X Financial
Annual Report 2021

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents (Mark One) UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F ☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR Date of event requiring this shell company report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commission file number: 001-38652 For the transition period from to to X Financial (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) N/A (Translation of Registrant’s name into English) Cayman Islands (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 7-8F, Block A, Aerospace Science and Technology Plaza No. 168, Haide Third Avenue, Nanshan District Shenzhen, 518067, the People’s Republic of China (Address of principal executive offices) Mr. Frank Fuya Zheng, Chief Financial Officer 7-8F, Block A, Aerospace Science and Technology Plaza No. 168, Haide Third Avenue, Nanshan District Shenzhen, 518067, the People’s Republic of China Tel: +86-755-8628 2977 E-mail: frank.zheng@xiaoying.com (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class American depositary shares, each ADS represents six Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share* Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share ** Trading symbol XYF Name of each exchange on which registered The New York Stock Exchange N/A The New York Stock Exchange * Effective from November 19, 2020, the ratio of ADSs representing the Class A ordinary shares changed from one (1) ADS representing two (2) Class A ordinary shares to one (1) ADS representing six (6) Class A ordinary shares. ** Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American depositary shares on the New York Stock Exchange. Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None (Title of Class) None (Title of Class) Table of Contents Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. 329,117,943 ordinary shares, comprised of 231,517,943 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, and 97,600,000 Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, as of December 31, 2021 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ⌧ If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ⌧ Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Check one: Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ⌧ Emerging growth company ☒ If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒ †The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ⌧ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐ If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18 If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧ (APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐ Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION PART I ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES PART II ITEM 13. ITEM DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS PART III ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ITEM 19. EXHIBITS Page ii iii 1 7 7 7 67 108 108 140 151 152 153 154 164 165 167 167 167 167 169 169 170 170 170 171 171 171 171 172 172 172 172 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Unless otherwise indicated, in this annual report on Form 20-F, the following terms shall have the meaning set out below: ● “active borrowers” refers to, for a specified period, borrowers who made at least one transaction during that period on our platform; ● “ADSs” refers to American depositary shares, each of which represents six Class A ordinary shares, and “ADRs” refers to the American depositary receipts that may evidence ADSs; ● “APR” or “annual percentage rate” refers to the percentage number represents the actual annualized cost of borrowing over the term of a loan. The APR for a type of our loan product equals to the annualized actual amount of total interests, service fees and insurance premium divided by total amount of loans we facilitated. ● “Beijing WFOE” refers to our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd.; ● “Cayman Companies Act” refers to the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, as amended; ● “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for purposes of this annual report, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan; ● “Class A ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, carrying one vote per share; ● “Class B ordinary shares” refers to our Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, carrying 20 votes per share; ● “high-credit-limit” refers to ticket size of RMB80,000 to RMB600,000; ● “institutional funding partners” refers to our institutional funding sources, including banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other institutions who funded the loans we facilitated to borrowers; ● “insurance /guarantee protection” refers to credit insurance or guarantee services provided by insurance companies or financing guarantee companies in partnership with online finance platforms against the default of both the principal and interest; ● “ordinary shares” refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share; ● “PBOC CRC” refers to the credit reference center of the People’s Bank of China; ● “prime borrower” refers to an individual having sound credit history, who has credit records with PBOC CRC and usually no late payment record of over 60 days in the previous six months. In determining whether a prospective borrower is a prime borrower, we will review his or her credit history, along with our sophisticated risk management review system; ● “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China; ● “U.S. dollars,” “US$,” “$” or “dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States; ii Table of Contents ● “variable interest entities” or “VIEs” refer to Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd, or Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Xiaoying, Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. or Shenzhen Tangren, and Shenzhen Beier Assets Management Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Beier, and their subsidiaries, which are PRC companies in which we do not have equity interests but whose financial results have been consolidated into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP due to our having effective control over, and our being the primary beneficiary of, such entity; and “affiliated entities” are to our VIE, the VIE’s direct subsidiaries under the PRC laws; ● “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” or “X Financial” refers to X Financial, a Cayman Islands company, and unless the context requires otherwise, includes its predecessor entities, consolidated subsidiaries and VIEs; and ● “ZhongAn” refers to ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., a joint stock limited company with limited liability incorporated in the People’s Republic of China and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (stock code: 6060), carrying on business in Hong Kong as “ZA Online Fintech P&C.” Our reporting currency is Renminbi because substantially all of our operations are conducted in China and all of our revenues is denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.3726 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2021. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “could,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “project” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: ● the PRC consumer finance market; ● our goals and strategies; ● our future business development, financial condition and results of operations; ● expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures; ● growth of and competition trends in our industry; ● our expectations regarding demand for, and market acceptance of, our products and services; ● our expectations regarding keeping and strengthening our relationships with borrowers, institutional funding partners and other parties we collaborate with; ● fluctuations in general economic and business conditions in the markets in which we operate; and ● relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry. iii Table of Contents You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors.” Those risks are not exhaustive. We operate in an evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. iv Table of Contents VIE Structure and Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure PART I We are a Cayman Islands holding company conducting our operations in China through Beijing WFOE, a wholly-owned subsidiary of us, Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beijing WFOE (“Shenzhen Puhui”), Shenzhen Xiaoying Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xiaoying IT”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beijing WFOE, and the VIEs, including Shenzhen Xiaoying, Shenzhen Tangren, Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Beier and their subsidiaries. We have equity interests in Beijing WFOE, Shenzhen Puhui, and Shenzhen Xiaoying IT, however, neither we nor our subsidiaries own any share in the VIEs. Instead, we control and receive the economic benefits of the VIEs’ business operation through a series of contractual arrangements (the “VIE Agreements”). To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we do not have an equity ownership interest in our VIEs but rely on the VIE Agreements with VIEs to control and operate their businesses. The VIE Agreements are designed to provide our Beijing WFOE, with the power, rights, and obligations equivalent in all material respects to those it would possess as the principal equity holder of the VIE, including absolute control rights and the rights to the assets, property, and revenues of the VIE. As a result of these contractual arrangements, which have not been tested in a court of law in the PRC, under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), the assets and liabilities of the VIE are treated as our assets and liabilities and the results of operations of the VIE are treated in all aspects as if they were the results of our operations. We are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and, therefore, consolidate the financial results of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See “Item 4.C. Organizational Structure” for more information on these VIE Agreements. Because of our corporate structure, we are subject to risks due to uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of the PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to the validity and enforcement of the VIE Agreements. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard. Our VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing control over the VIE. The contractual arrangements have not been tested in a court of law in the PRC and there remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of arbitration should legal action become necessary. One of our VIEs and one of the subsidiaries of our consolidated VIEs are used to replicate foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese laws and regulations prohibit and restrict foreign ownership of internet value-added businesses. As a result, our shareholders may never directly hold equity interests in those entities. We may also be subject to sanctions imposed by PRC regulatory agencies including Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, if we fail to comply with their rules and regulations. We may also be subject to PRC laws relating to, among others, data security and restrictions over foreign investments due to the complexity of the regulatory regime in China, and the recent statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government relating to data security may affect our remaining business operations in China or even our ability to offer securities in the United States. We are also subject to the risks and uncertainties about any future actions of the PRC government that could disallow our VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of our securities, including causing the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure” for more information. Risks Associated with Being Based in or Having the Majority of our Operations in China We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company with operations in China, including us, to conduct its business. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, data information, antitrust, finance, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in companies having operations in China, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. These China-related risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer securities to investors in the future and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. 1 Table of Contents The PRC government may exert, at any time, substantial intervention and influence over the manner of our operations. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and new laws and regulations related to data security, and expanding the efforts in anti- monopoly enforcement. The regulatory framework for the collection, use, safeguarding, sharing, transfer and other processing of personal information and important data worldwide is rapidly evolving in PRC and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Regulatory authorities in China have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. For example, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which became effective in June 2017, established China’s first national-level data protection for “network operators,” which may include all organizations in China that connect to or provide services over the internet or other information network. The PRC Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of PRC National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, on June 10, 2021 and became effective on September 1, 2021, outlines the main system framework of data security protection. The amended Measures of Cybersecurity Review, which was promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) in December 2021 and came into effect on February 15, 2022, requires cyberspace operators with personal information of more than one million users to file for cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office (“CRO”), in the event such operators plan for an overseas listing. The amended Measures of Cybersecurity Review provide that, among others, an application for cybersecurity review must be made by an issuer that is a “critical information infrastructure operator” or a “data processing operator” as defined therein before such issuer’s securities become listed in a foreign country, if the issuer possesses personal information of more than one million users, and that the relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cybersecurity review if such governmental authorities determine an operator’s cyber products or services, data processing or potential listing in a foreign country affect or may affect China’s national security. In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information and expands data protection compliance obligations to cover the processing of personal information of persons by organizations and individuals in China, and the processing of personal information of persons outside of China if such processing is for purposes of providing products and services to, or analyzing and evaluating the behavior of, persons in China. The Personal Information Protection Law also provides that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processing entities who process personal information meeting a volume threshold to be set by Chinese cyberspace regulators are also required to store in China the personal information generated or collected in China, and to pass a security assessment administered by Chinese cyberspace regulators for any export of such personal information. Moreover, pursuant to the Personal Information Protection Law, persons who seriously violate this law may be fined for up to RMB50 million or 5% of annual revenues generated in the prior year and may also be ordered to suspend any related activity by competent authorities. In November 2021, the CAC released the Regulations on Network Data Security (draft for public comments) and accepted public comments until December 13, 2021. The draft Regulations on Network Data Security provide more detailed guidance on how to implement the general legal requirements under laws such as the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. The draft Regulations on Network Data Security follow the principle that the state will regulate based on a data classification and multi-level protection scheme, under which data is largely classified into three categories: general data, important data and core data. Under the current PRC cybersecurity laws in China, critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services that may affect national security must be subject to the cybersecurity review. On July 30, 2021, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The regulations require, among others, that certain competent authorities shall identify critical information infrastructures. If any critical information infrastructure is identified, they shall promptly notify the relevant operators and the Ministry of Public Security. 2 Table of Contents Currently, the cybersecurity laws and regulations have not directly affected our business and operations, but in anticipation of the strengthened implementation of cybersecurity laws and regulations and the expansion of our business, we face potential risks if we are deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the Cybersecurity Law. In such case, we must fulfill certain obligations as required under the Cybersecurity Law and other applicable laws, including, among others, storing personal information and important data collected and produced within the PRC territory during our operations in China, which we are already doing in our business, and we may be subject to review when purchasing internet products and services. According to the amended Measures of Cybersecurity Review, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities, and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices in data processing. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. Based on the foregoing, we do not expect that, as of the date of this annual report, the current applicable PRC laws on cybersecurity would have a material adverse impact on our business. However, any failure or perceived failure to comply with all applicable laws and regulations may result in legal proceedings or regulatory actions against us, and could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and we cannot assure you that the operators from the CAC or other relevant governmental authority will not introduce additional requirements or policies which may require significant changes in the way we operate our business. On September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations on data security compliance made in connection with the PRC Data Security Law, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. Based on the foregoing, we do not expect that, as of the date of this annual report, the PRC Data Security Law would have a material adverse impact on our business. On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC governmental authorities publicated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions require the relevant regulators to coordinate and accelerate amendments of legislation on the confidentiality and archive management related to overseas issuance and listing of securities, and to improve the legislation on data security, cross-border data flow and management of confidential information. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued yet and the interpretation of these opinions remains unclear at this stage. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions from the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities. Based on the foregoing and the currently effective PRC laws, we are of the view that, as of the date of this annual report, these opinions do not have a material adverse impact on our business. 3 Table of Contents On December 24, 2021, the CSRC published the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), and Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or, collectively, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, which set out the new regulatory requirements and filing procedures for Chinese companies seeking direct or indirect listing in overseas markets. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, among others, stipulate that Chinese companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedures with and report relevant information to the CSRC, and that an initial filing shall be submitted within three working days after the application for an initial public offering is submitted, and a second filing shall be submitted within three working days after the listing is completed. Moreover, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under circumstances if (i) it is prohibited by PRC laws, (ii) it may constitute a threat to or endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent PRC authorities, (iii) it has material ownership disputes over equity, major assets, and core technology, (iv) in recent three years, the Chinese operating entities and their controlling shareholders and actual controllers have committed relevant prescribed criminal offenses or are currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations, (v) the directors, supervisors, or senior executives have been subject to administrative punishment for severe violations, or are currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations, or (vi) it has other circumstances as prescribed by the State Council. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, among others, stipulate that when determining whether an offering and listing shall be deemed as “an indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company”, the principle of “substance over form” shall be followed, and if the issuer meets the following conditions, its offering and listing shall be determined as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company” and is therefore subject to the filing requirement: (i) the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the Chinese operating entities in the most recent financial year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; and (ii) the majority of senior management in charge of business operation are Chinese citizens or have domicile in PRC, and its principal place of business is located in PRC or main business activities are conducted in PRC. In a Q&A released on its official website, the respondent CSRC official indicated that the CSRC will start applying the filing requirements to new offerings and listings. New initial public offerings and refinancing by existing overseas listed Chinese companies will be required to go through the filing process. As for the other filings for the existing companies, the regulator will grant adequate transition period to complete their filing procedures. On April 2, 2022, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Management of Confidentiality and Archives Related to the draft Overseas Issuance of Securities and Overseas Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules, for public comments. In the overseas listing activities of domestic companies, domestic companies, as well as securities companies and securities service institutions providing relevant securities services hereof, should establish a sound system of confidentiality and archival work, shall not disclose state secrets, or harm the state and public interests. Where a domestic company provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing entity, any document or material involving any state secret or any work secret of organs and organizations, it shall report to the competent authority for approval in accordance with the law, and submit to the secrecy administration department for filing. Domestic companies shall not provide accounting records to an overseas accounting firm that has not performed the corresponding procedures. Securities companies and securities service organizations shall comply with the confidentiality and archive management requirements, and keep the documents and materials properly. Securities companies and securities service institutions that provide domestic enterprises with relevant securities services for overseas issuance and listing of securities shall keep such archives they compile within the territory of the PRC and shall not transfer such archives to overseas institutions or individuals, by any means such as carriage, shipment or information technology, without the approval of the relevant competent authorities. If the archives or duplicates of such archives are of important value to the state and society and needed to be taken abroad, approval shall be obtained in accordance with relevant provisions. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Draft Archive Rules were released only for soliciting public comment at this stage and their provisions and anticipated adoption or effective date are subject to changes, and thus their interpretation and implementation remain substantially uncertain. It is uncertain whether the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Draft Archive Rules apply to the follow-on offerings or other offerings of the Chinese companies that have been listed overseas. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our contractual arrangements will be deemed by the relevant government authorities to be in compliance with current PRC laws and regulations or that the relevant government authorities will not in the future reassess or reinterpret existing laws, regulations or policies in this area, or issue new laws, regulations or policies in this area, with the result that all or some of these arrangements would be deemed to be in violation of PRC law. We cannot predict the impact of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Draft Archive Rules on us, including but not limited to the maintenance of the listing status of our ADSs and/or other securities, or any of our future offerings of securities overseas at this stage. 4 Table of Contents As there are still uncertainties regarding these new laws and regulations as well as the amendment, interpretation and implementation of the existing laws and regulations related to cybersecurity and data protection, We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these laws and regulations in all respects. The regulatory authorities may deem our activities or services non-compliant and therefore require us to suspend or terminate its business. We may also be subject to fines, legal or administrative sanctions and other adverse consequences, and may not be able to become in compliance with relevant laws and regulations in a timely manner, or at all. These may materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. As such, our business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub- divisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. Risks Associated with the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, was enacted on December 18, 2020. Under the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our securities, including our ADSs, from being traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, including NYSE, or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, is currently unable to conduct inspections on accounting firms in the PRC without the approval of the Chinese government authorities. The auditor and its audit work in China may not be inspected fully by the PCAOB. Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating the PRC auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, we could be delisted from the NYSE and our securities will not be permitted for trading “over-the-counter” either. Such a delisting would substantially impair our investor’s ability to sell or purchase our securities when they wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our securities. Also, such a delisting would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. In June 2021, the United States Senate passed a bill that would amend the HFCAA to accelerate the imposition of trading prohibitions once an issuer is identified from three years to two years, and a companion bill was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives on December 14, 2021. If this bill amending the HFCAA is approved by both houses of Congress and signed by the President, our securities could be subject to a trading prohibition following our filing of a second consecutive annual report on Form 20-F. The process for implementing trading prohibitions pursuant to the HFCAA will be based on a list of registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB has been unable to inspect and investigate as a result of a position taken by a non-U.S. government, or the Relevant Jurisdiction, and such identified auditors, the PCAOB Identified Firms. The first list of PCAOB Identified Firms was included in a release by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021, or the PCAOB December 2021 Release. Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG Huazhen LLP, is located in and organized under the laws of the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, and therefore our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB. If our auditor is unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time, we could be delisted from the NYSE and our ADSs will not be permitted for trading “over-the-counter” either. The HFCAA also imposes additional certification and disclosure requirements for Commission Identified Issuers, and these requirements apply to issuers in the year following their listing as Commission Identified Issuers. The additional requirements include a certification that the issuer is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the Relevant Jurisdiction, and the additional requirements for annual reports include disclosure that the issuer’s financials were audited by a firm not subject to PCAOB inspection, disclosure on governmental entities in the Relevant Jurisdiction’s ownership in and controlling financial interest in the issuer, the names of Chinese Communist Party, or CCP, members on the board of the issuer or its operating entities, and whether the issuer’s article’s include a charter of the CCP, including the text of such charter. 5 Table of Contents Transfers of Cash through Our Organizations The following table presents the cash flows among the Company, its subsidiaries, and the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships in FY 2019, FY 2020 and FY 2021. Cash transferred from the Company to the subsidiaries for financing purposes Cash transferred from the subsidiaries to the Company for financing purposes Cash transferred from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships to the subsidiaries for financing purposes Cash paid from Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships to subsidiaries for loan transferred under intermediary model Cash paid by subsidiaries to invest in Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Cash contribution from Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships to subsidiaries Service fees collected by a subsidiaries from borrowers indirectly through Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships FY 2019 RMB 199,179 — FY 2020 RMB (in Thousands) — 6,818 FY 2021 RMB — 4,545 615,495 1,719,385 701,508 20,428 93,000 157,134 144,422 64,376 152,910 2,538,005 215,378 69,073 230,470 284,109 524,177 Our subsidiaries and the VIEs have not made any dividend or distribution to the Company. We declared cash dividends in 2019 and used parts of the net proceeds from our initial public offering of approximately US$14.8 million for dividend distribution without any tax withholding obligations. The VIEs had not intended to pay, and had never paid, any earnings or amounts, such as service fee to the Beijing WFOE under the contractual arrangement. See “Item 3. Key information-Condensed Consolidating Schedules” and the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for more details. X Financial is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in China primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIEs in China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, X Financial’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries and service fees paid by our PRC consolidated affiliated entities. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to X Financial. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. Current PRC regulations permit the Beijing WFOE to pay dividends to YZT (HK) Limited only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiaries in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entity in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries in the PRC incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to receive all of the revenues from our operations through the current VIE Agreements, we may be unable to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. Cash dividends, if any, on our ADSs will be paid in U.S. dollars. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%. In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we may rely on payments made from our VIEs to the Beijing WFOE, pursuant to the VIE Agreements between them, and the distribution of such payments to YZT (HK) Limited as dividends from Beijing WFOE. Certain payments from our VIEs are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and VAT. As of the date of this annual report, the VIEs had never paid any dividends to the Beijing WFOE. 6 Table of Contents Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, the 10% withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC project. However, the 5% withholding tax rate does not automatically apply and certain requirements must be satisfied, including without limitation that (a) the Hong Kong project must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends; and (b) the Hong Kong project must directly hold no less than 25% share ownership in the PRC project during the 12 consecutive months preceding its receipt of the dividends. In current practice, a Hong Kong project must obtain a tax resident certificate from the Hong Kong tax authority to apply for the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. As the Hong Kong tax authority will issue such a tax resident certificate on a case-by-case basis, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by the Beijing WFOE to its immediate holding company, YZT (HK) Limited. ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS Not applicable. ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE Not applicable. ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION For risks associated with being based in or having the majority of the operations in China, see “-Risks Associated with Being Based in or Having the Majority of the Operations in China” as set forth at the outset of Part I. For the risks related to the HFCA Act, see “-Risks Associated with the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act” as set forth at the outset of Part I and “-Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Doing Business in China-Our ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections.” For the description of how cash is transferred through our organization, see “—Transfers of Cash through Our Organizations” as set forth at the outset of Part I. 3.A. Condensed Consolidating Schedules The following tables present the condensed consolidating schedules depicting the financial position, cash flows and results of operations for the Company, the consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, our subsidiaries and any eliminating adjustments as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and for FY 2019, FY 2020 and FY 2021. These tables follow the line item disclosures with respect to the consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. 7 Table of Contents Selected Consolidated Statement of Balance Sheet Data As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31,2021 Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships RMB The Company RMB Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company Group The RMB RMB RMB RMB (in thousands) Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company RMB Group RMB RMB RMB The RMB (in thousands) Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Group RMB RMB (in thousands) RMB RMB Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable and contract assets, net of allowance for doubtful accounts Loans receivable from Credit Loans and Revolving Loans, net Loans at fair value Deposits to institutional cooperators, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net Deferred tax assets, net Long-term investments Property and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Loan receivable from Housing Loans, net Financial investments Other non-current assets Financial guarantee derivative-assets Intercompany receivables Investments in Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships and subsidiaries 14,052 — 336,513 449,979 655,415 64,344 — — 1,005,980 514,323 6,042 — 170,390 484,878 569,956 367,256 — — 746,388 852,134 4,771 — 212,767 220,812 367,224 186,464 — — 584,762 407,276 — 466,630 304,524 — 771,154 — — 413,307 — 413,307 — 67,918 679,562 — 747,480 — — — — 2,782,333 289,553 — — — 289,553 2,782,333 — — — 1,585,732 1,236,026 — — — 1,236,026 1,585,732 — 518,720 — 518,720 — 565 907,358 — 907,923 — — — 2,458,221 389,679 25,852 — — — 2,484,073 389,679 2,702 1,497,705 — 1,500,407 4,763 429,093 273,594 — 707,450 1,862 66,236 335,678 — 403,776 371 104,088 108,668 — — — — — — — — 420,823 44,618 — 465,441 — 287,607 318,046 — 605,653 277,127 15,015 — 292,142 — 292,115 3,500 — 295,615 14,397 5,742 6,091 29,036 89,536 — — — 44,169 24,603 — — — — — 20,139 35,127 89,536 — 68,772 — — — — — 6,220 4,917 30,431 7,009 47,490 6,000 — — 6,914 44,547 — — — — — 11,137 37,440 47,490 6,000 51,461 719,962 — — 719,962 — 297,928 — — 297,928 — — — — — — — — 128,555 146,313 556,571 2,673 29,554 3,467 3,515 7,263 12,083 — — 82,844 4,851 26,427 11,819 — — — — — — — — — — 213,127 274,868 560,038 6,188 36,817 12,083 82,844 31,278 11,819 1,017,875 1,701,251 2,472,479 (5,191,605) — 1,008,811 3,095,377 4,395,612 (8,499,800) — 1,077,450 5,303,896 9,615,500 (15,996,846) — 3,378,506 1,050,977 4,646,587 (9,076,070) — 2,067,921 870,458 3,533,764 (6,472,143) — 2,899,792 1,566,351 3,669,742 (8,135,885) — Total Assets 4,415,196 8,788,881 9,344,230 (14,267,675) 8,280,632 3,084,636 7,248,341 12,136,976 (14,971,943) 7,498,010 3,982,384 11,072,540 16,420,546 (24,132,731) 7,342,739 8 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31,2021 Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships RMB The Company RMB Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company Group The RMB RMB RMB RMB (in thousands) Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company RMB Group RMB RMB RMB The RMB (in thousands) Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Group RMB RMB (in thousands) RMB RMB Payable to investors at fair value of the Consolidated Trusts Payable to institutional funding partners Guarantee liabilities Financial guarantee derivative- liabilities Accrued payroll and welfare Other tax payable Income tax payable Deposit payable to channel cooperators other non- current liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities Short-term bank borrowings Deferred tax liabilities Intercompany Payables Total Liability Total shareholder's equity — 3,006,349 — — 3,006,349 — 1,914,184 — — 1,914,184 — 462,714 — — 462,714 — — — — — — — — — — 11,141 6,334 — — — 17,475 — — — 1,460,395 — 1,460,395 — 1,466,068 21,311 — 1,487,379 — 9,790 — 9,790 — — — — - — — — — — 130,442 — — 130,442 — 565,953 — — 565,953 22,678 40,970 34,725 23,361 — — 63,648 58,086 227,047 113,948 — 340,995 — — — 10,017 24,764 37,104 35,974 48,350 27,567 — — — 34,781 — 8,959 35,646 — 44,605 73,078 — 100,333 119,213 — 219,546 75,917 — 8,190 108,959 — 117,149 — 108,923 — 108,923 — — 21,472 — 21,472 — — 21,012 — 21,012 26,683 15,620 — 42,303 — 1,740 25,874 — 27,614 — — 12,019 — 12,019 49,336 103,480 121,623 — 274,439 9,880 230,564 83,304 — 323,748 5,489 85,485 177,993 — 268,967 — — — — 688 — 621 — — — 1,309 — — 18,700 331,845 — 350,545 — 166,500 — 166,500 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,588,722 1,602,883 (5,191,605) — — 4,455,198 4,044,602 (8,499,800) — 6,747,134 9,249,711 (15,996,845) 49,336 7,021,513 2,034,283 (5,191,605) 3,913,527 9,880 6,846,299 6,065,587 (8,499,800) 4,421,966 5,489 9,444,836 9,912,364 (15,996,845) 3,365,844 4,365,860 1,767,368 7,309,947 (9,076,070) 4,367,105 3,074,756 402,042 6,071,389 (6,472,143) 3,076,044 3,976,895 1,627,704 6,508,182 (8,135,886) 3,976,895 Selected Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income Data Year ended December 31, 2019 Year ended of December 31, 2020 Year ended December 31,2021 Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships RMB The Company RMB Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company Group The RMB RMB RMB RMB (in thousands) 437,456 2,650,594 — 3,088,050 754,755 RMB (in thousands) 1,438,202 Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and The Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Company Partnerships Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated RMB Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Group Group RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB RMB — 2,192,957 — 1,388,256 (in thousands) 2,238,209 — 3,626,465 118,681 1,541,525 (1,660,206) — 212,814 484,283 (697,097) — — 72,826 1,357,422 (1,430,248) — — — (14,452) (1,590,541) (360,469) — (1,965,462) (18,480) (675,732) (1,592,149) — (2,286,361) (9,578) (394,031) (1,768,086) — (2,171,695) — (969,257) (690,949) 1,660,206 — — (352,165) (344,932) 697,097 — — (899,267) (530,981) 1,430,248 — 774,276 (865,185) 1,650,735 (785,350) 774,476 (1,308,488) (319,869) (973,446) 1,293,342 (1,308,461) 825,407 (130,549) 962,420 (831,871) 825,407 9 — — Total net revenue Intercompany revenues Origination and servicing, general and administrative and sales and marketing expenses Intercompany costs Net income (loss) Table of Contents The following table presents the roll-forward of deficit of investments in our consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnership and subsidiaries in FY 2019, FY 2020 and FY 2021. Investments in Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships and subsidiaries RMB in thousands 2,438,249 (14,609) 954,866 3,378,506 (180,519) (1,112,823) (17,242) 2,067,922 695,893 135,977 2,899,792 The Company Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Subsidiaries RMB in thousands RMB in thousands RMB in thousands 768,380 (199,179) (615,495) 915,890 869,596 6,818 (1,719,385) 1,130,107 63,874 351,010 4,545 (701,508) 688,263 23,478 365,788 (1,587,076) — 615,495 (915,890) (1,887,471) — 1,719,385 (1,191,735) — (1,359,821) — 701,508 (784,924) — (1,443,237) 818,696 199,179 — — 1,017,875 (6,818) — 61,628 (63,874) 1,008,811 (4,545) — 96,661 (23,478) 1,077,449 Balance as of December 31, 2018 Equity in earnings of the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Balance as of December 31, 2019 Equity in earnings of the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Cumulative effect of accounting change Balance as of December 31, 2020 Equity in earnings of the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Balance as of December 31, 2021 Amount due from (due to) Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships and subsidiaries Balance as of December 31, 2018 The Company transferred to the subsidiaries The Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships transferred to the subsidiaries Intercompany transactions Balance as of December 31, 2019 The Company transferred to the subsidiaries The Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships transferred to the subsidiaries Intercompany transactions Impact of foreign exchange rate Balance as of December 31, 2020 The Company transferred to the subsidiaries The Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships transferred to the subsidiaries Intercompany transactions Impact of foreign exchange rate Balance as of December 31, 2021 3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. 3.C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. 10 Table of Contents 3.D. Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry We have ceased the P2P operation business, but we cannot assure you that our operations were in full compliance with relevant legal requirements and would not be punished under relevant regulations Due to the relatively short history of the online consumer finance industry in China, a comprehensive regulatory framework governing our industry is under development by the PRC government. Before any industry-specific regulations were introduced in mid-2015, the PRC government relied on general and basic laws and regulations for governing the online consumer finance industry, including the PRC Contract Law, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Lending Information Services.” Since July 2015, the PRC government and relevant regulatory authorities have issued various laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry, including, among others, (i) the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines, (ii) the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Interim Measures, (iii) the Guidelines on Online Lending Funds Custodian Business, or the Custodian Guidelines, (iv) Guidelines on Information Disclosure of the Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Disclosure Guidelines, (v) Notice on Rectification of Cash Loan Business, or Circular 141, (vi) the Notice on the Special Rectification and Inspection of Risk of Online Lending Intermediaries, or Circular 57, (vii) the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspections of Online Lending Intermediaries, or the Inspection Notice, and (viii) the Compliance Checklist of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Compliance Checklist. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation —Regulations Relating to Online Lending Information Services.” In December 2018, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities of the P2P lending industry issued the Circular on Making Efforts to Prevent Risk and Classify Online Lending Institutions, or the Circular 175. Circular 175 classifies the online P2P lending marketplaces into six categories, and except for large-scale peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics, which are generally referred to as Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces, including shell companies with no substantive operation, small-scale marketplaces, marketplaces with high risks and marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses, shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. The Guidelines formally introduced for the first time the regulatory framework and basic principles governing the online finance industry, including the provision of online lending information services in China. Following the core principles of the Guidelines, the Interim Measures first time introduced a record filing and licensing regime, pursuant to which, online lending information intermediaries shall register with the local financial regulatory authority, update their business scope in their business license to include “online lending information intermediary” and obtain telecommunication business license from the relevant telecommunication regulatory authority after the completion of their registration with the local financial regulatory authority. In order to instruct online lending information intermediaries to rectify their business operations that are deemed as non- compliant with the Guidelines or the Interim Measures, the Interim Measures authorized the local financial regulatory authorities to conduct onsite inspections or inquiries from time to time. In March 2017, one of our consolidated VIEs, Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. received a rectification notice from the Shenzhen Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk, which required us to adopt certain rectification measures to certain aspects of our business operations which were not in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including the requirements for ceasing to facilitate loans exceeding RMB200,000 for one borrower and setting up custody accounts with qualified banks to better manage clients and funds. We have responded with our rectification plan with a schedule in March 2017 and have undertaken effective measures in response to the authority’s request. 11 Table of Contents Meanwhile, the Guidelines and the Interim Measures prohibit online lending information intermediaries from certain activities, including but not limited to, credit enhancement, illegal fund-raising, and setting up capital pool. The Circular 141 promulgated by the Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk and Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending on December 1, 2017 further specifies that certain types of cash loan may be subject to inspection and rectification. These types of cash loan have the following four characteristics: lack of specific scenes, designated purposes, targeted users and mortgage. Online lending information intermediaries shall not facilitate such cash loans without specific scenes and designated purposes. It is stipulated in Circular 57 that online lending information intermediary shall cease providing prohibited cash loans after Circular 141 has come into effect and shall gradually reduce the outstanding balance of prohibited cash loans within scheduled timetable in order to complete the record filing as requested by the Interim Measure. We do not believe any of the loan products we facilitate is prohibited under Circular 141 and Circular 57, as none of our products has all of the four characteristics of cash loans as defined under Circular 141. For example, although some of our loan products, such as Xiaoying Credit Loan’s credit card cash advance product, are lacking mortgage and specific scenes, we believe they target a specific user base with designated purpose for which the borrowers are required to specify at loan application. However, in the absence of authoritative interpretation of the key requirements or characteristics of cash loan, especially whether the definition of cash loan requires all of the four characteristics or any of the four characteristics, we cannot assure you that our existing practices would not be deemed to violate any relevant laws, rules and regulations that are applicable to our business practices. In addition, Circular 141 requires banking financial institutions that participate in the “cash loan” business to ensure that no third parties will charge borrowers any interest or expenses of loans to borrowers and not to accept any credit enhancement services or other similar services from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee. To comply with Circular 141, we cooperate with certain qualified institutional partners with the financing guarantee license, including Shenzhen Tangren, our consolidated VIE, to provide guarantees for certain loan products we facilitate. Moreover, Circular 141 prohibits banking financial institutions from outsourcing core businesses such as credit examination and risk control. Currently, we only provide initial screening, preliminary credit examination and technical services, but we cannot rule out the possibility that government authorities could consider our services to be in violation of Circular 141. If any of our services are deemed to be in violation of Circular 141, we may be required to cease or modify any such “cash loans” to comply with Circular 141, otherwise we may be ineligible for registration with the local financial regulatory authority, which may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects. While we are closely monitoring the regulatory development, as of the date of this annual report, we have not been informed by any regulatory authorities to cease or modify any of our current products due to violation of any rules with respect to cash loan under Circular 141 or Circular 57. On January 19, 2018, the Shenzhen Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk promulgated the Notice Regarding Further Implementing Rectification of Online Lending Information Intermediaries which required that all the online lending information intermediaries in Shenzhen, including one of our consolidated VIEs, Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd., shall close all the business operations that were not in full compliance with the Interim Measures before June 30, 2018. We have further submitted a self-inspection report to the Shenzhen financial regulatory authority regarding the current status on our rectification process on February 2, 2018 pursuant to the Notice Regarding Further Implementing Rectification of Online Lending Information Intermediaries. In August 2018, the Inspection Notice further clarifies that the compliance inspection under the Interim Measures consists of self-inspection conducted by online lending information intermediaries, inspection conducted by local and national Internet Finance Associations, and verification conducted by the local online lending rectification office, all of which shall be completed by the end of December 2018. The online lending information intermediaries that are in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations then could be allowed to submit the record filing applications as requested by the Interim Measures. Pursuant to the Inspection Notice and the Compliance Checklist, we have further submitted a self- inspection report and certain self-inspection documents to the Shenzhen financial regulatory authority and the Shenzhen Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance in October and November 2018 respectively. 12 Table of Contents As of December 17, 2020, Xiaoying Wealth Management platform’s P2P operation business had been cleared and ceased, and the principal and earnings of all individual investors had been fully settled. However, uncertainties still exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of the relevant laws and regulations relating to P2P operation business. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any penalties retroactively prescribed in the relevant laws and regulations relating to our previous P2P operation business, although we have already ceased the related business, and if we were punished, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We have obtained an approval of online microcredit business operating qualification and have started online microcredit business. Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. According to the Guidelines on Further Strengthening and Regulating Pilot Access and Auditing of Microcredit Companies (Trial) issued by Shenzhen Financial Services Office in April 2013, or the Trial Guidelines on Microcredit Companies, the Shenzhen financial regulatory authority temporarily restricts certain kinds of companies including, among others, financing guarantee companies, pawn investment companies or real estate development companies establish the online microcredit business. One of our consolidated VIEs, Shenzhen Tangren, holds the financing guarantee license currently, thus we cannot assure that we are eligible to operate the online microcredit business. However, the interpretation of the Trial Guidelines on Microcredit Companies remains uncertain and it is unclear how it will affect our application for the online microcredit business operating license. Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xiaoying”), one of our VIEs, has obtained a letter from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality on May 12, 2021, stating the approval of the business qualification of Shenzhen Xiaoying Microcredit Co., Ltd. (“Xiaoying Microcredit”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Xiaoying, for the microcredit business in China. The approved microcredit business qualification is subject to annual onsite inspections. We have started our microcredit business in July 2021. However, since the regulatory regime and practice with respect to network microcredit companies are evolving in recent years and subject to uncertainties, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Microcredit,” we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to any rectification requirements or administrative penalties due to any non-compliance, nor can we assure you that we will be able to satisfy rectification requirements, if any, and maintain such license or renew the license. For example, in November 2020, the CBIRC and PBOC released the Interim Measures for the Administration of Network Microcredit Business (Draft), or the Draft Interim Administrative Measures, to solicit public comments. The Draft Interim Administrative Measures make it clear that a network microcredit business shall be carried out mainly in the provincial administrative areas to which the entity is registered and shall not be cross-provincial without prior approval. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit business within a province shall not be less than RMB1 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit cross-provinces shall not be less than RMB5 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The Draft Interim Administrative Measures would establish a three-year transition period, and those operating cross-provincial network microcredit businesses without approval will be phased-out. 13 Table of Contents Further, pursuant to Regulations on Local Financial Supervision and Administration (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation promulgated on December 31, 2021, “Local Financial Organizations” refers to microcredit companies, financing guarantee companies, regional equity markets, pawn shops, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies, local asset management companies, and other institutions engaged in local financial business that are supervised and managed by laws, administrative regulations, and provincial-level people’s governments authorized by the State Council. The Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation specify that provincial governments shall perform their duties of supervision, management, and risk disposal of local financial organizations, and no individual or entity shall set up Local Financial Organizations without prior approval. The merger, division, reduction of registered capital, change of the business scope or operating area, the change of the shareholders holding more than 5% of its equity interests, as well as change of the actual controller of the Local Financial Organization shall be subject to the approval of the provincial local financial supervision and management department. Also, Local Financial Organization shall make filings to provincial local financial supervision and management department for setting up branches within the provincial administrative region, changing the name or address of business, increasing the registered capital, changing the directors, supervisors and senior management personnel. Penalties such as fines or criminal liability may be imposed if the Local Financial Organizations fail to comply with the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation. Both of the Draft Interim Administrative Measures and the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation were released for public comment only, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the Draft Interim Administrative Measures and the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation, including with respect to their final content, adoption timeline or effective date. If we were considered that we have engaged in the online microcredit business and the Draft Interim Administrative Measures and the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation were issued, we may be subject to various regulatory restriction which may adversely affect our business operations. We cannot assure you that Xiaoying Microcredit will be able to maintain or renew its business qualification for microcredit business if the draft measures are implemented. Although we believe that Xiaoying Microcredit is only a supplementary funding source and we do not intend to rely on it as a major source for funding, if we need to obtain funding through Xiaoying Microcredit but are unable to maintain or renew the business qualification for microcredit business,or to obtain any other requisite approvals, licenses or permits, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. Given the evolving regulatory environment, there is uncertainty as to how the requirements in the Draft Interim Administrative Measures or the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation will be interpreted and implemented. To the extent that we are not able to fully comply with the requirements, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We will continuously make adjustments in our business to comply with evolving regulatory requirements, but we are unable to predict with certainty the impact, if any, that future legislation, or regulations relating to the online microcredit business industry will have on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations including those governing the online consumer finance industry in China. If our previous or existing practice is deemed to violate any rules, laws or regulations, we may face injunctions, including orders to cease illegal activities, correction order, condemnation, fines and criminal liability, and may be exposed to other penalties as determined by the relevant government authorities. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. If our borrowers default their loans under our online microcredit business, our financial operation may still be subject to material adverse effect. Shenzhen Xiaoying has obtained a letter from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality on May 12, 2021, stating the approval of the business qualification of Xiaoying Microcredit, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Xiaoying, for the microcredit business in China. Since the loans provided by Xiaoying Microcredit is our own capital, defaults by our borrowers may have material adverse effect on our financial operation. As of December 31, 2021, 3.6% of our outstanding loans is issued by Shenzhen Xiaoying through our own capital. We have no insurance or guarantee protection for the loans issued by Shenzhen Xiaoying, our financial operation may be subject to material adverse if our borrowers default their outstanding loans. 14 Table of Contents We have a limited operating history in a new and evolving market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects. We started to facilitate investment products to individual investors in China in August 2014 and commenced our loan facilitation business in July 2015 and thus have a limited operating history. We have limited experience in most aspects of our business operations, such as loan product offerings, data-driven credit assessment and development of long-term relationships with borrowers, investors and institutional funding partners. We seek to expand the base of prospective borrowers that we serve, which may result in higher delinquency rates of transactions facilitated by us. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 31-60 days past due increased from 0.79% as of December 31, 2020 to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. In addition, our ability to continuously attract low-cost funding sources is also critical to our business. For example, we have completely ceased accepting funding to our loan products from individual investors since the end of 2019, and currently our primary funding source is our institutional funding partners. As our business develops or in response to competition and regulation, we may continue to introduce new loan products, make adjustments to our existing loan products and our proprietary credit assessment model, or make adjustments to our business operation in general. For example, our product mix changed since our launch of Xiaoying Card Loan in December 2016. In 2016, 0.9% of our total loan facilitation amount were Xiaoying Card Loan, while in 2019, 2020 and 2021, such proportion was 70.2%, 80.3%, and 100% respectively. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2021, we invested RMB1 billion in Xiaoying Microcredit for our newly established microcredit business. Any significant change to our business model not achieving expected results may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Our historical financials during the limited operating history are not indicative of our future trends. As a result, it is difficult to effectively assess our future prospects. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges we encounter or may encounter given the rapidly evolving market in which we operate and our limited operating history. These risks and challenges include, among other things, our ability to: ● offer personalized and competitive products and services; ● increase the utilization of our products and services by existing borrowers and institutional funding partners as well as new borrowers and institutional funding partners; ● offer attractive service fee rates while driving growth in size and profitability of our business; ● maintain low delinquency rates of loans facilitated by us; ● develop sufficient, diversified, cost-efficient and reputable funding sources; ● maintain and enhance our relationships with our institutional funding partners; ● broaden our prospective borrower base; ● navigate a complex and evolving regulatory environment; ● improve our operational efficiency; ● attract, retain and motivate talented employees to support our business growth; ● enhance our technology infrastructure to support the growth of our business and maintain the security of our system and the confidentiality of the information provided and utilized across our system; ● navigate economic condition and fluctuation; and ● defend ourselves against legal and regulatory actions, such as actions involving intellectual property or privacy claims. 15 Table of Contents Failure of other online lending platforms or damage to the reputation of the online consumer finance industry may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We operate in the online consumer finance industry, which is a new and evolving industry. Negative publicity about this industry and the market segment may arise from time to time. Negative publicity about China’s consumer finance industry in general may also have a negative impact on our reputation, regardless of whether or not we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. The PRC government has recently instituted specific rules to develop a more transparent regulatory environment for the online consumer finance industry. Any players in China’s online consumer finance industry who are not in compliance with these regulations may adversely impact the reputation of the industry as a whole. Negative developments in the consumer finance industry, such as widespread user defaults, fraudulent behavior, the closure of other online consumer finance platforms, or incidents indirectly resulting from the accumulation of large amounts of debt and inability to repay by any particular borrower, may also lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny of the sector and limit the scope of permissible business activities that may be conducted by market players in the consumer finance industry. Moreover, in the ordinary course of our business, we may need to bring lawsuits against certain borrowers for delinquent loans. If courts do not support our claims, such legal proceedings may also negatively impact our reputation and brand image. If any of the foregoing takes place, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The service fees we charge either borrowers or institutional funding partners may decline in the future due to factors beyond our control and any material decrease in such service fees could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We generated our revenues from service fees collected indirectly from borrowers through our VIE, Shenzhen Tangren or external financing guarantee companies. We also charge service fees directly to certain institutional funding partners. Any material decrease in our service fees would have a substantial impact on our revenues and profitability. In the event that the amount of service fees we collect from borrowers or institutional funding partners for loans we facilitate decrease significantly in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed. The level of service fees we collect from borrowers or institutional funding partners may also be affected by a variety of factors, including our borrowers’ creditworthiness and ability to repay, the competitive landscape of our industry, our access to funding sources of loans we facilitate and regulatory requirements. Our service fees may also be affected by changes in our product and service mix and changes to our borrower engagement initiatives. Our competitors may also offer more attractive fees, which may require us to reduce our service fees to compete effectively. Certain consumer financing solutions offered by traditional financial institutions may provide lower fees than our service fees. Although we do not believe such consumer financing solutions currently compete with our products or target the same underserved consumers in China, such traditional financial institutions may decide to do so in the future, which may have a material adverse effect as to the service fees that we will be able to charge borrowers or institutional funding partners. Our service fees may also be affected by regulatory restrictions applied to our institutional funding partners. In August 2021, it was reported that some consumer finance companies received window guidance from regulators to keep the interest rate on personal loans within 24%. As the funding for loans we facilitated are partly provided by those institutional funding partners, the service fees we charge borrowers or institutional funding partners may be further affected. In addition, our service fees are sensitive to many macroeconomic factors that are beyond our control, such as inflation, recession, the performance of credit markets, global economic disruptions, unemployment and fiscal and monetary policies. If the service fees we collect from borrowers decrease significantly due to factors beyond our control, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. 16 Table of Contents Our service fees, to the extent that they are fully or partially deemed as loan interest, may also be subject to the restrictions on interest rates as specified in applicable rules on private lending. Pursuant to the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015 (as further amended on August 19, 2020 and December 29, 2020), or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, if the services fees that we charge borrowers are considered as loan interest and we are deemed as a lender, and if the sum of the annual interest that lenders charge and our service fees exceed 36%, the portion of the service fees that exceeds the 36% limit is invalid, and even if the borrower has paid the portion of the service fees that exceeds the 36% limit, such borrower may request us to refund the portion of the service fees that exceeds the 36% limit and the PRC courts will uphold such request. In accordance with Circular 141, the overall cost of loans, including the loan interest and other forms of fees charged by the institutions shall be included in an overall annualized interest rate and conform to the restrictions on interest rates as specified in applicable rules on private lending. The Compliance Checklist further specifies that interests and fees collected by any third party collaborator or charged offline shall form part of an overall annualized interest rate. In addition, the online lending information intermediary is also prohibited to deduct loan interest, service fees, administrative fee and deposit from a loan principal in advance. We have ceased deducting any service fees from a loan principal in advance and have complied with applicable regulatory requirements since December 7, 2017. On August 19, 2020 and December 29, 2020, the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations was amended by the Supreme People’s Court, where a lender claims that corresponding borrower shall pay interest as per the interest rate contractually stipulated, relevant people’s court shall uphold such claim, except where the interest rate agreed on by both parties concerned exceeds four times the loan prime rate (“LPR”), for one-year loan when the contract is concluded. “LPR for one-year loan” refers to the LPR for one-year loan to be published on a monthly basis by the National Interbank Funding Center authorized by the People’s Bank of China as of August 20, 2019. On December 29, 2020, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Official Reply of the Supreme People’s Court to the Issues concerning the Scope of Application of the New Judicial Interpretation on Private Lending, or the Official Reply. According to the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations and the Official Reply, for financial institutions and branches engaging in loan business and established upon the approval of the financial regulatory authorities, including but not limited to microcredit company, Private Lending Judicial Interpretations shall not apply to disputes caused by granting loans and relevant financial business. Therefore, currently, there is no clear regulatory guidance on the loan interest ceiling for the loans between the borrowers and the institutional partners. On March 31, 2021, PBOC issued Announcement 2021 No. 3, or the Announcement 3, to clarify the calculation methodology of annual loan interest rate. Annual loan interest rate shall be the ratio, on an annualized basis, of all the loan-related costs charged on the borrower to the loan principal actually occupied. However, the Announcement 3 does not further interpret the constitution of the costs directly related to the loan. The calculation method is not clearly defined, and we are not sure whether our APR calculation method has fully complied with the regulatory requirements. None of the loans we provided or facilitated in 2021, had an annualized fee rate exceeding 36%. We have reduced our annualized fee rates of all products which exceeded the 36% limit and have complied with applicable regulatory requirements since December 7, 2017. The annualized fee rates of all new loans that we facilitated since December 7, 2017 are below 36%. As a result, we do not believe that our current service fees and various other fees charged from our borrowers violate these provisions. However, due to the lack of the specific and clear regulatory guidance on the loan interest ceiling and the calculation method, if our current fee level is deemed to be excessive or constitutes usurious loans under any existing or future relevant PRC laws, regulations and rules, parts or all of the fees we collected may be ruled as invalid by the PRC courts, and we may face, among others, regulatory warning, correction order, or be required to reduce the fees and annual interest rate we charge our borrowers. In addition, any future changes on APR ceiling may affect our profitability. If such situations were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. 17 Table of Contents We face competition in the online consumer finance industry, and, if we do not compete effectively, our results of operations could be harmed. The online consumer finance industry in China is highly competitive, and we compete with other sizable online consumer lending marketplaces with a focus on prime borrowers. We also compete with other financial products and companies that attract borrowers, investors, or institutional funding partners. Our competitors may operate different business models, have different cost structures or selectively participate in different market segments. They may ultimately be proven more successful or more adaptable to consumer demand and new regulatory, technological and other developments. Some of our current and potential competitors have significantly more financial, technological, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their product and services offerings. Our competitors may also have longer operating history, more extensive user bases, greater brand recognition and brand loyalty and broader relationships with business partners. Additionally, a current or potential competitor may acquire, or form strategic alliances with, one or more of our competitors. Our competitors may be better at satisfying user demand by developing tailored products, offering attractive service fees, strengthening risk management capabilities, introducing more advanced and effective data analytics technologies, obtaining funding sources at more favorable rates and undertaking more extensive and effective marketing campaigns. Furthermore, more players may enter into this market and increase the level of competition. In face of such competition, in order to grow or maintain the amount of loans facilitated to borrowers, we may have to lower our service fees, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we are unable to compete with such companies and meet the need for innovation in our industry, the demand for our products or services could stagnate or substantially decline, which could harm our business and results of operations. The Administrative Measures for Credit Information Services may impose adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In July 2021, according to media reports, the Credit Information Administration of the PBOC put forward requirements in a non-public manner to certain internet platforms engaged in financing business, requiring that the information voluntarily submitted by an individual, as generated from the platform or acquired externally, shall not be disclosed to financial institutions during the business cooperation with such institutions, or to be directly provided to the institutions in the name of application information, identity information, basic information, profile information, etc. On September 27, 2021, the PBOC promulgated the Administrative Measures for Credit Information Services, or the Credit Information Services Measures, which took effect on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Credit Information Services Measures, Credit Information Services, shall mean the collection, sorting, retention, and processing of credit information of enterprises and individuals, and the provision of the foregoing information to information users. Credit information, shall mean the basic individual information, lending information and other relevant information used for identification and determination of creditworthiness status of enterprises and individuals, and collected pursuant to the law for the purpose of providing services for financial activities, as well as the analyzed and evaluated information formed based on the foregoing information. Entities engaging in personal credit information services shall obtain the personal credit information organization license pursuant to the Credit Information Services Measures. Financial institutions shall not carry out commercial cooperation with entities who have not obtained business qualifications for engaging in credit information services to obtain any credit information services. In our current cooperation with financial institutions, we would directly provide financial institutions with the personal information of our users on our platform, including basic user information (such as name, age, etc.) and loan-related information (such as loan purpose, annual income, etc.), which may be deemed as credit information under the Credit Information Services Measures. As of the date of this annual report, we have not obtained personal credit information organization license, and our direct provision of such users’ personal information to financial institutions may not be permitted. In response, we have been working closely with Baihang Credit who holds a personal credit information organization license to execute a plan to comply with the new regulation. Meanwhile, as the Credit Information Services Measures is newly issued and there are no specific implementation rules with this regard, we are not sure how it will be interpreted and implemented and whether it will have an adverse impact on our business. While we will make efforts and adjustments to comply with the evolving regulatory requirements, we cannot assure you that such efforts would be sufficient as the regulators may not hold the same view as ours. 18 Table of Contents If we are unable to maintain or increase the amount of loans we facilitate or if we are unable to retain existing borrowers or attract new borrowers, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. The amount of loans facilitated through our platform was RMB39,441 million in 2019, RMB29,676 million in 2020 and RMB51,859 million in 2021. To maintain and increase the amount of loans we facilitate, we must continue to engage our existing borrowers and attract new borrowers, which may be affected by several factors, including our brand recognition and reputation, our products and services offered, our efficiency in engaging prospective borrowers, our ability to convert registered users to borrowers, the effectiveness of our credit analysis and risk management system, our ability to secure sufficient and cost-efficient funding, the service fees we charge borrowers, our borrower experience, the PRC regulatory environment governing our industry and the macroeconomic environment. For example, although we do not believe any of the loan products we currently facilitate is explicitly prohibited in accordance with the requirements under Circular 141 and Circular 57, we have taken rectification measures, including adjusting the annualized fee rates not to exceed 36% and ceasing deducting service fees from a loan principal in advance, to better comply with the applicable requirements. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we collaborated with 139 channel partners to obtain borrowers for our various loan products. In 2020 and 2021, approximately 68.5% and 74.3% of our active borrowers for Xiaoying Card Loan were engaged through our channel partners. If these channels become less effective or less efficient, or if we are unable to continue to use these channels or work with less channel partners, or if we cannot expand our business partner base or work with more business partners, we may not be able to acquire and engage new and existing borrowers efficiently. In addition, we may also impose more stringent borrower qualifications to ensure the quality of the loans we facilitate, which may negatively affect the amount of loans we facilitate. If we are unable to attract borrowers or if borrowers do not continue to use our products and services, we may be unable to increase our amount of loans facilitated and corresponding revenues, and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We face risks related to natural disasters, public health emergencies, epidemic, pandemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations. We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break- ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to severe interruptions, breakdowns, system failures or Internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide our products and services. Our business could also be adversely affected by the effects of diseases, including Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, COVID-19 or other epidemics. On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (the “WHO”) declared the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. Our borrowers may negatively impacted by COVID-19, including healthcare, travel, offline education, franchising, auto/transportation and real estate/home furnishing sectors, may reduce their liquidity to repay the loans, which may materially adversely impact our loan performance. The loan facilitation amount may also decreased as our institutional funding partners adjusted their strategies due to pessimistic expectations. Our results of operations were adversely affected by the COVID-19 especially during the first half year of 2020. In the early onset of the third quarter of 2020, our business was already on track for a steady recovery and our business operation has returned to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic level. In 2021, both our operational and financial results continued to show progress against our strategic objectives. There are new confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in China in early 2022 and the recent COVID-19 resurgence in Chinese mainland has been in general stabilized and under control. There is no obvious adverse change in our loan performance due to the recent COVID-19 resurgence as of the date of this annual report. However, the potential impact brought by and the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak are difficult to assess or predict and the full impact of the virus on our operations will depend on many factors beyond our control. While it is unknown how long these conditions will last and what the complete financial effect will be to our company, we are closely monitoring its impact on us. Our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects could be materially adversely affected to the extent that COVID-19 harms the Chinese and global economy in general, and the trading price of our ADSs may be adversely affected. 19 Table of Contents Our platform requires adequate funding and access to adequate lending capital on terms acceptable to us cannot be assured. Our business involves matching of borrowers and funding sources for loans. The growth and success of our future operations depend on the availability of adequate funding to meet borrower demand for loans facilitated on our platform. In 2021, 98.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by institutional funding partners and 2.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by our capital. In order to maintain the requisite level of funding for the loans we facilitate to meet borrower demand, we will need to optimize the investor funding composition of our platform and establish long-term collaboration with our institutional funding partners. However, our cooperation with banking financial institutions may be subject to restrictions stipulated under Circular 141, according to which banking financial institutions shall not receive credit enhancement services offered by any third party that lacks qualifications to provide guarantee, and shall ensure that such third party does not charge fees from borrowers. Under our existing cooperation model with banking financial institutions prior to the promulgation of Circular 141, some of our entities lacking the qualifications to provide guarantee also provide guarantee to certain funding arrangements with banking financial institutions. As a result, our banking financial institution partners may cease our cooperation under such existing business model, which may adversely affect our funding capabilities. In light of this regulatory development, we have reviewed and adjusted our cooperation with banking financial institution partners, such as suspending certain cooperation, to better comply with the regulatory requirements. We ceased the online intermediary model in April 2017. The online intermediary model refers to the initial provision of loans to P2P borrowers using our own funds through an intermediary and subsequent sale of such loans to P2P lenders by us. We gradually reduced the volume of loans facilitated through the offline intermediary model with funding from banking financial institution partners after December 31, 2017 due to regulatory requirement and completely ceased such operations in February 2018. The offline intermediary model refers to the initial provision of loans to borrowers on our platform using our own funds through an intermediary and subsequent sale of such loans to institutional funding partners. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to adopt a compliant business model vis-à-vis institutional funding partners in a timely manner, or at all, or that such business model will be sufficiently viable, which in turn may adversely affect our ability to obtain adequate funding to grow our business. Beginning from late 2018, the local PRC governments gradually slowed down its acceptance and review of the application for the registration as an online lending information intermediary as required under the Interim Measures. We made a gradual shift with respect to funding sources from individual investors to institutional funding partners since early 2019 in response to the enhanced regulatory restrictions in the online consumer financing industry. In late December 2019, the government began to implement a regulatory policy encouraging companies that previously applied for the online lending information intermediary registration to obtain an online microcredit company permit instead. This change in policy has an implication that we will be no longer legally allowed to provide intermediary service to individual investors directly. At the end of 2019, we ceased funding our loan products from our individual investors through Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. We actively expanded institutional funding, such as banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other institutions, and achieved 100% institutional funding for the new loans facilitated by the end of the second quarter of 2020. Furthermore, after obtaining an approval for our microcredit business in May 2021, we started to fund some new loans by our owned capital. As of December 31, 2021, 3.6% of the outstanding loans were funded by our own capital. If the provision of services by financial institutional cooperators, such as insurance company and financing guarantee companies, becomes limited, restricted, or is rendered less effective or more expensive, our business may be materially and adversely affected. 21.0% of our outstanding loans were covered by the credit insurance products provided by ZhongAn as of December, 2021. We collaborate with various external financing guarantee companies and insurance company who provide guarantee/insurance services to protect institutional funding partners from losses. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Our Partnership with Financial institutional cooperators.” Although we have entered into a series of agreements relating to our ongoing business cooperation and service arrangement with our financial institutional cooperators, we cannot assure you that the provisions of services provided by such financial institutional cooperators will be renewed upon expiration of the agreements or continue to remain at the same level or on more favorable terms in the future. If any of such financial institutional cooperators ceases business collaboration with us, it may adversely affect our relationship with our users and institutional funding partners. 20 Table of Contents In addition, given that Shenzhen Xiaoying and Shenzhen Tangren are both our consolidated VIEs, while we believe our past and current cooperation model with our financial institutional cooperators does not violate any prohibitive rules relating to Online Lending Information Services, including among others, provisions under the Interim Measures that prohibit providing any guarantee to lenders directly or in a disguised form by online lending information intermediaries or provisions under Circular 57 that prohibit setting aside risk reserve funds by online lending information intermediaries to protect investors against default, we cannot assure you that the regulators would hold the same view as ours. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Lending Information.” If our agreements with financial institutional cooperators were terminated or to be altered to our disadvantage, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected. The protections offered by our financial institutional cooperators on our loan products significantly enhance the confidence of our institutional funding partners. In addition to those protections, Shenzhen Tangren, our consolidated VIE with the financing guarantee license, currently provides a guarantee for certain loan products we facilitate. When in the event of default, Shenzhen Tangren will compensate those financial institutional cooperators for their payout amount to our investors in accordance with the agreements; however, Shenzhen Tangren’s compensation obligation shall not exceed a cap (“the pre-agreed Cap”) which is the lower of (1) total amount of guarantee fees contractually required to be collected from the borrowers for such loans facilitated during the current period on an aggregated basis, and (2) a certain percentage of the total principal of the loans facilitated stated in an annualized manner, as pre-agreed with those financial institutional cooperators separately. We may consider introducing other funding protection arrangements to our financial institutional cooperators or institutional funding. We cannot assure you that new arrangements would be perceived by them, which may have adverse impact on our business operations. If our financial institutional cooperators cease business collaboration with us, it may adversely affect our relationship with our institutional funding partners, who view on the protection offered by our financial institutional cooperators with importance. We cannot assure you that our financial institutional cooperator will continue to provide its insurance or guarantee decision opinion, which is based on its credit analysis model, leveraging its resources and access to various databases, including PBOC CRC that is only available to licensed financial institutions. We are working with other partners with financial license on co-developing risk management capabilities. The denial of access to their insurance or guarantee decision opinion may materially and adversely impact our ability to assess the creditworthiness of prospective borrowers in the future. Any deterioration in our risk assessment capabilities may adversely affect the quality of transactions that we facilitate and we may experience higher delinquency rates, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to obtain adequate credit insurance under terms or conditions acceptable to us due to changes in the credit insurance regulations in China, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. On May 8, 2020, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission promulgated the Measures for the Regulation of Credit Insurance and Guarantee Insurance, or the Measures for the Credit Insurance and Guarantee Insurance, as amended on June 21, 2021, which repeals the Interim Measures for the Supervision of Credit Guarantee and Insurance Business issued on July 11, 2017. Pursuant to the Measures for the Credit Insurance and Guarantee Insurance, the insurance companies carrying out credit insurance and guarantee insurance (together, the “Credit and Guarantee Insurance”) businesses, such as ZhongAn, are required to comply with the regulatory requirements on solvency and ensure the overall size of business is appropriate for the capital strength of the company. When carrying out financing Credit and Guarantee Insurance business, insurance companies are required to pay particular attention to the underlying risks, fully assess the impact of Credit and Guarantee Insurance business on the solvency of the company, and duly perform liquidity risk management. The insurance companies have to establish more stringent internal control measures to ensure the compliance of the Credit and Guarantee Insurance business. Furthermore, the Measures for the Credit Guarantee and Insurance Guarantee sets out specific rules regarding insurance companies carrying out Credit and Guarantee Insurance business via Internet, under which the insurance companies shall cooperate with the financial institutions with lending qualifications and is required to publish material information in relation to insurance products, policy query links, customer complaint channels, information security, cooperative Internet agencies, which shall also be published by the cooperative Internet agencies in a prominent position on their business web pages. In addition, the balance of self-retained liability of the insurance company cannot exceed the respective limits as set forth in the Measures for the Credit Insurance and Guarantee Insurance. 21 Table of Contents We have cooperated with ZhongAn to develop Credit and Guarantee Insurance products to secure insurance protection for the loans we facilitated. 21.0% of our outstanding loans were covered by the Credit and Guarantee Insurance products provided by ZhongAn as of December, 2021. If ZhongAn is unable to continue to provide the Credit and Guarantee Insurance with same terms and conditions, we may not be able to remain adequate Credit and Guarantee Insurance for our loan products as before, or may have to incur additional cost in purchasing such insurance from ZhongAn or other insurance companies. If we are unable to obtain adequate Credit and Guarantee Insurance for our loan products under terms or conditions acceptable to us, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. We may be deemed to operate financing guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities. The State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or Financing Guarantee Rules, on August 2, 2017, which became effective on October 1, 2017. Pursuant to the Financing Guarantee Rules, “financing guarantee” refers to the activities in which guarantors provide guarantee to the guaranteed parties as to loans, bonds or other types of debt financing, and “financing guarantee companies” refer to companies legally established and operating financing guarantee business. According to the Financing Guarantee Rules, the establishment of financing guarantee companies shall be subject to the approval by the competent government department, and unless otherwise stipulated by the state, no entity may operate financing guarantee business without such approval. If any entity violates these regulations and operates financing guarantee business without approval, the entity may be subject to penalties including ban or suspension of business, fines ranging from RMB500,000 to RMB1,000,000, confiscation of illegal gains if any, and if the violation constitutes a criminal offense, criminal liability shall be imposed in accordance with the law. We have cooperated with banks, trust companies, and other institutional funding partners who funded the loans for our borrowers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Our Investors and Institutional Funding Partners.” Under our current business model, some of our entities lacking the qualifications to provide financing guarantee are obligated to repay certain institutional funding partners the full overdue amount in case the borrowers fail to repay, or purchase the creditor’s rights of the underlying loan from certain institutional funding partners under certain circumstances. In addition, prior to September 2017, we, at our sole discretion, paid ZhongAn for a majority of the loan principal and interest default but have not been subsequently collected through some of our entities lacking qualifications to provide financing guarantee. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Our Partnership with Financial Institutional Cooperators.” In 2020, certain amount of deposits paid by Shenzhen Tangren to one of our institutional cooperators were actually provided by Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd., a directly wholly owned subsidiary of Beijing WFOE, which were used to compensate for such institutional cooperator’s loss for the amount it had paid under investors’ claims arising from borrowers’ default to repay loans. Due to the lack of further interpretations, the exact definition and scope of “operating financing guarantee business” under the Financing Guarantee Rules is unclear. It is uncertain whether we would be deemed to operate financing guarantee business because of our cooperation model with our financial institutional cooperators, and our current arrangements with banks, trust companies and other institutional funding partners. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations related to financing guarantee business. Furthermore, given that Shenzhen Xiaoying and Shenzhen Tangren are both our consolidated VIEs, while we believe our past and current cooperation model with our financial institutional cooperators does not constitute providing any guarantee to lenders directly or in a disguised form by online lending information intermediary under Interim Measures or under Circular 57, we cannot assure you that the regulators would hold the same view as ours. Given the evolving regulatory environment of the financing guarantee business, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any fines, penalties or other liabilities, or be required in the future by the relevant governmental authorities to obtain approval or license for financing guarantee business to continue our collaboration with banks, trust companies and other institutional funding partners. If we are required to amend the current model or are no longer able to collaborate with banks, trust companies or other institutional funding partners at all, or become subject to penalties, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. For the impact of Circular 141 and Circular 57 on our cooperation with institutional funding partners, see “Item 3. Key Information on the Company—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our platform requires adequate funding and access to adequate lending capital on terms acceptable to us cannot be assured.” 22 Table of Contents Failure in our proprietary credit analysis and risk management system may materially and adversely affect our products and service. We offer our products and services based on risk assessment conducted by our proprietary credit analysis and risk management system, which is strengthened by our financial institutional cooperators’ insurance or guarantee decision opinion based on their credit analysis models. Our system uses machine learning and modeling techniques to analyze transaction and repayment data from loans that we facilitated and data from applicants and other third party sources. Even though we have accumulated a large amount of applicant data and extensive credit analysis experience to perform risk management analysis in our system, our credit analysis and risk management system may not be continuously effective as we continue to increase the amount of loans we facilitate, expand our borrower base and broaden our funding channels in the future. If our credit analysis model contains inaccurate assumptions or inefficiencies through model updates, or if the credit data and analysis we obtain are inaccurate or outdated, our credit analysis could be negatively affected, resulting in inaccurate decision. If we are unable to effectively and accurately assess the credit profiles of applicants based on their credit profiles, we may either be unable to offer attractive service fee rates and products and services to borrowers, or unable to maintain low delinquency rates for loans we facilitate or to attract institutional funding partners. In addition, our credit analysis may not be able to provide more predictive assessments of future borrower behavior and result in better evaluation of our borrower base as compared to our competitors. Furthermore, our risk management model and system may not optimally protect our business against systemic risk. If our proprietary credit analysis and risk management system fails to perform effectively, our business, liquidity and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain low delinquency rates for transactions facilitated by us, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Further, historical delinquency rates may not be indicative of future results. Our institutional funding partners may experience losses due to borrower defaults. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 31-60 days past due increased from 0.79% as of December 31, 2020, to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. Our ability to attract and retain borrowers and institutional funding partners is significantly dependent on our ability to effectively assess a borrower’s credit profile and maintain low delinquency rates. To conduct this assessment, we have employed a series of procedures and developed a proprietary credit assessment and decision model. Our credit scoring model aggregates and analyzes the personal information submitted by a prospective borrower as well as the data we collect from a number of internal and external sources, and then generates a credit assessment result for the prospective borrower. If our credit scoring model contains programming or other errors or the information provided by borrowers or third parties is incorrect or stale, our loan pricing and approval process could be negatively affected, resulting in misclassified loans or incorrect approvals or denials of loans. If we are unable to effectively and accurately assess the credit profiles of borrowers, we may be unable to maintain low delinquency rates of loans facilitated by our platform. If widespread defaults were to occur, institutional funding partners may lose confidence in our platform and our financial institutional cooperators may cease business collaboration with us or increase their fees collectible from new borrowers or raise some unfavorable terms in the future, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are required to pay deposits to those financial institutional cooperators and the amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator. In 2020, we witnessed an increase in borrowers’ defaulting rates. To maintain the collaborative relationship with one of our financial institutional cooperators and to avoid any material adverse impact on our current business model and future transaction cost, we used deposits amounting to RMB970.0 million to compensate for such institutional cooperator’s loss for the amount it had paid under investors’ claims arising from borrowers’ default to repay loans in 2020. We have been expanding cooperation relationships with various financial institutional cooperators to reduce our risk of heavy dependency on certain financial institutional cooperators. 23 Table of Contents Furthermore, for most Xiaoying Card Loans newly facilitated since September 2017 and certain Xiaoying Revolving Loans that are repaid in installments by borrowers, we entered into a series of arrangements with various financial institutional cooperators and negotiate the upper limit of Shenzhen Tangren’s compensation obligation prospectively at each quarter with these financial institutional cooperators based on the expected default rate. The portion that we are obligated to pay to those financial institutional cooperators but are not expected to be collected from the borrowers due to the estimated default or prepayment risk in relation to the guarantee fee is recorded in the change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative. Moreover, if the total amount of the compensation paid by those financial institutional cooperators to the insured investors or institutional funding partners exceeds the expected maximum payout amount for certain period, they are entitled to increase their fees collectible from new borrowers, which would impact our results of operations in the event we are unable to pass on such increase to new borrowers. In addition, when the delinquency rates of our loan products increase, we may also need to increase the guarantee fees that we are entitled from new borrowers. In the event we are not able to raise the APR to capture such increase in guarantee fees, our results of operations would be adversely affected. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Our Partnership with Financial Institutional Cooperators —Credit Insurance and Guarantee Services” for more details. Therefore, if we are unable to maintain low delinquency rates for transactions we facilitated, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. The data that we collect may be inaccurate due to inadvertent error or fraud. If we fail to detect inaccurate and false information, the performance of our credit analysis will be compromised, and our business, results of operations and brand and reputation will be negatively impacted. We analyze data provided directly by applicants or with their authorization and data from third parties. The data we receive may not accurately reflect an applicant’s creditworthiness because such data may be based on outdated, incomplete or inaccurate information due to inadvertent error or fraud. In addition, the completeness and reliability of consumer credit history information in the PRC is relatively limited. The People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, has developed and put into use a national personal and corporate credit information database which remains relatively underdeveloped. The data provided directly by an applicant to us may become outdated and inaccurate, as he or she may have, after providing the data to us: ● become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation; ● defaulted on a pre-existing debt obligation; ● taken on additional debt; or ● sustained other adverse financial events. 24 Table of Contents We conduct data screening to detect inaccurate information and improve the quality of the data input for our credit analysis model. However, our data screening and anti-fraud systems may be insufficient to accurately detect inaccurate and fraudulent information. Such inaccurate or fraudulent information could compromise the accuracy of our credit analysis and adversely affect the effectiveness of our control over our delinquency rates. We may not be able to recoup funds underlying loans made in connection with inaccurate or fraudulent data, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. To better assess a borrower’s creditworthiness, we consult our institutional cooperators for their credit analysis and cooperate with third party credit agencies and databases for credit data of borrowers. However, due to the underdevelopment of an industry-wide information sharing arrangement, we are unable to determine whether applicants have outstanding loans through other online lending platforms at the time when they obtain a loan from us or the aggregate amount borrowed by a borrower through our platform and other online lending platforms. This creates the risk that a borrower may borrow money through us in order to pay off loans on other online lending platforms and vice versa. The additional debt may adversely affect the borrower’s creditworthiness generally, and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the borrower, impairing the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the investor and institutional funding partner’s ability to receive repayment of such loan. In addition, if a borrower incurs debt on other online lending platforms in order to repay our loans, the borrower’s ability to repay such loans is limited by the availability of funding sources subject to factors beyond the borrower’s control, which may adversely affect our results of operations. For example, the release of Circular 141 and Circular 57 in December 2017 tightened industry regulations and resulted in an unexpected short-term volatility of borrower credit performance across our industry. Online lending platforms have ceased extending “cash loans” with the four characteristics as defined under Circular 141 and a number of online lending platforms significantly altered their business models or suspended operations altogether. The impact is relatively more acute on products with short term and small loan balance, such as Xiaoying Card Loans, as borrowers previously used to be able to easily borrow from other online lending platforms to fund their repayment. The release of Circular 141 and Circular 57 led to liquidity shortage for certain borrowers who relied on other lending platforms to repay Xiaoying Card Loans. In addition, a significant increase in fraudulent activities could negatively impact our brand name and reputation, discourage institutional funding partners from investing in loans on our platform, reduce the amount of loans facilitated to borrowers and make it necessary to take additional steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs. High profile fraudulent activities could even lead to regulatory intervention, and may divert our management’s attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. Although we have not experienced any material business or reputational harm as a result of fraudulent activities or inaccurate information in the past, we cannot rule out the possibility that inaccurate information or fraudulent activities may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future. We may be required to obtain additional value-added telecommunication business licenses. PRC regulations impose sanctions on entities for engaging in the provision of telecommunication business of a commercial nature without having obtained a value-added telecommunication business license. If we fail to obtain licenses required for our business, we could be subject to sanctions including corrective orders and warnings from the PRC telecommunication administration authority, fines and confiscation of illegal gains and, in the case of significant infringements, the websites and mobile applications may be ordered to cease operation. Pursuant to the Interim Measures, we are required to apply for appropriate telecommunication business operation permit, i.e., the value-added telecommunication business license, in accordance with relevant provisions of competent communication departments after we have completed the registration of online lending intermediary with local financial regulatory authority. The local government authority has not yet issued the relevant implementation rules regarding such filing and therefore we cannot assure you we will be able to make the necessary filing or apply for the value- added telecommunication business license. Even if we have obtained the telecommunication business license, we may also be subject to monetary penalty or suspension of operation and rectification by the telecommunication administrations if we fail to operate the business as prescribed in the telecommunication operating licenses, or fail to operate the business as regulated by the telecommunications administration or other regulatory authorities. 25 Table of Contents Given the evolving regulatory environment of the consumer finance industry and value-added telecommunication business, we cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC communication administration authority or other government authorities will explicitly require any of our consolidated VIEs or subsidiaries of our consolidated VIEs to obtain Internet content provider licenses, or ICP licenses, online data processing and transaction processing licenses, or ODPTP licenses or other value-added telecommunication business licenses, or issue new regulatory requirements to institute a new licensing regime for our industry. If such value-added telecommunication business licenses are required in the future, or a new license regime is introduced or new regulatory rules are promulgated, we cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain any required license or other regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all, which would subject us to the sanctions described above or other sanctions as stipulated in the new regulatory rules, and materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. Additionally, according to Guidance on Regulating Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions, or the Guidance, which was promulgated jointly by the PBOC, China Insurance Regulatory Commission (“CIRC”), CSRC and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange(“SAFE”) on April 27, 2018, only financial institutions, such as banks, trusts, securities, funds, futures, insurance asset management agencies and financial asset investment companies, can operate asset management business. As ancillary services that we currently provide are not “asset management business” as defined in the Guidance or other applicable Laws and Regulations, we do not believe that we would be subject to the Guidance. However, we cannot assure you if the money market products offered by the relevant financial institutions to which we provide the ancillary services will not be ceased pursuant to the Guidance. Nevertheless, the interpretation and the enforcement of such regulations in the context of online consumer finance industry remains uncertain, and therefore, it is unclear what kind of value-added telecommunication business licenses we should obtain. Given the evolving regulatory environment of the consumer finance industry and value-added telecommunication business, we cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC communication administration authority or other government authorities will explicitly require any of our consolidated VIEs or subsidiaries of our consolidated VIEs to obtain Internet content provider licenses, or ICP licenses, online data processing and transaction processing licenses, or ODPTP licenses or other value-added telecommunication business licenses, or issue new regulatory requirements to institute a new licensing regime for our industry. In addition, the Telecommunications Regulations promulgated by the State Council and its related implementation rules, including a catalog issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, categorize various types of value-added telecommunications services. Under the Telecommunications Regulations, e-commerce operator may be required to obtained an online data processing and transaction processing license, or ODPTP license. Our online shopping mall may be required to obtain ODPTP license. If such value-added telecommunication business licenses are clearly required in the future, or a new license regime is introduced or new regulatory rules are promulgated, we cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain or maintain any required license or other regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all, which would subject us to the sanctions described above or other sanctions as stipulated in the new regulatory rules, and materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. If our products and services do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial condition, results of operations and competitive position will be materially and adversely affected. We intend to broaden the scope of products and services that we offer, while we may not be successful in doing so. New products and services must achieve a certain level of market acceptance in order for it to be economically feasible for us to bear the default risks associated with them and recoup our investment costs in developing and bringing them to market. Our existing or new products and services could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including: ● our failure to predict market demand accurately and supply attractive and increasingly personalized products and services at appropriate prices and in amount that meet this demand in a timely fashion; ● our existing products and services may cease to be popular among current borrowers and institutional funding partners or prove to be unattractive to prospective borrowers and institutional funding partners; ● our failure to assess risk associated with new products and services and to properly price such products and services; ● negative publicity about our products and services or mobile applications’ performance or effectiveness; 26 Table of Contents ● critical assessment taken by regulatory authorities that the launch of new products and services and changes to our existing products and services do not comply with PRC laws, regulations or rules applicable to us; and ● the introduction or anticipated introduction of competing offerings by competitors. If our existing and new products and services do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, our financial condition, competitive position and results of operations could be harmed. Increases in market interest rates could negatively affect the amount of loans facilitated by us and cost of funds provided to borrowers. The total borrowing costs of all loans facilitated by us are fixed, including the fixed service charged by us or our financial institutional cooperators and interest rates charged by our institutional funding partners. If prevailing market interest rates rise, the service fee rates and interest rates of loans we facilitate may rise accordingly, and borrowers may be less likely to accept such adjusted terms. If borrowers decide not to use our products because of such an increase in market interest rates, our ability to retain existing borrowers and engage prospective borrowers as well as our competitive position may be severely impaired. If we are unable to effectively manage such market interest rate risk, our business, profitability, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Any harm to our brand or reputation or any negative publicity about the parties that we collaborate with may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Enhancing the recognition and maintaining the reputation of our brand is critical to the current performance and future growth of our business and competitiveness, since this initiative affects our ability to better attract and serve consumers and to maintain and expand our relationship with institutional funding partners. Factors that are vital to this objective include our ability to: ● maintain the effectiveness, quality and reliability of our systems; ● provide consumers with satisfactory services; ● engage a large number of quality borrowers with low delinquency rate; ● improve our credit analysis and risk management system; ● effectively manage and resolve user complaints; and ● effectively protect personal information and privacy of users. Any malicious or otherwise negative allegation made by the media or other parties about our company, including our management, business, compliance with law, financial condition, prospects or our historical business operations, whether with or without merit, could severely hurt our reputation and harm our business and results of operations. In addition, certain factors that may adversely affect our reputation are beyond our control. Negative publicity about parties that we collaborate with in the operation of our business, including negative publicity about any failure by them to adequately protect the information of their users, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards, could also harm our reputation or result in negative perception of the products or services we offer. Although we selectively establish collaboration relationships with reliable third parties, we cannot assure you that they will not conduct any unsatisfactory, inappropriate or illegal actions that will damage our reputation and brand, which consequently could cause our business to be harmed. 27 Table of Contents We have obligations to verify information relating to borrowers and detecting fraud. If we fail to perform such obligations to meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, we may be subject to liabilities. Our current business is connecting institutional funding partners with individual borrowers, which constitutes an intermediary service. Our contracts with institutional funding partners and borrowers are intermediation contracts under the PRC Civil Code. Under the PRC Civil Code, an intermediary that intentionally conceals any material information or provides false information in connection with the conclusion of an intermediation contract, which results in harm to the client’s interests may not claim for any service fee for its intermediary services, and is liable for any damage incurred by the client. Therefore, if we fail to provide true and accurate information to institutional funding partners in time and in full, and are found to be at fault for failure or deemed failure to exercise proper care, or to conduct adequate information verification or supervision, we could be subject to liabilities as an intermediary under the PRC Civil Code. In addition, the Interim Measures and the Inspection Notice have imposed on online lending information intermediaries, including us, additional obligations to verify the truthfulness of the information provided by or in relation to loan applicants and to actively detect fraud, conduct risk evaluation of lenders, categorize lenders and disclose the risk information on borrowers to the lenders. We leverage a large database of past fraud accounts information and sophisticated rule-based detection technology in detecting fraudulent behaviors. Based on new data collected and fraudulent behaviors detected during our daily business operations, we update our database on a monthly basis. As the Interim Measures are relatively new, it is still unclear to what extent online lending information intermediaries should exercise care in detecting fraud. Although we believe that as an information intermediary, we should not bear the credit risk for institutional funding partners as long as we take reasonable measures to detect fraudulent behaviors, we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to any liabilities under the Interim Measures if we fail to detect any fraudulent behavior. If that were to occur, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. We may face regulatory risk as we indirectly charge our borrowers in the manner that our borrowers are not aware Our consolidated VIE, Shenzhen Tangren, and external financing guarantee companies that we cooperate provide guarantee for a number of loans if our borrowers fail to repay. The financing guarantee companies that we cooperate charge borrowers a guarantee fee, a portion of which will be subsequently paid to us by the financing guarantee companies as the service fee for the intermediary service we provide. Shenzhen Tangren charge borrowers an evaluation service fee, which will be allocated to us as the service fee as well. The Announcement 3 states that all institutions engaged in loan business shall display annual loan interest rate to borrowers in an obvious way when marketing through websites, mobile applications, posters and other channels and that the annual loan interest rate shall be the ratio, on an annualized basis, of all the loan-related costs charged on the borrower to the loan principal actually occupied. According to the Interim Measures, an online lending information intermediary shall agree with lenders and borrowers on the service fee standards and payment. However, our borrowers are not aware of the fact that we actually charge service fees and the manner in which such fees are charged. Therefore, our business practices and the way we collect service fees may be considered by the regulatory authorities as a violation of regulations and we may be subject to administrative penalties. If we were imposed penalties or forced to adjust the way by which we charge fees, there will be an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results. We finance certain loans offered with our own funds, which may subject us to regulatory risks. We had partially financed certain undersubscribed loans with our own funds in the past to increase matching rate and enhance borrowers’ experiences on our platform. We gradually reduced such practices after August 2016 when the Interim Measures, which prohibits online finance information intermediaries from investing in loans using their own funds unless otherwise stipulated by laws and regulations, was promulgated, and completely ceased such practices in April 2017. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any fines or other penalties due to the fact that certain historical loans on our platform were partially funded with our own funds before the Interim Measures taking effect but remained outstanding afterwards. 28 Table of Contents In the past, we initially provided credit using our own funds to our borrowers and subsequently sold the loans including the creditor’s rights in the loans to investors on our P2P platform or to institutional funding partners. We completely ceased such practices with investors on our P2P platform in April 2017. We also gradually reduced such practices with banking financial institution partners after December 31, 2017 and completely ceased such practices in February 2018. In our current operation model, certain loans are initially advanced by unaffiliated third parties who will subsequently transfer such loans to us. We, as the intermediary, will when transfer such loans to third parties. While we do not believe that such acquired loans from existing lenders are prohibited under the Interim Measures, we cannot assure you that such practice would not be deemed by the PRC authorities as illegal provision of loans to the general public or illegally granting loans without the PBOC’s permit, which are prohibited by relevant PRC laws and regulations. If such practices were found to violate the Interim Measures or other relevant PRC laws and regulations, we might be subject to fines, penalties or other liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects. Beginning from late 2018, the local PRC governments gradually slowed down its acceptance and review of the application for the registration as an online lending information intermediary as required under the Interim Measures. We made a gradual shift with respect to funding sources from individual investors to institutional funding partners since early 2019 in response to the enhanced regulatory restrictions in the online consumer financing industry. In late December 2019, the government began to implement a regulatory policy encouraging companies that previously applied for the online lending information intermediary registration to obtain an online microcredit company permit instead. This change in policy has an implication that we will be no longer legally allowed to provide intermediary service to individual investors directly. At the end of 2019, we ceased funding our loan products from our individual investors through Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. We actively expanded institutional funding, such as banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other institutions, and achieved 100% institutional funding for the new loans facilitated by the end of the second quarter of 2020. In addition, we have obtained a letter from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality on May 12, 2021, stating the approval of the business qualification of Xiaoying Microcredit for microcredit business from the relevant local authority and have started our microcredit business in July 2021. As of December 31, 2021, 3.6% of our outstanding loans is funded by our own capital. However, since the regulatory regime and practice with respect to network microcredit companies are evolving in recent years and subject to uncertainties, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Microcredit,” we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to any rectification requirements or administrative penalties due to any non-compliance, nor can we assure you that we will be able to satisfy rectification requirements, if any, and maintain such license or renew the license. For example, in November 2020, the CBIRC and PBOC released the Interim Measures for the Administration of Network Microcredit Companies Business (Draft) to solicit public comments. The draft measures make it clear that a network microcredit business shall be carried out mainly in the provincial administrative areas to which the entity is registered and shall not be cross-provincial without prior approval. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit business within a province shall not be less than RMB1 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit cross-provinces shall not be less than RMB5 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The draft measures would establish a three-year transition period, and those operating cross-provincial network microcredit businesses without approval will be phased-out. We cannot assure you that Xiaoying Microcredit will be able to maintain or renew its business qualification for microcredit business if the draft measures are implemented. Although we believe that Xiaoying Microcredit is only a supplementary funding source and we do not intend to rely on it as a major source for funding, if we need to obtain funding from Xiaoying Microcredit but are unable to maintain or renew the business qualification for microcredit business or obtain any other requisite approvals, licenses or permits, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. We are subject to risks associated with other parties with which we collaborate. If we cannot effectively cooperate with such other parties or if such other parties fail to perform or provide reliable or satisfactory services, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We collaborate with certain third parties across various aspects of our business operation, including user acquisition partners, other institutions from which we obtain information for our credit assessment model and risk management system, guarantee providers for certain loans we facilitated and our cloud computing service provider. 29 Table of Contents These parties may not be able to provide accurate and complete data, sufficiently or timely perform guarantee obligations over the defaulted loans that we facilitated or provide satisfactory services to us, borrowers and institutional funding partners on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Any failure by these parties to continue with good business operations, comply with applicable laws and regulations, in particular, the relevant laws and regulations in collecting and distribution personal information, or any negative publicity on these parties could damage our reputation, expose us to significant penalties and decrease our total revenues and profitability. Also, if we fail to retain existing or attract new quality parties to collaborate with, our ability to retain existing borrowers and institutional funding partners, engage prospective borrowers and institutional funding partners may be severely limited, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, certain of these other parties that we collaborate with have access to our user data to a limited extent in order to provide their services. If these other parties engage in activities that are negligent, illegal or otherwise harmful to the trustworthiness and security of our products or system, including the leak or negligent use of data, or users are otherwise dissatisfied with their service quality, we could suffer reputational harm and experience a decrease in users, even if these activities are not related to, attributable to or caused by us. In addition, we offer money market products managed by qualified asset management institutions on our platform and provide traffic referral service. Pursuant to the Compliance Checklist, the online lending information intermediaries shall not provide access to financial products offered by other institutions without a prior regulatory permit and shall not advertise such financial products. Due to the lack of detailed implementation rules to the Compliance Checklist, we cannot assure you that our practice will be not deemed as violation of the Compliance Checklist. We may be required to adjust our business practice and our cooperation with third party institutions may be materially and adversely affected. If our ability to collect delinquent loans is impaired, there is any decline or depreciation in the value of collaterals or there is misconduct in payment collection, our business and results of operations might be materially and adversely affected. We have implemented internal payment and collection policies and practices designed to optimize the repayment process. We also engage several third party collection service providers to assist us with payment collection from time to time. However, we may not receive payments as expected on loans that we facilitate. Even though certain of our loan products are secured by borrowers’ collaterals, there might be a decline or depreciation in the value of collaterals, which could reduce the amount of proceeds we can get from the collateral in the event of a borrower’s default. Upon a borrower’s default, we will classify the defaulting borrowers into different risk levels based on the type of loan products, outstanding amount, delinquent days and historical repayment pattern. The third party collection agencies that we engaged will make phone calls, send text messages, in-person visit and claim lawsuits to the defaulting borrower to request repayment. In particular, the third party collection agencies that we engage may not possess adequate resource and manpower to collect payment on and service the loans we facilitated. Moreover, the current regulatory regime for debt collection in the PRC remains unclear. In 2018, we refined and strengthened our administration on collection policies and practices in consideration of the regulatory development with respect to the debt collection in the PRC consumer finance industry. As a result, we may not be able to maintain our efficiency level to collect payments from borrowers and the delinquency rates for our loan products may increase. We cannot assure you that the third party collection personnel will not engage in any misconduct as part of their collection efforts. Any such misconduct by our collection personnel or the perception that our collection practices are considered to be aggressive and not compliant with the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC may result in harm to our reputation and business, which could further reduce our ability to collect payments from borrowers, lead to decrease in the willingness of prospective borrowers to apply for loans or fines and penalties imposed by the relevant regulatory authorities, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. If we are unable to provide a high-quality user experience, our reputation and business may be materially and adversely affected. The success of our business largely depends on our ability to provide a high-quality user experience, which in turn depends on factors such as: (i) our ability to estimate future borrowing requests from our users, (ii) our ability to continue to offer products and services at competitive service fee rates, (iii) our ability to provide a reliable and user-friendly mobile application user interface for users and our ability to further improve and streamline our online loan application and approval process. As of December 31, 2021, substantially all of the transactions were completed through our mobile application. If users are not satisfied with our level of service when we failed to provide sufficient loans to our users, or if our system is severely interrupted or otherwise fails to meet user requests, for example, the users have to wait for days to receive their loan application results or our mobile app is constantly disrupted due to system failure and breakdown, our reputation could be adversely affected and we could fail to maintain user loyalty. 30 Table of Contents Our ability to provide high-quality user experience also depends on the quality of the products and services provided by our business partners over which we have limited or no control. In the event that a user is dissatisfied with the quality of the products and services provided by our business partners, we do not have any means to directly make improvements in response to user complaints, and our business, reputation, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we depend on our user service hotline and WeChat online user service center to provide certain services to our users. If our user service representatives fail to provide satisfactory service, or if waiting time is too long due to the high volume of calls from borrowers at peak times, our brands and user loyalty may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity or poor feedback regarding our user service may harm our brands and reputation and in turn cause us to lose users and market share. As a result, if we are unable to continue to maintain or enhance our user experience and provide a high quality user service, we may not be able to retain users or attract prospective users, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to manage our liquidity and cash flows may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We had positive cash flows from operating activities of RMB600.6 million in 2019, negative cash flow from operating activities of RMB679.2 million in 2020, and positive cash flows from operating activities of RMB449.2 million (US$70.5 million) in 2021. We cannot guarantee that we will not have negative cash flows in the future. We collect the service fees on a monthly basis and interests on a monthly basis from the borrowers. Inability to collect payments from users, borrowers in particular, in a timely and sufficient manner may adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. We may need additional capital to accomplish business objectives, pursue business opportunities, and respond to challenges or unforeseen circumstances, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Historically, we have issued equity securities to support the growth of our business. As we intend to continue to make investments to support the growth of our business, we may require additional capital to accomplish our business objectives and pursue business opportunities, and respond to challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including developing new products and services, further enhancing our risk management capabilities, increasing our marketing expenditures to improve brand awareness and enhancing our operating infrastructure. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In the event that we obtain debt financing, repayment of debt may divert a substantial portion of cash flow, which would reduce funds available for expenses and payment pursuant to other general corporate purposes. Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders our ordinary shares. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when it is needed, our ability to continue to accomplish our business objectives and pursue business opportunities, and respond to challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. Our marketing efforts are critical to our performance and future growth, and if we are unable to promote and maintain our brands in an effective and cost-efficient way, our business and financial results may be harmed. We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand effectively is critical to attract borrowers and institutional funding partners. This depends largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the success of the channels we use to promote our platform. If any of our current marketing channels become less effective, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, if the cost of using these channels were to significantly increase or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new borrowers and institutional funding partners in a cost-effective manner or convert potential borrowers and institutional funding partners into active borrowers and institutional funding partners on our platform. Our efforts to build our brands may cause us to incur significant expenses. These efforts may not result in increased revenue in the immediate future. Even if they do, any increases in revenue may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brands while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair our ability to grow our business. 31 Table of Contents Undetected errors or significant disruption in our IT system, including events beyond our control, could prevent us from offering our products and services, thereby reducing the attractiveness of our products and services and resulting in a loss of borrowers. Our business and internal systems rely on software and processes that are highly technical and complex. In addition, our business depends on the abilities of these software and processes to store, retrieve, process and manage large amounts of data. The software and processes on which we rely have contained, and may now or in the future contain, errors or bugs. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. In addition, in the event of a system outage and physical data loss, our ability to provide products and services would be materially and adversely affected. The reliability, availability and satisfactory performance of our technology and our underlying network infrastructure are critical to our operations, user service, reputation and our ability to attract new and retain existing borrowers and institutional funding partners. Our information technology systems infrastructure is currently deployed and our data is currently maintained on customized computing services in China. Our operations depend on the service provider’s ability to protect its and our systems in its facilities against damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses or hackers’ attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and other similar events. Moreover, if our arrangement with this service provider is terminated or if there is a lapse of service or damage to their facilities, we could experience interruptions in our service as well as delays and additional expense in providing products and services to our borrowers and institutional funding partners. Any interruptions or delays in our service, whether as a result of third party error, our error, natural disasters or security breaches, whether willful or not, could harm our reputation and our relationships with borrowers and institutional funding partners. Additionally, in the event of damage or interruption, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that we may incur. We also may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. These factors could prevent us from processing loan applications and other business operations, damage our brand name and reputation, divert our employees’ attention, reduce our revenue, subject us to liability and discourage users from using our products and services, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Misconduct, errors and failure to function by our employees and parties we collaborate with could harm our business and reputation. We are exposed to the risk of misconduct and errors by our employees and parties that we collaborate with. Our business depends on our employees and/or business partners to interact with users, process large numbers of transactions and support the loan collection process. We could be materially and adversely affected if the transactions were redirected, misappropriated or otherwise improperly executed, if personal information was disclosed to unintended recipients or if an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, purposeful sabotage or fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by our employees and other business partners, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent such activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanageable risks or losses. If any of our employees and other business partners misuse or misappropriate funds, commit fraud or other misconduct or fail to follow our rules and procedures when interacting with our users we could be liable for damages and subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents or data, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability. In addition, we have engaged certain third party service providers for loan collection services. Aggressive practices or misconduct by any of our third party service providers in the course of collecting loans could damage our reputation. Any of these occurrences could result in our diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to users inability to attract users reputational damage, regulatory intervention and financial harm, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. 32 Table of Contents If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected. We have access to, store and process certain personal information and other sensitive data from our users and our business partners, which makes us an attractive target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. We have taken steps to protect confidential information that we have access to, and while we have been targeted previously from cybersecurity attacks, none of which were successful or had a material adverse impact to our operations historically. However, because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our system could cause confidential user information to be stolen and be used for criminal purposes. We also face indirect technology, cybersecurity and operational risk relating to the third parties upon whom we rely to facilitate or enable our business activities, including, among others, third party online payment service providers who manage accounts for funds. Any cyber-attack, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third party payment service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our users. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could expose us to liability related to the loss of information, time- consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of third party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with users could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability and our business and operations could be adversely affected. In addition, PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations in regard of the protection of personal information, under which internet service providers and other network operators are required to comply with the principles of legality, justification and necessity, to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, and to obtain the consent of users, as well as to establish a user information protection system with appropriate remedial measures. We have obtained consent from our users to use their personal information within the scope of authorization and we have taken technical measures to ensure the security of such personal information and to prevent any loss or divergence of personal information from. However, there is uncertainty as to the interpretation and application of such laws. On 20 August 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, or the Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect on 1 November 2021. As the first systematic and comprehensive law specifically for the protection of personal information in the PRC, the Personal Information Protection Law provides, among others, that (i) an individual’s consent shall be obtained to use sensitive personal information, (ii) personal information operators using sensitive personal information shall notify individuals of the necessity of such use and impact on the individual’s rights, and (iii) where it is necessary for personal information to be provided by a personal information processor to a recipient outside the territory of the PRC due to any business need or any other need, a security assessment organized by the national cyberspace authority shall be passed. If such laws or regulations are to be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our current policies and practices, changes to the features of our system may be required and additional costs incurred. We cannot assure you that our existing user information protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under applicable laws and regulations. If we are unable to address any information protection concerns, or to comply with the then applicable laws and regulations, we may incur additional costs and liability and our reputation, business and operations might be adversely affected. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Internet Information Security” for details. On June 1, 2017, the PRC Cybersecurity Law became effective. The law requires network products and services providers as we are, among other things, to strictly preserve the secrecy of user information they collect and to store within mainland China data that is gathered or produced by such network products and services provider in the country. If we are deemed to have violated the law, potential penalties include, depending on the nature of violation, regulatory warning, correction order, forced shut down of our websites, suspension of operation revocation of business licenses, confiscation of illegal gains, and fines imposed on the company ranging from approximately RMB10,000 to RMB1 million or management personnel ranging from approximately RMB5,000 to RMB1 million. On 10 June 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law of the PRC, or Data Security Law, which took effect on 1 September 2021. The Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system. The Data Security Law also provides that the state shall establish a data security review system, where data handling activities that affect or may affect the national security will undergo national security review, and shall implement export controls on certain data. 33 Table of Contents Due to the relatively new nature of the PRC Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law as well as the lack of clarification in the statutory law itself as to the circumstances and standard under which the law should apply and violations be found, there are great uncertainties as to the interpretation and application of the law. The law’s vagueness in its own statutory language also indicates that the CAC, the designated government enforcement agency, will have broad latitude to direct how the law is interpreted and enforced, thus creating greater uncertainties with regard to the interpretation and application of the law since the government enforcement agency has yet to provide further guidance on the enforcement mechanism of the law. If we are found to have violated the PRC Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law in a government enforcement action, we may face severe penalties that may result in monetary losses, losses of access to assets essential for daily operation of our business or for the continuance of service provision, and temporary or total disruption of our business for an extended period of time. In addition, the finding of a violation of the PRC Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law, even if later repealed, may cause damages to our reputation and our brand name, causing users to lose confidence in our service and to refrain from choosing or continuing to use our products and services. All of these consequences may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the stringent reporting obligation imposed by the PRC Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law itself, without a finding of violation, may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. As we are obligated by the laws to inform our users of any security flaw or vulnerability as they are discovered, users may become wary of the existence or frequency of such reports and lose confidence in the security of our system, thus discouraged from choosing or continuing to use our products and services, even though the security flaws or vulnerabilities are readily fixed and overcome. If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 and as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, we and our predecessor independent registered public accounting firm identified two “material weaknesses” in our internal control over financial reporting and other control deficiencies. As defined in standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified related to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (2) our internal audit function is still in the process of establishing formal risk assessment process and internal control framework. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm identified two additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financing reporting. The two additional material weaknesses identified by us and our auditor related to: (1) the Company did not maintain effective controls over the accounting treatments of new business arrangements, including new Consolidated Trusts related arrangements; and (2) there was not adequate management oversight of accounting activities in relating to certain tax practices to conform to the U.S. GAAP. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm determined that three material weaknesses remain as of December 31, 2020, which related to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; (2) our internal audit function is still in the process of establishing formal risk assessment process and internal control framework; and (3) there was not adequate management oversight of accounting activities in relating to certain tax practices to conform to the U.S. GAAP. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm determined that these three material weaknesses remain as of December 31, 2021. 34 Table of Contents We are in the process of implementing a plan to address the material weaknesses, including: hiring skilled financial and accounting staff with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience; providing relevant training to our accounting personnel and establishing internal audit function and audit committee with members who have an appropriate level of financial expertise to oversee our accounting and financial reporting process as well as our internal audit function. We have engaged an independent internal control advisor to assist us to establish the formal risk assessment process and internal control framework, and review the appropriateness and sufficiency of the process to identify and address risk of material misstatement related to U.S. GAAP reporting. We have set up a position, namely financial business partner, who is required to monitor the whole process of the conduct of business and has adequate experiences and qualifications to timely make professional judgements of the accounting treatment of new business arrangements. We have also formalized an accounting manual for the accounting treatment of Consolidation Trusts and required a timely review process from qualified reviewers. We have hired an experienced and qualified tax manager and provided tax related training to our accounting personnel. We have also taken other steps to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including formalizing a set of comprehensive U.S. GAAP accounting manual, formalizing risk assessment process and internal control framework. We will continue to implement measures to remediate our internal control deficiencies to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. We expect that we will incur significant costs in the implementation of such measures. However, we cannot assure you that all these measures will be sufficient to remediate our material weakness in time, or at all. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As of the date of this annual report, progress has been made to remediate our internal control deficiencies and remediation measures are to be further implemented and executed. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial processes and procedures have been in place for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2021, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting identified above. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as the term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. This will require that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts. Prior to our initial public offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures, and we were never required to test our internal controls within a specified period, and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner. In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our ADSs could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NYSE, SEC or other regulatory authorities. 35 Table of Contents We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual properties as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret law, confidentiality agreement, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property” and ”Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Intellectual Property.” However, we cannot assure you that any of our intellectual property rights would not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or that such intellectual property will be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. Because of the rapid pace of technological development, we cannot assure you that all of our proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property will be patented in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. Furthermore, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by other parties, or co-developed with other parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these other parties on reasonable terms, or at all. It is often difficult to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality agreement, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial litigation costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations. We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights held by other parties. We may unknowingly infringe on other parties’ trademarks, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights through our products and services or other aspects of our business. As a result, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others from time to time in the future. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits. Additionally, the interpretation and application of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for protecting trademarks, copyrights, knowhow, proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights in China are uncertain and still evolving, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We may be subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory proceedings. We may be, and in some instances have been, subject to claims, lawsuits (including class actions and individual lawsuits), regulatory and government investigations, and other proceedings relating to intellectual property, consumer protection, privacy, labor and employment, import and export practices, competition, securities, tax, marketing and communications practices, contracts, commercial disputes and various other matters. We may also be subject to claims or lawsuits for infringement or violation of third party intellectual property rights. The number and significance of our legal disputes and inquiries have increased as we have grown larger, as our business has expanded in scope and geographic reach, and as our services have increased in complexity. 36 Table of Contents Moreover, having become a public company has raised our public profile, which may result in increased litigation as well as increased public awareness of any such litigation. In addition, we may be target of securities class action and derivative lawsuits. We will need to defend against such lawsuits, including any appeals, and we may also initiate legal proceedings to protect our rights and interests. There is substantial uncertainty regarding the scope and application of many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject, which increases the risk that we will be subject to claims alleging violations of those laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any such cases, and any adverse outcome of these cases could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations. In particular, we will need to defend against the putative shareholder class action lawsuit described in “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Litigation,” including any appeals of such action. We are currently unable to ascertain the possible loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of this lawsuit. The litigation process may utilize our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could materially harm our business. An adverse determination in this lawsuit, including an adverse determination on appeal in this lawsuit, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Regardless of the outcome of any particular claim, lawsuit, investigation, dispute or proceeding, any of these types of legal proceedings can have a material and adverse impact on us due to their costs, diversion of our resources, and other factors. We may decide to settle legal disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us. Furthermore, if any litigation to which we are a party is resolved adversely, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment that we may not choose to appeal or that may not be reversed upon appeal. In addition, the terms of any settlement or judgment in connection with any legal claims, lawsuits, or proceedings may require us to cease some or all of our operations, or pay substantial amounts to the other party and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our founder, Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer, is named in a lawsuit filed by ChinaCast Education Corporation in the United States; there is uncertainty as to the outcome of this lawsuit and its impact on us. Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our founder, Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer, has been named one of the defendants in a lawsuit filed by ChinaCast Education Corporation, or ChinaCast, in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware in the United States. Mr. Tang was an independent director of ChinaCast’s board from 2007 until January 2012. ChinaCast’s complaint alleges that certain ChinaCast senior management and directors (including Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang), or Defendants, caused injury to ChinaCast during their tenures, and seeks, among other reliefs, damages of not less than US$200 million. ChinaCast specifically alleges that Mr. Tang: (i) breached his fiduciary duty because he knew or should have known of certain fraud and theft that the ChinaCast’s former management purportedly carried out, (ii) failed to ensure that ChinaCast had reasonable information and reporting systems to detect the alleged wrongdoing, (iii) engaged in self-interested transactions with the ChinaCast’s management and (iv) failed to oversee and monitor ChinaCast’s operations. On March 4, 2022, the plaintiffs and Mr. Tang entered into a settlement agreement to amicably settled dispute. The impact on our reputation and operation due to the lawsuit against Mr. Tang was immaterial. Any failure by us or institutional funding partners payment service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti- terrorist financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation, expose us to significant penalties, and decrease our revenues and profitability. We have adopted and implemented various policies and procedures including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, for preventing money laundering and terrorist financing. In addition, we rely on our institutional funding partners and payment service providers to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures. Our institutional funding partners may be subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated in that respect by the PBOC. We have adopted commercially reasonable procedures for monitoring our institutional funding partners and payment processors. 37 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2021, we have not been subject to fines or other penalties, or suffered business or other reputational harm, as a result of actual or alleged money laundering or terrorist financing activities in the past. However, our policies and procedures may not be completely effective in preventing other parties from using us, any of our institutional funding partners, or payment service providers as a conduit for money laundering (including illegal cash operations) or terrorist financing without our knowledge. If we were to be associated with money laundering (including illegal cash operations) or terrorist financing activities, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory fines, sanctions, or legal enforcement, including being added to any “blacklists” that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Even if we, our institutional funding partners and payment service providers comply with the applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, we, our institutional funding partners and payment service providers may not be able to fully eliminate money laundering and other illegal or improper activities in light of the complexity and the secrecy of these activities. Any negative perception of the industry, such as that which might arise from any failure of other online consumer finance platforms to detect or prevent money laundering activities, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could tarnish our image, undermine the trust and credibility we have established, and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. The Guidelines purport to require, among other things, Internet finance service providers to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including the establishment of a user identification program, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of user information and transaction records, and the provision of assistance to the public security department and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters. The PBOC will formulate implementing rules to further specify the anti-money laundering obligations of Internet finance service providers. The Interim Measures require online lending intermediaries to comply with certain anti-money laundering obligations, including verifying user identity, reporting suspicious transactions and keeping identity data and transaction records. The Custodian Guidelines require the anti-money laundering obligation to be included in the fund custodian agreements between an online lending intermediary and custody banks, and the online lending intermediary shall cooperate with funds custody banks to fulfill anti-money laundering obligations. On October 10, 2018, the PBOC, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and CSRC together promulgated the Measures for the Anti-money Laundering and Anti-terrorist Finance of Internet Finance, which further specified that, any Internet finance institutions (including online lending intermediary) incorporated upon approval or upon record-filing by applicable regulatory authority, shall report any forms of cash receipts and payments whose transaction value reaches or exceeds RMB50,000 or foreign currency equivalent of US$10,000 on a per-transaction or cumulative basis on a given day, within five working days from the date when such transaction takes place. We cannot assure you that the anti- money laundering policies and procedures we have adopted will be deemed to be in compliance with applicable anti-money laundering implementation rules if and when adopted. From time to time we may evaluate and potentially consummate strategic investments, acquisitions or international expansion, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results. We may evaluate and consider strategic investments, combinations, acquisitions or alliances with other businesses or international expansion to further better serve borrowers and enhance our competitive position. These transactions could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations if consummated. Even if we are able to identify an appropriate business opportunity, we may not be able to successfully consummate the transaction and, even if we do consummate such a transaction, we may be unable to obtain the benefits or avoid the difficulties and risks of such transaction, which may result in investment losses. In addition, we made certain investments through nominee arrangements where we have appointed nominees as registered shareholders of certain investee companies, as we currently do not qualify under certain regulatory financial requirements to be registered as a shareholder of such investee companies. While we believe such investments and the nominee arrangements reflect the true intentions of us and the respective business partners, and are therefore legal and valid under PRC Civil Code, we cannot assure you that the PRC courts or other regulators would hold the same view as ours, and such investments may not have the same effect as direct shareholding ownership in the investee companies where our nominee shareholders may fail to perform their respective obligations under the nominee arrangements, such as, among others, to vote on the shareholders’ meetings per our instructions, or to transfer all dividends obtained from such companies to us on a timely manner. Strategic investments, acquisitions or international expansion will involve risks commonly encountered in business relationships, including: ● difficulties in assimilating and integrating the operations, personnel, systems, data, technologies, products and services of the acquired business; 38 Table of Contents ● inability of the acquired technologies, products or businesses to achieve expected levels of revenue, profitability, productivity or other benefits including the failure to successfully further develop the acquired technology; ● difficulties in retaining, training, motivating and integrating key personnel; ● diversion of management’s time and resources from our normal daily operations and potential disruptions to our ongoing businesses; ● difficulties in maintaining uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies within the combined organizations; ● difficulties in retaining relationships with our platform users, employees and other partners of the acquired business; ● risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; ● regulatory risks, including remaining in good standing with existing regulatory bodies or receiving any necessary pre-closing or post-closing approvals, as well as being subject to new regulators with oversight over the acquired business; ● assumption of contractual obligations that contain terms that are not beneficial to us, require us to license or waive intellectual property rights or increase our risk for liability; ● liability for activities of the acquired business before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; and ● unexpected costs and unknown risks and liabilities associated with strategic investments or acquisitions. We may not make any investments, acquisitions or international expansion, or, alternatively, any future investments, acquisitions or international expansion may not be successful, may not benefit our business strategy, may not generate sufficient revenues to offset the associated acquisition costs or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management and key technology development personnel. If one or more of our key executives or key technology development personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted. Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management and key technology development personnel. In particular, Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng, our Vice Chairman, Mr. Kan (Kent) Li, our president and Chief Risk Officer , Mr. Ding (Gardon) Gao, our co-founder and Chief Technology Officer and Mr. Frank Fuya Zheng, our Chief Financial Officer are critical to the management of our business and operations and the development of our strategic direction. While we have provided different incentives to our management and key technology development personnel, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives or key technology development personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team and technology development team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers or key technology development personnel and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all. 39 Table of Contents Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business. We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, primarily including technology development, financial products, risk management, general management and sales and marketing. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. It is competitive to attract and retain skilled talent with expertise in technology, risk management, and general management. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and resources in the training of our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training their replacements, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve users could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business. If we grant employees stock options or other equity incentives in the future, our net income could be adversely affected. We granted incentives and rewards to employees and executives under our share incentive plan. We are required to account for share-based compensation in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which generally requires a company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of stock options and other equity incentives to employees based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. As of December 31, 2021, holders of our outstanding options and other equity incentives were entitled to purchase a total of 71,164,148 ordinary shares. As a result, we incurred share-based compensation expense of RMB88,434,772 (US$13,877,346) in during the year ended December 31, 2021. If we grant more options or other equity incentives in the future, we could incur significant compensation charges and our results of operations could be adversely affected. Increase in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations. In recent years, the Chinese economy has experienced inflationary and labor costs increases. Average wages are projected to continue to increase. Further, under PRC law we are required to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments to the statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. If we are unable to control our labor costs or pass such increased labor costs on to our users by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. We do not have any business insurance coverage for our operations. Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 40 Table of Contents We are subject to the risk of a severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy and deterioration of credit profiles of borrowers, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the economic slowdown in the Eurozone since 2014, potential impact of the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union on January 31, 2020, and the adverse impact on the global economies and financial markets as the COVID-19 outbreak evolved into a worldwide health crisis in 2020. The growth of the PRC economy has slowed down since 2012 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa and over the conflicts involving Ukraine, Syria and North Korea. There have also been concerns on the relationship among China and other Asian countries and the trade disputes between the United States and China. The ongoing trade tensions between the United States and China may have tremendous negative impact on the economies of not merely the two countries concerned, but the global economy as a whole. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be contained or resolved, and what effects they may have on the global political and economic conditions in the long term. If economic conditions deteriorate, we may face increased risk of default or delinquency of borrowers, which will result in lower returns or losses. In the event that the creditworthiness of our borrowers deteriorates or we cannot track the deterioration of their creditworthiness, the criteria we use for the analysis of borrower credit profiles may be rendered inaccurate, and our risk management system may be subsequently rendered ineffective. This in turn may lead to higher default rates and adverse impacts on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial positions. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, changes in domestic economic and political policies, and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. While the economy in China has grown significantly over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing in recent years. Although growth of China’s economy remained relatively stable, there is a possibility that China’s economic growth may materially decline in the near future. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or PRC economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The offering of our products and services depends on effective use of mobile operating systems and distribution through mobile application stores, which we do not control. Our loan products Xiaoying Credit Loan and loan facilitation services to other platforms are offered through mobile applications. We may need to devote significant resources to support and maintain of such applications. The mobile applications are dependent on the interoperability of popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android and iOS. Any changes in such systems that degrade the accessibility of our mobile applications or give preferential treatment to competing products and services could adversely affect the usability of our mobile applications. In addition, we rely upon third party mobile application stores for users to download our mobile applications. As such, the distribution, operation and maintenance of our mobile applications are subject to application stores’ standard terms and policies for application developers. Our future growth and results of operations could suffer if we experience difficulties in the future in offering our products and services through our mobile applications, or if we face increased costs to distribute our mobile applications. If it becomes increasingly difficult for our users to access and utilize our products and services on their mobile devices, or if the prevailing mobile operating systems do not support our mobile applications, our business and financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected. 41 Table of Contents Our operations depend on the performance of the Internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China. Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide it with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and Internet data centers to host its servers. We may have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with increasing traffic. We cannot assure you that our cloud computing service provider and the underlying Internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demand associated with the continued growth in Internet usage. In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers which in turn, may affect our costs of using customized cloud computing services. If the prices we pay for customized cloud computing services rise significantly, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed. Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure We do not have direct ownership of some of our operating entities in China, but exercise control over the operating activities that most impact the economic performance, bear the risks of, enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and consolidate the financial results of the VIEs in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP through contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders, which may not be effective in providing control over our operating entities. We do not have direct ownership of some of our operating entities in China, but through contractual arrangements (the “VIE Agreements”), we exercise control over the operating activities that most impact the economic performance, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity. As a result, through such contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and, therefore, consolidate the financial results of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. 38.3% of our current revenue is derived from our VIEs in China. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we do not have an equity ownership interest in our VIEs but rely on the VIE Agreements with VIEs to control and operate their businesses. However, as discussed below, these VIE Agreements may not be effective from PRC laws in providing us with the necessary control over VIEs and their operations. Any deficiency in these VIE Agreements may result in our loss of control over the management and operations of VIEs, which will result in a significant loss in the value of an investment in our company. Because of the practical restrictions on direct foreign equity ownership imposed by the PRC government authorities, we must rely on contractual rights through our VIE structure to effect control over and management of VIEs, which exposes us to the risk of potential breach of contract by the shareholders of VIEs. For further description about our VIE Agreements, please see “4.C. Organizational Structure - Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders.” 42 Table of Contents Because we are an offshore holding company and our business was conducted through the VIE Agreements with our VIEs in China, if the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. We are an offshore holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations, our operations were conducted in China by our subsidiaries and through the VIE Agreements with our VIEs in China, the equity of which is owned by Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing WFOE, through the VIE Agreements, as a result of which, under United States generally accepted accounting principles, the assets and liabilities of the VIEs are treated as our assets and liabilities and the results of operations of VIEs are treated in all respects as if they were the results of our operations. The PRC government regulates telecommunications-related businesses through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations also include limitations on foreign ownership of PRC companies that engage in telecommunications-related businesses. Specifically, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% equity interest in any PRC company engaging in value-added telecommunications businesses (except for e-commerce, domestic multi-party communication, store-and-forward and call center services). The primary foreign investor must also have operating experience and a good track record in providing value-added telecommunications services, or VATS, overseas. On March 29, 2022, the Decision of the State Council on Revising and Repealing Certain Administrative Regulations, which will take effect on May 1, 2022, was promulgated to amend certain provisions of regulations including the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (2016 Revision), the requirement for major foreign investor to demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses is deleted. Because we are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing WFOE, is a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. To comply with the current PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China through our certain consolidated VIEs and their affiliates. Beijing WFOE has entered into a series of contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.C. Organizational Structure— Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and their Shareholders.” We believe that our corporate structure and contractual arrangements comply with the current applicable PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC legal counsel is of the opinion that our current ownership structure of the VIEs, the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our consolidated VIEs and its subsidiaries are not in violation of existing PRC laws, rules and regulations; and these contractual arrangements are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect, except that the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Tangren, which holds a financial guarantee license, and the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Beier would not be deemed validly created until they are registered with the competent administration for market regulation, and we may not be able to register the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Tangren and the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Beier, in which case we must rely on the equity pledge agreement to enforce the pledge. However, as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, including the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and the Telecommunications Regulations and the relevant regulatory measures concerning the telecommunications industry, there can be no assurance that the PRC government authorities, such as the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, the MIIT, or other authorities that regulate online consumer finance platforms and other participants in the telecommunications industry, would ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel or agree that our corporate structure or any of the above contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. PRC laws and regulations governing the validity of these contractual arrangements are uncertain and the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting these laws and regulations. If our corporate structure and contractual arrangements are deemed by the MIIT or the MOFCOM or other regulators having competent authority to be illegal, either in whole or in part, we may lose control of our consolidated VIEs and may have to modify such structure to comply with regulatory requirements. However, there can be no assurance that we can achieve this without material disruption to our business. Further, if our corporate structure and contractual arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including: ● revoking our business and operating licenses; 43 Table of Contents ● levying fines on us; ● confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations; ● shutting down our services; ● discontinuing or restricting our operations in China; ● imposing conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply; ● requiring us to change our corporate structure and contractual arrangements; ● restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from overseas offerings to finance our PRC consolidated VIEs’ business and operations; ● requiring us to delist from the NYSE; and ● taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. Furthermore, new PRC laws, rules and regulations may be introduced to impose additional requirements that may be applicable to our corporate structure and contractual arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Our business may be significantly affected by the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law, and its enactment may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.” Occurrence of any of these events could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties or requirements to restructure our corporate structure causes us to lose the right to direct the activities of our consolidated VIEs or our right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate the financial results of such VIEs in our consolidated financial statements. If our corporate structure and contractual arrangements are deemed to be illegal by relevant regulators, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected and the price of our ADSs may decline. However, we do not believe that such actions would result in the liquidation or dissolution of our company, our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China or our consolidated VIEs or their subsidiaries. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and their Shareholders.” We do not hold equity interests in the VIEs. We rely on contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders to operate our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control and may have potential conflicts of interests with us. If the PRC government determines that the VIE Agreements do not comply with PRC regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if the determinations, changes, or interpretations result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of our VIEs that conduct all or substantially all of our operations. We do not hold equity interests in the VIEs. We rely on contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders to operate our business. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders.” A significant portion of our revenue is attributed to our consolidated VIEs. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated VIEs. If our consolidated VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, our recourse to the assets held by our consolidated VIEs is indirect and we may have to incur substantial costs and expend significant resources to enforce such arrangements in reliance on legal remedies under PRC law. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system. Furthermore, in connection with litigation, arbitration or other judicial or dispute resolution proceedings, assets under the name of any of the record holders of equity interest in our consolidated VIEs, including such equity interest, may be put under court custody. The validity of the VIE Agreements has not been tested in the PRC jurisdiction. These VIE Agreements may not be enforceable in China if PRC government authorities or courts take a view that such VIE Agreements contravene PRC laws and regulations or are otherwise not enforceable for public policy reasons. In the event we are unable to enforce these VIE Agreements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business may be materially and adversely affected. As a consequence, our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if the determinations, changes, or interpretations result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of our VIEs that conduct all or substantially all of our operations. 44 Table of Contents All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant time delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, it would be very difficult to exert effective control over our consolidated VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China— There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.” In connection with our operations in China, we rely on the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs to fulfill by the obligations under such contractual arrangements. The interests of these shareholders in their individual capacities as shareholders of our consolidated VIEs may differ from the interests of our company as a whole, as what is in the best interests of our consolidated VIEs, including matters such as whether to distribute dividends or to make other distributions to fund our offshore requirement, may not be in the best interests of our company. There can be no assurance that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these individuals or entities will act in the best interests of our company or that those conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these individuals and entities may breach or cause our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements with us. Currently, we do not have arrangements that address potential conflicts of interest shareholders of our consolidated VIEs may encounter due to their dual roles as shareholders of consolidated VIEs and as beneficial owners of our company. However, we could, at all times, exercise our option under the exclusive call option agreement to cause them to transfer all of their equity ownership in our consolidated VIEs to a PRC entity or individual designated by us as permitted by the then applicable PRC laws. In addition, if such conflicts of interest arise, we could also, in the capacity of attorney- in-fact of the then existing shareholders of our consolidated VIEs as provided under the powers of attorney, directly appoint new directors of our consolidated VIEs. We rely on the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs to comply with PRC laws and regulations, which protect contracts, and to provide that directors and executive officers owe a duty of loyalty to our company and require them to avoid conflicts of interest and not to take advantage of their positions for personal gains, and with the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors have a duty of care and a duty of loyalty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. However, the legal frameworks of China and the Cayman Islands do not provide guidance on resolving conflicts in the event of a conflict with another corporate governance regime. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings. Our corporate actions will be substantially controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, who will have the ability to control or exert significant influence over important corporate matters that require approval of shareholders, which may deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your ADSs and materially reduce the value of your investment. Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns all of the Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding, representing 31.58% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 89.69% of our aggregate voting power as of March 31, 2022. As a result, he will have the ability to control or exert significant influence over important corporate matters and investors may be prevented from influencing important corporate matters involving our company that require approval of shareholders, including: ● the composition of our board of directors and, through the voting of the board of directors, any determinations with respect to our operations, business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers; ● any determinations with respect to mergers or other business combinations; ● our disposition of all or substantially all of our assets; and ● any change in control. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including the holders of the ADSs. Furthermore, this concentration of ownership may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and reducing the price of the ADSs. As a result of the foregoing, the value of your investment could be materially reduced. 45 Table of Contents If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling nontangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected. Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts such as the leases and sales contracts that our business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the SAIC. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents. We have three major types of chops—corporate chops, contract chops and finance chops. We use corporate chops generally for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or company name, and for legal letters. We use contract chops for executing leases and commercial contracts. We use finance chops generally for making and collecting payments, including issuing invoices. Use of corporate chops and contract chops must be approved by our legal department and administrative department, and use of finance chops must be approved by our finance department. The chops of our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated key employees of our legal, administrative or finance departments. Our designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we have approval procedures in place and mechanisms to monitor our key employees, including the designated legal representatives of our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our key employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains misappropriates the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal actions to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources expenses while distracting management from our operations, and our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected. Our business may be significantly affected by the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law, and its enactment may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the PRC Equity Joint Venture Law, the PRC Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. Meanwhile, the Regulations for the Implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, or the FIL Implementations, came into effect on January 1, 2020, which clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. Since the Foreign Investment Law and the FIL Implementations are newly enacted, there is still uncertainties in relation to its interpretation and implementation. The PRC Foreign Investment Law have revised the definition of “foreign investment” and removed all references to the definitions of “actual control” or “variable interest entity structure” under the 2015 Draft Foreign Investment Law. Instead, the PRC Foreign Investment Law stipulates that foreign investment includes “foreign investors invest in China through other methods under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council “. Therefore, there are still possibilities that future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council may deem contractual arrangements as a way of foreign investment. There can be no assurance that our contractual arrangements will not be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations. Once an entity falls within the definition of foreign investment entity, it may be subject to foreign investment “restrictions” or “prohibitions” set forth in a “negative list” to be separately issued by the State Council later. If a foreign investment entity proposes to conduct business in an industry subject to foreign investment “restrictions” in the “negative list,” it must go through a pre-approval process. 46 Table of Contents The most updated negative list, issued on 27 December 2021 and became effective on 1 January 2022, stipulates that any PRC domestic enterprise engaging in the fields prohibited by the negative list shall obtain the consent of the relevant competent PRC authorities for overseas listing, and the foreign investors shall not participate in the operation and management of such enterprise, and the shareholding percentage of the foreign investors in such enterprise shall be subject to the relevant administrative provisions of PRC domestic securities investment by foreign investors. Such negative list does not further elaborate whether existing overseas listed enterprise will be subject to such requirements. The staff of the NDRC addressed in an interview on 27 December 2021 that certain existing overseas listed enterprises whose foreign investors’ shareholding percentage exceed the aforementioned threshold are not required to make adjustment or deduction. If any of the businesses that we operate were in the “restricted” category on the “negative list,” and the enacted version of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandate further actions to be taken by us, such as a pre-approval process, there is no assurance that we can obtain such pre-approval on a timely basis, or at all. Such determination would materially and adversely affect the value of our ADSs, and such further actions required to be taken by us under the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, the PRC Foreign Investment Law provide a five-year period for the existing foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment to maintain their structure and corporate governance after the implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law. Thus we may be required to adjust the structure and corporate governance of certain of our PRC entities after the expiration of such period. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. Contractual arrangements in relation to our variable interest entities, may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we, or our variable interest entities and their subsidiaries, owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment. Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The PRC enterprise income tax law and regulations require enterprises that conduct related party transactions to prepare transfer pricing documentations to demonstrate the basis of determining the price, the computation methodology and detailed explanations. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles after they conducted tax inspection. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our variable interest entities and their shareholders were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules, and adjust income of our variable interest entities in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by our variable interest entities for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing the tax expenses of our PRC subsidiaries. Please see Note 12 “Income taxes” to our audited consolidated financial statements. In addition, if a PRC subsidiary requests the shareholders of our variable interest entities to transfer their equity interests at nominal or no value pursuant to these contractual arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject the PRC subsidiary to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our variable interest entities for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially adversely affected if our variable interest entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties. In December 2021 and January 2022, our two subsidiaries and two VIEs received Tax Treatment Decisions issued by the First Inspection Bureau of the Shenzhen Municipal Taxation Bureau (“the First Inspection Bureau”) for our tax payments status from January 1, 2016, to June 30, 2019. We were subject to certain adjustments on taxations and were required to pay back certain value-added taxes, city maintenance and construction taxes, the enterprise income taxes, as well as the respective late payment fees, due to our failure to file the correct taxable income as required by relevant laws and regulations during the period from January 1, 2016, to June 30, 2019. We have paid such taxes and late payment fees as requested in full in December 2021 and January 2022. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any other investigations, inquiries, notices, warnings, or sanctions from any other PRC government authorities regarding our tax payments. 47 Table of Contents Risks Relating to Doing Business in China Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansion strategies. Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC and all of our revenue is sourced from the PRC. Accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the extent of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, and control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past three decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and to guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, the PRC government has implemented in the past certain measures to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our services and consequently have a material adverse effect on our businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us. Our operating subsidiaries are incorporated under and governed by the laws of the PRC. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference, but have limited precedential value. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. As a significant part of our business is conducted in China, our operations are principally governed by PRC laws and regulations. However, since the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. Uncertainties due to evolving laws and regulations could also impede the ability of a China-based company, such as our company, to obtain or maintain permits or licenses required to conduct business in China. In the absence of required permits or licenses, governmental authorities could impose material sanctions or penalties on us. In addition, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other PRC government authorities (including local government authorities), thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical, or in some circumstances impossible. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we enjoy either by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. 48 Table of Contents Furthermore, if China adopts more stringent standards with respect to corporate social responsibilities or financial regulations, we may incur increased compliance costs or become subject to additional restrictions in our operations. Intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may also not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. In addition, we cannot predict the effects of future developments in the PRC legal system on our business operations, including the promulgation of new laws, or changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and our investors, including you. Moreover, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention. 49 Table of Contents The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. On July 6, 2021, State Council issued the Opinions on Lawfully and Severely Combating Illegal Securities Activities to further strengthen cross-border supervision and consolidate the primary responsibility for information security of overseas listed companies. On 24 December 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, issued the Regulations of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (Draft for Public Comments) and the Measures for the Administration of Overseas Issuance of Securities and Filing of Listing by Domestic Enterprises (Draft for Comments), or, collectively, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, pursuant to which domestic enterprises should submit filing documents to CSRC within three business days after the submission of the application for overseas initial public offering, and after completing the filing procedures for an overseas initial public offering and listing, for the purposes of implementing and strengthening the CSRC’s supervision, issuer will need to comply with continuous filing and reporting requirements after such offering and listing, among others, including the following: (i) a reporting obligation in respect of a material event which arose prior to such offering and listing, (ii) filing for follow-on offerings after the initial offering and listing, (iii) filing for share exchanges where by the issuer issues securities to acquire assets, and (iv) a reporting obligation for material events after the initial offering and listing. In a Q&A released on its official website, the respondent CSRC official indicated that the CSRC will start applying the filing requirements to new offerings and listings. New initial public offerings and refinancing by existing overseas listed Chinese companies will be required to go through the filing process. As for the other filings for the existing companies, the regulator will grant adequate transition period to complete their filing procedures. On April 2, 2022, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Management of Confidentiality and Archives Related to the draft Overseas Issuance of Securities and Overseas Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules, for public comments. In the overseas listing activities of domestic companies, domestic companies, as well as securities companies and securities service institutions providing relevant securities services hereof, should establish a sound system of confidentiality and archival work, shall not disclose state secrets, or harm the state and public interests. Where a domestic company provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing entity, any document or material involving any state secret or any work secret of organs and organizations, it shall report to the competent authority for approval in accordance with the law, and submit to the secrecy administration department for filing. domestic companies shall not provide accounting records to an overseas accounting firm that has not performed the corresponding procedures. Securities companies and securities service organizations shall comply with the confidentiality and archive management requirements, and keep the documents and materials properly. Securities companies and securities service institutions that provide domestic enterprises with relevant securities services for overseas issuance and listing of securities shall keep such archives they compile within the territory of the PRC and shall not transfer such archives to overseas institutions or individuals, by any means such as carriage, shipment or information technology, without the approval of the relevant competent authorities. If the archives or duplicates of such archives are of important value to the state and society and needed to be taken abroad, approval shall be obtained in accordance with relevant provisions. However, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Draft Archive Rules were released for public comment only, there remains substantial uncertainty, including but not limited to its final content, adoption timeline, effective date or relevant implementation rules. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Draft Archive Rules, if enacted, may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future. we cannot assure you that we will be able to receive clearance of such filing requirements in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continually offer our Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, severely damage our reputation, materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless. Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to laws, rules and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Any such intervention in or influence on our business operations or action to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities, once taken by the PRC government, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, or significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless. 50 Table of Contents Uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations with respect to our online platform business operation. Our online platform business is subject to various internet-related laws and regulations. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation involve significant uncertainties. For example, On February 7, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, promulgated Guidelines to Anti-Monopoly in the Field of Platform Economy, or the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy provides operational standards and guidelines for identifying certain internet platforms’ abuse of market dominant position which are prohibited to restrict unfair competition and safeguard users’ interests, including without limitation, prohibiting personalized pricing using big data and analytics, selling products below cost without reasonable causes, actions or arrangements seen as exclusivity arrangements, using technology means to block competitors’ interface, using bundle services to sell services or products. In addition, internet platforms’ compulsory collection of user data may be viewed as abuse of dominant market position that may have the effect to eliminate or restrict competition. On August 20 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, or the Personal Information Protection Law which took effect on 1 November 2021. As the first systematic and comprehensive law specifically for the protection of personal information in the PRC, the Personal Information Protection Law provides, among others, that (i) an individual’s consent shall be obtained to use sensitive personal information, (ii) personal information operators using sensitive personal information shall notify individuals of the necessity of such use and impact on the individual’s rights, and (iii) where it is necessary for personal information to be provided by a personal information processor to a recipient outside the territory of the PRC due to any business need or any other need, a security assessment organized by the national cyberspace authority shall be passed. In addition, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among others, provides for security review procedures for data activities that may affect national security. Furthermore, Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which became effective on June 1, 2020, as amended on December 28, 2021, and became effective on February 15, 2022, set forth the cybersecurity review mechanism for critical information infrastructure operators, and provide that (i) critical information infrastructure operators who intend to purchase internet products and services that affect or may affect national security shall be subject to a cybersecurity review; (ii) online platform operators who are engaged in data processing are also subject to the regulatory scope; (iii) the CSRC is included as one of the regulatory authorities for purposes of jointly establishing the state cybersecurity review working mechanism; (iv) the online platform operators holding more than one million users/users’ individual information and seeking a listing outside China shall file for cybersecurity review; (v) the risks of core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, damaged, illegally used or illegally transmitted to overseas parties and the risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being influenced, controlled or used maliciously shall be collectively taken into consideration during the cybersecurity review process. Although we do not believe we are a critical information infrastructure provider, and as the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions from any other PRC government authorities in this regard, the PRC authorities could interpret such term broadly. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under such rules, we could be subject to cybersecurity review by Cyberspace Administration of China and other relevant PRC regulatory authorities and be required to change our existing practices in data privacy and cybersecurity matters at substantial costs. During such cybersecurity review, we may be required to stop providing services to our customers, and such review could also result in negative publicity to us and diversion of our managerial and financial resources. On August 31, 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the E-commerce Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2019. The E-commerce Law imposes a series of requirements on e-commerce operators including e-commerce platform operators, merchants operating on the platform and the individuals and entities carrying out business online. The platform governance measures we adopt in response to the enhanced regulatory requirements may fail to meet these requirements and may lead to penalties or our loss of merchants to those platforms, or to complaints or claims made against us by customers on our platforms. As there are uncertainties regarding the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of the existing and future internet-related laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that our business operations will comply with such regulations in all respects and we may be ordered to terminate certain of our business operations that are deemed illegal by the regulatory authorities and become subject to fines and/or other sanctions. 51 Table of Contents You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws. We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible. Shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including securities law class actions and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. No organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties arbitrarily without the consent of the competent securities regulatory authority in China according to the PRC Securities Law. See also “You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary or limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits. The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75” promulgated by the SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. 52 Table of Contents Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and Mr. Baoguo Zhu completed the SAFE registration pursuant to SAFE Circular 37. We have notified substantial beneficial owners of ordinary shares who we know are PRC residents of their filing obligations. Nevertheless, we may not be aware of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, and there is no assurance that the registration under SAFE Circular 37 and any amendment will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations in a timely manner pursuant to SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, may subject such beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to fines and legal sanctions. Such failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiary and limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to our company. These risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and our consolidated VIE, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary. In utilizing the proceeds of our initial public offering, we, as an offshore holding company, are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiary, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC laws, through loans or capital contributions. However, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE and capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, and registration with other governmental authorities in China. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015 and amended on December 30, 2019, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign- Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 59, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 45. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within the PRC, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to grant loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our initial public offering, to our PRC subsidiary, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to any of our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries, each a PRC domestic company. Meanwhile, we are not likely to finance the activities of our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries by means of capital contributions given the restrictions on foreign investment in the businesses that are currently conducted by our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries. 53 Table of Contents In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiary or any consolidated variable interest entity or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiary or consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use foreign currency, including the proceeds we received from our initial public offering, and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their positions as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options may follow SAFE Circular 37 to apply for the foreign exchange registration before our company becomes an overseas listed company. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, according to which, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members who are PRC residents and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company , subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit the ability to make payment under our share incentive plans or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly-foreign owned enterprises in China and limit our wholly-foreign owned enterprises’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plans for our directors and employees under PRC law. In addition, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiary has obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements. We are a holding company and rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries, including our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries and the subsidiaries of the VIE and on remittances from the consolidated VIEs, for our offshore cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, fund intercompany loans, service any debt we may incur outside of China and pay our expenses. When our principal operating subsidiaries or the consolidated VIEs incur additional debt, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions or remittances to us. Furthermore, the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our PRC subsidiary and certain other subsidiaries permit payments of dividends only from part of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with applicable PRC accounting standards and regulations. 54 Table of Contents Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, each of our subsidiaries incorporated in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not included in the retained earnings distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, under PRC law, our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise under PRC law, cannot distribute any profits until all of its losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. In accordance with the articles of association of our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, profit distributions also need to be approved by its executive directors and shareholders before any distribution plan becomes effective. As a result, our subsidiaries incorporated in China are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to their shareholders as dividends, loans or advances. In addition, registered share capital and statutory reserve accounts are also restricted from withdrawal in the PRC, up to the amount of net assets held in each operating subsidiary. Limitations on the ability of our consolidated VIEs to make remittance to the wholly-foreign owned enterprise and on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities, including to make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends to our shareholders or otherwise fund and conduct our business. We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with “de facto management bodies” located in China may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. “De facto management body” refers to a managing body that exercises substantive and overall management and control over the production, personnel, accounting books and assets of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese- Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009. Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” Dividends paid to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or ordinary shares by our foreign investors may be subject to PRC tax. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends paid to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. In addition, any gain realized on the transfer of shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10%, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, may be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and may as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20% (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source). Any PRC tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties or tax arrangements between China and other jurisdictions. If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends paid to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares may decline significantly. 55 Table of Contents We and our existing shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies. In October 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which replaced the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on December 10, 2009, and partially replaced and supplemented rules under the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises or Bulletin 7, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on February 3, 2015 and amended in December 2017. Pursuant to Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of PRC assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-PRC holding company of a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying PRC assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises and any gains from the transfer of such asset by a direct holder, who is a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In the case of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and may consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to immoveable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Pursuant to Bulletin 37, the withholding agent shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding agent is located within 7 days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation, while the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority within the statutory time limit according to Bulletin 7. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Both Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 do not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. There is uncertainty as to the application of Bulletin 37 or previous rules under Bulletin 7. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxes if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiary may be requested to assist in the filing under Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. 56 Table of Contents We are subject to restrictions on currency exchange. All of our net income is denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our onshore subsidiaries or consolidated VIE. Currently, certain of our PRC subsidiary, may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a significant amount of our future net income and cash flow will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs. Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses and could materially reduce the value of your investment. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Following the removal of the U.S. dollar peg, the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has started to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the U.S. dollar has appreciated against the RMB. On August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowed the Renminbi to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. Since then and until the end of 2016, the Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar by approximately 10%. It is difficult to predict how long such depreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar may last and when and how the relationship between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may change again. All of our revenue and substantially all of our costs are denominated in Renminbi. We are a holding company and we rely on dividends paid by our operating subsidiaries in China for our cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADSs in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount. Proceedings brought by the SEC against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in our inability to file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certain PRC-based companies under the SEC’s investigation. 57 Table of Contents On January 22, 2014, the administrative law judge, or the ALJ, presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit workpapers to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. On February 12, 2014, the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms appealed the ALJ’s initial decision to the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the Chinese accounting firms reached a settlement with the SEC whereby the proceedings were stayed. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents would normally be made to the CSRC. The Chinese accounting firms would receive requests matching those under Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and would be required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance would require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. The CSRC for its part initiated a procedure whereby, under its supervision and subject to its approval, requested classes of documents held by the accounting firms could be sanitized of problematic and sensitive content so as to render them capable of being made available by the CSRC to US regulators. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four PRC-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice at the end of four years starting from the settlement date, which was on February 6, 2019. Despite the final ending of the proceedings, the presumption is that all parties will continue to apply the same procedures: i.e. the SEC will continue to make its requests for the production of documents to the CSRC, and the CSRC will normally process those requests applying the sanitisation procedure. We cannot predict whether, in cases where the CSRC does not authorize production of requested documents to the SEC, the SEC will further challenge the four PRC-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law. If additional challenges are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding PRC-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected. If the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States. Our ADSs may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in China. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections deprives our investors with the benefits of such inspections. The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections on accounting firms in the PRC without the approval of the Chinese government authorities. The auditor and its audit work in the PRC may not be inspected fully by the PCAOB. Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating the PRC auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, we could be delisted from the NYSE and our ADSs will not be permitted for trading “over-the-counter” either. Such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a delisting would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. 58 Table of Contents Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“AHFCAA”), which, if signed into law, would amend the HFCAA and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years. In addition, the documentation we may be required to submit to the SEC proving certain beneficial ownership requirements and establishing that we are not owned or controlled by a foreign government in the event that we use a foreign public accounting firm not subject to inspection by the PCAOB or where the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate our accounting practices or financial statements because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction could be onerous and time consuming to prepare. The HFCAA mandates the SEC to identify issuers of SEC-registered securities whose audited financial reports are prepared by an accounting firm that the PCAOB is unable to inspect due to restrictions imposed by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction where the audits are performed. If such identified issuer’s auditor cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, the trading of such issuer’s securities on any U.S. national securities exchanges, as well as any over-the-counter trading in the U.S., will be prohibited. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. An identified issuer will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (i) China, and (ii) Hong Kong. Our independent registered public accounting firm is located in and organized under the laws of the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, and therefore our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB. Any of these actions, or uncertainties in the market about the possibility of such actions, could adversely affect our access to the U.S. capital markets and the price of our shares. Future developments in respect of increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information are uncertain, as the legislative developments are subject to the legislative process and the regulatory developments are subject to the rule-making process and other administrative procedures. Other developments in U.S. laws and regulatory environment, including but not limited to executive orders such as Executive Order (E.O.) 13959, “Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies,” may further restrict our access to the U.S. capital markets and the price of our shares. If our auditor is unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time, we could be delisted from the NYSE and our ADSs will not be permitted for trading “over-the-counter” either. Such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a delisting would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. 59 Table of Contents The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities. Any actions by Chinese government, including any decision to intervene or influence our operations or to exert control over any offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to our operation, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, data information, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties. As such, our business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub- divisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges or enter into the VIE Agreements in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether we will be denied or rescinded. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC federal or local government to obtain such permission and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange and/or enter into VIE Agreements, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry. Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs The trading price of the ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you. The trading price of our ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance, and fluctuation in market prices, of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including Internet companies, online retail and mobile commerce platforms and consumer finance service providers, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009, the second half of 2011 and in 2015, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of the ADSs. In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of the ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following: ● regulatory developments affecting us or our industry; ● announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our credit offerings or those of our competitors; ● changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other consumer finance service providers; ● actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results; 60 Table of Contents ● changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts; ● conditions in the market for consumer finance services; ● announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures, capital raisings or capital commitments; ● additions to or departures of our senior management; ● fluctuations of exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar; ● allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial; inadequate corporate governance policies, or allegations of fraud, among other things, involving China-based issuers; ● release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding shares or ADSs; and ● sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for the ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades the ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline. Because we do not expect to pay dividends periodically in the foreseeable future, you may mainly rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend mainly upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs. 61 Table of Contents Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of the ADSs in the public market could cause the price of the ADSs to decline. Sales of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the ADSs to decline significantly. The total number of ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022 was 329,117,943 ordinary shares, comprised of 231,517,943 Class A ordinary shares and 97,600,000 Class B ordinary shares. All ADSs representing our ordinary shares will be freely transferable by persons other than our “affiliates” without restriction or additional registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All of the other ordinary shares outstanding will be available for sale, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these ordinary shares may be released prior to the expiration of the applicable lock-up period at the discretion of the designated representatives. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the applicable lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of the ADSs could decline significantly. Certain major holders of our ordinary shares will have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the applicable lock-up periods in connection with our initial public offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these ADSs in the public market could cause the price of the ADSs to decline significantly. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of your Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as holder of the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary may try to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with those instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to enable you to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our second amended and restated articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting material in time to ensure you can direct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. 62 Table of Contents Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings. We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings. You may not receive non-cash distributions if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to you. To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary has agreed to distribute to you the securities or other property it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement. If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and / or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. 63 Table of Contents Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct our operations outside the United States and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, substantially all of our directors and executive officers and the experts named in this annual report reside outside the United States, and most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against them in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, China or other relevant jurisdiction may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China. You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than copies of our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges, and copies of any special resolutions passed by the shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors will have discretion under our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Cayman Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders. 64 Table of Contents Our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares, including ordinary share represented by ADSs, at a premium. We have adopted the second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association which became effective immediately prior to the completion of our initial public offering that contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADS. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain other provisions that could limit the ability of third parties to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in a transaction resulting in a change of control. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: ● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; ● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; ● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and ● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance. However, if we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under the NYSE corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. 65 Table of Contents There is a significant risk that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for 2020 and we may be a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ADSs or our ordinary shares. In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the quarterly value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes interest (and income equivalent to interest), dividends, rents, royalties and gains from financial investments. Cash is generally a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill (which may be determined by reference to the excess of the sum of the corporation’s market capitalization and liabilities over the value of its assets) is an active asset to the extent attributable to business activities that produce active income. Due to the decrease in our market capitalization and uncertainties as to the proper classification of certain items of our income and assets for purposes of the PFIC rules, there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC for our 2020 taxable year. The proper application of the PFIC rules to us is not clear. For example, it is uncertain whether for purposes of the PFIC rules we should be treated as the owner of the Consolidated Trusts’ assets. Although such trusts are consolidated on our financial statements for accounting purposes, based on the manner in which we and the trusts currently operate and the nature of our rights and obligations with respect to the trusts, we believe it is reasonable to treat the trusts’ assets (to the extent not attributable to any investment by us in the trusts) as not owned by us for purposes of the PFIC rules, but there can be no assurance in this regard. If the trusts’ assets were treated as owned by us for PFIC purposes, we would be a PFIC for our 2020 taxable year. Moreover, the value of our goodwill for 2020 was not a positive amount and it is not entirely clear how the percentage of our active assets should be calculated in such circumstances, and to what extent certain assets shown on our balance sheet should be treated as active for purposes of determining our PFIC status. In addition, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our VIEs will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules. Because we exercise effective control over the operation of our VIEs and are entitled to substantially all of their income, we believe it is appropriate to treat the VIEs as owned by us for purposes of the PFIC rules. However, there can be no assurance in this regard and we may be a PFIC for any taxable year if our VIEs are not treated as owned by us for such purposes. For these reasons, there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC for our taxable 2020 year and that we will be a PFIC for our current and future taxable years. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owns ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. For example, a U.S. investor may be subject to increased tax liabilities and generally will be subject to certain reporting requirements. See “Item 10. Additional Information—10.E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.” We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.” Since the completion of our initial public offering, we have incurred significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the NYSE, imposes various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1,070,000,000 in total annual gross revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of the provision that allow us to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable. 66 Table of Contents We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY 4.A. History and Development of the Company Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong, was incorporated in March 2014 and controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang. In August 2014, we, through Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong, began to facilitate investment products to individual investors in China with a variety of terms and rates of return to meet the demand from individual investors. In July 2015, Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong commenced loan facilitation business to facilitate loan products to borrowers who are underserved by the current traditional financial system in China. In October 2016, entities controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, Mr. Baoguo Zhu and other investors incorporated Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Xiaoying. In December 2016, Shenzhen Xiaoying acquired all of the equity interest in Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong. In December 2017, we underwent a restructuring in contemplation of our initial public offering. After such restructuring, the shareholders of Shenzhen Xiaoying were changed to Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, entities controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and Mr. Baoguo Zhu. In March 2015, our co-founders, Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and Mr. Baoguo Zhu, incorporated Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd, or Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, which is controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang. In December 2016, Xi’an Bailu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., or Xi’an Bailu, incorporated Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Tangren, a company holding a financing guarantee license. Xi’an Bailu, which holds 100% equity interest in Shenzhen Tangren, is ultimately controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and two other individuals who are his business partners, while the capital contribution of Shenzhen Tangren paid by Xi’an Bailu was borrowed from Shenzhen Xiaoying. In January 2015, we incorporated Winning Financial Service Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, which later changed its name to X Financial in August 2017. Subsequently, we incorporated YZT (HK) Limited as X Financial’s wholly-owned subsidiary and our intermediate holding company to facilitate financing. In October 2015, YZT (HK) Limited incorporated Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing WFOE, as its wholly-owned subsidiary in the PRC, through which we obtained control over Shenzhen Tangren on a series of contractual arrangements entered into on December 16, 2016 when Shenzhen Tangren was formed and Beijing Ying Zhong Tong and Shenzhen Xiaoying (together with Shenzhen Tangren, the VIEs) on a series of contractual arrangements entered into on December 22, 2017, respectively. Such contractual arrangements consist of equity pledge agreements, shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement, spousal consent letter, and exclusive business cooperation agreements, exclusive call option agreements. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and their Shareholders” for details. In September 2018, we completed an initial public offering of 11,763,478 ADSs (including the ADSs sold upon the exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters), representing 23,526,956 Class A ordinary shares. On September 19, 2018, our ADSs were listed on the NYSE under the symbol “XYF.” 67 Table of Contents On May 31, 2021, Shenzhen Xiaoying Microcredit Co., Ltd. , or Xiaoying Microcredit, was incorporated in the PRC with online microcredit business operating license by Shenzhen Xiaoying. Shenzhen Xiaoying had completed the capital contributions of RMB1 billion to Xiaoying Microcredit by the end of November, 2021. Our corporate headquarters is located at 7-8F, Block A, Aerospace Science and Technology Plaza, No. 168, Haide Third Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518067, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-0755-86282977. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. We maintain a website at http://ir.xiaoyinggroup.com/ that contains information about our Company, but that information is not part of this report or incorporated by reference herein. Share Repurchase Program In March 2022, our board of directors has approved a share repurchase plan under which the Company may repurchase up to US$15 million worth of its Class A ordinary shares in the form of American depositary shares (“ADSs”) over the next eighteen months, effective until September, 2023. Under the share repurchase plan, the repurchase may be made from time to time through various means, including open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, and through other legally permissible means, depending on market conditions and in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. The manner, timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined by the our management in its discretion based on its evaluation of various factors. We expect to fund repurchases out of its existing cash balance. 4.B. Business Overview Overview X financial is a leading online personal finance company in China. We are committed to connecting borrowers on our platform with institutional funding partners. With proprietary big data-driven technology, we have established strategic partnerships with financial institutions across multiple areas of its business operations, enabling us to facilitating loans to prime borrowers under a robust risk assessment and control system. We offer differentiated products specifically catered to the financing needs of individuals in China. Our main category of loan products is Xiaoying Credit Loan, a category of online personal credit loan products facilitated through our platform, including Xiaoying Card Loan, Xiaoying Preferred Loan and other unsecured loan products that we introduce from time to time. Xiaoying Card Loan is our flagship product under Xiaoying Credit Loan, which offers borrowers a combination of small credit line and attractive APR in China. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in October 2019. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan at the end of 2020 to optimize our product portfolio with a focus on Xiaoying Card Loan, which targets prime borrowers and has proven to meet customers’ needs and fits better into our strategy to drive long-term profitable growth. Xiaoying Revolving Loan was a category of products that provide borrowers with a credit limit, enabling borrowers to repay the borrowed amount at any time with an interest-free period or repay by installments. The major product under the category Xiaoying Revolving Loan was Yaoqianhua, initially named as Xiaoying Wallet when it was launched in August 2018. 68 Table of Contents Our proven risk management and credit assessment capabilities, and the accompanying insurance/guarantee protection from third parties, enable us to attract a diversified and low-cost funding base to support our growth. Before 2020, we had both individual investors and corporate investors on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform, a platform that was designed for investors who invested in our loan products by providing funding for such loans. At the end of 2019, we ceased funding our loan products from our individual investors through Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. We have established a long-term collaboration relationship with institutional funding partners, including banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other financial institutions. Institutional funding partners have become our major funding source for our loan products, as we gradually reduced the funds from individual investors in 2019. We actively expanded institutional funding and achieved 100% institutional funding for the new loans facilitated by the end of the second quarter of 2020. As of December 17, 2020, the Company had repaid all the outstanding investment principal and interest to individual investors who previously made investments as a P2P investor through Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. In May 2021, we obtained a network microcredit license from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality and started online microcredit business in July 2021 by providing loans funded from own capital. As of December 31, 2021, our registered capital for microcredit reached RMB1,000,000,000. In 2019, 68.1% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 26.6% were provided by corporate investors and institutional funding partners, and 5.3% were provided by our own funds. In 2020, 4.7% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 95.3% were provided by institutional funding partners. In 2021, 98.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by institutional funding partners and 2.0% were provided by our own funds. In 2019, 2020, and 2021, the overall funding cost for the loans we facilitated was 7.72%, 8.31%, and 8.62% respectively. Our business model is light in labor commitment, and we believe we manage our transaction and operating costs in an effective way. Benefiting from our superior loan product offerings, strong credit performance and accompanying insurance/guarantee protection, we continue to expand our user base primarily through referral without incurring significant sales and marketing expenses, resulting in relatively low user acquisition costs. Furthermore, our highly automated risk management system and technology infrastructure enable us to automatically facilitate a large number of transactions simultaneously. In 2019, 2020, and 2021, our net revenue per employee was RMB4,456,000, RMB4,798,599, and RMB8,552,983 respectively, and our general and administrative expenses as a percentage of our total net revenues was 7.4%, 8.3%, and 5.2% respectively. We utilize data-driven and technology-empowered credit analysis. Our proprietary risk control system, WinSAFE, builds risk profiles of our prospective borrowers upon data from reputable credit information providers employed by traditional financial institutions, augmented by a variety of social and behavioral data from internet and mobile platforms not typically utilized by traditional financial institutions. Leveraging data analysis and machine learning in assessing a borrower’s value, repayment capability and propensity, we are able to offer differentiated credit limits to borrowers based on individual credit assessment result. Our rigorous data-driven credit assessment methodology has helped us to achieve a strategic balance between borrower expansion and asset quality control. In 2019, 2020, and 2021, the total loans we facilitated amounted to RMB39,441 million, RMB29,676 million, and RMB51,859 million, respectively, while the delinquency rate for all outstanding loans that were 31-60 days past due increased from 0.79% as of December 31, 2020 to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. We benefit from our strategic partnership with various licensed financial institutional cooperators. The protection offered by their credit insurance or financing guarantee on the loans that we facilitate significantly enhances our intuitional funding partners’ trust in our business. Our risk management system is also strengthened by those financial institutional cooperators’ insurance or guarantee decision opinion. Our financial institutional cooperators’ credit assessment models are based on information from various databases, including information from PBOC CRC which is only available to licensed financial institutions. Our financial institutional cooperators’ insurance or guarantee decision opinion serves as one of the inputs of our comprehensive credit risk management system, along with other behavior and credit information. We also partner with Baihang Credit, the second largest licensed individual credit bureau in China, which integrates, saves and processes the data collected from its partner companies and provides information searching and other additional services to its partner companies in return. The cooperation strengthens our credit assessment system and allows us to quickly and accurately assess the creditworthiness of borrowers, target a broader user base for financial services, and reduce the cost of risk management. According to a new regulation, loan facilitation platforms are restricted from submitting credit assessment-related personal data directly to financial institutions, and such data transfer must be conducted through a licensed credit agency. In response, we have been working closely with Baihang Credit to execute a plan to comply with the new regulation. 69 Table of Contents We generate revenues primarily from (i) the fees that we charge for our service of matching institutional funding partners with borrowers (i.e., our loan facilitation service) and for other services we provide over the lifetime of the loan (i.e., our post-origination service and guarantee service); (ii) interests from borrowers from our microcredit business and the financing fees we charges for the loans facilitated through the Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships (i.e., our financing income). Our consolidated VIE, Shenzhen Tangren, and external financing guarantee companies charge borrowers a guarantee fee, a portion of which will be subsequently paid to us as the service fee. We also charge service fees directly to certain institutional funding partners. In 2019, our service fee rate (annualized based on original amount of loan principal) of our major loan products ranged from 0.0% to 24.1% and the service fees we charged for loan facilitation services, post-origination services and guarantee services accounted for 72.0%, 10.7% and 1.8%, respectively, of our total net revenues. In 2020, our service fee rate (annualized based on original amount of loan principal) of our major loan products ranged from 0.0% to 21.4% and the service fees we charged for loan facilitation services, post-origination services and guarantee services accounted for 59.6%, 9.3% and 0.7%, respectively, of our total net revenues. In 2021, our service fee rate (annualized based on original amount of loan principal) of our major loan products ranged from 0.1% to 11.8% and the service fees we charged for loan facilitation services, post-origination services and guarantee services accounted for 70.2%, 8.7%, and 0.4%, respectively, of our total net revenues. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, our financing income accounted for 13.2%, 27.9%, and 18.5%, respectively, of our total net revenues. The total borrowing cost is expressed as APR, the actual annualized cost of borrowing over the term of a loan. The following table sets forth the APR range of our major loan products for the periods indicated. Loan Product Xiaoying Credit Loan (1) Xiaoying Revolving Loan (2) Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms (3) Note: 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2020 9.67%~36.00 % 17%~36 % 12.50%~12.50 % 1.35%~36.00 % 8.00%~36.00 % 14.37%~25.27 % — % 4.39 % 2021 8.00%~24.38 % — — — (1) Xiaoying Credit Loan is a category of online personal credit loan products facilitated through our platform, including Xiaoying Card Loan, Xiaoying Preferred Loan and other unsecured loan products that we introduce from time to time. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in October 2019. (2) Xiaoying Revolving Loan is category of products that provide borrowers with a credit limit, enabling borrowers to repay the borrowed amount at any time with an interest-free period or repay by installments. The major product under the category Xiaoying Revolving Loan is Yaoqianhua, initially named as Xiaoying Wallet when it was launched in August 2018. We have ceased the operation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2020. (3) Different from APR used to express the total borrowing cost for our loan products, the figures set forth in the table represent the service fee range we collect from borrowers referred from other platforms for loans successfully allocated to investors or other funding sources. We have ceased to facilitate loans for other platforms in 2020. Our total net revenue was RMB3,088.1 million in 2019, RMB2,193.0 million in 2020, and RMB3,626.5 million (US$569.1 million) in 2021. We had a net income of RMB825.4 million (US$129.5 million) in 2021, compared to a net loss of RMB1,308.5 million in 2020. Our Borrowers and Loan Products Overview We strategically target the prime borrowers underserved by traditional financial institutions. We believe we set a high standard of credit quality by defining our borrowers as prime borrowers, who we define as an individual having sound credit history, who has credit records with PBOC CRC and usually no late payment record of over 60 days in the previous six months. For the determination of a prime borrower, we review their credit history, along with our sophisticated risk management review system. 70 Table of Contents Our differentiated loan product suite addresses the financing needs of our target prime borrower segments. Xiaoying Credit Loan is our main category of loan products, which consists of Xiaoying Card Loan catering to the young consumers, Xiaoying Preferred Loan catering to small business owners and other unsecured loan products that we introduce from time to time. Xiaoying Revolving Loan mainly consists of Yaoqianhua (initially named as Xiaoying Wallet) catering to online purchasing users. Xiaoying Housing Loan caters to the property owners. Our Xiaoying Credit Loan and Xiaoying Revolving Loan are unsecured loan products and our Xiaoying Housing Loan is a secured loan product. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan and Xiaoying Housing Loan in 2019. And we ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan and loan facilitation for other platforms in 2020. In 2021, we focus on our flagship product, Xiaoying Card Loan, which offers borrowers a combination of small credit line and attractive APR in China. We facilitated loans to 8,175,373 active borrowers, each of whom made at least one transaction on our platform during the period from the commencement of our loan facilitation business to December 31, 2021. The number of our active borrowers decreased from 2,152,962 in 2019 to 1,663,737 in 2020 and then increased to 2,371,537 in 2021. The amount of loans we facilitated to borrowers decreased from RMB39,441 million in 2019 to RMB29,676 million in 2020 and then increased to RMB51,859 million in 2021. The table below sets forth the breakdown of loan facilitation amount by product for the periods indicated. Loan Product Xiaoying Credit Loan (1) Xiaoying Revolving Loan (2) Xiaoying Housing Loan (3) Loan facilitation services to other platforms (4) Total Notes: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2021 RMB in millions 29,825 4,780 31 4,805 39,441 % 75.6 % 12.1 % 0.1 % 12.2 % 100.0 % RMB in millions 24,057 5,618 N/A 1 29,676 % 81.1 % 18.9 % N/A 0.0 % 100.0 % RMB in millions 51,859 N/A N/A N/A 51,859 % 100 % N/A N/A N/A 100 % (1) The data set forth herein includes Xiaoying Card Loan, Xiaoying Preferred Loan and other unsecured loan products that we operated during 2020. Xiaoying Card Loan was launched in December 2016. Xiaoying Preferred Loan was launched in November 2015 and was ceased in October 2019. (2) The major product under the category Xiaoying Revolving Loan is Yaoqianhua, initially named as Xiaoying Wallet when it was launched in August 2018. We ceased the operation of Yaoqianhua in December 2020. (3) Xiaoying Housing Loan was launched in July 2015 and ceased in February 2019. (4) We started to provide loan facilitation services to other platforms in December 2015. We have ceased to facilitate loans for other platforms in 2020. Loans that are delinquent for more than 60 days are charged-off and excluded in the outstanding balance, except for Xiaoying Housing Loan. As Xiaoying Housing Loan is a secured loan product and we are entitled to payment by exercising our rights to the collaterals, we do not exclude Xiaoying Housing loan delinquent for more 60 days in the outstanding loan balance. The outstanding balance of loans we facilitated to borrowers decreased from RMB16.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 to RMB13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020 and then increased to RMB24.9 billion as of December 31, 2021. The table below sets forth the breakdown of outstanding loan balance by product as of the dates indicated. Loan Product Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms Total As of December 31, 2019 RMB in millions % 13,090 1,446 156 1,378 16,070 81.5 % 9.0 % 1.0 % 8.5 % 100 % 71 As of December 31, 2020 RMB in millions 12,714 399 105 0 13,218 As of December 31, 2021 RMB in millions % 24,864 % 96.2 % 3.0 % 0.8 % 0.0 % 0 48 N/A 100.0 % 24,912 99.8 % 0.0 % 0.2 % N/A 100 % Table of Contents To make the outstanding loan balance comparable to our peers, we also present the outstanding loan balance excluding loans overdue more than 180 days, except for Xiaoying Housing Loan. The outstanding balance of loans we facilitated to borrowers decreased from RMB17.3 billion as of December 31, 2019 to RMB13.7 billion as of December 31, 2020 and then increased to RMB25.9 billion as of December 31, 2021. The table below sets forth the breakdown of outstanding loan balance by product as of the dates indicated. Loan Product Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms Total As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2021 RMB in millions 14,230 1,503 156 1,378 17,267 % 82.4 % 8.7 % 0.9 % 8.0 % 100.0 % RMB in millions 13,075 482 105 0 13,662 % 95.7 % 3.5 % 0.8 % 0.0 % 100.0 % RMB in millions 25,859 1 48 N/A 25,908 % 99.8 % 0.0 % 0.2 % N/A 100 % The transaction process on our platform provides our borrowers with a streamlined and standardized process of loan application and funding with step-by-step instructions including the following stages: ● First stage: an applicant submits loan application with their PRC identity card information, bank card information and mobile phone number. ● Second stage: verification of the applicant’s information through our authentication technologies and multiple databases upon the authorization by the applicant. ● Third stage: the first credit assessment of the applicant by our propriety risk control model and the second credit assessment of the applicant by our financial institutional cooperators’ risk control model. ● Fourth stage: approval of loan application, loan listing and the disbursement of funds to borrowers after the credit assessment of our institutional funding’s risk control model. After the completion of funding, we also provide servicing and collection services. The transaction process varies in certain stages for different loan products. The details of transaction process for Xiaoying Credit Loan, Xiaoying Revolving Loan and Xiaoying Housing Loan are described below, respectively. Xiaoying Credit Loan Considering that both Xiaoying Card Loan and Xiaoying Preferred Loan are unsecured online personal credit loan products, in 2018 we integrated those two products with similar features into one general product category, Xiaoying Credit Loan, to improve management efficiency. We have ceased the facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan since October 2019. We may introduce other unsecured loan products from time to time under the category of Xiaoying Credit Loan. Xiaoying Card Loan Launched in December 2016, Xiaoying Card Loan, primarily an online personal credit loan product, is our flagship product targeting prime borrowers. Borrowers Xiaoying Card Loan’s target borrowers are primarily young consumers who are in the early stages of their careers with insufficient credit lines granted by traditional credit card issuers, and they choose Xiaoying Card Loan to supplement their credit lines to fulfill their consumption needs. 72 Table of Contents Products We offer Xiaoying card loan in amounts ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB80,000 with terms of three, six, nine and twelve installments. Borrowers usually repay the principal and interest accrued based on the original principal amount in equal monthly installments, provided that, prior to December 7, 2017, we deducted part of the service fees from the loan principal in advance and received the remaining service fees paid by borrowers in equal monthly installments. In October 2017, we introduced a new loan product “Xiaoying Professional Loan” to credit card holders who have been assigned with the highest credit grade by our risk management system and require long-term liquidity and large-amount capital. Xiaoying Professional Loan has a term of one to three years. Borrowers of this product can repay at any time after three months of origination and all monthly service fees for the remaining period is waived upon termination. We started to operate and manage Xiaoying Professional Loan under Xiaoying Card Loan since January 1, 2018. In 2019 ,2020 and 2021, the average APR of Xiaoying Card Loan paid by borrowers was 29.73%, 21.9%, and 19.34%. We facilitated 1,919,735 loans, 2,462,468 loans, and 4,926,629 loans for Xiaoying Card Loans in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The total loan amount of Xiaoying Card Loan we facilitated decreased from RMB27,702 million in 2019 to RMB23,841 million in 2020 and then increased to RMB51,859 million in 2021. The average loan amount per transaction was RMB14,430 in 2019, RMB9,682 in 2020, and RMB10,526 in 2021. The outstanding balance of Xiaoying Card Loan we facilitated to borrowers increased from RMB11,631 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB12,615 million as of December 31, 2020 and further to RMB24,864 million as of December 31, 2021. Transaction Process We facilitate most of Xiaoying Card Loan through mobile application which is a simple, secure and convenient loan application process. The following diagram illustrates a simplified transaction process of Xiaoying Card Loan: Stage 1: Application Applicants of Xiaoying Card Loan must first register a user account by providing requested personal details, including mobile phone number and PRC identity card information. With the applicant’s authorization, the PRC identity card will be automatically captured and recognized by our authentication module through Optical Character Recognition, or OCR technology. Applicants are also required to do specific poses facing the front camera of their phones to complete automatic biometric recognition. When the registered users choose their desired loan amount and term of a loan product, they are required to further provide additional information including current residential addresses, contacts and debit card information used for monthly repayment. Stage 2: Verification Upon submission of a completed application, we verify each applicant’s information using multiple authentication technologies and internal and external databases, including, among others, face scanning and OCR technology, the internal and industry blacklist provided by third party database and the mobile activities of the applicant, to identify and screen for fraudulent applications. See “—Risk Management” for details. 73 Table of Contents Stage 3: Credit Assessment Once an applicant’s information is input into our proprietary risk control system, WinSAFE, we will conduct credit assessment based on our database. We will also send the identity information of the applicant to our financial institutional cooperators and receive their credit opinion on insurance or guarantee based on their credit analysis model. We will, in accordance with our own risk management strategies, embed such credit opinion on insurance or guarantee into our risk management model for determining and assigning each applicant a credit grade. Such credit grade is a comprehensive credit level reflecting our prediction of the applicant’s likelihood of future delinquency, considering multiple factors, among others, the applicant’s ability to fund repayment obligations. We continue to optimize our risk management model as we modify and identify more effective proxies to estimate an applicant’s income level. We constantly incorporate new information into our credit assessment process with our own accumulated data as well as external third party collaboration such as other online lending platforms to better evaluate the overall indebtedness of the applicant and his or her likelihood to repay our loans with loans from other platforms. Credit grade will not be adjusted until the same applicant applies for another loan, when the repayment history of all the existing loans will be added into the risk model to determine the credit grade for the new loan application. See “—Risk Management” for a detailed description of WinSAFE and other aspects of our risk management. Stage 4: Approval and Funding Following the credit assessment, we may (i) approve the loan application, (ii) approve the loan subject to modification of the loan amount, or (iii) decline the loan application. Applicants are notified of the results. Once the applicant’s loan application is approved, we may send the application to institutional funding partners for their credit assessment. Once a loan is fully subscribed after the credit assessment of our institutional funding’s risk control model, funds are transferred to the borrower’s account. The borrower will enter into related agreements for funding. Stage 5: Servicing and Collection We provide repayment reminder services through in-app notifications, SMSs or phone calls by our service representatives before the due date for each scheduled repayment. We collect a penalty fee from a defaulting borrower on a daily basis for past due loan principal. We establish a score model to differentiate the risk level of a defaulting borrower based on the type of loan products, outstanding amount, delinquent days and historical repayment pattern. We adopt various approaches, including text messages, phone calls and other legitimate actions to request repayment of the delinquent loan balance and accrued interests and default charges. We outsource most of our collection services to third party collection agencies and we require them to use our serving and collection system and comply with our guidelines and standards. We also monitor the performance of such third party collection agencies to ensure appropriate collection methods and practices through KPI monitoring, phone call recording playback, site visits, complaint call playback, internal training, as well as assessments. Borrower Acquisition and Retention Xiaoying Card Loan is very attractive to prime borrowers looking for a combination of small credit line and attractive APR. Supported by our advanced credit analytics, we are able to deliver a superior user experience through user-friendly loan application process, efficient credit decision, and speedy remittance, which in turn enables us to expand our borrower base. We also advertise our loan products and loan facilitation services through online channels, including our website and mobile application and cooperation with search engines, app stores, third party apps and WeChat self-media public accounts. We continue to provide existing borrowers with convenient lending services to enhance borrower stickiness. For borrowers with good transaction history, we may raise their loan limit, offer discounted service fees and a better referral program. 74 Table of Contents Xiaoying Preferred Loan Launched in November 2015, Xiaoying Preferred Loan is a high-credit-limit unsecured personal loan product. We have strategically ceased the facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan since October 2019 due to the high cost of its servicing and collection and the related risks. Xiaoying Preferred Loan’s target borrowers were primarily self-employed business owners with established credit record who have liquidity and capital needs for daily operations. As for loans that were previously funded by investors of Xiaoying Wealth Management platform, the credit line primarily ranged from RMB100,000 to RMB200,000. As for loans funded by our institutional funding partners, the credit line could be up to RMB600,000. Borrowers usually repaid the principal and interest accrued based on the original principal amount in equal monthly installments. In 2018 and 2019, the APR of Xiaoying Preferred Loan paid by borrowers was 17.96% and 17.51%, respectively. We facilitated 36,982 and 19,457 loans of Xiaoying Preferred Loans in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The loan amount of Xiaoying Preferred Loan we facilitated decreased from RMB6,653 million in 2018 to RMB2,115 million in 2019. The average loan amount per transaction was RMB179,886 in 2018 and RMB108,720 in 2019. The outstanding balance of Xiaoying Preferred Loan we facilitated to borrowers was RMB1,452 million as of December 31, 2019 to compare with nil as of December 31, 2020. Xiaoying Revolving Loan In August 2018, we introduced Xiaoying Revolving Loan (mainly including Yaoqianhua, which was previously named as Xiaoying Wallet), which is an evolving loan product for online purchases and mobile payments. Borrowers are able to use Xiaoying Revolving Loan to have a credit limit, and they can repay the borrowed amount at any time, enjoying an interest-free period of up to 7 or 32 days depending on a user’s rating. Borrowers are also able to choose to repay by 3, 6, 10 or 11 monthly installments through Xiaoying Revolving Loan. We ceased the operation of Yaoqianhua in December 2020 and currently we do not have any other new loan products under the category of Xiaoying Revolving Loan. We facilitated 12,194,632 and 13,357,630 loans of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2019 and 2020. The total loan amount of Xiaoying Revolving Loan we facilitated was RMB4,780 million in 2019 and RMB5,618 million in 2020. The outstanding balance of Xiaoying Revolving Loan we facilitated to borrowers is RMB0.01 million as of December 31, 2021. Xiaoying Housing Loan In July 2015, we started to facilitate Xiaoying Housing Loan, a home equity loan product secured by properties owned by borrowers. Xiaoying Housing Loan’s target borrowers are primarily small business owners holding properties with short-term liquidity and capital needs for daily operations and consumption. Since February 2019, we have strategically ceased the facilitation of Xiaoying Housing Loan due to the time-consuming foreclosure process of underlying collateral for defaulted loans. Xiaoying Housing Loan was offered in a large credit line ranging from RMB100,000 to RMB10,000,000 with collateral of properties. Xiaoying Housing Loan was funded by institutional funding partners, thus it is not subject to the upper limits on the outstanding loan balance under applicable laws regulating online lending information services. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Lending Information Services”. We primarily offer loan products with an average term of six months and borrowers usually make monthly repayments of interests accrued on the original principal amount followed by a lump sum payment of the principal upon maturity. In 2018, 2019, the APR of Xiaoying Housing Loan paid by borrowers was 11.86%, 12.5%, respectively. The number of Xiaoying Housing loan facilitated in 2019 and 2020 was 19 and nil, respectively, which represents the total number of transactions of loan facilitation during the relevant period. The total loan amount of Xiaoying Housing Loan we facilitated was RMB31 million in 2019 and nil in 2020. The average loan amount per transaction was approximately RMB1.6 million in 2019 and nil in 2020. The outstanding balance of Xiaoying Housing Loan we facilitated to borrowers decreased from RMB156 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB105 million as of December 31, 2020, and further to RMB48 million as of December 31, 2021. We facilitated Xiaoying Housing Loan through offline channels in China. Borrowers of Xiaoying Housing Loan entered into an entrusted guarantee agreement and a security agreement with Shenzhen Tangren under which the borrower payed fees to Shenzhen Tangren for providing guarantee to the investor or institutional funding partners of Xiaoying Housing Loan and established mortgage in its real properties as a security for Shenzhen Tangren’s guarantee services. Shenzhen Tangren is our consolidated VIE with financing guarantee license which has provided guarantee to Xiaoying Housing Loan since September 2017. Prior to that, some of our entities provided such guarantee. 75 Table of Contents Loan Facilitation Services to Other Platforms In December 2015, we started to cooperate with selected financial technology companies and facilitate loan products designed by them to their referred borrowers. Such loans have terms primarily ranging from one to three months. Through such cooperation, we have expanded our borrower acquisition channels. In 2020, we cooperated with one financial technology companies. The total loan amount we facilitated for other platforms was RMB4,805 million in 2019, RMB1 million in 2020. We have ceased to facilitate loans for other platforms since the second half of 2020. The outstanding balance of loans we facilitated for other platforms was RMB1,378 million as of December 31, 2019 compare with nil as of December 31, 2020. We carefully select the financial technology companies for cooperation based on various factors including their business model and performance, financial condition, experiences of the management team, risk control capabilities, compliance and reputation in accordance with our systemic cooperative admission policies. Those selected financial technology companies conduct their credit analysis and approval before referring borrowers from their platforms to us. In addition, we conduct separate identity verification to decline those borrowers with high risks under our risk management system. We collect service fees from borrowers referred from the selected financial technology companies for loans successfully allocated to investors or institutional funding partners, and the average service fee rate was 2.93% in 2019 and 4.39% in 2020. We require the selected financial technology companies to provide credit enhancements on the loans facilitated to the borrowers referred to us, including compensating us and/or purchasing back such loans if they are in default. Depending on the credit ability and business performance of those financial technology companies and the historical default rate of the borrowers they referred to us, we may also require them to pay us a deposit, ranging from 2% to 10% of the amount of principal of loans we facilitated, from which we are entitled to deduct if they fail to compensate the defaulted loans referred to us. In general, we monitor the outstanding balance of loans we facilitated to the borrowers referred from the financial technology companies on a daily basis. We will require the financial technology companies to make contribution if the deposit amount falls below the agreed percentage (i.e., 2% to 10%) of the amount of loan principals we facilitated. Each of the financial technology companies we cooperated with is required to pay the deposit prior to fund transfer and the outstanding balance of the deposit that we received from them was RMB21.0 million as of December 31, 2021. Our Investors and Institutional Funding Partners We used to provide investment products to individual investors on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. Since early 2019, the Company began the transformation of its business model from a P2P platform to a platform that focuses on the facilitation of its institutional funding partners to provide loans to borrowers. The change was initiated primarily in response to the rapidly evolving regulations in China, including requirements to reduce loan balance, investor count and fees for the P2P business. We ceased accepting new investment in our loan products from individual investors on the Xiaoying Wealth Management platform at the end of 2019 and achieved 100% institutional funding for the new loans facilitated by the end of the second quarter of 2020. In December 2020, we fully repaid the investment principals and interest to all of the individual investors who invested in our loan products on the Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. Individual investors are still able to purchase other financial products, including money market products and insurance products, on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. In May 2021, we obtained a network microcredit license from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality and started online microcredit business in July 2021. In 2019, 68.1% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 26.6% were provided by corporate investors and institutional funding partners, and 5.3% were provided by our own funds. In 2020, 4.7% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 95.3% were provided by institutional funding partners. In 2021, 98.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by institutional funding partners and 2.0% were provided by our own capital. As part of our efforts to expand our cooperation with institutional funding partners, we established a business relationship with certain trusts which were administered by third party trust companies. The trusts were set up to invest solely in the loans facilitated by us on our platform to provide returns to the beneficiaries of the trusts through interest payments made by the borrowers. In 2021, we further developed a new business model with certain trust partners. We and certain trusts jointly established several limited partnership enterprises, or LPs, to invest solely in the loans facilitated by us on our platform to provide returns to us through interest payments made by the borrowers. In terms of the partnership agreements, we, as the general partner, are responsible for the business operations of the LPs and authored to execute contracts on behalf of the LPs. We determine to consolidate these trusts and LPs as we have the power to direct the operating activities and absorb or enjoys the potential residual losses or returns of the trusts and LPs. 76 Table of Contents In connection with our collaboration with institutional funding partners, we have jointly established effective risk control management system. We work with various financial institutional cooperators, such as insurance company and financing guarantee companies to provide insurance or guarantee covering loans funded by institutional funding partners, which enhances the funding partners’ confidence and enables us to obtain funding sources at favorable terms. In light of the regulatory update, we have reviewed and adjusted our cooperation with banking financial institution partners, such as suspending certain cooperation, to better comply with the regulatory requirements. We ceased the online intermediary model in April 2017. We gradually reduced the volume of loans facilitated through the offline intermediary model with funding from banking financial institution partners after December 31, 2017 due to regulatory requirement and completely ceased such operations in February 2018. We continue the operations through the offline intermediary model with funding from other partners to the extent permitted under applicable laws and regulations. Those institutional funding partners may invest their funds in the loans facilitated under direct model and/or intermediary model, depending on their investment strategies. Our Partnership with Financial Institutional Cooperators We have established in-depth cooperation with ZhongAn who provides credit insurance to protect funding providers against default for both the principal and interest. We monitor ZhongAn’s financial condition and credit quality periodically through public information disclosed as required by PRC regulatory authorities since its establishment in October 2013 and by Hong Kong Stock Exchange since its listing in September 2017. As disclosed in ZhongAn’s 2021 annual report and 2020 annual report, ZhongAn’s comprehensive solvency margin ratio was 502%, 560%, and 472% as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. We have also established cooperation with high-quality financing guarantee companies who provide guarantee services to protect institutional funding partners from losses. Substantially all of them have at least AA credit rating issued by rating companies including China Lianhe Credit Rating Co., Ltd., China Chengxin Credit Management Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Lianhe Credit Information Service Co., Ltd. Our financing guarantee partners provide guarantee services covering both the North China and South China areas, most of which have a registered capital of more than RMB1 billion. As we have more cooperation with these financing guarantee companies, the amount of our loan facilitation insured by ZhongAn is decreasing. Credit Insurance and Guarantee Services Prior to September 2017, ZhongAn provided credit insurance to substantially all the loans we facilitated. ZhongAn initially reimbursed the loan principal and interest to the investor upon the borrower’s default. In order to maintain stable business relationship with ZhongAn, we would then at our sole discretion, compensate ZhongAn for substantially all the loan principal and interest default but have not been subsequently collected. From September 2017, we revised the arrangement with ZhongAn. Starting from 2020, we enter into a series of arrangements with various external financing guarantee companies, which is similar to the revised arrangement with ZhongAn. According to those arrangements, in addition to credit insurance or guarantee protection, Shenzhen Tangren, our consolidated VIE with the financing guarantee license, also provides a guarantee for certain loans we facilitate to protect institutional funding partners against defaults for both the principal and interest. Shenzhen Tangren will compensate those financial institutional partners for the amount they had paid under investors’ claims arising from defaults by borrowers; however, Shenzhen Tangren’s compensation obligation shall not exceed the pre-agreed Cap. The arrangements also clarify that in case of any adjustment to the guarantee service fee rate Shenzhen Tangren collectible from borrowers, the total guarantee service fees Shenzhen Tangren collectible from all borrowers will change accordingly and the upper limit of Shenzhen Tangren’s compensation obligation will also change in accordance with such adjustment. We have expanded our cooperation with high-quality external financing guarantee companies that provide guarantee services to protect institutional funding partners from losses incurred from borrowers’ defaults and charge guarantee fees from borrowers. A portion of guarantee fees will be subsequently paid to us by the external financing guarantee companies as the service fee. 77 Table of Contents Deposit Arrangement Starting from November 2019, we enter into a series of deposit arrangements with financing institutional cooperators. We are required to pay deposits to those financial institutional cooperators monthly or in accordance with an agreed payment schedule. The amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator, usually calculated by multiplying the outstanding loan balance on the reconciliation date by an agreed percent rate (“the standard amount”). The agreed percent rate may be adjusted from time to time. If the balance of the deposits exceeds the standard amount or supplementary payment of deposit is needed, the financial institutional cooperators shall refund the excess part to us or we shall make supplementary payment of deposit in accordance with an agreed payment schedule. Cooperation on Technology We cooperate with financial institutional cooperators in technology development. The risk decision system established by our financial institutional cooperators which is based on their credit analysis model, leveraging its resources and access to various databases, including PBOC CRC that is only available to licensed financial institutions. provide assistant services to our risk decision process. Such services include product management, business monitoring and management risk policies. In addition to our financial institutional cooperators’ decision and input, we also incorporate other credit and fraud related data and models to complete our full credit evaluation. Third Party Payment Service Providers We cooperate with third party payment service providers for the payment, settlement and clearance of the proceeds of the loans for our borrowers and investors. In choosing the third party payment agent, we take into consideration numerous criteria, including network infrastructure, security measures, reliability, information technology capabilities and experience. Risk Management We have adhered to the principal of “Respect Risk” in our operations since our establishment. Leveraging its extensive knowledge and in-depth insights in risk management from years of working experiences with large and reputable financial institutions, our risk management team has developed comprehensive risk management system, policies and measures covering data collection and reprocess, development and upgrading of risk control system, fraud detection and credit scoring and pricing. The three core elements of our risk management are data, technology and management. We base our credit assessment on rigorous quantitative analysis. We have developed our proprietary risk control system, WinSAFE, on the foundations of traditional consumer banking risk management modules with reputable credit information and big data generated from mobile internet to manage the risk in our daily operation. Data Collection and Reprocessing Sufficient and high-quality data is the foundation for effective risk management. We collect data that is directly provided and authorized for our use by the user and from multiple third party data providers. We cooperate with third party credit agencies for credit data of borrowers. Moreover, we accumulate data from social activities, including but not limited to, social circles, website activities, mobile behavior and contact information. All the data collected by our internal team enables us to build up a comprehensive credit database to analyze user data from both traditional consumer finance data and the big data generated from mobile internet relating to users’ social behavior and spending pattern that are typically ignored by traditional financial institutions. We take advantage of our accumulated massive data and have established a comprehensive profile of each user containing over 2,500 variables covering traditional consumer banking data and the big data generated from mobile internet, providing the solid base for our credit assessment and decision-making and differentiating us from other consumer finance companies who may only have data in certain areas. We utilize various data reprocessing technology such as data smoothing algorithm and social network graphic to ensure the reliability and accuracy of data and perform in- depth data analysis. 78 Table of Contents Risk Control System and Models We have independently developed our proprietary risk control system, WinSAFE, which is our decision center and is able to carry out thousands of testing simultaneously. Based on data collection, processing and analytics, through our WinSAFE system, we continue to fine-tune mobile lending credit policy through numerous tests each month to achieve best risk returns. The two major components of our risk management procedures are risk assessment model optimization and credit policy adjustments. The risk assessment model optimization maintains over 100 models primarily including logistics regression and machine learning models that are employed at different stages for different products. Each model performs the function independently but operates in close synchronization with each other, enabling WinSAFE to effectively analyze a borrower’s value, payment capability and payment attitude to accurately evaluate the borrower’s credit worthiness. Apart from the traditional numerical variables, we also convert unorthodox inputs, such as human behavior, social relationships and mobile activities, into numerical covariates through complex algorithms. The credit policy adjustments is established through lifetime value of the users and rigorous stress tests to achieve a balance between business volume and profitability with an emphasis on business resiliency. We continuously modify and incorporate new information into our credit policy, such as economic environment, user clientele change and new testing results. The models are updated daily or regularly to match the business development through machine learning with traditional modeling, providing an increasingly accurate indicator of default risk with the increasing availability of data. Currently, through our continuous optimization, WinSAFE is able to process data through the processes from loan application to approval and is able to make decisions within ten minutes for over half of Xiaoying Card Loan, providing instant feedback that the mobile users are in desire of and strengthening our risk control and fully automatic decision-making capability. Fraud Detection We utilize internal and third party databases and authentication technologies, including face scanning and OCR verification of identity cards and bank cards, to verify and authenticate the identity of the applicant and the submitted application information. We effectively implement over 300 anti- fraud rules and use our multiple-source database containing various internal and industry blacklists and multiple-dimension tagging system to detect the probability of individual and group fraud. Leveraging our in-depth data analysis of the comprehensive data we have collected, we assess the applicant’s payment capability and payment attitude. We adopt over 2,500 variables in credit assessment and crosscheck with a blacklist of over 1,000,000 fraud data. Utilizing big data, we apply various analytical processes, such as machine learning, deep learning, graphical analysis, to identify credit risks and potential fraudulent behavior of each applicant and build and optimize our credit assessment model. When our risk control system receives an application, we will send the applicant’s insurance or guarantee application to our financial institutional cooperators and will receive the insurance or guarantee decision opinion from those financial institutional cooperators based on their credit analysis. We will, in accordance with our own risk management strategies, embed such assessment results into our risk management models for decision making. Credit Scoring and Pricing We offer differentiated credit pricing and credit limits to prime borrowers based on individual credit grades. Based on our prediction of the applicant’s likelihood of future delinquency and his/her profile, our risk management system assigns a credit grade to each remaining Xiaoying Card Loan applicant, with risk level A representing the lowest risk, risk level D representing the highest risk. Such credit grade is a comprehensive credit level generally determined based on the grouping of an applicant’s basic information, credit history and behavior data, including personal identity information, education background, consumption and social network behavior, and insurance or guarantee decision opinion from our financial institutional cooperators. Credit grade is determined at the time of a loan application and will not be adjusted until the borrower applies for another loan, when the repayment history of all the existing loans will be added into the risk model to determine the credit grade for the new loan application. In addition to the individual specification attaching to the credit grade for each applicant, from time to time, we adjust the overall standard of each credit risk level based on market conditions and our risk management policies when we believe necessary. 79 Table of Contents Different from our credit grade model for Xiaoying Card Loan, we adopt a rule-based credit assessment and pricing system with manual review for the applicants of our Xiaoying Preferred Loan and Xiaoying Housing Loan. For Xiaoying Preferred Loan, other than focusing on reviewing the applicants’ credit assessment result based on our database and the insurance or guarantee decision opinion from our financial institutional cooperators, we also review property ownership, insurance policies or provident funds. In terms of Xiaoying Housing Loan, we focus on assessing the value of the collateral properties provided by the applicants. We review and modify our segmented pricing from time to time, taking into consideration not only the borrower credit risk but also other factors, such as market interest rates, adequacy of investor protection mechanism and competition in the market. Risk Management Team Our risk management committee is the highest decision-making authority in terms of risk management, comprised of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our Vice Chairman, Mr. Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng, and our President and Chief Risk Officer, Mr. Kan (Kent) Li. Our risk management committee is responsible for making decisions on the principles, core terms and model for each project. Our strong risk management team is led by our President and Chief Risk Officer, Mr. Kan (Kent) Li, who has extensive work experience in risk management and previously served at Capital One. Our team members have extensive experiences and in-depth insights in risk management from their working experiences with reputed financial institutions such as HSBC, JPMorgan, China Construction Bank, Ping An and Everbright. Leveraging on the most advanced technique and risk control capability, our risk management team has established an effective risk control system applied in the online lending business. We have established comprehensive policies and processes to ensure the effectiveness of our risk management in daily operations. Our risk management team engages in various risk management activities, including approving the launch of any new product and screening and selecting our business partners with sound risk management system. All the decisions by our risk management team shall only be made based on rigorous quantitative analysis of real data. Our Technology and IT Infrastructure Technology System We believe our technology and IT infrastructure are a competitive advantage and an important reason that borrowers and institutional funding partners utilize our platform. Key features of our technology and IT infrastructure include: Abundant Mobile Internet Data We collected a large amount of borrowers’ credit and behavioral data. The substantial volume of data in the system enables us to build a comprehensive credit profile for each borrower. Advanced Computing Technology We adopt innovative risk pricing models for the accumulation of credit data for loan facilitation platform. User-friendly Mobile Applications We have independently developed the mobile applications for borrowers of Xiaoying Card Loan, Xiaoying Revolving Loan and investors of Xiaoying Wealth Management, respectively. The mobile applications enable users to access our platform at any time and at any location to make transactions in a convenient way. The mobile application of Xiaoying Card Loan and Xiaoying Revolving Loan adopts the OCR identity verification technology (ID card, face, bank card) for borrowers to complete the verification. We also incentivize the borrowers to recommend the application to their friends by issuing coupons as discounts to the service fee. We have completely ceased the investment in loans on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform, while individual investors are still able to purchase other financial products, including money market products and insurance products, on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. 80 Table of Contents Data and Transaction Security and Stability We collect and store a large amount of user data, including mobile phone numbers, identification card numbers, bank card numbers and borrowing information in our database. We take the privacy of our users and security of their information seriously, and have implemented a strict internal user data security management policy and to protect our users’ confidential information. The policy establishes user’s authorization to data usage, data and information classification, approval procedures and access rights for confidential information and data. We require written records of each of our employee’s access and retrieval of the data and monitor the process. We adopt remote backup technology and have built up a disaster recovery structure of “two locations, three centers.” In addition, we back up our core business database daily on dedicated backup servers. We have implemented a data-backup policy to ensure the safety of our data. Research and Development Our technology development personnel have extensive experience with leading internet, online consumer finance and mobile commerce and financial technology companies, and focuses on the following that support our long-term business growth: ● Maintaining and strengthening all of our platform and application system, including but not limited to: main website, mobile applications, back-stage system, proprietary data and credit analysis systems, payment system and big data system; ● Ensuring our technology system is well established, reviewed, tested and continuously strengthened; and ● Organizing and participating in the industry seminars, exploring relevant cutting-edge technologies. Brand, Sales and Marketing Our general marketing efforts are designed to build brand awareness and reputation and to attract and retain borrowers and institutional funding partners. We believe reputation and word-of-mouth marketing drive continued organic growth in borrower base. As a supplement, we use offline network channel and online marketing initiatives to promote our brand and products. For example, we work with several advertising companies to promote our mobile applications with internet companies through online advertisements. We also cooperate with media and organize branding events to enhance our brand awareness. Users Service To better serve our users, we have independently developed a comprehensive user service system. We provide user service from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. through our user service hotline in the weekdays and also provide online user service from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. every day through our website, mobile applications and WeChat public account. Our user service personnel are responsible for answering calls for our user service hotlines, responding to queries in emails, as well as providing online user service support. To monitor the quality of our user services, each inquiry made by our users will be recorded and reviewed on a selective basis. Intellectual Property We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret law and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. We have registered 97 trademarks in the PRC. We are the registered holder of 143 domain names. We also have 67 copyrights for our proprietary techniques in connection with our systems. We have 3 patents under application in the PRC. 81 Table of Contents Seasonality of Our Business We experience seasonality in our business, reflecting seasonal fluctuations in internet usage and traditional personal consumption patterns, as our individual borrowers typically use their borrowing proceeds to finance their personal consumption needs. For example, we generally experience lower transaction volume during national holidays in China, particularly during the Chinese New Year holiday season in the first quarter of each year. As we facilitate loans to institutional funding partners, such as commercial banks, our business may also be affected by liquidity seasonality in the banking system. For example, liquidity in China’s banking sector has historically had a tendency to be looser at the beginning of each calendar year and tighter towards the end of each calendar year. Due to our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not apply to, or be indicative of, our future operating results. Competition The online personal finance industry in China is an emerging industry in China. It provides a new means for consumers to obtain financing. As a leading player in China’s online personal finance platform market, we face intensive competition from other online marketplaces, online finance service providers, technology giant backed internet finance platforms, as well as traditional financial institutions. Online personal finance marketplaces which operate online platforms connecting borrowers and institutional funding partners compete directly with us for both borrowers and institutional funding partners. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, including credit card issuers, consumer finance business units in commercial banks and other consumer finance companies. Some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product or service offerings and rich financial resources to support heavy spending on sales and marketing. In light of the low barriers to entry in the online consumer finance industry, more players may enter this market and increase the level of competition. We anticipate that more established internet, technology and financial services companies that possess large, existing user bases, substantial financial resources and established distribution channels may enter the market in the future. As evidenced by our market leadership, we believe that we are able to compete effectively for borrowers and institutional funding partners by leveraging our competitive advantages including our strategic positioning to target the prime borrower segment, superior user experience on our platform, effectiveness of our risk management, the return offered to institutional funding partners, our partnership with various business partners, and the strength and reputation of our brands. Recent Investment YTZ (HK) Limited , a wholly-owned subsidiary of X Financial, entered into a subscription agreement dated March 2, 2021, for subscribing certain limited partnership interests in Dragonfly Ventures II, L.P., a limited partnership governed under the laws of the Cayman Islands and managed by Dragonfly GP II, LLC, focusing on the blockchain industry investment with its long-term value investment strategy and research-driven process. Pursuant to the subscription agreement, we invested in an aggregate amount of US$10 million in the partnership. As a limited partner, we do not have ability to take in the control or management of the affairs or the conduct of the business of the partnership. In connection with the restructuring of Dragonfly Ventures II, L.P., YTZ (HK) Limited entered into certain Withdrawal, Contribution and Adherence Agreement dated December 30, 2021 and entered into an amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement. YTZ (HK) Limited, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a second amended and restated limited partnership agreement dated March 15, 2021, for subscribing certain limited partnership interests in IOSG Fund II LP, a limited partnership governed under the laws of the Cayman Islands and managed by IOSG Pted Ltd. focusing on the blockchain industry investment with its long-term value investment strategy and research-driven process. Pursuant to the agreement, we committed to invest US$3 million to the partnership. As a limited partner, we do not have ability to take in the control or management of the affairs or the conduct of the business of the partnership. 82 Table of Contents Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou Trading Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Ying Zhong Tong”), one of our VIEs, entered into a share purchase agreement with Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd, a PRC company (“SUNHOPE”), and Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited, a PRC company (“Tianxinhao”) which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SUNHOPE. Pursuant to the agreement, Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou acquired 45% issued and outstanding shares of Tianxinhao from SUNHOPE for approximately RMB315 million. After the closing of this acquisition, Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou owned 12.6% of issued and outstanding shares of Newup Bank of Liaoning, a PRC company and non-state-owned bank (“Newup Bank”), through Tianxinhao. As an indirect minority shareholder of Newup Bank, we do not have ability to take in the control or management of the affairs or the conduct of the business of Newup Bank. Insurance We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance for our employees. We also provide additional commercial medical insurance coverage for our key management. We do not maintain business interruption insurance, general third party liability insurance, product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be sufficient for our business operations in China and in line with market practice. Regulation This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws, rules and regulations that affect our business activities in the PRC or our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us. Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replaced the existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the PRC Equity Joint Venture Law, the PRC Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. Meanwhile, the Regulations for the Implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law came into effect on January 1, 2020, which clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the PRC Foreign Investment Law. The organization form, organization and activities of foreign-invested enterprises shall be governed, among others, by the PRC Company Law and the PRC Partnership Enterprise Law. Foreign-invested enterprises established before the implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law may retain the original business organization and so on within five years after the implementation of this Law. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Regulations do not mention the relevant concept and regulatory regime of VIE structures. The PRC Foreign Investment Law is formulated to further expand opening-up, vigorously promote foreign investment and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. According to the PRC Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by one or more natural persons, business entities, or otherwise organizations of a foreign country (collectively referred to as “foreign investor”) within China, and the investment activities include the following situations: (i) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within China; (ii) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, shares in assets, or other similar rights and interests of an enterprise within China; (iii) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within China; and (iv) investments in other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations, or the State Council. According to the PRC Foreign Investment Law, foreign investments are entitled to pre-entry national treatment and subject to negative list management system. The pre-entry national treatment means that the treatment given to foreign investors and their investments at the stage of investment access is no lower than that of domestic investors and their investments. The negative list management system means that the state implements special administrative measures for foreign investment in specific fields. Foreign investors shall not invest in any forbidden fields stipulated in the negative list and shall meet the conditions stipulated in the negative list before investing in any restricted fields. Foreign investors’ investment, earnings and other legitimate rights and interests within the territory of China shall be protected in accordance with the law, and all national policies on supporting the development of enterprises shall equally apply to foreign-invested enterprises. 83 Table of Contents Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are governed by the Catalog of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment, or the Catalog, which became effective on January 27, 2021, and the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access, or the Negative List promulgated by the MOC, which became effective on July 23, 2020 and has been amended from time to time by the MOC and the National Development and Reform Commission. It sets out the industries in which foreign investments are prohibited or restricted. Foreign investors will not make investments in prohibited industries, while must satisfy certain conditions stipulated in the Negative List for investment in restricted industries. According to the Negative List, the proportion of foreign investment in entities engaged in value-added telecommunication services (excluding e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications services, store-and-forward services, and call center services) shall not exceed 50%. The most updated Negative List, issued on 27 December 2021 and became effective on 1 January 2022, stipulates that any PRC domestic enterprise engaging in the fields prohibited by the negative list shall obtain the consent of the relevant competent PRC authorities for overseas listing, and the foreign investors shall not participate in the operation and management of such enterprise, and the shareholding percentage of the foreign investors in such enterprise shall be subject to the relevant administrative provisions of PRC domestic securities investment by foreign investors. Such negative list does not further elaborate whether existing overseas listed enterprise will be subject to such requirements. The staff of the NDRC addressed in an interview on 27 December 2021 that certain existing overseas listed enterprises whose foreign investors’ shareholding percentage exceed the aforementioned threshold are not required to make adjustment or deduction. Among others, the state guarantees that foreign invested enterprises participate in the formulation of standards in an equal manner and that foreign-invested enterprises participate in government procurement activities through fair competition in accordance with the law. Further, the state shall not expropriate any foreign investment except under special circumstances. In special circumstances, the state may levy or expropriate the investment of foreign investors in accordance with the law for the needs of the public interest. The expropriation and requisition shall be conducted in accordance with legal procedures and timely and reasonable compensation shall be given. The Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (2016 revision) , which was promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001 and amended on September 10, 2008 and February 6, 2016, require foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises in China to be established as Sino-foreign equity joint ventures with the foreign investors owning no more than 50% of the equity interests of such enterprise. In addition, the main foreign investor who invests in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises operating the value-added telecommunications business in China must demonstrate a good track record and sound experience in operating a value-added telecommunications business, provided that qualified foreign investors must obtain prior approvals from the MIIT and the MOFCOM or their authorized local counterparts, for its commencement of value-added telecommunication business in China. However, on March 29, 2022, the Decision of the State Council on Revising and Repealing Certain Administrative Regulations, which will take effect on May 1, 2022, was promulgated to amend certain provisions of regulations including the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (2016 Revision), the requirement for major foreign investor to demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses is deleted. Circular of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Removing the Restrictions on Shareholding Ratio Held by Foreign Investors in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing (Operating E-commerce) Business, or Circular 196, which was promulgated on June 19, 2015, provides that foreign investors are permitted to invest up to 100% of the registered capital in a foreign-invested telecommunication enterprise engaging in the operation of online data processing and transaction processing (E-commerce). However, foreign investors are only permitted to invest up to 50% of the registered capital in a foreign-invested telecommunication enterprise that engages in the operation of Internet information services. While Circular 196 permits foreign ownership, in whole or in part, of online data and deal processing businesses (E-commerce), a sub-set of value-added telecommunications services, it is not clear whether our marketplace lending platform will be deemed as online data and deal processing. 84 Table of Contents In July 2006, the MIIT issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business, or the MIIT Notice, pursuant to which, for foreign investor invest in telecommunications service business in China, a foreign-invested telecommunications enterprise must be established, and such enterprise must hold a telecommunications businesses operation license. Furthermore, under the MIIT Notice, domestic telecommunications enterprises may not rent, transfer or sell a telecommunications business operation license to foreign investors in any form, nor may they provide any resources, premises, facilities or other assistance in any form to foreign investors for their illegal operation of any telecommunications business in China. In addition, under the MIIT Notice, a foreign-invested value-added telecommunication service operator (or its shareholders) shall legally own the Internet domain names and registered trademarks used for its business operation. Due to the above restrictions and requirements, we conduct our value-added telecommunications businesses through Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd.,one of our consolidated VIEs, and Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou Trading Co., Ltd., one of the subsidiaries of our consolidated VIEs. However, there is uncertainty as to how the requirements in the above rules will be interpreted and implemented and whether there will be new rules issued which would establish further requirements and restrictions on our contractual arrangements. Regulations Relating to Value-Added Telecommunication Services The Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecommunications Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on July 29, 2014 and February 6, 2016, provide a regulatory framework for telecommunications services providers in the PRC. The Telecommunications Regulations require telecommunications services providers to obtain an operating license prior to the commencement of their operations. The Telecommunications Regulations distinguish “basic telecommunications services” from “value-added telecommunications services. The basic telecommunications services provider who provides public network infrastructure, public data transmission and basic voice communications services shall obtain a Basic Telecommunications Service Operating License, and the value-added service provider who provides telecommunications and information services provided through the public network infrastructure shall obtain a Value-added Telecommunications Service Operating License, or VATS License. A catalogue was issued as an attachment to the Telecommunications Regulations to categorize telecommunications services as either basic or value-added. The current catalogue, as most recently updated on June 6, 2019, categorizes online information services and online data processing and transaction processing services as value-added telecommunications services. Internet content provider may be required to obtain an Internet content provider license, or ICP license, and e-commerce operator may be required to obtained an online data processing and transaction processing license, or ODPTP license. On July 3, 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses , under which, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain the VATS License, from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts, otherwise such operator might be subject to sanctions including corrective orders and warnings from the competent administration authority, fines and confiscation of illegal gains and, in the case of significant infringements, the websites may be ordered to close On August 17, 2016, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, or the CBRC (one of the predecessors of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission), the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Internet Information Office jointly issued the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries , or the Interim Measures. Pursuant to the Interim Measures, online lending information service providers shall apply for VATS License in accordance with relevant rules issued by competent telecommunication authority after completing the filing records to local financial regulators. However, the relevant implementation rules regarding such filing is yet to be issued therefore currently we are not able to make the necessary filing and then to apply for the VATS License. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may be required to obtain additional value-added telecommunication business licenses.” Regulations Relating to Online Lending Information Services On July 18, 2015, the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines, were jointly promulgated by ten PRC regulatory agencies, including the PBOC, the MIIT and the CBRC. The Guidelines set out definition of online peer-to-peer lending as direct loans between individuals through an online platform, which is under the supervision of the CBRC, and governed by the PRC Contract Law, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. Pursuant to the Guidelines, an online peer-to-peer lending information services provider shall specify its nature as an information intermediary that provides information services to facilitate the lending between borrowers and lenders, rather than offer credit enhancement services or engage in illegal fund- raising. 85 Table of Contents On April 12, 2016, the Notice on the Implementation Plan of the Special Rectification of Peer-to-peer Online Lending Risk, or the Notice, was issued by the China Bank Regulatory Commission, or the CBRC, which reiterated the requirements set out in the Guideline and further clarified the activities online peer-to-peer lending information service providers are prohibited to engage in. The Interim Measures define online peer-to-peer lending as direct loans between peers, including nature persons, legal persons or organizations, through online platforms, which is in line with the definition of “online peer-to-peer lending” in the Guideline. Pursuant to the Interim Measures, companies engaged in the online lending information intermediary business shall only provide financial information services to borrowers and lenders for the purpose of facilitating their direct lending. Online lending information service providers shall complete registration with local financial regulatory authority and obtain appropriate telecommunication business license in accordance with relevant rules issued by competent telecommunication authority. The Interim Measures also require the online lending information service providers to substantially cover “online lending information intermediary” in its business scope filed with the local registration regulatory authority. According to the Interim Measures, online lending information providers shall, depending on the risk management capability, set upper limits on the outstanding loan balance of a single borrower borrowed both on one online lending platform and across all online lending platforms. In the case of natural persons, the balance of loan borrowed on one online lending platform shall not exceed RMB200,000, and the aggregated balance of loan borrowed across all platforms shall not exceed RMB1 million; in the case of legal persons or organizations, the limit for the outstanding loan balance on one platform and across all platforms shall be RMB1 million and RMB5 million respectively. The Interim Measures stipulate that online lending information service providers shall not directly or indirectly engage in certain prohibited actions, including but not limited to, (i) self-financing, (ii) accepting or gathering funds of lenders, (iii) providing any guarantee to lenders directly or in a disguised form, (iv) issuing financial products to raise fund or acting as an agent to sell financial products, (v) splitting or fractionalizing the term of any financing product, (vi) asset securitization, (vii) falsifying or exaggerating the truthfulness and earnings of financing products or concealing the defects and risks of financing products, (viii) extending loans. With respect to the online lending information service providers established prior to the implementation of the Interim Measures, which have not been in full compliance with the applicable requirements of the Interim Measures, the competent local financial regulatory department provide those not in full compliance with applicable requirements of the Interim Measures, a grace period of twelve months, within which such platforms shall rectify any violation against the Interim Measures and comply with all applicable requirements in the Interim Measures. According to the Interim Measures, online lending information providers are subject to sanctions or penalties by local financial regulatory authorities or other competent authorities if found to be in violation of any applicable laws and regulations or relevant regulatory provisions relating to online lending information services. The sanctions and penalties include supervisory inquiry, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, credit record modification, fine up to RMB30,000, and criminal liabilities where applicable. On October 28, 2016, the CBRC, the MIIT and State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or the SAIC, jointly issued the Guidance on the Administration of Registration of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Registration Guidelines, which provides the general filing rules for online lending intermediaries, and delegates the filing authority to local financial authorities. The Registration Guidelines, sets forth that online lending intermediaries are approved locally. Under the general filing procedures for online lending intermediaries, before an filing application is submitted to local financial regulators, the online lending intermediaries may be required to: (i) rectify any breach of applicable regulations as required by local financial regulators; and (ii) apply to the Industry and Commerce Administration Department to amend or register such entity’s the business scope. The CBRC also authorizes local financial regulators to make detailed implementation rules regarding filing procedures. However, relevant local financial regulators are also in the process of making such implementation rules, which may require us to complete filing records under such future requirements within a grace period. 86 Table of Contents On February 22, 2017, the CBRC released the Guidelines on Online Lending Funds Custodian Business , or the Custodian Guidelines, which set out requirements on the fund custodian services for online lending information intermediaries. The Custodian Guidelines define custodian as commercial banks qualified for providing depositary services for online lending information providers and specify the criteria for qualification. Pursuant to the Custodian Guideline, an online lending information service provider may only enter into fund depositary agreement with one custodian for the funds of lenders and borrowers held by it, and shall segregate the funds of lenders, borrowers and the proprietary funds of online lending information service providers in separate accounts. For any online lending information service providers and custodian operating prior to the implementation of the Custodian Guideline, which are not in full compliance with the Custodian Guidelines, they are required to rectify any violation of the Custodian Guideline within a six-month grace period starting from the issuance of the Custodian Guideline. On August 23, 2017, the CBRC further issued the Guidelines on Information Disclosure of the Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Disclosure Guidelines, which clarified the disclosure obligation of online lending information service providers. Pursuant to the Disclosure Guidelines, online lending information service providers shall set a special column of information disclosure on the eye-catching locations of its official website and all other available internet channels, such as mobile applications and WeChat official accounts to disclose certain information, including, among other things (i) basic information of the online lending information service provider, such as its registration information, organization information, and financial data; (ii) transaction related information, such as the total notional and number of transactions matched through the online lending information platform; and (iii) any event that could result in a material adverse effect on the operations of online lending information providers. The Disclosure Guidelines also require online lending information service providers to record all the disclosed information and retain such information for no less than five years from the date of the disclosure. For any online lending information service providers are not in full compliance with the Disclosure Guidelines, they are required to rectify any violation of the Custodian Guideline within a six-month grace period upon issuance of the Disclosure Guideline. On July 4, 2017, Financial Development and Service Office of the People’s Government of Shenzhen published a discussion draft on the proposed Administrative Measures on the Registration of Shenzhen based Online Lending Information Intermediary, or the Proposed Administrative Measures, for public review and comments. The Proposed Administrative Measures set out detailed requirements and procedures for the registration of online lending information service providers, which, including, among others, to require the online lending information providers to implement robust network security protection system, select a qualified commercial bank that has a branch in Shenzhen as its fund custodian institution and opened the custodian accounts for online lending in its Shenzhen branch, and employ at least three senior executives with more than five years’ experience in the financial industry holding bachelor degrees or above. The public review and comments for the Proposed Administrative Measures has now concluded, but it is still uncertain when the draft will become effective and whether the definitive version would have substantial changes from the draft. On December 1, 2017, the Notice on Rectification of Cash Loan Business, or Circular 141, was promulgated by the Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk and the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending. In accordance with Circular 141, cash loan, which is characterized by the lack of specific scenes, designated purposes, targeted users and mortgage may be inspected and rectified. Circular 141 further specifies that the overall cost of loan, including among others, the loan interest and other forms of fees, charged by the institutions shall be subject to the restrictions on interest rates as specified in applicable rules on private lending. In addition, Circular 141 provides that banking financial institutions shall not receive credit enhancement services offered by any third party that lacks qualifications to provide guarantee, and shall ensure such third party not to charge fees from borrowers. Moreover, pursuant to Circular 141, an online lending information provider shall not (i) provide online lending intermediary services for the lending whose interest rate violates the regulatory requirement, (ii) deduct the interest, service fee, administrative fee and deposit from a loan principal in advance, or set high overdue interest, overdue fine payment or default interest; (iii) outsource core business such as user information collection, information screening, credit assessment, and account opening to any third party; (iv) assist the banking financial institutions to participate in peer-to- peer online lending; (v) assist to match the loans for students or any borrower unable to repay; (vi) provide online lending intermediary services for loans used for purchasing real property, or any loan without specific usage of funds. On December 8, 2017, the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending issued the Notice on the Special Rectification and Inspection of Risk of Online Lending Intermediaries, or Circular 57, providing further clarification on several matters in connection with the rectification and registration of online lending information intermediaries, including, among other things: 87 Table of Contents Requirements to qualify for registration. Circular 57 sets forth certain requirements for online lending intermediary to qualify for the registration, including, among others, an online lending intermediary (i) shall cease conducting any thirteen prohibited actions regulated in the Interim Measures or exceeding the individual lending amount upper limit as stipulated in the Interim Measures after August 24, 2016, and shall fully eliminate the outstanding balance of such non-compliance products offered before August 24, 2016; (ii) shall cease offering the down payment loan for purchasing real property, campus loan or cash loan, and gradually reduce the outstanding balance of the abovementioned loan within certain timetable; and (iii) set up custody accounts with qualified banks that have passed certain testing and evaluation procedures run by the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending to hold user funds. For the online lending intermediaries that are unable to accomplish the rectification and registration but are continuing to participate in the online lending business, the relevant authorities shall subject such online lending intermediaries to administrative sanctions, including but not limited to revoking the operation license for telecommunication service, shutting down the websites, ceasing the entire business and forbidding the financial institutions to provide any financial service to such online lending intermediaries. Requirements relating to the timing of the registration. The local governmental authorities shall complete inspection and registration with the following timetable: (i) completion of registration for major online lending information intermediaries by the end of April 2018; (ii) with respect to online lending information intermediaries with substantial outstanding balance of those loans prohibited under the relevant laws and regulations and difficulties to timely eliminate all those balance, the full elimination of such balance and registration shall be completed by the end of May 2018; (iii) with respect to those online lending information intermediaries with complex and extraordinary circumstances and substantial difficulties to complete rectification, the ‘relevant work’ shall be completed by the end of June 2018. Requirements relating to the transfer of creditor’s rights. The low-frequency transfer of creditor’s rights among lenders shall be regarded as legitimate, while transfer of creditor’s rights by means of, (i) quasi-asset securitization services or in form of packaged assets, securitized assets, trust assets or fund shares, (ii) ”super-lender” mode where the executives or related parties of the online lending intermediary enter into a loan agreement with a borrower, and then transfer the creditor’s rights of such loan to the actual lender through online lending platform; (iii) connecting with the current and regular financial products, shall be deemed as illegal. In August 2018, the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspections of Online Lending Intermediaries, or the Inspection Notice, and the Compliance Checklist of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Compliance Checklist, were promulgated by the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending, on the basis of Interim Measures, Custodian Guidelines, Disclosure Guidelines, Circular 141 and Circular 57. According to the Inspection Notice, the compliance inspection, which consists of self-inspection conducted by online lending information intermediaries, inspection conducted by local and national Internet Finance Associations, and verification conducted by the local online lending rectification office, shall be completed by the end of December 2018. The online lending information intermediaries that are in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations could be granted access to the information disclosure system and the product registration system, and subject to certain conditions, such online lending information intermediaries are allowed to submit the filing applications. The Compliance Checklist sets forth 108 inspection items. The main focuses of the compliance inspection under the Inspection Notice and the Compliance Checklist are, including among others, whether the online lending information intermediaries (1) conduct any business other than the information intermediary business, such as the credit intermediary business, (2) form any capital pool, or advance any funds to users; (3) finance for themselves directly or indirectly; (4) provide guarantee to lenders or promise full repayment of principal and interest; (5) provide promise of guaranteed redemption; (6) conduct risk evaluation of lenders and categorize lenders; (7) fully disclose risk information of the borrowers to the lenders; (8) strictly follow the principle of spreading money across small amount loans; (9) raise funds by offering wealth management products on their own or through their affiliates; (10) attract investors or lenders by means of high profits or other methods. However, the specific standards and procedures for the access to the information disclosure system and the product registration system and the application procedures of P2P registration will be subject to further notice. 88 Table of Contents In December 2018, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities of the P2P lending industry issued the Circular on Making Efforts to Prevent Risk and Classify Online Lending Institutions, or Circular 175, in which the regulatory authorities, for the first time, classified the online P2P lending marketplaces into six categories: (i) marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses and under investigation of the public security department, (ii) marketplaces that have been unable to operate their businesses but are not under investigation of the public security department, (iii) shell companies with zero loan balance or loan origination for more than three months and marketplaces that no longer facilitate loan application and investment, or are otherwise not in operation, (iv) small-scale marketplaces , (v) marketplaces with high risks, and (vi) Normal Marketplaces. Pursuant to Circular 175, the scope of the rectification of online lending institution shall be limited to institutions which have entered into to the Data Submission System of Online Security Centre, and any institutions out of this scope shall be treated as illegal fund raising. We submitted our application materials for the P2P registration, to the Shenzhen Financial Services Office, our competent authority, in April 2018, and we have entered into the Data Submission System of Online Security Centre since November 2018. According to Circular 175, for the institutions in the Data Submission System of Online Security Centre, only Normal Marketplaces are allowed to continue to operate in the P2P lending industry. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice that we have been classified as high-risk characteristics and we do not believe we would fall into categories (i) to (v) above. Although Circular 175 does not require Normal Marketplaces to exit the industry or shut down and imposes minimum restrictions, such as control the existing size and number of investors, on Normal Marketplaces, we may be encouraged by PRC government authorities to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online microcredit companies or loan facilitation platforms, and we have already started taking various measures, such as expanding cooperation with institutional partners, in order to reduce the adverse impact on our business volume. If we were encouraged or required to change the type of business we operate, our business, financial condition and results of operation might be materially and adversely affected. However, due to the un-clarification of Circular 175, there is a risk that applicable regulatory authorities interpret the regulations differently than we do. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We have ceased the P2P operation business, but we cannot assure you that our operations were in full compliance with relevant legal requirements and would not be punished under relevant regulations.” Requirements relating to risk reserve funds. The online lending information intermediaries shall cease setting aside additional fund as risk reserve funds, and shall gradually reduce the existing scale of risk reserve funds. In addition, the online lending information intermediaries are encouraged to seek third parties to provide guarantee to lenders. We have taken considerable measures to comply with the Interim Measures, the Custodian Guidelines, Circular 141, Circular 57, the Inspection Notice, the Compliance Checklist and other laws and regulations applicable to our business operations. For example, we have selected qualified banks to deposit the funds of lenders and borrowers and manage our own funds separately from the funds of lenders and borrowers, enhanced the risk disclosures of online lending on our platform, and set up systematic rules on cooperating with business partners to realize the isolation of risks. However, given that detailed regulations and guidance in the area of online lending information services are yet to be promulgated, we cannot be certain that our existing practices would not be deemed to violate any existing or future rules, laws and regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information— 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We have ceased the P2P operation business, but we cannot assure you that our operations were in full compliance with relevant legal requirements and would not be punished under relevant regulations.” In January 2019, the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending and the Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk jointly issued the Notice on Further Proceed with Compliance Inspection of P2P Online Lending and Follow-up Work, which stipulates P2P online lending platform passed the inspections by the administrative authorities shall provide real time data step by step. In September 2019, the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending and the Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk jointly issued the Circular of Strengthening the Construction of Credit Support System of Online Lending, as reported, which encourages operating peer-to-peer online lending institutions connect to credit reporting system, including the professional agency of basic database for financial credit information (i.e. the Credit Reference Center of the People’s Bank of China), Baihang Credit and etc, cracking down malicious debt evasion behaviors of non-operating peer-to-peer online lending entities, increasing the punishment of discredited enterprise and strengthening publicity and public opinion guidance. 89 Table of Contents Regulations Relating to Microcredit Business Chinese regulators also encourage Normal Marketplace under Circular 175 to transform into online microcredit companies. In late December, 2019, the Head Office for Special Rectification of Online Finance Risk and the Head Office for Special Rectification of Peer-to-Peer Online Lending jointly issued Guiding Opinions on Pilot Program of Transforming Peer-to-Peer Lending Information Intermediaries to Microcredit Companies, or Circular 83, which provides detailed guidelines for the conversion of peer-to-peer online lending information intermediaries into microcredit companies from the following aspects: (i) compliance requirement; (ii) qualified shareholders and management team; (iii) the feasibility of the transforming plan; and (iv) with strong financial technology and be capable to online operation requirement. However, uncertainties still exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of Circular 83. On September 7, 2020, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Circular on Strengthening the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies, or the Microcredit Circular. The Microcredit Circular provides that the microcredit companies shall mainly operate the lending business and shall act in accordance with the requirements regarding the loan concentration, loan purposes, fund management, debt collection and disclosure. Local authorities shall enhance supervision and administration of the establishment of the microcredit companies and suspend newly-incorporated microcredit companies from engaging in the Internet microcredit business and other inter-provincial business. On November 2, 2020, CBIRC and PBOC published the Interim Administrative Measures for Online Microcredit Business (Draft for Comment), or the Draft Interim Administrative Measures, for public review and comments. Pursuant to the Draft Interim Administrative Measures, “online microcredit business” refers to any microcredit business engaged in by a microcredit company through using big data, cloud computing, mobile internet and other technical means, utilizing internally generated data and information on customer operation, online consumption, online transaction, etc., accumulated via internet platforms as well as other data and information obtained through legitimate channels to analyze and appraise the credit risk of borrowing customers, determine the mode and quota of loans, and complete such processes as loan application, risk review, loan approval, loan granting and loan recovery online. Online microcredit business engaged in by a microcredit company shall mainly be carried out in the provincial-level administrative region to which its place of registration belongs. Without the approval of the banking regulator under the State Council, no microcredit company may carry out online microcredit business across provincial-level administrative regions. The registered capital of a microcredit company which engages in online microcredit business shall not be less than CNY1 billion and shall be one-off paid-up monetary capital. The registered capital of a microcredit company which engages in online microcredit business across provincial-level administrative regions shall not be less than CNY5 billion and shall be one-off paid-up monetary capital. In principle, the balance of single-account online microcredit loans granted to a natural person shall not exceed CNY300,000 or one-third of its average annual income in the last three years, between which the lower one shall be the maximum loan amount; and in principle, the balance of single-account online microcredit loans granted to a legal person or any other organization and its related parties shall not exceed CNY1 million. The Draft Interim Administrative Measures was released for public comment only, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the Draft Interim Administrative Measures, including with respect to its final content, adoption timeline or effective date. On December 31, 2021, PBOC published the Regulations on Local Financial Supervision and Administration (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation, for public review and comments. Pursuant to the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation , “Local Financial Organizations” refers to microcredit companies, financing guarantee companies, regional equity markets, pawn shops, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies, local asset management companies, and other institutions engaged in local financial business that are supervised and managed by laws, administrative regulations, and provincial-level people’s governments authorized by the State Council. The Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation specify that provincial governments shall perform their duties of supervision, management, and risk disposal of local financial organizations, and no individual or entity shall set up Local Financial Organizations without prior approval. The merger, division, reduction of registered capital, change of the business scope or operating area, the change of the shareholders holding more than 5% of its equity interests, as well as change of the actual controller of the Local Financial Organization shall be subject to the approval of the provincial local financial supervision and management department. Also, Local Financial Organization shall make filings to provincial local financial supervision and management department for setting up branches within the provincial administrative region, changing the name or address of business, increasing the registered capital, changing the directors, supervisors and senior management personnel. Penalties such as fines or criminal liability may be imposed if the Local Financial Organizations fail to comply with the Draft Local Financial Supervision and Administration Regulation. 90 Table of Contents Xiaoying Microcredit has obtained the approval of the business qualification to operate microcredit businesses as issued by the competent supervising authority, which allows Xiaoying Microcredit to conduct microcredit businesses through the internet. However, as the regulatory regime and practice with respect to online microcredit companies are evolving, there is uncertainty as to how the requirements in the above rules will be interpreted and implemented and whether there will be new rules issued which would establish further requirements and restrictions on online microcredit companies. Regulation Relating to Money Market Funds According to the Administrative Measures on Supervision of Money Market Funds issued by the CSRC and the PBOC on December 17, 2015 and became effective on February 1, 2016, a fund manager or fund sales institution shall not carry out the sales of money market funds in cooperation with any internet institution or other institution engaged in the promotion or the sale, subscription or redemption of units of funds or other relevant business without adequate qualification for fund sales business registered with the CSRC. The money market products we facilitated on Xiaoying Wealth Management platform are provided by certain qualified business partners of us pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Supervision of Money Market Funds, and we do not carry out any of the sale, subscription or redemption of any money market products on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform by ourselves. Thus, we believe we are not subject to the above mentioned regulations in China. Regulations Relating to Loans between Individuals On May 28, 2020, the National People’s Congress approved the PRC Civil Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2021 and repealed the PRC Contract Law and the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC .The PRC Civil Code confirms the validity of loan agreement between individuals and provides that a loan agreement becomes effective when an individual lender provides loan to an individual borrower provided that the interest rates charged under the loan agreement do not violate the applicable provisions of the PRC laws and regulations. Pursuant to the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, which came into force on September 1, 2015, in the event that loans are made through an online lending information intermediary platform and the platform only provides intermediary services, courts shall dismiss any claim concerned against the platform demanding the repayment of loans by the platform as a guarantor. Pursuant further to the PRC Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, PRC courts shall uphold any interest rate below 24% as agreed between borrowers and lenders; as to the loans with annual interest rate between 24% and 36%, if the interest rate has been paid to the lender, so long as the interest payment does not damage or pose any threat to the state, the community or any third party, PRC courts will not support borrower’s request for the return of the excess interest payment; if the annual interest rate agreed exceeds 36%, the agreement on the excess part of the interest shall be invalid, and PRC courts shall support any claim against the return of the excess part of the interest payment. On August 4, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Judicial Work in the Finance Sector, according to which if an online lending information intermediary and a lender attempt to evade the upper limit to the legally protected interest by charging part of interest rate as intermediary fees or other service fees, such arrangements shall be deemed as invalid. In addition, PRC courts shall support the borrower’s claim to reduce the overall annual interest rate to 24%, on the basis that the aggregate amount of interest, compound interest, default interest, liquidated damages and other fees claimed by the lender is overly high. 91 Table of Contents On August 19, 2020, the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations was amended by the Supreme People’s Court, pursuant to which where a lender claims that corresponding borrower shall pay interest as per the interest rate contractually stipulated, relevant people’s court shall uphold such claim, except where the interest rate agreed on by both parties concerned exceeds four times the LPR for one-year loan when the contract is concluded. “LPR for one-year loan” refers to the LPR for one-year loan to be published on a monthly basis by the National Interbank Funding Center authorized by the PBOC as of August 20, 2019. On December 29, 2020, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Official Reply of the Supreme People’s Court to the Issues concerning the Scope of Application of the New Judicial Interpretation on Private Lending, or the Official Reply. According to the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations and the Official Reply, for financial institutions and branches engaging in loan business and established upon the approval of the financial regulatory authorities, including but not limited to microcredit company, Private Lending Judicial Interpretations shall not apply to disputes caused by granting loans and relevant financial business. Although the Judicial Interpretation Amendment and the Supreme People’s Court Reply provide that they do not apply to licensed financial institutions including microcredit companies that conduct loan and consumer finance business, there remain uncertainties in the interpretation and implementation of the Judicial Interpretation Amendment, including whether licensed financial institutions may be subject to its jurisdiction under Circular 141 or in certain circumstances, the basis of calculation formula used to determine the interest limit, the scope of inclusion of related fees and insurance premiums, as well as inconsistencies between the standard and level of enforcement by different PRC courts. Apart from the above, pursuant to the PRC Civil Code, a creditor’s rights under a loan agreement is assignable to a third party, provided that the debtor is notified before such assignment takes effect for the debtor. Upon due assignment of the creditor’s rights, the assignee is entitled to the creditor’s rights and the debtor must perform the relevant obligations under the agreement for the benefit of the assignee. Regulations Relating to Guarantee On March 8, 2010, CBRC, NDRC, MIIT, MOFCOM, PBOC, SAIC and Ministry of Finance of PRC promulgated the Tentative Administrative Measures for Financing Guarantee Companies , or the Tentative Administrative Measure. The Tentative Administrative Measures require an entity or individual to obtain a prior approval from the relevant regulatory body to engage in the financing guarantee business, and defines “financing guarantee” as an activity whereby the guarantor and the creditor, such as a financial institution in the banking sector, agree that the guarantor shall bear the guarantee obligations in the event that the secured party fails to perform its financing debt owed to the creditor. On August 2, 2017, the State Council issued Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Rules, which came into effect on October 1, 2017. The Financing Guarantee Rules defines financing guarantee as activities whereby guarantors provide guarantee for the borrowing of funds, issuance of bonds and other debt financing activities of the guaranteed parties, and financing guarantee companies refer to limited liability companies or companies limited by shares that are duly established and engage in financing guarantee business. Pursuant to the Financing Guarantee Rules, the establishment of a financing guarantee company shall be subject to the approval of the relevant regulatory authority. In the event that a company commences financing guarantee business without first obtaining relevant approval, the company will be ordered by the regulatory authority to cease financing guarantee business, be imposed a fine from RMB500,000 up to RMB1,000,000, have its illegal gains confiscated, and be investigated for criminal liabilities. We might be deemed as providing guarantee on some of the loans formed offline between institutional funding partners and the borrowers. However, given the lack of further interpretations, the exact definition and scope of “operating financing guarantee business” under the Financing Guarantee Rules is unclear, we cannot be certain that our existing practices will not be determined to violate any existing or future rules, laws and regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may be deemed to operate financing guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities.” 92 Table of Contents Regulations Relating to Anti-Money Laundering The PRC Anti-Money Laundering Law , which became effective in January 2007, sets forth the principal anti-money laundering requirements applicable to financial institutions as well as non-financial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations, including the adoption of precautionary and supervisory measures, establishment of various systems for client identification, retention of clients’ identification information, and transactions records, and reports on large transactions and suspicious transactions. According to the PRC Anti-Money Laundering Law , financial institutions subject to the PRC Anti-Money Laundering Law include banks, credit unions, trust investment companies, stock brokerage companies, futures brokerage companies, insurance companies and other financial institutions as listed and published by the State Council, while the list of the non- financial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations will be published by the State Council. The PBOC and other governmental authorities issued a series of administrative rules and regulations to specify the anti-money laundering obligations of financial institutions and certain non- financial institutions, such as payment institutions. However, the State Council has not promulgated the list of the non-financial institutions with anti- money laundering obligations. The Guidelines jointly released by ten PRC regulatory agencies in July 2015, purport, among other things, to require Internet finance service providers to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including the establishment of a user identification program, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of user information and transaction records, and the provision of assistance to the public security department and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters. The PBOC will formulate implementing rules to further specify the anti-money laundering obligations of Internet finance service providers. Pursuant to the Interim Measures, an online lending intermediary shall perform the anti-money laundering obligations by verifying client identity, reporting suspicious transactions, keeping identity data and transaction records, etc. In addition, the Custodian Guidelines requires that the anti-money laundering obligation be included in the fund custodian agreements between an online lending intermediary and the commercial bank acting as the depositary, and the online lending intermediary shall fulfill and cooperate with depositary to fulfill anti-money laundering obligations. The Measures for the Anti-money Laundering and Anti-terrorist Finance of Internet Finance, promulgated on October 10, 2018, further specified that, any Internet finance institutions (including online lending intermediary) incorporated upon approval or upon record-filing by applicable regulatory authority, shall report any forms of cash receipts and payments whose transaction value reaches or exceeds RMB50,000 or foreign currency equivalent of USD10,000 on a per-transaction or cumulative basis on a given day, within five working days from the date when such transaction takes place. We have adopted and implemented various policies and procedures, such as internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, for anti- money laundering purposes. However, our policies and procedures may not be completely effective in preventing other parties from using us for money laundering without our knowledge. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Any failure by us, institutional funding partners payment service providers or funds custody banks to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation, expose us to significant penalties, and decrease our revenues and profitability.” Regulations Relating to Illegal Fund-Raising Raising funds by entities or individuals from the general public must be conducted in strict compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations to avoid administrative and criminal liabilities. The Measures for the Banning of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Operations promulgated by the State Council in July 1998 amended in January 2011, and the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Penalty on Illegal Fund-Raising issued by the General Office of the State Council in July 2007 explicitly prohibit illegal public fund-raising. The main features of illegal public fund-raising include: (i) illegally soliciting and raising funds from the general public by means of issuing stocks, bonds, lotteries or other securities without obtaining the approval of relevant authorities, (ii) promising a return of interest or profits or investment returns in cash, properties or other forms within a specified period of time, and (iii) using a legitimate form to disguise the unlawful purpose. 93 Table of Contents To further clarify the criminal charges and punishments relating to illegal public fund-raising, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Judicial Interpretations to Issues Concerning Applications of Laws for Trial of Criminal Cases on Illegal Fund-Raising, or the Illegal Fund-Raising Judicial Interpretations, which came into force in January 2011. The Illegal Fund-Raising Judicial Interpretations provide that a public fund-raising will constitute a criminal offense related to “illegally soliciting deposits from the public” under the PRC Criminal Law, if it meets all the following four criteria: (i) the fund-raising has not been approved by the relevant authorities or is concealed under the guise of legitimate acts; (ii) the fundraising employs general solicitation or advertising such as social media, promotion meetings, leafleting and short message service, or SMS, advertising; (iii) the fundraiser promises to repay, after a specified period of time, the capital and interests, or investment returns in cash, property in kind and other forms; and (iv) the fund-raising targets the general public as opposed to specific individuals. Pursuant to the Illegal Fund-Raising Judicial Interpretations, an offender that is an entity will be subject to criminal liabilities, if it illegally solicits deposits from the general public or illegally solicits deposits in disguised form (i) with the amount of deposits involved exceeding RMB1,000,000, (ii) with over 150 fund-raising targets involved, or (iii) with the direct economic loss caused to fund-raising targets exceeding RMB500,000, or (iv) the illegal fund-raising activities have caused baneful influences to the public or have led to other severe consequences. An individual offender is also subject to criminal liabilities but with lower thresholds. In addition, an individual or an entity who has aided in illegal fund-raising from the general public and charges fees, including but not limited to agent fees, rewards, rebates and commission, would constitute an accomplice of the crime of illegal fund-raising. In accordance with the Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procurator and the Ministry of Public Security on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Illegal Fund-Raising Criminal Cases , administrative proceedings for determining the nature of illegal fund-raising activities is not a prerequisite procedure for the initiation of criminal proceeding concerning the crime of illegal fund-raising, and the administrative departments’ failure in determining the nature of illegal fund-raising activities does not affect the investigation, prosecution and trial of cases concerning the crime of illegal fund-raising. On January 26, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations for the Prevention and Handling of Illegal Fund-raising, or the Illegal Fund- raising Regulations, which became effective as of May 1, 2021. The Illegal Fund-raising Regulations stipulates that Internet information service providers shall strengthen the management of information published by users, and shall not produce, reproduce, publish or spread information on suspected illegal fund-raising practices. If any information on suspected illegal fund-raising practices is found, relevant records shall be kept and reported to the authority handling illegal fund-raising. Competent authorities in charge of telecommunications shall shut down websites established and mobile applications developed for illegal fund-raising and other Internet applications in accordance with the law. We have taken measures to avoid conducting any activities that are prohibited under the illegal-funding related laws and regulations. For example, we managed the funds of lenders, borrowers and the proprietary funds of us in separate accounts by entering into fund depositary agreement with a qualified bank. Regulations on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services Mobile Internet applications and the Internet application store are especially regulated by the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, or the APP Provisions, which was promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China or the CAC on June 28, 2016 and entered into force on August 1, 2016. The APP Provisions regulate the APP information and the APP store service providers, and the CAC and local offices of cyberspace administration are responsible for the supervision and administration of nationwide or local APP information respectively. 94 Table of Contents The APP information service providers shall acquire relevant qualifications in accordance with laws and regulations and fulfill the information security management obligations as follows: (1) shall authenticate the identity information of the registered users including their mobile telephone number and other identity information under the principle that mandatory real name registration at the back-office end, and voluntary real name display at the front-office end; (2) shall establish and perfect the mechanism for the protection of users’ information, and follow the principle of legality, rightfulness and necessity, indicate expressly the purpose, method and scope of collection and use and obtain the consent of users while collecting and using users’ personal information; (3) shall establish and perfect the mechanism for the examination and management of information content, and in terms of any information content released that violates laws or regulations, take such measures as warning, restricting the functions, suspending the update and closing the accounts as the case may be, keep relevant records and report the same to relevant competent authorities; (4) shall safeguard users’ right to know and to make choices when users are installing or using such applications, and shall neither start such functions as collecting the information of users’ positions, accessing users’ contacts, turning on the camera and recording the sound, or any other function irrelevant to the services, nor forcefully install any other irrelevant applications without prior consent of users when noticed expressly; (5) shall respect and protect the intellectual properties and shall neither produce nor release any application that infringes others’ intellectual properties; and (6) shall record the users’ log information and keep the same for 60 days. We have established necessary mechanisms and adopted data encryption and protection technology in our mobile application to ensure the collection, protection and storage of user information are in compliance with the requirements of the APP Provisions in all material aspects. Regulations on Internet Information Security In 1997, the Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites. Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, has enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security on December 28, 2000 and further amended on August 27, 2009, which may subject violators to criminal punishment in China for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The PRC Cybersecurity Law was promulgated by the SCNPC on November 7, 2016 and became effective on June 1, 2017. Under this regulation, network operators, including online lending information service providers, shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services, and take all necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data. On 10 June 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, or the Data Security Law, which took effect on 1 September 2021. The Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system. The Data Security Law also provides that the state shall establish a data security review system, where data handling activities that affect or may affect the national security will undergo national security review, and shall implement export controls on certain data. In addition, Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which became effective on June 1, 2020, as amended on December 28, 2021, and became effective on February 15, 2022, set forth the cybersecurity review mechanism for critical information infrastructure operators, and provide that (i) critical information infrastructure operators who intend to purchase internet products and services that affect or may affect national security shall be subject to a cybersecurity review; (ii) online platform operators who are engaged in data processing are also subject to the regulatory scope; (iii) the CSRC is included as one of the regulatory authorities for purposes of jointly establishing the state cybersecurity review working mechanism; (iv) the online platform operators holding more than one million users/users’ individual information and seeking a listing outside China shall file for cybersecurity review; (v) the risks of core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, damaged, illegally used or illegally transmitted to overseas parties and the risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being influenced, controlled or used maliciously shall be collectively taken into consideration during the cybersecurity review process. 95 Table of Contents We have, in accordance with relevant provisions on network security of the PRC, established necessary mechanisms to protect information security, including, among others, adopting necessary network security protection technologies such as anti-virus firewalls, intrusion detection and data encryption, keeping record of network logs, and implementing information classification framework. Although we do not believe we are a critical information infrastructure provider, the PRC authorities could interpret such term broadly to capture a leading online personal finance company like us. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under such rules, we could be subject to cybersecurity review by Cyberspace Administration of China and other relevant PRC regulatory authorities and be required to change our existing practices in data privacy and cybersecurity matters at substantial costs. During such cybersecurity review, we may be required to stop providing services to our customers, and such review could also result in negative publicity to us and diversion of our managerial and financial resources. Regulations on Privacy Protection The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT in December 2011, provide that, an internet information service provider may not collect any user personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of a user. An internet information service provider must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, online lending service providers must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, make an immediate report to the telecommunications regulatory authority. In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the SCNPC in December 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. The Guidelines jointly released by ten PRC regulatory agencies in July 2015 purport, among other things, to require Internet finance service providers to improve technology security standards, and safeguard user and transaction information. The Guidelines also prohibit Internet finance service providers from illegally selling or disclosing users’ personal information. Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the SCNPC in August 2015, which became effective in November 2015, any Internet service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to Internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders is subject to criminal penalty for the result of (i) any dissemination of illegal information in large scale; (ii) any severe effect due to the leakage of the client’s information; (iii) any serious loss of criminal evidence; or (iv) other severe situation, and any individual or entity that (i) sells or provides personal information to others in a way violating the applicable law, or (ii) steals or illegally obtain any personal information is subject to criminal penalty in severe situation. Pursuant to the PRC Civil Code, the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual that needs to obtain personal information of others shall obtain such information legally and ensure the safety of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, or illegally purchase or sell, provide or make public personal information of others. Furthermore, information processors shall not divulge or tamper with personal information collected or stored by them; without the consent of a natural person, information processors shall not illegally provide personal information of such person to others, except for information that has been processed so that specific persons cannot be identified and that cannot be restored. In addition, an information processor shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information that is collected and stored and to prevent the information from being divulged, tampered with or lost; where personal information has been or may be divulged, tampered with or lost, the information processor shall take remedial measures in a timely manner, inform the natural person concerned in accordance with the provisions and report the case to the relevant competent department. On 20 August 2021, the SCNP Congress promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, or the Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect on 1 November 2021. As the first systematic and comprehensive law specifically for the protection of personal information in the PRC, the Personal Information Protection Law provides, among others, that (i) an individual’s consent shall be obtained to use sensitive personal information, (ii) personal information operators using sensitive personal information shall notify individuals of the necessity of such use and impact on the individual’s rights, and (iii) where it is necessary for personal information to be provided by a personal information processor to a recipient outside the territory of the PRC due to any business need or any other need, a security assessment organized by the national cyberspace authority shall be passed. 96 Table of Contents Furthermore, the Interim Measures require online lending information service providers to reinforce the management of lenders’ and borrowers’ information, so as to ensure the legitimacy and security regarding the collection, processing and use of lenders’ and borrowers’ information. Also, online lending information service providers should keep confidential the lenders’ and borrowers’ information collected in the course of their business, and should not use such information for any other purpose except for services they provide without approval of lenders or borrowers. On February 13, 2020, the PBOC also issued the Personal Financial Information Protection Technical Specification, which is an industry standard, to specify the security protection requirements for all aspects of personal financial information life cycle processing, including collection, transmission, storage, use, deletion, and destruction. This standard is applicable for financial industry institutions to provide financial products and services, and also provides a reference for security assessment agencies to conduct security inspections and assessments. According to the potential impact caused by unauthorized viewing or unauthorized change of financial information, this standard classifies personal financial information into three categories of C3, C2, and C1 from high to low sensitivity, and different requirements are put forward for the whole life cycle processing of all kinds of information according to different categories. We have obtained consent from users to collect and use their personal information in providing consumer finance service. While we have taken measures to protect the personal information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached resulting in the leak of such confidential personal information. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected.” Regulations Related to Credit Information On September 27, 2021, the PBOC promulgated the Administrative Measures for Credit Information Services, or the Credit Information Services Measures, which took effect on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Credit Information Services Measures, Credit Information Services, shall mean the collection, sorting, retention, and processing of credit information of enterprises and individuals, and the provision of the foregoing information to information users. Credit information, shall mean the basic individual information, lending information and other relevant information used for identification and determination of creditworthiness status of enterprises and individuals, and collected pursuant to the law for the purpose of providing services for financial activities, as well as the analyzed and evaluated information formed based on the foregoing information. Entities engaging in personal credit information services shall obtain the personal credit information organization license pursuant to the Credit Information Services Measures. Financial institutions shall not carry out commercial cooperation with entities who have not obtained business qualifications for engaging in credit information services to obtain any credit information services. Regulations Related to Intellectual Property The SCNPC and the State Council have promulgated comprehensive laws and regulations to protect trademarks. The Trademark Law of the PRC, or the PRC Trademark Law, promulgated on August 23, 1982 and most recently amended on November 1, 2019 and the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law issued by the State Council on August 3, 2002 and amended on April 29, 2014 are the main regulations protecting registered trademarks. The Trademark Office under the State Administration of Industry and Commerce administrates the registration of trademarks on a “first- to-file” basis, and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks. The PRC Copyright Law, adopted in 1990 and most recently revised on June 1, 2021 respectively, with its implementation rules adopted on August 8, 2002 and revised in 2011 and 2013 respectively, and the Regulations for the Protection of Computer Software as promulgated on December 20, 2001 and amended in 2011 and 2013 provide protection for copyright of computer software in the PRC. Under these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the National Copyright Administration Center or its local branches to obtain software copyright registration certificates. The MIIT, promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Name , or the Domain Name Measure on August 24, 2017 to protect domain names. According to the Domain Name Measures, domain name applicants are required to duly register their domain names with domain name registration service institutions. The applicants will become the holder of such domain names upon the completion of the registration procedure. 97 Table of Contents We have adopted necessary mechanisms to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. However, we cannot assure you that we can prevent our intellectual property from all the unauthorized use by any third party, neither can we promise that none of our intellectual property rights would be challenged any third party. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry— We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.” Regulation Relating to Insurance Brokers The PRC Insurance Law and related regulations were amended in 2002, 2009, 2014 and 2015. The 2015 amendments involved a number of significant changes to the regulatory regime, including eliminating the requirement for any insurance agent, broker or claims adjusting practitioners to obtain a qualification certificate issued by the China Insurance Regulatory Commission (“CIRC”). The principal regulation governing insurance brokers is the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Brokers, or the POSAIB, promulgated by the CIRC on February 1, 2018 and effective May 1, 2018, replacing the Provisions on the Supervision of Insurance Brokers issued on September 25, 2009, as amended on April 27, 2013 and October 19, 2015, and the Measures on the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Brokers and Insurance Claims Adjustors issued by the CIRC on January 6, 2013. The term of “insurance broker” refers to an entity which, representing the interests of insurance applicants, acts as an intermediary between insurance applicants and insurance companies for entering into insurance contracts, and collects commissions for the provision of such brokering services. The term of “insurance brokerage practitioner” refers to a person affiliated with an insurance broker who drafts insurance application proposals or handle the insurance application formalities for insurance applicants or the insured or assists insurance applicants or the insured in claiming compensation or who provides clients with disaster or loss prevention or risk assessment or management consulting services or engages in reinsurance broker, among others. To engage in insurance brokerage business within the territory of the PRC, an insurance broker shall satisfy the requirements prescribed by the CIRC and obtain an insurance brokerage business permit issued by the CIRC, after obtaining a business license. An insurance broker may take any of the following forms: (i) a limited liability company; or (ii) a joint stock limited company. The minimum registered capital of an insurance broker company whose business area is not limited to the province in which it is registered is RMB50 million while the minimum registered capital of an insurance broker whose business area is limited to its place of registration is RMB10 million. However, on October 28, 2021, CBIRC promulgated the Implementation Measures for Administrative Licensing and Filing of Insurance Intermediaries, which took effect on February 1, 2022,according to which, the registered capital of regional insurance brokers will be changed to 20 million yuan. The name of an insurance broker shall include the words “insurance brokerage.” An insurance broker must register the information of its affiliated insurance brokerage practitioners with Insurance Intermediary Supervision Information System (“IISIS”). One person can only be registered with the IISIS through one insurance broker. An insurance broker may conduct the following insurance brokering businesses: ● making insurance proposals, selecting insurance companies and handling the insurance application procedures for the insurance applicants; ● assisting the insured or the beneficiary to claim compensation; ● reinsurance brokering business; ● providing consulting services to clients with respect to disaster and damage prevention, risk assessment and risk management; and ● other business activities approved by the CIRC. An insurance broker shall submit a written report to the CIRC through the IISIS and make public disclosure within five days from the date of occurrence of any of the following matters: (i) change of name, domicile or business premises; (ii) change of shareholders, registered capital or form of organization; (iii) change of names of shareholders or capital contributions; (iv) amendment to the articles of association; (v) equity investment, establishment of offshore insurance related entities or nonoperational organizations; (vi) division, merger and dissolution or termination of insurance brokering business activities of its branches; (vii) change of the primary person in charge of its branches other than provincial branches; (viii) being a subject of administrative or criminal penalties, or under investigation for suspected involvement in any violation of law or a crime; and (x) other reportable events prescribed by the CIRC. 98 Table of Contents The principal regulation governing insurance brokerage practitioners is the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Brokers, or the POSAIB, promulgated by the CIRC on February 1, 2018 and effective May 1, 2018, replacing the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Insurance Brokerage Parishioners and Insurance Assessment Practitioners, which was issued by the CIRC on January 6, 2013 and effective on July 1, 2013. Under this regulation, insurance brokerage practitioners shall have the professional ability required for engaging in insurance brokerage business. Insurance brokers shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, obtain registrations with the CIRC for their insurance brokerage practitioners, who can only obtain his or her registration through one insurance broker Insurance broker and its practitioners are not allowed to sell non-insurance financial products, except for those products approved by relevant financial regulatory institutions and the insurance broker and its practitioners shall obtain relevant qualification in order to sell non-insurance related financial products that meets regulatory requirements. Personnel of an insurance broker and its branches who engage in any of the insurance brokering businesses described above must comply with the qualification requirements prescribed by the CIRC. The senior managers of an insurance broker must meet specific qualification requirements set forth in the POSAIB. During 2018, we acquired an insurance broker license. As of the date hereof, we have not engaged in any insurance brokerage business. Regulations Related to Employment The PRC Labor Law, or the Labor Law, which was promulgated by the SCNPC in July 1994, became effective in January 1995, and was most recently amended in December 2018. The PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Law Contract Law, which took effect on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012. Pursuant to the Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may constitute criminal offences. On December 28, 2012, the PRC Labor Contract Law was amended with effect on July 1, 2013 to impose more stringent requirements on labor dispatch. Under such law, dispatched workers are entitled to pay equal to that of full-time employees for equal work, but the number of dispatched workers that an employer hires may not exceed a certain percentage of its total number of employees as determined by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Additionally, dispatched workers are only permitted to engage in temporary, auxiliary or substitute work. According to the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on January 24, 2014, which became effective on March 1, 2014, the number of dispatched workers hired by an employer shall not exceed 10% of the total number of its employees (including both directly hired employees and dispatched workers). The Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch require employers not in compliance with the PRC Labor Contract Law in this regard to reduce the number of its dispatched workers to below 10% of the total number of its employees prior to March 1, 2016. Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. The enterprise may be ordered to pay the full amount within a deadline if it fails to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and may be subject to fines and other administrative sanctions. 99 Table of Contents Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange Under the PRC Foreign Currency Administration Rules promulgated on January 29, 1996 and last amended on August 5, 2008 and various regulations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, and other relevant PRC government authorities, payment of current account items in foreign currencies, such as trade and service payments, payment of interest and dividends can be made without prior approval from SAFE by following the appropriate procedural requirements. By contrast, the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and remittance of the converted foreign currency outside the PRC for the purpose of capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, requires prior approval from SAFE or its local office. On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Currency Management Policy on Direct Investment, or the SAFE Circular No. 13, effective from June 1, 2015 and amended on December 30, 2019, which cancels the requirement for obtaining approvals of foreign exchange registration of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE. The application for the registration of foreign exchange for the purpose of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment may be filed with qualified banks, which, under the supervision of SAFE, may review the application and process the registration. The Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, or the SAFE Circular No. 19, was promulgated on March 30, 2015, became effective on June 1, 2015 and was further amended on December 30, 2019. According to the SAFE Circular No. 19, a foreign-invested enterprise may, according to its actual business needs, settle with a bank the portion of the foreign exchange capital in its capital account for which the relevant foreign exchange bureau has confirmed monetary contribution rights and interests (or for which the bank has registered the account-crediting of monetary contribution). For the time being, foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to settle 100% of their foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis; a foreign-invested enterprise shall truthfully use its capital for its own operational purposes within the scope of business; where an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise makes domestic equity investment with the amount of foreign exchanges settled, the invested enterprise shall first go through domestic re-investment registration and open a corresponding Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment with the foreign exchange bureau (bank) at the place of registration. The Circular of the SAFE on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, the SAFE Circular No. 16 was promulgated and became effective on June 9, 2016. According to the SAFE Circular No. 16, enterprises registered in PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency into Renminbi on self-discretionary basis. The SAFE Circular No. 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on self—discretionary basis, which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. The SAFE Circular No. 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency- denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope and may not be used for investments in securities or other investment with the exception of bank financial products that can guarantee the principal within the PRC unless otherwise specifically provided. Besides, the converted Renminbi shall not be used to make loans for related enterprises unless it is within the business scope or to build or to purchase any real estate that is not for the enterprise own use with the exception for the real estate enterprise. On January 26, 2017, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or Circular No. 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profits from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) banks must check whether the transaction is genuine by reviewing board resolutions regarding profit distribution, original copies of tax filing records and audited financial statements, and (ii) domestic entities must retain income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting any profits. Moreover, pursuant to Circular 3, domestic entities must explain in detail the sources of capital and how the capital will be used, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof as a part of the registration procedure for outbound investment. 100 Table of Contents Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37, which became effective in July 2014, to replace the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Concerning the Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Equity Finance and Roundtrip Investments by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 75 to regulate foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. SAFE Circular 37 defines a SPV as an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” is defined as direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 stipulates that, prior to making contributions into an SPV, PRC residents or entities be required to complete foreign exchange registration with SAFE or its local branch. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, as amended in December 2019, which amended SAFE Circular 37 and became effective on June 1, 2015, requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but had not obtained registration as required before the implementation of the SAFE Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the SPVs with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary or limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.” Regulations Relating to Stock Incentive Plans SAFE promulgated the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, or the Stock Incentive Plan Notice, in February 2012, replacing the previous rules issued by SAFE in March 2007. Pursuant to the Stock Incentive Plan Notice and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents participating in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and follow certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan through a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution appointed by the PRC subsidiary. In addition, the PRC agent is required to update the relevant SAFE registration should there be any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or other material changes. The PRC agent must, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee stock options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee stock options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents prior to distribution to such PRC residents. We have adopted a share incentive plan, under which we have the discretion to award incentives and rewards to eligible participants. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan.” We have advised the recipients of awards under our Share Incentive Plan to handle relevant foreign exchange matters in accordance with the Stock Incentive Plan Notice. However, we cannot guarantee that all employee awarded equity-based incentives can successfully register with SAFE in full compliance with the Stock Incentive Plan Notice. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.” 101 Table of Contents In addition, the State Administration for Taxation has issued circulars concerning employee share options, under which our employees working in the PRC who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiary and VIE have obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or if we fail to withhold their income taxes as required by relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the PRC tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution Distribution of dividends of foreign investment enterprises are mainly governed by the PRC Company Law promulgated in January 2006 and last amended in October 2018 and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law promulgated in April 1986 and amended in September 2016 and its implementation regulations. The Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law was replaced by the PRC Foreign Investment Law on January 1, 2020. Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises in the PRC may distribute dividends only out of their accumulative profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, no less than 10% of the accumulated profits of the foreign investment enterprises in the PRC are required to be allocated to fund certain reserve funds each year unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. A PRC company is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from previous fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Limitation on the ability of our consolidated VIEs to make remittance to the wholly-foreign owned enterprise and on the ability of our wholly-foreign owned enterprise to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements.” Regulations Related to Taxation Dividend Withholding Tax In March 2007, the National People’s Congress enacted the Enterprise Income Tax Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 and last amended on December 29, 2018. According to Enterprise Income Tax Law, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign- invested enterprise in China to its foreign enterprise investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential withholding arrangement. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Negotiated Reduction of Dividends and Interest Rates, issued on January 29, 2008 and supplemented and revised on February 29, 2008, and the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, which became effective on December 8, 2006 and applicable to income derived in any year of assessment commencing on or after April 1, 2007 in Hong Kong and in any year commencing on or after January 1, 2007 in the PRC, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong enterprise is deemed the beneficial owner of any dividend paid by a PRC subsidiary by PRC tax authorities and holds at least 25% of the equity interest in that particular PRC subsidiary at all times within the 12-month period immediately prior to the distribution of the dividends. Furthermore, pursuant to the Announcement on Issues concerning “Beneficial Owners” in Tax Treaties issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT, when determining the status of “beneficial owners”, a comprehensive analysis may be conducted through materials such as articles of association, financial statements, records of capital flows, minutes of board of directors, resolutions of board of directors, allocation of manpower and material resources, the relevant expenses, functions and risk assumption, loan contracts, royalty contracts or transfer contracts, patent registration certificates and copyright certificates, etc. However, even if an applicant has the status as a “beneficiary owner”, if the competent tax authority finds necessity to apply the principal purpose test clause in the tax treaties or the general anti-tax avoidance rules stipulated in domestic tax laws, the general anti-tax avoidance provisions shall apply. On October 14, 2019, SAT promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatment under Treaties, or SAT Circular 35, which became effective on January 1, 2020. SAT Circular 35 provides that non-PRC resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authorities in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, non-PRC resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and include necessary forms and supporting documents in the tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. 102 Table of Contents Enterprise Income Tax In December 2007, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law , or the Implementing Rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019. The Enterprise Income Tax Law and its relevant Implementing Rules (i) impose a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate, which is applicable to both foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises (ii) permits companies to continue to enjoy their existing tax incentives, subject to certain transitional phase-out rules and (iii) introduces new tax incentives, subject to various qualification criteria. The Enterprise Income Tax Law also provides that enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The Implementing Rules further define the term “de facto management body” as the management body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. If an enterprise organized under the laws of jurisdiction outside China is considered a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. First, it would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. Second, a 10% withholding tax would be imposed on dividends it pays to its non-PRC enterprise shareholders and with respect to gains derived by its non-PRC enterprise shareholders from transfer of its shares. On October 17, 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or the Bulletin 37, as amended in June 2018, which replaced the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on December 10, 2009, and partially replaced and supplemented rules under the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or the Bulletin 7, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on February 3, 2015 and last amended in December 2017. Under Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the relevant gain is to be regarded as effectively connected with the PRC establishment and therefore included in its enterprise income tax filing, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not effectively connected to a PRC establishment of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Pursuant to Bulletin 37, the withholding party shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding party is located within 7 days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation. Both Bulletin 37 and Bulletin 7 do not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We and our existing shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.” Value-Added Tax In November 2011, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax, or the Pilot Plan. In March 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation further promulgated the Notice on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax by Value-Added Tax, as amended from time to time. Pursuant to the Pilot Plan and the relevant notice, VAT at a rate of 6% is generally imposed, on a nationwide basis, on the revenue generated from the provision of service in lieu of business tax in the modern service industries. VAT of a rate of 6% applies to revenue derived from the provision of some modern services. Unlike business tax, a taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the modern services provided. 103 Table of Contents Regulations Relating to Overseas Listing On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. On December 24, 2021, the CSRC and relevant departments of the State Council published the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), and Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or, collectively, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, which aim to regulate overseas securities offerings and listings by China-based companies, are available for public consultation. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations aim to lay out the filing regulation arrangement for both direct and indirect overseas listing, and clarify the determination criteria for indirect overseas listing in overseas markers. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, among other things, stipulate that, after making initial applications with overseas stock markets for initial public offerings or listings, all China-based companies shall file with the CSRC within three working days. After completing the filing procedures for an overseas initial public offering and listing, for the purposes of implementing and strengthening the CSRC’s supervision, issuer will need to comply with continuous filing and reporting requirements after such offering and listing, among others, including the following: (i) a reporting obligation in respect of a material event which arose prior to such offering and listing, (ii) filing for follow-on offerings after the initial offering and listing, (iii) filing for share exchanges where by the issuer issues securities to acquire assets, and (iv) a reporting obligation for material events after the initial offering and listing. In a Q&A released on its official website, the respondent CSRC official indicated that the CSRC will start applying the filing requirements to new offerings and listings. New initial public offerings and refinancing by existing overseas listed Chinese companies will be required to go through the filing process. As for the other filings for the existing companies, the regulator will grant adequate transition period to complete their filing procedures. However, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations were released for public comment only, there remains substantial uncertainty, including but not limited to its final content, adoption timeline, effective date or relevant implementation rules. On April 2, 2022, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Management of Confidentiality and Archives Related to the draft Overseas Issuance of Securities and Overseas Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Public Comments), or the Draft Archives Rules, for public comments. In the overseas listing activities of domestic companies, domestic companies, as well as securities companies and securities service institutions providing relevant securities services hereof, should establish a sound system of confidentiality and archival work, shall not disclose state secrets, or harm the state and public interests. Where a domestic company provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing entity, any document or material involving any state secret or any work secret of organs and organizations, it shall report to the competent authority for approval in accordance with the law, and submit to the secrecy administration department for filing. domestic companies shall not provide accounting records to an overseas accounting firm that has not performed the corresponding procedures. Securities companies and securities service organizations shall comply with the confidentiality and archive management requirements, and keep the documents and materials properly. Securities companies and securities service institutions that provide domestic enterprises with relevant securities services for overseas issuance and listing of securities shall keep such archives they compile within the territory of the PRC and shall not transfer such archives to overseas institutions or individuals, by any means such as carriage, shipment or information technology, without the approval of the relevant competent authorities. If the archives or duplicates of such archives are of important value to the state and society and needed to be taken abroad, approval shall be obtained in accordance with relevant provisions. Regulations Related to Anti-Monopoly The Anti-Monopoly Law took effect on 1 August 2008. Before the 2018 Institutional Reform Plan, the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, the SAIC, and the MOFCOM were the three PRC anti-monopoly enforcement authorities and the NDRC and the SAIC, had in recent years strengthened enforcement actions, including levying significant fines, with respect to cartel activity as well as abusive behavior of companies having market dominance. According to the 2018 Institutional Reform Plan, the anti-monopoly functions performed by the NDRC, the SAIC, and the MOFCOM were consolidated into the SAMR, which may place a profound impact on the PRC anti-monopoly law enforcement practice. 104 Table of Contents In addition, on February 3, 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, on August 25, 2011, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, which became effective on September 1, 2011, to implement Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under the Circular 6 led by the NDRC, and MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out the security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. The Anti-Monopoly Law also provides a private right of action for competitors or users to bring anti-monopoly claims against companies. In recent years, an increased number of companies have been exercising their right to seek relief under the Anti-Monopoly Law. As public awareness of the rights under the Anti-Monopoly Law increases, more companies, including our competitors, business partners and customers, may resort to the remedies under the law to improve their competitive position, regardless of the merits of their claims. On 2 January 2020, the Draft Amendment to the Anti-Monopoly Law (Draft for Comment, or the Draft Amendment was issued by SAMR to seek public comments. Among others, the Draft Amendment provides that when determining an operator’s dominant market position in the field of Internet, network effect, economies of scale, lock- in effect and the ability of mastering and processing relevant data would be expressly taken into consideration, and further substantially raises maximum fines in gun-jumping cases to 10% of the sales revenue of the previous year. On 23 October 2021, the SCNP Congress issued a new Draft Amendment to the Anti-Monopoly Law (Revised Draft for Comment), or the Revised Draft Amendment to seek public comments. Among others, the Revised Draft Amendment provides that the State Council anti-monopoly enforcement agency may order the operators to stop the implementation of the concentration, to dispose of shares, assets, and the business within a period of time, or take other necessary measures to restore the state before the concentration, if operators have implemented the concentration and have or may have the effect of excluding or limiting competition. And a fine up to RMB5,000,000 may be imposed on operators if the concentration does not have the effect of excluding or limiting competition. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council promulgated the Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector, or the Anti-monopoly Guideline, aiming to improve anti-monopoly administration on online platforms. The Anti-monopoly Guideline, operating as the compliance guidance under the existing PRC anti-monopoly regulatory regime for platform economy operators, specifically prohibits certain acts of the platform economy operators that may have the effect of eliminating or limiting market competition, such as concentration of undertakings. 105 Table of Contents 4.C. Organizational Structure The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report. It omits certain entities that are immaterial to our results of operations, business and financial condition and also omits certain trusts and limited partnership enterprises we consolidate (see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—5.A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates, Consolidated Trusts, Consolidated Partnerships”). The relationships between, on the one hand, each of Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Tangren, Shenzhen Xiaoying and Shenzhen Beier, and on the other, Beijing WFOE as illustrated in this diagram are governed by contractual arrangements and do not constitute equity ownership. (1) In December 2017, Beijing WFOE acquired 100% of the equity interest held by Shenzhen Xiaoying in Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xiaoying Information Technology Co., Ltd. (2) Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, Mr. Baoguo Zhu and entities controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang hold 42.9838%, 11.3381% and 45.6781% of equity interest in Shenzhen Xiaoying, respectively. (3) Xi’an Bailu holds 100% equity interest in Shenzhen Tangren. (4) Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and Mr. Baoguo Zhu holds 88.6619% and 11.3381% of the equity interest in Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, respectively. (5) Shenzhen Gamma Capital Management Co., Ltd. holds 100% equity interest in Shenzhen Beier. Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders (“VIE Agreements”) Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, valued-added telecommunications, similar to all other entities with foreign incorporated holding company structures operating in our industry in China, currently conduct these activities mainly through our VIEs and its subsidiaries over which we exercise effective control through contractual arrangements among our VIEs and its shareholders. The contractual arrangements allow us to: ● exercise effective control over our VIEs; ● receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our VIEs; and 106 Table of Contents ● have an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interest in and/or assets of our VIEs when and to the extent permitted by laws. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and their subsidiaries and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of the VIEs and their subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. ● the ownership structure of the VIEs currently are in compliance with PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and ● the contractual arrangements among the VIEs and the shareholders of the VIEs, governed by PRC law currently are valid and binding under PRC law, and will not result in any violation of applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, except that the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Tangren, which holds a financial guarantee license, and the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Beier would not be deemed validly created until they are registered with the competent administration for market regulation, and we may not be able to register the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Tangren and the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Beier, in which case we must rely on the equity pledge agreement to enforce the pledge. The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiaries, the VIEs and the shareholder(s) of the VIEs and their spouses. Agreements that provide us with effective control over the VIEs Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreements. Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Voting Right Proxy Agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs and the shareholders of each of the VIEs. These shareholders irrevocably authorize Beijing WFOE or any person(s) designated by Beijing WFOE to act as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all of his or her rights as a shareholder of the VIEs, including, but not limited to, the right to convene shareholders’ meetings, vote and sign any resolution as a shareholder, appoint directors and other senior executives to be appointed and removed by the shareholder, the right to sell, transfer, pledge and dispose of all or a portion of the shares held by such shareholder, and other shareholders voting rights permitted by the Articles of Association of each VIE. For the agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, and their shareholders, the power of attorney will remain in force for ten years. Unless a thirty-day notice is given by Beijing WFOE, these agreements shall be automatically renewed for another one year upon the expiration. The agreement among Beijing WFOE, Shenzhen Beier and its shareholder does not specify its effective term. Spousal Consent Letters. Spouse of each individual shareholder of each of the VIEs has each signed a spousal consent letter. Under the spousal consent letters, each signing spouse unconditionally and irrevocably gives up his or her rights to such shares and any associated economic rights or interests to which he or she may be entitled pursuant to applicable laws and undertakes not to make any assertion of rights to such shares and the underlying assets. Each signing spouse agrees and undertakes that he or she will take all necessary actions to ensure the proper perform of the contractual arrangements, and will be bound by the contractual arrangements in case he or she obtains any equity of the VIEs due to any reason. Equity Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to the Equity Pledge Agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs and the shareholders of each of the VIEs, those shareholders have pledged 100% equity interest in the VIEs to Beijing WFOE to guarantee the performance by the VIEs and its shareholders of their obligations under the Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreements, the Equity Pledge Agreements and the Exclusive Business Corporation Agreements. If the VIEs or those shareholders breach their contractual obligations under these agreements, Beijing WFOE, as pledgee, will have the right to dispose of the pledged equity interests in the VIEs and will have priority in receiving the proceeds from such disposal. Those shareholders also agree that, unless the contractual obligations as defined in the Equity Pledge Agreements are fully performed by them or the secured debts under the Equity Pledge Agreements are paid in full (whichever later), they will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests. We have completed the registration of the pledge of equity interests in Beijing Ying Zhong Tong and Shenzhen Xiaoying with the competent administration for market regulation. As of the date of this annual report, the pledge of equity interest in Shenzhen Tangren and the pledge of equity interest in Shenzhen Beier have not been registered with the competent administration for market regulation and we may not be able to register the pledge of equity in Shenzhen Tangren and the pledge in of equity Shenzhen Beier. 107 Table of Contents Agreements that allow us to receive economic benefits from the VIEs Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements. Pursuant to the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements among Beijing WFOE and each of the VIEs, Beijing WFOE or its designated person has the exclusive right to provide the VIEs with technical support, consulting and other services in return for fees based on 100% total consolidated profit of the VIEs after making up any cumulative loss (if any) of the VIEs and its affiliated companies and setting of the working capital, operational costs, taxes and other statutory contributions required. Without Beijing WFOE’s prior written consent, the VIEs may not accept any services subject to these agreements from any third party. Beijing WFOE has the right to determine the service fee to be charged to the VIEs under these agreements by considering, among other things, the complexity of the services, the time that may be spent for providing such services, as well as the commercial value and specific content of the service provided. Beijing WFOE will have the exclusive ownership of all intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of these agreements. For the agreements between Beijing WFOE and each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, unless Beijing WFOE terminates these agreements in advance, these agreements will remain effective for ten years. Unless agreed by both parties in writing, these agreements shall be automatically renewed for another ten year upon its expiration. The agreement between Beijing WFOE and Shenzhen Beier will remain effective permanently, unless early terminated by Beijing WFOE in writing pursuant to this agreement or otherwise required by PRC laws. Agreements that provide us with the option to purchase the equity interests in the VIEs Exclusive Call Option Agreements. Pursuant to the Exclusive Call Option Agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs and their shareholders, their shareholders irrevocably granted Beijing WFOE or any third party designated by Beijing WFOE an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their equity interests in the VIEs at the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC laws. Those shareholders further undertake that they will neither create any pledge or encumbrance on their equity interests in the VIEs, nor transfer, gift or otherwise dispose of their equity interests in the VIEs to any person other than Beijing WFOE or its designated third party. Without Beijing WFOE or its designated third party’s prior written consent, those shareholders agree not to, among other things, amend its articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, permit the VIEs to enter into transactions which materially and adversely affect the VIEs’ assets, liabilities, business operations, equity interests and other legal interests, or merge with any other entities or make any investments, or distribute dividends. For the agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, and their shareholders, these agreements will remain effective for ten years. Unless notified by Beijing WFOE, the parties to these agreements shall extend the term of these agreements for another ten years. The agreement among Beijing WFOE, Shenzhen Beier and its shareholder does not specify its effective term. 4.D. Property, Plant and Equipment Our corporate headquarters are located in Shenzhen, where we lease an area of approximately 5,198 square meters as of the date of this annual report. We also lease office space of approximately 1,400 square meters in Beijing and office space of approximately 800 square meters in Shanghai. We lease our premises from third parties under operating lease agreements. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans. ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS You should read the following discussion together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business and operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those we currently anticipate as a result of many factors, including those we describe under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. 108 Table of Contents 5.A. Operating Results Impact of COVID-19 On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (the “WHO”) declared the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. Our borrowers may negatively impacted by COVID-19, including healthcare, travel, offline education, franchising, auto/transportation and real estate/home furnishing sectors, may reduce their liquidity to repay the loans, which may materially adversely impact our loan performance. The loan facilitation amount may also decreased as our institutional funding partners adjusted their strategies due to pessimistic expectations. Our results of operations were adversely affected by the COVID-19 especially during the first half year of 2020. In the early onset of the third quarter of 2020, our business was already on track for a steady recovery and our business operation has returned to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic level. In 2021, our operational and financial results continued to show progress against our strategic objectives. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, the total loans we facilitated amounted to RMB39,441 million, RMB29,676 million and RMB51,859 million, respectively. Our delinquency rate for all outstanding loans that were 31-60 days past due decreased from 2.40% as of December 31, 2019 to 0.79% as of December 31, 2020, and then increased to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. There are new confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in China in early 2022 and the recent COVID-19 resurgence in Chinese mainland has been in general stabilized and under control. There is no obvious adverse change in our loan performance due to the recent COVID-19 resurgence as of the date of this annual report. However, the potential impact brought by and the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak are difficult to assess or predict and the full impact of the virus on our operations will depend on many factors beyond our control. We have provided additional credit losses for accounts receivable and contract assets, other current assets and loans receivables in the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, due to the impact of COVID- 19, other economic conditions and other factors. There are still uncertainties of COVID-19’s future impact, and the extent of the impact will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and severity of COVID-19, possibility of another wave in China, the development and progress of distribution of COVID-19 vaccine and other medical treatment, the potential change in user behavior, especially on internet usage due to the prolonged impact of COVID-19, the actions taken by government authorities, particularly to contain the outbreak, stimulate the economy to improve business condition, almost all of which are beyond the Company’s control. As a result, certain of our estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, require significant judgments and carry a higher degree of variabilities and volatilities that could result in material changes to our current estimates in future periods. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of RMB746.4 million and RMB584.8 million (US$91.8 million), respectively. We believe this level of liquidity is sufficient to successfully navigate an extended period of uncertainty. Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations Economic Conditions and Regulatory Environment in China The demand for personal finance services from prime borrowers depends on the overall economic conditions in China. General economic factors, including the interest rate environment and unemployment rates, may have impacts on borrowers’ willingness to seek loans. For example, significant increases in interest rates could lead to prospective borrowers to defer obtaining loans as they wait for interest rates to decrease. Additionally, a slowdown in the economy, resulting in a rise in unemployment rate and possibly a decrease in real income, may affect individuals’ level of disposable income. This may affect borrowers’ repayment capability and their willingness to seek loans, which may potentially affect the delinquency rates. 109 Table of Contents The regulatory environment for the online personal finance industry in China is developing and evolving, creating both challenges and opportunities that could affect our financial performance. Due to the relatively short history of online personal finance industry in China, a comprehensive regulatory framework governing our industry is under development by the PRC government. See “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry” for details. While new laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations could make facilitating loans to borrowers more difficult or expensive, or making such loan products more difficult for institutional funding partners to accept or on terms favorable to us, these events could also provide new product and market opportunities. We will continue to diversify our funding sources, expand our loan product mix and enhance our risk management to support our business growth. Size of Borrower Base and Engagement Our revenues are dependent on our ability to acquire new borrowers and retain existing borrowers. The size of our borrower base directly affects the total amount of loans we facilitate and in turn the service fees that we collect. The number of active borrowers on our platform decreased from 2,152,962 borrowers in 2019 to 1,663,737 borrowers in 2020, and then increased to 2,371,537 borrowers in 2021, of which 1,437,143, or 66.8%, 1,000,714, or 60.1% and 1,543,794, or 65.1% were new borrowers, respectively. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, we have facilitated RMB39,441 million, RMB29,676 million and RMB51,859 million of loans on our platform, respectively. The loan facilitation amount decreased in 2020 as we took a more stringent risk policy to address COVID-19 impact and increased in 2021 as our business is fully back on its growth trajectory amid the subsiding COVID-19 pandemic in China. We are a leading player in the online personal finance industry. To date, we rely on attractive fee rates, products and services to acquire new borrowers. We also utilize various marketing efforts to attract and retain borrowers. Our new borrower acquisition cost of each borrower for our loan products was RMB294 in 2019, RMB366 in 2020 and RMB401 in 2021. A change in our ability to attract or retain borrowers, or a change in the acquisition cost of such borrowers, may potentially affect our revenue and profitability. Loan Pricing Our revenue and profitability are subject to the terms of our loan products, including the rate of service fees or interest fees charged, loan durations and the size of loan products. To cater our loan products to each prime borrower segment, within each product category, we specify the amount of fees per transaction considering the type, size and duration of the loan product. Loan products of longer duration and larger size generally correspond to higher fees. We assign a credit assessment result to each prospective borrower leveraging on our proprietary credit scoring model, based on an applicant’s basic information, credit history and behavior data and assign a credit line. Going forward, we also expect to assign differentiated fee rates based on the credit assessment result of an applicant. The fee rate variation depends on various factors in the competitive market and our adjustment in pricing will impact our revenues and profitability, as our revenues are generated from the service fees or interest fees. Ability to Maintain Effective Risk Management Our ability to effectively assess the credit risk of borrowers and classify borrowers into appropriate risk profiles impacts our ability to attract and retain borrowers and institutional funding partners, both of which directly relate to users’ confidence in our platform. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 31-60 days past due decreased from 2.40% as of December 31, 2019 to 0.79% as of December 31, 2020, and then increase to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. The primary reasons for an increase include (i) Xiaoying Card Loan has terms ranging from three to twelve months, and therefore would require several months to determine the delinquent effect, and (ii) borrowers have been negatively impacted by liquidity tightening since most of the consumer lending marketplaces took a more stringent risk control policy to address new regulation requirements. We intend to optimize our fraud detection capabilities, improve accuracy of our credit scoring model and enhance our collection effectiveness on a continuing basis through the combination of our big-data analytical capabilities and the increasing amount of data we accumulate through our operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Risk Management” for details. 110 Table of Contents Ability to Maintain Stable Funding Sources and Diversify and Expand Our Funding Channels Our revenue is dependent on our ability to maintain stable funding sources and diversify and continuously expand our funding sources. At the end of 2019, we ceased funding our loan products from our individual investors through Xiaoying Wealth Management platform. We actively expanded institutional funding, such as banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other institutions, and achieved 100% institutional funding for the new loans facilitated by the end of the second quarter of 2020. In May 2021, we obtained a network microcredit license from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality and started online microcredit business in July 2021. The availability of funds affects our liquidity and the amount of transactions that we will be able to facilitate. In 2019, 68.1% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 26.6% were provided by corporate investors and institutional funding partners, and 5.3% were provided by our own funds. In 2020, 4.7% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 95.3% were provided by institutional funding partners. In 2021, 98.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by institutional funding partners, 2.0% were provided by our own funds. The amount of funds invested by institutional funding partners significantly increased in 2020 and 2021. Our collaboration with institutional funding partners affects our ability to secure sufficient and stable funding sources. The interest charged by the institutional funding partners that we collaborate impacts our pricing strategy and profitability. In light of the requirements under Circular 141 and Circular 57 promulgated in December 2017, we have reviewed and adjusted our cooperation with banking financial institution partners, such as suspending certain cooperation, to better comply with the applicable regulatory requirements. However, as we have strong funding capabilities to attract and retain various institutional funding partners, we believe adjustment in our cooperation with banking financial institution partners would not have any material and adverse impact on our business operations. Relationship with Financial Institutional cooperators Our collaboration with financial institutional cooperators is an important factor affecting our results of operations. We benefit from the protection of credit insurance or guarantee service which is provided by our financial institutional cooperators, including ZhongAn and external financing guarantee companies, to investors or institutional funding in the event of borrower’s default. ZhongAn is a listed company on Hong Kong Stock Exchange since September 2017. Substantially all of our financing guarantee partners have at least AA credit rating issued by rating companies including China Lianhe Credit Rating Co., Ltd., China Chengxin Credit Management Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Lianhe Credit Information Service Co., Ltd. Our financing guarantee partners provide guarantee services covering both the North China and South China areas, most of which have a registered capital of more than RMB1 billion. Our financial institutional cooperators’ strong brand recognition in China assists us in expanding our institutional funding base at reasonable expenses. 111 Table of Contents We also collaborate with those financial institutional cooperators to strengthen our capabilities on risk management, given that we can get their insurance or guarantee decision opinion. Our financial institutional cooperators’ credit assessment models are based on information from various databases, including PBOC CRC that is only available to licensed financial institutions. In addition to our financial institutional cooperators’ decision and input, we also factor in many layers of other decision variables to create a more comprehensive and accurate profile of the borrowers’ creditworthiness. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—4.B. Business Overview—Our Partnership with Financial Institutional Cooperators “ for details. Changes to our arrangement with financial institutional cooperators in credit insurance or guarantee services, credit assessment and other aspects of our business could affect our investors’ confidence, the growth of our business and our profitability. In addition to our financial institutional cooperators’ insurance or guarantee protection, Shenzhen Tangren, our consolidated VIE with the financing guarantee license, currently provides a guarantee for certain loan products we facilitate, when in the event of default, Shenzhen Tangren will compensate those financial institutional cooperators for substantially all the loan principal and interest default but have not been subsequently collected. Shenzhen Tangren’s compensation obligation is capped at a certain percentage of the principal at loan facilitation as pre-agreed with them, which will not be more than the contractual guarantee fee collectible from the borrower by us across the entire portfolio. We may consider introducing other funding protection arrangements. We cannot assure you that new arrangements would be perceived by our financial institutional cooperators or institutional funding partners, which may have adverse impact on our business operations. Loan Performance Delinquency Rate by Balance We define delinquency rate as the balance of the outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for loans that were 31 to 60 days past due as a percentage of the total balance of outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for the loans we facilitated as of a specific date. Loans that are delinquent for more than 60 days are charged-off and excluded in the calculation of delinquency rate by balance, except for Xiaoying Housing Loan. As Xiaoying Housing Loan is a secured loan product and we are entitled to payment by exercising our rights to the collaterals, we do not exclude Xiaoying Housing loan delinquent for more 60 days from the calculation of delinquency rate by balance. Xiaoying Housing Loan was launched in July 2015 and ceased in February 2019, and all the outstanding loan balance of housing loan as of December 31, 2021 were overdue more than 60 days. To make the delinquency rate by balance comparable, we exclude Xiaoying Housing Loan in the calculation of delinquency rate as of December 31, 2021. The following table provides the delinquency rates for all outstanding loans on our platform and by major products as of the respective dates indicated. Delinquent for 31-60 days All outstanding loans Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan(1) Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms Notes: 2019 December 31, 2020 2021 2.40 % 2.69 % 2.05 % 0.00 % 0.01 % 1.48 % 0.79 % 1.48 % 0.73 % 2.54 % 100.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % N/A N/A (1) We have ceased the operation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2020. The delinquency rate for Xiaoying Revolving Loan that were 31-60 days past due was 100% as of December 31, 2021, which is because the balance of the outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for loans that were 31 to 60 days past due equals the total balance of outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for the loans we facilitated. 112 Table of Contents To make the delinquency rate by balance comparable to our peers, we also define the delinquency rate as the balance of the outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for loans that were 31 to 90 and 91 to 180 days past due as a percentage of the total balance of outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for the loans we facilitated as of a specific date. Loans that are delinquent for more than 180 days are excluded in the calculation of delinquency rate by balance, except for Xiaoying Housing Loan. Xiaoying Housing Loan was launched in July 2015 and ceased in February 2019, and all the outstanding loan balance of housing loan as of December 31, 2021 were overdue more than 180 days. To make the delinquency rate by balance comparable, we exclude Xiaoying Housing Loan in the calculation of delinquency rate as of December 31, 2021. The following table provides the delinquency rates for all outstanding loans on our platform and by major products as of the respective dates indicated. December 31, 2019 All outstanding loans Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms December 31, 2020 All outstanding loans Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms December 31, 2021 All outstanding loans Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan(1) Xiaoying Housing Loan Loan facilitation services to other platforms Delinquent for 31 - 90 days 91 - 180 days 4.05 % 4.56 % 3.29 % 0.00 % 0.02 % 1.50 % 1.38 % 4.93 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 2.65 % 2.65 % 4.52 % N/A N/A 5.11 % 5.92 % 2.51 % 0.76 % 0.00 % 2.53 % 2.10 % 14.34 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 2.62 % 2.62 % 95.48 % N/A N/A Notes: (1) We have ceased the operation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2020. The delinquency rates for Xiaoying Revolving Loan that were 31-90 days past due plus the delinquency rates that were 91-180 days past due were equal to 100% as of December 31, 2021, which is because the balances of the outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for loans that were 31 to 180 days past due equal the total balance of outstanding principal and accrued outstanding interest for the loans we facilitated. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 31-60 days past due decreased from 2.40% as of December 31, 2019 to 0.79% as of December 31, 2020, and then increased to 1.48% as of December 31, 2021. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 31-90 days past due increased from 4.05% as of December 31, 2019 to 1.50% as of December 31, 2020, and then increased to 2.65% as of December 31, 2021. The delinquency rate for all outstanding loans on our platform that were 91-180 days past due decreased from 5.11% as of December 31, 2019 to 2.53% as of December 31, 2020, and then increased to 2.62% as of December 31, 2021. The primary reasons for the increase include (i) Xiaoying Card Loan has terms ranging from three to twelve months, and therefore would require several months to see the delinquent effect, and (ii) borrowers have been negatively impacted by liquidity tightening since most of the consumer lending marketplaces took a more stringent risk policy to address new regulation requirements. 113 Table of Contents Delinquency Rate by Vintage of Xiaoying Credit Loan We refer to loans facilitated during a specified time period as vintage. We define vintage delinquency rate as (i) the total amount of principal for all loans in vintage that becomes delinquent, less (ii) the total amount of recovered past due principal for all loans in the same vintage, and divided by (iii) the total amount of initial principal for all loans in such vintage. Loans that have been charged-off are included in the calculation of vintage delinquency rates. The following chart displays the historical cumulative 91-day plus past due delinquency rates by loan origination vintage for all continuing Xiaoying Credit Loan facilitated through our platform up to December 31, 2021, excluding the Xiaoying Professional Loan with a term of two to three years and the Xiaoying Preferred Loan with a term of three years. The change in such delinquency rate of Xiaoying Credit Loan was primarily due to (i) Xiaoying Card Loan has terms ranging from three to twelve months, and therefore would require several months to see the delinquent effect, and (ii) borrowers have been negatively impacted by liquidity tightening since most of the consumer lending marketplaces took a more stringent risk policy to address new regulation requirements. Funding We used to obtain funding directly from individual investors and corporate investors where they can invest in loans listed on our Xiaoying Wealth Management platform by choosing the loan products with their desired term and interest rate. Currently we obtain funding from institutional funding partners such as banks, consumer finance companies, trust companies and other institutions. In May 2021, we obtained a network microcredit license from the Local Financial Regulatory Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality and started online microcredit business in July 2021. In 2019, 68.1% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 26.6% were provided by corporate investors and institutional funding partners, and 5.3% were provided by our own funds. In 2020, 4.7% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by individual investors, 95.3% were provided by institutional funding partners. In 2021, 98.0% of the total funding for loans we facilitated were provided by institutional funding partners and 2.0% were provided by our own capital. 114 Table of Contents Results of Operations The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends. 2019 RMB % For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 RMB % (in thousands, except for percentages) RMB 2021 US$ % Net revenues Loan facilitation service—Direct Model Loan facilitation service- Intermediary Model Post-origination service Financing income Other revenue Total net revenue Operating costs and expenses: Origination and servicing General and administrative Sales and marketing (Reversal of) provision for contingent guarantee liabilities Provision for accounts receivable and contract 1,986,003 238,867 330,695 408,401 124,084 3,088,050 64.3 % 7.7 % 10.7 % 13.2 % 4.1 % 100.0 % 1,266,533 41,373 203,842 612,863 68,346 2,192,957 57.8 % 1.9 % 9.3 % 27.9 % 3.1 % 100.0 % 2,545,432 161 315,590 671,901 93,381 3,626,465 399,434 25 49,523 105,436 14,654 569,072 70.2 % 0.0 % 8.7 % 18.5 % 2.6 % 100 % 1,634,822 227,481 103,158 52.9 % 7.4 % 3.3 % 2,071,506 179,226 35,629 94.4 % 8.2 % 1.6 % 1,963,006 187,858 20,830 308,038 29,479 3,269 54.1 % 5.2 % 0.6 % 7,748 0.3 % 881 0.0 % (24) (4) (0.0)% assets 241,187 7.8 % 121,485 5.5 % 77,248 12,122 2.1 % (Reversal of) provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying 23,431 0.8 % 17,994 0.8 % (378) (59) (0.0)% Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans 37,643 1.2 % 227,210 10.4 % 76,395 11,988 2.1 % Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators: (Reversal of) provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators Impairment loss on deposits to institutional cooperators Reversal of provision of credit losses for other financial assets Total operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Interest income (expense), net Foreign exchange gain Investment loss Change in fair value of financial guarantee — — 10,318 0.5 % (8,291) (1,301) (0.2)% — — 960,000 43.8 % — — — — 2,275,470 812,580 19,386 616 (12,538) — 73.7 % 26.3 % 0.6 % — (0.4)% (975) 3,623,274 (1,430,317) 21,724 15,399 — 0.0 % (1,223) 165.2 % 2,315,421 (65.2)% 1,311,044 19,709 5,147 — 1.0 % 0.7 % — (192) 363,340 205,732 3,093 808 — (0.0) % 63.9 % 36.1 % 0.5 % 0.1 % — derivative (246,372) (8.0)% (163,670) (7.5)% (170,339) (26,730) (4.7)% Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts Other income (loss), net Income (Loss) before income taxes and gain (loss) from equity in affiliates Income tax benefit (expense) Gain (loss) from equity in affiliates, net of tax Net income (loss) 64,163 26,080 2.1 % 0.9 % (57,380) 12,710 (2.6)% 0.6 % (7,267) 32,506 (1,140) 5,101 (0.2)% 1.0 % 663,915 93,103 17,458 774,476 21.5 % 3.0 % 0.6 % 25.1 % (1,601,534) 299,879 (6,806) (1,308,461) (73.0)% 13.7 % (0.3)% (59.6)% 1,190,800 (368,735) 3,342 825,407 186,864 (57,862) 524 129,526 32.8 % (10.2)% 0.1 % 22.7 % 115 Table of Contents Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020 Net Revenues The following table sets forth the breakdown of our net revenues, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenues, for the periods presented: Net revenues Loan facilitation service—Direct Model Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model Post-origination service Financing income Other revenue Total net revenue For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 2021 RMB % RMB US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) 1,266,533 41,373 203,842 612,863 68,346 2,192,957 57.8 % 1.9 % 9.3 % 27.9 % 3.1 % 100.0 % 2,545,432 161 315,590 671,901 93,381 3,626,465 399,434 25 49,523 105,436 14,654 569,072 70.2 % 0.0 % 8.7 % 18.5 % 2.6 % 100 % Loan Facilitation Service-Direct Model and Loan Facilitation Service-Intermediary Model Loan facilitation service fees under the direct model increased from RMB1,266.5 million in 2020 to RMB2,545.4 million (US$399.4 million) in 2020, primarily due to an increase in the amount of Xiaoying Card Loan facilitated through the direct model in 2021. Loan facilitation service fees under the intermediary model decreased from RMB41.4 million in 2020 to RMB0.2 million (US$0.03 million) in 2021, primarily due to the fact that substantially all of the institutional funding partners invested their funds in the loans facilitated under the direct model and/or the trust model, depending on their investment strategies. Post-origination Service Post-origination service fees increased from RMB203.8 million in 2020 to RMB315.6 million (US$49.5 million) in 2021, primarily due to the cumulative effect of increased volume of loans facilitated during the year. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are being provided. Financing Income Financing income increased from RMB612.9 million in 2020 to RMB671.9 million (US$105.4 million) in 2021, primarily due to a change in the product mix resulting from an increase in revenue generated by Xiaoying Card Loan in 2021 compared with 2020, which carried a higher service fee rate; and also partially offset by a decrease in average loan balances held by the Company. Other Revenue Other revenue increased from RMB68.3 million in 2020 to RMB93.4 million (US$14.7 million) in 2021, primarily due to an increase in technology service fees received for providing assistant technology development services and referral service fee for introducing borrowers to other platforms. 116 Table of Contents Operating Expenses The following table sets forth our operating expenses, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total revenues, for the periods presented. Operating costs and expenses: Origination and servicing General and administrative Sales and marketing (Reversal of) provision for contingent guarantee liabilities Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets (Reversal of) provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators: (Reversal of) provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators Impairment loss on deposits to institutional cooperators Reversal of provision for credit losses for other financial assets Total operating expenses Origination and servicing expenses For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 RMB % RMB 2021 US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) 2,071,506 179,226 35,629 881 121,485 17,994 94.4 % 8.2 % 1.6 % 0.0 % 5.5 % 0.8 % 1,963,006 187,858 20,830 (24) 77,248 (378) 308,038 29,479 3,269 (4) 12,122 (59) 54.1 % 5.2 % 0.6 % (0.0) % 2.1 % (0.0) % 227,210 10.4 % 76,395 11,988 2.1 % 10,318 960,000 (975) 3,623,274 0.5 % 43.8 % 0.0 % 165.2 % (8,291) — (1,223) 2,315,421 (1,301) — (192) 363,340 (0.2)% — (0.0) % 63.9 % Origination and servicing expenses decreased from RMB2,071.5 million in 2020 to RMB1,963.0 million (US$308.0 million) in 2021, primarily due to the decline in collection expenses resulting from the asset quality improvement and a decrease in interest expenses related to a decline in average loan balances held by the Company, and partially offset by the increase in commission fees resulting from the increased in total loan amount facilitated and provided in 2021. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses increased from RMB179.2 million in 2020 to RMB187.9 million (US$29.5 million) in 2021, primarily due to the increase in share-based compensation expenses. Sales and marketing expenses Sales and marketing expenses decreased from RMB35.6 million in 2020 to RMB20.8 million (US$3.3 million) in 2021, primarily due to a continuing cost reduction in promotional and advertising activities in the first half of 2021. Provision for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets decreased from RMB121.5 million in 2020 to RMB77.2 million (US$12.1 million) in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in the average estimated default rate compared with 2020. Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Provision for loan receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans decreased from RMB227.2 million in 2020 to RMB76.4 million (US$12.0 million) in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in the average estimated default rate compared with 2020, and partially offset by an increase in loans facilitated under Intermediary Model – Partnership Model and an increase in loans provided by our own fund from our microcredit business. 117 Table of Contents Change in Fair Value of Financial Guarantee Derivative Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative increased from RMB163.7 million in 2020 to RMB170.3 million (US$26.7 million) in 2021, primarily due to an increase of the estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed cap from RMB1,796.4 million in 2020 to RMB2,139.7 million in 2021 and partially offset by the decline of the estimated net default rate. Fair Value Adjustment Related to Consolidated Trusts Fair value adjustment related to the Consolidated Trusts consists of the net change in the fair value of loans and payables to investors in the Consolidated Trusts. We recorded loss of fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts of RMB57.4 million and RMB7.3 million (US1.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Income Tax Benefit (Expense) Income tax expense in 2021 was 368.7 million (US$57.9 million), compared with income tax benefit of RMB299.9 million in 2020, primarily due to (i) the taxable income generated in 2021 compared with an increase net operating losses that can be carried forward to future years in 2020; and (ii) an increase of valuation allowance for the portion of the deferred tax assets that is not more likely than not to be realized Net Income (Loss) As a result of the foregoing, our net income in 2021 was RMB825.4 million (US$129.5 million) , compared with net loss of RMB1,308.5 million in 2020. Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019 Net Revenues The following table sets forth the breakdown of our net revenues, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenues, for the periods presented: Net revenues Loan facilitation service—Direct Model Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model Post-origination service Financing income Other revenue Total net revenue For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 RMB % RMB 2020 US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) 1,986,003 238,867 330,695 408,401 124,084 3,088,050 64.3 % 7.7 % 10.7 % 13.2 % 4.1 % 100.0 % 1,266,533 41,373 203,842 612,863 68,346 2,192,957 194,105 6,341 31,240 93,925 10,475 336,086 57.8 % 1.9 % 9.3 % 27.9 % 3.1 % 100.0 % Loan Facilitation Service-Direct Model and Loan Facilitation Service-Intermediary Model Loan facilitation service fee under the direct model decreased from RMB1,986.0 million in 2019 to RMB1,266.5 million (US$194.1 million) in 2020, primarily due to a decline in total loan facilitation amount as a result of a more stringent risk policy put in place to address impact of COVID-19 when compared with 2019. 118 Table of Contents Loan facilitation service fee of the intermediary model in 2020 was RMB41.4 million (US$6.3 million), compared with RMB238.9 million in 2019, primarily due to the fact that substantially all of the institutional funding partners invested their funds in the loans facilitated under direct model and/or trust model, depending on their investment strategies. Post-origination Service Post-origination service fee decreased from RMB330.7 million in 2019 to RMB203.8 million (US$31.2 million) in 2020 due to the cumulative effect of decreased amount of loans facilitated during the year. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are being provided. Financing Income Financing income increased significantly from RMB408.4 million in 2019 to RMB612.9 million (US$93.9 million) in 2020 as a result of an increase in average loan balances held by the Company. These loans do not qualify for sales accounting, and the service fees are recognized as financing income over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method. Other Revenue Other revenue decreased from RMB124.1 million in 2019 to RMB68.3 million (US$10.5 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to a decrease in penalty fees for late or early repayment and commission fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms. Operating Expenses The following table sets forth our operating expenses, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total revenues, for the periods presented. Operating costs and expenses: Origination and servicing (1) General and administrative (1) Sales and marketing Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets Provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators: Provision for deposits to institutional cooperators Impairment loss on deposits to institutional cooperators Credit losses for other financial assets Total operating expenses 2019 For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 RMB % RMB US$ % (in thousands, except for percentages) 1,634,822 227,481 103,158 7,748 241,187 23,431 52.9 % 7.4 % 3.3 % 0.3 % 7.8 % 0.8 % 2,071,506 179,226 35,629 881 121,485 17,994 317,472 27,468 5,460 135 18,618 2,758 94.4 % 8.2 % 1.6 % 0.0 % 5.5 % 0.8 % 37,643 1.2 % 227,210 34,821 10.4 % — — — 2,275,470 — — — 73.7 % 10,318 960,000 (975) 3,623,274 1,581 147,126 (148) 555,291 0.5 % 43.8 % (0.0)% 165.2 % Note (1): To better reflect the origination and servicing expenses incurred in connection with the loans facilitated through the Consolidated Trusts, the management fees paid to third party trust companies, amounting to RMB62.4 million compared with RMB17.4 million in 2019, have been reclassified from general and administrative expenses to origination and servicing expenses. The comparative figures have been reallocated to conform with the current period’s classification. 119 Table of Contents Origination and Servicing Expenses Origination and servicing expenses increased from RMB1,634.8 million in 2019 to RMB2,071.5 million (US$317.5 million) in 2020, mainly due to an increase in collection expenses resulting from a more active policy taken to address the impact of COVID-19 and an increase in interest expense related to financing income. The increase was also effected by the insurance cost occurred during the year. For certain loans that were newly facilitated in 2020, our institutional funding partners are required to enter into an insurance agreement with ZhongAn to pay the insurance premiums. To attract institutional funding and maintain a relatively low funding cost, we at our sole discretion paid the insurance premiums for our institutional funding partners. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses decreased from RMB227.5 million in 2019 to RMB179.2 million (US$27.5 million) in 2020, mainly due to a decrease in share-based compensation expenses. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses decreased from RMB103.2 million in 2019 to RMB35.6 million (US$5.5 million) in 2020, mainly due to a reduction in promotional and advertising expenses since the outbreak of COVID-19. Provision for Contingent Guarantee Liabilities Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities decreased from RMB7.7 million in 2019 to RMB0.9 million (US$0.1 million) in 2020, because there was no deterioration in the estimated default rates of the loans subject to guarantee liabilities facilitated in prior periods. Provision for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets decreased from RMB241.2 million in 2019 to RMB121.5 million (US$18.6 million) in 2020, primarily due to the combined effect of (i) a significant decrease in accounts receivable from facilitation services and post-origination services as a result of the decline in total loan facilitation amount in 2020; and (ii) a decrease of the average estimated default rate of 2020 compared with that of 2019, resulting from the recovery of Chinese economy in the second half of 2020 which offset the increasing impact COVID-19 brought to default rates during the first half year of 2020. Provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans were RMB23.4 million and RMB18.0 million (US$2.8 million) during the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. In order to accelerate the collection process, we sold certain defaulted loans to third party companies at a discount in 2019 and 2020, transferring the creditor’ right as well as the right to the underlying collateral. We have applied a discounted cash flow methodology to measure the value of loan receivables and recognized as collectable amount. The provision for loan receivables from Xiaoying Housing Loans is determined by the expected amount that we are unable to collect. We also instituted proceedings to collect the payout amount from collaterals. 120 Table of Contents Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Provision for loan receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans increased from RMB37.6 million in 2019 to RMB227.2 million (US$34.8 million) in 2020, primarily due to an increase in loans facilitated under intermediary model (Non-Trust Model). Such loans were transferred to external investors with recourse to us, which did not qualify for sale accounting, and therefore were subject to impairment assessment in our consolidated financial statements. Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators We collaborate with a number of institutions that provide guarantee or insurance for loans facilitated by us. We are required to pay deposits to such institutional cooperators and the amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator. To maintain the collaborative relationship with one of our institutional cooperator and to avoid any material adverse impact on our current business model and future transaction cost, we used deposits amounting to approximately RMB970 million to compensate for such institutional cooperator’s loss for the amount it had paid under investors’ claims arising from borrowers’ default to repay loans. We also assumed the right of subrogation and related rights against the defaulting borrowers which were sold to a third party with the consideration of RMB10.0 million. We have recognized above loss of RMB960 million as impairment of the deposits and has also provided an allowance for impairment of RMB10.3 million for the potential losses of the remaining deposits in 2020. Change in Fair Value of Financial Guarantee Derivative Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative decreased from RMB246.4 million in 2019 to RMB163.7 million (US$25.1 million) in 2020, primarily due to the decline of the estimated net default rate and the decrease of the estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed cap from RMB2,270.6 million in 2019 to RMB1,796.4 million in 2020. Fair Value Adjustment Related to Consolidated Trusts Fair value adjustment related to the Consolidated Trusts consists of the net change in the fair value of loans and payables to investors in the Consolidated Trusts. We recorded income of fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts of RMB64.2 million in 2019, compared with a loss of fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts of RMB57.4 million (US8.8 million) in 2020. Income Tax Benefit (Expense) Income tax benefit in 2020 was RMB299.9 million (US$46.0 million), compared with income tax benefit of RMB93.1 million in 2019, primarily due to an increase net operating losses that can be carried forward to future years. Net Income (Loss) As a result of the foregoing, our net loss in 2020 was RMB1,308.5 million (US$200.5 million) , compared with net income of RMB774.5 million in 2019. 121 Table of Contents Discussion of Key Balance Sheet Items The following table sets forth selected information from our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Assets Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable and contract assets, net Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans, net Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans, net Loans at fair value Deposits to institutional cooperators, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Financial guarantee derivative Deferred tax assets, net Long-term investments Financial investments Property and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Other non-current assets Total Assets Liabilities Payable to investors at fair value Payable to institutional funding partners Guarantee liabilities Financial guarantee derivative Short-term borrowings Accrued payroll and welfare Other tax payable Income tax payable Deposit payable to channel cooperators Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Other non-current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Total Liabilities As of December 31, 2019 RMB 2020 RMB 2021 RMB US$ (in thousands) 1,005,980 514,323 771,154 289,553 89,536 2,782,333 518,720 707,450 719,962 465,441 292,142 — 20,139 35,127 68,772 8,280,632 3,006,349 — 17,475 — — 63,649 58,087 340,995 108,923 274,440 42,300 1,309 3,913,527 746,388 852,134 413,307 1,236,026 47,490 1,585,732 907,923 403,776 297,928 605,656 295,615 6,000 11,137 37,440 51,458 7,498,010 1,914,184 1,460,395 9,790 130,442 350,545 34,781 73,077 75,917 21,472 323,748 27,615 — 4,421,966 584,762 407,276 747,480 2,484,073 12,083 389,679 1,500,407 213,127 11,817 274,869 560,038 82,844 6,188 36,817 31,279 7,342,739 462,714 1,487,379 — 565,953 166,500 44,605 219,544 117,148 21,012 268,967 12,022 — 3,365,844 91,762 63,910 117,296 389,805 1,896 61,149 235,447 33,444 1,854 43,133 87,882 13,000 971 5,777 4,910 1,152,236 72,610 233,402 — 88,810 26,127 6,999 34,452 18,383 3,297 42,207 1,887 — 528,174 Accounts receivable and contract assets, net. Accounts receivable and contract assets consist primarily of the service fees earned from our customers. Our accounts receivable and contract assets increased by 80.9% from RMB413.3 million as of December 31, 2020 to RMB747.5 million (US$117.3 million) as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the total loan amount facilitated of Xiaoying Card Loan in 2021 compared with 2020. Our accounts receivable and contract assets decreased by 46.4% from RMB771.1 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB413.3 million as of December 31, 2020 122 Table of Contents Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans, net. For those loans that we provides credits to borrowers using its own fund but fail to have certain marketing plans to transfer, or those transfer of loans that fails to meet to criteria of true sale under ASC 860 (see accounting policy under “Sale and Transfers of Financial Instruments”), they are accounted for as loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans. Our loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans increased from RMB1,236.0 million as of December 31, 2020 to RMB2,484.1 million as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in loans facilitated under Intermediary Model -- Partnership Model and an increase in loans provided by our own fund from our microcredit business. Our loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans increased from RMB289.6 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB1,236.0 million as of December 31, 2020 Loans at fair value. Loans at fair value consist primarily of the loans underlying our Consolidated Trusts. Our loans at fair value decreased from RMB1585.7 million as of December 31, 2020 to RMB389.7 million (US$61.1 million) as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to the termination of a portion of the Consolidated Trusts administered by unrelated third party trust companies that were offered to investors through our Consolidated Trust business. Our loans at fair value decreased from RMB2,782.3 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB1585.7 million as of December 31, 2020 Deposits to institutional cooperator. Deposits to cooperators relate to the pledged cash to our financial institutional cooperators and the amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator. The deposits paid to our financial institutional cooperators increased from RMB907.9 million as of December 31, 2020 to RMB1,500.4 million (US$235.4 million) as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the total loan amount facilitated in 2021. The deposits paid to our financial institutional cooperators increased from RMB518.7 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB907.9 million as of December 31, 2020. As one of the risk management measures, our financial institutional cooperators started to request deposits from us since November, 2019. Financial investment. We invested in an aggregate amount of US$13 million in certain limited partnership interests in Dragonfly Ventures II, L.P. and IOSG Fund II L.P. in 2021, which governed under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Both of them are focusing on the blockchain industry investment with their long-term value investment strategy and research-driven process. We believe that those investments can bring an opportunity of exploring innovative technologies and the potential for improved profitability in long term, which is in line with the Company’s business strategies. As a limited partner, we do not have ability to take in the control or management of the affairs or the conduct of the business of both partnerships. Prepaid expenses and other current assets. Prepaid expenses and other current assets decreased from RMB403.8 million as of December 31, 2020 to RMB213.1 million (US$33.4 million) as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to the repayment of earnings rights associated with loan assets, amounting to RMB160 million and the decrease of prepaid expenses to various service providers in 2021. Prepaid expenses and other current assets decreased from RMB707.5 million as of December 31, 2019 to RMB403.8 million as of December 31, 2020 Payable to institutional funding partners, net. As a result of the failure of satisfying the criteria of true sale under ASC 860, the corresponding considerations received from the institutional funding partners were recorded in “Payable to institutional funding partners” in the consolidated balance sheet. The considerations received by us were determined based on the outstanding loan balances on the transaction dates. As we entitles them to receive a fixed interest rate in the loans which the institutional funding partners purchased, an accrued interest expenses payable to them was also recorded in “Payable to institutional funding partners” in the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, payable to institutional funding partners was nil, RMB1,460.4 million and RMB1,487.4 million (US$233.4 million) respectively. Payable to investors at fair value. Our payable to investors at fair value were RMB1,914.2 million and RMB462.7 million (US$72.6 million) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 respectively, primarily due to the termination of a portion of the Consolidated Trusts administered by unrelated third party trust companies that were offered to investors and institutional funding partners through our Consolidated Trust business. Our payable to investors at fair value were RMB3,006.3 million and RMB1,914.2 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 respectively. 123 Table of Contents Financial Guarantee Derivative. For most of newly facilitated Xiaoying Card Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, our exposure is limited to the contractual guarantee fee that we cannot collect under the agreement from the borrower as a result of default or prepayment but are still obligated to compensate our financial institutional cooperators based on the contractual guarantee fee up to the pre-agreed cap. The derivative liability is increased by the guarantee fees collected from the borrowers upon receipt as we expect all the fees to be ultimately paid to our financial institutional cooperators. When we settle the guarantee liability through performance of the guarantee by making payments to our financial institutional cooperators, we record a corresponding deduction to the derivative liability. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, financial guarantee derivatives has an asset position of RMB720.0 million, RMB297.9 million and RMB11.8 million (US$1.9 million) respectively, primarily due to the time lag between the payments to certain financial institutional cooperators and the collection of monthly guarantee service fees from borrowers. The cumulative amount paid to those financial institutional cooperators was greater than the cumulative monthly guarantee service fees collected from borrowers. However, the total amount paid to those financial institutional cooperators was still within the pre-agreed Cap. The pre-agreed Cap was determined based on the market price and negotiated after a certain period of observation of the industry environment and economic risk to Company. The excess is expected to be fully collected from the borrowers during the remaining term of the underlying loans. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, financial guarantee derivatives has a liability position of nil, RMB130.4 million and RMB566.0 million (US$88.8 million) respectively. Inflation Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially affected our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2019, 2020 and 2021 were increases of 4.5%, 2.5% and 0.9%, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we may be affected if China experiences higher rates of inflation in the future. Taxation Cayman Islands We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently have no income, corporation or capital gains tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax. The Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders. Hong Kong Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of 16.5%. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied as we did not have assessable profit that was earned in or derived from the Hong Kong subsidiary during the periods presented. Hong Kong does not impose a withholding tax on dividends. China Our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs established in the PRC are subject to an income tax rate of 25% in the years presented. As stipulated by the Taxation Law of PRC, (i) one subsidiary became qualified enterprises to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2018 to 2019; (ii) one VIE in Shenzhen became qualified enterprises to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2018 to 2020; and (iii) one of our major consolidated subsidiaries was certified as software enterprise in early May 2019 to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from 2019 to 2021. We are subject to value added tax, or VAT, at a rate of 6% on the services we provide to borrowers, investors and institutional funding partners, and at a rate of 13% on the commodities we sold on our online shopping mall, less any deductible VAT we have already paid or borne. We are also subject to surcharges on VAT payments in accordance with PRC law. VAT has been phased in since May 2012 to replace the business tax that was previously applicable to the services we provide. During the periods presented, we were not subject to business tax on the services we provide. 124 Table of Contents Dividends paid by our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and receives approval from the relevant tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the relevant tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%. If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information —3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.” Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonable assumptions, which together form a basis for making judgments about matters not readily apparent from other sources. The use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, though actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management. Revenue recognition We provide services as an online marketplace connecting borrowers and investors or institutional funding partners primarily through the use of two business models. The major products offered by us include Xiaoying Credit Loan and Xiaoying Revolving Loan. Xiaoying Credit Loan mainly consists of Xiaoying Card Loan and Xiaoying Preferred Loan products. The major product under the category Xiaoying Revolving Loan is Yaoqianhua which was previously named as Xiaoying Wallet. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in 2019, and ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2020. Revenue is the transaction price we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the promised services in a contract in the ordinary course of our activities and is recorded net of value-added tax. The services to be accounted for include loan facilitation service, post-origination service (e.g. cash processing and collection services) and guarantee service. The direct model involves matching borrowers with investors or institutional funding partners who directly funds the credit drawdowns to the borrowers. We have determined that we are not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process, but act as an intermediary to bring the lender and the borrower together. Therefore, we do not record the loans receivable or payable arising from the loans facilitated between the investors or institutional funding partners and borrowers on our platform. The intermediary model involves us initially providing credit to borrowers using our own funds through an intermediary and subsequently selling the loans, including all of the creditor rights in the loans to external investors or institutional funding partners on our platform within a short period of time. Loans we facilitate typically have a term of less than 1 year. For each loan facilitated either through the direct model or intermediary model, we charge a service fee from the borrower indirectly through one of our VIEs, Shenzhen Tangren or external financing guarantee company or from institutional funding partner directly. No application fee is charged to borrowers or investors or institutional funding partners. For the loans we is entitled to the full service fee regardless of whether the borrowers choose to early repay or not, we has the unconditional right to the consideration. For the loans facilitated with borrowers who have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees, our right to consideration for the service fees of facilitation service is conditional on whether or not the borrowers repay in advance. At contract inception, we determine that the collection of service fees is probable based on historical experiences as well as the credit due diligence performed on each borrower prior to loan origination. 125 Table of Contents In order to be more competitive by providing a certain level of assurance to the investors or institutional funding partners, for certain loans facilitated by our platform, either borrowers or institutional investors or institutional funding partners are required to directly sign a credit insurance agreement with ZhongAn to protect investors or institutional funding partners against the risk of borrower default. In 2016 and during the period from January to September 2017, substantially all of the loans facilitated by our platform are insured by ZhongAn. We did not have direct contractual obligation to the investors for defaulted principal and interest during that period. We entered into a strategic cooperation agreement with ZhongAn pursuant to which ZhongAn provided insurance to the investors for the loans facilitated by us and reimbursed the loan principal and interest to the investor upon borrower’s default. During the aforementioned period, in order to maintain a stable business relationship with ZhongAn, although not contractually obligated by the agreement with ZhongAn, we at our sole discretion paid ZhongAn for substantially all the defaulted loan principal and interest but have not been subsequently collected. We also provided direct guarantee to investors on certain loan products via our consolidated entities. We are compensated for this reimbursement from the contractual service fees collected from the borrowers. Given that we at our sole discretion are responsible for the uncollected claims paid, we effectively took on substantially all of the losses incurred by the investors due to borrowers’ default, we deemed the guarantee as a guarantee service to the investors and recognized a stand ready obligation for its guarantee exposure in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees . From September 2017, we revised the arrangement with ZhongAn on substantially all of the Xiaoying Credit Loans. Starting from 2020, we enter into a series of arrangements with various external financing guarantee companies, which is similar to the revised arrangement with ZhongAn. For certain Xiaoying Card Loans newly facilitated since September 2017 and certain Xiaoying Revolving Loans that are repaid in installments by borrowers, borrowers are required to enter into a guarantee agreement with us and an insurance/guarantee agreement with ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies, to pay the guarantee fee and insurance fee to the respective party at a pre-agreed rate. For certain loans that were newly facilitated in 2020, borrowers are required to enter into a guarantee agreement with us to pay the guarantee fee at a pre-agreed rate while at the same time, it is the institutional investors who enter into an insurance agreement with ZhongAn and we voluntarily pay the insurance fee to ZhongAn. The obligation/ credit risk/ exposure of us and ZhongAn to compensate the defaulted loans has no change. Upon borrower’s default, ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies reimburse the full loan principal and interest to the investors or institutional funding partners first, and has the right to recourse to both the borrower and us, but our contractual obligation at any time is limited to a cap (the “Cap”) which is the lower of (1) total amount of guarantee fees contractually required to be collected from the borrowers for such loans facilitated during the current period on an aggregated basis, and (2) a certain percentage of the total principal of the loans facilitated stated in annualized manner, as pre-agreed with ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies (the “Rate”). The contractual guarantee fees in (1) is not influenced by default or early repayment of borrowers. We have no obligation or intention to compensate ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies for any losses in excess of the contractual obligation. The Rate will be negotiated prospectively at each quarter between the two parties based on the expected default rate. The actual loss in excess of the Cap was absorbed by ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies. ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies ultimately bear substantially all of the credit risk. Our exposure in this arrangement is limited to the default and prepayment risk in relation to the guarantee fee when we cannot collect the guarantee fee under the agreement with the borrower on an individual basis but is still obligated to compensate ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies up to the Cap on a pool basis. We evaluated the guarantee arrangement pursuant to ASC Topic 815 and concluded that the arrangement meets the definition of a derivative and that it is not eligible for the guarantee scope exception. Therefore, the guarantee is recognized as a derivative liability/asset at fair value and is not accounted for pursuant to ASC Topic 460 or 450. For other Xiaoying Preferred Loan products newly facilitated from September 2017, the borrowers are required to enter into an insurance agreement with ZhongAn only at a rate set by ZhongAn. No separate guarantee agreement is signed by the borrower with us and no additional guarantee fee is charged from the borrower. Upon borrower’s default, ZhongAn reimburses the full loan principal and interest to the investor or institutional funding partner. We collect the defaulted amount from borrowers on behalf of ZhongAn but has no obligation and it is no longer our intention to compensate ZhongAn for the defaulted loan principal and interest not subsequently collected in the future. ZhongAn is fully liable for all the borrower’s credit risk associated with the defaulted principal and interest of the loan. Therefore for these loans, we provide loan facilitation and post-origination services but no longer provides guarantee service. We do not record guarantee liabilities associated with these loans or corresponding account receivables from guarantee services. Under the Direct Model, the total transaction price is directly allocated to the facilitation service and post- origination service. Under the Intermediary—non-trust model, upon transfer of the loan to third party investors, we recognize the difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors and accounts receivable and (2) the carrying value of the loan as a gain of sale, which effectively represents the service fees earned from facilitation of the loans under Intermediary Model, as the “Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in October 2019. 126 Table of Contents Direct model We have early adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent ASUs that modified ASC 606 on January 1, 2017 and have elected to apply it retrospectively for the year ended December 31, 2016. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, we apply the following steps: ● Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer ● Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract ● Step 3: Determine the transaction price ● Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract ● Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation We determine our customers to be both the borrowers and the investors or institutional funding partners. We consider the loan facilitation service, guarantee service and post-origination service as three separate services, of which, the guarantee service is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees . While the post-origination service is within the scope of ASC Topic 860, the ASC Topic 606 revenue recognition model is applied due to the lack of definitive guidance in ASC Topic 860. The loan facilitation service and post-origination service are two separate performance obligations under ASC 606, as these two deliverables are distinct in that customers can benefit from each service on its own and our promises to deliver the services are separately identifiable from each other in the contract. We determine the total transaction price to be the service fees chargeable from the borrowers indirectly through one of our VIEs, Shenzhen Tangren or external financing guarantee companies or from certain institutional funding partners directly, including the guarantee fees charged by us under the separate guarantee agreement with the borrowers for certain type of Xiaoying Card Loans that are newly facilitated since September 2017. Our transaction price includes variable consideration in the form of default risk of the borrowers for the service fees collected from certain institutional funding partners or through external financing guarantee companies and prepayment risk of the borrowers. We reflect, in the transaction price, the default risk and the prepayment risk. We estimates variable consideration for these contracts using the expected value approach on the basis of historical information and current trends of the default and prepayment percentage of the borrowers. The transaction price is allocated amongst the guarantee service, if any, and two performance obligations. We first allocate the transaction price to the guarantee liabilities or financial guarantee, if any, that is recognized in accordance with either (1) ASC Topic 460, Guarantees which requires the guarantee to be measured initially at fair value based on the stand-ready obligation, or (2) ASC Topic 815 which requires the guarantee to be measured initially and subsequently at fair value. Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation services and post-origination services using their relative standalone selling prices consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. For certain loans facilitated since September 2017, the total transaction price is allocated to facilitation service and post-origination service only. We do not have observable standalone selling price information for the loan facilitation services or post-origination services because we do not provide loan facilitation services or post-origination services on a standalone basis. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market that is reasonably available to us. As a result, the estimation of standalone selling price involves significant judgment. We use an expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post origination services as the basis of revenue allocation. In estimating its standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services and post-origination services, we consider the cost incurred to deliver such services, profit margin for similar arrangements, customer demand, effect of competitors on our services, and other market factors. 127 Table of Contents For each type of service, we recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the service/performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (that is, an asset) to a customer. Revenues from loan facilitation are recognized at the time a loan is originated between the borrower and the investor or institutional funding partner and the principal loan balance is transferred to the borrower, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are provided. Revenues from guarantee services are recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term when there had been no defaults. Except for certain loan products offered since September 2017, the collection of service fees is not conditional on the provision of subsequent post-origination or guarantee services. Intermediary model Starting from 2018, we cooperate with several microcredit companies who use their own funds to provide credit to borrowers first. We provide facilitation and post-origination services for these loans and receive service fee from borrowers. These microcredit companies transfer their rights as creditors shortly to SPVs controlled by us at the price of the carrying amount of the outstanding loan principal balance and accumulated accrued interest not paid by the borrowers as of the day on which the creditor’s rights are legally transferred to SPVs. The SPVs usually further transfer their creditor’s rights to third party investors or institutional funding partners in a short period at the price of the carrying amount of the outstanding loan principal balance and the accumulated accrued interest not paid by the borrowers as of the day on which the creditor’s rights are legally transferred to investors or institutional funding partners. We account the relevant interest and service fees received from the borrowers as the financing income and the fee charged by the microcredit companies, which is proportionate to the loans facilitated as the origination and servicing cost in its consolidated financial statements. Under the intermediary business model, we provide the funds that are loaned to borrowers and agree to take predominantly all the risk arising from potential breaches of agreement by the borrowers receiving financing. We provide financing to borrowers on our platform and the loans are initially recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as loans held for sale or loans receivable from Xiaoying credit loans and Xiaoying revolving loans. These loans carry the same insurance/ guarantee agreement with external financial institutional co-operators as loans facilitated under the direct model, which is attached to the loan and transfers along with the loan. We also charge service fees in the same manner as loans facilitated under the direct model. Intermediary Model—Non-Trust Model The transfer of loans (including the creditor rights) to external investors or institutional funding partners not involving trust structure is accounted for as a true sale under ASC 860 (see accounting policy under “Sales and Transfers of Financial Instruments”). Upon sale, we record a guarantee liability in accordance with ASC 460 in relation to the on-going guarantee services to be provided to the investors or institutional funding partners, consistent with the loans facilitated under the direct model. We continue to provide post-origination services to the loans subsequent to their sale in the same manner as we service the loans facilitated under the direct model. No additional service fee is charged. Similar to the loans facilitated under the direct model, we charge and collect service fees from the borrowers or institutional funding partners in relation to the transferred loans on a monthly basis. The difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors or institutional funding partners and accounts receivable and contract assets (see accounting policy on “Accounts receivable and contract assets and allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable and contract assets”) and (2) the sum of the carrying value of the loans and the fair value of the guarantee liability is recognized as a gain of sale, which effectively represents the service fees earned from facilitation of the loans under intermediary model, as the “Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). For certain loans facilitated since September 2017, given that we no longer provide guarantee services and we do not record any guarantee liabilities associated with those loans or related account receivable from guarantee services, the gain of sale is the difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors or institutional funding partners and accounts receivable and contract assets and (2) the carrying value of the loan. The subsequent accounting for post-origination service and guarantee services is consistent with that for loans facilitated under the direct model. Loans that were not yet transferred to external investors or institutional funding partners or have been transferred but such transaction does not qualify for sale accounting was recorded in “Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans” in the consolidated balance sheets. 128 Table of Contents Intermediary Model—Trust Model The transfer of loans to institutional funding partners under the intermediary model often involves transferring the loans to a trust formed and operated by unrelated third party trust companies. We consolidate such trusts under the VIE model. We also elect to apply fair value option to these loans at the date of origination. Loans transferred to Consolidated Trusts do not qualify for sales accounting as the transfer is to a consolidated subsidiary. The loans are recorded as “Loans at fair value” in the consolidated balance sheets. We recognize as revenue under “financing income” the service fees and interests charged to the borrowers over the lifetime of the loans using effective interest method. Intermediary Model—Partnership Model The transfer of loans to institutional funding partners under the Intermediary Model involves transferring the loans to a limited partnership enterprise, or LP, formed and operated by unrelated third-party trust companies and us. We consolidate such partnerships under the VIE model (see accounting policy on “Consolidated Partnerships”). We also elect to measure these loans at amortized cost at the time of origination. Loans transferred to Consolidated Partnerships do not qualify for sales accounting as the transfer is to a consolidated subsidiary. The loans are recorded as “Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans” in the consolidated balance sheets. We recognize as revenue under “financing income” the service fees and interests charged to the borrowers over the lifetime of the loans using effective interest method. The online Intermediary Model ceased in April 2017 and the offline Intermediary Model with funding from banking financial institution partners ceased in February 2018 to comply with the promulgated regulatory requirements. We continues the operations through the offline Intermediary Model with funding from other partners to the extent permitted under applicable laws and regulations. Contract balance We did not enter into contracts with customers that were greater than one year for substantially all products for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. We historically did not record any contract liabilities for both 2020 and 2021 and did not record any contract asset prior to September 2017. For the loans we is entitled to the full service fee regardless of whether the borrowers choose to early repay or not, we has the unconditional right to the consideration and an accounts receivable is recorded. For the loans facilitated with borrowers who have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees, our right to consideration for the service fees of facilitation service is conditional on whether or not the borrowers repay in advance. In these instances, we records a corresponding contract asset when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service. The contract asset will not be reclassified to a receivable given that the right to invoice and the payment due date is the same date. Revenue for these loan products are recognized when the collection of consideration becomes probable. Incentives to investors To expand its market presence, we provide incentives to investors in a variety of forms that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitle them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase. During the relevant incentive program period, we set certain thresholds for the investor to qualify to enjoy the incentive. Such incentives are accounted for as a reduction of revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Financing Income Financing income consists primarily the financing fees we charge for the loans facilitated through the Consolidated Trusts and Consolidated Partnerships, including interest income and service fees generated from providing loan facilitation, guarantee and post-origination services to the investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts and Consolidated Partnerships, and are recorded as revenue over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method. Financing income also includes financing fees, including interest income and service fee, from loans held for sale and loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans that have not yet been transferred to external investors or institutional funding partners or have been transferred but such transaction does not qualify for sale accounting under the Intermediary Model. 129 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2021, financing income also includes interest income generated from providing loans by our own fund from microcredit business, and are recorded as revenue over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method. Other revenue Other revenue primarily includes penalty fees for loan prepayment and late payment, referral service fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms, technology service fees received for providing assistant technology development services and commission fees from Xiaoying Online Mall. The penalty fees, which are fees paid to us, will be received as a certain percentage of past due amounts in the case of late payments or a certain percentage of interest over the prepaid principal loan amount in the case of prepayment. Penalty fees are contingency-based variable considerations and constrained by the occurrence of delinquency or prepayment. They are recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variability is resolved, that is, when the underlying event occurs. The referral service fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms are recognized when the obligation is fulfilled and is confirmed by the other platforms. The technology service fees are recognized when the assistant technology development services to third parties provided. Xiaoying Online Mall launched in March 2019 is a product that provides loan installments to our individual customers enabling them to purchase goods online. The loan installment revenue is recognized as loan facilitation revenue and post origination revenue. The gross amount of product sales and related costs or the net amount earned is recorded as commissions. We were evaluated as an agent and its obligation is to facilitate third parties in fulfilling their performance obligation for specified goods or services, revenues should be recognized in the net amount for the amount of commission which we earn in exchange for arranging for the specified goods or services to be provided by other parties. Revenue is recorded net of value-added taxes. Sales and Transfers of Financial Instruments Sales and transfers of financial instruments are accounted under authoritative guidance for the transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishment of liabilities. Specifically, a transfer of a financial asset, a group of financial assets, or a participating interest in a financial asset is accounted for as a sale only if all the following conditions are met: 1. The financial assets are isolated from the transferor and its consolidated affiliates as well as its creditors; 2. The transferee or beneficial interest holders have the right to pledge or exchange the transferred financial assets; and 3. The transferor, its consolidated affiliates included in the financial statements being presented, or its agents do not maintain effective control of the transferred asset. A transferor’s effective control over the transferred financial assets includes, but is not limited to, any of the following: a. An agreement that both entitles and obligates the transferor to repurchase or redeem the transferred financial assets before their maturity. b. An agreement, other than through a cleanup call that provides the transferor with both of the following: (i) The unilateral ability to cause the holder to return specific financial assets. (ii) A more-than-trivial benefit attributable to that ability; and c. An agreement that permits the transferee to require the transferor to repurchase the transferred financial assets at a price that is so favorable to the transferee that it is probable that the transferee will require the transferor to repurchase them. 130 Table of Contents Under the intermediary model, we, through our Intermediary, facilitates credits to borrowers and subsequently transfers the loans (including the creditor rights) to third party investors or institutional funding partners at face value within a short period of time. When the loan (including the creditor rights) is transferred, the transferee becomes the direct counterparty to the borrower and the legal record holder of the loan upon transfer. The transfer is accounted for as a sale, when (1) the transferred loans are considered legally isolated from the assets of us and its creditors even in the bankruptcies under the PRC laws and regulations, (2) the investors or institutional funding partners (transferees) can freely pledge or exchange the transferred loans, and (3) we do not maintain effective control over the transferred loans. The cash flows related to the origination and transfer of these loans are presented as “Origination of loans held for sale” and “Sale of loans held for sale”, respectively, within operating cash flows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. When a transfer does not qualify for sale accounting, e.g. when we sells loans with recourse to ourselves, the transferred financial asset remains in the statement of financial position and a financial liability is recognized for any consideration received. For Xiaoying Housing Loans facilitated through the intermediary model, borrowers are required to pledge properties to one of our consolidated VIE entities (other than the intermediary or the SPV conducting the facilitation and transfer of the loan) as collateral for the guarantee that we are providing to ZhongAn against borrower’s default. It is a separate arrangement with different counterparties from the loan provided by us. While the loan (including creditor’s rights) is transferred to third party investors or institutional funding partners, the lien remains under our name and in security for us agreeing to provide the guarantee to ZhongAn. The holding of the lien does not affect the creditor’s right in the loan being fully transferred. Provided all aforementioned conditions under sales accounting are met, the transfer of such loans with collateral are accounted for as a sale. We ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Housing Loan in 2019. Guarantee Liabilities We have guarantee service which is directly and indirectly provided to the investors or institutional funding partners. We also provide direct guarantee to investors or institutional funding partners on certain loan products via our consolidated entities. If a borrower defaults, we make our best efforts to collect the default loan. We directly or indirectly make payment to the defaulted principal and interest to each investor or institutional funding partner. Prior to September 2017, ZhongAn initially reimbursed the loan principal and interest to the investor upon the borrower’s default. In order to maintain stable business relationship with ZhongAn, we, although not contractually obligated, at our own discretion compensated ZhongAn for substantially all the loan principal and interest default but have not been subsequently collected. At the inception of each loan, we recognize the guarantee liability at fair value in accordance with ASC 460-10, which incorporates the expectation of potential future payments under the guarantee and takes into both non-contingent and contingent aspects of the guarantee. Subsequent to the loan’s inception, the guarantee liability is composed of two components: (i) ASC Topic 460 component; and (ii) ASC Topic 450 component. The liability recorded based on ASC Topic 460 is determined on a loan by loan basis and it is reduced when we are released from the underlying risk, i.e. as the loan is repaid by the borrower or when the investor or institutional funding partner is compensated in the event of a default. This component is a stand-ready obligation which is not subject to the probable threshold used to record a contingent obligation. When we are released from the stand-ready liability upon expiration of the underlying loan, we record a corresponding amount as “Other revenue” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The other component is a contingent liability determined based on probable loss considering the actual historical performance and current conditions, representing the obligation to make future payouts under the guarantee liability in excess of the stand-ready liability, measured using the guidance in ASC Topic 450. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is determined on a collective basis and loans with similar risk characteristics are pooled into cohorts for purposes of measuring incurred losses. The ASC 450 contingent component is recognized as part of operating expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. At all times the recognized liability (including the stand-ready liability and contingent liability) is at least equal to the probable estimated losses of the guarantee portfolio. We measure our guarantee liabilities at inception at fair value based on our expected payouts and also incorporating a markup margin. The expected future payouts were estimated based on expected default rates and collection rates for each product type, taking into consideration of historical loss experiences for both contingent and noncontingent elements. The expected collection rate of defaulted loans incorporates the proceeds from liquidation of underlying collateral that would be expected to cover the payouts under the guarantee and was based on the average historical collection rate of our products. The expected future payouts take into account missed payments initially compensated by ZhongAn within two business days from borrowers’ payment due date. The approximate term of the guarantee service correlates directly with the term of the loan product. As such, for predominantly all loans, the approximate term for guarantee service is for a period of 12 months or less. 131 Table of Contents Financial guarantee derivatives Starting from September 2017, for newly facilitated Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, we entered into a series of arrangements with various financial institutional cooperators in which it has agreed that our exposure is limited to the contractual guarantee fee that we cannot collect under the agreement from the borrower as a result of default or prepayment but are still obligated to compensate those financial institutional cooperators based on the contractual guarantee fee up to the pre-agreed cap. The Cap is the lower of (1) total amount of guarantee fees contractually required to be collected from the borrowers for such loans facilitated during the current period on an aggregated basis, and (2) a certain percentage of the total principal of the loans facilitated stated in annualized manner, as pre-agreed with financial institutional cooperators (the “Rate”). The contractual guarantee fees in (1) is not influenced by default or early repayment of borrowers. We will be notified by email for any subsequent adjustments to the Rate from financial institutional cooperators at every quarter and no separate written agreement is needed for execution for such adjustments. The Rate will also be negotiated prospectively between financial institutional cooperators and us based on the expected default rate. See accounting policy in Revenue Recognition. The financial guarantee is accounted for as a derivative under ASC 815 because the financial guarantee scope exemption in ASC 815-10-15-58 is not met. The derivative is remeasured at each reporting period. The change in fair value of the derivative is recorded as a change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The derivative is increased by the guarantee fees collected from the borrowers upon receipt as we expect all the fees to be ultimately paid to those financial institutional cooperators. When we settle the guarantee through performance of the guarantee by making payments to those financial institutional cooperators, we record a corresponding deduction to the derivative. We use discounted cash flow model to value these financial guarantee derivatives at inception and subsequent valuation dates. This discounted cash flow model incorporates assumptions such as the expected delinquency rates, prepayment rate and discount rate. The expected delinquency rate and prepayment rate is estimated by taking into consideration of historical loss experiences. The discount rate is determined based on the market rates. We consider that the impact of discount rate to the fair value of financial guarantee derivatives is immaterial. Consolidation of Variable Interest Entity As foreign-invested companies engaged in internet value-added businesses are subject to stringent requirements compared with Chinese domestic enterprises under the current PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiary, Beijing WFOE, and its subsidiaries, as foreign-invested companies, do not meet all such requirements and therefore none of them is permitted to engage in such business in China. Therefore, we elected to conduct such business in China through Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou Trading Co., Ltd., one of the subsidiaries of our consolidated VIEs, and Shenzhen Xiaoying, one of our VIEs. Since we do not have any equity interests in the VIEs in order to exercise effective control over their operations, through Beijing WFOE, we have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders, pursuant to which we are entitled to receive effectively all economic benefits generated from the VIEs. The call option agreements and voting rights proxy agreement provide us effective control over the VIEs, while the equity interest pledge agreement secure the equity owners’ obligations under the relevant agreements. Because we have both the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect their economic performance and the right to receive substantially all of the benefits from the VIEs, we are deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. Accordingly, we have consolidated the financial statements of the VIEs. The aforementioned contractual agreements are effective agreements between a parent and a consolidated subsidiary, neither of which is accounted for in the consolidated financial statements (i.e., a call option on subsidiary shares under the call option agreement or a guarantee of subsidiary performance under the equity pledge agreement) or are ultimately eliminated upon consolidation (i.e., service fees under the exclusive business cooperation). We believe that our contractual arrangements with Shenzhen Xiaoying, Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Tangren and Shenzhen Beier (collectively known as the “VIEs”) are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. The interests of the shareholders of the VIEs may diverge from that of our company, which may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual terms. 132 Table of Contents Consolidated Trusts As part of our efforts to develop new product offerings for investors and institutional funding partners, we established a business relationship with certain trusts which were administered by third party trust companies. The trusts were set up to invest solely in the loans facilitated by us on its platform to provide returns to the beneficiaries of the trusts through interest payments made by the borrowers. Both direct model and intermediary model are adopted for these trusts. Under direct model, loans are originated from trusts to borrowers while under intermediary model, we typically provide credit to the borrowers through an intermediary first and then transfers the loans to the trusts, which issue beneficial interests to the investors and institutional funding partners. We determine to consolidate these trusts as we are the primary beneficiary, due to the following reasons: 1. We have the power to direct the operating activities of the trusts; 2. We absorb or enjoys the potential residual losses or returns of these trusts. Under intermediary model, the transfer of loans to the Consolidated Trusts are not eligible for sale accounting because the trust is consolidated and the loan transfer is considered an intercompany transaction. We further elected to apply fair value option to the loans (at the date of origination) and liabilities to investors and institutional funding partners to emphasize the relevancy of the accounting information of its consolidated financial statements. That is, the loans are continued to be recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as loans held for investment under “Loans at fair value” and the proceeds received from the investors and institutional funding partners are recorded as trust liabilities under “Payable to investors at fair value”. Consolidated Partnerships In 2021,we further developed a new business model with certain trust partners. we and certain trusts jointly established several limited partnership enterprises, or LPs, to invest solely in the loans facilitated by us on our platform to provide returns to partners of LPs through interest payments made by the borrowers. Intermediary model is adopted for the Consolidated Partnerships. We typically provide credit to the borrowers through an intermediary first and then transfers the loans to the LPs. We determine to consolidate these LPs as we are the primary beneficiary due to the following reasons: 1) we have the power to direct the operating activities of the LPs; and 2) we absorb or enjoy the potential residual losses or returns of these LPs. The transfer of loans to the Consolidated Partnerships are not eligible for sale accounting because the LP is consolidated and the loan transfer is considered an intercompany transaction. We apply amortized cost to the loans and liabilities to trust partners in its consolidated financial statements. That is, the loans are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets under “Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving loans” and the proceeds received from the trust partners are recorded as LP liabilities under “Payable to institutional funding partners”. Allowance for credit losses We have the following financial assets or liabilities that are subject to credit losses assessment: accounts receivable and contract assets, loans receivable from Credit Loans and Revolving Loans, loans receivable from Housing Loans, deposits to institutional cooperators, prepaid expenses and other current assets, and guarantee liabilities. Under the CECL methodology, the Allowance for credit losses consists of quantitative and qualitative components. Our quantitative component of the Allowance for credit losses is model based and utilizes a forward-looking macroeconomic forecast in estimating expected credit losses. Our qualitative component of the Allowance for credit losses considers (i) the uncertainty of forward-looking scenarios based on the likelihood and severity of a possible recession as another possible scenario; (ii) certain portfolio characteristics, such as portfolio concentration and collateral coverage; and (iii) model limitations as well as idiosyncratic events. Income taxes Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Deferred taxes are provided using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax return. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the differences between financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are then evaluated to determine the extent to which they are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and projected future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are then reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount, in our opinion, that is more like than not to be realized. 133 Table of Contents We account for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of the benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon an audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position), the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefits to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefits that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of income taxes. Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts We have elected the fair value option for the loan assets and liabilities of the Consolidated Trusts that otherwise would not have been carried at fair value. Such election is irrevocable and is applied to financial instruments on an individual basis at initial recognition. We estimate the fair value of loans and payable using a discounted cash flow valuation methodology by discounting the estimated future net cash flows using an appropriate discount rate. The future net cash flows are estimated based on contractual cash flows, taking into consideration of estimated delinquency rate, prepayment rate and collection rate of the loans, and the pre-determined rate of our guarantee exposure for certain products. Changes in fair value of loans and payable to investors are reported net as recorded in “Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Share-Based Compensation Share-based payment transactions with employees, such as stock options and restricted stock units, are measured based on the grant date fair value of the awards, with the resulting expense generally recognized on a straight line basis in the consolidated statements of income over the period during which the employee is required to perform service in exchange for the award. A summary of options and restricted stock units we granted as of December 31, 2021 are as below: ● On January 25, 2015, our then sole director approved a share incentive plan for the purpose of providing incentives and rewards to employees and executives who contribute to the success of our operations and granted 13,843, 645 stock options. On June 29, 2015, our then sole director granted 630,000 stock options to certain employees, directors and officers. On May 3, 2016, our then sole director granted 7,425,000 stock options to certain employees, directors and officers. The stock options expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On October 11, 2017, we granted 16,616,000 stock options to certain employees and senior management. The options granted have exercise prices from US$0.04 to US$4.01 per share. A portion of the stock options can only vest in the year 2021 whereas the remaining portion is vested ratably each on the first, second, third and fourth anniversary from the vesting commencement date. Share-based compensation of RMB437.3 million relating to the grant will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods from two to four years. ● On April 30, 2018, we granted 841,054 stock options to certain employees and senior management. The exercise price of the options granted was US$4.01 per share. The stock option is vested ratably each on the first, second, third and fourth anniversary from the vesting commencement date. Share based compensation relating to this grant will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period from 3.6 to 4 years. ● On May 9, 2018, we granted 40,000,000 stock options to certain senior management. The exercise price is the offering price per share of our initial public offering which is US$4.75. Such stock options are eligible to vest, in whole or in part, when the market capitalization milestone as well as the targeted adjusted net earnings are achieved subsequent to our initial public offering. We determine the service inception date to be May 9, 2018 and the grant date to be the date of our listing on NYSE. The offering price per share of our initial public offering was used to determine the fair value of ordinary shares at grant date to estimate the share-based compensation expense. The total share-based compensation expense of RMB16,210,135 (US$2,357,666) was recognized over a five-year period from the service inception date on a straight line basis. The share-based compensation expense recognized upon our initial public offering was RMB9,163,461 (US$1,332,770). ● On October 31, 2018, we granted 475,000 stock options to certain employees, directors and officers. The stock options shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. 134 Table of Contents ● On April 15, 2019, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 150,000 of restricted stock units to certain directors. The restricted stock units shall vest over a period from two to three years. The restricted stock unites have no expiration period. ● On April 30, 2019, we granted 155,000 stock options to certain employees. The stock options shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On November 20, 2019, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 1,789,400 of restricted stock units to certain employees. The restricted stock units shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On August 13, 2019 and November 20, 2019, the Board of Directors decided to cancel 1,500,000 and 250,000 of unvested options of certain senior managements and concurrently granted 1,500,000 and 250,000 of restricted stock units as replacement awards to the senior managements. ● On January 21, 2020, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 4,600,000 of restricted stock units to certain employees and officers. The restricted stock units shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On April 30, 2020, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 673,300 of restricted stock units to certain employees. The restricted stock units shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On October 31, 2020, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 550,000 of restricted stock units to certain employees. The restricted stock units shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On November 10, 2021, the board of directors of X Financial granted 26,657,998 of restricted stock unites to certain senior managements and employees. The restricted stock unites shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. ● On November 10, 2021, the board of directors of X Financial decided to cancel 9,429,984 of unvested share options granted to certain senior management. A summary of option activity during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are presented below: Outstanding, as of January 1, 2019 Granted Exercised Forfeited/Cancelled Outstanding, as of December 31, 2019 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2019 Exercisable as of December 31, 2019 Outstanding, as of January 1, 2020 Granted Exercised Forfeited/Cancelled Outstanding, as of December 31, 2020 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2020 Exercisable as of December 31, 2020 Number of Options 77,466,699 155,000 14,007,474 3,452,998 60,161,227 60,161,227 9,959,062 Number of Options 60,161,227 — 2,009,564 5,953,060 52,198,603 52,198,603 8,301,673 135 Exercise Price RMB 0.27-30.27 31.96 0.27-10.71 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.28-25.42 Remaining Contractual 6.07-9.83 — — — 5.07-9.33 5.07-9.33 5.07-9.33 Exercise Price RMB 0.27-31.96 — 0.27 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 Remaining Contractual 5.07-9.33 — — — 4.07-8.33 4.07-8.33 4.07-8.33 Intrinsic value of options 457,386,371 — — — 74,834,115 74,834,115 30,925,254 Intrinsic value of options 74,834,115 — — — 19,538,815 19,538,815 13,364,215 Table of Contents Outstanding, as of January 1, 2021 Granted Exercised Forfeited/Cancelled Outstanding, as of December 31, 2021 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2021 Exercisable as of December 31, 2021 Number of Options 52,198,603 — 3,490,378 9,959,692 38,748,533 38,748,533 6,154,008 Exercise Price RMB 0.27-31.96 — 0.27 0.27-30.27 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 Remaining Contractual 4.07-8.33 — — — 3.07-7.33 3.07-7.33 3.07-7.33 Intrinsic value of options 19,538,815 — — — 20,378,161 20,378,161 14,821,392 A summary of restricted share units activity during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is presented below: Outstanding, as of January 1, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding, as of December 31, 2019 Outstanding, as of January 1, 2020 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding, as of December 31, 2020 Outstanding, as of January 1, 2021 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding, as of December 31, 2021 Number of Restricted Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value RMB — 3,689,400 49,998 — 3,639,402 — 8.21 17.60 — 8.21 Number of Restricted Shares 3,639,402 5,823,300 631,680 1,295,728 7,535,294 Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value RMB 8.21 5.65 8.61 6.16 6.49 Number of Restricted Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value RMB 7,535,294 26,657,998 1,469,751 307,926 32,415,615 6.49 4.97 6.19 5.65 5.18 We used the Binomial model to estimate the fair value of the options granted on the respective grant dates with assistance from independent valuation firms. The fair value per option was estimated at the date of grant. We determined the fair value of RSUs based on its stock price on the date of grant. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we recorded compensation expenses of RMB157.1 million, RMB80.1 million and RMB88.4 million (US$13.9 million), respectively, for the stock options and restricted stocks granted to our employees. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we had 60,161,227, 52,198,603 and 38,748,533 stock options outstanding, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, there was RMB232.1 million, RMB85.8 million and RMB11.1 million(US$1.7 million) of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, such cost was expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.27 years. As of December 31, 2021, there was RMB141.1 million (US$21.9 million) of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted shares granted. As of December 31, 2021 that cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.66 years. 136 Table of Contents Recent Accounting Pronouncements The recent accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us are included in note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report. 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash generated by operating activities and proceeds from issuance and sales of our shares. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we had RMB1,006.0 million, RMB746.4 million and RMB584.8 million (US$91.8 million), respectively, in cash and cash equivalents. In September 2018, we completed an initial public offering of 11,763,478 ADSs (including the ADSs sold upon the exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters), representing 23,526,956 Class A ordinary shares, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately US$103.9 million. Our cash and cash equivalents solely consist of cash on hand. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and our anticipated cash flows from operations and financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for next 12 months. We may, however, need additional capital in the future to fund our continued operations. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that might restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Cash Flows and Working Capital The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented: Summary Consolidated Cash Flows Data: Cash provided by (used in) operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash at year end Operating Activities For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 RMB 2020 RMB 2021 RMB US$ (in thousands) 600,567 (3,079,781) 2,711,188 242,596 1,277,707 1,520,303 (679,235) (3,704,848) 4,490,712 78,220 1,520,303 1,598,523 449,171 (2,347,594) (1,301,312) (606,484) 1,598,523 992,039 70,485 (368,389) 204,204 (95,170) 250,843 155,673 Cash provided by operating activities was RMB449.2 million (US$70.5 million) in 2021. In 2021, the difference between our cash provided by operating activities and our net income of RMB825.4 million (US$129.5 million) in 2021 resulted mainly from (i) the increase in loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans of RMB890.4 million (US$139.7 million) provided by our own fund from our microcredit business, (ii) the increase of deposits to institutional cooperators of RMB584.2 million (US$91.7 million), and (iii) the increase of accounts receivable and contract assets of RMB411.4 million (US$64.6 million), which were partially offsets by (i) the change of financial guarantee derivatives due to the lag between payments to the financing guarantee companies and the collection of monthly guarantee derivative of RMB551.3 million (US$86.5 million), (ii) the deferred tax benefits of RMB333.4 million (US$52.3 million), and (iii) the change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative of RMB170.3 million (US$26.7 million). Cash used in operating activities was RMB679.2 million (US$104.1 million) in 2020. In 2020, the difference between our cash used in operating activities and our net loss of RMB1,308.5 million (US$200.5 million) in 2020 resulted mainly from the impairment loss of deposits of institutional cooperators of RMB960 million (US$147.1 million), the change of financial guarantee derivatives due to the lag between payments to the financing guarantee companies and the collection of monthly guarantee derivative of RMB388.8 million (US$59.6 million), the decrease of accounts receivable and contract assets of RMB220.8 million (US$33.8 million), the provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans of RMB227.2 million (US$34.8 million) , which were partially offsets by (i) the increase of deposits to institutional cooperators of RMB1,369.5 million (US$209.9 million), and (ii) the decrease of income tax payables of RMB265.1 million (US$40.6 million). 137 Table of Contents Cash provided by operating activities was RMB600.6 million in 2019. In 2019, the difference between our cash provided by operating activities and our net income of RMB774.5 million in 2019 resulted mainly from the change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative of RMB246.4 million and provision for accounts receivable and contract assets of RMB241.2 million, which were partially offset by (i) the decrease in financial guarantee derivative of RMB608.1 million due to the lag between payments to ZhongAn and the collection of monthly guarantee service fees from borrowers, and (ii) the decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets due to the deposits paid to our financial institutional cooperators and our investments in earnings rights associated with loan assets. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities was RMB2,347.6 million (US$368.4 million) in 2021, which was primarily attributable to (i) an aggregate amount of RMB6,531.7 million (US$1,025.0 million) for the principal payment of loans at fair value and loans receivables under Consolidated partnership model, and origination of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans which have been transferred but such transaction does not qualify for sale accounting, (ii) purchase of long-term investment of RMB315.0 million (US$49.4 million), (iii) purchase of financial investments of RMB112.8 million (US$17.7 million), and (iv) loan to a related party of RMB150.0 million (US$23.5 million), which partially offset by (i) an aggregate amount of RMB4,378.3 million (US$687.1 million) for principal collection of loans at fair value and loans receivables under Consolidated partnership model, sale and collection of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans of which have been transferred but such transaction does not qualify for sale accounting, (ii) the collection of loans’ earnings rights from a related party of RMB160.0 million (US$25.1 million), and (iii) loan repayment from a related party of RMB150.0 million (US$23.5 million). Cash used in investing activities was RMB3,704.8 million (US$567.8 million) in 2020, which was primarily attributable to sale and collection of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans and principal collection of loans at fair value of RMB9,762.5 million (US$1,496.2 million) and the collection of loans’ earnings rights from a related party, partially offset by principal payment of loans at fair value and origination of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans of RMB5,952.5 million (US$912.3 million). Cash used in investing activities was RMB3,079.8 million in 2019, which was primarily attributable to principal payment of loans at fair value of RMB5,646.7 million, partially offset by principal collection of loans at fair value of RMB2,961.9 million. Financing Activities Cash provided by financing activities was RMB1,301.3 million (US$204.2 million) in 2021, which was attributable to by cash receipt from investors related to loans at fair value and institutional funding partners of RMB3,972.7 million (US$623.4 million) and proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB266.5 million(US$41.9 million) , which was partially offset by cash paid to investors related to loans at fair value and to institutional funding partners of RMB2,489.1 million(US$390.6) and repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB450.5 million(US$70.7 million). Cash provided by financing activities was RMB4,490.7 million (US$688.2 million) in 2020, which was attributable to cash receipt from investors related to loans at fair value and institutional funding partners of RMB7,244.9 million (US$1,110.3 million) and proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB511.5 million(US$78.4 million), which was partially offset by cash paid to investors related to loans at fair value and to institutional funding partners of RMB3,105.3 million(US$475.9) and repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB161 million(US$24.7 million). Cash provided by financing activities was RMB2,711.2 million in 2019, which was attributable to cash receipt from investors — Consolidated Trusts of RMB4,313.1 million and proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB203 million, which was partially offset by cash paid to investors — Consolidated Trusts of RMB1,306.7 million and repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB401 million. 138 Table of Contents Holding Company Structure X Financial is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our Beijing WFOE and its subsidiaries, variable interest entities and its subsidiaries in China. As a result, X Financial’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by Beijing WFOE. If Beijing WFOE or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China is permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our subsidiaries and variable interest entities is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, each of our subsidiaries may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at its discretion, and our variable interest entity may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our Beijing WFOE has not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until it generates accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds. 5.C. Research and Development We have focused on and will continue to invest in our technology system, which supports all key aspects of our online platform and is designed to optimize for scalability and flexibility. 5.D. Trend Information Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2021 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial condition. 5.E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2021. 5.F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our contractual obligations, including interest payments, as of December 31, 2021: Contractual Obligations: Operating lease obligations (1) Note: Total Less than 1 year Payment Due by Period 1-2 years (RMB in thousands) 2-3 years More than 3 years 30,661 17,559 4,754 4,844 3,504 (1) Operating lease obligations represent our obligations for office premises, which include all future cash outflows under ASC Topic 842, Leases. Please see “Leases” under Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements Other than those shown above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees other than the guarantees provided to investors and institutional funding partners for certain loan products as of December 31, 2021. 5.G. Safe harbor See “Forward-Looking Information.” 139 Table of Contents ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES 6.A. Directors and Senior Management The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. Name Yue (Justin) Tang Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng Kan (Kent) Li Ding (Gardon) Gao Frank Fuya Zheng Shengwen Rong Zheng Xue Longgen Zhang Age 51 52 48 35 55 53 51 57 Position/Title Chief Executive Officer, Chairman Vice Chairman, Director President, Director, Chief Risk Officer Chief Technology Officer Chief Financial Officer Independent Director Independent Director Independent Director Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang is our founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Tang is responsible for our overall business strategies and operation. Before starting our company, Mr. Tang co-founded eLong.com, an online travel service company in China in 1999. From 2006 to 2014, Mr. Tang was the founder and managing partner of Blue Ridge China, an investment and consulting company. Mr. Tang received a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Concordia College. Mr. Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng has served as our Vice Chairman since May, 2021 and our Director since December 2017. Mr. Cheng joined us in 2015. Prior to serving as our Vice Chairman, Mr. Cheng served as our President from 2017 to 2021 and Chief Risk Officer from 2015 to 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Cheng served as deputy General Manager in charge of retail lending management at Bank of Communications, senior credit risk manager at HSBC North America and HSBC Asia Pacific. Mr. Cheng also served as head of CEO office and head of business banking at Hang Seng Bank China Limited, and manager at Capital One. Mr. Cheng received a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in engineering and a bachelor’s degree in economics from Tsinghua University, a master’s degree in industrial engineering and an MBA degree from University of Southern California. Mr. Kan (Kent) Li has served as our President since May, 2021, our Chief Risk Officer since November 2017 and Director since December, 2021. Mr. Li joined us in 2015. Prior to that, Mr. Li served as a division director in charge of unsecured loan risk from 2015 to 2017. From September 2008 to November 2015, he served as a manager at Capital One from September 2008 to November 2015. Mr. Li received his bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in economics from Southwestern University of Economics and Finance. Mr. Ding (Gardon) Gao is a co-founder of the Company. He has served as our Chief Technology Officer since April 2014 and was our Director from December 2017 to December 2021. Mr. Gao joined us in 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Gao served as software architect from 2010 to 2014 at Tencent Holdings Limited. Mr. Gao received a bachelor’s degree in management of information system from Dalian Maritime University. Mr. Frank Fuya Zheng has served as our Chief Financial Officer since August 24, 2020. From 2008 to 2012, Mr. Zheng was the Chief Financial Officer of Cogo Group, Inc., a company previously listed on NASDAQ that provided customized module design solutions and manufactured electronic products in China. Mr. Zheng was also a director of the same company from 2005 to 2012. Since April 2020, Mr. Zheng was an independent director of Lianluo Smart Limited (NASDAQ: LLIT), as well as chairman of the audit committee and a member of the compensation and nomination committee. From 2018 to 2019, Mr. Zheng was an independent director of ChinaCache International Holdings Ltd. Mr. Zheng also served as an independent director of Yingde Gases Group Company (02168.HK) from 2009 to 2017. Mr. Zheng received a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration majoring in accounting from the City University of New York in 1994. 140 Table of Contents Mr. Shengwen Rong has served as our independent director since September 2018. From February 2017 to September 2018, Mr. Rong served as the Senior Vice President and then the Chief Financial Officer at Yixia Technology Co., Ltd. Prior to that, Mr. Rong served as the Chief Financial Officer at Quixey, Inc. from 2015 to 2016, the Chief Financial Officer at UCWeb from 2012 to 2014, and the Chief Financial Officer at Country Style Cooking Restaurant Chain Co., Ltd, an NYSE-listed company, from 2010 to 2012. Currently, Mr. Rong serves as an independent director of Qudian Inc. (NYSE: QD). Mr Rong is a Certified Public Accountant in the United States. Mr. Rong received a bachelor’s degree in international finance from Renmin University, a master’s degree in accounting from West Virginia University and an MBA degree from University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Mr. Zheng Xue has served as our independent director since September 2018. Since August 2011, Mr. Xue has served as an independent director at Yingli Solor (YGE). Mr. Xue served as the Chief Financial Officer of China Music Corporation from 2015 to 2017, the Chief Financial Officer of Lightinthebox Inc. from 2011 to 2014, partner at Softbank China & India Fund from 2008 to 2010, the Chief Financial Officer of Target Media from 2005 to 2007, and the Chief Financial Officer of eLong Inc. from 2003 to 2005. Mr. Xue received a bachelor’s degree in physics from University of Illinois and an MBA degree from University of Chicago. Mr. Longgen Zhang has served as our independent director since September 2018. Since January 2018, Mr. Zhang has served as the Chief Executive Officer at Daqo New Energy Corp., an NYSE-listed company, and an independent non-executive director at ZZ Capital International Limited, a company listed on the HKEx’s Main Board. Since May 2014, Mr. Zhang has served as a director at JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd., an NYSE- listed company. Mr. Zhang served as the Chief Financial Officer at JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. from 2008 to 2014, and the Chief Financial Officer and director at Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd., an NYSE-listed company, from 2006 to 2008. Mr. Zhang received a master’s degree in professional accounting from New Texas A&M University and a master’s degree in business administration from New Texas A&M University. 6.B. Compensation Compensation For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our directors and executive officers was approximately RMB5.1million (US$0.8 million). No pension, retirement or similar benefits have been set aside or accrued for our executive officers or directors. We have no service contracts with any of our directors providing for benefits upon termination of employment. Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which will be automatically extended unless either we or the executive officer gives prior notice to terminate such employment. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, including but not limited to the commitments of any serious or persistent breach or non-observance of the terms and conditions of the employment, conviction of a criminal offense other than one which in the opinion of the board does not affect the executive’s position, willful, disobedience of a lawful and reasonable order, misconducts being inconsistent with the due and faithful discharge of the executive officer’s material duties, fraud or dishonesty, or habitual neglect of his or her duties. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with not less than one-month prior written notice. Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose to any person, corporation or other entity without written consent, any confidential information. Each executive officer has also agreed to assign to our company all his or her inventions, improvements, designs, original works of authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs, databases, mask works, concepts and trade secrets which the executive officer may solely or jointly conceive or develop or reduce to practice, or cause to be conceived or developed or reduced to practice, during the period of the executive officer’s employment with us that are either related to the scope of the employment or make use of the resources of the company. In addition, all executive officers have agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions set forth in their agreements. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed to devote all his or her working time and attention to our business and use best efforts to develop our business and interests. Moreover, each executive officer has agreed not to, for a certain period following termination of his or her employment or expiration of the employment agreement: (i) carry on or be engaged, concerned or interested directly or indirectly whether as shareholder, director, employee, partner, agent or otherwise carry on any business in direct competition with us, (ii) solicit or entice away any of our user, client, representative or agent, or (iii) employ, solicit or entice away or attempt to employ, solicit or entice away any of our officer, manager, consultant or employee. 141 Table of Contents In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for two years following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, users or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent. We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, pursuant to which we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being such a director or officer. Share Incentive Plan The 2015 Global Share Option Plan (the “Share Incentive Plan”) was adopted by our then sole director on January 25, 2015, and amended and restated as the Amended and Restated 2015 Global Share Incentive Plan by our board of directors on May 9, 2018. The purpose of the Share Incentive Plan is to enhance our ability to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility and to promote the value of our company, by providing such persons an opportunity to acquire or increase a direct interest in our operations and future success. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the Share Incentive Plan is 95,849,500 ordinary shares. The ordinary shares subject to the Share Incentive Plan may be authorized but unissued or reacquired ordinary shares. The following paragraph summarize the terms of the Share Incentive Plan. Share reserve. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that will be subject to award and sold under the Share Incentive Plan is 95,849,500 shares. During the term of this Plan, we will at all times reserve and keep available such number of ordinary shares as will be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Share Incentive Plan. If an award expires or becomes unexercisable without having been exercised in full, the ordinary shares unvested which were subject thereto will become available for future grant or sale under the Share Incentive Plan. Ordinary shares used to pay the exercise price of an award or to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to an award will become available for future grant or sale under the Share Incentive Plan. Administration. The Share Incentive Plan will be administered by (A) our board of directors; or (B) where a committee has been established in our company, the committee (in either event, the “Administrator”). These administrative powers include, but are not limited to, approving forms of award documents, determining the terms and conditions of any award granted, determining the fair market value of an ordinary share, prescribing, amending and rescinding rules and regulations relating to the Share Incentive Plan and modifying and amending each award. Types of Awards. The Share Incentive Plan permits the grants of stock options, SARs, restricted stock, RSUs, performance awards, deferred awards and other share-based awards. ● Stock Options. A stock option is a right to purchase ordinary shares at a future date at a specified exercise price. Stock options that are intended to qualify as incentive stock options must meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The per share exercise price of a stock option (except in the case of substitute awards) will be determined by the Administrator at the time of grant but will be no less than one hundred percent of the fair market value per ordinary share on the date of grant, subject to certain exceptions. No stock option will be exercisable more than ten years from the grant date, except that the Administrator may generally provide for an extension of such ten-year term in the event the exercise of the stock option would be prohibited by law on the expiration date. In the case of an incentive stock option granted to an employee who has owned ordinary shares representing more than ten percent of the voting power of all classes of ordinary shares of the company or any parent or subsidiary, the per share exercise price will be no less than one hundred ten percent of the fair market value per ordinary share on the date of grant, and the term of the incentive stock option will be five years from the date of grant or such shorter term as may be provided in the award document. 142 Table of Contents ● SARs. A SAR represents a right to receive, in cash or ordinary shares, upon exercise by a participant or settlement, the excess of (i) the fair market value of one ordinary share on the date of exercise or settlement over (ii) the exercise price of the right on the date of grant, or if granted in connection with an option, on the date of grant of the option. The per share exercise price for the ordinary shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of a SAR (except in the case of substitute awards) will be determined by the Administrator, but will be no less than one hundred percent of the fair market value per ordinary share on the date of grant. The Administrator will determine the date on which each SAR may be exercised or settled and the expiration date of each SAR. However, no SAR will be exercisable more than ten years from the grant date. ● Restricted Stock. Restricted stock is an award of ordinary shares of our common stock that are subject to restrictions on transfer and a substantial risk of forfeiture. ● RSU. An RSU represents a right to receive the value of one ordinary share, subject to specified vesting and other restrictions. ● Performance Awards. Performance awards, which may be denominated in cash or ordinary shares, will be earned upon the satisfaction of performance conditions specified by the Administrator. These performance criteria may be measured on an absolute (e.g., plan or budget) or relative basis, may be established on a corporate-wide basis or with respect to one or more business units, divisions, subsidiaries or business segments, and may be made relative to an index or other acceptable objective and quantifiable indices. The Administrator may specify that any other award shall constitute a performance award by conditioning the right of a participant to exercise the award or have it settled, and the timing thereof, upon achievement or satisfaction of such performance conditions as may be specified by the Administrator. ● Deferred Awards. The Administrator is authorized to grant awards denominated in a right to receive ordinary shares on a deferred basis. ● Other Share-Based Awards. The Administrator is authorized to grant other awards that may be denominated or payable in, valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based on, or related to, ordinary shares or factors that may influence the value of ordinary shares. Eligibility. Equity incentive awards may be granted to employees, directors, consultants or any other person providing services to the company, or any parent, subsidiary or affiliate of the company. Term of Plan. The Share Incentive Plan became effective upon its initial adoption by our then sole director on January 15, 2015. Unless sooner terminated by the board of directors, the Share Incentive Plan will continue in effect for a term of ten years from the later of (a) the effective date of the Share Incentive Plan, or (b) the earlier of the most recent board of directors or shareholder approval of an increase in the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the Share Incentive Plan, which occurred on May 9, 2018 in connection with the approval of the resolutions effecting the amendment and restatement of the Share Incentive Plan. Termination of Service. The Administrator will determine the effect of a termination of service on outstanding awards, including whether the awards will vest, become exercisable, settle or be forfeited. Adjustment upon Merger or Change in Control. In the event of a merger or a change of control, except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, the Administrator may provide for the treatment of each outstanding award without a Plan participant’s consent, including without limitation, that ● Awards will be assumed, or substantially equivalent awards be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof) with appropriate adjustments as to the number and kind of shares and prices; ● Upon written notice to a participant, the participant’s awards will terminate upon or immediately prior to the consummation of such merger or change in control; ● Outstanding awards will vest and become exercisable, realizable or payable, or restrictions applicable to an award will lapse, in whole or in part prior to or upon consummation of such merger or change in control; 143 Table of Contents ● The awards will terminate in exchange for an amount of cash and/or property, if any, equal to the amount that would have been attained upon the exercise of such awards or realization of the participant’s rights as of the date of the occurrence of the transaction (and, for the avoidance of doubt, if as of the date of the occurrence of the transaction the Administrator determines in good faith that no amount would have been attained upon the exercise of such awards or realization of the participant’s rights, then such award may be terminated by the company without payment), or such awards will be replaced with other rights or property selected by the Administrator in its sole discretion; or ● Any combination of the foregoing. Amendment and Termination. Our board of directors may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate the Share Incentive Plan. The Administrator may also amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate, or waive any conditions or rights under, any outstanding award. However, subject to the adjustment provision and change in control provision, any such action by the Administrator that would materially adversely affect the rights of a holder of an outstanding award may not be taken without the holder’s consent, except to the extent that such action is taken to cause the Share Incentive Plan to comply with applicable laws, stock market or exchange rules and regulations, or accounting or tax rules and regulations, or to impose any “clawback” or recoupment provisions on any awards in accordance with the Share Incentive Plan. On January 25, 2015, we granted 13,843,645 stock options to employees and executives. On June 29, 2015, we granted 630,000 stock options to certain employees, directors and officers. On May 3, 2016, we granted 7,425,000 stock options to certain employees, directors and officers. On October 11, 2017, we granted 16,616,000 stock options to certain employees and senior management. On April 30, 2018, we granted 841,054 stock options to certain employees and senior management. On May 9, 2018, we granted 40,000,000 stock options to certain senior management. The exercise price of such 40,000,000 stock options is US$4.75, the offering price per share of our initial public offering, and such options have become exercisable upon the completion of our initial public offering and in accordance with the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement. On October 31, 2018, we granted 475,000 stock options to certain employees. On April 15, 2019, we granted 150,000 restricted stock units to certain directors, which are subject to the vesting schedule specified in the relevant award agreement. On April 30, 2019, we granted 155,000 stock options to certain employees. On November 20, 2019, we granted 1,789,400 restricted stock units to certain employees. On August 13, 2019 and November 20, 2019, the Board of Directors decided to cancel 1,500,000 and 250,000 of unvested options of certain senior managements and concurrently granted 1,500,000 and 250,000 of restricted stock units as replacement awards to the senior managements. On January 21, 2020, we granted 4,600,000 restricted stock units to certain employees and officers. On April 30, 2020, we granted 673,300 restricted stock units to certain employees. On October 31, 2020, we granted 550,000 restricted stock units to certain employees. On November 10, 2021, we granted 26,657,998 restricted stock units to certain senior managements and employees. On November 10, 2021, the Board of Directors decided to cancel 9,429,984 of unvested share options granted to certain senior management. 144 Table of Contents The table below summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the awards we have granted (excluding those cancelled, forfeited or expired) to our directors and executive officers. Name Yue (Justin) Tang Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng Ding (Gardon) Gao Position Chief Executive Officer and Director President and Director Chief Technology Officer and Director Frank Fuya Zheng Chief Financial Officer Kan (Kent) Li Chief Risk Officer Shengwen Rong Independent Director Zheng Xue Independent Director Longgen Zhang Independent Director * Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares. Ordinary Shares Underlying Options Awarded Option Exercise Price 3,803,645 US$ 0.04 Grant Date January 25, 2015 Option Expiration Date January 24, 2025 24,000,000 US$ 6,000,000 US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ * US$ 4.75 0 0.04 0.04 4.75 0 0.04 0.04 4.75 0 0 0.04 1.575 4.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 9, 2018 November 10, 2021 May 3,2016 May 8, 2023 November 10, 2031 May 2, 2026 October 11,2017 May 9,2018 January 21,2020 January 25,2015 October 10,2027 May 8,2023 January 19,2030 January 24,2025 October 11,2017 May 9,2018 October 31,2020 November 10, 2021 May 3,2016 October 11,2017 May 9,2018 January 21,2020 November 10, 2021 April 15,2019 March 3, 2022 April 15,2019 March 3, 2022 April 15,2019 March 3, 2022 October 10,2027 May 8,2023 October 30,2030 November 10, 2031 May 2,2026 October 10,2027 May 8,2023 January 19,2030 November 10, 2031 — — — — — — For discussions of our accounting policies and estimates for awards granted pursuant to the Share Incentive Plan, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—5.A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Share-based compensation.” 6.C. Board Practices Board of Directors Our board of directors consists of six directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. The Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE generally require that a majority of an issuer’s board of directors must consist of independent directors. However, the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE permit foreign private issuers like us to follow “home country practice” in certain corporate governance matters. We rely on this “home country practice” exception and do not have a majority of independent directors serving on our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures, bonds and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party. 145 Table of Contents A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. We have no service contracts with any of our directors providing for benefits upon termination of employment. See “ Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation.” Board Committees We have established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under our board of directors. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below. Audit Committee Our audit committee consists of three directors, namely Shengwen Rong, Longgen Zhang and Zheng Xue, and is chaired by Shengwen Rong. Our board of directors has determined that each of the three directors satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things: selecting the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors; ● setting clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the independent auditors; ● reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response; ● reviewing and approving all related-party transactions; ● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors; ● discussing with management and the independent auditors major issues regarding accounting principles and financial statement presentations; ● reviewing reports prepared by management or the independent auditors relating to significant financial reporting issues and judgments; ● reviewing with management and the independent auditors related-party transactions and off-balance sheet transactions and structures; ● reviewing with management and the independent auditors the effect of regulatory and accounting initiatives; ● reviewing policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management; ● reviewing our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting; ● reviewing reports from the independent auditors regarding all critical accounting policies and practices to be used by our company; ● establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints we received regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and the confidential, anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; ● periodically reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter; 146 Table of Contents ● such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by our board of directors from time to time; and ● meeting separately, periodically, with management, the internal auditors and the independent auditors. Compensation Committee Our compensation committee consists of three directors, namely Longgen Zhang, Shengwen Rong and Zheng Xue, and is chaired by Longgen Zhang. Our board of Directors has determined that each of the three directors satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. Our compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our executive officers. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things: ● reviewing and approving the compensation for our senior executives; ● reviewing and evaluating our executive compensation and benefits policies generally; ● reporting to our board of directors periodically; ● evaluating its own performance and reporting to our board of directors on such evaluation; ● periodically reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the compensation committee charter and recommending any proposed changes to our board of directors; and ● such other matters that are specifically delegated to the compensation committee by our board of directors from time to time. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of three directors, namely Zheng Xue, Shengwen Rong and Longgen Zhang, and is chaired by Zheng Xue. Our board of Directors has determined that each of the three directors satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board in identifying individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things: ● identifying and recommending to the board of directors qualified individuals for membership on the board of directors and its committees; ● evaluating, at least annually, its own performance and reporting to the board of directors on such evaluation; ● overseeing compliance with the corporate governance guidelines and code of business conduct and ethics and reporting on such compliance to the board of directors; and ● reviewing and assessing periodically the adequacy of its charter and recommending any proposed changes to the board of directors for approval. 147 Table of Contents Duties of Directors Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to our company to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as amended and re-stated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. You should refer to “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law” for additional information on our standard of corporate governance under Cayman Islands law. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others: ● convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings; ● declaring dividends and distributions; ● appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers; ● exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and ● approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register. Terms of Directors and Officers Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders or until the expiration of his term or his successor has been elected and qualified. If a Management Director (as defined in our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association), Mr Yue (Justin) Tang shall have the right to appoint another person as a director (such director shall be a Managing Director) by delivering a written notice to our company and such replacement shall become effective automatically upon the delivery of such notice without any further action or resolution of the board or the shareholders, provided that Mr. Tang shall not be entitled to exercise such right if he and his affiliates do not hold any shares. Subject to the foregoing sentence with respect to the appointment of a Managing Director, a vacancy on the board created by the removal of a director may be filled by an ordinary resolution or by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a board meeting. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other thing, the director (i) dies; (ii) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; (iii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iv) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company; (v) is prohibited by law from being a director; and (vi) is removed from the office pursuant to any other provisions of our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. 148 Table of Contents 6.D. Employees As of December 31, 2021, we had a total of 424 employees based in China. The following table sets forth the breakdown of our employees as of December 31, 2021 by function: Technology Development Financial Products Risk Management General Management Marketing Total As of December 31, 2021 Number of Employee % of Total Employees 186 129 38 62 9 424 44 % 30 % 9 % 15 % 2 % 100 % We have entered into individual employment contracts with our employees to cover matters such as salaries, benefits, and grounds for termination. As required by regulations in China, we participate in various government statutory social security plans, including a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to contribute to social security plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. We maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and as of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material labor disputes in the past. None of our employees are represented by labor unions. 6.E. Share Ownership The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, as of March 31, 2022, by: ● each of our directors and executive officers; ● all of our directors and executive officers as a group; and ● each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares. The calculations in the table below are based on 329,117,943 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2022 comprised of 231,517,943 Class A ordinary shares and 97,600,000 Class B ordinary shares. 149 Table of Contents Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the ordinary shares. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person, except with respect to the percentage ownership of all executive officers and directors as a group. Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned as of March 31, 2022 Class A ordinary share Class B ordinary share Number % Number % 6,323,172 * * * * * * * 6,323,172 2.73 % 97,600,000 — — — — — — — 97,600,000 * * * * * * * 2.73 % 100.00 % — — — — — — — 100.00 % 6,323,172 28,201,772 27,113,806 20,000,000 2.73 % 12.18 % 11.71 % 8.64 % 97,600,000 — — — 100.00 % — — — Percentage of total ordinary shares on an as converted basis Percentage of aggregate voting power** 31.58 % * * * * * * * 31.58 % 31.58 % 8.57 % 8.24 % 6.08 % 89.69 % * * * * * * * 89.69 % 89.69 % 1.29 % 1.24 % 0.92 % Directors and Executive Officers: Yue (Justin) Tang(1) Shaoyong (Simon) Cheng Ding (Gardon) Gao Frank Fuya Zheng Kan (Kent) Li Shengwen Rong Zheng Xue Longgen Zhang All directors and executive officers as a group Principal Shareholders: Mangrove Coast Investment Limited(1) All Trade Base Investment Limited(2) Dragon Destiny Limited(3) Pine Cove Global Limited(4) * Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares. ** For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 20 votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. (1) Represents (i) 97,600,000 Class B ordinary shares held by Mangrove Coast Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mangrove Coast Trust, (ii) 3,803,645 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, and (iii) 2,519,527 Class A ordinary shares held by Purple Mountain Holding Ltd., which is ultimately controlled by Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang. The registered address of Mangrove Coast Investment Limited is Geneva Place, Waterfront Drive, P.O. Box 3469, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Mangrove Coast Trust is a trust established under the laws of Bahamas and managed by RHONE TRUSTEES (BAHAMAS) LTD. as the trustee. Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang is the settlor of the trust and Mr. Tang and his family members are the trust’s beneficiaries. The registered address of Purple Mountain Holding Ltd. is at Ellen Skelton Building, 3076 Sir Francis Darke Highway, Road Reef, P.O. Box 765, Road Town, Tortola VG 1110, British Virgin Islands. (2) Represents 28,201,772 Class A ordinary shares held by All Trade Base Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Baoguo Zhu. The registered address of All Trade Base Investment Limited is Geneva Place, Waterfront Drive, P.O. Box 3469, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. (3) Represents 27,113,806 Class A ordinary shares held by Dragon Destiny Limited, a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Chung Kiu Cheung. The registered address of Dragon Destiny Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands. 150 Table of Contents (4) Represents 20,000,000 Class A ordinary shares held by Pine Cove Global Limited, a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Nexus Asia Growth Fund SPC and ultimately controlled by David Fung. The registered address of Pine Cove Global Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands. ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS 7.A. Major Shareholders Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.E. Share Ownership.” 7.B. Related Party Transactions Transactions with Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang In 2019, we transferred loan portfolios with an aggregate amount of RMB108.7 million to Zijinzhonghao (Zhejiang) Investment Co., Ltd. (“ZJZH”), an entity controlled by Mr. Tang Yue. The considerations received by us were determined based on the outstanding loan balances on the transaction dates. We did not receive related party loans from shareholders other than Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang and his controlled entities. Transactions with Jiangxi Ruijing In 2019, we purchased earnings rights of two loans from Jiangxi Ruijing. The considerations paid amounted to RMB100.0 million and RMB280.0 million, respectively, which equal to the principal amounts of the underlying loans. The former loan (Loan#1) had been fully repaid by the end of 2020, and the interest rate applied is 15.6%. The latter loan (Loan#2) had been fully repaid in January 2022, and the interest rate applied is 8%. The associated interest income amounted to RMB27.1million, RMB28.8 million and RMB17.3 million (US$2.7 million) in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Transactions with a subsidiary of one of our equity investees In 2021, we entered into agreements with a financing guarantee company, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of our equity investee obtained in 2020. This financing guarantee company provides guarantee service for an identified portfolio of loans we facilitated and charges borrowers a guarantee fee, a portion of which will be subsequently paid to us as the service fee for the intermediary service we provide. During the year of 2021, this financing guarantee company provided guarantee service for 5.9% of the total loans we facilitated. We recognized total net revenue of RMB78,801,582(US$12,365,688) during the year of 2021 in connection with the service fees of facilitation service for loans that covered by this financing guarantee company. As of December 31, 2021, contract assets of RMB66,761,250(US$10,476,297) will be subsequently collected from this financing guarantee company. Transactions with Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited In 2021, we provided a loan of RMB150.0 (US$23.5 million) million to an associate of us, Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited. The loan had been fully repaid in 2021, and the monthly interest rate applied is 0.5%. The associated interest income amounted to RMB0.75 million in 2021. Contractual Arrangement with our VIEs and their Shareholders PRC laws and regulations currently restrict foreign ownership and foreign investment in VIE in China. As a result, we operate our relevant business through contractual arrangements among Xiaoying Beijing, our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, VIEs, our consolidated VIE, and their shareholders. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure— Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and their Shareholders” Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation— Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements” for a description of the employment agreements we have entered into with our senior executive officers. 151 Table of Contents Share Incentives See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—6.B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan” for a description of share awards we have granted to our directors, officers and other individuals as a group. 7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel Not applicable. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. Litigation From time to time, we become subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business. We are currently involved in several lawsuits in PRC courts primarily including lawsuits initiated by us to recover defaulted loan repayment, including our claim against one corporate borrower for the repayment of loan principal, interest, penalty fees and service fees for our services. On November 26, 2019, a putative class action complaint captioned Shivakumar Ningappa v. X Financial, et al., No. 657033/2019, was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County against the Company, certain of our officers and directors, and the underwriters of our initial public offering, asserting violations of the Securities Act of 1933 based on our September 2018 initial public offering. Two additional lawsuits were subsequently filed in the same court, containing substantially identical allegations. On February 5, 2020, all three lawsuits were consolidated under the caption “In re X Financial Securities Litigation,” No. 657033/2019, and a consolidated amended complaint (the “CAC”) was filed on February 14, 2020. On May 11, 2020, we filed a motion to dismiss the CAC in its entirety. On February 8, 2022, the matter was reassigned to a new judge. Following such reassignment, oral argument on Defendants’ motion to dismiss was scheduled for July 12, 2022. On December 9, 2019 a putative class action complaint captioned Xiangdong Chen v. X Financial, et al., No. 1:19-cv-06908-KAM-SJB, was filed in the Eastern District of New York against the Company and certain of our officers and directors, asserting violations of the Securities Act of 1933 based on our September 2018 initial public offering. The lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint (the “AC”) on July 13, 2020. We filed a motion to dismiss the AC on December 7, 2020. The court has referred the motion to the magistrate judge for a report and recommendation. On December 9, 2021, the magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (the “R&R”) concluding that Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Federal Action should be granted in full. The magistrate judge determined that all claims under the Securities Act of 1933 were time-barred by the applicable one-year statute of limitations and should be dismissed with prejudice, while the claims under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 failed for deficient allegations of fraudulent scienter and should be dismissed with leave to replead. The lead plaintiff in the Federal Action timely filed objections to the R&R on December 23, 2021, and Defendants submitted a response to plaintiff’s objections on January 6, 2022. On March 13, 2022, presiding District Judge issued a memorandum and order overruling plaintiffs’ objections, adopting the R&R in full, dismissing the Securities Act claims without leave to replead, and dismissing the Exchange Act claims with leave to file a further amended complaint within 30 days. On April 12, 2022, plaintiffs voluntarily dismiss the above-captioned action, with prejudice, as to all defendants. The Company has been served in both proceedings and intends to vigorously defend both actions. For risks and uncertainties relating to the pending cases against us, please see “Item 3. Key Information —D. Risk Factors —Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may be subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory proceedings.” Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our founder, Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer, has been named in a lawsuit filed by ChinaCast Education Corporation in the United States, there is uncertainty as to the outcome of this lawsuit and its impact on us. For further details regarding this lawsuit, see “Item 3. Key Information—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Mr. Yue (Justin) Tang, our founder, Chairman of the board and Chief Executive Officer, named in a lawsuit filed by ChinaCast Education Corporation in the United States; there is uncertainty as to the outcome of this lawsuit and its impact on us.” 152 Table of Contents While we do not believe that such currently pending proceedings are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, we cannot guarantee that they will be decided or resolved favorably for us, and such pending proceedings or any future legal proceedings or claims, even if not meritorious, could result in our expenditure of significant financial, legal, and management resources. Dividend Policy We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. Although we have declared dividend historically, we do not expect to pay cash dividends periodically in the foreseeable future. Our board of directors has complete discretion, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law, in deciding whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. We are a holding company with no material operations of our own. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of Beijing WFOE to pay dividends to us. As a result, our ability to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur depends upon dividends paid by Beijing WFOE. If Beijing WFOE or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description Of Securities Other Than Equity Securities—12.D. American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars. 8.B. Significant Changes Except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report on Form 20-F, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING 9.A. Offering and Listing Details Our ADSs have been listed on the NYSE since September 19, 2018 under the symbol “XYF.” Each ADS represents two ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share. Effective from November 19, 2020, we adjusted the ratio of our ADSs to the Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing two (2) Class A ordinary shares to one (1) ADS representing six (6) Class A ordinary shares. 9.B. Plan of Distribution Not applicable. 9.C. Markets Our ADSs have been listed on the NYSE since September 19, 2018 under the symbol “XYF.” 9.D. Selling Shareholders Not applicable. 153 Table of Contents 9.E. Dilution Not applicable. 9.F. Expenses of the Issue Not applicable. ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 10.A. Share Capital Not applicable. 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association We are a Cayman Islands company and our affairs are governed by our Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. We incorporate by reference into this annual report our Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the form of which was filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File Number 333-227065) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 28, 2018. Our board of directors adopted our Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association by a special resolution on August 24, 2018, which became effective immediately prior to completion of our initial public offering of ADSs representing our ordinary shares. The following are summaries of material provisions of our Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Law as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares. Registered Office and Objects Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. According to Clause 3 of our Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association, the objects for which we are established are unrestricted and we have full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the Companies Law or any other law of the Cayman Islands. Board of Directors See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.” Ordinary Shares General. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members (shareholders). We may not issue shares to bearer. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and transfer their ordinary shares. Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors or declared by our shareholders by ordinary resolution (provided that no dividend may be declared by our shareholders which exceeds the amount recommended by our directors). Our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our board of directors determine is no longer needed. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, our company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to the same amount of dividends, if declared. 154 Table of Contents Voting Rights. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 20 votes, voting together as one class. A resolution put to the vote of the general meeting shall be decided on the vote of the requisite majority pursuant to a poll of the shareholders. An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast attaching to the outstanding ordinary shares at a meeting. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Conversion. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, or upon a change of beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary share as a result of which any person who is not an affiliate of the registered holders of such Class B ordinary shares becomes the beneficial owner of such Class B ordinary shares, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares. Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the restrictions contained in our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors. Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless ● the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; ● the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares; ● the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required; ● in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and ● a fee of such maximum sum as the NYSE may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof. If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within two calendar months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the NYSE, be suspended and the register of members closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register of members closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board may determine. Liquidation. On the winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportion to the par value of the shares held by them. Any distribution of assets or capital to a holder of a Class A ordinary share and a holder of a Class B ordinary share will be the same in any liquidation event. 155 Table of Contents Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 clear days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture. Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares. We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by our board of directors. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors, or are otherwise authorized by the articles of association. Under the Companies Law, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our Company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a new issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if our company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Law no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration. Variations of Rights of Shares. If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, all or any of the rights attached to any class or series of shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class or series) may, whether or not our Company is being wound up, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of a majority of the issued shares of that class, or the sanction of an ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with such existing class of shares. General Meetings of Shareholders Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by a majority of our board of directors or our chairman. Advance notice of at least fifteen calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for and throughout a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy or (in the case of a shareholder being a corporation) by its duly authorized representative representing a majority of all votes attaching to all of our shares in issue and entitled to vote. As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our second memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors. The Companies Law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our second memorandum and articles of association provide that upon the requisition of any one or more of our shareholders who together hold shares which carry in aggregate not less than ten percent (10%) of the total number of votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings, our board will convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, our second memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. Inspection of Books and Records Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than copies of our memorandum and articles of association and the register of mortgages and charges, and any special resolutions passed by our shareholders). However, we will provide our shareholders with the right to receive annual audited financial statements. 156 Table of Contents Changes in Capital We may from time to time by ordinary resolution: ● increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe; ● consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares; ● sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount; or ● cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled. However, no alteration contemplated above, or otherwise, may be made to the par value of the Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares unless an identical alteration is made to the par value of the Class B ordinary shares and Class A ordinary shares, as the case may be. We may by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Companies Law, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law. Exempted Company We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the Companies Law. The Companies Law in the Cayman Islands distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below: ● an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies; ● an exempted company’s register of members is not open to inspection; ● an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting; ● an exempted company may issue no par value shares; ● an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance); ● an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands; ● an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and ● an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company. “Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company. We are subject to reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act, as applicable to foreign private issuers. We currently comply with the NYSE rules in lieu of following home country practice. The NYSE rules require that every company listed on the NYSE hold an annual general meeting of shareholders. In addition, our second amended and restated memorandum and articles of association allow directors to call special meeting of shareholders pursuant to the procedures set forth in our articles. 157 Table of Contents 10.C. Material Contracts We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” and in “Item 7. Major shareholders and Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report. 10.D. Exchange Controls The Cayman Islands currently has no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions. See “Item 4. Information of the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange.” 10.E. Taxation The following sets forth material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. It is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not address all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws. Cayman Islands Taxation The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciations and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty or withholding tax applicable to us or to any holder of our ADSs and Class A ordinary shares. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands are not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by the Company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands. Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the ADSs or ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ADSs or ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. 158 Table of Contents PRC Taxation In March 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on February 24, 2017. The Enterprise Income Tax Law provides that enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law further defines the term “de facto management body” as the management body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. While we do not currently consider our company or any of our overseas subsidiaries to be a PRC resident enterprise, there is a risk that the PRC tax authorities may deem our company or any of our overseas subsidiaries as a PRC resident enterprise since a substantial majority of the members of our management team as well as the management team of our overseas subsidiaries are located in China, in which case we or the overseas subsidiaries, as the case may be, would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on worldwide income. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends paid to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. In addition, any gain realized on the transfer of shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10%, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, may be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and may as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20% (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source). Any PRC tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties or tax arrangements between China and other jurisdictions. If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. U.S. Federal Income Taxation The following are material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the U.S. Holders described below of owning and disposing of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (“ordinary shares”), but this discussion does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold ADSs or ordinary shares. This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant in light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including the alternative minimum tax, the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as: ● certain financial institutions; ● dealers or traders in securities that use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting; ● persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, conversion transaction, integrated transaction or similar transaction; ● persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar; ● entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and their partners; ● tax-exempt entities, “individual retirement accounts” or “Roth IRAs”; ● persons that own or are deemed to own ADSs or ordinary shares representing 10% or more of our voting power or value; 159 Table of Contents ● persons who acquired our ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or ● persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States. If a partnership (or other entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) owns ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships owning ADSs or ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares. This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, and the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC (the “Treaty”), all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. As used herein, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes: ● a citizen or individual resident of the United States; ● a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; or ● an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source. In general, a U.S. Holder who owns ADSs will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs. This discussion does not address the effects of any state, local or non-U.S. tax laws, or any U.S. federal taxes other than income taxes (such as U.S. federal estate or gift tax consequences). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares in their particular circumstances. THIS DISCUSSION IS ONLY A SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ADS OR ORDINARY SHARES. IT IS NOT TAX ADVICE. EACH HOLDER OF OUR ADS OR ORDINARY SHARES IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR IN RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ADS OR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF ANY STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS, AS WELL AS U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS AND ANY APPLICABLE TAX TREATIES. Passive Foreign Investment Company In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the quarterly value of its assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes interest (and income equivalent to interest), dividends, rents, royalties and gains from financial investments. Cash is generally a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill (which may be determined by reference to the excess of the sum of the corporation’s market capitalization and liabilities over the value of its assets) is an active asset to the extent attributable to business activities that produce active income. 160 Table of Contents Due to the decrease in our market capitalization and uncertainties as to the proper classification of certain items of our income and assets for purposes of the PFIC rules, there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC for our 2020 taxable year. The proper application of the PFIC rules to us is not clear. For example, it is uncertain whether for purposes of the PFIC rules we should be treated as the owner of the Consolidated Trusts’ assets. Although such trusts are consolidated on our financial statements for accounting purposes, based on the manner in which we and the trusts currently operate and the nature of our rights and obligations with respect to the trusts, we believe it is reasonable to treat the trusts’ assets (to the extent not attributable to any investment by us in the trusts) as not owned by us for purposes of the PFIC rules, but there can be no assurance in this regard. If the trusts’ assets were treated as owned by us for PFIC purposes, we would be a PFIC for our 2020 taxable year. Moreover, the value of our goodwill for 2020 was not a positive amount and it is not entirely clear how the percentage of our active assets should be calculated in such circumstances, and to what extent certain assets shown on our balance sheet should be treated as active for purposes of determining our PFIC status. In addition, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our VIEs will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules. Because we exercise effective control over the operation of our VIEs and are entitled to substantially all of their income, we believe it is appropriate to treat the VIEs as owned by us for purposes of the PFIC rules. However, there can be no assurance in this regard and we may be a PFIC for any taxable year if our VIEs are not treated as owned by us for such purposes. For these reasons, there is a significant risk that we were a PFIC for our taxable 2020 year and that we will be a PFIC for our current and future taxable years. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year and any of our subsidiaries, VIEs or other companies in which we own or are treated as owning equity interests is also a PFIC (any such entity, a “Lower-tier PFIC”), U.S. Holders will be deemed to own a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each Lower-tier PFIC and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax according to the rules described in the subsequent paragraph on (i) certain distributions by a Lower-tier PFIC and (ii) dispositions of shares of Lower-tier PFICs, in each case as if the U.S. Holders held such shares directly, even though the U.S. Holders will not receive the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions. In general, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds ADSs or ordinary shares, gain recognized by such U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of its ADSs or ordinary shares will be allocated ratably over that U.S. Holder’s holding period. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge will be imposed on the resulting tax liability for each such year. Furthermore, to the extent that distributions received by a U.S. Holder in any year on its ADSs or ordinary shares exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, such distributions will be subject to taxation in the same manner. In addition, if we are a PFIC (or with respect to a particular U.S. Holder are treated as a PFIC) for a taxable year in which we pay a dividend or for the prior taxable year, the favorable tax rate described below with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders will not apply. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns ADSs or ordinary shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder owns ADSs or ordinary shares, even if we cease to meet the threshold requirements for PFIC status, unless the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election, which will allow the U.S. Holder to eliminate the continuing PFIC status under certain circumstances but will require the U.S. Holder to recognize gain taxed under the general PFIC rules described above. Alternatively, if we are a PFIC and if the ADSs are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange,” a U.S. Holder of ADSs could make a mark-to- market election that will result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described in the preceding paragraph. The ADSs will be treated as “regularly traded” for any calendar year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs are traded on a qualified exchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. The NYSE, where our ADSs are listed, is a qualified exchange for this purpose. If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder generally will recognize as ordinary income any excess of the fair market value of the ADSs at the end of each taxable year over their adjusted tax basis, and will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to- market election). If a U.S. Holder makes the election, the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ADSs will be adjusted to reflect the income or loss amounts recognized. Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs in a year in which the Company is a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as an ordinary loss (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to- market election, with any excess treated as capital loss). If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, distributions paid on ADSs will be treated as discussed under “—Taxation of Distributions” below. U.S. Holders will not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares, or with respect to any shares of a Lower-tier PFIC, because such shares will not trade on any stock exchange. 161 Table of Contents The rules dealing with PFICs and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of our ADS or ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to our ADS or ordinary shares under their particular circumstances. We do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which if available could materially affect the tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares if we are a PFIC for any taxable year. Therefore, U.S. Holders will not be able to make such elections. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns any ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder will generally be required to file annual reports with the Internal Revenue Service. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the determination of whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year and the potential application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of ADSs or ordinary shares. Taxation of Distributions The following discussion is subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above. Distributions paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares, other than certain pro rata distributions of ADSs or ordinary shares, will be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Because we do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions generally will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the Code. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be taxable at a favorable rate provided that we are not a PFIC for the taxable year of the distribution or the preceding year. Due to the significant risk that we were or will be a PFIC, non- corporate U.S. Holders should not assume that any distribution will be eligible for this favorable rate. Dividends will be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of the U.S. Holder’s, or in the case of ADSs, the depositary’s, receipt. The amount of any dividend income paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the spot rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars on such date. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the amount received. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Dividends will be treated as foreign-source income for foreign tax credit purposes. As described in “—PRC Taxation”, dividends paid by the Company may be subject to PRC withholding tax. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of the dividend income will include any amounts withheld in respect of PRC withholding tax (if any). Subject to applicable limitations, which vary depending upon the U.S. Holder’s circumstances, PRC taxes withheld from dividend payments (at a rate not exceeding the applicable rate provided in the Treaty in the case of a U.S. Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty) generally will be creditable against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability of foreign tax credits in their particular circumstances. In lieu of claiming a credit, a U.S. Holder may elect to deduct any such PRC taxes in computing its taxable income, subject to applicable limitations. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year. Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares The following discussion is subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above. A U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss on a sale or other taxable disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or other taxable disposition and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares disposed of, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. The gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or disposition, the U.S. Holder has owned the ADSs or ordinary shares for more than one year. Long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders may be subject to tax rates that are lower than those applicable to ordinary income. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. 162 Table of Contents As described in “—PRC Taxation” gains on the sale of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to PRC taxes. A U.S. Holder is entitled to use foreign tax credits to offset only the portion of its U.S. federal income tax liability that is attributable to foreign-source income. Because under the Code capital gains of U.S. persons are generally treated as U.S.-source income, this limitation may preclude a U.S. Holder from claiming a credit for all or a portion of any PRC taxes imposed on any such gains. However, U.S. Holders that are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty may be able to elect to treat the gain as PRC-source and therefore claim foreign tax credits in respect of PRC taxes on such disposition gains. Proposed Treasury regulations, if finalized in their current form, may impose additional restrictions on the creditability of any PRC taxes on disposition gains. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of any PRC tax on disposition gains in general and in their particular circumstances. Additional Taxes Under current law, U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally will be subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on unearned income, including, without limitation, dividends on, and gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, our ordinary shares, subject to certain limitations and exceptions. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of such tax on their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other “exempt recipient” and (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax.The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service. Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals (or certain specified entities) may be required to report information relating to their ownership of ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the ADSs or ordinary shares are held in accounts at financial institutions (in which case the accounts may be reportable if maintained by non-U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding their reporting obligations with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. 10.F. Dividends and Paying Agents Not applicable. 10.G. Statement by Experts Not applicable. 10.H. Documents on Display We previously filed with the SEC registration statement on Form F-1 (File Number 333-227065), as amended, including annual report contained therein, to register additional securities that become effective immediately upon filing, to register our ordinary shares in relation to our initial public offering. We also filed with the SEC related registration statement on Form F-6 (File Number 333-227070) to register the ADSs and registration statement on Form S-8 (File Number 333-227938) to register our securities to be issued under our Amended and Restated 2015 Global Share Incentive Plan. 163 Table of Contents We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed with the SEC, can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of these documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We will furnish The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us. ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Foreign Exchange Risk All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenses are denominated in RMB. Our exposure to foreign exchange risk primarily relates to cash and cash equivalent denominated in U.S. dollars and financial investment in VC funds which would be settled in US dollars. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited in general, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. The PRC government allowed the RMB to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Between June 2010 and August 2015, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again. Since August 2015, the RMB has significantly depreciated against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us. Certain risks and concentrations As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash were held in major financial institutions located in the PRC and in Hong Kong, which management considers to be high credit quality. Financial investments that potentially subject us to credit risk mainly consist of investments in VC funds. We limits its exposure to credit risks associated with financial instruments by regularly conducting a credit review of the funds and their underlying investments. 164 Table of Contents Accounts receivable and contract assets are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers in the PRC. The risk with respect to accounts receivable and contract assets is mitigated through our consistent credit risk management framework to the entire portfolio of loans in accordance with ASC 450-20. We also constantly monitor the financial condition and evaluates the credit quality of certain institutional funding partners and external financing guarantee companies from which our service fees are collected. Deposits to institutional cooperators are placed with financial institutional cooperators. We regularly monitors the financial condition and evaluates the credit quality of each institutional cooperator. Credit of loans receivables and loans at fair value is controlled by the application of credit approval, limit and monitoring procedures. No investor or institutional funding partner represented greater than 10% or more of the total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. We manage current payment risk of guarantee liabilities and financial guarantee derivative through a self-developed risk management model. The rating scale of risk management model takes into account factors such as identity characteristics, credit history, payment overdue history, payment capacity, behavioral characteristics and online social network activities. As of December 31, 2021, substantially all of the loans facilitated by us were insured/guaranteed by external insurance company or financing guarantee companies. Interest Rate Risk We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, and we have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. The fluctuation of interest rates may affect the demand for loan services on our platform. For example, a decrease in interest rates may cause potential borrowers to seek lower-priced loans from other channels. A high interest rate environment may lead to an increase in competing investment options and dampen institutional funding partners’ desire to invest on our products. We do not expect that the fluctuation of interest rates will have a material impact on our financial condition. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rate in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information on the Company—3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry— Increase in market interest rates could negatively affect the amount of loans facilitated by us and cost of funds provided to borrowers.” ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES 12.A. Debt Securities Not applicable. 12.B. Warrants and Rights Not applicable. 12.C. Other Securities Not applicable. 165 Table of Contents 12.D. American Depositary Shares $.05 (or less) per ADS A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs $.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year Registration or transfer fees Expenses of the depositary Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay: $5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) For: Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates Any cash distribution to ADS holders Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders Depositary services Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities As necessary As necessary The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid. From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions. The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary’s obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request. 166 Table of Contents ITEM 13. ITEM DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES PART II None. ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS 14.A. — 14.D. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of shareholders, which remain unchanged. 14.E. Use of Proceeds The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File Number 333-227065), as amended, including the annual report contained therein, which registered 11,000,000 ordinary shares representing by ADSs and was declared effective by the SEC on September 18, 2018, for our initial public offering, which closed in September 21, 2018, and the underwriters’ exercise of their option to purchase from us an additional 763,478 ADSs representing 1,526,956 ordinary shares, or the optional offering, which closed in September 21, 2018, at an initial offering price of US$ 9.50 per ADS. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc were the representatives of the underwriters. The F-1 Registration was declared effective by the SEC on September 18, 2018. For the period from the effective date of the registration statement on Form F-1 to December 30, 2020, our expenses incurred and paid to others in connection with the issuance and distribution of the ADSs in our initial public offering and the optional offering totaled US$12.3 million, which included US$7.8 million for underwriting discounts and commissions and US$4.5 million for other expenses. We received an aggregated net proceeds of approximately US$103.9 million from our initial public offering and the option offering. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates or others. None of the net proceeds from the initial public offering and the optional offering was paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. For the period from the date that the F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC to December 31, 2021, we used the net proceeds from our initial public offering for as follows: ● Approximately US$14.8 million for dividend distribution; ● Approximately US$29.1 million for restricted cash as collateral for our local borrowings in China; ● Approximately US$30.0 million for capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary; and ● Approximately US$5.4 million for general corporate purposes. ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting identified below, in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. 167 Table of Contents (b) Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a- 15(f) under the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 was ineffective, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting identified below. (c) Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 and as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, we and our predecessor independent registered public accounting firm identified two “material weaknesses” in our internal control over financial reporting and other control deficiencies. As defined in standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified related to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (2) our internal audit function is still in the process of establishing formal risk assessment process and internal control framework. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 and as of December 31, 2019, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm determined that these two material weaknesses remain as of December 31, 2019, and identified two additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financing reporting. The two additional material weaknesses identified by us and our successor independent registered public accounting firm related to: (1) the Company did not maintain effective controls over the accounting treatments of new business arrangements, including new Consolidated Trusts related arrangements; and (2) there was not adequate management oversight of accounting activities in relating to certain tax practices to conform to the U.S. GAAP. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 and as of December 31, 2020, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm determined that three material weaknesses remain as of December 31, 2020, which related to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; (2) our internal audit function is still in the process of establishing formal risk assessment process and internal control framework; and (3) there was not adequate management oversight of accounting activities in relating to certain tax practices to conform to the U.S. GAAP. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we and our successor independent registered public accounting firm determined that these three material weaknesses remain as of December 31, 2021. 168 Table of Contents We have implemented and plan to implement a number of measures to address the material weaknesses that have been identified, including: we hired skilled financial and accounting staff with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience; and we provided relevant training to our accounting personnel and established internal audit function and audit committee with members who have an appropriate level of financial expertise to oversee our accounting and financial reporting process as well as our internal audit function. We have engaged an independent internal control advisor to assist us to establish the formal risk assessment process and internal control framework, and review the appropriateness and sufficiency of the process to identify and address risk of material misstatement related to U.S. GAAP reporting. We have set up a position, namely financial business partner, who is required to monitor the whole process of the conduct of business and has adequate experiences and qualifications to timely make professional judgements of the accounting treatment of new business arrangements. We have also formalized an accounting manual for the accounting treatment of Consolidation Trusts and required a timely review process from qualified reviewers. We have hired an experienced and qualified tax manager and provided tax related training to our accounting personnel. We have also taken other steps to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including formalizing a set of comprehensive U.S. GAAP accounting manual, formalizing risk assessment process and internal control framework. As of the date of this annual report, progress has been made to remediate our internal deficiencies and remediation measures are to be further implemented and executed. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial processes and procedures have been in place for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. We will continue to implement measures to remediate our internal control deficiencies to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. We expect that we will incur significant costs in the implementation of such measures. However, we cannot assure you that all these measures will be sufficient to remediate our material weakness in time, or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.” (d) Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm This annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm because the Company is an emerging growth company. (e) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Other than as described above in “Item 15. Control and Procedures— Internal Control over Financial Reporting”, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Shengwen Rong, an independent director and the chairperson of our audit committee, the qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules and possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of Listing Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Shengwen Rong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers, employees, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 99.1 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-227065) filed with the SEC on August 28, 2018 and posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at ir.xiaoyinggroup.com. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person’s written request. 169 Table of Contents ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Auditor Fees The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external accounting firms. Services Audit Fees(1) Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP KPMG Huazhen LLP Audit-Related Fees(2) Tax Fees(3) Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP KPMG Huazhen LLP Other Fees(4) Total Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 RMB RMB (in thousands) 348 10,722 — — 123 — 11,193 — 9,569 — 1,509 — 11,078 (1) Audit Fees. Audit fees mean the aggregate fees for each of the fiscal periods listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC. (2) Audit-related Fees. Audit-related fees mean the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the assurance and related services, which were not included under Audit Fees above. (3) Tax Fees. Tax fees mean fees incurred from professional services related to tax compliance. (4) Other Fees. Other fees mean fees incurred from professional services related to training, advisory and assurance for corporate and social responsibility reporting and professional services related to tax advice. The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES Not applicable. ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS Neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report. In March 2022, our board of directors has approved a share repurchase plan under which we may repurchase up to US$15 million worth of its Class A ordinary shares in the form of American depositary shares (“ADSs”) over the next eighteen months, effective until September, 2023. Under the share repurchase plan, the repurchase may be made from time to time through various means, including open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, and through other legally permissible means, depending on market conditions and in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. The manner, timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined by the our management in its discretion based on its evaluation of various factors. We expect to fund repurchases out of its existing cash balance. 170 Table of Contents ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT The disclosure called for by paragraph (a) of this Item 16F was previously reported, as that term is defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, in “Item 16.F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant” of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on June 4, 2020. ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance. However, if we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under the NYSE corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs—As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.” ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS Not applicable. 171 Table of Contents PART III ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18. ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The consolidated financial statements of X Financial are included at the end of this annual report. ITEM 19. EXHIBITS Exhibit Number 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Description of Document Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Form of Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Class A Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333- 227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Description of Securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Amended and Restated 2015 Global Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and the directors and executive officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and the executive officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Strategic Framework Agreement between ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd., dated March 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Tripartite Cooperation Agreement among ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated September 15, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Supplementary Agreement among ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated January 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Supplementary Agreement among ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated April 2, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., among Yue Tang, Baoguo Zhu and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) 172 Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 Description of Document Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., between Yue Tang and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., between Baoguo Zhu and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Call Option Agreement concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., among Yue Tang, Baoguo Zhu and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Spousal Consent Letter of Yue Tang concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Spousal Consent Letter of Baoguo Zhu concerning Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd., among Yue Tang, Baoguo Zhu, Zijinzhonghao (Zhejiang) Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ao Li Hua Investment Management Partnership, Shenzhen Gu Fo Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership), Shenzhen Man Ni Ou Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership), Shenzhen Bo Li Fu Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Yue Tang and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Baoguo Zhu and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Zijinzhonghao (Zhejiang) Investment Co., Ltd. and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Shenzhen Ao Li Hua Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333- 227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Shenzhen Man Ni Ou Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333- 227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Shenzhen Gu Fo Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., between Shenzhen Bo Li Fu Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., 173 Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 Description of Document dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Call Option Agreement concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., among Yue Tang, Baoguo Zhu, Zijinzhonghao (Zhejiang) Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ao Li Hua Investment Management Partnership, Shenzhen Gu Fo Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership), Shenzhen Man Ni Ou Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership), Shenzhen Bo Li Fu Investment Management Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Spousal Consent Letter of Yue Tang concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Spousal Consent Letter of Baoguo Zhu concerning Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co. Ltd., dated December 22, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., dated December 16, 2016 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement concerning Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., between Xi’an Bailu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 16, 2016 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., between Xi’an Bailu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 16, 2016 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Call Option Agreement concerning Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., between Xi’an Bailu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. and Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., dated December 16, 2016 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Beier Capital Management Co., Ltd. dated July 1, 2018 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.31 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Exclusive Call Option Contract among Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Gamma Capital Management Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Beier Capital Management Co., Ltd. dated July 1, 2018 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.32 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Equity Pledge Contract among Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Gamma Capital Management Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Beier Capital Management Co., Ltd. dated July 2018 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.33 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Shenzhen Gamma Capital Management Co., Ltd.’s Power of Attorney authorizing Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. to exercise certain rights dated July 2018 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.34 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Tripartite Cooperation Agreement among ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated November 8, 2019 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.35 of our Annual Report on Form 20 F (File No. 001 38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2021) Security Deposit Pledge Agreement between ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated December 23, 2019 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.36 of our Annual Report on Form 20 F (File No. 001 38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2021) 174 Table of Contents Exhibit Number 4.37 4.38 4.39 8.1* 10.1* 10.2* 11.1 12.1* 12.2* 13.1** 13.2** 15.1* 15.2 99.1* 101.INS* 101.SCH* 101.CAL* 101.DEF* 101.LAB* 101.PRE* 104** Description of Document Supplemental Agreement to Security Deposit Pledge Agreement between ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. dated July 8, 2020 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.37 of our Annual Report on Form 20 F (File No. 001 38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2021) Security Deposit Pledge Agreement between ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 19, 2020 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 of our Annual Report on Form 20 F (File No. 001 38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2021) Supplemental Agreement to Security Deposit Pledge Agreement between ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 19, 2020 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.39 of our Annual Report on Form 20 F (File No. 001 38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2021) List of subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs of the Registrant Share Purchase Agreement dated November 1, 2021 (English Translation) Shareholder Agreement dated November 1, 2021 (English Translation) Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227065) filed publicly with the SEC on August 28, 2018) Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Consent of KPMG Huazhen LLP Letter from Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 15.3 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38652) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2020) Consolidated Financial Statements of Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited as of December 31, 2021 XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) * Filed herewith ** Furnished herewith 175 Table of Contents The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf. SIGNATURES Date: April 28, 2022 X Financial By: /s/ Yue (Justin) Tang Name: Yue (Justin) Tang Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman 176 Table of Contents X FINANCIAL INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID: 1186) Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Notes to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Schedule I—Condensed financial information of parent company Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-64 F-1 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors X Financial: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of X Financial and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule I (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020. Shenzhen, China April 28, 2022 F-2 Table of Contents X FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS DECEMBER 31, 2020 AND 2021 ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash (including RMB476,854,616 and RMB212,812,257 from Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Accounts receivable and contract assets, net of allowance of RMB38,681,680 and RMB25,867,957 as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively (including nil and RMB8,335,518 from Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving loans, net (including nil and RMB1,622,699,799 from Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans, net Loans at fair value (including RMB1,585,731,888 and RMB389,679,352 from Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Deposits to institutional cooperators, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net (including RMB11,359,212 and RMB7,889,836 from Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Financial guarantee derivative Deferred tax assets, net Long-term investments Financial investments Property and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Other non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Payable to investors at fair value (including RMB1,914,183,650 and RMB462,714,400 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Payable to institutional funding partners (including nil and RMB1,466,068,260 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Guarantee liabilities Financial guarantee derivative (including RMB130,442,090 and RMB565,953,269 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Short-term bank borrowings (including RMB18,700,000 and nil from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Accrued payroll and welfare (including RMB10,017,308 and RMB8,959,248 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Other tax payable (including RMB37,103,700 and RMB100,333,129 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Income tax payable (including RMB48,349,593 and RMB8,189,833 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Deposit payable to channel cooperators Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (including RMB230,564,165 and RMB85,485,440 from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Other non-current liabilities (including RMB1,739,541 and nil from the Consolidated VIEs, Trusts and Partnerships, without recourse to the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) TOTAL LIABILITIES Commitments and Contingencies (Note 18) Equity: Common shares(US$0.0001 par value; 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 323,117,943 and 329,117,943 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) Other comprehensive income Total X Financial shareholders’ equity Non-controlling interests TOTAL EQUITY TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Notes As of December 31, 2020 RMB As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 746,388,408 584,762,494 91,761,996 852,134,486 407,276,342 63,910,545 413,307,108 747,480,118 117,295,942 1,236,026,461 47,490,437 1,585,731,888 907,923,380 403,776,319 297,928,066 605,652,593 295,615,200 6,000,000 11,136,599 37,440,407 51,458,356 7,498,009,708 2,484,072,931 12,083,317 389,679,352 1,500,406,750 213,127,478 11,816,799 274,868,534 560,038,353 82,843,800 6,188,262 36,816,984 31,277,378 7,342,738,892 389,805,249 1,896,136 61,149,194 235,446,560 33,444,352 1,854,314 43,132,871 87,882,238 13,000,000 971,073 5,777,388 4,908,103 1,152,235,961 2(l) 2(n) 2(p) 3 5 4 3 14 10 9 6 7 3 1,914,183,650 462,714,400 72,609,987 2(n) 12 3 8 14 2(w) 11 1,460,395,100 9,789,626 1,487,378,613 — 233,402,161 — 130,442,090 565,953,269 88,810,418 350,545,000 166,500,000 26,127,483 34,780,834 44,605,137 6,999,519 73,077,245 219,545,929 34,451,547 75,916,903 21,472,235 117,148,450 21,012,235 18,383,148 3,297,278 323,748,430 268,966,550 42,206,721 27,614,943 4,421,966,056 12,019,348 3,365,843,931 1,886,098 528,174,360 202,870 3,068,045,239 (14,551,146) 21,059,073 3,074,756,036 1,287,616 3,076,043,652 7,498,009,708 206,793 3,159,522,737 810,855,877 6,309,554 3,976,894,961 — 3,976,894,961 7,342,738,892 32,450 495,798,063 127,240,981 990,107 624,061,601 — 624,061,601 1,152,235,961 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-3 Table of Contents X FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019, 2020 AND 2021 Net revenues Loan facilitation service—Direct Model Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model Post-origination service Financing income Other revenue Total net revenue Operating costs and expenses Origination and servicing General and administrative Sales and marketing (Reversal of) provision for contingent guarantee liabilities Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets (Reversal of) provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators: (Reversal of) provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators Impairment loss on deposits to institutional cooperators Reversal of provision of credit losses for other financial assets Total operating expenses Income (Loss) from operations Interest income (expenses), net Foreign exchange gain Investment loss Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts Other income (loss), net Income (Loss) before income taxes and gain (loss) from equity in affiliates Income tax benefit (expense) Gain (loss) from equity in affiliates, net of tax Net income (loss) Less: net gain (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests Net income (loss) attributable to X Financial Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of nil: Foreign currency translation adjustments Comprehensive income (loss) Less: comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to X Financial Net income (loss) per share—basic Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic Net income (loss) per share—diluted Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—diluted Notes Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 1,986,003,343 238,867,054 330,695,212 408,400,792 124,083,594 3,088,049,995 1,634,822,450 227,481,772 103,157,613 7,747,561 241,186,823 23,430,641 37,643,244 — — — 2,275,470,104 812,579,891 19,385,973 616,395 (12,538,280) (246,371,828) 64,162,533 26,080,766 663,915,450 93,102,643 17,457,899 774,475,992 199,863 774,276,129 774,475,992 14,606,045 789,082,037 199,863 788,882,174 2.47 313,757,887 2.42 319,747,392 1,266,532,773 41,372,812 203,841,829 612,863,477 68,346,567 2,192,957,458 2,071,506,464 179,225,336 35,629,022 880,948 121,485,215 17,993,570 227,210,026 10,318,117 960,000,000 (975,040) 3,623,273,658 (1,430,316,200) 21,724,308 15,398,932 — (163,670,115) (57,380,274) 12,709,213 (1,601,534,136) 299,878,635 (6,805,940) (1,308,461,441) 41,134 (1,308,502,575) (1,308,461,441) (46,041,729) (1,354,503,170) 41,134 (1,354,544,304) (4.07) 321,236,089 (4.07) 321,236,089 2(d) 12 2(l) 2(p) 2(n) 5 10 3 3 14 10 15 15 Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB 2,545,431,636 161,313 315,590,118 671,901,495 93,380,543 3,626,465,105 1,963,006,006 187,859,411 20,829,534 (24,284) 77,247,810 (377,559) 76,395,168 (8,291,421) — (1,223,360) 2,315,421,305 1,311,043,800 19,709,140 5,147,137 — (170,338,993) (7,266,784) 32,506,084 1,190,800,384 (368,735,701) 3,341,862 825,406,545 (478) 825,407,023 825,406,545 (14,749,519) 810,657,026 (478) 810,657,504 2.51 329,230,273 2.45 336,881,082 2021 US$ 399,433,769 25,314 49,522,976 105,436,006 14,653,445 569,071,510 308,038,478 29,479,241 3,268,608 (3,811) 12,121,867 (59,247) 11,988,069 (1,301,105) — (191,972) 363,340,128 205,731,382 3,092,794 807,698 — (26,729,905) (1,140,317) 5,100,914 186,862,566 (57,862,678) 524,411 129,524,299 (75) 129,524,374 129,524,299 (2,314,521) 127,209,778 (75) 127,209,853 0.39 329,230,273 0.38 336,881,082 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 Table of Contents Balance at December 31, 2018 Exercise of share option Share-based compensation (Note 16) Net income Foreign currency translation adjustments Dividend to shareholders Balance at December 31, 2019 Cumulative effect of accounting change (1) Balance at January 1, 2020 Issuance of new shares Exercise of share option Cancellation of shares Share-based compensation (Note 16) Net income (loss) Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2020 Issuance of new shares Exercise of share option Share-based compensation (Note 16) Acquisition of non-controlling interests Net income (loss) Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2021 Balance at December 31, 2020 Issuance of new shares Exercise of share option Share-based compensation (Note 16) Acquisition of non-controlling interests Net income (loss) Foreign currency translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2021 X FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019, 2020 AND 2021 Common share number 303,614,298 17,053,645 — — — — 320,667,943 — 320,667,943 2,700,000 — (250,000) — — — 323,117,943 6,000,000 — — — — — 329,117,943 Common share number 323,117,943 6,000,000 — — — — — 329,117,943 Common share amount (RMB) 189,586 11,654 — — — — 201,240 — 201,240 1,806 — (176) — — — 202,870 3,923 — — — — — 206,793 Common share amount (US$) 31,834 616 — — — — — 32,450 Additional paid-in capital (RMB) 2,824,223,031 6,024,011 157,116,095 — — — 2,987,363,137 — 2,987,363,137 (1,806) 612,530 (68,760) 80,140,138 — — 3,068,045,239 (3,923) 2,959,511 88,434,772 87,138 — — 3,159,522,737 Additional paid-in capital (US$) 481,443,247 (616) 464,412 13,877,346 13,674 — — 495,798,063 Retained earnings (Accumulated deficit) (RMB) 640,114,859 — — 774,276,129 — (103,196,981) 1,311,194,007 (17,242,578) 1,293,951,429 — — — — (1,308,502,575) — (14,551,146) — — — — 825,407,023 — 810,855,877 Accumulated other comprehensive income (RMB) 52,494,757 — — — 14,606,045 — 67,100,802 — 67,100,802 — — — — — (46,041,729) 21,059,073 — — — — — (14,749,519) 6,309,554 Equity attributable to X Financial (RMB) 3,517,022,233 6,035,665 157,116,095 774,276,129 14,606,045 (103,196,981) 4,365,859,186 (17,242,578) 4,348,616,608 — 612,530 (68,936) 80,140,138 (1,308,502,575) (46,041,729) 3,074,756,036 — 2,959,511 88,434,772 87,138 825,407,023 (14,749,519) 3,976,894,961 Retained earnings (Accumulated deficit) (US$) (2,283,393) — — — — 129,524,374 — 127,240,981 Accumulated other comprehensive income (US$) 3,304,628 — — — — — (2,314,521) 990,107 Equity attributable to X Financial (US$) 482,496,316 — 464,412 13,877,346 13,674 129,524,374 (2,314,521) 624,061,601 Non- controlling interests (RMB) 1,046,619 — — 199,863 — — 1,246,482 — 1,246,482 — — — — 41,134 — 1,287,616 — — — (1,287,138) (478) — — Non- controlling interests (US$) 202,055 — — — (201,980) (75) — — Total equity (RMB) 3,518,068,852 6,035,665 157,116,095 774,475,992 14,606,045 (103,196,981) 4,367,105,668 (17,242,578) 4,349,863,090 — 612,530 (68,936) 80,140,138 (1,308,461,441) (46,041,729) 3,076,043,652 — 2,959,511 88,434,772 (1,200,000) 825,406,545 (14,749,519) 3,976,894,961 Total equity (US$) 482,698,371 — 464,412 13,877,346 (188,306) 129,524,299 (2,314,521) 624,061,601 (1) The Group adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. See Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents X FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019, 2020 AND 2021 Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Share-based compensation Impairment of long-term investments Loss (gain) from equity in affiliates Loss (gain) from disposal of property and equipment Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets Provisions for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans (Reversal of) provision for loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Impairment losses on deposits to institutional cooperators: (Reversal of) provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators Impairment loss on deposits to institutional cooperators Reversal of provision of credit losses for other financial assets Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Deferred tax expenses (benefits) Other non-cash expenses (income) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and contract assets Deposits to institutional cooperators Prepaid expenses and other current assets Amount due from related party Origination of loans held for sale Sales and maturity of loans held for sale Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Loan receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Other non-current assets Guarantee liabilities Financial guarantee derivative Accrued payroll and welfare Other tax payable Income tax payable Deposit payable to channel cooperators Accrued expenses and other current liabilities CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchase of property and equipment and intangible assets Disposal of property and equipment Purchase of financial investments Collection of financial investments Purchase of long-term investment Collection of long-term investment Loan to a related party Loan repayment from a related party Origination of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Sale and collection of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Principle payment of loans at fair value Principal collection of loans at fair value Principle payment of loans receivables of the Consolidated Partnerships Principal collection of loans receivables of the Consolidated Partnerships Purchase of loans’ earnings rights from related party Collection of loans’ earnings rights from related party CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from exercise of options Acquisition of non-controlling interests Cancelling of shares Dividends to shareholders Proceeds from short-term bank borrowings Repayments of short-term bank borrowings Cash received from institutional funding partners Cash paid to institutional funding partners Cash received from investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts Cash paid to investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts Cash received from investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Partnerships CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES Effect of foreign exchange rate changes NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF YEAR CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT YEAR END Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Income taxes paid Interest paid for bank borrowings Reconciliation to amounts on consolidated balance sheets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash 774,475,992 11,379,697 157,116,095 12,538,280 (17,457,899) (2,389) 241,186,823 37,643,244 23,430,641 — — — (64,162,533) 246,371,828 (164,911,933) 247,954 366,952,171 (518,720,216) (197,141,775) 20,000,000 (8,056,664,647) 8,362,184,896 15,134,973 — 299,925 (3,422,898) (608,084,177) (29,815,450) (76,043,291) 28,757,234 (25,118,739) 64,392,936 600,566,742 (15,143,162) 115,402 — — — — — — — — (4,938,191,061) 2,253,437,828 — — (380,000,000) — (3,079,780,993) 6,035,665 — — (103,196,981) 203,000,000 (401,000,000) — — 4,313,060,000 (1,306,710,525) — 2,711,188,159 10,622,885 242,596,793 1,277,706,639 1,520,303,432 43,052,057 3,474,745 1,005,980,251 514,323,181 1,520,303,432 (1,308,461,441) 825,406,545 129,524,299 11,915,528 80,140,138 — 6,805,940 59,213 121,485,215 227,210,026 17,993,570 10,318,117 960,000,000 (975,040) 57,380,274 163,670,115 (142,551,916) (978,897) 220,837,490 (1,369,521,281) 123,901,899 — — — 24,051,658 — 265,846 (7,983,299) 388,806,171 (28,867,642) 14,991,468 (265,078,543) (87,451,225) 102,802,015 (679,234,601) (5,365,436) 79,344 (6,000,000) — (3,500,000) — — — (5,746,369,142) 797,086,381 (4,016,159,473) 5,155,380,196 — — — 120,000,000 (3,704,848,130) 612,530 — (68,936) — 511,545,000 (161,000,000) 5,707,175,065 (475,385,721) 1,537,760,000 (2,629,925,825) — 4,490,712,113 (28,409,920) 78,219,462 1,520,303,432 1,598,522,894 107,751,825 11,405,162 746,388,408 852,134,486 1,598,522,894 8,135,552 88,434,772 — (3,341,862) (180,537) 77,247,810 76,395,168 (377,559) (8,291,421) — (1,223,360) 7,266,784 170,338,993 333,420,104 (117,889) (411,420,820) (584,191,949) 21,232,196 — — — 35,784,679 (890,372,164) 162,653 (9,789,626) 551,283,453 9,824,303 146,468,684 41,231,547 (460,000) (33,694,875) 449,171,181 (2,620,038) 236,783 (112,843,800) 36,000,000 (315,000,000) 40,000,000 (150,000,000) 150,000,000 (1,755,301,405) 35,848,676 (2,238,372,299) 3,427,158,051 (2,538,004,837) 915,305,038 — 160,000,000 (2,347,593,831) 2,959,511 (1,200,000) — — 266,500,000 (450,545,000) 2,052,099,474 (583,101,169) 454,490,000 (1,905,959,250) 1,466,068,260 1,301,311,826 (9,373,234) (606,484,058) 1,598,522,894 992,038,836 30,958,576 6,719,912 584,762,494 407,276,342 992,038,836 1,276,646 13,877,346 — (524,411) (28,330) 12,121,867 11,988,069 (59,247) (1,301,105) — (191,972) 1,140,317 26,729,905 52,320,890 (18,499) (64,560,904) (91,672,465) 3,331,795 — — — 5,615,397 (139,718,822) 25,524 (1,536,206) 86,508,404 1,541,648 22,984,133 6,470,129 (72,184) (5,287,461) 70,484,763 (411,141) 37,156 (17,707,655) 5,649,186 (49,430,374) 6,276,873 (23,538,273) 23,538,273 (275,445,094) 5,625,440 (351,249,458) 537,795,884 (398,268,342) 143,631,334 — 25,107,491 (368,388,700) 464,412 (188,306) — — 41,819,665 (70,700,342) 322,019,187 (91,501,298) 71,319,399 (299,086,597) 230,058,102 204,204,222 (1,470,865) (95,170,583) 250,843,124 155,672,541 4,858,076 1,054,501 91,761,996 63,910,545 155,672,541 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 Table of Contents X FINANCIAL NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019, 2020 AND 2021 1. Organization and principal activities X Financial (the “Company” or “X Financial”) is an exempted company incorporated with limited liabilities in the Cayman Islands under the laws of the Cayman Islands on January 5, 2015. The Company, its subsidiaries and its variable interest entities (collectively referred to as the “Group”) provides personal finance services in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) by connecting borrowers and investors through a proprietary internet platform. The Group began the operations through Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong”), which was founded in March 2014 in the PRC by Mr. Tang, Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Zhu (the “Founders”) who collectively held more than 50% of the equity holdings. During the period of 2015 to 2016, the Founders also established a number of special purpose vehicles(“SPVs”) to carry out personal finance business in the PRC. At the formation date of each SPV, Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong entered into a series of contractual agreements with the SPV and its nominal shareholder(s) include Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreements, Exclusive Call Option Agreements, Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements, and Equity Pledge Agreements, through which Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong (1) has power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the SPV and (2) can receive the economic benefits of the SPVs that could be significant to the SPV. Accordingly, Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong is the primary beneficiary of the SPVs. On January 5, 2015, X Financial was incorporated in the Cayman Islands by the Founders and one other individual. The Founders collectively held more than 50% of the equity holdings of X Financial. Further, Mr. Zhu designated all of his shareholder rights to Mr. Tang through a proxy agreement. As such, Mr. Tang effectively was the controlling shareholder of the Company since its incorporation. On August 7, 2015, the Company completed its equity financing by issuing 38,095,238 ordinary shares to an unrelated third party investor at a consideration of US$60,000,000. In conjunction with the equity financing, the Company also issued an additional 40,000,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Yue Tang. Mr. Tang remained as the effective controlling shareholder. In order to raise capital through its initial public offering (“IPO”) in the United States, the Group undertook a series of transactions since late 2016 with X Financial being proposed as the listing entity(“Reorganization”): As PRC laws and regulations prohibit and restrict foreign ownership of internet value-added businesses, the Company established a wholly- owned foreign invested subsidiary in the PRC, Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd (“Beijing WFOE”)on October 28, 2015. The existing contractual agreements with the SPVs and SPVs’ shareholders held by Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong were assigned to Beijing WFOE. On October 19, 2016, Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xiaoying”) was incorporated in the PRC by the same shareholders of the Company with identical shareholdings. In December 2016, Shenzhen Xiaoying acquired Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong for nominal consideration and Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong became the wholly owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Xiaoying. As both Shenzhen Xiaoying and Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong were controlled by Mr. Tang at the time, the transaction was a reorganization under common control. F-7 Table of Contents X Financial, through its PRC subsidiary, Beijing WFOE, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shenzhen Xiaoying, Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd (“Beijing Ying Zhong Tong”) in December 2017, and Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd (“Shenzhen Tangren”) in December 2016 and the shareholders of these entities respectively. Shenzhen Xiaoying, Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Tangren and the SPVs are collectively referred to as “VIEs”. The series of contractual agreements included Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreements, Spouse Consent Agreement, Exclusive Call Option Agreements, Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements, and Equity Pledge Agreements. The Group believed that these contractual agreements would enable Beijing WFOE to (1) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the new VIEs and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could be significant to the new VIEs. Accordingly, the Group believes that Beijing WFOE is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. In conjunction with the Reorganization, the Group completed equity financing of RMB1 billion in June 2017. This round of equity financing was initially conducted by increasing registered capital of Shenzhen Xiaoying by 9 existing and new investors. Subsequently, X Financial issued additional shares to the affiliates of the same shareholders of this round of equity financing such that the shareholder ownership in X Financial mirrored those in Shenzhen Xiaoying. The Group considered the Reorganization as a reorganization of entities under common control. Accordingly, the accompanying financial statements have been prepared using historical cost basis as if the Reorganization had occurred at the beginning of the first period presented. During December 2017, Beijing WFOE acquired two subsidiaries from Shenzhen Xiaoying at cost. During February and March 2018, one of the Group’s wholly owned subsidiaries Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd (“Shenzhen Puhui”) acquired four subsidiaries from one of the VIE entities Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong at cost. During 2018, predominantly all of the SPVs under Shenzhen Xiaoying had been transferred to Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Puhui”). These transactions represented a reorganization of entities under common control as they were already within the consolidated Group, with no impact to the consolidated financials. During September 2018, the Group completed an initial public offering of 11,763,478 American depositary shares (“ADSs”) at an initial offering price of US$9.50 which included the ADSs sold upon the exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters, representing 23,526,956 Class A ordinary shares. On May 31, 2021, Shenzhen Xiaoying Microcredit Co., Ltd. (“Xiaoying Microcredit”) was incorporated in the PRC with online microcredit business operating license by Shenzhen Xiaoying. Shenzhen Xiaoying had completed the capital contributions of RMB1 billion to Xiaoying Microcredit by the end of November, 2021. F-8 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s principal subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs are as follows: Date of incorporation/ establishment Place of incorporation/ Percentage of legal establishment ownership Principal activities Wholly owned subsidiaries YZT (HK) Limited Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing WFOE”) Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Puhui”) Shenzhen Xiaoying Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xiaoying IT”) VIEs Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xiaoying”) Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Ying Zhong Tong”) Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Tangren”) Shenzhen Beier Asset Management Co., Ltd ("Shenzhen Beier") Significant subsidiaries of the VIEs Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong”) Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou Trading Co., Ltd. ("Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou") Shenzhen Xiaoying Microcredit Co., Ltd. (“Xiaoying Microcredit”) January 14, 2015 Hong Kong October 28, 2015 Beijing December 6, 2016 Shenzhen November 28, 2016 Shenzhen October 19, 2016 Shenzhen March 27, 2015 December 16, 2016 July 1, 2018 Beijing Shenzhen Shenzhen March 7, 2014 October 25, 2018 May 31,2021 Shenzhen Shenzhen Shenzhen 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Investment holding Technology development and service, sale of products Technology development and service, sale of products Technology development and service, sale of products Technology development and service, sale of products Technology development and service, sale of products Guarantee services Capital management 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Technology development and service, sale of products E-commerce services Microcredit services 100 % 100 % 100 % 2. Summary of significant accounting policies (a) Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). (b) Principles of Consolidation Variable interest entity The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and consolidated VIEs. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The Company, through its wholly-owned foreign invested subsidiary, Beijing WFOE in the PRC, entered into a series of contractual arrangements (“VIE agreements”) with Shenzhen Xiaoying, Beijing Ying Zhong Tong, Shenzhen Tangren, and Shenzhen Beier (collectively known as “the VIEs”) and their respective shareholders that enable the Company to (1) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIEs, and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could be significant to the VIEs. As PRC laws and regulations prohibit and restrict foreign ownership of internet value-added businesses, the Company operates its business, primarily through the VIEs and the subsidiaries of the VIEs. F-9 Table of Contents Despite the lack of technical majority ownership, there exists a parent-subsidiary relationship between Beijing WFOE and the VIEs through the aforementioned agreements with the nominee shareholders of the VIEs. The following is a summary of the VIE agreements: (1) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement: Pursuant to the voting rights proxy agreements signed between the VIEs’ nominee shareholders and Beijing WFOE, each nominee shareholder irrevocably appointed Beijing WFOE as its attorney-in-fact to exercise on each shareholder’s behalf and all rights that each shareholder has in respect of its equity interest in the VIEs (including but not limited to executing the exclusive right to the voting rights and the right to appoint directors and executive officers of the VIEs). The nominee shareholders cannot revoke the authorization and entrustment as long as the nominee shareholders remain a shareholder of the VIEs. For the arrangements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, and their shareholders, the power of attorney will remain in force for ten years. Unless a thirty-day notice is given by Beijing WFOE, this agreement shall be automatically renewed for another one year upon its expiration.The arrangement among Beijing WFOE, Shenzhen Beier and its shareholder does not specify its effective term. (2) Spouse Consent Agreement Under the spouse consent agreement, each signing spouse acknowledges that the shares of the VIEs held by the relevant shareholder of the VIEs are the personal assets of such shareholder and not jointly owned by the couple. Each signing spouse also unconditionally and irrevocably gives up his or her rights to such shares and any associated economic rights or interests to which he or she may be entitled pursuant to applicable laws and undertakes not to make any assertion of rights to such shares and the underlying assets. Each signing spouse agrees that he or she will not carry out in any circumstances any conduct that are contradictory to the contractual arrangements and this consent agreement. (3) Executive Call Option Agreement: Pursuant to the exclusive call option agreement entered into between the VIEs’ nominee shareholders and Beijing WFOE, the nominee shareholders irrevocably granted Beijing WFOE a call option to request the nominee shareholders to transfer or sell any part or all of its equity interests in the VIEs, to Beijing WFOE, or their designees. The purchase price of the equity interests in the VIEs shall be equal to the minimum price required by PRC law. Without Beijing WFOE’s prior written consent, the VIEs and its nominee shareholders shall not amend its articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, sell or otherwise dispose of its assets or beneficial interest, issue any additional equity or right to receive equity, provide any loans, distribute dividends in any form, etc. For the agreements among Beijing WFOE, each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, and their shareholders, these arrangements will remain effective for ten years. Unless notified by Beijing WFOE, the parties to these agreements shall extend the term of these agreements for another ten years. The agreement among Beijing WFOE, Shenzhen Beier and its shareholder does not specify its effective term. (4) Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement: Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement entered into by Beijing WFOE and the VIEs, Beijing WFOE provides exclusive technical support and consulting services in return for fees based on 100% of the VIE’s total consolidated profit, which is adjustable at the sole discretion of Beijing WFOE. Without Beijing WFOE’s consent, the VIEs cannot procure services from any third party or enter into similar service arrangements with any other third party, except for those from Beijing WFOE. For the agreements between Beijing WFOE and each of the VIEs other than Shenzhen Beier, unless Beijing WFOE terminates these agreements in advance, these agreements will remain effective for ten years. Unless agreed by both parties in writing, this agreement shall be automatically renewed for another ten years upon its expiration. The agreement between Beijing WFOE and Shenzhen Beier will remain effective permanently, unless early terminated by Beijing WFOE in writing pursuant to this agreement or otherwise required by PRC laws. F-10 Table of Contents (5) Equity Pledge Agreement Each nominee shareholder of the VIEs has also entered into an equity pledge agreement with Beijing WFOE, pursuant to which each shareholder pledged his/her interest in Beijing WFOE to guarantee the performance of obligations of Beijing WFOE and its shareholders under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive call option agreement, and shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement. If the VIEs or any of the nominee shareholder breaches its contractual obligations, Beijing WFOE will be entitled to certain rights and interests regarding the pledged equity interests including the right to dispose the pledged equity interests. None of the nominee shareholders shall, without the prior written consent of Beijing WFOE, assign or transfer to any third party, create or cause any security interest and any liability in whatsoever form to be created on, all or any part of the equity interests it holds in the VIEs. This agreement is not terminated until all of the agreements under the shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement, exclusive call option agreement and the exclusive business cooperation agreement are fully performed. The irrevocable power of attorney has conveyed all shareholder rights held by the VIEs’ shareholders to Beijing WFOE or any person designated by Beijing WFOE, including the right to appoint executive directors of the VIEs to conduct day to day management of the VIEs’ businesses, and to approve significant transactions of the VIEs. In addition, the exclusive call option agreement provides Beijing WFOE with a substantive kick-out right of the VIEs shareholders through an exclusive option to purchase all or any part of the shareholders’ equity interest in the VIEs. In addition, through the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Beijing WFOE demonstrates its ability and intention to continue to exercise the ability to absorb substantially all of the profits and all of the expected losses of the VIEs. The equity pledge agreements further secure the obligations of the shareholders of the VIEs under the above agreements. Based on these contractual arrangements, the Company consolidates the VIEs in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 3A-02 and Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) topic 810 (“ASC 810”), Consolidation. The Company believes that the contractual arrangements with the VIEs are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company’s ability to enforce the contractual arrangements. If the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government could: ● revoke the Group’s and operating licenses; ● levy fines on the Group; ● confiscate any of the Group’s income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations; ● shut down the Group’s services; ● discontinue or restrict the Group’s operations in China; ● impose conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply; ● require the Group to change corporate structure and contractual arrangements; ● restrict or prohibit the use of the proceeds from overseas offerings to finance the Group’s PRC consolidated VIEs’ business and operations; and ● take other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the Group’s business. F-11 Table of Contents Consolidated Trusts As part of the Group’s efforts to develop new product offerings for investors and institutional funding partners, the Group established a business relationship with certain trusts which were administered by third-party trust companies. The trusts were set up to invest solely in the loans facilitated by the Group on its platform to provide returns to the beneficiaries of the trusts through interest payments made by the borrowers. Both direct model and intermediary model are adopted for these trusts. Under direct model, loans are originated from trusts to borrowers while under intermediary model, the Group typically provides credit to the borrowers through an intermediary first and then transfers the loans to the trusts, which issue beneficial interests to the investors and institutional funding partners. The Group determines to consolidate these trusts as the Group is the primary beneficiary, due to the following reasons: 1) the Group has the power to direct the operating activities of the trusts; 2) the Group absorbs or enjoys the potential residual losses or returns of these trusts. Under intermediary model, the transfer of loans to the Consolidated Trusts are not eligible for sale accounting because the trust is consolidated and the loan transfer is considered an intercompany transaction. The Group further elected to apply fair value option to the loans (at the date of origination) and liabilities to investors and institutional funding partners to emphasize the relevancy of the accounting information of its consolidated financial statements. That is, the loans are continued to be recorded on the Group’s consolidated balance sheets as loans held for investment under “Loans at fair value” and the proceeds received from the investors and institutional funding partners are recorded as trust liabilities under “Payable to investors at fair value”. During 2020 and 2021, certain of the subsidiaries of the Group funded RMB64,375,517 and RMB74,051,199 to loan products facilitated on the Group’s platform through third-party trust companies. The trusts are consolidated by the Group and the underlying loans are recorded on the Group’s consolidated balance sheets as loans held for investment under “Loans at fair value”. Consolidated Partnerships In 2021, the Group further developed a new business model with certain trust partners. The Group and certain trusts jointly established several limited partnership enterprises, or LPs, to invest solely in the loans facilitated by the Group on its platform to provide returns to partners of the LPs through interest payments made by the borrowers. Intermediary model is adopted for the Consolidated Partnerships, the Group typically provides credit to the borrowers through an intermediary first and then transfers the loans to the LPs. The Group determines to consolidate these LPs as the Group is the primary beneficiary, due to the following reasons: 1) the Group has the power to direct the operating activities of the LPs; 2) the Group absorbs or enjoys the potential residual losses or returns of these LPs. The transfer of loans to the Consolidated Partnerships are not eligible for sale accounting because the LP is consolidated and the loan transfer is considered an intercompany transaction. The Group further apply amortized cost to the loans and liabilities to trust partners in its consolidated financial statements. That is, the loans are recorded on the Group’s consolidated balance sheets under “Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans” and the proceeds received from the trust partners are recorded as LP liabilities under “Payable to institutional funding partners”. During 2021,one of the subsidiaries of the Group funded RMB141,326,511 to loan products facilitated on the Group’s platform through the limited partnership enterprises. The LPs are consolidated by the Group and the underlying loans are recorded on the Group’s consolidated balance sheets under “Loans at receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans”. F-12 Table of Contents The following financial statement amounts and balances of the Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances: Assets: Restricted cash Accounts receivable and contract assets, net Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving loans, net Loans at fair value Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total assets Liabilities: Payable to investors at fair value Payable to institutional funding partners Other tax payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total liabilities Net revenue Net income (loss) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities As of December 31, 2020 RMB 476,854,616 — — 1,585,731,888 11,359,212 2,073,945,716 1,914,183,650 — 3,357,513 74,596,014 1,992,137,177 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 331,300,043 (19,795,471) As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 212,812,257 8,335,518 1,622,699,799 389,679,352 7,889,836 2,241,416,762 462,714,400 1,466,068,260 5,631,031 3,259,339 1,937,673,030 33,394,887 1,308,025 254,637,008 61,149,194 1,238,087 351,727,201 72,609,987 230,058,102 883,632 511,460 304,063,181 Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 285,859,862 105,610,429 44,857,650 16,572,581 Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 340,613,941 227,051,351 Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 123,521,027 (2,684,753,233) 3,006,349,475 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (20,179,042) 1,139,220,723 (1,092,165,825) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 155,272,678 (433,914,047) 14,599,010 24,365,672 (68,090,582) 2,290,904 F-13 Table of Contents The following financial statement amounts and balances of the VIEs and Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances: Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable and contract assets, net Financial investments Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, net Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans, net Loans at fair value Deposits to institutional cooperators, net Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net Financial guarantee derivative Deferred tax assets, net Long-term investments Property and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Other non-current assets Total assets Liabilities: Payable to investors at fair value Payable to institutional funding partners Financial guarantee derivative Short-term bank borrowings Accrued payroll and welfare Other tax payable Income tax payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Other non-current liabilities Total liabilities As of December 31, 2020 RMB 170,390,218 484,877,600 — 6,000,000 — 47,490,437 1,585,731,888 565,372 66,235,998 297,928,066 287,606,896 292,115,200 6,220,398 30,431,482 6,914,006 3,282,507,561 1,914,183,650 — 130,442,090 18,700,000 10,017,308 37,103,700 48,349,593 230,564,165 1,739,541 2,391,100,047 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 212,766,581 220,812,257 67,917,846 — 2,458,221,481 12,083,317 389,679,352 2,702,000 104,088,188 11,816,799 128,554,651 556,571,016 2,673,157 29,554,089 4,850,671 4,202,291,405 462,714,400 1,466,068,260 565,953,269 — 8,959,248 100,333,129 8,189,833 85,485,440 — 2,697,703,579 33,387,719 34,650,262 10,657,792 — 385,748,593 1,896,136 61,149,194 424,003 16,333,708 1,854,314 20,173,030 87,338,138 419,477 4,637,681 761,176 659,431,223 72,609,987 230,058,102 88,810,418 — 1,405,902 15,744,457 1,285,164 13,414,531 — 423,328,561 Net revenue Net income (loss) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 2,650,594,409 (14,609,225) Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 754,755,127 (180,518,614) Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB 1,388,255,858 695,892,749 2021 US$ 217,847,638 109,200,756 Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 442,501,953 (2,706,673,269) 2,808,349,475 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (190,951,068) 1,133,193,197 (1,073,465,825) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 485,090,529 (702,678,519) (4,100,990) 76,121,289 (110,265,593) (643,535) The VIEs and Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships contributed 86%, 34% and 38% of the Group’s consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the VIEs and Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships accounted for an aggregate of 44% and 57% of the consolidated total assets, and 54% and 80% of the consolidated total liabilities. F-14 Table of Contents There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests that require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIEs and Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships. However, if the VIEs were ever to need financial support, the Group may, at its option and subject to statutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIEs through loans to the shareholders of the VIEs or entrustment loans to the VIEs. The Group believes that there are no assets held in the VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and the PRC statutory reserves. As the VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the VIEs. Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the VIEs from transferring a portion of their net assets, equivalent to the balance of its statutory reserve and its share capital, to the Company in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends. Please refer to Note 17 for disclosure of restricted net assets. (c) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from such estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include share-based compensation, allowance for credit losses of accounts receivables and contract assets, deposits to institutional cooperators, prepaid expenses and other current assets, loans receivables from Xiaoying Housing Loans and loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, allocation of considerations under revenue arrangements with various performance obligations, variable considerations of revenue recognition, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, unrecognized tax benefits, the indefinite reinvestment assertion, fair value of guarantee liabilities and financial guarantee derivatives, loans at fair value and payable to investors at fair value, impairment of long-term investments and financial investments. (d) Revenue recognition The Group provides services as an online marketplace connecting borrowers and investors or institutional funding partners primarily through the use of two business models. The major products offered by the Group include Xiaoying Credit Loan and Xiaoying Revolving Loan. Xiaoying Credit Loan mainly consists of Xiaoying Card Loan and Xiaoying Preferred Loan products. The major product under the category Xiaoying Revolving Loan is Yaoqianhua which was previously named as Xiaoying Wallet. The Group ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in 2019, and ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Revolving Loan in 2020.Revenue is the transaction price the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for the promised services in a contract in the ordinary course of the Group’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). The services to be accounted for include loan facilitation service, post-origination service (e.g. cash processing and collection services) and guarantee service. The first business model (“Direct Model”) involves the Group matching borrowers with investors or institutional funding partners who directly funds the credit drawdowns to the borrowers. The Group has determined that it is not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process, but acting as an intermediary to bring the lender and the borrower together. Therefore, the Group does not record the loans receivable or payable arising from the loans facilitated between the investors or institutional funding partners and borrowers on its platform. The second business model (“Intermediary Model”) involves the Group initially providing credit to borrowers using its own funds through an intermediary and subsequently selling the loans including all of the creditor rights in the loans to external investors or institutional funding partners on its platform within a short period of time. Loans facilitated by the Group typically have a term of less than 1 year. For each loan facilitated either through the Direct Model or Intermediary Model, the Group charges a service fee from the borrower indirectly through one of the Group’s VIEs, Shenzhen Tangren or external financing guarantee company or from institutional funding partner directly. No application fee is charged to borrowers or investors or institutional funding partners. For the loans the Group is entitled to the full service fee regardless of whether the borrowers choose to early repay or not, the Group has the unconditional right to the consideration. For the loans facilitated with borrowers who have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees, the Group’s right to consideration for the service fees of facilitation service is conditional on whether or not the borrowers repay in advance. At contract inception, the Group determines that the collection of service fees is probable based on historical experiences as well as the credit due diligence performed on each borrower prior to loan origination. F-15 Table of Contents In order to be more competitive by providing a certain level of assurance to the investors or institutional funding partners, for certain loans facilitated by the Group’s platform, either borrowers or institutional funding partners are required to directly sign a credit insurance agreement with ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance Co., Ltd (“ZhongAn”) to protect investors or institutional funding partners against the risk of borrower default. In 2016 and January to September 2017, substantially all of the loans facilitated by the Group’s platform are insured by ZhongAn. The Group did not have direct contractual obligation to the investors for defaulted principal and interest during that period. The Group entered into a strategic cooperation agreement with ZhongAn pursuant to which ZhongAn provided insurance to the investors for the loans facilitated by the Group and reimbursed the loan principal and interest to the investor upon borrower’s default. During the aforementioned period, in order to maintain stable business relationship with ZhongAn, although not contractually obligated by the agreement with ZhongAn, the Group at its sole discretion paid ZhongAn for substantially all the defaulted loan principal and interest but have not been subsequently collected. The Group also provides direct guarantee to investors on certain loan products via its consolidated entities. The Group is compensated for this reimbursement from the contractual service fees collected from the borrowers. Given that the Group is at its sole discretion responsible for the uncollected claims paid, the Group effectively took on substantially all of the losses incurred by the investors due to borrowers’ default, the Group deemed the guarantee as a guarantee service to the investors and recognizes a stand ready obligation for its guarantee exposure in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. From September 2017, the Group revised the arrangement with ZhongAn on substantially all of the Xiaoying Credit Loans Starting from 2020, the Group enters into a series of arrangements with various external financing guarantee companies, which is similar to the revised arrangement with ZhongAn. For certain Xiaoying Card Loans newly facilitated since September 2017 and certain Xiaoying Revolving Loans that are repaid in installments by borrowers, borrowers are required to enter into a guarantee agreement with the Group and an insurance/guarantee agreement with ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies, to pay the guarantee fee and insurance fee to the respective party at a pre-agreed rate. For certain loans that were newly facilitated in 2020, borrowers are required to enter into a guarantee agreement with the Group to pay the guarantee fee at a pre-agreed rate while at the same time, it is the institutional investors who enter into an insurance agreement with ZhongAn and the Group voluntarily pay the insurance fee to ZhongAn. The obligation/ credit risk/ exposure of the Group and Zhongan to compensate the defaulted loans has no change. Upon borrower’s default, ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies reimburse the full loan principal and interest to the investors or institutional funding partner first, and has the right to recourse to both the borrower and the Group, and the Group’s contractual obligation is at any time it limited to a cap (the “Cap”) which is the lower of (1) total amount of guarantee fees contractually required to be collected from the borrowers for such loans facilitated during the current period on an aggregated basis, and (2) a certain percentage of the total principal of the loans facilitated stated in an annualized manner, as pre-agreed with ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies (the “Rate”). The contractual guarantee fees in (1) is not influenced by default or early repayment of borrowers. The Group has no obligation or intention to compensate ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies for any losses in excess of the contractual obligation. The Rate will be negotiated prospectively at each quarter between the two parties based on the expected default rate. The actual loss in excess of the Cap is absorbed by ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies. ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies ultimately bear substantially all of the credit risk. The Group’s exposure in this arrangement is limited to the default and prepayment risk in relation to the guarantee fee when the Group cannot collect the guarantee fee under the agreement with the borrower on an individual basis but is still obligated to compensate ZhongAn/financing guarantee companies up to the Cap on a pool basis. The Group evaluated the guarantee arrangement pursuant to ASC Topic 815, and concluded that the arrangement meets the definition of a derivative and that it is not eligible for the guarantee scope exception. Therefore, the guarantee is recognized as a derivative liability/asset at fair value and is not accounted for pursuant to ASC Topic 460 or 450. See accounting policy for financial guarantee derivative. F-16 Table of Contents For other Xiaoying Preferred Loan products newly facilitated from September 2017, the borrowers are required to enter into an insurance agreement with ZhongAn only at a rate set by ZhongAn. No separate guarantee agreement is signed by the borrower with the Group and no additional guarantee fee is charged from the borrower. Upon borrower’s default, ZhongAn reimburses the full loan principal and interest to the investor or institutional funding partner. The Group collects the defaulted amount from borrowers on behalf of ZhongAn but has no obligation and it is no longer the Group’s intention to compensate ZhongAn for the defaulted loan principal and interest not subsequently collected in the future. ZhongAn is fully liable for all the borrower’s credit risk associated with the defaulted principal and interest of the loan. Therefore, for these loans, the Group provides loan facilitation and post-origination services but no longer provides guarantee service. The Group does not record guarantee liabilities associated with these loans or corresponding account receivables from guarantee services. Under the Direct Model, the total transaction price is directly allocated to the facilitation service and post-origination service. Under the Intermediary—non-trust model, upon transfer of the loan to third party investors, the Group recognize the difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors and accounts receivable and (2) the carrying value of the loan as a gain of sale, which effectively represents the service fees earned from facilitation of the loans under Intermediary Model, as the “Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The Group ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Preferred Loan in October 2019. Direct Model The Group has early adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent ASUs that modified ASC 606 on January 1, 2017 and has elected to apply it retrospectively for the year ended December 31, 2016. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the Group applies the following steps: ● Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer ● Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract ● Step 3: Determine the transaction price ● Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract ● Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation The Group determines its customers to be both the borrowers and the investors or institutional funding partners. The Group considers the loan facilitation service, guarantee service and post-origination service as three separate services of which the guarantee service is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. While the post-origination service is within the scope of ASC Topic 860, the ASC Topic 606 revenue recognition model is applied due to the lack of definitive guidance in ASC Topic 860. The loan facilitation service and post-origination service are two separate performance obligations under ASC 606, as these two deliverables are distinct in that customers can benefit from each service on its own and the Group’s promises to deliver the services are separately identifiable from each other in the contract. The Group determines the total transaction price to be the service fees chargeable from the borrowers indirectly through one of the VIEs, Shenzhen Tangren or external financing guarantee companies or from certain institutional funding partners directly, including the guarantee fees charged by the Group under the separate guarantee agreement with the borrowers for certain type of Xiaoying Card Loans that are newly facilitated since September 2017. The Group’s transaction price includes variable consideration in the form of default risk of the borrowers for the service fees collected from certain institutional funding partners or through external financing guarantee companies and prepayment risk of the borrowers. The Group reflects, in the transaction price, the default risk and the prepayment risk. The Group estimates variable consideration for these contracts using the expected value approach on the basis of historical information and current trends of the default and prepayment percentage of the borrowers. The transaction price is allocated amongst the guarantee service, if any, and two performance obligations. F-17 Table of Contents The Group first allocates the transaction price to the guarantee liabilities or financial guarantee, if any, that is recognized in accordance with either (1) ASC Topic 460, Guarantees which requires the guarantee to be measured initially at fair value based on the stand-ready obligation or (2) ASC Topic 815, which requires the guarantee to be measured initially and subsequently at fair value. Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation services and post-origination services using their relative standalone selling prices consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. For certain loans facilitated since September 2017, the total transaction price is allocated to facilitation service and post-origination service only. The Group does not have observable standalone selling price information for the loan facilitation services or post-origination services because it does not provide loan facilitation services or post-origination services on a standalone basis. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market that is reasonably available to the Group. As a result, the estimation of standalone selling price involves significant judgment. The Group uses an expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post origination services as the basis of revenue allocation. In estimating its standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services and post-origination services, the Group considers the cost incurred to deliver such services, profit margin for similar arrangements, customer demand, effect of competitors on the Group’s services, and other market factors. For each type of service, the Group recognizes revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the service/performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (that is, an asset) to a customer. Revenues from loan facilitation are recognized at the time a loan is originated between the borrower and the investor or institutional funding partner and the principal loan balance is transferred to the borrower, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying loans as the services are provided. Revenues from guarantee services are recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term when there had been no defaults. Except for certain loan products offered since September 2017, the collection of service fees is not conditional on the provision of subsequent post- origination or guarantee services. Intermediary Model Starting from 2018, the Group cooperate with several microcredit companies who use their own funds to provide credit to borrowers first; the Group provide facilitation and post-origination services for these loans and receive service fee from borrowers. These microcredit companies transfer their rights as creditors shortly to SPVs controlled by the Group at the price of the carrying amount of the outstanding loan principal balance and accumulated accrued interest not paid by the borrowers as of the day on which the creditor’s rights are legally transferred to SPVs. The SPVs usually further transfer their creditor’s rights to third party investors or institutional funding partners in a short period at the price of the carrying amount of the outstanding loan principal balance and the accumulated accrued interest not paid by the borrowers as of the day on which the creditor’s rights are legally transferred to investors or institutional funding partners. The Group accounts the relevant interest and service fees received from the borrowers as the financing income and the fee charged by the microcredit companies which is proportionate to the loans facilitated as the origination and servicing cost in its consolidated financial statements. Under the Intermediary business model, the Group provides the funds that are loaned to borrowers and agrees to take predominantly all the risk arising from potential breaches of agreement by the borrowers receiving financing. The Group provides financing to borrowers on their platform and the loans are initially recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as loans held for sale or loans receivable from Xiaoying credit loans and Xiaoying revolving loans. These loans carry the same insurance/ guarantee agreement with external financial institutional co-operators as loans facilitated under the Direct Model, which is attached to the loan and transfers along with the loan. The Group also charges service fees in the same manner as loans facilitated under the Direct Model. F-18 Table of Contents Intermediary Model—Non-Trust Model The transfer of loans (including the creditor rights) to external investors or institutional funding partners not involving trust structure is accounted for as a true sale under ASC 860 (see accounting policy under “Sales and Transfers of Financial Instruments”). Upon sale, the Group records a guarantee liability in accordance with ASC 460 in relation to the on-going guarantee services to be provided to the investors or institutional funding partners, consistent with the loans facilitated under the Direct Model. The Group continues to provide post-origination services to the loans subsequent to their sale in the same manner as the Group services the loans facilitated under the Direct Model. No additional service fee is charged. Similar to the loans facilitated under the Direct Model, the Group charges and collects service fees from the borrowers or institutional funding partners in relation to the transferred loans on a monthly basis. The difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors or institutional funding partners and accounts receivable and contract assets (see accounting policy on “Accounts receivable and contract assets and allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable and contract assets”) and (2) the sum of the carrying value of the loans and the fair value of the guarantee liability is recognized as a gain of sale, which effectively represents the service fees earned from facilitation of the loans under Intermediary Model, as the “Loan facilitation service—Intermediary Model” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). For certain loans facilitated since September 2017, given the Group no longer provides guarantee services and the Group does not record any guarantee liabilities associated with those loans or related account receivable from guarantee services, the gain of sale is the difference between (1) the proceeds received from the investors or institutional funding partners and accounts receivable and contract assets and (2) the carrying value of the loan. The subsequent accounting for post- origination service and guarantee services is consistent with that for loans facilitated under the Direct Model. Intermediary Model—Trust Model The transfer of loans to institutional funding partners under the Intermediary Model often involves transferring the loans to a trust formed and operated by unrelated third party trust companies. The Group consolidates such trusts under the VIE model (see accounting policy on “Consolidated Trusts”). The Group also elects to apply fair value option to these loans at the date of origination. Loans transferred to Consolidated Trusts do not qualify for sales accounting as the transfer is to a consolidated subsidiary. The loans are recorded as “Loans at fair value” in the consolidated balance sheets. The Group recognizes as revenue under “financing income” the service fees and interests charged to the borrowers over the lifetime of the loans using effective interest method. Intermediary Model—Partnership Model The transfer of loans to institutional funding partners under the Intermediary Model involves transferring the loans to a limited partnership enterprise, or LP, formed and operated by unrelated third-party trust companies and the Group. The Group consolidates such partnerships under the VIE model (see accounting policy on “Consolidated Partnerships”). The Group also elects to measure these loans at amortized cost at the time of origination. Loans transferred to Consolidated Partnerships do not qualify for sales accounting as the transfer is to a consolidated subsidiary. The loans are recorded as “Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans” in the consolidated balance sheets. The Group recognizes as revenue under “financing income” the service fees and interests charged to the borrowers over the lifetime of the loans using effective interest method. The online Intermediary Model ceased in April 2017 and the offline Intermediary Model with funding from banking financial institution partners ceased in February 2018 to comply with the promulgated regulatory requirements. The Group continues the operations through the offline Intermediary Model with funding from other partners to the extent permitted under applicable laws and regulations. F-19 Table of Contents Disaggregation of revenues All of the Group’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were generated from the PRC. As the remaining duration of the Group’s performance obligations of the contracts is one year or less, the Group elects to apply the exemption of disclosing the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to the performance obligations at the end of 31 December, 2019, 2020 and 2021, The following table illustrates the disaggregation of revenue by product the Group offered in 2019, 2020 and 2021: 2019 Major products Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Internet Channel(1) Other loan products Other service(2) Total 2020 Major products Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Internet Channel(1) Other loan products Other service(2) Total 2021 Major products Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Other loan products Other service(2) Total Loan facilitation service-Direct Model (RMB) Loan facilitation service- Intermediary Model (RMB) Post-origination service (RMB) Financing income (RMB) Other revenue (RMB) 1,834,813,952 63,667,334 578,598 86,733,843 209,616 — 223,668,549 13,174,930 88,225 1,703,032 232,318 — 314,767,947 8,163,362 132,382 7,568,757 62,764 — 1,986,003,343 238,867,054 330,695,212 396,039,771 12,361,021 — — — — 408,400,792 71,024,093 9,069,408 264,644 1,890,227 10,403 41,824,819 124,083,594 Loan facilitation service-Direct Model (RMB) 1,190,088,566 76,444,207 — — — — 1,266,532,773 Loan facilitation service-Direct Model (RMB) 2,545,431,636 — — — 2,545,431,636 Loan facilitation service- Intermediary Model (RMB) 19,755,482 21,571,881 — 45,449 — — 41,372,812 Loan facilitation service- Intermediary Model (RMB) Post-origination service (RMB) Financing income (RMB) Other revenue (RMB) 176,229,908 26,000,468 — 1,611,453 — — 203,841,829 538,869,175 73,991,011 — 3,291 — — 612,863,477 39,537,661 597,911 172,960 11 226,720 27,811,304 68,346,567 Post-origination service (RMB) Financing income (RMB) Other revenue (RMB) 161,313 — — — 161,313 312,373,187 3,216,931 — — 315,590,118 644,009,587 27,891,908 — — 671,901,495 31,877,690 537,311 130,768 60,834,774 93,380,543 Total (RMB) 2,840,314,312 106,436,055 1,063,849 97,895,859 515,101 41,824,819 3,088,049,995 Total (RMB) 1,964,480,792 198,605,478 172,960 1,660,204 226,720 27,811,304 2,192,957,458 Total (RMB) 3,533,853,413 31,646,150 130,768 60,834,774 3,626,465,105 F-20 Table of Contents 2021 Major products Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Other loan products Other services(2) Total Loan facilitation service-Direct Model (US$) Loan facilitation service- Intermediary Model (US$) 399,433,769 25,314 — — — — — — Post-origination service (US$) Financing income (US$) Other revenue (US$) Total (US$) 49,018,169 504,807 101,059,157 4,376,849 — — — — 5,002,305 84,316 20,520 9,546,304 14,653,445 554,538,714 4,965,972 20,520 9,546,304 569,071,510 399,433,769 25,314 49,522,976 105,436,006 (1) Represents loans facilitated to borrowers referred by other platforms. The Group ceased to facilitate loans for other platforms in 2020. (2) Primarily consists of penalty fees for loan prepayment and late payment, commission fees from Xiaoying Online Mall, referral service fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms and technology service fees received for providing assistant technology development services. Contract balances The Group did not enter into contracts with customers that were greater than one year for substantially all products for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. The Group historically did not record any contract liabilities for both 2020 and 2021 and did not record any contract asset prior to September 2017. For the loans the Group is entitled to the full service fee regardless of whether the borrowers choose to early repay or not, the Group has the unconditional right to the consideration and an accounts receivable is recorded. For the loans facilitated with borrowers who have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees, the Group’s right to consideration for the service fees of facilitation service is conditional on whether or not the borrowers repay in advance. In these instances, the Group records a corresponding contract asset when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service. The contract asset will not be reclassified to a receivable given that the right to invoice and the payment due date is the same date. Revenue for these loan products are recognized when the collection of consideration becomes probable. Remaining unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 pertained to post-origination service in the amount of RMB106,147,877 , RMB61,415,170 , and RMB113,840,873 (US$17,864,117) respectively. All remaining unsatisfied performance obligations would be recognized as revenue in the subsequent year. The revenues recognized in 2019, 2020 and 2021 from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in prior periods are RMB2,240,572, nil and nil, respectively. Incentives to investors To expand its market presence, the Group provides incentives to investors in a variety of forms that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitles them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase. During the relevant incentive program period, the Group sets certain thresholds for the investor to qualify to enjoy the incentive. Such incentives are accounted for as a reduction of revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Financing income Financing income consists primarily the financing fees the Group charges for the loans facilitated through the Consolidated Trusts and Consolidated Partnerships, including interest income and service fees generated from providing loan facilitation, guarantee and post-origination services to the investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts and Consolidated Partnerships, and are recorded as revenue over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method. Financing income also includes financing fees, including interest income and service fee, from loans held for sale and loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans that have not yet been transferred to external investors or institutional funding partners or have been transferred but such transaction does not qualify for sale accounting under the Intermediary Model. F-21 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2021, financing income also includes interest income generated from providing loans by the Group’s own fund from microcredit business, and are recorded as revenue over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method. Other revenue Other revenue primarily includes penalty fees for loan prepayment and late payment, referral service fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms, technology service fees received for providing assistant technology development services and commission fees from Xiaoying Online Mall. The penalty fees, which are fees paid to the Group, will be received as a certain percentage of past due amounts in the case of late payments or a certain percentage of interest over the prepaid principal loan amount in the case of prepayment. Penalty fees are contingency-based variable considerations and constrained by the occurrence of delinquency or prepayment. They are recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variability is resolved, that is, when the underlying event occurs. The referral service fees for introducing borrowers to other platforms are recognized when the obligation is fulfilled and is confirmed by the other platforms. The technology service fees are recognized when the assistant technology development services to third parties provided. Xiaoying Online Mall launched in March 2019 is a product that provides loan installments to the Group’s individual customers enabling them to purchase goods online. The loan installment revenue is recognized as loan facilitation revenue and post origination revenue. The gross amount of product sales and related costs or the net amount earned is recorded as commissions. The Group was evaluated as an agent and its obligation is to facilitate third parties in fulfilling their performance obligation for specified goods or services, revenues should be recognized in the net amount for the amount of commission which the Group earns in exchange for arranging for the specified goods or services to be provided by other parties. Revenue is recorded net of value-added taxes. (e) Sales and transfers of financial instruments Sales and transfers of financial instruments are accounted under authoritative guidance for the transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishment of liabilities. Specifically, a transfer of a financial asset, a group of financial assets, or a participating interest in a financial asset is accounted for as a sale only if all the following conditions are met: 1. 2. The financial assets are isolated from the transferor and its consolidated affiliates as well as its creditors; The transferee or beneficial interest holders have the right to pledge or exchange the transferred financial assets; and The transferor, its consolidated affiliates included in the financial statements being presented, or its agents do not maintain effective control of the transferred asset. A transferor’s effective control over the transferred financial assets includes, but is not limited to, any of the following: 3. maturity. a. b. An agreement that both entitles and obligates the transferor to repurchase or redeem the transferred financial assets before their An agreement, other than through a cleanup call that provides the transferor with both of the following: (i) The unilateral ability to cause the holder to return specific financial assets. (ii) A more-than-trivial benefit attributable to that ability; and c. An agreement that permits the transferee to require the transferor to repurchase the transferred financial assets at a price that is so favorable to the transferee that it is probable that the transferee will require the transferor to repurchase them. Under the Intermediary Model, the Group, through its Intermediary, facilitates credits to borrowers and subsequently transfers the loans (including the creditor rights) to third party investors or institutional funding partners at face value within a short period of time. F-22 Table of Contents When the loan (including the creditor rights) is transferred, the transferee becomes the direct counterparty to the borrower and the legal record holder of the loan upon transfer. The transfer is accounted for as a sale, when (1) the transferred loans are considered legally isolated from the assets of the Group and its creditors even in the bankruptcies under the PRC laws and regulations, (2) the investors or institutional funding partners (transferees) can freely pledge or exchange the transferred loans, and (3) the Group does not maintain effective control over the transferred loans. The cash flows related to the origination and transfer of these loans are presented as “Origination of loans held for sale”and “Sale of loans held for sale”, respectively, within operating cash flows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. When a transfer does not qualify for sale accounting, e.g. when the Group sells loans with recourse to the Group, the transferred financial asset remains in the statement of financial position and a financial liability is recognized for any consideration received. For Xiaoying Housing Loans facilitated through the Intermediary Model, borrowers are required to pledge properties to one of the Group’s consolidated VIE entities (other than the Intermediary or the SPV conducting the facilitation and transfer of the loan) as collateral for the guarantee that the Group is providing to ZhongAn against borrower’s default. It is a separate arrangement with different counterparties from the loan provided by the Group. While the loan (including creditor’s rights) is transferred to third party investors or institutional funding partners, the lien remains under the Group’s name and in security for the Group agreeing to provide the guarantee to ZhongAn. The holding of the lien does not affect the creditor’s right in the loan being fully transferred. Provided all aforementioned conditions under sales accounting are met, the transfer of such loans with collateral are accounted for as a sale. The Group ceased facilitation of Xiaoying Housing Loan in 2019. (f) Foreign currency translation The functional currency of X Financial is in US dollars (“US$”). The functional currency of the Group’s subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC is Renminbi (“RMB”). The determination of the respective functional currency is based on the criteria stated in ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Group also uses RMB as its reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are measured and recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rate prevailing on the transaction date. Translation gains and losses are recognized in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). The Company with functional currency of US$ translates its operating results and financial positions into RMB, the Group’s reporting currency. Assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rates for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). F-23 Table of Contents (g) Guarantee liabilities The Group has guarantee service which is directly and indirectly provided to the investors or institutional funding partners. The Group also provides direct guarantee to investors or institutional funding partners on certain loan products via its consolidated entities. If a borrower defaults, the Group makes its best efforts to collect the default loan. The Group directly or indirectly makes payment to the defaulted principal and interest to each investor or institutional funding partner. Prior to September 2017, ZhongAn initially reimbursed the loan principal and interest to the investor or institutional funding partner upon the borrower’s default. In order to maintain stable business relationship with ZhongAn, although not contractually obligated, the Group at its sole discretion compensated ZhongAn for substantially all loan principal and interest default but not subsequently collected. At the inception of each loan, the Group recognizes the guarantee liability at fair value in accordance with ASC 460-10, which incorporates the expectation of potential future payments under the guarantee and takes into both non-contingent and contingent aspects of the guarantee. Subsequent to the loan’s inception, the guarantee liability is composed of two components: (i) ASC Topic 460 component; and (ii) ASC Topic 450 component. The liability recorded based on ASC Topic 460 is determined on a loan by loan basis and it is reduced when the Group is released from the underlying risk, i.e. as the loan is repaid by the borrower or when the investor or institutional funding partner is compensated in the event of a default. This component is a stand-ready obligation which is not subject to the probable threshold used to record a contingent obligation. When the Group is released from the stand-ready liability upon expiration of the underlying loan, the Group records a corresponding amount as “Other revenue” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The other component is a contingent liability determined based on probable loss considering the actual historical performance and current conditions, representing the obligation to make future payouts under the guarantee liability in excess of the stand-ready liability, measured using the guidance in ASC Topic 450. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is determined on a collective basis and loans with similar risk characteristics are pooled into cohorts for purposes of measuring incurred losses. The ASC 450 contingent component is recognized as part of operating expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. At all times the recognized liability (including the stand-ready liability and contingent liability) is at least equal to the probable estimated losses of the guarantee portfolio. The Group measures its guarantee liabilities at inception at fair value based on the Group’s expected payouts and also incorporating a markup margin. As the Group’s guarantee liabilities are not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, the Group applies a discounted cash flow methodology to measure the fair value of guarantee liabilities. The impact of credit losses is also considered by applying discounted cash flow method for the subsequent measurement of guarantee liabilities, based on the consideration of reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. The significant unobservable inputs used include expected future payout and discount rate. The expected future payouts were estimated based on expected default rates and collection rates for each product type, taking into consideration of historical loss experiences for both contingent and noncontingent elements. The expected future payouts take into account missed payments initially compensated by ZhongAn within two business days from borrowers’ payment due date. The expected collection rate of defaulted loans incorporates the proceeds from liquidation of underlying collateral that would be expected to cover the payouts under the guarantee and was based on the average historical collection rate of the Group’s products. These inputs in isolation can cause significant increases or decreases in fair value. Increase in the expected default rates can significantly increase the fair value of guarantee liabilities; conversely a decrease in the expected default rates can significantly decrease the fair value of guarantee liabilities. The discount rate applied discounted cash flow methodology to present value the projected cash flows which is based on market rates. The Group also estimated the markup margin by looking at several comparable business models. The approximate term of the guarantee service correlates directly with the term of the loan product. Refer to Note 12 for additional information about guarantee liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. From September 2017, the Group revised the arrangement with Zhongan on Xiaoying Credit Loan products, which is the major product offered by Group. The Group no longer records any guarantee liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 460 for substantially all Xiaoying Preferred Loans. For most Xiaoying Card Loans, the Group records financial guarantee derivatives in accordance with ASC 815. See accounting policy of revenue recognition and financial guarantee derivatives. F-24 Table of Contents (h) Financial guarantee derivatives Starting from September 2017, for newly facilitated Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, the Group entered into a series of arrangements with various financial institutional cooperators in which it has agreed that the Group’s exposure is limited to the contractual guarantee fee that the Group cannot collect under the agreement from the borrower as a result of default or prepayment but are still obligated to compensate those financial institutional cooperators based on the contractual guarantee fee up to the pre-agreed cap. See accounting policy in Revenue Recognition. The financial guarantee is accounted for as a derivative under ASC 815 because the financial guarantee scope exemption in ASC 815-10-15-58 is not met. The derivative is remeasured at each reporting period. The change in fair value of the derivative is recorded as a change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income(loss). The derivative is increased by the guarantee fees collected from the borrowers upon receipt as the Group expects all the fees to be ultimately paid to those financial institutional cooperators. When the Group settles the guarantee through performance of the guarantee by making payments to those financial institutional cooperators, the Company records a corresponding deduction to the derivative. The Group uses the discounted cash flow model to value these financing guarantee derivatives at inception and subsequent valuation dates. This discounted cash flow model incorporates assumptions such as the expected delinquency rates, prepayment rate and discount rate. The expected delinquency rate and prepayment rate is estimated by taking into consideration of historical loss experiences. The discount rate is determined based on the market rates. The Group considers that the impact of discount rate to the fair value of financial guarantee derivatives is immaterial. (i) Fair value Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Authoritative literature provides a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement as follows: ● Level 1—inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets. ● Level 2—inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. ● Level 3—inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair value is therefore determined using model-based techniques that include option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques. (j) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and cash in bank which are highly liquid. As of December 31, 2021, cash equivalents were comprised of current deposits and money market funds stated at cost plus accrued interest. All cash and cash equivalents are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use. (k) Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists primarily of cash held by the Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships through segregated bank accounts which can only be used by the Trusts and Partnerships to specified activities as stipulated in the Trust or Partnership agreements. Cash in the Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Group. F-25 Table of Contents Restricted cash also includes cash deposited with banks as collateral for borrowings from the respective banks. Restriction on the use of such cash and the interest earned thereon is imposed by the banks and remains effective throughout the terms of the borrowings. See Note 8. (l) Accounts receivable and contract assets, net Accounts receivable and contract assets consist of accounts receivable and contract assets from the facilitation and post-origination service in relation to loans facilitated under both Direct and Intermediary Models. Contract assets represent the Group’s right to consideration in exchange for facilitation services that the Company has transferred to the customer before payment is due. The Group only recognizes accounts receivable and contract assets to the extent that the Group believes it is probable that they will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the services transferred to the customer. The general life time of accounts receivable and contract assets lasts no more than 12 months. Accounts receivable and contract assets from facilitation service is stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for credit losses. The Group establishes an allowance for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326 based on estimates, historical experience of net default rates, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and other factors surrounding the credit risk of customers. The profile of the borrowers is similar under each product therefore the Group applies a consistent credit risk management framework to the entire portfolio of borrowers under each product. For individual customers where there is an observable indicator of impairment such as fraud, a specific allowance is provided. The Group also constantly monitor the financial condition and evaluates the credit quality of certain institutional funding partners and external financing guarantee companies from which the Group’s service fees are collected directly or indirectly. The Group evaluates and adjusts its allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable and contract assets on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Uncollectible accounts receivable or contract assets are written off when a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when accounts receivable or contract assets are deemed uncollectible. The following table presents the accounts receivable and contract assets from facilitation and post-origination as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively: As of December 31, 2020 Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Total As of December 31, 2021 Accounts receivable: Xiaoying Credit Loan Contract assests: Xiaoying Credit Loan Total Accounts receivable from facilitation services RMB 422,694,249 14,438,096 437,132,345 Accounts receivable and contract assests from facilitation services RMB Accounts receivable from post-origination services RMB 1,897,119 1,295,993 3,193,112 Accounts receivable and contract assests from post-origination services RMB Accounts receivable from financing income RMB 9,160,182 2,503,149 11,663,331 Accounts receivable and contract assests from financing income RMB Allowance for credit losses RMB (37,529,193) (1,152,487) (38,681,680) Total RMB 396,222,357 17,084,751 413,307,108 Allowance for credit losses RMB Total RMB 189,556,149 2,468,496 26,080,407 (8,092,404) 210,012,648 529,311,240 718,867,389 25,931,783 28,400,279 — 26,080,407 (17,775,553) (25,867,957) 537,467,470 747,480,118 F-26 Table of Contents . As of December 31, 2021 Accounts receivable: Xiaoying Credit Loan Contract assests: Xiaoying Credit Loan Total Accounts receivable and contract assests from facilitation services US$ Accounts receivable and contract assests from post-origination services US$ Accounts receivable and contract assests from financing income US$ Allowance for credit losses US$ Total US$ 29,745,496 387,361 4,092,585 (1,269,875) 32,955,567 83,060,484 112,805,980 4,069,263 4,456,624 — 4,092,585 (2,789,372) (4,059,247) 84,340,375 117,295,942 The following tables present the aging of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 respectively. The Group charges off accounts receivable overdue more than 60 days. As of December 31, 2020 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Total As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loan Total As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loan Total Not past-due RMB 426,728,851 16,016,508 442,745,359 1 - 30 days RMB 3,680,132 986,663 4,666,795 30 - 60 days RMB 3,342,567 1,234,067 4,576,634 Total RMB 433,751,550 18,237,238 451,988,788 Not past-due RMB 205,943,964 205,943,964 1 - 30 days RMB 6,352,735 6,352,735 30 - 60 days RMB 5,808,353 5,808,353 Total RMB 218,105,052 218,105,052 Not past-due US$ 32,317,102 32,317,102 1 - 30 days US$ 996,883 996,883 30 - 60 days US$ 911,457 911,457 Total US$ 34,225,442 34,225,442 The following tables present the movement of provision for accounts receivable and contract assets as of December 31, 2019 and in the allowance for credit losses for accounts receivables and contract assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021: As of January 1, 2019 RMB 206,575,845 — 119,616 133,707 14,384,158 221,213,326 Provision for accounts receivable (net of recovery) (1) RMB 230,589,301 10,303,996 — — 293,526 241,186,823 Charge-off for accounts receivable RMB (252,080,117) (2,479,118) (119,616) (133,707) (14,677,684) (269,490,242) As of January 1, 2020 RMB 185,085,029 7,824,878 — 192,909,907 Adoption of ASU 2016-13 RMB Provision for accounts receivable (net of recovery) (1) RMB Charge-off for accounts receivable RMB 11,480,592 811,579 3,232,265 15,524,436 112,833,743 11,883,737 (3,232,265) 121,485,215 (271,870,171) (19,367,707) — (291,237,878) As of December 31, 2019 RMB 185,085,029 7,824,878 — — — 192,909,907 As of December 31, 2020 RMB 37,529,193 1,152,487 — 38,681,680 Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Internet Channel Other products Total Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Internet Channel Total F-27 Table of Contents Accounts receivable: Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Contract assests: Xiaoying Credit Loan Total Accounts receivable: Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Contract assests: Xiaoying Credit Loan Total As of January 1, 2021 RMB Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets (net of recovery) (1) RMB Charge-off for accounts receivable and contract assets RMB As of December 31, 2021 RMB 37,529,193 1,152,487 46,512,298 1,612,419 (75,949,087) (2,764,906) 8,092,404 — — 38,681,680 29,123,093 77,247,810 (11,347,540) (90,061,533) 17,775,553 25,867,957 As of January 1, 2021 US$ 5,889,150 180,850 — 6,070,000 Provision for accounts receivable and contract assets (net of recovery) (1) US$ Charge-off for accounts receivable and contract assets US$ As of December 31, 2021 US$ 7,298,794 253,024 (11,918,069) (433,874) 4,570,049 12,121,867 (1,780,677) (14,132,620) 1,269,875 — 2,789,372 4,059,247 (1) The recoveries of charge-off of accounts receivables and contract assets amounted to RMB3,690,460, RMB4,243,262 and RMB850,597 (US$133,477) during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. (m) Loans held for sale From time to time, the Group provides credits to borrowers through an intermediary first to enhance borrowers’ service satisfaction and transfers the loans to third party investors or institutional funding partners on its platform immediately thereafter (typically within a short period of time). These loans are accounted for as held for sale at lower of cost or fair value, as the Group has a clear marketing plan to transfer these loans to external investors or institutional funding partners and does not have intention to hold loans for the foreseeable future. During the period presented, the direct origination costs were inconsequential and were expensed as incurred. As at December 31, 2019, the Group reclassified loans held for sale to loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving loans after reassessing its intent and ability to transfer these loans. Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans includes those loans that the Group acquired from unaffiliated third parties who were the initial lenders of such loans. The Group believes that acquiring loans from unaffiliated third parties is not prohibited under the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries (the “Interim Measures”) because the Interim Measures prohibit an online finance information intermediary from providing its own funds to borrowers on the platform directly but do not prohibit an online finance information intermediary acquiring loans from others. The Group acquired loans from unaffiliated third parties who were the initial lenders of such loans in 2020 and 2021. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, such loans had a weighted average term of 10~11 months and a remaining weighted average term of 7 ~ 8 months, respectively. The loans were initially recognized as “Loans held for sale” as the Group did not have intention to retain such loans. The loans were not covered by any credit enhancement from qualified institutional partners. And the Group had no ability to transfer out the loans without recourse to the Group due to the illiquid market. Therefore, as of December 31,2019, the Group reclassified loans held for sale to loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving loans after reassessing its ability to transfer these loans. The cash flows related to the origination and transfer of these loans are presented as “Origination of loans held for sale” and “Sale of loans held for sale”, respectively, within operating cash flows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. F-28 Table of Contents (n) Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans, net For those loans that the Group provides credits to borrowers using its own fund and has intention to hold for the foreseeable future, or has no intention to hold but fail to have certain marketing plans to transfer, or those transfer of loans that fails to meet to criteria of true sale under ASC 860 (see accounting policy under “Sale and Transfers of Financial Instruments”), they are accounted for as loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans at amortized cost. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans amounted to RMB1,236,026,461 and RMB2,484,072,931(US$389,805,249) respectively. The general life time of Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans lasts no more than 12 months. For the loans that were unable to be transferred to external investors or institutional funding partners in a transaction that fails to meet to the criteria of true sale under ASC 860, the corresponding considerations received from the institutional funding partners were recorded in “Payable to institutional funding partners” in the consolidated balance sheet. The considerations received by the Group were determined based on the outstanding loan balances on the transaction dates. As the Group entitles them to receive a fixed interest rate in the loans which the institutional funding partners purchased, an accrued interest expenses payable to them was also recorded in “Payable to institutional funding partners” in the consolidated balance sheet. Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans are stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for credit losses. The Group establishes an allowance for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326 based on estimates, historical experience of net default rates, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and other factors surrounding the credit risk of customers. The profile of the borrowers is similar under each product therefore the Group applies a consistent credit risk management framework to the entire portfolio of borrowers under each product. For individual customers where there is an observable indicator of impairment such as fraud, a specific allowance is provided. The Group evaluates and adjusts its allowance for credit losses for loans receivables on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Uncollectible loans receivables are written off when a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when loans receivables are deemed uncollectible. The Group excluded the accrued interest receivable balance from the disclosed amortized cost basis, amounting to RMB26,080,407(US$4,092,585) as of December 31, 2021. The accrued interest receivables were recorded in Accounts receivables in the consolidated balance sheet. The Group does not measure the allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables as the Group writes off the uncollectable accrued interest receivables when the corresponding Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans are written off. In 2020 and 2021, the Group charges off Loan receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans overdue more than 60 days. The following table presents the loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans originated and retained by the Company as of December 31,2020 and 2021, respectively: As of December 31, 2020 Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Total As of December 31, 2021 Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Total Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans RMB 1,027,762,930 310,819,315 1,338,582,245 Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans RMB 2,537,161,361 2,247,311 2,539,408,672 Allowance for credit losses RMB (70,615,780) (31,940,004) (102,555,784) Total RMB 957,147,150 278,879,311 1,236,026,461 Allowance for credit losses RMB (54,725,057) (610,684) (55,335,741) Total RMB 2,482,436,304 1,636,627 2,484,072,931 F-29 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2021 Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Revolving Loan Total Loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans US$ 398,135,982 352,652 398,488,634 Allowance for credit losses US$ (8,587,555) (95,830) (8,683,385) Total US$ 389,548,427 256,822 389,805,249 The following tables present the movement of provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively: Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total As of December Adoption of ASU 31, 2019 RMB — 24,709,468 24,709,468 2016-13 RMB — 4,205,046 4,205,046 Provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans (net of recovery) (1) RMB 74,934,783 152,275,243 227,210,026 As of December Charge-off RMB (4,319,003) (149,249,753) (153,568,756) 31, 2020 RMB 70,615,780 31,940,004 102,555,784 (Reversal of) provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans (net of recovery) (1) RMB 80,823,776 (4,428,608) 76,395,168 (Reversal of) provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans (net of recovery) (1) US$ 12,683,014 (694,945) 11,988,069 As of December 31, 2020 RMB 70,615,780 31,940,004 102,555,784 As of December 31, 2020 US$ 11,081,156 5,012,084 16,093,240 Charge-off RMB (96,714,499) (26,900,712) (123,615,211) As of December 31, 2021 RMB 54,725,057 610,684 55,335,741 Charge-off US$ (15,176,615) (4,221,309) (19,397,924) As of December 31, 2021 US$ 8,587,555 95,830 8,683,385 Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total (1) The recoveries of charge-off of loans receivables from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans amounted to RMB11,249,305 and RMB8,803,265(US$1,318,424) during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The following table presents the aging of loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Revolving Loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively: As of December 31, 2020 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total Not past-due RMB 1,012,188,463 294,056,208 1,306,244,671 1 - 30 days RMB 10,394,739 9,930,164 20,324,903 30 - 60 days RMB 5,179,728 6,832,943 12,012,671 Total RMB 1,027,762,930 310,819,315 1,338,582,245 F-30 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Credit Loans Xiaoying Revolving Loans Total Not past-due RMB 2,514,735,264 2,241,915 2,516,977,179 1 - 30 days RMB 13,800,724 — 13,800,724 30 - 60 days RMB 8,625,373 5,396 8,630,769 Total RMB 2,537,161,361 2,247,311 2,539,408,672 Not past-due US$ 394,616,838 351,805 394,968,643 1 - 30 days US$ 2,165,635 — 2,165,635 30 - 60 days US$ 1,353,509 847 1,354,356 Total US$ 398,135,982 352,652 398,488,634 (o) Loans and payable to investors of Consolidated Trusts The Group has elected the fair value option for the loan assets and liabilities of the Consolidated Trusts that otherwise would not have been carried at fair value. Such election is irrevocable and is applied to financial instruments on an individual basis at initial recognition. The Group estimates the fair value of loans and payable using a discounted cash flow valuation methodology by discounting the estimated future net cash flows using an appropriate discount rate. The future net cash flows are estimated based on contractual cash flows, taking into consideration of estimated delinquency rate, prepayment rate and collection rate of the loans, and the pre-determined Rate of the Group’s guarantee exposure for certain products. Loans and payable to investors of Consolidated Trusts are recorded as “Loans at fair value” and “Payable to investors at fair value” in the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in fair value of loans and payable to investors are reported net as recorded in “Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. See Note 3 for further disclosure on financial instruments of the Consolidated Trusts for which the fair value option has been elected. (p) Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans, net The Group directly or indirectly guarantees on borrowers’ defaults to the investors or institutional funding partners of Xiaoying Housing Loan products and obtains a collateral right from the borrowers for such guarantees. The collaterals include apartments, houses and properties, which can fully cover the underlying loan principle and interest. Upon default of the loan, the Group compensates the investor or ZhongAn for defaulted loan principal and interest and obtains the creditor’s right of the underlying loan. The payout amount in relation to the original guarantee provision provided at loan inception was recorded as a deduction of guarantee liability, reflected in net payouts in the guarantee liabilities rollforward. The remaining payout amount in relation to the acquisition of the creditor’s right of the underlying loan is recorded as loan receivable upon payment of compensation in “Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans” in the consolidated balance sheets as the collection cycle typically will be more than one year. No loan receivables are recorded at loan inception. Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans is recorded based on the present value of the expected amount to be collected from the exercise of the collateral right. Given the deterioration of the credit related to those loans upon acquisition, the Group determined that those loans are in non-accrual status and should only recognize related service and penalty fees upon cash received in other revenues. Allowance for loan receivable is established through periodic charges to the provision for loan receivable when the Group believes that the future collection of defaulted loan principal and interest is unlikely. Allowance for credit losses for loan receivables from Xiaoying Housing loans is also recognized when the fair value is below the original recorded present value of the expected amount to be collected. In order to accelerate the collection process, the Group transferred the creditor rights of certain defaulted loans as well as the underlying collateral right to third party companies at a discount in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The discounted amount was recorded as an allowance for loan receivables which represent the amount that the Group expects not able to collect from the proceedings. In addition, the Group also recorded an allowance for the remaining outstanding loans not transferred benchmarked to the discounted amount. The Group also institutes proceedings to collect the payout amount from collaterals. Uncollectible loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans is written off when a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when loan receivables are deemed uncollectible. F-31 Table of Contents The outstanding balance of loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans were RMB47,490,437 and RMB12,083,317 (US$1,896,136)as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The contractually required payments that are receivable for loans acquired during 2020 and 2021 were RMB14,165,030 and nil, respectively. The outstanding undiscounted balance including the principal, interest, fees, penalties under Xiaoying Housing Loans receivable were RMB129,940,425 and RMB121,854,733(US$19,121,667), as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The following tables presents the movement in provision for loans receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. As of December 31, 2019 RMB As of December 31, 2020 RMB As of December 31, 2020 US$ Provision for Loans Receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans RMB 48,211,512 17,993,570 Charge-off RMB (66,205,082) As of December 31, 2020 RMB — Reversal of provision for Loans Receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans RMB Recoveries of charge-off RMB (377,559) 377,559 As of December 31, 2021 RMB — Reversal of provision for Loans Receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans US$ Recoveries of charge-off US$ (59,247) 59,247 As of December 31, 2021 US$ — — — The following tables presents the aging of Loan receivables from Xiaoying Housing Loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively: As of December 31, 2020 Aging Xiaoying Housing Loans As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Housing Loans As of December 31, 2021 Aging Xiaoying Housing Loans (q) Financial investments Over due 1 – 2 Over due 2 – 3 Over due over 3 years RMB years RMB years RMB 3,043,453 8,691,640 35,755,344 Over due 1 – 2 Over due 2 – 3 Over due over 3 years RMB years RMB years RMB — 1,392,439 10,690,878 Over due 1 – 2 years US$ — Over due 2 – 3 years US$ 218,504 Over due over 3 years US$ 1,677,632 Total RMB 47,490,437 Total RMB 12,083,317 Total US$ 1,896,136 The Group classifies certain financial assets such as financial products issued by banks expected to be realized in cash with highly liquid as financial investments. Those financial assets were accounted as fair value. Interest income, related realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in earnings. The Group regularly evaluates its financial investments for impairment or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. Financial investments also include investments in the Venture Capital funds (“VC funds”). The Group elected to use the measurement alternative to measure these investments at cost minus impairment, because their fair value is not readily determinable and do not qualify for the NAV practical expedient according to ASC topic 321, Investment-Equity Securities. F-32 Table of Contents (r) Deposits to institutional cooperators, net Starting from November 2019, the Group enter into a series of deposit arrangements with financing institutional cooperators, such as insurance company and financing guarantee company. The Group is required to pay deposits to those financial institutional cooperators monthly or in accordance with an agreed payment schedule. The amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator, usually calculated by multiplying the outstanding loan balance on the reconciliation date by an agreed percent rate (“the standard amount “). The agreed percent rate may be adjusted from time to time. If the balance of the deposits exceeds the standard amount or supplementary payment of deposit is needed, the financial institutional cooperators shall refund the excess part to the Group or the Group shall make supplementary payment of deposit in accordance with an agreed payment schedule. Deposits to institutional cooperators is stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for credit losses. The Group establishes an allowance based on estimates, the current and expected default rates, insurance premium/guarantee fee, the historical pay-out amounts, the outstanding loan balances, the forecasted loan facilitation amounts and the credit risk of institutional cooperators. The Group evaluates and adjusts its allowance for deposits to institutional cooperators on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Deposits to institutional cooperators are written off when deposits are deemed uncollectible. Deposits to institutional cooperators are recorded as current assets because the term of the underlying loan assets was 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2021, all deposits are refundable and none of them passed the original due date. (s) Property and equipment, net Furniture and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives: Computer and transmission equipment Furniture and office equipment Motor vehicles Leasehold improvements 3 years 5 years 4 years Over the shorter of the lease term or expected useful lives Gains and losses from the disposal are included in ‘Other income (loss), net’. (t) Intangible assets Intangible assets with finite lives represent domain name and purchased computer software. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives of the respective asset, which varies from 1 to 10 years. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life represent the insurance broker license purchased during 2018 and insurance sale on line license authorized in 2019, See Note 7. Intangible assets with an indefinite life is not amortized and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. (u) Impairment of long-lived assets Long-lived assets including intangible assets with definite lives, are assessed for impairment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Group measures the carrying amount of long-lived assets against the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with it. Impairment exists when the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset being evaluated. Impairment loss is calculated as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. No impairment loss was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are tested for impairment annually or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired accordance with ASC subtopic 350-30, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: General Intangibles Other than Goodwill (“ASC 350-30 “). (v) Long-term investments The Group accounts for long-term investments using either the cost or equity method of accounting depending upon whether the Group has the ability to exercise significant influence over investments. As part of this evaluation, the Group considers the participating and protective rights in the investments as well as its legal form. F-33 Table of Contents The Group uses the equity method of accounting for the long-term investments when the Group has the ability to significantly influence the operations or financial activities of the investee. The Group record the equity method long-term investments at historical cost and subsequently adjusts the carrying amount each period for share of the earnings or losses of the investee and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. Dividends received from the equity method investments are recorded as reductions in the cost of such investments. The Group records the cost method long-term investments at historical cost and subsequently record any dividends received from the net accumulated earnings of the investee as income. Dividends received in excess of earnings are considered a return of investment and are recorded as reductions in the cost of the investments. Long-term investments are evaluated for impairment when facts or circumstances indicate that the fair value of the long-term investments is less than its carrying value. An impairment is recognized when a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Group reviews several factors to determine whether a loss is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, the: (i) nature of the investment; (ii) cause and duration of the impairment; (iii) extent to which fair value is less than cost; (iv) financial condition and near term prospects of the investments; and (v) ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Long-term investments of the Group consist of five equity investments of PRC private companies. (w) Deposit payable to channel cooperators The Group co-operates with selected Fintech and other financial companies by connecting the borrowers referred by those companies to investors on the Group’s platform. As part of the arrangements, the selected companies also provide credit enhancements on the loans facilitated to the borrowers referred by them and are required to pay a certain amount of cash as deposit to the Group, from which the Group is entitled to deduct if they fail to compensate the defaulted loans on a timely basis. Any remaining balance of the deposit is released upon expiry of the co-operation agreements. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021 the total deposit amount that the Group received from Fintech and other financial companies were RMB21,472,235 and RMB21,012,235 (US$3,297,278) respectively. (x) Employee defined contribution plan Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on a certain percentage of the employee’s salaries. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions. The total amount that was expensed as incurred were RMB53,997,224 , RMB28,891,339 and RMB35,601,429(US$5,586,641) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. (y) Advertising cost Advertising costs are expensed as incurred in accordance with ASC 720-35 Other Expense—Advertising costs. Advertising costs were RMB64,357,939,RMB25,594,249 and RMB7,395,353 (US$1,160,492) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). (z) Origination and servicing expense Origination and servicing expense consists primarily of variable expenses and vendor costs, including labor costs, costs related to credit assessment, borrower acquisitions, payment processing services, fees paid to third party collection agencies, as well as interest expense paid to institutional investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts and Partnerships. (aa) Income taxes Current taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. F-34 Table of Contents Deferred taxes are provided using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax return. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the differences between financial statement carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are then evaluated to determine the extent to which they are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and projected future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are then reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount, in the opinion of management, that is more like than not to be realized. The Group accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of the benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon an audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position), the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefits to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefits that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties on income taxes are classified as a component of income taxes. (ab) Value added taxes (“VAT”) The Group is subject to VAT at the rate of 6% and 13% given that they are classified as general tax payers and at the rate of 3% as certain Consolidated Trusts and Consolidated Partnerships of the Group are classified as small-scale tax payers. VAT is reported as a deduction to revenue when incurred and amounted to RMB231,454,037 , RMB197,016,590 and RMB228,029,948(US$35,782,875) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in the line item of accrued expense and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. (ac) Segment information The Group uses management approach to determine operation segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”)for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance. The Group’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group operates and manages its business as a single segment. All of the Group’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were generated from the PRC. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, all of long-lived assets of the Group were located in the PRC. As the Group generates all of its revenues in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. (ad) Leases The Group adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”) from January 1, 2019 by using the modified retrospective method and did not restate the comparable periods. The Group has elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Group not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts as of the adoption date are or contain a lease, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date. The Group also elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components of contracts. Lastly, the Group elected the short-term lease exemption for all contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less. F-35 Table of Contents The Group determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at lease inception. For operating leases, the Group recognizes a ROU asset and a lease liability based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term on the consolidated balance sheets at commencement date. For finance leases, assets are included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets. As most of the Group’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Group estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. The Group’s leases often include options to extend and lease terms include such extended terms when the Group is reasonably certain to exercise those options. Lease terms also include periods covered by options to terminate the leases when the Group is reasonably certain not to exercise those options. Lease expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The ROU assets were recorded as “Other non-current assets”, and the current and non-current portions of the lease liabilities were recorded as “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other non-current liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group recognized operating lease ROU assets of RMB45,217,671 and RMB25,199,346 (US$3,954,327), total lease liabilities RMB44,486,728 and RMB24,350,514 (US$3,821,127), including current portion of RMB16,871,785 and RMB12,331,166 (US$1,935,029) for operating leases. The Group’s operating leases mainly related to office facilitates. As of December 31 2021, the weighted average remaining lease term was 1.38 years and the weighted average discount rate was 6.2% for the Group’s operating leases. Operating lease cost for the year ended 31 December, 2021 was RMB17,943,753(US$2,815,766), which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the year ended 31 December, 2021 was insignificant. For the year ended 31 December, 2021, no lease cost for operating or finance leases was capitalized. Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows: Cash payments for operating leases ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities Future lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2021 were as follows: Year ending December 31, 2022 2023 2024 2025 and thereafter Total future lease payments Less: Imputed interest Total lease liability balance As of December 31, 2021 RMB 20,298,560 — US$ 3,185,287 — Operating leases RMB US$ 17,559,142 4,753,618 4,844,256 3,503,856 30,660,872 6,310,358 24,350,514 2,755,413 745,946 760,169 549,831 4,811,359 990,232 3,821,127 As of December 31, 2021, additional operating leases that have not yet commenced were immaterial. (ae) Net income (loss) per share Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to the holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to the holders of ordinary shares as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary share equivalents, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. Ordinary share equivalents of stock options are calculated using the treasury stock method. However, ordinary share equivalents are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive, such as in a period in which a net loss is recorded. F-36 Table of Contents (af) Share-based compensation Share-based payment transactions with employees, such as stock options and restricted stocks, are measured based on the grant date fair value of the awards, with the resulting expense generally recognized on a straight-line basis in the consolidated statements of income over the period during which the employee is required to perform service in exchange for the award. (ag) Certain risks and concentrations Financial instruments that potentially expose the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, restricted cash, financial investments, accounts receivable and contract assets, deposits to institutional cooperators, loans receivables and loans at fair value. The Group’s investment policy requires cash and restricted cash to be placed with high-quality financial institutions and to limit the amount of credit risk from any one issuer. The Group regularly evaluates the credit standing of the counterparties or financial institutions. Financial investments that potentially subject the Group to credit risk mainly consist of investments in VC funds. The Group limits its exposure to credit risks associated with financial instruments by regularly conducting a credit review of the funds and their underlying investments. Accounts receivable and contract assets are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers in the PRC. The risk with respect to accounts receivable and contract assets is mitigated through the Group’s consistent credit risk management framework to the entire portfolio of loans in accordance with ASC 450-20. The Group also constantly monitor the financial condition and evaluates the credit quality of certain institutional funding partners and external financing guarantee companies from which the Group’s service fees are collected. Deposits to institutional cooperators are placed with financial institutional cooperators. The Group regularly monitors the financial condition and evaluates the credit quality of each institutional cooperator. Credit of loans receivables and loans at fair value is controlled by the application of credit approval, limit and monitoring procedures. No investor represented greater than 10% or more of the total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. There were no and two contract assets due from institutional funding partner and financing guarantee company that individually accounted for greater than 10% of the Group's carrying amount of accounts receivable and contract assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Financing guarantee company A Institutional funding partner B As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2021 Nil Nil 15.5 % 11.0 % As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, three and two institutional cooperators accounted for more than 10% of the Group's deposits to institutional cooperators, respectively. Institutional cooperator A Institutional cooperator B Institutional cooperator C Institutional cooperator D * Less than 10%. F-37 As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2021 43.9 % * 17.5 % 14.6 % 30.7 % 23.1 % * * Table of Contents The Company manages current payment risk of guarantee liabilities / financial guarantee derivative through a self-developed risk management model. The rating scale of risk management model takes into account factors such as identity characteristics, credit history, payment overdue history, payment capacity, behavioral characteristics and online social network activity. As of December 31, 2021, substantially all of the loans facilitated by the Group were insured/guaranteed by external insurance company or financing guarantee companies. (ah) Credit losses In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). The ASU introduced a new credit loss methodology, the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology, which requires earlier recognition of credit losses while also providing additional disclosure about credit risk. The Group adopted the ASU as of January 1, 2020, which resulted in an increase in the Group’s Allowance for credit losses (ACL) and a decrease to opening Retained earnings, net of deferred income taxes, at January 1, 2020. The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans, receivables and other financial assets measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The ACL is adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The CECL methodology represents a significant change from prior U.S. GAAP and replaced the prior multiple existing impairment methods, which generally required that a loss be incurred before it was recognized. Within the life cycle of a loan or other financial asset, the methodology generally results in the earlier recognition of the provision for credit losses and the related ACL than prior U.S. GAAP. The CECL methodology’s impact on expected credit losses, among other things, reflects the Group’s view of the current state of the economy, forecasted macroeconomic conditions and the Group’s portfolios. The CECL methodology also applies to certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as financial guarantees not accounted for as derivatives. The financial guarantees provided for the Group’s off-balance sheet loans accounted for under ASC 460 are in the scope of ASC 326 and subject to the CECL methodology. At the January 1, 2020 date of adoption, based on forecasts of macroeconomic conditions and exposures at that time, the aggregate impact to the Group was an approximate RMB22.99 million, or an approximate 8.03%, pre tax increase in the Allowance for credit losses, along with a RMB17.24 million after-tax decrease in Retained earnings and a deferred tax asset increase of RMB5.75 million. This transition impact reflects (i) a RMB11.64 million build to the Allowance for credit losses for the Group’s accounts receivable and contract assets; (ii) an increase of RMB3.15 million of Allowance for credit losses for the Group’s loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans; (iii) an increase of RMB2.10 million of Allowance for credit losses for the Group’s earnings rights associated with loan assets; (iv) an increase of RMB0.12 million of cash and equivalents; and (v) an increase of RMB0.22 million of guarantee liabilities. Under the CECL methodology, the Allowance for credit losses is model based and utilizes a forward-looking macroeconomic forecast in estimating expected credit losses. The model of the Allowance for credit losses would be considers (i) the uncertainty of forward-looking scenarios based on the likelihood and severity of a possible recession as another possible scenario; (ii) certain portfolio characteristics, such as portfolio concentration and collateral coverage; and (iii) model limitations as well as idiosyncratic events. (ai) Impact of COVID-19 The Company’s results of operations have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 which harms the Chinese and global economy in general in 2020. In the early onset of the third quarter of 2020, the Group’s business was already on track for a steady recovery. In July 2020, the Group’s total loan facilitation amount was back to the level in January 2020 before COVID-19, and so were the delinquency rates for outstanding loans. In 2021, the Group’s operational and financial results continued to show progress against the Group’s strategic objectives. The Company has also provided additional credit losses for accounts receivable and contract assets, other current assets and loans receivables in 2020 and 2021, due to the impact of COVID-19, other economic conditions and other factors. There are still uncertainties of COVID-19’s future impact, and the extent of the impact will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and severity of COVID-19, possibility of a second wave in China, the development and progress of distribution of COVID-19 vaccine and other medical treatment, the potential change in user behavior, especially on internet usage due to the prolonged impact of COVID-19, the actions taken by government authorities, particularly to contain the outbreak, stimulate the economy to improve business condition, almost all of which are beyond the Company’s control. As a result, certain of the Company’s estimates and assumptions, including the allowance for credit losses, require significant judgments and carry a higher degree of variabilities and volatilities that could result in material changes to the Company’s current estimates in future periods. F-38 Table of Contents (aj) Revisions of prior year In 2020, the Company identified certain amount should have been excluded from both origination and collection of loan principals related to Consolidated Trusts for the year ended December 31, 2019. As a result, the additional information about Level 3 loans and payable to investors measured at fair value, and “Principal payment of loans at fair value” and “Principal collection of loans at fair value” in the cash flows from investing activities of consolidated statement of cash flows for 2019 have been revised accordingly to reflect the immaterial error, which did not affect loans at fair value, payable to investors at fair value, cash and cash equivalent, cash flows from investing activities, or any other subtotal on the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows. (ak) Recent accounting pronouncements In May 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-04—Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). The FASB is issuing this Update to clarify and reduce diversity in an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning July 1, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements but does not expect this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. (al) Translation into United States Dollars The financial statements of the Group are stated in RMB. Translations of amounts from RMB into United States dollars are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00 = RMB6.3726, on December 31, 2021, as set forth in H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. The translation is not intended to imply that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into United States dollars at that rate on December 31, 2021, or at any other rate. F-39 Table of Contents 3. Fair value of assets and liabilities For a description of the fair value hierarchy and the Group’s fair value methodologies, see “ Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following tables present the fair value hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2020 Assets Loans at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Financial investments Total assets Liabilities Payable to investors at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Total liabilities December 31, 2021 Assets Loans at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Total assets Liabilities Payable to investors at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Total liabilities December 31, 2021 Assets Loans at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Total assets Liabilities Payable to investors at fair value Financial guarantee derivative Total liabilities Level 1 (RMB) Level 2 (RMB) Level 3 (RMB) — — 6,000,000 6,000,000 Level 1 (RMB) Level 1 (US$) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Level 2 (RMB) Level 2 (US$) 1,585,731,888 297,928,066 — 1,883,659,954 1,914,183,650 130,442,090 2,044,625,740 Level 3 (RMB) 389,679,352 11,816,799 401,496,151 462,714,400 565,953,269 1,028,667,669 Level 3 (US$) 61,149,194 1,854,314 63,003,508 72,609,987 88,810,418 161,420,405 Balance at Fair Value (RMB) 1,585,731,888 297,928,066 6,000,000 1,889,659,954 1,914,183,650 130,442,090 2,044,625,740 Balance at Fair Value (RMB) 389,679,352 11,816,799 401,496,151 462,714,400 565,953,269 1,028,667,669 Balance at Fair Value (US$) 61,149,194 1,854,314 63,003,508 72,609,987 88,810,418 161,420,405 Financial guarantee derivative The Group uses the discounted cash flow model to value the financial guarantee derivatives. Net cumulative expected loss rates represent expected default rate, prepayment rate and collection rate at inception, as significant unobservable inputs applied in the discounted cash flow model, which ranged from 4.79% to 17.87% and from 3.43% to 13.29% for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. F-40 Table of Contents The following table sets forth the asset side of Group’s financial guarantee derivative movement activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. Year ended December 31, 2020 Balance at December 31, 2019 Estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap(1) Less: Initially estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected(2) Add : Subsequent changes in estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected for outstanding loans(3) Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Add: Guarantee service fee received from borrowers Less: Compensation paid to financial institutional cooperators Balance at December 31, 2020 Potential maximum undiscounted amount payable (Remaining estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap at December 31, 2020) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 For loans facilitated in 2019 RMB (719,962,262) For loans facilitated in 2020 RMB Total RMB — (719,962,262) — — 1,268,778,377 1,151,250,106 1,268,778,377 1,151,250,106 57,152,814 57,152,814 818,427,767 155,618,319 — (41,440,640) 76,087,631 622,533,675 996,549,372 (297,928,066) 15,712,174 133,240,445 1,440,961,442 1,152,167,691 (297,928,066) — — 272,229,005 39,915,887 272,229,005 39,915,887 Year ended December 31, 2021 Balance at December 31, 2020 Estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap (1) Less: Initially estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected (2) Add : Subsequent changes in estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected for outstanding loans (3) Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Add: Guarantee service fee received from borrowers Less: Compensation paid to financial institutional cooperators Balance at December 31, 2021 Potential maximum undiscounted amount payable (Remaining estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap at December 31, 2021) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 Note: For loans facilitated in For loans facilitated in 2020 RMB 2021 RMB 3,842,853 — Total RMB 3,842,853 Total USD 603,027 — — 212,641,902 201,562,969 212,641,902 201,562,969 33,368,155 31,629,628 1,044,741 1,044,741 52,087,120 56,974,714 — — — 1,731,660 12,810,593 94,897,894 119,525,286 (11,816,799) 2,776,401 13,855,334 146,985,014 176,500,000 (11,816,799) 435,678 2,174,204 23,065,156 27,696,702 (1,854,314) 93,116,616 93,116,616 14,612,029 11,388,942 11,388,942 1,787,174 (1) Amount represents estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators which is the aggregated amount of guarantee fees, which would be the amount of loan principle multiplied by annualized guarantee fee ratio. The obligation is not influenced by default and early repayment of borrowers. (2) Amount represents estimated guarantee service fees to be collected for loans newly facilitated during each vintage period according to the guarantee service agreement with the borrowers, net of estimated defaults and prepayments. (3) Amount represents the subsequent adjustment to update the estimated net guarantee service fees to be collected for all outstanding loans as a result of changes in estimated default or prepayment rates. F-41 Table of Contents The following table sets forth the liability side of Group’s financial guarantee derivative movement activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. Year ended December 31, 2020 Balance at December 31, 2019 Estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap (1) Less: Initially estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected (2) Add : Subsequent changes in estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected for outstanding loans (3) Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Add: Guarantee service fee received from borrowers Less: Compensation paid to financial institutional cooperators Balance at December 31, 2020 Potential maximum undiscounted amount payable (Remaining estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap at December 31, 2020) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 For loans facilitated in 2020 RMB — 527,660,148 484,555,120 (12,675,358) 30,429,670 173,018,461 73,006,041 130,442,090 454,654,107 21,496,996 For loans facilitated in For loans facilitated in Year ended December 31, 2021 Balance at December 31, 2020 Estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap (1) Less: Initially estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected (2) Add : Subsequent changes in estimated net guarantee service fee to be collected for outstanding loans (3) Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative Add: Guarantee service fee received from borrowers Less: Compensation paid to financial institutional cooperators Balance at December 31, 2021 Potential maximum undiscounted amount payable (Remaining estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre-agreed Cap at December 31, 2021) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 Note: 2020 RMB (171,328,829) 2021 RMB Total RMB Total USD — (171,328,829) (26,885,232) — — 1,927,017,013 1,927,017,013 302,391,020 1,827,304,009 1,827,304,009 286,743,874 3,790,670 3,790,670 837,446,557 669,908,398 — 52,979,985 152,692,989 1,147,827,202 734,566,922 565,953,269 56,770,655 156,483,659 1,985,273,759 1,404,475,320 565,953,269 8,908,555 24,555,701 311,532,775 220,392,826 88,810,418 — — 1,192,450,091 1,192,450,091 187,121,440 110,763,906 110,763,906 17,381,274 (1) Amount represents estimated payment to financial institutional cooperators which is the aggregated amount of guarantee fees, which would be the amount of loan principle multiplied by annualized guarantee fee ratio. The obligation is not influenced by default and early repayment of borrowers. (2) Amount represents estimated guarantee service fees to be collected for loans newly facilitated during each vintage period according to the guarantee service agreement with the borrowers, net of estimated defaults and prepayments. (3) Amount represents the subsequent adjustment to update the estimated net guarantee service fees to be collected for all outstanding loans as a result of changes in estimated default or prepayment rates. F-42 Table of Contents The change in fair value of financial guarantee derivative primarily relates the Group’s estimated exposure in relation to the loans newly facilitated during the corresponding period, as the Group is obligated to compensate financial institutional cooperators under the guarantee arrangement based on the contractual guarantee fees charged to borrowers across the entire portfolio subject to a pre-agreed Cap rather than the actual guarantee fees collected from the borrowers. The change in fair value amount equals to the portion of amounts obligated to pay to financial institutional cooperators that are not expected to be collected from the borrowers due to the estimated default or prepayment. The derivative is increased by the guarantee fees collected from the borrowers upon receipt as the Group expects all the fees to be ultimately paid to financial institutional cooperators. When the payments are made to financial institutional cooperators, the derivative is reduced by the corresponding amount. The total loan products related to guarantee derivatives facilitated during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 were RMB22,050,765,318 and RMB25,229,094,745 (US$ 3,958,995,503), respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, financial guarantee derivatives related to certain financial institutional cooperators has an asset position of RMB297,928,066 and RMB11,816,799 (US$1,854,314) respectively, primarily due to the time lag between the payments to those financial institutional cooperators and the collection of monthly guarantee service fees from borrowers. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the cumulative amount paid to those financial institutional cooperators was less than the cumulative monthly guarantee service fees collected from borrowers. However, the total amount paid to those financial institutional cooperators was still within the pre-agreed Cap. The excess is expected to be fully collected from the borrowers during the remaining term of the underlying loans. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, financial guarantee derivatives related to certain financial institutional cooperators has a liability position of RMB130,442,090 and RMB565,953,269 (US$88,810,418). As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the maximum potential undiscounted future payment the Group would be required to make is RMB726,883,112 and RMB1,285,566,707 (US$201,733,469) which also reflects the maximum potential payment to financial institutional cooperators based on the pre- agreed Cap. The following table represents the outstanding loan balance, remaining weighted average contractual term and estimated default rate of the outstanding loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Outstanding loan balance Remaining weighted average contractual term (Month) Net cumulative expected loss rates (1) (1) Represent the net of default rate, prepayment rate and collection rate. Loans at fair value and Payable to investors at fair value As of December 31, 2020 RMB 11,349,182,478 8.16 5.75 % As of December 31, 2021 RMB 9,877,178,724 6.76 7.74 % As of December 31, 2021 US$ 1,549,944,877 6.76 7.74 % The Group has elected the fair value option for the loan assets and liabilities of the Consolidated Trusts that otherwise would not have been carried at fair value. Such election is irrevocable and is applied to financial instruments on an individual basis at initial recognition. As the Group’s loans and payable to investors in the Consolidated Trusts do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices, the Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these assets and liabilities. Financial instruments are categorized in the Level 3 valuation hierarchy based on the significance of unobservable factors in the overall fair value measurement. At December 31, 2020 and 2021, the discounted cash flow methodology is used to estimate the fair value of loans and payables to investors and institutional funding partners. F-43 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the loans and payables to investors and institutional funding partners of the Consolidated Trusts include the discount rate, net accumulative expected loss. These inputs in isolation can cause significant increases or decreases in fair value. Increases or decrease in the discount rate can significantly impact the fair value results. The discount rate is determined based on the market rates. Significant Unobservable Inputs Financial Instrument Loans and payable to investors at fair value Unobservable Input Weighted-Average Weighted-Average Discount rates Net cumulative expected loss rates (1) 7.77 % 5.88 % 6.46 % 5.92 % December 31, 2020 December 31, 2021 Range of Inputs Range of Inputs (1) Represents the net of default rate, prepayment rate and collection rate, expressed as a percentage of the loan volume. The following table presents additional information about Level 3 loans and payable to investors measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. Changes in fair value of loans and payable to investors are reported net as “Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income(loss). RMB Xiaoying Credit Loan RMB Xiaoying Credit Loan USD Xiaoying Credit Loan Balance at December 31, 2019 2,782,332,885 Origination of loan principal 1,521,546,428 Collection of principal (5,155,380,196) Reinvestment of principal 2,494,613,045 Change in fair value (57,380,274) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 5,031,830 Balance at December 31, 2020 1,585,731,888 Balance at December 31, 2020 1,585,731,888 Origination of loan principal 422,081,700 Collection of principal (3,427,158,051) Reinvestment of principal 1,816,290,599 Change in fair value (7,266,784) Balance at December 31, 2021 389,679,352 Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 (2,234,954) Balance at December 31, 2020 248,835,936 Origination of loan principal 66,233,829 Collection of principal (537,795,884) Reinvestment of principal 285,015,629 Change in fair value (1,140,317) Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 (350,713) Balance at December 31, 2021 61,149,194 Balance at December 31, 2019 Initial contribution Principal payment Changes in fair value Balance at December 31, 2020 Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2020 F-44 Payable to investors at fair value of the Consolidated Trusts RMB 3,006,349,475 1,537,760,000 (2,629,925,825) — 1,914,183,650 — Table of Contents Balance at December 31, 2020 Initial contribution Principal payment Changes in fair value Balance at December 31, 2021 Changes in fair value related to balance outstanding at December 31, 2021 Payable to investors at fair value of the Consolidated Trusts RMB 1,914,183,650 454,490,000 (1,905,959,250) — 462,714,400 — US$ 300,377,185 71,319,399 (299,086,597) — 72,609,987 — The unpaid balance of loans at fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 were RMB1,580,700,058 and RMB391,914,306 (US$61,499,907). The difference between the aggregate fair value and unpaid principal balance for loans at fair value is primarily attributable to the credit risk associated with the loan collections and time value of money, amounted to RMB5,031,830 and RMB2,234,954 (US$350,713) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The unpaid balance of payable to investors as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 were RMB1,914,183,650 and RMB462,714,400 (US$72,609,987). The difference between the aggregate fair value and unpaid principal balance for payable to investors at fair value is primarily due to the time value of money, amounted nil and nil respectively as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. The difference between the aggregate fair value and unpaid principal balance for both loans at fair value and payable to investors at fair value was recorded in Fair value adjustments related to Consolidated Trusts in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income(loss). Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a non-recurring basis The Group records its loans held for sale at fair value on a non-recurring basis when the fair value is less than the carrying amount. Given most of loans held for sale are traded with unrelated third party investors or institutional funding partners in a short period of time at face value, the Group determines that the face value of loans approximate its fair value upon origination and are classified as level 2 fair value measurement. Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value Financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and contract assets, other payable and short-term bank borrowings. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and contract assets, other payable and short-term bank borrowings approximate their fair value reported in the consolidated balance sheets due to the short term nature of these assets and liabilities. F-45 Table of Contents 4. Prepaid expenses and other current assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following: Earnings rights associated with loan assets(1) Prepaid expenses(2) Input VAT to be deducted Interest receivable of Consolidated Trusts Dividend receivable(3) Advance to employee Others Total prepaid expenses and other current assets As of December 31, 2020 RMB 258,012,040 57,084,166 64,367,796 11,359,212 — 1,510,410 11,442,695 403,776,319 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 99,235,400 19,325,954 63,867,418 7,889,836 15,000,000 1,205,085 6,603,785 213,127,478 2021 US$ 15,572,200 3,032,664 10,022,192 1,238,087 2,353,827 189,104 1,036,278 33,444,352 (1) In 2019, the Group purchased earnings rights of two loan assets from a related party without recourse (Note 13). The principal of the two underlying loans amounted to RMB100 million (Loan#1) and RMB280 million (Loan#2), respectively. Based on the earnings right transfer agreement, the Group obtains the contractual right to receive principal and interest payments of the underlying loans through the transfer of earnings rights from Jiangxi Ruijing and is obligated legally to absorb the credit risk. Therefore, the Group recognized the earning rights as other receivable under ‘Prepaid expenses and other current assets’. Loan#1 had been fully repaid in 2020. Loan#2 was advanced on May 9, 2019 and was due on November 9, 2019, and the interest rate applied is 8%. In 2019 and 2020, the maturity date of the entire Loan#2 had been extended to November 9, 2020 and November 9, 2021, respectively. As of the date of this report, Loan#2 had been fully repaid. The Group assesses the allowance for credit losses for the earnings rights of loan assets in accordance with ASC 326, taking reference with the credit ratings of the corresponding loan borrowers and applying the probability of default rates, based on the mapping of probability of default rates and external credit ratings. The following table presents the movement of the allowances for the credit losses for earnings rights associated with the loan assets: Total Total As of December 31, 2020 RMB 1,987,960 Reversal of provision of credit losses for earnings rights associated with the loan assets RMB (1,223,360) As of December 31, 2021 RMB 764,600 As of December 31, 2020 US$ 311,954 Reversal of provision of credit losses for earnings rights associated with the loan assets US$ (191,972) As of December 31, 2021 US$ 119,982 (2) Prepaid expenses mainly relate to prepaid service fee to the Group’s service providers. (3) The amount represents dividend receivable from Jiangxi Ruijing, one of the Group’s associates. F-46 Table of Contents 5. Deposits to institutional cooperators, net The following table presents the deposits to cooperators as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively: Deposits to cooperators Provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators Deposits to cooperators, net As of December 31, 2020 RMB 918,241,497 (10,318,117) 907,923,380 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 1,502,433,446 (2,026,696) 1,500,406,750 2021 US$ 235,764,593 (318,033) 235,446,560 Deposits to cooperators relate to the pledged cash to the Group’s financial institutional cooperators and the amount of deposit is separately agreed with each institutional cooperator.In 2020, to maintain the collaborative relationship with one of its institutional cooperator and to avoid any material adverse impact on the Group’s current business model and future transaction cost, the Group used deposits amounting to RMB970,000,000 to compensate for such institutional cooperator’s loss for the amount it had paid under investors’ or institutional funding partners’ claims arising from borrowers’ default to repay loans. The Group also assumed the right of subrogation and related rights against the defaulting borrowers, which were sold to a third party with the consideration of RMB10,000,000. The Group has recognized above loss of RMB960,000,000 as impairment of the deposits and has also provided an allowance for the potential losses of the remaining deposits, taking into account the underlying assets’ credit quality. As of 31 December, 2020 and 2021, the allowance of deposits to cooperators was RMB10,318,117 and RMB2,026,696(US$318,033), respectively. The following table presents the movement of the provision for deposits to institutional cooperators: Deposits to institutional cooperators Deposits to institutional cooperators 6. Property and equipment, net Property and equipment, net consists of the following: Computer and transmission equipment Furniture and office equipment Leasehold improvements Motor vehicles Total property and equipment Accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net As of December 31, 2020 RMB Reversal of provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators RMB 10,318,117 (8,291,421) Charge-off for deposits to institutional cooperators RMB — As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2,026,696 As of December 31, 2020 US$ Reversal of provision for credit losses on deposits to institutional cooperators US$ 1,619,138 (1,301,105) Charge-off for deposits to institutional cooperators US$ — As of December 31, 2021 US$ 318,033 As of December 31, 2020 RMB 22,107,077 3,663,257 21,682,197 816,103 48,268,634 (37,132,035) 11,136,599 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 19,521,668 2,781,360 22,803,702 816,103 45,922,833 (39,734,571) 6,188,262 2021 US$ 3,063,376 436,456 3,578,398 128,064 7,206,294 (6,235,221) 971,073 F-47 Table of Contents Depreciation expense was RMB10,544,813, RMB10,114,779 and RMB6,215,253 (US$975,309) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Disposal of property and equipment resulted in a gain of RMB2,389 during the year ended December 31, 2019, but a loss of RMB59,213 for the year ended December 31, 2020, and a gain of RMB180,537(US$28,330) in the year ended December 31, 2021. 7. Intangible assets, net Intangible assets, net consists of the following: Licenses (1) Software and others Accumulated amortization Intangible assets, net As of December 31, 2020 RMB 26,600,000 15,438,530 (4,598,123) 37,440,407 Weighted Average Remaining Amortization Period in Years As of December 31, 2021 US$ 2021 RMB 26,600,000 16,735,406 (6,518,422) 36,816,984 4,174,120 2,626,150 (1,022,883) 5,777,388 NA 3.03 (1) During 2018, the Group acquired an insurance broker license at a cost of RMB26,000,000. During 2019, the Group further acquired an insurance sale on line license at a cost of RMB600,000. Amortization expenses were RMB834,884, RMB1,800,749 and RMB1,920,299 (US$301,337) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. The Group expects to record amortization expenses of RMB1,910,149 (US$299,744), RMB1,531,321 (US$240,298), RMB1,316,290 (US$206,555), RMB1,316,290 (US$206,565) and RMB1,312,187 (US$205,911) for the years ending December 31, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026 respectively. 8. Short-term bank borrowings In January 2020, the Group set up a six-month loan amounting to RMB161,000,000 and repaid with interest amounting to RMB3,215,081 in July 2020. As of December 31, 2020, out of the secured one-year borrowings, RMB350,545,000 were secured by restricted cash of US$55,950,000. The weighted average interest rate of all short-term borrowings is 4.04% per annum as of December 31, 2020. The loan had been fully repaid during the year of 2021. In March 2021, the Group set up a six-month loan amounting to RMB100,000,000 and repaid with interest amounting to RMB1,715,417 in August 2021. As of December 31, 2021, out of the secured one-year borrowings, RMB166,500,000 were secured by restricted cash of US$29,050,000. The weighted average interest rate of all short-term borrowings is 3.17% per annum as of December 31, 2021. 9. Financial investments During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group invested financial products issued by banks of RMB6,000,000 and RMB30,000,000, respectively and these financial products have been fully collected in 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company recorded interest income from its financial investments of nil and RMB302,460(US$47,463) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group invested in an aggregate amount of US$13,000,000 in two VC funds, which were elected to be measured at the cost minus impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, no gain or loss from investments in VC funds was recognized in the consolidated financial statements. There was no any upward adjustment, downward adjustment including impairment, nor disposal of investment during the year ended December 31, 2021. F-48 Table of Contents The following table presents the carrying amount of investments in VC funds as of December 31, 2021: Opening balance Contribution Upward adjustment Downward adjustments including impairment Ending Balance 10. Long-term investments As of December 31, 2021 RMB — 82,843,800 — — 82,843,800 2021 US$ — 13,000,000 — — 13,000,000 During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Group invested RMB15,000,000 in cash for 10% of the equity interest in a private company which mainly operates computer services, advisory and car leasing & financing. The significant influence can be given by the Group as the Group has its representation on the board and thus equity method was applied. As the investee was unable to sustain an earnings capacity that would justify the carrying amount of the investment, the Group fully impaired the investment amounting to RMB12,538,280 and considered that such impairment is other than temporary in 2019. In 2017, the Group also invested RMB40,000,000 in cash of equity interests through nominee arrangement where the Group obtained all shareholder rights associated with the 40% equity holdings through contractual agreements with the nominal shareholder as the Group currently does not meet certain regulatory requirements to directly invest in such investee company. As the Group has significant influence over the private entity through its representation on the board, the investment was accounted for using the equity method. As of the date of this report, the investee company is in the winding up process and the Group has collected its capital contribution of RMB40,000,000 from the investee company. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group invested RMB225,000,000 in cash for 15% equity interest of a Jiangxi Ruijing Financial Asset Management Co., Ltd. (‘‘Jiangxi Ruijing’’), a PRC based asset management company through a nominee arrangement where the Group obtained all shareholder rights associated with the 15% equity holdings through contractual agreements with the nominal shareholder. Given that the Group has the ability to significantly influence Jiangxi Ruijing, the equity method of accounting was used. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group invested RMB3,500,000 in cash for 20% equity interest of a PRC based digital system service company, whereas the Group obtained less than 17% of the voting power of the investee. Given that the Group does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over investments, the cost method of accounting was used. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group invested RMB315,000,000 in cash for 45% equity interest of Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited, a PRC based software and information technology services company. The significant influence can be given by the Group as the Group has its representation on the board and thus equity method was applied. There are no differences between the amount at which these long-term investments were carried and the amount of the underlying equities in net assets. F-49 Table of Contents The following table presents the summary combined financial information for the investee companies as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021. Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Financial investments Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net Long-term investments Other non-current assets Total assets Liabilities: Short-term borrowings Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Long-term borrowings Other non-current liabilities Total liabilities Net revenues Net income 11. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following: Fund attributable to institutional funding partners (1) Accrued interest payable of Consolidated Trusts Professional fee payable Commission fee payable(2) Insurance fee payable(3) Lease liabilities Other accrued expenses Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities As of December 31, 2020 RMB As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 1,090,349,265 3,361,800,611 90,141,356 — 18,428,513 4,560,719,745 118,754,431 742,087,584 1,937,000,000 86,280 2,797,928,295 327,483,767 4,291,549,384 1,331,030,237 538,864,786 29,069,461 6,517,997,635 136,611,562 742,552,522 2,611,819,014 5,738,967 3,496,722,065 51,389,349 673,437,747 208,867,690 84,559,644 4,561,633 1,022,816,063 21,437,335 116,522,694 409,851,397 900,569 548,711,995 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 115,828,103 72,275,985 Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 49,496,340 315,420,375 19,386,938 123,545,201 As of December 31, 2020 RMB 16,485,383 25,320,873 27,648,350 101,285,353 65,906,706 16,871,785 70,229,980 323,748,430 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 68,931,284 1,219,993 25,874,860 81,862,576 14,360,705 12,331,166 64,385,966 268,966,550 2021 US$ 10,816,823 191,443 4,060,330 12,846,025 2,253,508 1,935,029 10,103,563 42,206,721 (1) Fund attributable to institutional funding partners relate to the principal and interest collected on behalf of the institutional funding partners but have not yet been passed onto them as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. (2) Commission fee payable relates to the commission fees payable to channel partners who introduce borrowers to the platform of the Group. The commission is typically determined based on the volume of traffic introduced, regardless of whether the introduced traffic becomes a borrower or investor on the Group’s platform. (3) Insurance fee payable relates to the insurance fees payable to ZhongAn who provides credit insurance to institutional funding partners. F-50 Table of Contents 12. Guarantee liabilities The movement of guarantee liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are as follows: RMB Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Internet Channel Total RMB Xiaoying Credit Loan Xiaoying Housing Loan Internet Channel Total RMB Xiaoying Credit Loan Internet Channel Total USD Xiaoying Credit Loan Internet Channel Total As of January 1, 2019 19,297,719 1,600,482 — 20,898,201 Provision at the inception of new loans Net payout(1) — 184,036 — 184,036 (6,333,472) 97,593 — (6,235,879) Released on expiration Contingent liability(2) (3,366,501) (1,752,115) — (5,118,616) 289,211 — 7,458,350 7,747,561 As of December 31, 2019 9,886,957 129,996 7,458,350 17,475,303 As of January 1, 2020 9,886,957 129,996 7,458,350 17,475,303 Provision at the inception ASU 2016-13 of new loans Adoption of 168,385 2,214 127,023 297,622 — — — — Net payout(1) 9,192,069 42,660 (3,761,403) 5,473,326 Released on expiration (14,162,703) (174,870) — (14,337,573) Contingent liability 55,034 — 825,914 880,948 As of December 31, 2020 5,139,742 — 4,649,884 9,789,626 As of January 1, 2021 5,139,742 4,649,884 9,789,626 Provision at the inception of new loans Net payout(1) 7,821,975 (4,625,600) 3,196,375 — — — Released on expiration (12,961,717) — (12,961,717) Reversal of provision for contingent liability — (24,284) (24,284) As of December 31, 2021 — — — As of January 1, 2021 806,538 729,668 1,536,206 Provision at the inception of new loans — — — Net payout (1) 1,227,439 (725,858) 501,581 Released on expiration (2,033,976) — (2,033,976) Reversal of provision for contingent liability — (3,811) (3,811) As of December 31, 2021 — — — (1) Net payouts represent the amount paid to investors and institutional funding partners or ZhongAn upon borrowers’ default net of the amount subsequently collected from the borrower if they paid back the loan. (2) The Group continued to recognize a contingent liability of RMB7,458,350 in 2019 relating to expected default loans referred by a cooperated Fintech channel partner who experiences business difficulties. In order to maintain the reputation among investors and institutional funding partners, the Group decided at its sole discretion to reimburse investors and institutional funding partners if the channel partner fails to fulfill its obligation to make the reimbursement. F-51 Table of Contents The maximum potential undiscounted future payment was nil as of December 31, 2021. The following table presents the maximum potential undiscounted future payments by product, remaining weighted average contractual loan term, and estimated net default rates as of December 31, 2020: As of December 31, 2020 Xiaoying Credit Loan Internet Channel (1) Total Maximum potential undiscounted future payment (RMB) 10,560,672 4,649,885 15,210,557 Maximum potential undiscounted future payment (USD) 1,618,494 712,626 2,331,120 Remaining weighted average contractual Estimated net term (Month) default rate 26.06 % 100 % 3.04 2.21 (1) Relates to loans referred from third party channel cooperators that has back to back guarantee arrangements with the Group. The Group co-operates with selected Fintech and other financial companies by connecting the borrowers referred by those companies to investors or institutional funding partners on the Group’s platform. Though it is the selected companies who provide credit enhancements on the loans facilitated to the borrowers, since 2019, the Group voluntarily provides guarantee service to the investors or institutional funding partners from its platform for reputational maintenance, if any indication of operational deterioration is found among these selected companies. The Group recognizes a contingent liability in 2019 relating to expected default loans referred by a cooperated Fintech channel partner who experiences business difficulties, which was minimal comparing with the cooperating scale. In 2020, the Group continues to voluntarily provide guarantee services to its institutional funding partners and estimates that its potential reimbursement would be maximized as no indication of operational improvement is found from the cooperated Fintech channel partner. As such, estimated net default rate is 100% as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the maximum potential undiscounted future payment that had been secured through use of collateral was nil. From 2018, the Group entered into a series of arrangements with various external asset management companies to provide guarantee service for an identified portfolio of loans facilitated on the Company’s platform and engages directly with the borrowers and investors on the platform. Throughout the loan term, borrowers pay the guarantee fee directly to the asset management companies. Upon the default of the borrower, the asset management companies directly compensate the investors and obtains the creditor’s rights of the loans. As a result, no guarantee liabilities have been recorded by the Group for the loan portfolio that are guaranteed by the asset management companies. 13. Related party balances and transactions In 2019, the Group transferred loan portfolios with an aggregate amount of RMB108.7 million to Zijinzhonghao(Zhejiang) Investment Co., Ltd. The considerations received by the Group were determined based on the outstanding loan balances on the transaction dates. In 2019, the Group purchased earnings rights of two loans from Jiangxi Ruijing. The considerations paid amounted to RMB100,000,000 and RMB280,000,000, respectively, which equal to the principal amounts of the underlying loans. In 2020, earnings right of the former loan (Loan#1) had been fully repaid. Earnings right of the latter loan (Loan#2) had been partially repaid by RMB20,000,000 and RMB160,000,000 in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and the remaining RMB100,000,000 had been fully repaid in January 2022. (Note 4(1)). The associated interest income amounted to RMB27,111,557, RMB28,774,549 and RMB17,269,246(US$2,709,921) in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In 2021, the Company entered into agreements with a financing guarantee company, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company's equity investee obtained in 2020. This financing guarantee company provides guarantee service for an identified portfolio of loans the Company facilitated and charges borrowers a guarantee fee, a portion of which will be subsequently paid to the Company as the service fee for the intermediary service the Company provide. During the year of 2021, this financing guarantee company provided guarantee service for 5.9% of the total loans the Company facilitated. The Company recognized total net revenue of RMB78,801,582(US$12,365,688) during the year of 2021 in connection with the service fees of facilitation service for loans that covered by this financing guarantee company. As of December 31, 2021, contract assets of RMB66,761,250(US$10,476,297) will be subsequently collected from this financing guarantee company. F-52 Table of Contents In 2021, the Group provided a loan of RMB150,000,000(US$23,538,273) to an associate of the Group, Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited, and the monthly interest rate applied is 0.5%. The loan had been fully repaid during the year of 2021. The associated interest income amounted to RMB750,000(US$117,691) in 2021. 14. Income taxes Cayman Islands X Financial is a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on either income or capital gain. Hong Kong Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, YZT (HK) Limited, a subsidiary of the Group located in Hong Kong, is subject to 16.5% income tax on its taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. No income tax expense for this entity has been recognized in the consolidated financial statements as it has no assessable income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. PRC The Company’s subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs established in the PRC are subject to an income tax rate of 25% for the years presented. As stipulated by the Taxation Law of the PRC, entities founded in certain industrial cooperation zones can be subject to a reduced enterprise income tax rate of 15%. One subsidiary became a qualified enterprise eligible to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% in 2019, and it was not qualified to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2020. One VIE in Shenzhen was a qualified enterprise eligible to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2019 to 2021. Moreover, a qualified software enterprise is entitled to a tax holiday consisting of a two-year exemption starting from the first profit-making year and 50% reduction for the subsequent three years. One subsidiary was a qualified software enterprise and was subject to the preferential tax rate of 12.5% from 2019 to 2021. Uncertainties exist with respect to how the current income tax law in the PRC applies to the Group’s overall operations, and more specifically, with regard to tax residency status. The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be considered residents for Chinese Income Tax purposes if the place of effective management or control is within the PRC. The implementation rules to the EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities will be considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting and properties, occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Group does not believe that the legal entities organized outside of the PRC within the Group should be treated as residents for EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC should be deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to PRC income taxes, at a statutory income tax rate of 25%. According to PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if an underpayment of taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or withholding agent. The statute of limitations will be extended five years under special circumstances, which are not clearly defined (but an underpayment of tax liability exceeding RMB0.1 million is specifically listed as a special circumstance). In the case of a related party transaction, the statute of limitations is ten years. There is no statute of limitations in the case of tax evasion. Tax yeas from 2015 to the current years for the Group’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to examination of the PRC tax authorities. Current tax expense (benefit) and deferred tax expense (benefit), which are substantially all attributable to the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs, are as follows: Current tax expense (benefit) Deferred tax expense (benefit) Total income tax expense (benefit) Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 71,809,290 (164,911,933) (93,102,643) Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (157,326,719) (142,551,916) (299,878,635) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 35,315,597 333,420,104 368,735,701 5,541,788 52,320,890 57,862,678 F-53 Table of Contents Income (loss) before income taxes and gain (loss) from equity affiliates for different jurisdictions is shown as follows: Cayman Islands Hong Kong entities PRC entities Total Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB (9,978,594) (140,208) 674,034,252 663,915,450 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (15,160,941) 911,529 (1,587,284,724) (1,601,534,136) 2021 US$ Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB (6,463,771) 948,973 1,196,315,182 1,190,800,384 (1,014,307) 148,915 187,727,958 186,862,566 A reconciliation between income tax expense computed by applying the PRC tax rate of 25% to income (loss) before income taxes and gain (loss) from equity in affiliates and the reported amount of income tax expense (benefit) is as follows: Expected tax at PRC rate Other expenses not deductible for income tax purposes Share based compensation expense not deductible for income tax purposes Effect of tax holiday and preferential tax rate(1) Effect of different tax rate of subsidiary operation in other jurisdictions Effect of change in tax rate Research and development tax deduction Unrecognized tax benefits for prior years' transfer pricing arrangement Tax on undistributed loss of VIEs Valuation allowance movement Others Total Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 165,978,862 27,243,710 39,101,140 (279,823,276) 2,853,547 — (12,657,389) — (46,419,145) 4,451,281 6,168,627 (93,102,643) Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (400,383,534) 26,628,325 20,035,035 2,160,562 3,712,755 (1,547,465) — 32,092,388 — 9,155,075 8,268,224 (299,878,635) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 46,715,642 297,700,096 3,817,136 24,325,078 3,469,336 22,108,693 (4,035,464) (25,716,398) 240,919 1,535,280 — — (2,203,187) (14,040,027) (3,489,855) (22,239,451) — — 15,595,550 99,384,200 (2,247,399) (14,321,770) 57,862,678 368,735,701 (1) The aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday and preferential tax rate are as follows: The aggregate amount tax benefit(expense) of the tax holiday and preferential tax rate The aggregate effect on basic and diluted net income per share: —Basic —Diluted Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 279,823,276 (2,160,562) 25,716,398 4,035,464 0.89 0.88 (0.01) (0.01) 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 F-54 Table of Contents The tax effects of temporary differences and carry forwards that give rise to the deferred tax balances at December 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows: Deferred tax assets: Long-term investments Accrued expenses Accounts receivable and contract assets Guarantee liabilities Financial guarantee derivatives Loan receivable from Xiaoying Housing Loans Loans receivable from Xiaoying Credit Loans and Xiaoying Revolving Loans Operating loss carryforwards Earnings rights associated with loan assets Deposits to institutional cooperators Investment in Consolidated Trusts Lease liabilities Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Property and equipment Long-term investments Right-of-use assets Investment in Consolidated Partnerships Total deferred tax liabilities As of December 31, 2020 RMB As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 5,325,000 27,280,677 79,593,687 62,048,651 157,281,000 16,551,270 60,479,731 214,313,889 496,990 2,579,529 808,113 9,479,662 636,238,199 (14,010,030) 622,228,169 581,854 6,778,801 9,214,921 — 16,575,576 5,325,000 36,045,445 28,982,373 1,017,108 199,865,748 16,456,881 79,578,524 43,644,917 191,150 506,674 11,509,170 6,599,483 429,722,473 (113,394,230) 316,328,243 488,150 4,142,756 6,299,837 30,528,966 41,459,709 835,609 5,656,317 4,547,967 159,606 31,363,297 2,582,444 12,487,607 6,848,840 29,996 79,508 1,806,040 1,035,602 67,432,833 (17,794,029) 49,638,804 76,601 650,088 988,583 4,790,661 6,505,933 On January 1, 2020, the Group adopted the ASC 326. The transition adjustment included a tax benefit of RMB5.75 million in retained earnings, which increased deferred tax assets by a corresponding amount. Movement of the valuation allowance is as follows: Balance as of January 1 Addition Balance as of December 31 As of December 31, 2020 RMB (4,854,955) (9,155,075) (14,010,030) As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ (14,010,030) (99,384,200) (113,394,230) (2,198,479) (15,595,550) (17,794,029) The Company operates through its subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs. The valuation allowance is considered on an individual entity basis. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Company had operating loss carryforwards of RMB921,429,605 and RMB207,062,455 (US$32,492,618) respectively from its subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs registered in the PRC. The net operating loss will expire in years 2022 to 2026, if not utilized. The tax benefit, net of valuation allowance, recognized during the year due to the generation of net operating losses that can be carried forward to future years amounted to RMB200,303,859 and RMB25,408,164 (US$3,987,095), respectively. The tax benefit utilised during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 amounted to nil and RMB196,077,136 (US$30,768,781) respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a deferred tax expense of RMB103,563,700 (US$16,251,404) for an increase in a valuation allowance as a result of a change in judgment about the ability of a subsidiary to utilize a beginning-of-the-year deferred tax asset in future years. F-55 Table of Contents The Group assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon its ability to generate sufficient future taxable income within the carryforward periods provided for in the tax law and during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. When assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, the Group has considered possible sources of taxable income including (i) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, including consideration of specific known trend of profits expected to be reflected within the industry, (iii) taxable income in prior carryback years and (iv) tax-planning strategies. On the basis of this evaluation, as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 a valuation allowance of RMB14,010,030 and RMB113,394,230 (US$17,794,029) was recorded respectively to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is not more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as the Group’s projections for growth. In accordance with the EIT Law, dividends, which arise from profits of foreign invested enterprises (“FIEs”) earned after January 1, 2008, are subject to a 10% withholding income tax. In addition, under tax treaty between the PRC and Hong Kong, if the foreign investor is incorporated in Hong Kong and qualifies as the beneficial owner, the applicable withholding tax rate is reduced to 5%, if the investor holds at least 25% in the FIE, or 10%, if the investor holds less than 25% in the FIE. A deferred tax liability should be recognized for the undistributed profits of PRC subsidiaries unless the Company has sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the undistributed dividends will be reinvested and the remittance of the dividends will be postponed indefinitely. Management has asserted it intends to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries located in the PRC. As of December 31, 2021, the FIE of the Group had cumulative profits of RMB2,265,192,430 (US$355,458,122). The related unrecognized deferred tax liabilities were RMB226,519,243(US$35,545,812) as of December 31, 2021. A deferred tax liability should be recorded for taxable temporary differences attributable to the excess of financial reporting amounts over tax basis amounts, including those differences attributable to a more than 50% interest in a domestic subsidiary. However, recognition is not required in situations where the tax law provides a means by which the reported amount of that investment can be recovered tax-free and the enterprise expects that it will ultimately use that means. The Group accrued deferred tax liabilities on the earnings of the VIEs of nil and nil as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. Unrecognized tax benefits A roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Balance at beginning of the year Additions for tax positions taken in prior years Additions for tax positions taken in current year Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years Balance at end of the year Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 246,394,607 32,092,388 34,252,413 (153,256,232) 159,483,176 Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB 159,483,176 — 19,087,010 (139,959,819) 38,610,367 2021 US$ 25,026,390 — 2,995,168 (21,962,750) 6,058,808 The accrued interest and penalties related to income taxes at December 31, 2020 and 2021 is set forth below: Accrued interest and penalties Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 11,885,624 Year ended December 31, 2021 RMB 1,154,145 2021 US$ 181,111 As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group’s unrecognized tax benefits consisted of: 1) RMB79,593,688 and RMB28,757,431(US$4,512,668) arising from impairment losses and charge-offs of accounts receivable and contract assets; 2) RMB47,797,100 and nil related to the provision for contingent guarantee liabilities; and 3) RMB32,092,388 and RMB9,852,936(US$1,546,140) arising from prior years’ transfer pricing arrangement. F-56 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, RMB34,252,413 and nil of the unrecognized tax benefits was presented in the consolidated financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward. As at December 31, 2020 and 2021, the unrecognized tax benefit balance of RMB32,092,388 and nil, if recognized upon examination settlement or statute expiration, would affect the effective tax rate. For the year ended December 31, 2020, interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits was RMB8,079,661, which was recorded as part of the income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2021, interest income related to unrecognized tax benefits was RMB10,731,479(US$1,684,003), which was recorded as part of the income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. 15. Net income (loss) per share and net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders The following table details the computation of the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share: Net income (loss) attributable to X Financial Shares (denominator): Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing basic EPS Basic net income (loss) per share Diluted effects of stock options and RSUs Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing diluted EPS Diluted net income (loss) per share Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 774,276,129 313,757,887 2.47 5,989,505 319,747,392 2.42 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (1,308,502,575) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 129,524,374 825,407,023 321,236,089 (4.07) — 329,230,273 2.51 7,650,808 329,230,273 0.39 7,650,808 321,236,089 (4.07) 336,881,082 2.45 336,881,082 0.38 Diluted income (loss) per share do not include the following instruments as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive: Stock options Restricted stocks units 16. Share-based compensation Share options Year ended Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, December 31, 2019 52,405,826 3,689,400 2020 52,198,603 6,285,294 2021 32,139,614 27,100,812 On January 25, 2015, the Board of Directors of X Financial approved the Share Incentive Plan for the purpose of providing incentives and rewards to employees and executives who contribute to the success of the Company’s operations, and granted 13,843,645 of stock options. On June 29, 2015, May 3, 2016, October 11, 2017, April 30, 2018, October 31, 2018 and April 30, 2019, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 630,000, 7,425,000, 16,616,000, 841,054, 475,000 and 155,000 stock options respectively to certain employees, directors and officers. The stock options shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. On May 9, 2018, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 40,000,000 share options to certain senior management. The exercise price was the offering price per share of the Group’s IPO which was US$4.75, and were eligible to vest, in whole or in part, when both the market capitalization milestone as well as the targeted adjusted net earnings were achieved subsequent to the IPO. The Company determined the service inception date to be May 9, 2018 and the grant date to be the date of the IPO. On November 10, 2021, the board of directors of X Financial decided to cancel 9,429,984 of unvested share options granted to certain senior management. F-57 Table of Contents The Company used the Binomial model to estimate the fair value of the options granted on the respective grant dates with assistance from independent valuation firms. The fair value per option was estimated at the date of grant using the assumptions. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the options for the years ended December 31,2019, 2020 and 2021 were RMB10.33, RMB9.99 and RMB9.58 per share respectively Fair value of underlying ordinary shares Exercise Price Expected Volatility per annum (“p.a.”) Risk-Free Rate (p.a.) Exercise Multiple Dividend Yield (p.a.) Time to Maturity (Years) January 25, 2015 RMB June 29, 2015 RMB May 3, 2016 RMB October 11, 2017 RMB April 30, 2018 RMB May 9, 2018 RMB 4.91 0.27 9.66 0.27 16.98 0.27 - 10.71 30.29 0.27 - 27.02 41.33 25.42 38.14 30.27 October 31, April 30, 2018 RMB 26.74 27.93 2019 RMB 16.65 31.96 43.00 % 38.00 % 2.33 % 2.5 NIL 10 1.81 % 2.5 NIL 10 42.00 % 1.81 % 2.5 NIL 10 38.60 % 45.47 % 2.35 % 2.96 % 2.5 NIL 10 2.5 NIL 10 39.3 % 2.94 % 5.58-38.33 NIL 5 43.90 % 30.15 % 3.15 % 2.97 % 2.5 NIL 10 NIL NIL 10 The risk-free rate of interest is based on the yield curve of government bonds in the PRC as of valuation date. The expected volatility is estimated based on annualized standard deviation of daily stock price return of comparable companies for the period before valuation date and with similar span as the expected expiration term. Prior to the IPO, the fair value of the ordinary shares was through a retrospective valuation as at each grant date, which used management’s best estimate for projected cash flows as of the valuation date with the assistance of an independent third-party appraiser. Subsequent to the IPO, the fair value of ordinary shares was determined by observable market price. A summary of option activity during the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below: Outstanding, as of January 1, 2021 Granted Exercised Forfeited/Cancelled Outstanding, as of December 31, 2021 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2021 Exercisable as of December 31, 2021 Number of Options 52,198,603 — 3,490,378 9,959,692 38,748,533 38,748,533 6,154,008 Exercise Price RMB 0.27-31.96 — 0.27 0.27-30.27 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 0.27-31.96 Remaining Contractual 4.07-8.33 — — — 3.07-7.33 3.07-7.33 3.07-7.33 Intrinsic value of options RMB 19,538,815 — — — 20,378,161 20,378,161 14,821,392 The Group recognized the compensation cost for the stock options on a straight line basis. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 the Group recorded compensation expenses of RMB150,943,580, RMB70,588,710 and RMB71,849,299 (US$11,274,723) respectively for the stock options granted to the Group’s employees. The Group allocated share-based compensation expense for share option as follows: Origination and servicing General and administrative Sales and marketing Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 88,671,136 60,445,030 1,827,414 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 35,885,086 32,794,113 1,909,511 Year ended December 31, 2021 US$ 3,349,639 7,635,108 289,976 2021 RMB 21,345,909 48,655,490 1,847,900 As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, there were RMB232,061,272, RMB85,785,176 and RMB11,094,017 (US$1,718,377) respectively of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted. As of December 31, 2021 that cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.27 years. There were no income tax benefits recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 for share options. F-58 Table of Contents Restricted stocks unit On April 15, 2019, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 150,000 of restricted stock units to certain directors. The restricted stock units shall vest over a period from two to three years. The restricted stock unites have no expiration period. On November 20, 2019, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 1,789,400 of restricted stock units to certain employees. On January 21, April 30, October 31, 2020, the Board of Directors of X Financial granted 4,600,000, 673,300 and 550,000 of restricted stock units to certain employees, respectively. The restricted stocks shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. On November 10, 2021, the board of directors of X Financial granted 26,657,998 of restricted stock unites to certain senior managements and employees. The restricted stock unites shall expire 10 years from the date of grant and vest over a period from three to four years. On August 13, 2019 and November 20, 2019, the Board of Directors decided to cancel 1,500,000 and 250,000 of unvested options of certain senior managements and concurrently granted 1,500,000 and 250,000 of restricted stock units as replacement awards to the senior managements. The incremental compensation expenses of RMB360,592 (US$51,796) was equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. A summary of restricted share units activity during the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below: Outstanding, as of January 1, 2021 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding, as of December 31, 2021 Number of Restricted Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value RMB 7,535,294 26,657,998 1,469,751 307,926 32,415,615 6.49 4.97 6.19 5.65 5.18 For the year ended December 31,2019, 2020 and 2021, the Group recorded compensation expenses of RMB6,172,515, RMB9,551,428 and RMB16,585,473 (US$2,602,623) respectively for the restricted shares granted to the Group’s directors and employees. The Group allocated share- based compensation expense for restricted share as follows: Origination and servicing General and administrative Sales and marketing Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB 446,808 5,717,025 8,682 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB 6,173,735 3,064,908 312,785 Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB 1,697,839 835,078 69,706 10,819,642 5,321,620 444,211 As of December 31,2019, 2020 and 2021, there was RMB34,246,159, RMB33,499,672 and RMB141,127,667(US$21,859,585) respectively of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted shares granted. As of December 31, 2021, the cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.66 years. There were no income tax benefits recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 for restricted stocks unit. 17. Statutory reserves and restricted net assets The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs incorporated in PRC only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The consolidated results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries. F-59 Table of Contents Under PRC law, the Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and the subsidiaries of the VIEs located in the PRC (collectively referred as the “PRC entities”) are required to provide for certain statutory reserves, namely a general reserve, an enterprise expansion fund and a staff welfare and bonus fund. The PRC entities are required to allocate at least 10% of their after tax profits on an individual company basis as determined under PRC accounting standards to the statutory reserve and has the right to discontinue allocations to the statutory reserve if such reserve has reached 50% of registered capital on an individual company basis. In addition, the registered capital of the PRC entities is also restricted. Amounts restricted that include paid-in capital, additional paid-in capital and statutory reserve funds, as determined pursuant to PRC GAAP, are RMB3,565,880,640 and RMB4,531,337,021 (US$711,065,659) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 respectively 18. Commitments and contingencies Operating lease as lessee As disclosed in note 2, the Group has adopted ASC Topic 842 on 1 January, 2019. These lease payments have been recognized as “Other non- current assets” and the current and non-current portions of lease liabilities have been recorded as “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other non-current liabilities” in the balance sheet as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, except for short-term leases. Contingencies On November 26, 2019, a putative class action complaint captioned Shivakumar Ningappa v. X Financial, et al., No. 657033/2019, was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County against the Group, certain of officers and directors, and the underwriters of initial public offering, asserting violations of the Securities Act of 1933 based on the Group’s September 2018 initial public offering. Two additional lawsuits were subsequently filed in the same court, containing substantially identical allegations. On February 5, 2020, all three lawsuits were consolidated under the caption “In re X Financial Securities Litigation,” No. 657033/2019, and a consolidated amended complaint (the “CAC”) was filed on February 14, 2020. On May 11, 2020, the Group filed a motion to dismiss the CAC in its entirety. On February 8, 2022, the matter was reassigned to a new judge. Following such reassignment, oral argument on Defendants’ motion to dismiss was scheduled for July 12, 2022. On December 9, 2019 a putative class action complaint captioned Xiangdong Chen v. X Financial, et al., No. 19-cv-06908-KAM-SJB, was filed in the Eastern District of New York against the Group and certain officers and directors, asserting violations of the Securities Act of 1933 based on the Group’s September 2018 initial public offering. The lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint (the “AC”) on July 13, 2020. The Group filed a motion to dismiss the AC on December 7, 2020. The court has referred the motion to the magistrate judge for a report and recommendation. On December 9, 2021, the magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (the “R&R”) concluding that Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Federal Action should be granted in full. The magistrate judge determined that all claims under the Securities Act of 1933 were time-barred by the applicable one-year statute of limitations and should be dismissed with prejudice, while the claims under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 failed for deficient allegations of fraudulent scienter and should be dismissed with leave to replead. The lead plaintiff in the Federal Action timely filed objections to the R&R on December 23, 2021, and Defendants submitted a response to plaintiff’s objections on January 6, 2022. On March 13, 2022, presiding District Judge issued a memorandum and order overruling plaintiffs’ objections, adopting the R&R in full, dismissing the Securities Act claims without leave to replead, and dismissing the Exchange Act claims with leave to file a further amended complaint within 30 days. On April 12, 2022, plaintiffs voluntarily dismiss the above-captioned action, with prejudice, as to all defendants. The Group is subject to periodic legal or administrative proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Group does not have any pending legal or administrative proceeding to which the Group is a party that will have a material effect on its business or financial condition. 19. Subsequent events In January 2022 and February 2022, the Group committed to invest US$10 million and US$3 million in two VC funds, respectively. As of the date of this annual report, the Group had made the capital contribution of US$2.5 million and US$3 million to those two funds, respectively. On March 3, 2022, the board of directors of X Financial granted 810,000 restricted stock unites to certain directors. The restricted stock unites shall vest over a period of three years. The restricted stock unites have no expiration period. F-60 Table of Contents SCHEDULE I CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY BALANCE SHEETS (in Renminbi “RMB”, except share and per share data) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Prepaid expenses and other current assets Amount due from subsidiaries and VIEs Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs Total assets Liabilities: Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total liabilities Equity: Common shares Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) Accumulated other comprehensive income Total equity Total liabilities and equity As of December 31, 2020 RMB 6,041,648 1,862,127 1,008,811,092 2,067,921,292 3,084,636,159 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 2021 US$ 4,771,477 371,460 1,077,449,147 2,899,792,086 3,982,384,170 748,749 58,290 169,075,283 455,040,656 624,922,978 9,880,123 9,880,123 5,489,209 5,489,209 861,377 861,377 202,870 3,068,045,239 (14,551,146) 21,059,073 3,074,756,036 3,084,636,159 206,793 3,159,522,737 810,855,877 6,309,554 3,976,894,961 3,982,384,170 32,450 495,798,063 127,240,981 990,107 624,061,601 624,922,978 F-61 Table of Contents CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (in Renminbi “RMB”, except share and per share data) General and administrative expenses Interest income Equity in profit (loss) of subsidiaries and VIEs Other income, net Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB (14,451,949) 77,030 785,350,473 3,300,575 774,276,129 14,606,045 788,882,174 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (18,494,095) 4,416 (1,293,341,634) 3,328,738 (1,308,502,575) (46,041,729) (1,354,544,304) Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 US$ RMB (9,577,576) 590 831,870,794 3,113,215 825,407,023 (14,749,519) 810,657,504 (1,502,931) 93 130,538,680 488,531 129,524,373 (2,314,521) 127,209,852 F-62 Table of Contents CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (in Renminbi “RMB”, except share and per share data) Net cash by used in operating activities (Loan to) Received from subsidiaries and VIEs Net cash provided (used in) investing activities Contribution from shareholders Dividend paid Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of foreign exchange rate changes Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents, end of year Year ended December 31, 2019 RMB (10,004,797) (199,179,173) (199,179,173) 6,035,665 (103,196,981) (97,161,316) 10,892,988 (295,452,298) 309,504,088 14,051,790 Year ended December 31, 2020 RMB (14,708,389) 6,818,106 6,818,106 543,594 — 543,594 (663,453) (8,010,142) 14,051,790 6,041,648 Year ended December 31, 2021 2021 RMB US$ (8,630,238) 4,545,040 4,545,040 2,959,511 — 2,959,511 (144,484) (1,270,171) 6,041,648 4,771,477 (1,354,273) 713,216 713,216 464,412 — 464,412 (22,672) (199,317) 948,066 748,749 F-63 Table of Contents SCHEDULE I—NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY 1. Schedule I has been provided pursuant to the requirements of Rule 12-04(a) and 5-04(c) of Regulation S-X, which require condensed financial information as to the financial position, changes in financial position and results of operations of a parent company as of the same date and for the same period for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented when the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25 percent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. 2. The condensed financial information has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the consolidated financial statements except that the equity method has been used to account for investments in its subsidiaries and VIEs. For the parent company, the Company records its investments in subsidiaries and VIEs under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investments are presented on the Condensed Balance Sheet as “Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs” and the subsidiaries and VIEs’ profit or loss as “Equity in profit (loss) of subsidiaries and VIEs” on the Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (loss). Ordinarily under the equity, an investor in an equity method investee would cease to recognize its share of the losses of an investee once the carrying value of the investment has been reduced to nil absent an undertaking by the investor to provide continuing support and fund losses. For the purpose of this Schedule I, the parent company has continued to reflect its share, based on its proportionate interest, of the losses of subsidiaries and VIE regardless of the carrying value of the investment even though the parent company is not obligated to provide continuing support or fund losses. 3. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, except as disclosed in Note 18, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long-term obligations, guarantees of the Company. 4. Translations of balances in the additional financial information of Parent Company—Financial Statements Schedule I from RMB into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00= RMB6.3726, as set forth in H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2021. The translation is not intended to imply that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into United States dollars at that rate on December 31, 2021, or at any other rate. F-64 Exhibit 8.1 List of subsidiaries, VIEs and significant subsidiaries of VIEs of the Registrant Significant Subsidiaries YZT (HK) Limited Xiaoying (Beijing) Information Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Xiaoying Puhui Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Xiaoying Information Technology Co., Ltd. VIEs Shenzhen Xiaoying Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Tangren Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. Beijing Ying Zhong Tong Rongxun Technology Service Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Beier Assets Management Co., Ltd. Significant Subsidiaries of VIEs Shenzhen Ying Zhong Tong Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Ying Ai Gou Trading Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Xiaoying Microcredit Co., Ltd. Hong Kong PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC PRC Place of Incorporation Place of Incorporation Place of Incorporation * considered in the aggregate as a single entity, they would not constitute a significant subsidiary. The subsidiaries of the Registrant’s subsidiaries incorporated in PRC and other subsidiaries of the VIEs have been omitted from this list since, (Confidential) Contract No.: Exhibit 10.1 Share Purchase Agreement On Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. November 1, 2021 Contents Article Article 1 Definitions Article 2 Share Transfer Article 3 Transfer Price and Payment Article 4 Conditions Precedent to Closing Article 5 Closing Date and Post-Closing Obligations Article 6 Representations and Warranties of the Seller Article 7 Representations and Warranties of the Purchaser Article 8 Undertakings of the Seller Article 9 Further Undertakings of Target Company and the Seller Article 10 Liabilities for Breach of Contract Article 11 Confidentiality Article 12 Costs and Taxes Article 13 Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution Article 14 Effectiveness and Miscellaneous Schedule I: Representations and Warranties of the Seller Schedule II: Designated Bank Account for Receipt of Purchase Price for the Shares Page 3 5 5 6 7 8 8 8 10 11 11 12 12 12 18 21 This Share Purchase Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”) is made and entered into on November 1, 2021 in Futian District, Shenzhen by and among: (1) Shenzhen Yingaigou Trade Co., Ltd. (深圳市赢爱购贸易有限公司), a limited liability company incorporated under the PRC laws, having its registered address at *********************, Shenzhen (hereinafter referred to as the “Purchaser” or “Shenzhen Yingaigou”); (2) Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. (深圳市新浩投资发展有限公司), a limited liability company incorporated under the PRC laws, having its registered address at *********************, Shenzhen (hereinafter referred to as the “Seller” or “Shenzhen SUNHOPE”); (3) Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. (沈阳天新浩科技有限公司), a company limited by shares incorporated under the PRC laws, having its registered address at *********************, Shenyang, Liaoning Province (hereinafter referred to as the “Target Company” or “Shenyang Tianxinhao”). The Purchaser, the Seller and the Target Company are hereinafter referred to collectively as the “Parties” and individually as a “Party”. WHEREAS, A. The Seller is the sole shareholder of the Target Company and holds 100% equity in the Target Company; B. The Parties agree that, the Purchaser purchases 45% equity in the Target Company from the Seller subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the “Acquisition”). NOW, THEREFORE, it is agreed that: Article 1 Definitions 1.1 Unless otherwise expressly provided herein or the context otherwise requires, the following terms in bold shall have the meanings ascribed to them below: “Affiliate” “Approval” “Shares” “Representations and Warranties of the Purchaser” Refers to any enterprise or other entity directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with any Party hereto, and if a Party hereto is an individual, any direct relatives of such individual; “control”, with respect to any Party, refers to the power to directly or indirectly direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Party, whether by way of ownership of securities, contract or otherwise, and “controlling” and “controlled” shall have meanings in connection therewith; “direct relatives” refer to spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, and siblings. Refers to any consent, approval, authorization, clearance, order, registration, filing, certification, grant of qualification, issuance of license, permit, or statement containing approval of, by and with any public, regulatory or governmental agency or department. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 2.1. Refer to all the representations, warranties and undertakings made by the Purchaser hereunder. “NewUp Bank” “Group Companies” “Closing” “Closing Date” “Confidential Information” “Day” “Security Interest” “Material Adverse Effect” “RMB” “Administration for Market Regulation” “Tax” Refers to the NewUp Bank of Liaoning. Refer to the Target Company, subsidiaries and branches of the Target Company, and subsidiaries and branches as the Target Company may establish and/or control from time to time; “Group Company” refers to any of them. Refers to this transfer of shares in accordance with the provisions hereof. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 3.2. Refers to the technical, engineering, operational, commercial, financial, economic or legal technologies, analysis data, process, procedures, manuals, designs, sketches, pictures, plans, drawings, specifications, reports, researches, discoveries, non-patented inventions and ideas and other information and know-how, that are in connection with the Target Company or its business operation, regarded as secret or confidential by any Party or any of its Affiliates, and provided by any Party or any of its Affiliates for the purposes of discussion and implementation of this Agreement and its relevant transaction. refers to calendar day. Refers to any mortgage, claim, lien, option, pledge, security interest, priority, call option, hypothecation, retention of ownership, right of offset, counterclaim, trust arrangement or other type of similar restrictions (including restrictions on use, voting, transfer, generation of income, or other exercise of owner’s equity). With respect to the Target Company or any Group Company, refers to any circumstance, change or effect which individually or jointly has the material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, assets or operating results of the Target Company or any Group Company, including but not limited to any circumstance, change or effect affecting the Target Company or any Group Company or the business of the foregoing, which: (i) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the existence, business, assets, intellectual property rights, liabilities, key employees, operating results or financial conditions of the Target Company or any Group Company, or (ii) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the qualifications, licenses or capabilities of the Target Company or any Group Company to conduct current business; or (iii) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the performance of major obligations under the Transaction Documents by the Target Company or any Group Company or the Seller or on the validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document. refers to Renminbi, the legal currency of the PRC. Refers to the State Administration for Market Regulation and its branches. Refers to any form of tax levied by central or local finance, taxation, customs “Transfer Price” “Transaction Documents” “Subsequent Supplementary Transaction Documents” “Costs” “Delinquent Taxes” or other authorities in the PRC, including any surcharge, fine or charge in connection therewith. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 3.1. Refer to this Agreement, the Shareholder Agreement, the restated articles of association, and other legal documents required for the Acquisition; ”Transaction Document” refers to any of them. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 2.3. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 10.4. Shall have the meaning set forth in Article 10.4. 1.2 Unless otherwise expressly agreed herein or the context otherwise requires: (1) Any contract, agreement or document mentioned shall refer to such contract, agreement or document as may be amended, supplemented or replaced from time to time; (2) Any person mentioned in this Agreement or other contracts, agreements or documents shall include the successor and permitted assign of such person; and (3) Any reference to terms or schedules shall mean the terms of or schedules to this Agreement. Article 2 Share Transfer 2.1 The Purchaser agrees to purchase and the Seller agrees to sell and transfer the 45% shares held by the Seller in the Target Company (“Shares”) at the Transfer Price subject to the terms and conditions hereof. 2.2 The Parties agree and acknowledge that, upon completion of the Acquisition, the shareholding percentage of the Parties in the Target Company is as follows: Name of Shareholder Shenzhen Yingaigou Shenzhen SUNHOPE Total Shareholding Percentage 45% 55% 100% 2.3 The Parties agree that, notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, the Purchaser may designate any other third-party entity to accept the transfer of all of its rights and obligations hereunder before the Closing Date. Where the Purchaser designates any other third-party entity to accept the transfer of all of its rights and obligations hereunder, the Purchaser shall give a notice to the Seller within 3 business days after making such decision. Upon receipt of notice from the Purchaser, the Seller shall complete the signing of a share transfer agreement or supplementary agreement substantially consistent with this Agreement, and other Transaction Documents relating to the Acquisition (“Subsequent Supplementary Transaction Documents”) with the third-party entity designated by the Purchaser as soon as possible, and this Agreement and other corresponding Transaction Documents signed by the Purchaser shall become invalid immediately after such agreement and Subsequent Supplementary Transaction Documents are signed. Article 3 Transfer Price and Payment 3.1 The Parties agree that, the share purchase price hereunder shall be denominated in RMB. The share purchase price payable by the Purchaser shall be RMB315,000,000 (“Transfer Price”). 3.2 The Parties agree that, within 5 business days after all conditions precedent set forth in Article 4.1 hereof are satisfied (or waived in writing by the Purchaser at its sole discretion) or on other date unanimously agreed in writing by the Parties (“Closing Date”), the Purchaser shall pay the first tranche of the Transfer Price of RMB165,000,000 (“First Tranche of Transfer Price”), and the Seller shall, within 1 business day upon receipt of the First Tranche of the Transfer Price, transfer and pay RMB150,000,000 therein to the Target Company, and the Target Company shall, within 1 business day upon receipt of RMB150,000,000 paid by the Seller to it, apply such amount in full to repay the borrowing under the loan contract (Contract No.: (Jie) 20210928) (“Loan Contract”) between the Target Company and Shenzhen Yingaigou. 3.3 The Parties agree that, within 5 business days after full repayment of the borrowing under the Loan Contract, the Purchaser shall pay the second tranche of the Transfer Price of RMB150,000,000 (“Second Tranche of Transfer Price”) to the Seller, and for the avoidance of doubt, the condition precedent to the Purchaser’s payment of the Second Tranche of Transfer Price is that the borrowing under the Loan Contract has been fully repaid, and if such condition precedent is not satisfied, then the Purchaser shall have no obligation to pay the Second Tranche of Transfer Price, and the Seller and the Target Company shall assume joint and several liability for compensation to the Purchaser with respect to the failure to apply the First Tranche of the Transfer Price for the agreed purpose. 3.4 The Parties agree that, the Purchaser shall pay the Transfer Price to the designated bank account set forth in Schedule II attached hereto in accordance with the provisions of Articles 3.2 and 3.3 hereof. The Purchaser shall be deemed to have completed the payment obligation of the Transfer Price when it pays the Transfer Price to such designated bank account. Article 4 Conditions Precedent to Closing 4.1 The Purchaser shall be obligated to conduct the Closing of the Acquisition only after confirming the satisfaction of all of the following conditions precedent (or waiver by the Purchaser at its own discretion). The Purchaser’s payment of the Transfer Price to the Seller shall be conditional upon the completion of the following obligations by the Seller and the Target Company: (1) The Purchaser has completed financial, legal and business due diligence against the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank, and satisfies with the results thereof; (2) The Transaction Documents have been signed and take effect; (3) The Seller and the Group Companies have completed all necessary pre-communication, governmental approval, registration and filing formalities (if required) for the completion of the Acquisition under the PRC Laws and Regulations, and have obtained the consents of any third party (if required); (4) The board of directors and/or the meeting of shareholders of each Party have approved the transaction; (5) The representations and warranties made by the Seller and the Target Company to the Purchaser in accordance with Article 6 hereof and Schedule I are true, accurate and not misleading; (6) The change registration with the administration for industry and commerce (“AIC”) for the Acquisition has been completed, and such AIC change registration has clearly reflected that: (i) the Purchaser holds a total of 45% equity in the Target Company; and (ii) the Target Company has set up a board of directors and the Purchaser has appointed a director to the Target Company, and the Target Company has provided the Purchaser with relevant supporting AIC documents, including but not limited to the scanned copies of the following originals: articles of association filed with the Administration for Market Regulation, updated register of shareholders and list of members of board of directors of the company (signed by legal representative and affixed with common seal), relevant decisions of shareholder/executive director or resolutions of the meeting of shareholders/board of directors, and other relevant documents; (7) As of the Closing Date, it is confirmed by the auditor appointed by the Purchaser that the balance of capital of the NewUp Bank is no less than RMB1,700,000,000; (8) As of the Closing Date, the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank carry out business in the normal course of business, and have no event or circumstance which has or is reasonably expected to have Material Adverse Effect on the business, financial condition, operation, operating results or future prospect of the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank; (9) There is no legal proceeding, contract, agreement or other arrangement arising out of the fault of the Seller, which has caused or may cause the Acquisition to be prohibited, restricted or otherwise impaired in all or material aspects, and no third party who otherwise objects, claims, or seeks other remedies against the Acquisition or who may impose restrictions or conditions or otherwise disturb the Acquisition. 4.2 The Seller and the Target Company shall make best efforts to ensure the conditions set forth under Article 4.1 relating to them to be satisfied as soon as possible. If any condition cannot be satisfied or waived (as the case may be) within 30 business days upon execution of this Agreement, the Purchaser shall have the right to postpone to a specific later date by written notice to the Seller. If any condition set forth in Article 4.1 still cannot be satisfied or waived (as the case may be) as provided in Article 4.1 after such postponement, the Purchaser shall have no obligation to conduct the Closing, and this Agreement shall automatically terminate and become invalid (except that Article 11 (Confidentiality), Article 12 (Costs and Taxes), Article 13 (Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution) and Article 14 (Effectiveness and Miscellaneous) shall survive). Article 5 Closing Date and Post-Closing Obligations 5.1 Subject to full satisfaction of all conditions precedent set forth in Article 4.1 hereof (or waiver of such conditions by the Purchaser in writing at its sole discretion), the Closing will be conducted in Futian District, Shenzhen or other place agreed by the Parties hereto in writing, on the Closing Date. From the Closing Date, based on the Shares acquired in the Acquisition, the Purchaser shall have all the rights granted to the Purchaser under the Laws and Regulations and the Transaction Documents. 5.2 On and after the Closing Date, the Purchaser shall pay the Transfer Price to the Seller in accordance with Articles 3.2 and 3.3 hereof. 5.3 If the Purchaser has not completed the financial, legal and business due diligence against the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank prior to the Closing Date, the Seller shall compensate the Purchaser for any potential losses suffered or any Costs incurred due to any material financial, legal and business issue (if any) discovered after the Closing, per the actual amount thereof. If it is reasonably estimated that such issue may affect the Purchaser’s decision to purchase the Shares, the Purchaser may demand termination of transaction and reinstatement, in which case, the Seller shall refund the Transfer Price to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser shall transfer the Shares back to the Seller. 5.4 The Purchaser agrees that if the Parties fail to complete the Closing finally, the Purchaser agrees to cooperate with the Seller in transferring back the Shares which have already been through the AIC change registration for transfer. Article 6 Representations and Warranties of the Seller 6.1 The Seller has the powers and authorizations to execute, deliver and perform the Transaction Documents to which it is a party. All actions required for the Seller to authorize, execute and deliver the Transaction Documents, perform all of its obligations under the Transaction Documents, and conduct filing of and obtain Approval for this Agreement (if necessary) have been or will be taken and completed before the Closing Date. 6.2 Except as disclosed herein, the Shares acquired by the Purchaser under this Agreement are legally and validly issued by the Target Company, fully paid-in, and non-assessable. The Shares are free from any encumbrance, including but not limited to any pledge or other Security Interest, warrant or other right of any person to obtain all or any part of the Shares, any restriction over the exercise of voting power, receipt of dividends or transfer of shares, and are not involved in or subject to any lawsuit, dispute or controversy. 6.3 All consents, Approvals, orders, authorizations, registrations, qualifications, instructions, declarations or filings required for the Seller to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and all other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, and complete the transactions contemplated hereunder or under the Transaction Documents, will be obtained and acquired from the governmental authority or any other competent authority. 6.4 The Seller as a shareholder of the Target Company irrevocably agrees on the date hereof to waive all preferences (including, without limitation, preemptive right, right of first refusal, co-sale right, right of prior notice, anti-dilution right, drag-along, liquidation preference, redemption right, etc. (if any)) as it may have towards the Target Company. If the Closing hereunder is not completed ultimately, such preferences of the Seller shall automatically revert. 6.5 The Seller shall make all the representations and warranties in Schedule II attached hereto to the Purchaser. Article 7 Representations and Warranties of the Purchaser 7.1 The Purchaser has the right to execute this Agreement, exercise its rights hereunder and perform its obligations hereunder. Once signed by the Purchaser, this Agreement will become a valid agreement binding upon and enforceable against the Purchaser (except that this Agreement needs to take effect after Approval by the approval authority). 7.2 The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Purchaser has not violated and will not violate in any material aspect the applicable laws or regulations in force on the date hereof and the Closing Date. 7.3 The Purchaser acknowledges that its execution of this Agreement relies on the Seller’s representations and warranties and other provisions hereunder. 8.1 The Seller undertakes to the Purchaser that all representations and warranties set forth in Article 6 and Schedule I of this Agreement are true, accurate and not misleading from the date hereof Article 8 Undertakings of the Seller to the Closing Date (inclusive), and acknowledges that the Purchaser enters into this Agreement on basis of such representations and warranties. 8.2 The Seller undertakes that it will timely inform the Purchaser in writing of any circumstance known to it and incurred prior to the Closing Date, which is or can be reasonably presumed to be in material breach of or inconsistent with the Seller’s representations and warranties. The Seller hereby undertakes to provide all information and documents relating to the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank as the Purchaser may reasonably require in order to understand the accuracy of and compliance with all representations and warranties of the Seller, prior to the Closing Date. 8.3 No rights and amounts claimed by the Purchaser against the Seller will be affected by whether the Purchaser has known about or investigated any information relating to the Seller, the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank (other than information contained herein or already disclosed by the Seller in the course of transaction or due diligence). 8.4 The Seller undertakes that, for any liability or loss suffered by the Purchaser after the Closing Date due to any matter prior to the Closing Date, regardless of whether such matter has been disclosed to the Purchaser or not, the Purchaser shall have the right to demand the Seller to fully compensate for any losses, damages, costs or fees (including, without limitation, reasonable legal or other Costs paid for enforcement or realization of compensation) suffered or incurred by the Group Companies and the Purchaser. 8.5 Where the Seller breaches its representations and warranties or materially breaches other provisions hereof, the Seller shall fully compensate for any losses, damages, costs or fees (including, without limitation, reasonable legal or other Costs paid for enforcement or realization of compensation) suffered or incurred by the Purchaser. 8.6 If, prior to the Closing Date, the Seller breaches the undertakings set forth in this Article 8 and/or has any material breach such as breach or non- performance of any other provision hereof (“Seller’s Breach”), the Purchaser may opt to continue Closing, or without prejudice to any other possible rights or compensation available, notify the Seller in writing to terminate this Agreement and claim for compensation, and the Purchaser shall not assume any liability or obligation (including, without limitation, specific performance of the obligations hereunder) to the Seller for such termination. 8.7 If the Purchaser continues to complete the Closing in accordance with Article 8.6, then the Purchaser may deduct from the corresponding Transfer Price for the Shares payable to the Seller, an amount equivalent to the losses suffered or Costs incurred by the Purchaser due to the Seller’s Breach. Where the Purchaser cannot receive full compensation from such deduction, the Seller shall compensate the Purchaser for the losses suffered or Costs incurred by the Purchaser due to the Seller’s Breach per the actual amount. 8.8 If the Purchaser continues to complete the Closing and it is determined after the Closing that there is any Seller’s Breach, then the Seller shall compensate the Purchaser for the losses suffered or Costs incurred by the Purchaser due to the Seller’s Breach per the actual amount. 8.9 In case of termination of this Agreement in accordance with Article 8.6, the Seller shall be liable for any costs and expenses (including, without limitation, reasonable legal, accounting or other Costs paid for enforcement or realization of compensation) incurred by the Purchaser due to Seller’s Breach or directly paid by the Purchaser due thereto. The further rights and obligations of the Parties shall immediately cease upon termination, without prejudice to the rights and obligations of the Parties accrued as of the termination date. Article 9 Further Undertakings of Target Company and the Seller 9.1 The Target Company and the Seller severally and jointly undertake to the Purchaser that it will procure that, prior to the Closing Date: (1) The Group Companies operate their daily business as usual; (2) The Target Company and the Seller shall timely notify the Purchaser in writing about any material potential or actual event which may affect the operation of the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank; (3) The Target Company and the Seller will make best efforts to provide any necessary assistance or documents for any legal, financial or business due diligence made by the Purchaser against the Group Companies and the NewUp Bank at any time before the Closing; 9.2 From the date when the Seller signs the decision of shareholder on consent to sale of the Shares of the Target Company to the Closing Date, the Target Company and the Seller undertake and procure the Group Companies will continuously operate as normal and usual in good faith, and make best efforts to maintain the business and the relationship with business partners. Without prior written consent of the Purchaser, the Target Company and the Seller shall procure the Group Companies not to carry out or cause to: (1) Amend the articles of association, unless such amendment is compulsorily required by laws or administrative regulations; (2) Sell, transfer, create encumbrance over, or otherwise dispose of the equity of the Group Companies, or permit any third party to have the right to purchase the equity of the Group Companies or become a legal or commercial right holder of the equity of the Group Companies; (3) Sell, transfer, create encumbrance over, or otherwise dispose of the equity held by the Target Company in the NewUp Bank, or permit any third party to have the right to purchase the equity held by the Target Company in the NewUp Bank or become a legal or commercial right holder of the equity held by the Target Company in the NewUp Bank; (4) Acquire, merge, purchase or create encumbrance over any assets owned by the Group Companies; (5) Sell, transfer, create encumbrance over or otherwise dispose of any intellectual property rights owned by the Group Companies; (6) Give up the directorship of the Target Company in the NewUp Bank or change the candidate of director appointed to the NewUp Bank by the Target Company; (7) Not to make any external payment of any amount or transfer funds or approve reimbursement without permission, except for scheduled external payment under existing contracts of the Group Companies and payment of current wages and rent of the Group Companies; (8) Enter into new business contract or make external investment; (9) Except under compulsory requirements of the legal or governmental department, (1) pay any severance pay or contract termination fee to any employee of the Group Companies, (ii) amend any employment agreement with any employee of the Group Companies, (iii) increase the compensation, bonus or other payable benefits (including severance pay or contract termination fee) of any employee of the Group Companies, and (iv) enter into employment agreement with any new employee; (10) Declare, pay or distribute any dividend or other bonus, or agree orally or in writing to declare, pay or distribute any dividend or other bonus; (11) Provide any borrowing to the shareholder of the Target Company, and the shareholder of the Target Company shall repay any existing borrowing (if any) provided by the Target Company to it before the Closing Date; (12) Waive or exempt any claim or right of the Group Companies, incur any new debt or financial indebtedness, loan or contingent liabilities; (13) Make or agree orally or in writing to make any material payment of tax, except that non-payment thereof will cause loss to the Group Companies; (14) Bring or resolve, or agree orally or in writing to bring or resolve, any lawsuit, arbitration or other proceedings which have material effect on its business; or (15) Enter into or agree to enter into any agreement or undertaking which may impede, restrict or delay the Acquisition, or affect relevant contractual terms or undertakings of the Acquisition. Article 10 Liabilities for Breach of Contract 10.1Where any representation or warranty made herein by any Party (“Breaching Party”) is false or wrong, or such representation or warranty is not timely or properly performed, such Party shall be deemed to have breached this Agreement. Where any Party fails to perform any of its undertakings or obligations hereunder, it shall be deemed to have constituted a breach of this Agreement by such Party. In addition to fulfillment of other obligations agreed herein, the Breaching Party shall compensate for and assume all losses, damages and costs (including, without limitation, reasonable attorney’s fee, audit fee, fee of financial advisor) and liabilities incurred or suffered by the non-breaching Party due to such breach. 10.2Without prejudice to any other provisions in this Article 10, if any Party fails to perform any of its obligations hereunder, the other Parties shall be entitled to demand the Breaching Party for specific performance of such obligations in addition to exercise of any other rights and remedies hereunder. 10.3Without prejudice to any other provisions in this Article 10, if the Seller fails to transfer the shares to the Purchaser completely subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Purchaser may unilaterally terminate this Agreement based on such substantial breach, and demand the Seller to compensate for the losses, damages and costs (including, without limitation, reasonable attorney’s fee, audit fee, fee of financial advisor) suffered by the Purchaser in connection with the Acquisition prior to such termination. 10.4Without prejudice to any other provisions herein, upon completion of the Acquisition, if the Group Companies are required to pay any damages, compensation, arrears, fines (including penalty interest) or costs (“Costs”) incurred prior to the Closing Date to relevant governmental authority and/or third party, and/or if the Group Companies has paid any surcharge relating to taxes prior to the Closing Date, undisclosed unpaid taxes, fines or penalties prior to the Closing Date (“Delinquent Taxes”), then the Seller shall be liable for such Costs and/or Delinquent Taxes, and compensate the Group Companies per the actual amount thereof within 7 days upon occurrence of such Costs and/or Delinquent Taxes. 11.1The Parties shall keep confidential the Confidential Information, and not use such Confidential Information for any purpose other than this Agreement, and not disclose the Confidential Information to any third party. Notwithstanding the foregoing restrictions, such confidentiality Article 11 Confidentiality obligation shall not apply to the information which: (1) is in or becomes a part of the public domain other than due to the fault of the Parties or their representatives, agents, suppliers or subcontractors; (2) is duly and legally received by the Parties from a third party, without confidentiality obligation or restriction of use when receiving from such third party; or (3) has been possessed by the Parties in writing without any restriction of use or disclosure, was not obtained from the other Party hereto for the anticipation of this Agreement. 11.2Notwithstanding, the Parties may disclose the Confidential Information to their employees, directors and professional consultants to the extent reasonably necessary to fulfill the purpose of this Agreement. The Parties shall ensure such employees, directors and professional consultants be aware of and abide by the confidentiality obligation hereunder. If the disclosure of any Confidential Information is required by the laws, or by any competent court or regulatory authority, the Parties may disclose such Confidential Information; provided however, all measures to the extent permitted by applicable Laws and Regulations shall be taken by the Parties to ensure the confidential treatment of such information. 11.3No Party may reproduce any Confidential Information it receives in any tangible, written or electronic form. Article 12 Costs and Taxes 12.1Except as otherwise provided herein, the Parties shall bear their own negotiation and implementation costs (including, without limitation, legal, accounting, financial, consulting, advisory and other relevant fees) in connection with this Agreement (including Schedules) and other definitive agreements and the Acquisition. 12.2The Parties shall be responsible for any taxes as may be payable by them due to completion of the Acquisition in accordance with this Agreement, provided that, if the Purchaser is obligated to withhold and pay Taxes under the Laws and Regulations, the Seller agrees that the Purchaser may conduct such withholding and payment. 13.1This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the PRC laws. Article 13 Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution 13.2It is agreed by the Parties hereto that any dispute arising out of or in connection with the execution of this Agreement shall be resolved by the Parties through negotiation. If such dispute cannot be resolved within 30 days after a Party issues a notice to demand negotiation, either Party may submit such dispute to the People’s Court of Futian District, Shenzhen for litigation. The Parties further agree that the defeated Party shall bear the costs and expenses (including but not limited to attorney’s fee) of the Parties arising from the litigation. 13.3Pending dispute resolution in accordance with this Article 13, except for the disputed matters, the Parties shall continue performing their corresponding obligations hereunder. 14.1Effectiveness Article 14 Effectiveness and Miscellaneous This Agreement shall take effect and be legally binding upon and enforceable against the Parties upon execution (“Effective Date”). This Agreement may be amended, changed or terminated after negotiation and consensus of the Parties hereto. Any amendment, change or termination must be made in writing and become effective upon execution by the Parties hereto. 14.2Termination (1) A Party may terminate this Agreement by notifying the other Party in writing at least 10 business days in advance, stating the effective date of termination, if: a) there is any material untruthfulness or gross omission in the representations or warranties of the other Party; b) the other Party fails to perform the covenants, undertakings or obligations hereunder in accordance with the provisions hereof, and fails to take valid remedies within 15 business days after written demand from such Party; or c) other circumstances agreed herein occur. (2) Unless otherwise agreed herein, upon termination of Agreement, the Parties hereto shall resume to the state at the execution of this Agreement as much as possible on the principles of equity, reasonableness and good faith. 14.3No Waiver Where any Party fails to exercise or delays in exercising any right, power or privilege agreed herein, it shall not constitute its waiver of such right, power or privilege. The single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege shall not exclude any future exercise of such right, power or privilege. 14.4Transfer This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefits of the Parties. Without prior written consent of the Purchaser, the Seller and the Target Company may not transfer any of their rights or obligations hereunder to any third party, or otherwise dispose of such rights or obligations. Without prior written consent of the Seller and the Target Company, the Purchaser may not transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder to any third party, or otherwise dispose of such rights or obligations. 14.5Amendment This Agreement may not be amended orally. Any amendment to this Agreement may only be made by the written document signed by the duly authorized representatives of the Parties and subject to Approval by the PRC approval authority. 14.6Entire Agreement (1) Matters not covered herein, if any, shall be agreed by the Parties in a supplementary agreement upon negotiation. Such supplementary agreement shall become a schedule to this Agreement, with the same legal effect as this Agreement. (2) This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter of the Agreement, and prevails over all previous discussions, negotiations, expressions of intent or understandings in connection therewith between the Parties. All previous documents, undertakings and agreements, whether orally, in writing or otherwise, with respect to the subject matter hereof, are hereby canceled without prejudice to any provision hereof. 14.7Notice All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be written in Chinese. Such notices or communications shall be deemed served (i) on the date of delivery if sent by personal delivery, courier service or other means of delivery by hand, (ii) on the date of fax if faxed, (iii) on the date of delivery if sent by registered mail or certified mail, with postage prepaid, or (iv) on the date when the email enters the server of the other Party if sent by email, to the following address. If to the Purchaser: Attn.: *************** Address: ***************, Shenzhen Email: *************** Tel: *************** If to the Seller: Attn.: *************** Address: ***************, Shenzhen Email: *************** Tel: *************** If to the Target Company: Attn.: *************** Address: *************** Email: *************** Tel: *************** 14.8Severability The invalidity of any provision hereof shall not affect the validity of any other provision, unless such invalidity will cause material negative consequence on the interests of the other Party hereunder, in which case, the Party whose interests are impaired may make adjustment in accordance with relevant provisions hereof. 14.9Miscellaneous The Parties agree that, if any standard share purchase contract signed as required by the Administration for Market Regulation for the purpose of registration is inconsistent with this Agreement, this Agreement shall prevail. [REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] (Signature Page of the Share Purchase Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be signed on the date first written above. Shenzhen Yingaigou Trade Co., Ltd. Legal Representative or Authorized Representative (Signature): Date: (Signature Page of the Share Purchase Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be signed on the date first written above. Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. Legal Representative or Authorized Representative (Signature): Date: (Signature Page of the Share Purchase Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be signed on the date first written above. Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. Legal Representative or Authorized Representative (Signature): The Seller hereby represents and warrants to the Purchaser that, except as those disclosed in writing, the following representations and warranties are true, accurate and not misleading from the date hereof to the Closing Date. Schedule I: Representations and Warranties of the Seller 1. Corporate Matters a) Organization, Legal Existence and Qualifications The Group Companies have been duly incorporated and established, and validly existing and comply with all registration and Approval requirements. The Group Companies have the corporate rights and authorization to own and operate their assets and properties and conduct their business in the current manner. b) Constitutional Documents The constitutional documents of the Group Companies delivered to the Purchaser are true and complete, and valid and not replaced by other documents as of the date hereof. All legal and procedural requirements and other formalities relating to such constitutional documents have been legally and properly followed in all material aspects. c) Options and Warrants Except as disclosed to the Purchaser, there are no outstanding options, warrants, rights (including conversion right or preemptive right) or agreements which can subscribe for or purchase from the Target Company any equity interest in the Target Company or any securities which may be converted into or finally exchanged into or exercised to obtain any equity interest in the Target Company. None of the shares of the Target Company or shares of the Target Company issuable upon the exercise of any outstanding options, warrants or rights is subject to restriction by the preemptive right, right of first refusal or other right which can subscribe for or purchase such shares due to any agreement or undertaking of the Target Company (whether in favor of the Target Company or any other person), or encumbrance in other aspects. d) Subsidiaries and Branches The full details of the Group Companies have been disclosed to the Purchaser. Except for those disclosed to the Purchaser, the Group Companies have no direct or indirect equity interest or interest of any other type in any other person. 2. Authorization and Validity of Transaction a) Authorization The Target Company has the powers and authorizations to execute, deliver and perform the Transaction Documents to which it is a party. All required actions for the Target Company to authorize, execute and deliver the Transaction Documents, perform all of its obligations under the Transaction Documents, and conduct filing of and obtain Approval for this Agreement (if necessary) have been or will be taken before the Closing Date. b) Shares The shares to be acquired by the Purchaser under this Agreement are legally and validly issued, fully paid-up, and non-assessable. The Shares are free from any encumbrance, including but not limited to any pledge or other Security Interest, warrant or other right of any person to obtain all or any part of the Shares, any restriction over the exercise of voting power, receipt of dividends or transfer of shares, and are not involved in or subject to any lawsuit, dispute or controversy. c) Consents and Approvals All consents, Approvals, orders, authorizations, registrations, qualifications, instructions, declarations or filings required for the Target Company to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and all other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, and complete the transactions contemplated hereunder or under the Transaction Documents, will be obtained and acquired from the governmental authority or any other competent authority. d) No Breach of Contract The execution and delivery of this Agreement and other Transaction Documents to which it is a Party by the Target Company or the Seller does not and will not: (i) Cause breach of, or constitute non-performance of, any contract to which it is a party or which binds upon its properties or assets, or cause the acceleration of any obligation under any Loan Agreement; or (ii) Cause contravention, violation or non-compliance with any applicable laws. 3. Compliance with Laws a) No Violation of Laws None of the Group Companies and the Seller is violating or has violated any applicable laws, which may give rise to any criminal or administrative penalty having Material Adverse Effect on the capacity of the Group Companies to operate business, or otherwise have Material Adverse Effect on the capacity of the Group Companies to conduct their current business. b) License The Group Companies have all permits, Approvals, authorizations, franchises and licenses necessary for them to operate the current business. The Group Companies have not breached or failed to perform any of such permits, Approvals, authorizations, franchises or licenses. c) Compliance with All Laws The Group Companies have been complying with all applicable laws in all material aspects when operating their business. The Group Companies have obtained all necessary registrations, permits and consents for them to own their assets and operate their business, and all such registrations, permits and consents are valid and existing, and there is no ground to suspend, cancel or revoke any registration, permit or consent. d) Operation of Business With respect to the main business of the Group Companies, the Group Companies have obtained and completed all Approvals, registrations, consents, authorizations, filings and procedures, etc. which are sufficient to affect such business, from and with relevant governmental authorities. e) Interference of Transaction No governmental authority or other third party: (i) Initiates or may initiate any legal proceedings, arbitration or administrative procedure against the Group Companies or the Seller; or (ii) Threatens to initiate any legal proceedings, arbitration or administrative procedure against the Group Companies or the Seller. f) Books, Records and Internal Control (i) The Group Companies have prepared and kept books, records and accounts with reasonable details to reflect the transactions and disposals of their assets accurately and fairly. (ii) The Group Companies have formulated and maintained internal accounting control system sufficient to reasonably ensure: (A) that only person with general or special power of attorney from the management may transact and acquire assets; (B) that the transaction records meet the needs for regular preparation of financial statements and traceability of assets; and (C) to compare the recorded assets and existing assets at a reasonable interval, and take appropriate actions against any difference. 4. Disclosure a) No Misrepresentation No representation, warranty or statement made by the Target Company or the Seller in this Agreement, any other agreement concluded with the Purchaser, or any appendix, schedule, declaration or certificate provided to the Purchaser under this Agreement has contained any misrepresentation of or omitted any material matter, which is necessary to ensure such representation not in any way misleading in the context from which it was made. b) Accuracy of Information Provided All the information provided to the Purchaser and/or its professional advisors by the officers and employees or professional advisors of the Target Company or the Seller are true, accurate and not misleading at the time of provision and as of the date hereof. c) Full Disclosure There is no undisclosed fact or circumstance about affairs of the Group Companies, the Seller or the NewUp Bank (including external liabilities and guarantee), which, if disclosed, may be reasonably expected to affect the Purchaser’s decision to purchase the Shares. Schedule II: Designated Bank Account for Receipt of Purchase Price for the Shares Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. Account Holder Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. Bank Bank Name: *************** Account Number *************** (Confidential) Contract No.: Exhibit 10.2 Shareholder Agreement On Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. AMONG SHENZHEN YINGAIGOU TRADE CO., LTD. (深圳市赢爱购贸易有限公司) SHENZHEN SUNHOPE INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. (深圳市新浩投资发展有限公司) AND SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. (沈阳天新浩科技有限公司) November 1, 2021 Contents Recital Section 1 Definitions Section 2 Basic Information of Company Section 3 Registered Capital Section 4 Representations, Warranties and Undertakings Section 5 Restrictions and Rights on Transfer of Equity Section 6 Preemptive Right Section 7 Meeting of Shareholders Section 8 Board of Directors, Supervisor and General Manager Section 9 Profit Distribution Section 10 Financial Systems Section 11 Right to Information Section 12 Labor Management Section 13 Effectiveness and Term Section 14 Dissolution and Liquidation Section 15 Breach of Contract and Liabilities for Breach of Contract Section 16 Termination Section 17 Confidentiality Section 18 Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution Section 19 General Provisions 3 3 5 6 6 7 9 9 11 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 This Shareholder Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”) is made and entered into on November 1, 2021 (hereinafter referred to as the “Signing Date”) in Futian District, Shenzhen, by and among: A. Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated under the PRC laws, having its domicile at ****************, Shenyang, Liaoning (hereinafter referred to as the “Target Company” or “Shenyang Tianxinhao”); B. Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated under the PRC laws, having its domicile at ****************, Shenzhen (hereinafter referred to as the “Original Shareholder” or “Shenzhen SUNHOPE”); C. Shenzhen Yingaigou Trade Co., Ltd., a limited liability company incorporated under the PRC laws, having its domicile at ****************, Shenzhen (hereinafter referred to as the “New Shareholder” or “Shenzhen Yingaigou”); The Target Company, the Original Shareholder and the New Shareholder shall be hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Parties” and individually as a “Party”. WHEREAS, the Target Company, the New Shareholder, and the Original Shareholder entered into the Share Purchase Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the “SPA”), whereby the New Shareholder will acquire 45% equity in the Target Company held by the Original Shareholder (hereinafter referred to as the “Acquisition”). According to the SPA, upon completion of the Acquisition, the shareholding structure of the Target Company will be as follows: Recital Name of Shareholder Shenzhen Yingaigou Shenzhen SUNHOPE Total Shareholding Percentage 45% 55% 100% NOW, THEREFORE, pursuant to the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China and other applicable Laws and Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, and on the principles of equality and mutual benefits, and upon friendly negotiation, the Target Company, the New Shareholder and the Original Shareholder hereby enter into this Agreement with respect to the joint investment in and operation of the Target Company by the New Shareholder and the Original Shareholder. 1.1 Definitions Section 1 Definitions In this Agreement, unless otherwise defined in the body, the following terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them below. Except as expressly defined herein, other terms shall have same meanings as those used in the SPA. “Affiliate” shall include affiliated company and connected person. An entity shall be deemed as the affiliated company of a Person if: (i) it directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or under common control with such Person; or (ii) more than fifty percent (50%) of its registered capital, voting power, equity or decision-making power is directly or indirectly owned by such Person (or vice versa); or (iii) such Person can direct, exert influence over or determine the direction of its decision-making, development, management and policies by contract, directorship or otherwise (or vice versa); or (iv) any connected person of such Person acts as its director, partner, shareholder or officer. “Connected person” refers to immediate relatives of a natural person, including his/her parents, spouse, siblings and their spouses, adult children and their spouses. “Control”, with respect to the relationship between two or more Persons, refers to the right or power to direct or cause the direction of the business, management or decision-making of a Person directly or indirectly, whether by means of ownership of equity, voting rights or voting securities, or by contract, contractual arrangement, trust arrangement or otherwise. Ownership of more than fifty percent (50%) of shares with voting power at the meeting of shareholders of such Person or the power to control the majority of the board of directors of such Person shall be presumed to constitute such right or power. “Business Day” refers to any business day on which banks in the PRC are open for business to the public (other than Saturday, Sunday and legal holidays). “Laws and Regulations” refer to the laws, regulations, ordinances, codes, bylaws, orders, rules, normative documents of the PRC or other applicable jurisdiction. “Person” refers to any individual, partnership, firm, limited liability company, corporation, association, trust, cooperation organization, unincorporated organization or other legal entity. “NewUp Bank” refers to the NewUp Bank of Liaoning. “Group Companies” refer to the Target Company, subsidiaries and branches of the Target Company, and subsidiaries and branches as the Target Company may establish and/or control from time to time; “Group Company” refers to any of them. “Material Adverse Effect” refers to any circumstance, change or effect affecting the Target Company or any Group Company or the business of the foregoing, which: (a) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the existence, business, assets, intellectual property rights, liabilities, key employees, operating results or financial conditions of the Target Company or any Group Company, or (b) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the qualifications, licenses or capabilities of the Target Company or any Group Company to conduct current business; or (c) will or could be expected, with abundant evidence, to cause any material adverse effect on the performance of major obligations under the Transaction Documents by the Target Company or the Original Shareholder or on the validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document. “Transaction Documents” refer to this Agreement, the SPA, the restated articles of association, and other legal documents required for the Acquisition; “Transaction Document” refers to any of them. “Closing Date” refers to the closing date under the SPA. “Required Actions”, with respect to any particular consequence, refer to all actions (if permitted by applicable Laws and Regulations) which are necessary or reasonably required to complete to ensure such consequence, including but not limited to: (i) voting for or providing a written consent or authorization in connection with the equity in the Target Company; (ii) causing the adoption of resolutions of shareholders and the board of directors, and making corresponding amendment to the Organizational Documents; (iii) signing all necessary agreements, forms and instruments; and (iv) obtaining or completing or causing the obtaining or completion of all approvals, registrations, filings or similar actions from and with any governmental authority in order to achieve such consequence. “Financial Report” refers to the (audited or unaudited, annual, quarterly or monthly) balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and other financial documents of the Target Company, together with all relevant notes and schedules. “Shareholder” refers to any shareholder that holds or controls the equity in the Target Company. “Board of Directors” refers to the board of directors or, in the absence of board of directors, executive director of the Target Company. “Senior Executives” refer to the general manager, CFO and other persons who are determined by the Board of Directors as senior executives, of the Target Company. “Operation Plan” refers to the operation plan (containing budget, investment policies and restrictions) prepared by the Target Company for the current fiscal year and each subsequent fiscal year and approved or updated by the Board of Directors on an annual basis. “Encumbrance” refers to any security interest, pledge, mortgage, lien (including but not limited to the right of revocation and subrogation right), lease, license, debt burden, preferential arrangement, third-party claim, restrictive undertaking, condition or any kind of restriction, including but not limited to any restriction on the use, voting, transfer, yields or on any other right or interest to exercise the ownership. “Organizational Documents” refers to the articles of association, bylaws, partnership agreement, limited liability company agreement, trust agreement or other incorporation documents of any Person. “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, and shall, only for the purpose of this Agreement, exclude Hong Kong, Macau Special Administrative Region and Taiwan. “RMB” refers to Renminbi, the legal tender of the PRC. 1.2 Other Provisions Concerning Definitions (a) Unless otherwise stated, references to article, section, schedule, appendix, recital or preamble herein shall mean the article, section, schedule, appendix, recital or preamble of this Agreement, and such article, section, schedule, appendix, recital or preamble shall be deemed an integral part of this Agreement; (b) The headings and titles herein are inserted for convenience only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement in any way; (c) When used herein, the word “including” shall be deemed to be followed by “but not limited to”; (d) Laws and Regulations defined or mentioned in this Agreement or any agreement or document mentioned herein refer to such Laws and Regulations as may be amended, revised or supplemented from time to time, including subsequent Laws and Regulations replacing the original ones; (e) When used herein, “hereof”, “herein”, “hereunder” and other words of similar meaning shall refer to the entire Agreement, instead of any provision of this Agreement; (f) Any equity of the Target Company acquired by any Shareholder after the Signing Date hereof shall be deemed as “equity in the Target Company”; (g) Any reference to any Person shall also include its permitted assigns and successors. Section 2 Basic Information of Company 2.1 Company Name Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. 2.2 Domicile **************** , Liaoning Province 2.3 Scope of Business Computer network technology, communication engineering technology, network engineering technology, technology development, technology transfer and technology consulting services for biological products, mechanical and electrical products; interior and exterior fitting-out and decoration engineering, building insulation engineering design and construction. (Items which must be approved under laws, may only be engaged in upon obtaining the approval from relevant departments.) 2.4 Compliance with Laws All activities of the Target Company and the acts of the Parties under this Agreement shall be bound and protected by the PRC Laws and Regulations, this Agreement, and the articles of association of the Target Company. 3.1 Registered Capital Section 3 Registered Capital The registered capital of the Target Company shall be RMB One Billion and Five Hundred Million Yuan (RMB1,500,000,000). 3.2 Contribution by the Parties Upon completion of the Acquisition, the contribution amount subscribed for by the Parties and their shareholding percentages will be as follows: Name of Shareholder Shenzhen Yingaigou Shenzhen SUNHOPE Total Shareholding Percentage 45% 55% 100% Each Party hereby represents and warrants to each of the other Parties that, as of the date when it signs this Agreement: Section 4 Representations, Warranties and Undertakings 4.1 Existence, Authority and Enforceability Such Party is a limited liability company or limited partnership registered or incorporated and validly existing under the PRC laws (only with respect to legal person), or such Party is a PRC citizen with capacity for civil rights and full capacity for civil conduct (only with respect to natural person). Such Party has absolute right and capacity to execute and perform this Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated hereunder. Such Party has obtained all authorities and completed all procedures to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated hereunder. This Agreement will, upon execution by such Party, constitute legal, valid, and binding obligations upon such Party, and may be enforced against such Party in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement (subject to restrictions set forth in bankruptcy laws or similar laws that generally affect the rights of creditor, and subject to the general principles of equity). 4.2 No Conflict The execution of this Agreement and performance of obligations hereunder by such Party will not: (a) cause breach of any provision of the Organizational Documents of such Party (only with respect to legal person); (b) cause breach of any agreement, contract, license, permit, approval, undertaking or other binding document or arrangement to which such Party is a party or which binds upon any of its/his business, assets or properties, or constitute a default under such document or arrangement, or require any consent or authority under such document or arrangement, or empower others to terminate, amend, accelerate, suspend, revoke or cancel such document or arrangement, or cause the creation of any Encumbrance over the equity or assets of the Target Company under such document or arrangement; or (c) cause violation of any Laws and Regulations or governmental instructions applicable to such Party. 4.3 Consent Except for any consent and authorization already obtained and for future registration with the administration for industry and commerce as required for the equity transfer, capital increase or liquidation carried out in accordance with this Agreement, the execution of this Agreement or consummation of any transaction contemplated hereunder by such Party does not require such Party to make or obtain any consent, waiver, approval, authority, exemption, registration, permit or announcement to and from any governmental authority or third party. The Original Shareholder hereby represents and warrants to the New Shareholder that, as of the date when the Original Shareholder signs this Agreement: 4.4 Waiver of Preference Before December 31, 2022, the Original Shareholder waives all preferences (including, without limitation, preemptive right, right of first refusal, co- sale right, right of prior notice, anti-dilution right, drag-along, liquidation preference, redemption right, etc. (if any)) as it may have towards the Target Company. The Original Shareholder hereby undertakes to the New Shareholder that: 4.5 Historical Assets, Claims and Debts The historical assets (which refer to other assets other than equity of NewUp Bank, same below), historical claims and debts (including, without limitation, claims and debts regarding the unsettled business (including but not limited to the trust investment advising business), claims over the non- performing assets transferred from NewUp Bank, debts arising from historical borrowings, etc.) and other actual or potential profits or losses, which are generated before the Closing Date or after the Closing Date but attributable to reasons before the Closing Date, shall be enjoyed and borne by the Original Shareholder, and none of the Target Company and the New Shareholder shall enjoy and bear any historical assets, claims or debts. Where the Target Company and/or the New Shareholder assume any liability externally with respect to the historical claims and debts, the Original Shareholder shall compensate the Target Company and/or the New Shareholder for the actual amount thereof. Besides, the current office building (Housing Property Ownership Certificate No.: Liao (2019) Shenyang Real Estate Ownership No.0161658) of the Target Company is one of the historical assets of the Target Company and excluded from this Acquisition. Upon completion of this Acquisition, if the New Shareholder proposes to continue to acquire all remaining equity of the Target Company, it shall pay to the Original Shareholder in a lump sum the aggregate of the purchase price, fitting- out costs and maintenance costs of such office building (and shall not exceed RMB4,400,000) as consideration. 5.1 Restrictions on Equity Transfer Section 5 Restrictions and Rights on Transfer of Equity (a) As of December 31, 2022 or until other date agreed in writing between the Original Shareholder and the New Shareholder (referred to as the “Long Stop Date” in this Article 5.1), without prior written consent of the New Shareholder, the Original Shareholder may not transfer or dispose of the equity in the Target Company held by it in any way, including but not limited to direct or indirect transfer of any part of the equity in the Target Company held by it, or creation of any pledge or Encumbrance over such equity. Any equity transfer in breach of this Article shall be invalid, and the transferee shall not enjoy the rights as shareholder of the Company, nor be deemed as a Shareholder by the Target Company. (b) For the avoidance of doubt, before the Long Stop Date, the provisions of Article 5.1(a) shall not be restricted by Article 71 of the Company Law, that is, where the Original Shareholder proposes to transfer the equity in the Target Company held by it and notifies the New Shareholder in writing to seek consent for its equity transfer, but the New Shareholder fails to reply within 30 days upon receipt of such written notice, it shall not be deemed that the New Shareholder has consented to such transfer; and if the New Shareholder does not consent to the transfer, it has no obligation to purchase such equity proposed to transfer, and the refusal of the New Shareholder to purchase such equity proposed to transfer shall not be deemed as its consent to such transfer. The Original Shareholder agrees that it shall not invoke the provision of Article 71 of the Company Law to defend against the right of the New Shareholder under this Article. Provisions of Article 5.1 (a) shall not apply after the Long Stop Date. 5.2 Right of First Refusal (a) Subject to Article 5.1, where any Shareholder transfers the equity in the Target Company held by it directly or indirectly, other Shareholders shall have the right of first refusal under the same conditions. (b) Where a Shareholder (hereinafter referred to as the “Transferring Shareholder”) intends to transfer or sell all or part of the equity in the Target Company held by it directly or indirectly to any Person (hereinafter referred to as the “Transferee”), the Transferring Shareholder shall immediately notify the other Shareholder (hereinafter referred to as the “Non-Transferring Shareholder”) in writing to truthfully inform the quantity of equity proposed to transfer and the price and main terms thereof. The Non-Transferring Shareholder shall have the right but not the obligation to purchase the equity in the Target Company proposed to transfer by the Transferring Shareholder in precedence to any third party under the terms and conditions offered by the Transferee to the Transferring Shareholder or proposed by the Transferring Shareholder to the Transferee, provided that the Non-Transferring Shareholder shall reply in writing to the Transferring Shareholder whether it will exercise such right, within twenty (20) Business Days upon receipt of the written notice from the Transferring Shareholder. Should the Non-Transferring Shareholder fail to reply the Transferring Shareholder in writing within twenty (20) Business Days upon receipt of the written notice from the Transferring Shareholder, it shall be deemed to waive the right of first refusal granted by this Article. (c) If the Non-Transferring Shareholder waives the right of first refusal granted by this Article 5.2, the Non-Transferring Shareholder undertakes that it shall be unconditionally obliged to provide all kinds of cooperation (including, without limitation, signing relevant documents, requiring the director(s) appointed by it to grant consent and make resolutions, etc.) to realize the Transferring Shareholder’s equity transfer arrangement. Where the Non-Transferring Shareholder fails to fully fulfill the cooperation obligation, giving rise to any restriction on the Transferring Shareholder’s equity transfer, the Non-Transferring Shareholder undertakes to accept the transfer of the equity proposed to transfer by the Transferring Shareholder at the price set forth in the notice given under Article 5.2 (b) by the Transferring Shareholder plus a simple annualized interest of 8% (and for the avoidance of doubt, a year shall be 365 days). 5.3 Assumption of Rights and Obligations by Transferee When transferring the equity in the Target Company held by it in accordance with the conditions and procedures provided herein, the Transferring Shareholder shall be responsible for ensuring: (a) the Person accepting the transfer of such equity will sign all necessary documents so that such Transferee will enjoy and assume the rights and obligations originally enjoyed and assumed by the Transferring Shareholder under this Agreement and the articles of association (or other Organizational Documents), and be bound by the provisions of this Agreement and the articles of association (or other Organizational Documents), as may be amended by the Parties from time to time; (b) The production and operation activities of the Target Company will not suffer any Material Adverse Effect due to the equity transfer. 6.1 Preemptive Right of Shareholders Section 6 Preemptive Right (a) If the Target Company increases registered capital, issues new shares, or makes subsequent financing in the future, the Shareholders shall have the priority to subscribe for the newly increased registered capital or new shares of the Target Company in proportion to their shareholdings in the Target Company (hereinafter referred to as the “Preemptive Right”). The price, terms and conditions for the Shareholders to subscribe for the newly increased registered capital or new shares of the Target Company shall be substantially same as the subscription or investment price, terms and conditions of other potential investors or subscribers. (b) The Preemptive Right of the Shareholders shall not apply to: (a) equity or shares issued by the Target Company under the employee stock incentive plan approved by the meeting of shareholders; (b) shares issued by the Target Company at listing; or (c) equity or shares issued by the Target Company for the stock split, dividend payment or similar transaction approved in accordance with this Agreement. 6.2 Notice of Preemptive Right Where the Target Company decides to increase the registered capital, issues new shares or makes subsequent financing, it shall give a written notice thereof to the Shareholders at least ten (10) Business Days in advance, which shall contain the terms and conditions for the increase of registered capital, issuance of new shares or subsequent financing (including, without limitation, corporate valuation, number of shares issued, total investment amount, issue price, investment percentage, and relevant preferences), and shall also give offer to the Shareholders for purchase of the increased registered capital, new shares issued or participation in subsequent financing on such conditions and at such price. The Shareholders shall notify the Target Company on whether they will exercise the Preemptive Right or not within twenty (20) Business Days upon receipt of such offer. If a Shareholder fails to notify the Target Company on whether it will exercise the Preemptive Right or not within twenty (20) Business Days upon receipt of such offer, it shall be deemed to waive the Preemptive Right granted in this Article. 6.3 Over-subscription Where a Shareholder waives its Preemptive Right to subscribe for the registered capital newly increased or new shares issued by the Target Company, other Shareholders shall have the pre-emptive right to subscribe for all or part of the newly increased registered capital or new shares so waived in proportion to their then relative shareholding percentages. The following rules shall apply to the meeting of shareholders of the Target Company: Section 7 Meeting of Shareholders 7.1 Meeting of Shareholders (a) The meeting of shareholders shall be convened by the Board of Directors. The meeting of shareholders shall include regular meeting and extraordinary meeting, and regular meeting will be convened once a year. When a regular meeting is convened, the time and place of and business to be transacted on the meeting shall be notified to the Parties twenty (20) days prior to the convention of such meeting. Where the Shareholder(s) representing more than one tenth (10%) of voting power, more than one third of directors, or the supervisor proposes to convene an extraordinary meeting, the extraordinary meeting of shareholders shall be convened and notified to all Shareholders fifteen (15) days prior to the convention of such meeting, provided that a decision may be directly made without convening a meeting of shareholders if the Shareholders reach unanimous agreement in writing and sign and seal on such decision. (b) The Parties may participate in the meeting of shareholders by phone, video conference or any other means of synchronous communication, provided that each Shareholder present at the meeting can hear the opinion of every other Shareholder. Besides, each Shareholder must have its identity confirmed, including but not limited to providing a written power of attorney to the Target Company when attending on site, and providing the power of attorney in writing or by email to the Target Company in advance when attending by phone, video conference or any other means of synchronous communication. No Shareholder without identity confirmation shall have the right to speak or vote at the meeting. (c) Other rules regarding the meeting of shareholders shall be further specified in the articles of association of the Target Company. 7.2 Voting at the Meeting of Shareholders The Shareholders of the Target Company shall exercise the voting power at the meeting of shareholders in proportion to their respective contributions. The following matters regarding the Group Company must be approved by the Shareholders representing two thirds or more voting power (and a resolution of Shareholders adopted without convening the meeting of shareholders will be valid if it has been sent to all the Shareholders by post, email or fax and approved in writing by the Shareholders representing two thirds or more voting power): (a) Amendment to the articles of associations; (b) Increase or decrease of registered capital; (c) Consolidation, split, merger, reorganization, or any transaction which leads to the change of control of the Group Company, whether via a single transaction or a series of transactions; (d) Liquidation, dissolution, termination; approval of liquidation report; resolution on any event which may lead to the dissolution, shutdown, bankruptcy or liquidation of the Group Company; (e) Change in the corporate form; (f) Any material change to the scope of business of the Group Company; any substantial change or termination of the main business of the Group Company; any engagement in business field which is completely different from the main business; or any substantial change to the Operation Plan of the Group Company; (g) Issue of bonds or other financing instruments; (h) Approval or substantial amendment of and to the annual budget or final accounts, annual Operation Plan (the annual financial budget and the annual Operation Plan are collectively referred to as the “Budget and Operation Plan”); approval of audited statements; (i) Approval or substantial change of the profit allocation plan and the loss make-up plan; (j) Sale, transfer, lease, license or disposal of, or creation of any mortgage, pledge, lien or other Encumbrance over, all or substantially all of the business, assets (including intellectual property rights, technologies, intangible assets, real estate, tangible assets, etc.) of the Group Company, whether via a single transaction or a series of transactions; (k) Establishment of any controlled subsidiary, partnership or joint venture; incorporation, dissolution or sale of any subsidiary, partnership, joint venture, or branch; (l) Approval of the qualified listing plan, including important terms and conditions of listing, such as place and time of listing, valuation, issue price, appointment of intermediary agencies (such as undertakers, investment banks or financial advisors), etc.; (m) Any change to the number of members or appointment and removal rules of the Board of Directors of the Group Company; increase or decrease of the decision-making power of the Board of Directors; election and replacement of directors of the Group Company, or determination of matters relating to remuneration of directors; (n) Approval of bonus or any profit distribution. For the avoidance of doubt, with respect to resolutions made by the meeting of shareholders of the Target Company regarding any matter concerning NewUp Bank, the Parties agree to procure the Target Company to cast votes consistent with the resolution of the meeting of shareholders of the Target Company at the level of NewUp Bank, in its capacity of shareholder of the NewUp Bank or via the directors appointed by it. Notwithstanding any other provision herein, if the New Shareholder makes any resolution with respect to the appointment of directors by the Target Company to the NewUp Bank (including but not limited to the nomination, removal, replacement, etc.), the Original Shareholder undertakes to fulfill all cooperation obligations (including but not limited to adopting resolution, etc.) to approve such resolution. The following rules shall apply to the operation of Board of Directors, supervisor, and general manager of the Target Company: Section 8 Board of Directors, Supervisor and General Manager 8.1 Composition of Board of Directors (a) The Target Company shall establish a Board of Directors. The Board of Directors of the Target Company shall consist of 3 directors, one appointed by the New Shareholder and two appointed by the Original Shareholder. The appointor may notify the Target Company in writing to appoint or remove the director(s) it appoints, who may not be appointed or removed by any other Party, and the tenure of any successor shall be the remaining tenure of the replaced director. The tenure of a director shall be three (3) years, and a director may continue to hold office if he is re- appointed by the original appointer. (b) The chairman of the Target Company shall be a director appointed by the Original Shareholder. The chairman shall be the legal representative of the Target Company. Where the chairman cannot perform his duties for cause, a director jointly selected by a majority of the directors shall perform such duties. 8.2 Meeting of the Board of Directors (a) The meeting of the Board of Directors shall be convened at least once a year and called and presided over by the chairman. The Target Company shall give notice of all regular meetings and extraordinary meetings of the Board of Directors to each director, and the convener of the meeting of the Board of Directors shall give a written notice to each director ten (10) Business Days in advance, stating the date, time, place and specific agenda of the meeting together with relevant documents and materials, provided that the notice of meeting of the Board of Directors may be exempted with unanimous consent of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may use written voting, instead of convening the meeting of the Board of Directors, for any resolution which will be deemed as adopted if sent to all directors by post or fax and signed by all directors in favor. (b) All directors who attend in person or by proxy shall constitute the quorum of the meeting of the Board of Directors. If a director is unable to attend the meeting, he may issue a written proxy to appoint another director or other person to attend on his behalf. Such proxy shall vote on behalf of such director. Where a director fails to attend any meeting of the Board of Directors in person or by proxy, he shall be deemed to waive the voting right on such meeting. (c) After each meeting of the Board of Directors, the meeting minutes shall be delivered to all directors as soon as possible for review. If any director would like to amend or supplement such minutes, he shall submit a written report indicating his opinion to the Target Company as soon as possible after receipt of such meeting minutes. The finalized and adopted meeting minutes shall be signed by all present directors and archived by the Target Company, the complete copies of which shall be promptly sent to the Parties and all directors. All meeting minutes and records of resolutions in lieu of the meeting of the Board of Directors shall be archived to the meeting minutes book of the Target Company, and kept at the legal address of the Target Company. (d) The Target Company shall bear all reasonable costs incurred by directors arising from attending the activities of the Board of Directors, including but not limited to costs for attending the meeting of the Board of Directors, and reimburse all reasonable miscellaneous expenses incurred by directors in connection with attending the meetings of the Board of Directors, including but not limited to the travel expenses and accommodation fee. (e) Other rules regarding the meeting of Board of Directors shall be further specified in the articles of association of the Target Company. (f) Each director shall have one vote during the voting on resolutions of the Board of Directors. The following matters regarding the Group Company (including the NewUp Bank) may only be approved with the affirmative votes of more than two thirds of the directors (which must include the affirmative vote of the director appointed by the New Shareholder). Except for the following matters, other matters requiring approval of the Board of Directors will be approved through resolution adopted by a majority of directors of the Board of Directors. A resolution of directors will be valid if it has been sent to all directors by post, email or fax and approved by all directors in writing, without convening the meeting of the Board of Directors. 1) Sale, transfer, lease, license or disposal of, or creation of any mortgage, pledge, lien or other Encumbrance over, the business, assets (including intellectual property rights, technologies, intangible assets, real estate, tangible assets, etc.), shares or interests of the Group Company (other than transactions requiring approval by the meeting of shareholders), if (i) the single amount exceeds RMB100,000, or (ii) it is beyond the Budget and Operation Plan deliberated and approved by the meeting of shareholders; 2) Merger with or acquisition of all or substantially all business, assets (including intellectual property rights, technologies, intangible assets, real estate, tangible assets, etc.), shares or interests of any third party, whether via a single transaction or a series of transactions, with a single amount of more than RMB100,000; 3) Establishment of any controlled subsidiary, partnership, or joint venture; incorporation, dissolution or sale of any subsidiary, partnership, joint venture, or branch; purchase or subscription for any shares, equity, voting power, claims, debts, securities or trust or other interest of any Person, with a single amount of more than RMB100,000; 4) Borrowing from any financial institution or third party by the Group Company, with an amount of more than RMB100,000 in a single loan or in 12 consecutive months on a cumulative basis; 5) Provision of any loan, advancement, or other financial support to any entity or individual (including, without limitation, shareholders, directors, employees, and Senior Executives), with an amount of more than RMB100,000 in a single transaction or in 12 consecutive months on a cumulative basis; or provision of any guarantee for the debts of any entity or individual (including, without limitation, shareholders, directors, employees, and Senior Executives); 6) Entry into any speculative swap, futures, or option transaction; 7) Except for the disclosed existing litigations of the Target Company arising from acquisition of the non-performing assets of the NewUp Bank, any legal action or arbitration initiated or settled by the Group Company, with an amount of more than RMB100,000 in a single case or in 12 consecutive months on a cumulative basis; 8) Any material change to the financial and accounting systems, engagement or change of auditor; 9) Approval of any employee stock incentive plan of the Target Company and any substantial amendment to such employee stock incentive plan (including, without limitation, any increase or decrease of the reserved equity under such employee stock incentive plan), or implementation or management of the employee stock incentive plan; 10) Any related party transaction between the Group Companies or between a Group Company and its shareholders, directors, or Senior Executives, with a single amount of more than RMB100,000 (except for remuneration under labor contract); 11) Adoption of any new financing plan; 12) Employment or dismissal of Senior Executives, or termination or change of major terms of or compensation package set forth in the labor contract of the foregoing person; 13) Entry into any transaction involving grant of exclusive right to any third party or restriction over the business development of the Group Company, or any contract or undertaking with an amount of payment of more than RMB100,000; or any change to any material contract which is materially adverse to the Group Company; 14) Expenses exceeding 10% of the annual Budget and Operation Plan (except for those duly authorized); 15) Waiver or exemption of any debt or material right, with an amount of more than RMB100,000 in a single waiver or exemption or in 12 consecutive months on a cumulative basis; and 16) Any matter which can be reasonably expected to have Material Adverse Effect on the Group Company. For the avoidance of doubt, with respect to resolutions made by the meeting of Board of Directors of the Target Company regarding any matter concerning NewUp Bank, the Parties agree to procure the Target Company to cast votes consistent with the resolution of the meeting of Board of Directors of the Target Company at the level of NewUp Bank, in its capacity of shareholder of the NewUp Bank or via the directors appointed by it. 8.3 General Manager (a) The Target Company shall practice the accountability system of general manager under the leadership of the Board of Directors, and shall have one (1) general manager who will be appointed by the Board of Directors. The general manager shall be directly responsible to the Board of Directors, implement the resolutions of the Board of Directors, and direct the daily business management work of the Target Company. (b) The general manager shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, with a tenure of three (3) years, and may be re-appointed. The general manager shall have the duties and responsibilities provided under the PRC Laws and Regulations and the articles of association and delegated by the Board of Directors. (c) Except with approval by the Board of Directors in accordance with this Agreement, the management of the Target Company shall not enter into any contract, agreement or letter of intent or any transaction with the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) or their affiliated companies. (d) The Board of Directors may remove the general manager at any time if he commits any malpractice or serious breach or dereliction of duty. The general manager may remove any other managers or their subordinates if they commit any malpractice or serious breach or dereliction of duty. 8.4 Supervisor (a) The Company will have no board of supervisors, but one (1) supervisor instead, who shall be appointed by the Original Shareholder. The appointor may notify the Target Company in writing to appoint or remove the supervisor it appoints, and the tenure of any successor shall be the remaining tenure of the replaced supervisor. The tenure of the supervisor shall be three (3) years, and such supervisor may be re-appointed by the original appointer. No director or Senior Executive may concurrently act as supervisor. (b) The supervisor shall exercise the following powers and duties: 1) To inspect the finance of the Group Company; 2) To supervise compliance of the directors and Senior Executive with their respective duties and propose the removal of any director or Senior Executive who violates any law, administrative regulation, or the articles of association; 3) To require any director or Senior Executive to take corrective action where he acts in a way that damages the interests of the Group Company; 4) To bring a lawsuit against any director or Senior Executive in accordance with the provisions of the Company Law of the People's Republic of China; and 5) Other powers as provided in the articles of association of the Target Company. (c) The supervisor may be present at the meeting of the Board of Directors without voting power, and make inquiries or suggestions on matters to be resolved by the Board of Directors. 9.1 Funds Section 9 Profit Distribution The Target Company shall appropriate 10% of the profit after payment of income tax as legal reserve and discretionary reserve in accordance with provisions of the PRC Laws and Regulations. 9.2 Dividends (a) Where the meeting of shareholders approves distribution of dividends out of the profits of the Target Company, then all after-tax distributable profits shall be distributed among all the Shareholders in proportion to their respective paid-in contributions. Where the meeting of shareholders decides not to distribute any profit, the after-tax profits shall be retained by the Target Company. (b) No profit distribution shall be made by the Target Company until making up any loss of previous fiscal year, and any undistributed profits of the previous fiscal year may be included into the profits of current fiscal year for distribution. 10.1 Chief Financial Officer Section 10 Financial Systems The chief financial officer shall report his work to the general manager and the Board of Directors. The financial accounting systems and procedures adopted by the Target Company shall be formulated by the chief financial officer under the supervision of the general manager, and submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. 10.2 Basic Financial Systems (a) The fiscal year of the Target Company shall be a calendar year from January 1 to December 31. (b) The Target Company shall use RMB as the recording currency in its financial and accounting work. Where the currency used for recording of cash, bank’s deposits, foreign loans and claims, debts, income and payment is different from the recording currency, such cash, bank’s deposits, foreign loans and claims, debts, income and payment shall be recorded in the actual receipt and payment currency. The exchange gains and losses arising out of exchange rate margin shall be handled in accordance with the foreign exchange transaction accounting processing methods issued by the Ministry of Finance, the Administration for Foreign Exchange and other governmental authority of the PRC. (c) All vouchers, books and statements of the Target Company shall be properly kept by dedicated person, and may not be altered or destroyed by anyone at will. (d) The Board of Directors shall engage an accounting firm registered in the PRC to be responsible for auditing and examining the financial and accounting documents of the Target Company. The audit results of the auditor shall be reported to the Board of Directors and the general manager. 10.3 Taxation The Target Company shall ensure all Group Companies will prepare and submit on time national and local tax returns in accordance with the applicable Laws and Regulations and requirements of competent governmental authorities, and pay the due taxes on time and in full in accordance with the applicable Laws and Regulations and the tax returns. The Target Company shall ensure all Group Companies to make their best efforts to obtain the most favorable tax treatment permitted under applicable Laws and Regulations. 11.1 Information Right (a) The Target Company shall submit the information and materials to all the Shareholders as required below: Section 11 Information Right 1) Within ninety (90) days after the end of each year, submit the annual financial statements and auditor’s report of the Group Companies audited by an audit firm acceptable to the Shareholders in accordance with the PRC accounting principles (which shall include their major equity investment, that is, financial statements and relevant materials of the NewUp Bank); 2) Within ten (10) Business Days after the end of each quarter, submit the unaudited quarterly financial report of the Group Companies prepared in accordance with the PRC accounting principles (which shall include their major equity investment, that is, financial statements and relevant materials of the NewUp Bank), and any quarterly budget, capital expenditure plan, loan limit and business plan (if any); 3) At least thirty (30) days prior to the start of a new fiscal year, the annual budget plan, capital expenditure plan, loan limit and annual business plan for the Group Companies approved by the Board of Directors of the Target Company (including approval by the director appointed by the New Shareholder); 4) Other information associated with the operation and finance of the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) as the Shareholders may reasonably require. The Target Company shall provide the Shareholders with any information which may have Material Adverse Effect on the business, operation, finance or development prospect of the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank), within two (2) days upon its knowledge of such information. (b) The Shareholders may consult the monthly, quarterly and annual operation records, accounting records, books and Financial Report at any time. The Shareholders may independently engage a third party to conduct financial audit over the Group Companies annually, and the Group Companies shall actively cooperate therewith and provide necessary conditions and materials so that the Shareholders of the Target Company can complete such audit and investigation work. 11.2 Suggestion Right Without prejudice to other provisions hereof, with respect to the operation, management and any other matter of the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank), the Shareholders may propose suggestions to and discuss with the Target Company and the management, and the Target Company and the management shall seriously consider and accept reasonable suggestions from the Shareholders. 12.1 Labor Contract Section 12 Labor Management The Target Company shall ensure all Group Companies enter into formal labor contract with each employee in accordance with the provisions of the PRC Laws and Regulations. 12.2 Labor Systems (a) The Target Company shall ensure all Group Companies comply with the PRC Laws and Regulations on labor and welfare in all aspects. (b) All plans on the recruitment, employment, dismissal, resignation, salary, welfare, and discipline of and concerning employees of the Target Company shall be formulated by the general manager in accordance with the applicable PRC Laws and Regulations and deliberated and adopted by the Board of Directors. (c) The Group Companies shall recruit staff in accordance with the Laws and Regulations, and staff must be subject to a probation period after entry into the Target Company and all Group Companies. During the probation period, a labor contract must be concluded. Upon expiry of the probation period, such staff shall become formal regular employees. The labor contract shall include compensation package, matters to be followed, signature of the employer and the employee, etc. Section 13 Effectiveness and Term 13.1 Effectiveness This Agreement shall take effect and be legally binding upon the signing Parties immediately from the date of be duly executed. For the convenience of completing relevant governmental procedures, the Parties shall enter into separate contract, agreement or document in connection with matters hereunder as required by relevant governmental authorities, provided that in case of any conflict or inconsistency between such contract, agreement or document and this Agreement, this Agreement shall prevail. 13.2 Term The term of this Agreement shall commence from the time of signature and end on the expiry of duration of the Target Company or dissolution of the Target Company (unless early terminated in accordance with this Agreement). 14.1 Reason for Dissolution of the Company Section 14 Dissolution and Liquidation Any Shareholder may request to convene a meeting of shareholders to discuss early dissolution of the Target Company if: (a) A Party fails to perform its substantial obligations hereunder due to force majeure event, which lasts for six (6) months or longer, giving rise to the termination of this Agreement; (b) The Target Company is revoked off its business license, ordered to close or canceled according to the laws; (c) Any circumstance for dissolution or early termination of the Target Company provided under the applicable PRC Laws and Regulations or the articles of association of the Target Company or resolved by the meeting of shareholders of the Target Company takes place. In case of any event listed above, the meeting of shareholders shall convene a meeting to discuss the dissolution of the Target Company within thirty (30) days upon receipt of the request for convening such meeting from either Party. The Parties shall discuss on such meeting and make best efforts to reach a solution acceptable to the Parties, and if the Parties cannot reach consensus on the solution, the Parties shall liquidate the Target Company in accordance with the Laws and Regulations. 14.2 Liquidation (a) Where any cause which requires the liquidation of the Target Company under the Laws and Regulations or as agreed by the Parties takes place, the Target Company shall carry out liquidation in accordance with applicable PRC Laws and Regulations. (b) After adopting resolution on liquidation of the Company, the meeting of shareholders shall formulate the liquidation procedures and principles, and establish a liquidation committee (hereinafter referred to as the “Liquidation Committee”) according to applicable PRC Laws and Regulations on liquidation, to liquidate the Target Company in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, the articles and association and other applicable PRC Laws and Regulations on liquidation. The Liquidation Committee shall conduct comprehensive inventory of the properties, claims and debts of the Target Company, prepare the balance sheet and list of properties, propose the valuation and calculation basis of properties, prepare a liquidation plan of the Target Company, and fulfill other duties as may be required under applicable Laws and Regulations. (c) The Liquidation Committee shall pay the liquidation fee and repay debts of the Target Company out of the assets of the Target Company in accordance with the order of precedence stipulated in the applicable Laws and Regulations. After payment of the liquidation fee, wages of the employees, social insurance contribution and statutory compensation as well as the delinquent taxes and discharge of the debts of the Target Company by the Target Company according to the laws, the remaining property of the Target Company shall be allocated to the Shareholders in proportion to their respective contributions. (d) Upon completion of the liquidation of the Target Company, the Liquidation Committee shall immediately submit a liquidation report to the meeting of shareholders, which shall be approved by the Shareholder(s) representing two thirds or more of the voting powers. After approval by the meeting of shareholders, the Liquidation Committee shall submit such report and the application documents for dissolution to relevant governmental authorities within the scope stipulated by Laws and Regulations, and after obtaining approval from such authorities, complete the surrender of business license to and de-registration procedures with the registration authority of the Company. 15.1 Breach of Contract and Early Termination Section 15 Breach of Contract and Liabilities for Breach of Contract Where a Party fails to perform its obligations hereunder or under any other Transaction Document, or any of its representations or warranties hereunder or under any other Transaction Document is untrue or inaccurate, it shall constitute a breach of this Agreement (and such Party shall be referred to as the “Breaching Party”), in which case, the non-breaching Party shall notify the Breaching Party in writing of its breach of this Agreement, and the Breaching Party shall cure its breach within fifteen (15) days after the date when such notice is sent. Should the Breaching Party fail to cure such breach upon expiry of such fifteen (15) days, the non-breaching Party may terminate this Agreement. Either Party expressly indicates (orally, in writing or by its acts) prior to the expiry of the performance period that it will not perform the major obligations hereunder, or any breach by the Breaching Party (including those caused by force majeure) has caused the frustration of the fundamental purpose for the Parties to enter into this Agreement, the non-breaching Party may terminate this Agreement. 15.2 Compensation for Breach of Contract In case of breach of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document, the Breaching Party shall compensate the non-breaching Party for the loss suffered arising from its breach. The right to early terminate this Agreement available to the non-breaching Party hereunder shall be in addition to any other remedies available to it, and such termination shall neither exempt the Breaching Party from the liabilities for breach of contract, nor exempt the Breaching Party’s liability for compensating for the losses of the non-breaching Party suffered due to its breach of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document. 16.1 Termination Unless otherwise provided herein, this Agreement may be terminated at the time prior to the Closing if: Section 16 Termination (a) Any circumstance set forth in Article 15.1 takes place and the non-breaching Party terminates this Agreement after giving a written notice to that effect to the Breaching Party; (b) (i) Any representation or warranty of the Target Company or the Original Shareholder contained in any Transaction Document is untrue or inaccurate in any material aspect; (ii) the Target Company or the Original Shareholder breaches any of its obligations, undertakings or covenants under any Transaction Document and fails to cure within seven (7) days after written demand by the New Shareholder, or such breach has caused it impossible for the Parties to realize the fundamental purpose of this Agreement; (iii) the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) suffer material losses or the value of the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) is materially impaired due to any penalty, indemnity claim or other claim imposed or made against the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) by the governmental authority or any third party arising from the violation of the PRC Laws and Regulations or infringement upon the rights of such third party by the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank); or (iv) the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) make general transfer for the benefits of creditors, or the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank) initiate or are initiated by any Person any legal proceedings to declare the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Group Companies (including the NewUp Bank), or carry out dissolution, liquidation, winding-up, restructuring, or reorganization of debts under any laws with respect to bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, then the New Shareholder may terminate this Agreement after giving a written notice to the Target Company and the Original Shareholder; (c) Any governmental authority issues any Laws and Regulations or any order, decree or ruling or takes any other legal actions to restrict, stop or otherwise prohibit the transaction hereunder, or render it illegal or impossible to consummate the transaction hereunder, and such order, decree or ruling or other legal actions are final, unactionable, unappealable and not eligible for application for reconsideration, then either Party may terminate this Agreement after giving a written notice to the other Party; (d) Any Transaction Document (including but not limited to the SPA) other than this Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms; (e) The Parties unanimously agree in writing upon negotiation to terminate this Agreement. 16.2 Effect of Termination If this Agreement is terminated in accordance with Article 16.1, then this Agreement shall terminate with immediate effect and no longer be binding upon either Party, provided that (i) Sections 16 and 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect, and (ii) nothing herein relieves any Party from the liabilities for breach of contract hereunder. 17.1 Confidential Information Section 17 Confidentiality The Parties acknowledge that this Agreement, the content of this Agreement and the transaction under this Agreement or any oral or written business, financial, legal, marketing, customer, technical, property and other information mutually exchanged for the preparation or performance of this Agreement shall be deemed as confidential information. 17.2 Confidentiality Duty The Parties agree that they shall, and shall procure their Affiliates and their respective officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, accountants and legal counsels will, treat any confidential information received or obtained by it/them as confidential materials and keep the same confidential, and without prior written permission of the other Parties or except as required by judicial or administrative procedures or other Laws and Regulations, may not disclose to any third party or use the same. 17.3 Excluded Disclosure (a) The confidentiality obligation under this Section shall not apply to any information which is: (i) permitted to disclose hereunder; (ii) publicly available at the time of disclosure due to reasons other than breach of this Agreement by any Party or its Affiliates or their respective officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, accountants and legal counsels; (iii) obtained by a Party from a good faith third party without confidentiality obligations; or (iv) disclosed within the scope mutually agreed by the Parties. And either Party may disclose such information to its Affiliates and their respective investors, officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, accountants and legal counsels to the extent necessary for the purpose of performance of this Agreement, provided that such persons shall undertake the same confidentiality obligation. (b) Besides, for the sake of clarity, the Parties agree that either Party and its Affiliates (including their respective officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, accountants and legal counsels) may disclose the confidential information to any governmental authority, judicial authority or securities regulator in accordance with the provisions of applicable Laws and Regulations or requirements of such governmental authority, judicial authority or securities regulator, provided that the Party required to make disclosure shall make disclosure only to the extent so required, and issue a written notice to the other Parties prior to such disclosure. 17.4 Confidentiality Term From the execution of this Agreement to five (5) years upon termination of this Agreement. Section 18 Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution 18.1 Governing Laws The conclusion, validity, interpretation and performance of this Agreement and the resolution of any dispute arising hereunder shall be governed by the PRC Laws. 18.2 Dispute Resolution (a) It is agreed by the Parties hereto that any dispute arising out of or in connection with the execution of this Agreement shall be resolved by the Parties through negotiation. If such dispute cannot be resolved within 30 days after a Party issues a notice to demand for negotiation, either Party may submit such dispute to the People’s Court of Futian District, Shenzhen for litigation. The Parties further agree that the defeated Party shall bear the costs and expenses (including but not limited to attorney’s fee) of the Parties arising from the litigation. (b) Pending dispute resolution in accordance with this Article, except for the disputed matters, the Parties shall continue performing their corresponding obligations hereunder. 19.1 Compliance with the SPA Section 19 General Provisions Each Party hereby represents and warrants to other Parties that the representations and warranties made by it under the SPA are true, accurate and complete. Each Party hereby undertakes to other Parties that it will fully comply with all its obligations under the SPA. 19.2 Notice Any notice or other correspondence given by any Party to the other Parties in connection with this Agreement (“Notice”) shall be made in writing (including, without limitation, letter, fax, and email) and addressed to the following address of such other Parties by personal delivery, registered mail, postage prepaid, commercial courier service, email, or fax. For the purpose of Notice, the contacts of the Parties are as follows: If to Shenzhen Yingaigou Trade Co., Ltd.: (a) Address: ********************, Shenzhen Tel.: **************** Email: **************** Attn.: **************** If to Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd.: (b) Address: ****************, Shenzhen Tel.: **************** Email: **************** Attn.: **************** (c) If to Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.: Address: ****************, Shenyang, Liaoning Province Tel.: **************** Email: **************** Attn.: **************** Any written notice given as aforesaid shall be deemed served: (1) if sent by personal delivery, on the date when the notified party signs for receipt or it is placed at the address for service as agreed by the notified party; (2) if sent by post (including registered mail, postage prepaid, commercial courier service), when it is shown properly delivered; (3) if sent by fax, on the date of successful transmission (subject to the transmission confirmation information automatically generated); and (4) if sent by email, upon completion of sending of email if the sending party receives no feedback that the email has been returned. In case of any change to the correspondence address or number of any Party (“Changing Party”), the Changing Party shall notify the other Parties within seven (7) days prior to such change. Any written notice given by other Parties to the address, email or fax number before change shall be deemed validly served if the Changing Party fails to give timely notice of change as agreed. 19.3 Assignment and Succession Unless otherwise expressly provided herein or agreed by the Parties in writing, no Party may assign this Agreement or any of its rights and obligations hereunder for whatever reason. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the New Shareholder may assign the rights and obligations hereunder to its Affiliates without consent of the Parties, provided that the New Shareholder shall give a prior notice of such assignment and the information on the Affiliate accepting such assignment of rights and obligations, to the Target Company. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefits of the Parties hereto and their successors and assigns. 19.4 Severability If, under any Laws and Regulations or public policy, any term or other provision hereof is held invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, then as long as the economic or legal substance of the transaction contemplated hereunder is not subject to Material Adverse Effect of any form on any Party, all other terms and provisions hereof shall remain in full force and effect. Where any term or other provision is held invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the Parties hereto shall negotiate in good faith to amend this Agreement in an acceptable manner as close as possible to the original intent of the Parties, so as to complete the transaction contemplated hereunder as originally planned to the maximum extent. 19.5 Entire Agreement This Agreement sets forth the entire understanding and agreement of the Parties with respect to the transaction contemplated hereunder and supersedes all written and oral agreements and undertakings entered into by the Parties with respect to the transaction contemplated hereunder prior to the Signing Date. 19.6 Waiver Either Party hereto may: (a) extend the time for any other Party to perform any obligation or take any action, (b) waive to hold any other Party liable for any inaccuracy of any representation or warranty made herein or in any other Transaction Document, or (c) waive to demand any other Party to comply with any agreement or required condition contained herein. No such extension or waiver shall be effective unless the Party bound thereby signs a written document to state such extension or waiver. The waiver of any Party of any breach of any provision of this Agreement shall not operate as or be construed as a further waiver of such breach or a continuing waiver, or a waiver of any other breach or subsequent breach. Unless otherwise provided herein, failure or delay of any Party to exercise any right, power or remedy hereunder or otherwise available under the Laws and Regulations shall not operate as waiver of such right, power or remedy. And single or partial exercise of such right, power or remedy by such Party shall not preclude any other or further exercise of such right, power or remedy, or the exercise of any other right, power or remedy. 19.7 Amendment No revision or amendment to this Agreement shall be valid unless made in writing and signed by the Parties. 19.8 Language The Agreement shall be signed in Chinese. 19.9 Counterpart This Agreement may be signed and delivered (including by fax) in one or more counterparts separately by the Parties hereto. Each counterpart shall, once signed, be deemed as an original. 19.10 Further Assurance At the reasonable request of any Party and without further consideration, every other Party shall execute and deliver such additional instruments and take such further legal actions as necessary or required to consummate and effect all transactions contemplated hereunder in the fastest way possible. For all documents submitted by each Party to any governmental authority with respect to this Agreement and all transactions contemplated hereunder, such Party shall timely negotiate with the other Parties and provide any necessary information and materials, specifically, without limitation, the Parties shall make best reasonable efforts and cooperate with each other to obtain all consents required for the implementation of all transactions contemplated hereunder. 19.11 Conflict In case of any conflict or inconsistency between this Agreement and the articles of association of the Target Company, this Agreement shall prevail, and the Parties shall be obligated to approve (and procure the directors appointed by them to approve) any amendment to the articles of association of the Target Company, so that the provisions of the articles of association shall be consistent with this Agreement. For the convenience of completing relevant governmental procedures, the Original Shareholder shall enter into separate contract, agreement or document in connection with matters hereunder as required by the New Shareholder, provided that in case of any conflict or inconsistency between such contract, agreement or document and this Agreement, this Agreement shall prevail. (Remainder of this Page Intentionally Left Blank. Followed by Signature Page of the Agreement.) (Signature Page of the Shareholder Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties hereto or their duly authorized representatives have signed this Agreement on the date first written above. Shenzhen Yingaigou Trade Co., Ltd. (Seal) By: Name: Title: (Signature Page of the Shareholder Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties hereto or their duly authorized representatives have signed this Agreement on the date first written above. Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. (Seal) By: Name: Title: (Signature Page of the Shareholder Agreement on Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd.) In Witness Whereof, the Parties hereto or their duly authorized representatives have signed this Agreement on the date first written above. Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Co., Ltd. (Seal) By: Name: Title: Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Yue (Justin) Tang, certify that: Exhibit 12.1 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of X Financial (the “Company”); Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: April 28, 2022 /s/ Yue (Justin) Tang By: Name: Yue (Justin) Tang Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Frank Fuya Zheng, certify that: Exhibit 12.2 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of X Financial (the “Company”); Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: April 28, 2022 /s/ Frank Fuya Zheng By: Name: Frank Fuya Zheng Title: Chief Financial Officer Certification by the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 13.1 In connection with the annual report of X Financial (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Yue (Justin) Tang, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 28, 2022 /s/ Yue (Justin) Tang By: Name: Yue (Justin) Tang Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Certification by the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 13.2 In connection with the annual report of X Financial (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Frank Fuya Zheng, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: April 28, 2022 /s/ Frank Fuya Zheng By: Name: Frank Fuya Zheng Title: Chief Financial Officer Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement (No. 333–227938) on Form S-8 of our report dated April 28, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule I of X Financial. Exhibit 15.1 /s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP Shenzhen, China April 28, 2022 Table of Contents Exhibit 99.1 SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31 2021 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Financial Statements REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021 STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 STATEMETNS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 PAGE(S) F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 F-7 – F-13 F-1 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors of Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited: Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, the related statements of comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Basis of Preparation and Restriction of use of the Audit Report Without qualifying our opinion above, we draw attention to Note 2 of the financial statements. This report has been prepared for X Financial for the purpose of the preparation of X Financial’s financial statements and reports. It should not be relied upon by any other party for any other purpose and we expressly disclaim any liability or duty to any other party in this report. It should not be disclosed, referred to or quoted in whole or in part without our prior written consent. /s/ Shanghai Perfect C.P.A Partnership Shanghai Perfect C.P.A Partnership Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China April 22, 2022 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022. F-2 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in Renminbi (“RMB”)) As of December 31, Note 2021 ASSETS: Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Other receivables, net Amounts due from the immediate holding company Total current assets Non-current assets: Property and equipment, net Long-term investment Total non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY : Current liabilities: Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total current liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES Commitments and contingencies Shareholders’ equity: TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 4 8 5 6 9 1,691,806 67,983,349 939,500,000 1,009,175,155 3,642,050 538,864,786 542,506,836 1,551,681,991 363,587,643 363,587,643 363,587,643 1,188,094,348 1,551,681,991 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-3 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Amounts in Renminbi (“RMB”)) Note For the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021 Operating expenses: General and administrative Provision for account and other receivables Total operating expenses Loss from operations Interest income Share of profit of an associate Finance cost Loss before provision for income taxes Income tax expenses Net loss Other comprehensive income: Share of other comprehensive income of an associate Comprehensive loss 58,597 867,560 926,157 (926,157) 3,426 3,467,702 (5,475,943) (2,930,972) — (2,930,972) 1,931,115 (999,857) 7 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-4 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in Renminbi (“RMB”)) For the period from November 2 to December 31,2021 Registered capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Total shareholders’ equity Balance as of November 2, 2021 1,500,000,000 (310,230,167) (675,628) 1,189,094,205 Net loss Other comprehensive income — — (2,930,972) — 1,931,115 (2,930,972) 1,931,115 Balance as of December 31, 2021 1,500,000,000 (313,161,139) 1,255,487 1,188,094,348 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”)) For the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021 Note Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation Provision for account and other receivables Share of profit of an associate Finance cost Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Other receivables Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Net cash used in operating activities Net cash provided by investing activities Repayment of loan from a shareholder Net cash used in provided by financing activities Decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F-6 (2,930,972) 39,305 867,560 (3,467,702) 5,475,943 29,096,429 121,658,027 150,738,590 — (150,750,000) (150,750,000) (11,410) 1,703,216 1,691,806 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 1. ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES Shenyang Tianxinhao Technology Limited (the “Company”), was incorporated in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) on October 12, 2015. The Company is primarily engaged in computer network technology, communication engineering technology, network engineering technology, biological products, mechanical and electrical product technology development, technology transfer, technology consulting services; interior and exterior decoration engineering, building insulation engineering design and construction in PRC. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of presentation The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (‘‘US GAAP’’). The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis. The financial statements are presented in Renminbi (“RMB”), except when otherwise indicated. The financial statements have been prepared for X Financial for the purpose of the preparation of X Financial’s financial statements and reports. It should not be relied upon by any other party for any other purpose. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Areas where management uses subjective judgment include, but are not limited to, provision for account and other receivables, estimating useful lives for long- lived assets, impairment of long-lived assets and long-term investments. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and as such, differences may be material to the financial statements. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consists of demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use and have original maturities less than three months. Accounts receivable, net of allowance Accounts receivable represents those receivables derived in the ordinary course of business, carried at net realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses on uncollected accounts receivable. Management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific accounts: creditworthiness of customers, aging of the receivables, past transaction history with customers and their current condition, changes in customer payment terms, specific facts and circumstances, and the overall economic climate in the industries the Company serves. The provision for doubtful accounts receivable of RMB836,433 was recognized for the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021. F-7 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows: Buildings Computer equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvement 20 years 3 years 3 years Over the shorter of lease term or the estimated useful lives of the assets Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense when incurred, whereas the cost of betterments that extend the useful life of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirement, sale and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and related accumulated depreciation with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the statements of operations. Impairment of long-lived assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, the Company measures impairment by comparing the carrying value of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Company would recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. No impairment loss was recognized for the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021. Long-term investments Equity Method Investment The Company uses the equity method of accounting for the long-term investments when the Company has the ability to significantly influence the operations or financial activities of the investee. The Company record the equity method long-term investments at historical cost and subsequently adjusts the carrying amount each period for share of the earnings or losses of the investee and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. Dividends received from the equity method investments are recorded as reductions in the cost of such investments. Long-term investments are evaluated for impairment when facts or circumstances indicate that the fair value of the long-term investments is less than its carrying value. An impairment is recognized when a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than- temporary. The Company reviews several factors to determine whether a loss is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, the: (i) nature of the investment; (ii) cause and duration of the impairment; (iii) extent to which fair value is less than cost; (iv) financial condition and near term prospects of the investments; and (v) ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. F-8 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Long-term investment of the Company is an equity investment of a PRC private company, Newup Bank of Liaoning (“Newup Bank”). Newup Bank is a private bank incorporated on September 28, 2017 in Liaoning, PRC and it is the first private bank in Liaoning, PRC. On May 24, 2017, the Company invested RMB560,000,000 for 28% equity interest of Newup Bank. The significant influence can be given by the company as the company has its representation on the board and thus equity method was applied. The Company recognized share of profit of an associate of RMB3,467,702 and share of other comprehensive income of an associate of RMB1,931,115 during the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021. Income taxes The Company accounts for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. The Company follows the liability method in accounting for income taxes in accordance to ASC topic 740 (“ASC 740”), Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance would be recorded against deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely- than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The guidance on accounting for uncertainties in income taxes prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Guidance was also provided on recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Company’s uncertain tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. The Company recognizes interests and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on its balance sheet and under other expenses in its statement of comprehensive loss. The Company did not recognize any interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions for the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. Comprehensive income Comprehensive income is defined as the increase in equity of the Company during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Comprehensive income is reported in the statements of comprehensive income, including net profit, presented net of tax. Segment reporting The Company follows ASC 280, “Segment Reporting.” The Company’s chief operating decision-maker reviews the financial results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of the Company as a whole and hence, the Company has only one reportable segment. The Company operates and manages its business major in PRC as a single segment. As the Company’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. F-9 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) Fair value Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Authoritative literature provides a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement as follows: Level 1-inputs are based upon quoted prices for instruments traded in active markets. Level 2-inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based calculation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3-inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques that include option pricing models, cash flow models, and similar techniques. Fair value of financial instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, amounts due from the immediate holding company and other receivable. The carrying values of cash, amounts due from the immediate holding company and other receivable approximate their fair values reported in the balance sheets due to the short-term maturities. Recent accounting pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued a new standard (ASU 2020-06) to reduce the complexity of accounting for convertible debt and other equity-linked instruments. For certain convertible debt instruments with a cash conversion feature, the changes are a trade-off between simplifications in the accounting model (no separation of an “equity” component to impute a market interest rate, and simpler analysis of embedded equity features) and a potentially adverse impact to diluted EPS by requiring the use of the if- converted method. The new standard will also impact other financial instruments commonly issued by both public and private companies. For example, the separation model for beneficial conversion features is eliminated simplifying the analysis for issuers of convertible debt and convertible preferred shares. Also, certain specific requirements to achieve equity classification and/or qualify for the derivative scope exception for contracts indexed to an entity’s own equity are removed, enabling more freestanding instruments and embedded features to avoid mark-to-market accounting. The new standard is effective for companies that are SEC filers (except for Smaller Reporting Companies) for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods within that year, and two years later for other companies. Companies can early adopt the standard at the start of a fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2020. The standard can either be adopted on a modified retrospective or a full retrospective basis. The Company is currently reviewing the newly issued standard and does not believe it will materially impact the Company. F-10 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 3. CONCENTRATION OF RISK Credit risk Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions with high-credit ratings and quality. 4. OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET As of December 31, 2021 RMB Other receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB328,765,966 at December 31, 2021(i) 67,983,349 (i) A provision for loss is recognized in operating expenses when the loss on such assets is determined to be probable and amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company provided provision of RMB31,127 for other receivables and wrote off the doubtful other receivables of RMB31,127 during the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021. 5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment consist of the following: Buildings Computer equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvement Total Less: accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net 6. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following: Accrued payroll and welfare Other tax payable Other payables As of December 31, 2021 RMB 4,103,122 4,988 6,989 112,260 4,227,359 585,309 3,642,050 As of December 31, 2021 RMB 5,000 4,455 363,578,188 363,587,643 (i) (i) The amount represents the loans borrowed from a third party of RMB338,765,966 with no fixed repayment terms, interest expense incurred on loan was RMB5,475,943 during the period from November 2 to December 31,2021 and interest free loan from another third party of RMB750,000 with no fixed repayment terms. F-11 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 7. INCOME TAXES The enterprise income tax (‘‘EIT’’) law applies a uniform 25% EIT rate to domestic enterprises. No taxable income was generated for the Company. No income tax was credited to the Company. Reconciliation between the income taxes benefits computed by applying the PRC tax rate to loss before income taxes and the actual credit for income taxes is as follows: Net loss before provision for income taxes Statutory tax rates in the PRC Income tax at statutory tax rate Non-taxable income Changes in valuation allowance Income tax expenses Unrecognized Tax Benefits For the year ended December 31, 2021 RMB (2,930,972) 25 % (732,743) (866,926) 1,599,669 — The Company evaluates the level of authority for each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measures the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. 8. RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS Nature of the relationships with related parties: Name Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Yingaigo Trading Co., Ltd. Relationship with the Company The immediate holding company Shareholder (a) As of December 31, 2021, the following balances were due from the related parties: Current assets Amount due from related parties Shenzhen SUNHOPE Investment Development Co., Ltd. As of December 31, 2021 RMB 939,500,000 F-12 Table of Contents SHENYANG TIANXINHAO TECHNOLOGY LIMITED NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) FOR THE PERIOD FROM NOVEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 31, 2021 8. RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS (CONTIUNED) (b) Details of related party transactions occurred during the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021 were as follows: Repayment of loan from a shareholder Shenzhen Yingaigo Trading Co., Ltd. 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES For the period from November 2 to December 31, 2021 RMB 150,750,000 The Company did not have significant capital and other commitments as of December 31, 2021. 10. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up through the date that the financial statement was issued. Based upon this review, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statement. F-13 

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