149 STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Dividends from subsidiaries—Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends from subsidiaries—Nonbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $72,000 2,520 73 203 $85,000 800 75 147 $60,000 500 75 104 Total income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income tax benefit and undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,796 6,032 4,004 10,036 64,760 (4,726) 69,486 24,996 86,022 4,136 5,628 9,764 76,258 (3,149) 79,407 7,228 60,679 3,315 5,547 8,862 51,817 (2,971) 54,788 25,974 NET INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $94,482 $86,635 $80,762 The details of other comprehensive income and accumulated other comprehensive income are included in the consolidated financial statements. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,482 $ 86,635 $ 80,762 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in undistributed net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other—net (24,996) 566 2,848 (7,228) 14,679 2,094 (25,974) 199 1,657 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,900 96,180 56,644 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Proceed from sales —securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of securities —securities available-for-sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions and additional capitalization of subsidiaries, net of cash (paid) — (200) — — acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (43,199) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (200) (43,199) 210 — 1,465 1,675 FINANCING ACTIVITIES Repayment of junior subordinated debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of other borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock warrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury shares (purchased) sold—net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 1,040 — — (44,864) — (36,083) — (13,000) 1,713 — (3,026) (37,805) — (2,247) (2,542) (33,007) Net cash used in financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (43,824) (39,118) (86,879) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and short-term investments at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,876 47,035 13,863 33,172 (28,560) 61,732 Cash and short-term investments at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 75,911 $ 47,035 $ 33,172 150 NOTE 23. BUSINESS SEGMENTS WesBanco operates two reportable segments: (i) Community Banking and (ii) Trust and Investment Services. WesBanco’s community banking segment offers services traditionally offered by full-service commercial banks, including commercial demand, individual demand and time deposit accounts, as well as commercial, mortgage and individual installment loans, and certain non-traditional offerings, such as insurance and securities brokerage services. The trust and investment services segment offers trust services as well as various alternative investment products including mutual funds. The market value of assets of the trust and investment services segment was approximately $3.9 billion, $3.7 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. These assets are held by WesBanco, in fiduciary or agency capacities for their customers and therefore are not included as assets on WesBanco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Condensed financial information by business segment is presented below: (in thousands) Community Banking Trust and Investment Services Consolidated For the year ended December 31, 2017: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $332,424 42,129 $ — — Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,295 9,986 280,309 66,100 207,441 138,968 50,079 — — — 22,740 13,419 9,321 3,728 332,424 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,840 220,860 148,289 53,807 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 88,889 $ 5,593 $ 94,482 For the year ended December 31, 2016: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $286,097 32,767 $ — — $286,097 32,767 253,330 8,478 244,852 59,869 196,784 107,937 27,142 — — — 21,630 11,896 9,734 3,894 253,330 8,478 244,852 81,499 208,680 117,671 31,036 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,795 $ 5,840 $ 86,635 For the year ended December 31, 2015: Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $261,712 24,725 $ — — $261,712 24,725 236,987 8,353 228,634 52,566 181,821 99,379 24,496 — — — 21,900 12,102 9,798 3,919 236,987 8,353 228,634 74,466 193,923 109,177 28,415 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74,883 $ 5,879 $ 80,762 151 Total non-fiduciary assets of the trust and investment services segment were $1.5 million, $4.3 million, and $3.3 million at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. All other assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, were allocated to the Community Banking segment. NOTE 24. CONDENSED QUARTERLY STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated selected quarterly statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. 2017 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $79,924 9,205 $82,160 10,021 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,719 2,711 72,139 2,383 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,008 22,872 12 54,384 36,508 10,622 69,756 21,628 494 55,884 35,994 9,653 $85,489 11,235 74,254 2,516 71,738 20,893 6 55,754 36,883 10,527 $84,851 11,669 73,182 2,376 70,806 22,878 56 54,837 38,903 23,006 Annual Total $332,424 42,129 290,295 9,986 280,309 88,273 567 220,860 148,289 53,807 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,886 $26,341 $26,356 $15,897 $ 94,482 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.59 0.59 $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 0.36 0.36 $ $ 2.15 2.14 2016 Quarter ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, Interest and dividend income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $67,601 7,759 $67,585 7,811 Net interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,842 2,324 59,774 1,811 Net interest income after provision for credit losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net securities gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,518 18,282 1,111 45,343 31,568 8,694 57,963 19,006 585 47,360 30,194 8,085 $70,092 8,066 62,026 2,214 59,812 20,419 598 57,601 23,228 5,793 $80,819 9,131 71,688 2,128 69,560 21,357 63 58,298 32,682 8,464 Annual Total $286,097 32,767 253,330 8,478 244,852 79,142 2,357 208,680 117,671 31,036 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $22,874 $22,109 $17,435 $24,218 $ 86,635 Earnings per common share—basic . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings per common share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.60 0.60 $ $ 0.58 0.58 $ $ 0.44 0.44 $ $ 0.55 0.55 $ $ 2.16 2.16 152 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES WesBanco’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2017, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer along with the chief financial officer concluded that WesBanco’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017, are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to WesBanco (including its consolidated subsidiaries) required to be included in WesBanco’s periodic filings under the Exchange Act. No changes in WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting have occurred during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, WesBanco’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on internal control over financial reporting and the audit report of Ernst & Young LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, on internal control over financial reporting is included within this report immediately following “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” and is incorporated in this Item 9A by reference. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 153 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Election of Directors, Continuing Directors, Executive Officers of the Corporation, Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance and Audit Committee. CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including WesBanco’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at http://www.wesbanco.com in the “About Us” section under “Investor Relations” under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to or waivers from this code of ethics on its website as well as the required filing of Form 8-K, under Item 5.05. WesBanco will provide a printed copy, free of charge, of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics to any shareholder requesting such information. To obtain a copy of WesBanco’s Code of Ethics, contact: John Iannone, WesBanco, Inc., 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003. (304) 905-7021 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Summary Compensation Table, Meetings of Board of Directors and Committees and Compensation of Members, Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Discussion and Analysis and certain other sections. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item 12 (other than the information provided below under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information) is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Ownership of Securities by Directors, Nominees and Officers and Beneficial Owners of More Than 5% of the Common Stock of the Corporation. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2017. Equity Compensation Plan Information Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options Number of securities remaining for future issuance under equity compensation plans Equity compensation plans approved by security holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369,691 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders . . . . . . None $30.24 None 912,192 None 154 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the headings Transactions with Directors and Officers and Election of Directors. Additional information concerning related party transactions is set forth in the Annual Report under Note 20, “Transactions with Related Parties” in the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the applicable information in our Proxy Statement set forth under the heading Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 155 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (A) CERTAIN DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THE FORM 10-K PART IV (1) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Reference is made to Part II Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES: No financial statement schedules are being filed since the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related Notes. (3) EXHIBIT LISTING Exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are filed herein or are incorporated by reference. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 156 Exhibit Number 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 EXHIBIT INDEX Document Location Agreement and Plan of Merger dated October 29, 2014 by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc., ESB Financial Corporation and ESB Bank. Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 3, 2016 by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc., Your Community Bankshares, Inc. and Your Community Bank. Agreement and Plan of Merger dated November 13, 2017 by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank Inc., First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. and First Sentry Bank, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 29, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 3, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017. First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 30, 2018 and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank Inc., First Sentry Bancshares, Inc. and First Sentry Bank, Inc. * Restated Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc. Bylaws of WesBanco, Inc. (As Amended and Restated February 24, 2011). Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of WesBanco, Inc., dated April 24, 2015, increasing authorized common shares from 50,000,000 to 100,000,000. Specimen Certificate of WesBanco, Inc. Common Stock. Junior Subordinated Indenture dated June 19, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and The Bank of New York, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Trust II. 157 Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-03905 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 16, 1996. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 1998. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2011. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Committsion on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 33-42157 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 1991. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Exhibit Number 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Document Location Indenture dated June 26, 2003 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco, Inc. Capital Statutory Trust III. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust IV dated June 17, 2004. Indenture dated June 17, 2004 entered into between WesBanco, Inc., as issuer and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust V dated June 17, 2004. Indenture dated March 17, 2005 entered into between WesBanco, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company, as Trustee and Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of WesBanco Capital Trust VI dated March 17, 2005. WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option and Restricted Stock Plan as adopted February 13, 1998 and as amended and restated February 25, 2010 and February 23, 2017. ** Employment Agreement, dated November 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco, Inc. and Brent E. Richmond.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2003. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2004. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 20, 2017. Incorporated by reference to a prior Registration Statement on Form S-4 under Registration No. 333-74814 filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 10, 2001. Employment Agreement dated June 30, 2001, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., Robert H. Young and WesBanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2002. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2005. Letter Agreement and Committed Line of Credit Note, dated September 5, 2014, between WesBanco, Inc. and PNC Bank, National Association. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Form of Amended and Restated Salary Continuation Agreement – With Change in Control Provision by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc. and executive officers (along with their related 10 year benefit at age 65) as follows: Robert H. Young ($40,000) and Brent E. Richmond ($12,000).** 158 Exhibit Number 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 Document Location WesBanco, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan – For Directors and Eligible Employees (as amended). ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2006. Form of Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., Brent E. Richmond, Michael L. Perkins and Jayson M. Zatta.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2006. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2009. Form of Executive Compensation Amendment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and Robert H. Young.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2009. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Stock Option Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Restricted Stock Agreement. ** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2010. Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc. and employee as follows: Lynn D. Asensio and Jonathan D. Dargusch.** Form of Change in Control Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc., WesBanco Bank, Inc., and executive officers: Lynn D. Asensio, Jonathan D. Dargusch and Todd F. Clossin.** Restricted Stock Agreement by and between WesBanco, Inc. and Todd F. Clossin.** Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated April 24, 2014, by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., Todd F. Clossin and WesBanco, Inc.** WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, Amended and Restated, effective January 1, 2014. ** First Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Second Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective January 1, 2014.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 24, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2015. 159 Exhibit Number 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 Document Location Separation Agreement and Release and Waiver of Claims, dated October 29, 2014, by and among ESB Financial Corporation, ESB Bank, Charlotte A. Zuschlag, Wesbanco, Inc. and Wesbanco Bank, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Employment Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco Bank, Inc., Charlotte A. Zuschlag, and Wesbanco, Inc.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Non-competition Agreement, dated October 29, 2014, by and between Wesbanco, Inc., Wesbanco Bank, Inc. and Charlotte A. Zuschlag.** Form of Employment Agreement by and between WesBanco Bank, Inc., WesBanco Inc., and executive officers (effective date): Jayson M. Zatta (effective March 1, 2015)** Wesbanco, Inc. Administrative Rules for the Total Shareholder Return Plan.** Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 24, 2015. Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Total Shareholder Return Agreement.** Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2016. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between James D. Rickard, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 27, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Paul A. Chrisco, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Michael K. Bauer, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Kevin J. Cecil, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc. and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. 160 Exhibit Number 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 11 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 Document Location Merger Payment and Restrictive Covenant Agreement by and between Bill D. Wright, Your Community Bankshares, Inc., Your Community Bank, WesBanco, Inc., and WesBanco Bank, Inc. dated May 3, 2016.** Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on June 30, 2016. Third Amendment to the WesBanco, Inc. KSOP, effective September 9, 2016. ** * Form of WesBanco, Inc. Incentive Bonus, Option & Restricted Stock Plan—Performance Restricted Stock Agreement. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Geoffrey S. Sheils, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Toby Taylor, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Richard D. Hardy, First Sentry Bancshares, Inc., First Sentry Bank Inc., WesBanco Inc., and WesBanco Bank Inc. Computation of Earnings Per Common Share. Incporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed by the Registrant on July 31, 2017. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form S-4 filed by the Registrant on December 13, 2017 Computation of earnings per common share is set forth under Note 3, “Earnings Per Common Share” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP. Power of Attorney. Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e). Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. * * * * * * 161 Exhibit Number 101 Document Location *** The following materials from WesBanco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed herewith Indicates management compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement * ** *** Filed electronically 162 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the Requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 27, 2018. WESBANCO, INC. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated, on February 27, 2018. By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ Robert H. Young Robert H. Young Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) By: /s/ James C. Gardill James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board The Directors of WesBanco (listed below) executed a power of attorney appointing Todd F. Clossin their attorney-in-fact, empowering him to sign this report on their behalf. Stephen J. Callen Christopher V. Criss Abigail M. Feinknopf Ernest S. Fragale Denise Knouse-Snyder D. Bruce Knox Lisa A. Knutson By: /s/ Todd F. Clossin Todd F. Clossin Attorney-in-fact Gary L. Libs Jay T. McCamic Ronald W. Owen Richard G. Spencer Kerry M. Stemler Reed J. Tanner Charlotte A. Zuschlag 163 WESBANCO, INC. OFFICERS & DIRECTORS OFFICERS James C. Gardill Chairman of the Board Todd F. Clossin President & Chief Executive Officer Robert H. Young Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer Jonathan D. Dargusch Executive Vice President Wealth Management Jayson M. Zatta Executive Vice President & Chief Banking Officer Lynn D. Asensio Executive Vice President Retail Branch Operations DIRECTORS ** Todd F. Clossin* President & Chief Executive Officer WesBanco, Inc. & WesBanco Bank, Inc. Wheeling, WV Stephen J. Callen Vice President Gold Crest Properties Morgantown, WV Christopher V. Criss* President & Chief Executive Officer Atlas Towing Company Parkersburg, WV Abigail M. Feinknopf Marketing Representative Feinknopf Photography Columbus, OH Ernest S. Fragale* Vice President Daisy Development Company Bridgeport, WV Ivan L. Burdine Executive Vice President & Chief Credit Officer Gregory A. Dugan Executive Vice President & Senior Operations Officer Stephen J. Lawrence Executive Vice President & Chief Internal Auditor Michael L. Perkins Executive Vice President & Chief Risk & Administrative Officer Anthony F. Pietranton Executive Vice President Human Resources Lisa A. Knutson Chief Administrative Officer E. W. Scripps Company Cincinnati, OH Gary L. Libs* President & Chief Executive Officer Libs Paving Co., Inc. Floyds Knobs, IN Jay T. McCamic Attorney-at-Law McCamic, Sacco & McCoid PLLC Wheeling, WV F. Eric Nelson, Jr. President Nelson Enterprises, Inc. Charleston, WV Ronald W. Owen Vice President Fidelity National Title Insurance Co. Pittsburgh, PA James C. Gardill* Attorney-at-Law Phillips, Gardill Kaiser & Altmeyer PLLC Wheeling, WV Denise Knouse-Snyder Attorney-at-Law Phillips, Gardill, Kaiser & Altmeyer PLLC Wheeling, WV D. Bruce Knox Investor McArthur, OH Richard G. Spencer President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired Fidelity Bancorp, Inc. & Fidelity Savings Bank Pittsburgh, PA Brent E. Richmond Executive Vice President Treasury & Strategic Planning Anthony R. Costantino Senior Vice President Finance & Accounting Daniel K. Weiss, Jr. Senior Vice President & Controller Linda M. Woodfin Secretary Kerry M. Stemler President & Chief Executive Officer KM Stemler Co. New Albany, IN Reed J. Tanner, CPA Member Suttle & Stalnaker PLLC Morgantown, WV Charlotte A. Zuschlag* President & Chief Executive Officer, Retired ESB Financial Corporation & ESB Bank Ellwood City, PA DIRECTORS EMERITI Ray A. Byrd Joan C. Stamp John W. Fisher, II Paul M. Limbert Henry L. Schulhoff Executive Committee * ** Directors of WesBanco, Inc. also serve as Directors of WesBanco Bank, Inc. CODE OF ETHICS WesBanco has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other executive officers. WesBanco’s “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” can be found posted on our website at www.wesbanco.com in the “Investor Relations” section under “Governance Documents”. WesBanco intends to disclose any changes or amendments to this code of ethics on its website. WESBANCO EMAIL ALERTS Readers may subscribe to WesBanco email alerts for company events, document filings, press releases, and WesBanco’s nightly closing stock price in the “Investor Relations” section of the WesBanco website at www.wesbanco.com. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER WesBanco, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer. SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION 2017 High Low Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter $43.09 41.42 41.77 44.19 $38.09 35.49 36.49 34.81 2016 Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter High Low $43.77 33.09 33.47 30.36 $32.06 29.78 28.89 26.93 Dividend Declared $0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 Dividend Declared $0.240 0.240 0.240 0.240 STOCK REGISTRAR & TRANSFER AGENT First Class/Registered/Certified Mail Computershare Investor Services, LLC P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Courier Service Computershare Investor Services, LLC 462 South 4th Street—Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 (888) 294-8217 or (781) 575-3120 (non-U.S.) www.computershare.com/investor STOCK TRADING The NASDAQ Global Select Market Symbol: WSBC CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 1 Bank Plaza, Wheeling, WV 26003 Phone: (304) 234-9000 Fax: (304) 234-9450 www.wesbanco.com INVESTOR RELATIONS Contact: John Iannone Phone: 304-905-7021 MARKET MAKERS IN WESBANCO STOCK This list represents the top ten registered market makers by volume in 2017 excluding electronic trading networks: Citadel Securities LLC; Citigroup Global Markets Inc.; Deutsche Banc Alex Brown; Goldman, Sachs & Co. LLC; J.P. Morgan Securities LLC; Latour Trading LLC; Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner; Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC; UBS Securities LLC; VIRTU Americas LLC. AUTOMATIC DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN Shareholders may elect to reinvest their dividends in additional shares of WesBanco common stock through the Computershare Dividend Reinvestment Plan. To arrange automatic purchase of shares with quarterly dividend proceeds, please contact Computershare Investor Services, LLC at the address, phone or email noted previously. ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held Wednesday, April 18, 2018 at 12:00 noon E.D.T. at: Glessner Auditorium Wilson Lodge Oglebay Resort and Conference Center Wheeling, WV 26003 DIRECT DEPOSIT If you have a deposit relationship with WesBanco, cash dividends can be deposited directly to your bank account. Dividends will be deposited on the date the dividend is payable, and you will receive a confirmation of payment when the dividend is deposited to your account. ANNUAL DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AND NOTICE OF FORM 10-K This Annual Report on Form 10-K serves as the annual disclosure statement as required by the FDIC. Upon written request of any shareholder, the Corporation will provide, without charge, a copy of its 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including financial statements and schedules, as required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. To obtain a copy of Form 10-K, contact: John Iannone WesBanco, Inc. 1 Bank Plaza Wheeling, WV 26003 (304) 905-7021 The Form 10-K is also available electronically on WesBanco’s website at www.wesbanco.com or at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. WESBANCO, INC. 1 BANK PLAZA WHEELING, WV 26003 www.wesbanco.com 

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