X4 Pharmaceuticals
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 _____________________________________________________________________________________ FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 _____________________________________________________________________________________ ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 or For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-38295 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, Massachusetts (Address of principal executive offices) 27-3181608 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 02139 (Zip Code) (857) 529-8300 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) _____________________________________________________________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock Trading Symbol(s) XFOR Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (of for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☐ Accelerated Filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☒ ☒ ☒ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ On June 30, 2019, the aggregate market value of the Registrant’s voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $183,715,365 based upon the closing sale price on the Nasdaq Capital Market reported on June 28, 2019. As of March 6, 2020, there were 16,134,495 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, or the 2020 Proxy Statement, for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the registrant intends to file pursuant to Regulation 14A with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. TABLE OF CONTENTS BUSINESS RISK FACTORS UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES OTHER INFORMATION DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES FORM 10-K SUMMARY 2 5 29 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 82 82 82 82 83 84 84 84 84 84 85 88 EXPLANATORY NOTE On March 13, 2019, X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Arsanis, Inc.), or the Company, completed its business combination, or the Merger, in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 26, 2018, as amended on December 20, 2018 and March 8, 2019, or the Merger Agreement, by and among the Company, X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Artemis AC Corp., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, or the Merger Sub, pursuant to which, among other matters, Merger Sub merged with and into X4 Therapeutics, Inc., with X4 Therapeutics, Inc. continuing as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the surviving corporation of the merger. Following the Merger, on March 13, 2019, the Company effected a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of its common stock, or the Reverse Stock Split, and changed its name to “X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.” Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. became primarily the business conducted by X4 Therapeutics, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for the treatment of rare diseases. Unless otherwise noted, all references to common stock share and per share amounts in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the conversion of shares in the Merger based on an exchange ratio of 0.5702 and the Reverse Stock Split. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "X4", "we", "us" and "our" refer to X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries. CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that relate to future events or to our future operations or financial performance. These statements may be identified by such forward-looking terminology as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Our forward- looking statements are based on a series of expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our company, are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve substantial risks and uncertainty. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in these forward- looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors are described in greater detail under the caption “Risk Factors” contained in this Annual Report. Our business and our forward-looking statements involve substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties inherent in our statements regarding: • • • • • • the progress, scope, cost, duration or results of our development activities, nonclinical studies and clinical trials of mavorixafor (X4P-001), X4P-002 and X4P-003 or any of our other product candidates or programs, such as the target indication(s) for development, the size, design, population, conduct, cost, objective or endpoints of any clinical trial, or the timing for initiation or completion of or availability of results from any clinical trial, including our current and planned trials for mavorixafor in Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis, or WHIM, syndrome, severe congenital neutropenia, or SCN, and Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or WM, for submission or approval of any regulatory filing or for meeting with regulatory authorities; the potential benefits that may be derived from any of our product candidates; the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our existing product candidates or any product candidates that we may develop in the future, and any related restrictions, limitations, or warnings in the label of any approved product candidates; our plans to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates; the timing of our regulatory filings for our product candidates, along with regulatory developments in the United States and other foreign countries; the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, if approved, and the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, including reimbursement that may be received from payors; 3 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy; our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel; our competitive position; our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection; the success of competing therapies that are or may become available; our estimates and expectations regarding future operations, financial position, revenues, costs, expenses, uses of cash, capital requirements or our need for additional financing; our ability to raise additional capital; and our strategies, prospects, plans, expectations or objectives. You should refer to "Risk Factors" for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Annual Report. 4 Table of Contents ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company and a leader in the discovery and development of novel therapies for the treatment of diseases resulting from dysfunction of the CXCR4 pathway, with a focus on rare diseases with limited treatment options. We are led by an executive team with deep expertise in the science of the CXCR4 pathway and significant experience in the successful development and commercialization of therapeutics targeting rare diseases. Our lead therapeutic candidate, mavorixafor, is a first-in-class, oral small molecule inhibitor of the CXCR4 receptor, that we believe has the potential to treat a broad array of diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies, or PIs, and certain types of cancer. Having established proof of concept and a favorable safety profile in a Phase 2 clinical trial, we initiated 4WHIM, a global Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome. WHIM syndrome is a rare, inherited, primary immunodeficiency disease caused by genetic "gain of function" mutations in the CXCR4 receptor gene and named for its characteristic symptoms and some of its laboratory findings: Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis. Mavorixafor was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of adult patients with WHIM syndrome in 2019. It was also granted orphan drug designation by the FDA in 2018 and by the European Commission in 2019 for the treatment of WHIM syndrome. We currently expect to report top-line results from 4WHIM in the second half of 2021. We are also conducting Phase 1b clinical trials in two additional indications. The first clinical trial is investigating the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor in patients with Severe Congenital Neutropenia, or SCN, and severe idiopathic neutropenia, a group of rare blood disorders characterized by abnormally low levels of white blood cells, or neutrophils. The second clinical trial is a dose escalation, safety and preliminary efficacy trial in patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, or WM, a rare form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in which abnormal white blood cells produce an excess of monoclonal immunoglobulin M, or IgM, which can result in symptoms of anemia, hyper viscosity, neuropathy, or other complications. Approximately 30-40% of patients with WM have a somatic mutation in the CXCR4 receptor suggesting a potential targeted approach to treatment with mavorixafor in combination with the standard BTK inhibitor (Ibrutinib) therapy. We are expecting the initial data results from each of these trials during the second half of 2020. During 2019, we reported promising data from the Phase 2a portion of an open-label Phase 1/2 clinical trial studying mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma, or ccRCC, in combination with axitinib, an FDA-approved small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Future development and potential commercialization of mavorixafor in ccRCC in addition to other possible immuno-oncology indications will be pursued only as part of a potential strategic collaboration. . We are also advancing two early stage candidates towards the clinic: X4P-003, a second-generation CXCR4 antagonist designed to have an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile relative to mavorixafor, potentially enabling improved patient compliance and ease of use; and X4P-002, a CXCR4 antagonist designed to cross blood-brain barrier and provide appropriate therapeutic exposures to treat brain cancers. We continue to leverage our insights into CXCR4 biology at our corporate headquarters located in Cambridge, Massachusetts and at our research facility in Vienna, Austria to discover and develop additional product candidates. Our CXCR4 Platform CXCR4, or C-X-C receptor type 4, is a G-coupled protein receptor, or GCPR, and its sole ligand is the chemokine CXCL12. Chemokines are signaling proteins that guide the migration of immune cells within the body by binding to receptors on the surface of target cells. When CXCR4 is stimulated by CXCL12, it plays a key role in enabling the trafficking of immune cells and effective immunosurveillance, or the process by which cells of the immune system look for and recognize foreign pathogens or precancerous and cancerous cells in the body (see Figure 1). 5 Table of Contents Figure 1: CXCL12/CXCR4 and Immune System Responses. When the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway is overstimulated, immune cells become immobilized, which can lead to immunosuppression and other complications from immune system dysfunction. • • In the case of primary immunodeficiencies, such as WHIM syndrome, overstimulation of the pathway is caused by mutations in the CXCR4 receptor, called “gain of function” mutations, that immobilize white blood cells in the bone marrow where they are produced and dramatically impact their ability to move into the blood and circulate throughout the body to perform immunosurveillance. In other diseases, including many types of cancer, the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway has been found to broadly play a role in disrupted immune cell trafficking, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, or TME, where there often exists an abnormally high concentration of the ligand CXCL12. Evidence suggests that the pro-tumor signals between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts occur partly through chemokine signaling, including through the over-production of CXCL12, which results in immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. We believe that the inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway has the potential to improve immune cell trafficking and immunosurveillance and create therapeutic benefit across a wide variety of diseases. We also believe that our approach to inhibiting the CXCR4 receptor has been validated by the FDA-approved product plerixafor for injection (marketed as Mozobil). Plerixafor is a CXCR4 antagonist that has been shown to induce white blood cell mobilization and is used as an injectable therapy for short-term treatment in preparation for stem-cell transplants. In a published investigator-sponsored pilot study of WHIM patients, twice-daily injections of low-dose plerixafor demonstrated increased white blood cell counts and reduced infections and wart lesions. Plerixafor is not approved for the treatment of WHIM syndrome nor are we aware of any plans to develop and commercialize it as a treatment for patients with WHIM syndrome or any other immunodeficiencies. Our leadership team has considerable experience in the research, development, and commercialization of therapies to treat rare diseases, including therapies that target chemokine pathways and the CXCR4 pathway specifically. Paula Ragan, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer, led the licensing of the CXCR4 antagonist portfolio from Sanofi-Genzyme and coordinated all phases of the transfer of the knowledge and know-how needed to launch our company. Our co-founder and our current Senior Vice President of Research and Development, Renato Skerlj, Ph.D., is very experienced in the discovery and development of small molecule drugs targeting rare diseases, cancer, infection, and neurodegenerative disease, and is an inventor of plerixafor. Two members of our Board of Directors also have deep roots in our differentiated chemokine approach, including Gary J. Bridger, Ph.D., who was responsible for the discovery and development of plerixafor as a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of AnorMED Inc., until 6 Table of Contents the company’s acquisition by Genzyme in 2006, and Michael S. Wyzga, Chairman of our Board of Directors, who was the Chief Financial Officer of Genzyme during the approval, global launch, and subsequent commercialization of plerixafor. We believe that the experience of our leadership team provides our company with unique insights into product development and commercialization processes and the identification of opportunities involving CXCR4 biology. Our Strategy Our goal is to discover, develop, and commercialize novel therapeutics that address diseases resulting from dysfunction of the CXCR4 pathway by: • Completing the global Phase 3 clinical trial to enable the approval of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome. To date, we have completed a Phase 2 clinical trial of mavorixafor in patients with WHIM syndrome, achieving clinical proof-of-concept, observing a clinically meaningful increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and demonstrating a favorable tolerability profile. We have initiated a Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial, the 4WHIM trial, and are currently enrolling patients, with top-line data expected in the second half of 2021. • Driving community awareness of WHIM syndrome and building patient registries. We are building our efforts to increase awareness of underserved serious rare diseases, including WHIM syndrome, among patients, physicians, and their support systems. In addition to sponsored market research and outreach, we have partnered with key patient foundations and registries, including the Jeffrey Modell Foundation, University of Washington, Immune Deficiency Foundation, and Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien (Trousseau La Roche-Guyon). In addition, we have deployed a field force of Medical Science Liaisons, or MSLs, in the United States to further drive education and awareness of WHIM syndrome. We plan to leverage our relationship with our partner organizations and patient registries along with our MSL team in the United States to increase patient and physician awareness of our ongoing trials, supporting study enrollment and completion. • Advancing mavorixafor in additional indications. To maximize the potential of mavorixafor, we have initiated two Phase 1b clinical trials – one trial investigating the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor in patients with SCN and another trial investigating the safety, appropriate dose and preliminary efficacy of mavorixafor in patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. We are expecting the initial data results from each of these studies during the second half of 2020. • Advancing earlier-stage product candidates and leveraging insights into CXCR4 biology to further expand our pipeline. We have advanced a late lead optimization program into candidate drug nomination: X4P-003, a second-generation CXCR4 antagonist designed to have an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile relative to mavorixafor, potentially enabling improved patient compliance and ease of use. A second program is in lead optimization: X4P-002, a CXCR4 antagonist designed to cross the blood-brain barrier and provide appropriate therapeutic exposures to treat brain cancers. In addition, we are also leveraging our insights into CXCR4 biology and our research capabilities to identify other targets and develop additional product candidates. • • Independently commercializing our product candidates in certain indications and geographies where we believe we can maximize value. Given the potential of our product candidates to treat a wide variety of diseases, we believe that it will be important to maintain our leadership role with respect to our development and commercialization efforts. We plan to independently develop therapeutic candidates in indications, including rare diseases, where we believe there is a well-defined clinical and regulatory approval pathway and ones that we believe we could successfully commercialize, if approved. Pursuing additional strategic collaborations for mavorixafor in immuno-oncology indications. Currently, we have an ongoing strategic collaboration under which we have licensed mavorixafor rights in China to Abbisko, a privately-held immuno-oncology research and development company. Additionally, we intend to pursue strategic collaborations for future development and potential commercialization of mavorixafor in solid tumor immuno-oncology indications in other global regions in order to maximize the value of that asset while we maintain our focus on developing mavorixafor for the treatment of rare diseases. Our Programs We are advancing a pipeline of clinical and pre-clinical oral, small molecule candidates that target diseases resulting from the dysfunction of the CXCR4 pathway, including primary immunodeficiencies and certain types of cancer. 7 Table of Contents Mavorixafor Our lead product candidate is mavorixafor, a first-in-class, oral, selective small molecule CXCR4 antagonist that allosterically, or non-competitively, inhibits receptor binding by CXCL12, the cognate ligand of CXCR4. Mavorixafor is designed to correct the abnormal signaling caused by the dysfunction of the receptor/ligand interaction and enable mobilization and trafficking of immune cells, increasing levels of circulating white blood cells, including neutrophils, to improve immune system function. To date, more than 190 patients in clinical trials have been dosed with mavorixafor, which has demonstrated a favorable tolerability profile. In these trials, we have observed drug exposure in patients, a 23-hour half-life, and the bioavailability of mavorixafor to support once-daily oral dosing, which we believe will provide convenient dosing and better patient compliance for chronic or life-long use, if approved. The manufacturing process for mavorixafor utilizes well established small molecule chemistry, enabling a potential commercial product that can be supported by specialty pharmacy distribution. Mavorixafor in WHIM Syndrome Primary Immunodeficiencies, or PIs, are a group of more than 300 rare, chronic disorders in which flaws in the immune system cause increased susceptibility to infections and, in some cases, increased risk of cancers. Within this broad disease classification, WHIM syndrome is one of a number of PIs that are caused by the improper trafficking of immune cells. WHIM syndrome is a rare genetic disease that results from “gain of function” mutations in the single gene that encodes for the CXCR4 receptor. The first of these mutations were identified in 2003. Since then, a total of 11 different CXCR4 mutations have been identified as causing WHIM syndrome. All but one of these mutations cause premature truncations in the protein, causing the receptor to signal for longer than normal, which results in the retention of white blood cells in the bone marrow where they are produced, and leads to the chronic peripheral neutropenia and lymphopenia that is the observed clinical hallmark of WHIM syndrome. The incidence and prevalence of WHIM syndrome are not well established. We believe that this is due to the relatively recent understanding of the genetics underlying WHIM syndrome, lack of universal or accessible genetic testing, and limited medical education and awareness of the disease, which is in part driven by the lack of available and disease-modifying treatments. The National Organization for Rare Diseases, or NORD, has reported the incidence of WHIM syndrome to be less than one in 1,000,000 based on a single small registry of eight patients in France. Based on a preliminary independent market research study that we sponsored in the United States, which was conducted by a third party research firm, we believe that the prevalence of WHIM syndrome worldwide is significantly higher than the incidence statistics implied by the France-based registry. The study solicited input from community- based physicians of different specialties, including physicians focused on non-malignant hematology, immunology, dermatology, pulmonology and infectious diseases, who are known to manage and/or treat patients 8 Table of Contents with WHIM syndrome. The 212 physicians across these specialties in the United States identified to participate in this study reported over 1,700 patients have genetically confirmed or are highly suspected to have WHIM syndrome in the United States alone. The results of this initial study support our estimate of more than 1,000 genetically confirmed WHIM patients in the United States. Figure 2 illustrates the mutations in the CXCR4 receptor leading to abnormal signaling and retention of white blood cells in the bone marrow that occurs in WHIM patients. Figure 2 also depicts our approach to blocking this abnormal signaling using our CXCR4 antagonist candidate, mavorixafor, which is designed to enable white blood cells to release into the bloodstream, restoring normal immune function. In healthy individuals, the CXCR4 receptor is typically internalized into the cell after CXCL12 binds to it, enabling the receptor to be appropriately “recycled” and the signaling to be diminished. In WHIM patients, however, a mutation truncates the intracellular portion of the CXCR4 receptor as shown by the red “x” below, which prevents the post- binding internalization (“normal recycling”) of the receptor. As a result, the CXCR4 receptor is maintained on the surface of the cell and is exposed to the ligand, which creates a perpetual “on” signaling and immobilizes the cell. Mavorixafor binds to the mutated CXCR4 receptor in a manner that blocks the receptor from being stimulated by CXCL12 regardless of the presence of the ligand, and results in increased mobilization and trafficking of white blood cells from the bone marrow. Figure 2. WHIM Syndrome: Genetic Mutations in CXCR4 Create Abnormal Trafficking of White Blood Cells In addition to life-long neutropenia and lymphopenia, WHIM patients can clinically present with other manifestations of the disease, such as warts related to infection with the Human Papilloma Virus, or HPV. Based on publications from the French Severe Congenital Neutropenia Registry and the broader literature, it is estimated that between 30% and 40% of WHIM patients develop HPV-associated cancers as they age. Patients may also demonstrate low immunoglobulin, or IG, levels, also known as hypogammaglobulinemia and pathology assessments of bone marrow samples (aspirates) of patients with WHIM syndrome show a “hyper-dense” population of pre-apoptotic immune cells in the bone marrow, a condition known as myelokathexis. These conditions reduce the body’s ability to achieve a healthy immune response. For a diagnosis of WHIM syndrome, all four classic characteristics of warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections and myelokathexis, do not need to be present, which complicates the diagnosis of these patients. Genetic testing is used to definitively diagnose WHIM syndrome by confirming the presence of an autosomal dominant mutation in the CXCR4 receptor where only one mutated gene need be affected to cause the disorder. The diagnosis of WHIM syndrome may occur at any age: about one-half of reported patients are diagnosed as adults, mostly between 18 and 40 years of age, with the other half diagnosed primarily before or at the age of 18 years. 9 Table of Contents Clinical Development of Mavorixafor in WHIM Syndrome In January 2017, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome. This trial was an open-label, dose- escalation trial in eight WHIM patients conducted at two sites in the United States and Australia pursuant to an Investigational New Drug, or IND, application that we submitted to the FDA in June 2016. The primary objective of the Phase 2 clinical trial was to determine the safety and tolerability of mavorixafor and to determine the dose of mavorixafor for exploration in a Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial. The secondary objective of the Phase 2 trial was to evaluate the potential efficacy of mavorixafor in patients with WHIM syndrome by measuring biomarkers, specifically absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, or ANCs and ALCs, over 24-hour dosing cycles. The frequency of infections, antibiotic use, hospitalizations, severity of warts lesions, and vaccine titer levels, among other metrics, were also examined. To be included in the trial, patients must have had a confirmed genetic diagnosis of WHIM syndrome, be at least 18 years of age and have a neutrophil count equal to or less than 400/µL or a lymphocyte count equal to or less than 650/µL. Patients who had been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, were excluded from the trial, as were patients with recent exposure to plerixafor. In the trial, patients received escalating doses of mavorixafor starting at 50 mg once daily to up to 400 mg once daily. Patients received starting doses higher than 50 mg once daily as the trial progressed based on the safety and biomarker response data of earlier patients enrolled in the trial. Patients were dose-escalated from their starting dose based on an in-hospital 24-hour measurement of ANCs and ALCs above or below the pre-defined target thresholds of 600/µL and 1,000/µL, respectively. Results were as follows: • Mavorixafor was not associated with any treatment-related serious adverse events and was observed to be well tolerated in daily doses of up to 400 mg for durations of up to 400 days. Treatment-related adverse events reported were dry mouth (n=2), nausea (n=4), dry eye (n=1), nasal dryness (n=2), dyspepsia (n=1), conjunctivitis (n=1) and rash (n=1). All adverse events were Grade 1 (mild). • • ANCs were increased in total numbers (cells//µL) as well as duration of increase (hours) over the course of the intra-day assessment. The increase in ANCs vs. pre-dosing levels was observed in all (n=7) evaluable patients in the trial. In five of seven patients (71%), ANCs were consistently elevated above the pre-defined target threshold of 600/µL at peak as well as throughout the 24 hour assessment period. Similarly, ALCs were increased in total numbers (cells/ µL) as well as duration of increase with the treatment of mavorixafor. The increase in ALCs were observed in all (n=7) evaluable patients with six of seven patients (86%) exceeding the pre-defined target threshold of 1,000/µL for ALCs (the lower limit of normal) throughout the 24-hour assessment period. These thresholds of 600/µL for ANCs and 1,000/µL for ALCs correspond to the National Cancer Institute’s adverse event grading system, which considers ANCs below 500/µL to be severe or life threatening and ALCs of 1,000/µL within the range of healthy individuals. Patients experienced improved infection rates, as reported by patients and the trial investigators. Significant and visible reductions in wart lesions were also reported in a patient with a history of untreatable severe wart lesions. • • We completed the dose-titration portion of the Phase 2 trial in March 2018 and, based on the reported results, the Data Review Committee, or DRC, recommended the Phase 3 dose of 400 mg administered once daily based on these results. Following completion of the dose-titration portion of the Phase 2 trial, patients were allowed to continue on study drug in a Phase 2 open-label extension trial. As of February 2020, three patients continue to receive mavorixafor in the open-label extension trial. In June 2019, we initiated 4WHIM, a global, Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor in genetically confirmed WHIM patients. 4WHIM trial is a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor in genetically confirmed WHIM patients. The trial is designed to enroll up to 28 subjects in approximately 20 countries, followed by an open- label extension trial. The primary efficacy endpoint for the trial will compare the time above threshold, or TAT, defined as the number of hours that circulating neutrophils are above a clinically meaningful threshold (500 cells/µL), in response to mavorixafor versus placebo as measured during a 24-hour period. Patients will be assessed for his or her neutrophil TAT approximately once every three months (4 times in total) over the course of the 52 week treatment period. Secondary endpoints include infection rates, wart burden, and assessments of immune system function and quality of life. Upon completion of the treatment period, patients will be eligible to participate in an open-label extension, or OLE, and receive mavorixafor until the drug is commercially available. We currently expect to report top-line data from this Phase 3 trial in the second half of 2021. If the Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial is successful, we believe that this trial will be the only registration trial required to submit a New Drug Application, or NDA, to the FDA seeking regulatory approval in the United States. Mavorixafor was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA 10 Table of Contents for the treatment of adult patients with WHIM syndrome in 2019, and was granted orphan drug designation by the FDA in 2018 and by the European Commission in 2019 for the treatment of WHIM syndrome. Limited Current Treatment Landscape for WHIM Syndrome Currently, there are no approved targeted therapies for the treatment of WHIM syndrome and care is limited to the treatment of the syndrome’s different symptoms. The care of WHIM patients is mainly focused on the prevention and management of infections. None of these treatments, however, have been clinically proven to be effective for treating WHIM syndrome nor do they address the underlying cause of this multi-faceted disease, the genetic defect of the CXCR4 receptor. Current symptoms and their limitations are as follows: • Warts: The presence of warts in WHIM syndrome is driven by an underlying HPV infection. Standard treatments, such as topical therapies (for example, imiquimod and salicylic acid), cryotherapy and laser therapy, as well as more aggressive approaches, such as cauterization or surgical removal, have been ineffective in providing durable treatment of warts associated with chronic HPV infections. As WHIM patients generally have limited response to vaccines, the HPV vaccine appears to have limited effectiveness. The number, size and severity of visible warts in WHIM patients can have a significant negative impact on the patient’s quality of life and result in social anxiety issues. Left untreated, chronic HPV- infections are also known to increase the risk of cancer. Patients with WHIM syndrome are reported to have more frequent occurrences of difficult to treat HPV-associated cancers, such as head and neck and anogenital cancers. • Hypogammaglobulinemia: Intravenous or subcutaneous Ig administration, referred to as IVIg or SCIg, respectively, can be administered to patients with low Ig levels. In WHIM patients, the administration of Ig therapies raises Ig levels, but has shown no impact on circulating leukocytes and limited or no impact on immune responses. Ig treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome is based on empirical and anecdotal evidence, and there are no clinical data demonstrating the efficacy of Ig treatment for WHIM syndrome. Ig treatment also does not treat or protect against HPV-associated symptoms and diseases, such as warts and certain cancers. Furthermore, Ig administration is costly and time consuming. • Infections: Bacterial infections are managed with antibiotics. Acute infections usually resolve, although we are aware of reports from clinicians citing death due to pneumonia or sepsis in young WHIM patients. Importantly, even with antibiotic use, infections recur more frequently and persist longer in patients with WHIM syndrome. Further, the toll of multiple, chronic infections in WHIM patients has been known to lead to devastating irreversible pathologies such as hearing loss due to chronic ear infections and bronchiectasis. Patients are sometimes given a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, or G-CSF, to increase neutrophil counts, but G-CSF has demonstrated little, if any, impact on lymphopenia or the incidence of infections in WHIM patients. In a small registry of eight WHIM patients in France, three of the four patients who received G- CSF continued to have persistent, repeated infections. Side effects of G-CSF have been reported to include disabling bone pain, which can be more severe in certain age groups. Additional, less common, treatment-limiting complications of chronic G-CSF administration include myelofibrosis and leukemia. • Myelokathexis: G-CSF is sometimes used to treat the myelokathexis characteristic of WHIM syndrome to try to increase the number of neutrophils outside of the bone marrow, but G-CSF has no effect on lymphocytes and other types of white blood cells. Side effects of G-CSF can include disabling bone pain, myelofibrosis and leukemia. While the costs of managing the chronic impact of WHIM syndrome are unknown, the per-patient cost of treating PIs that are similar to WHIM syndrome based on drug costs alone exceeds $100,000 per year in the United States utilizing similar therapies, such as antibiotics, IVIg, SCIg and/or G-CSF, despite the limited effectiveness of these treatments. Beyond these estimated direct costs, other costs associated with direct and indirect management of the disease, such as repeated immunization, physician visits, or hospitalizations, have not been quantified but are likely to be significant. We believe that there is a significant need for a treatment targeting the underlying excessive signaling caused by mutations to the CXCR4 receptor, which is the established cause of WHIM syndrome. Mavorixafor in SCN We believe that mavorixafor may be used to treat a number of additional PIs beyond WHIM syndrome. Particularly, we believe that mavorixafor can potentially treat patients with severe congenital neutropenia, or SCN. Like WHIM syndrome, SCN is a rare blood disorder similarly characterized by increased risks of infections and cancer due to abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the body. Additionally, some sub-types of SCN have mechanisms that overlap with signaling of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway. Affecting an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 people in the United States and Europe, patients with SCN are prone to recurrent, often life-threatening infections beginning in their first months of life. 11 Table of Contents G-CSF is the current standard of care for SCN and is used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce neutrophils. Side effects of G-CSF include disabling bone pain, which can be more severe in certain age groups. Additional, less common, treatment-limiting complications of chronic G-CSF administration include myelofibrosis and leukemia. In SCN cases that are unresponsive to G-CSF, or if leukemia has developed, bone marrow transplants have been made with varying degrees of success. Bone marrow transplants bring additional risks into the management of the disorder. In November 2019, we initiated a Phase 1b clinical trial, a 14-day, proof-of-concept trial designed to assess the safety and tolerability of daily, oral mavorixafor in participants with SCN and other selected congenital neutropenia disorders. In addition, the trial will evaluate the neutrophil response in this patient population as an independent agent or in combination with G-CSF. The trial is expected to enroll up to 45 patients in total, with initial data results anticipated in the second half of 2020. Mavorixafor in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia We believe that mavorixafor may be used to treat certain blood cancers, including Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, or WM. WM, is a rare form of non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder most often caused by mutations in a gene for MYD88. The WM landscape has recently been revolutionized by whole-genome sequencing that has identified genetic mutations in the disease, including secondary mutations in CXCR4. Approximately 30-40% of all WM patients have been shown to have second mutation, a somatic WHIM-like mutation in the CXCR4 gene in the cancer cells that define this rare form of lymphoma. Mutational status influences both clinical presentation and prognosis as well as provides potential implications for therapeutic options. Patients with the CXCR4 mutations have higher serum IgM levels and greater incidence of symptomatic hyperviscosity. These patients also have a worse prognosis. In WM, somatic mutations of CXCR4 have been found to be associated with activating and pro-survival signaling of tumor cells, as well as the possible acquisition of resistance to several drugs, including anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, and BTK inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, the current standard of care. For example, WM patients who have been treated with ibrutinib and patients with WHIM syndrome-like mutations have generally not responded as well to treatment as compared to patients without the somatic WHIM syndrome mutation. Seminal work from Dr. Steven P. Treon M.D. Ph.D., of Harvard Medical School, has demonstrated that patients with the double mutation (MYD88/CXCR4 WHIM) have a lower rate of Very Good Partial Response, or VGPR, and Minor Response, or MR, as well as longer time to MR (31% vs. 7% VGPR, 94% vs. 71% for MR and 1 month to MR in the single mutant vs. 7.3 months in the double mutation). This is true in treatment naive patients with similar worse outcomes in the double mutation population shown by both Dr. Treon and Dr. Christian Buske M.D. in previously treated patients. In December 2019, we initiated a Phase 1b multi-center, open-label, dose-escalation, clinical trial designed to assess the safety and tolerability of mavorixafor in combination with ibrutinib in patients with WM who have acquired a “gain of function” mutation in CXCR4 in addition to the MYD88 mutation. In addition, the trial is designed to measure changes from baseline in serum immunoglobulin M and hemoglobin, both key biomarkers of clinical response in WM patients. The clinical trial is expected to enroll between 12-18 patients, with initial data results expected in the second half of 2020. This trial is being conducted as part of a collaboration with The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, or LLS, to accelerate the development of mavorixafor for the treatment of WM. Mavorixafor was selected for LLS’s Therapy Acceleration Program®, or TAP, a strategic initiative where LLS builds business alliances and collaborations with biotechnology companies and academic researchers to speed the development of new therapies for blood cancers. Mavorixafor in Immuno-Oncology Indications In solid tumors, the tumor micro-environment, or TME, consists of the tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts, or CAFs, each of which overproduce growth factors and chemokines to support immune-suppression and malignant cell proliferation and growth. Evidence suggests that the pro-tumor signals between tumor cells and CAFs occur, in part, through chemokine signaling, including through the over-production of CXCL12. The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway has been shown to be overstimulated in more than 20 solid and blood-derived tumor types. Excessive stimulation of CXCR4 due to high concentrations of CXCL12 influences trafficking immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, or MDSCs, CD4+ regulatory T-cells, or Tregs, CD8+ T-cells, and mature dendritic cells. We believe that blocking CXCR4 overstimulation can lead to improved immune cell trafficking and increase the absolute number of CD8+ T-cells, thereby also increasing the ratio of CD8+ T-cells to Tregs in the TME. 12 Table of Contents Our Phase 1b Clinical Trial in Combination with Nivolumab in ccRCC We have completed a Phase 1b trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with ccRCC in combination with the approved immuno-oncology therapy, nivolumab, a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. The primary objective of the trial was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of mavorixafor in combination with nivolumab. The trial enrolled patients who have not responded to nivolumab, but who were maintained on nivolumab while mavorixafor was added to their treatment regimen. In addition to safety and tolerability, the trial evaluated early signs of biological activity using biomarkers, and clinical activity as measured by ORR. Enrolled patients received 400 mg of mavorixafor once daily and continued to receive standard bi-weekly nivolumab therapy. Median duration of treatment with the combination was 3.7 months (range one to 15 months). We observed that five of nine patients had clinical improvements in tumor shrinkage with the addition of mavorixafor. In the trial, we observed that mavorixafor in combination with nivolumab had an acceptable tolerability profile in ccRCC patients. The most frequent drug related adverse events were diarrhea, nasal congestion, ALT/AST increase, dry eye and fatigue. No Grade 4 or 5 adverse events occurred. All Grade 3 serious adverse events related to the combination treatment were reported to be manageable with appropriate intervention. Two patients experienced serious adverse events deemed unrelated to treatment: one had mucosal inflammation and rash maculo-papular and another had an ALT/AST increase and autoimmune hepatitis. In addition, in the trial, combination therapy with mavorixafor and nivolumab exhibited anti-tumor activity in some patients with advanced ccRCC who were previously unresponsive to nivolumab monotherapy. Four patients who had progressed on prior nivolumab monotherapy were observed to have a best response of stable disease with the additional mavorixafor to nivolumab treatment. Of the five patients who were stable on prior nivolumab monotherapy, one had a partial response with combination therapy of mavorixafor and nivolumab. Our Phase 1b Clinical Biomarker Trial in Advanced Melanoma We have completed a Phase 1b biomarker clinical trial in 16 patients with Stage III and IV melanoma. This multi-center trial evaluated the safety and tolerability of mavorixafor alone and in combination with the immuno-oncology therapy pembrolizumab, an approved PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. The trial evaluated the immune profile of participants’ tumor biopsies and blood to assess changes of key immune cell profiles and inflammatory response markers. Nine patients had both baseline (pre-dose) and post-mavorixafor treatment-evaluable biopsies and were considered as evaluable patients to be included in the analysis. Results from the tumor biopsies taken from melanoma patients, before and after receiving single agent mavorixafor treatment for three weeks, were analyzed. Analyses showed three weeks of single agent mavorixafor monotherapy was associated with tumor immunity. Enhanced immunity was indicated by: • • • • • • increased proliferating CD8+ cells, indicative of cytotoxic T-cell activation; increased IFN-gamma gene expression signature score, suggesting enhanced antigen priming and activation; increased Tumor Inflammation Signature, or TIS, indicative of increased inflammation status in the TME; increased CD8+ T-cell density at the tumor interface, with the total density of CD8+ cells inside the tumor boundary area increased four-fold compared with baseline; increased numbers of cells expressing CD3 antigens, a pan T-cell marker, within tumor borders, and decreased expression of VISTA, a checkpoint molecule that inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation; and/or increases in multiple chemoattractant factors in serum, consistent with increased trafficking of immune cells post CXCR4 inhibition. After single agent mavorixafor treatment, patients received mavorixafor in combination with pembrolizumab for an additional six weeks. Continued signs of positive immune cell changes in the TME were seen with combination treatment. Treatment of additional patients in the trial showed that mavorixafor as a single agent, and in combination with pembrolizumab, continued to be well tolerated. Mavorixafor was well tolerated as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab. Treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, rash macro-papular and dry eye. No Grade > 3 adverse events were observed during the monotherapy period and there were no Grade 4 or 5 adverse events at any time during the period of the trial. Our Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Combination with Axitinib in ccRCC We have also completed an open-label, Phase 1/2 clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with advanced ccRCC who had received at least one prior line of therapy across multiple sites in the United States and South Korea. This Phase 1/2, multi-center, open-label trial of mavorixafor in combination with the approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib included 65 patients with histologically confirmed advanced ccRCC, all of whom received at least one prior systemic therapy. 13 Table of Contents The safety analyses included 65 patients from Phases 1/2 of the trial who were treated with 400 mg mavorixafor (200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily) + 5 mg axitinib twice daily. Treatment responses were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor, or RECIST v1.1 (a validated set of criteria to assess changes in tumor burden), every eight weeks from day one for 80 weeks, and then every 12 weeks thereafter, by blinded, independent central review. Treatment-related serious adverse events were diarrhea, hyperkalemia and hypertension (n=2, or 3%) and blood creatinine increased, dehydration, fatigue, hepatic enzyme increase, nausea, sepsis, trachea-oesophageal fistula, and vomiting (n=1 each, or 1.5%). In the Phase 2a portion of the trial, combination therapy with mavorixafor and axitinib was generally well tolerated with a manageable safety profile and demonstrated clinical improvement with encouraging median progression free survival, or mPFS, in a heavily pre-treated advanced ccRCC patient population. Of the 65 patients in the trial, 49 patients (or 75%) received mavorixafor + axitinib as a third- to ninth-line therapy, having received between two and eight prior therapies with a TKI, immuno-oncology, or IO, agent, or other systemic therapy. Fifty-seven of the 65 patients in the trial (or 88%) had an intermediate or poor prognosis. Overall mPFS across clinically evaluable patients receiving mavorixafor + axitinib (n=62) was 7.4 months. Predefined subpopulations examined patients with immediate prior TKI and IO treatment. Patients treated in the subgroup with immediate prior TKI therapy (n=34) demonstrated an objective response rate, or ORR, of 18% and an increased mPFS of 7.4 months. This is a greater than 50% improvement from the 4.8-month historical mPFS with axitinib alone. Patients treated with mavorixafor + axitinib in the subgroup with immediate prior IO therapy (n=18) had an ORR of 61% and an increased mPFS of 11.6 months. In addition, eight of the 65 patients remain on the combination therapy as of February 2020 with durations of treatment of 26-44 months or longer. Results suggest mavorixafor may enhance clinical response to axitinib and other TKIs that target tumor angiogenesis, as well as immunotherapy agents. Future development and potential commercialization of mavorixafor in ccRCC and other potential immuno-oncology indications will be pursued only as part of a potential strategic collaboration. Earlier-Stage Candidates and Research Efforts X4P-003: We are developing a second-generation CXCR4 antagonist that is at the stage of candidate drug nomination designed to have an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile relative to mavorixafor, potentially enabling improved patient compliance and ease of use to better serve patients suffering from chronic rare diseases. X4P-002: We are also developing X4P-002, a CXCR4 antagonist designed to cross the blood-brain barrier with a potential to provide therapeutic exposures necessary to treat glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM. GBM is the one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer with a five-year overall survival rate of less than 10%. GBM accounts for about 15% of brain cancers. CXCR4 is an important mediator of malignant cell invasiveness in in vitro and in vivo studies. We believe that X4P-002 is the only oral CXCR4 antagonist product candidate that has been shown, in preclinical studies, to penetrate the blood- brain barrier in levels that exceed the targeted levels required for an optimized anti-cancer effect in animal studies. Research Efforts: We are expanding our research facility in Vienna, Austria to further expand our insights into CXCR4 biology, translational science and early stage discovery in primary immunodeficiencies. Arsanis Programs We have undertaken a strategic review of our development programs focused on applying monoclonal antibody, or mAb, immunotherapies to address serious infectious diseases that were being developed by Arsanis prior to the Merger. As part of this review, we have discontinued our ASN100 Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia program. We entered into several collaborations and out-licensing arrangements, with respect to continued development of our ASN200 for Escherichia coli and ASN300 for Klebsiella pneumonia programs, both of which have been exclusively licensed to Bravo Biosciences, LLC, or Bravos, and our ASN500 respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, program, which has been exclusively licensed to Evotec. Competition The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. We face potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. 14 Table of Contents Many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Other firms also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient enrollment for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors with us, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize therapeutics that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain marketing approvals for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for our products, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected because in some cases insurers or other third-party payors, including government programs, seek to encourage the use of generic products. This may have the effect of making branded products less attractive, from a cost perspective, to buyers. We are aware of other companies that are developing CXCR4 inhibitors that are in a similar stage of development as mavorixafor, including Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, or BMS, BioLineRx, Noxxon, Upsher-Smith, Polyphor and Glycomimetics. To our knowledge, there do not appear to be any competitors with programs in development for WHIM syndrome or SCN. With respect to WM, the Dana Farber Cancer Institute has initiated a trial to study the BMS CXCR4 antibody (IV infusion) in the treatment of WM patients with CXCR4 mutations. In WM, there are several treatment approaches currently being developed, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies (as monotherapies and combination therapies), chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and cancer vaccines. Our principal competitors in ccRCC include Pfizer, Novartis, BMS, and Merck. To our knowledge, only X4 and BMS have therapies in development that directly target the 30-40% of WM patients with the double mutations (MYD88 and CXCR4) and only X4 is developing an oral therapy. In glioblastoma, our principal competitors include Genentech/Roche and BMS. Manufacturing We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of mavorixafor or any of our other product candidates. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and any products that we may develop. We currently have a master services agreement, or the Aptuit Agreement, in place with Aptuit (Oxford) Ltd, or Aptuit, pursuant to which Aptuit develops and manufactures the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, for mavorixafor. We use this mavorixafor drug substance in our Phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of WHIM and in our other clinical trials. Aptuit is our sole supplier for mavorixafor drug substance and is currently manufacturing mavorixafor drug substance at a commercially relevant scale to support our ongoing and anticipated future clinical trials. The term of the Aptuit Agreement expires on February 19, 2021 unless terminated by us and/or Aptuit as follows: (i) by mutual agreement of the parties; (ii) by us, if there is a material breach by the other party that remains uncured; (iii) by us, in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of Aptuit; or (iv) by either party, upon 30 days’ written notice. We also have a master services agreement in place with Mayne Pharma Inc., or Mayne Pharma, which is our sole manufacturer to provide fill and finish services for the final drug product formulation of mavorixafor for use in our clinical trials. The term of the master services agreement expires on September 10, 2023, and may be terminated by (1) us upon 30 days-notice to Mayne Pharma or (2) by either party following a material breach by the other party that remains uncured for 30 days. We obtain the supplies of our API and drug products from Aptuit and Mayne pursuant to typical industry standard clinical supply agreements. We believe that both API and drug product manufacturers have the capability and capacity to manufacture currently projected clinical trial supply and commercial volumes of mavorixafor and we are engaged in active discussions with both parties to plan anticipated commercial manufacturing arrangements. We obtain the supplies of our product candidates from these 15 Table of Contents manufacturers under master services contracts and specific work orders. However, we do not have long-term supply arrangements in place. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply or a second source for API for mavorixafor. If any of our current manufacturers becomes unavailable to us for any reason, we believe that there are a number of potential replacements, although we might incur some delay in identifying and qualifying such replacements. License Agreements License Agreement with Genzyme In July 2014, we entered into a license agreement with Genzyme, or the Genzyme Agreement, pursuant to which we were granted an exclusive license to certain patent applications and other intellectual property owned or controlled by Genzyme related to the CXCR4 receptor to develop and commercialize products containing licensed compounds (including but not limited to mavorixafor) for all therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses with the exception of autologous and allogenic human stem cell therapy. Genzyme has retained the exclusive right to use the intellectual property licensed to us in specific indications related to Genzyme’s product Mozobil® and allogenic/autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatments. Genzyme has also retained the non-exclusive right to conduct preclinical research involving compounds in any field, including any fields licensed to us, but has not retained rights to conduct any clinical development or commercialization of those compounds identified in the agreement in any of the fields licensed to us. We are primarily responsible for the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of all patent applications and patents covering the intellectual property licensed to us under the agreement at our sole expense. Under the terms of the Genzyme Agreement, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products for use in the field in the United States and at least one other major market country. We have the right to grant sublicenses of the licensed rights that cover mavorixafor to third parties. If we wish to grant a sublicense to any licensed product other than mavorixafor, we are obligated to first offer the sublicense to Genzyme. If Genzyme expresses written interest for the sublicense, then we will negotiate exclusively with Genzyme for a certain stated period to obtain a license to such rights, after which Genzyme shall have no further rights with respect to such licensed product and we will be free to negotiate a sublicense with respect to such licensed product with any third party. In accordance with the Genzyme Agreement, X4 issued Genzyme 107,364 shares of common stock following its Series A financing. No further issuance of shares is required under the terms of the license. We are obligated to pay Genzyme milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $25,000,000, contingent upon our achievement of certain late-stage regulatory and sales milestones with respect to licensed products. In addition,X4 was required to make a one-time milestone payment to Genzyme upon the consummation by X4 of a change of control transaction in an amount equal to 5.5% of the consideration paid to its equity holders, other than Genzyme, in connection with such change of control transaction, after deducting its outstanding debt obligations and the aggregate cash investments made by our equity holders prior to the closing of the change of control transaction. The Merger qualified as a change of control event, as defined in the license agreement, but resulted in no payment being due to Genzyme under the license agreement. We are obligated under the Genzyme agreement to pay Genzyme tiered royalties based on net sales of licensed products that we commercialize under the Genzyme agreement. Our obligation to pay royalties for each licensed product expires on a country-by-country basis on the latest of (i) the expiration of licensed patent rights that cover that licensed product in that country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity in that country and (iii) ten years after the first commercial sale of such licensed product in that country. Royalty rates are subject to reduction under the agreement in specified circumstances, including in any country if we are required to obtain a license from any third party to the extent our patent rights might infringe the third party’s patent rights, if a licensed product is not covered by a valid claim in that country or if sales of generic products reach certain thresholds in that country. If we enter into a sublicense under the Genzyme agreement, we will be obligated to pay Genzyme a percentage of certain upfront, maintenance fees, milestone payments and royalty payments paid to us by the sublicensee. The term of the Genzyme Agreement will continue until the later of the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of the patents licensed under the agreement that cover any licensed product, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity applicable to any licensed product and 10 years from the date of first commercial sale of any licensed product. Either we or Genzyme may terminate the Genzyme Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or uncured material breach by the other party. Genzyme may terminate the Genzyme Agreement if we or our affiliates initiate a patent challenge of the patents licensed under the agreement. We may terminate the Genzyme Agreement immediately upon notice to Genzyme if we reasonably believe that the development or 16 Table of Contents commercialization of a licensed compound or product under the Genzyme agreement would result in a material safety issue for patients. License Agreement with Georgetown University In December 2016, we entered into a license agreement with the Georgetown University, or Georgetown, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to practice certain methods, and to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale and import products, covered by licensed patent rights co- owned by Georgetown. The rights licensed to us are for all therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses in all disease indications in humans and animals. We have the right to grant sublicenses of the licensed rights to third parties to the extent consistent with the terms of the Georgetown agreement. Under the terms of the Georgetown agreement we paid a one-time only, upfront fee of $50,000, and we may be required to pay milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $800,000 related to commercial sales of a licensed product. We are responsible for all patent prosecution costs incurred with respect to the licensed patents. We are obligated under the agreement to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed product, to make licensed product reasonably available to the public, to obtain government approvals for licensed product and to market licensed product in quantities sufficient to meet the market demand. The term of the Georgetown agreement will continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the patent rights covering the licensed products. Georgetown may terminate the Georgetown agreement or convert our license to non-exclusive in the event (i) we fail to pay any amount and fail to cure such failure within 30 days after receipt of notice, (ii) we default in our obligation to obtain and maintain insurance and fail to remedy such breach within 45 days after receipt of notice, (iii) we declare insolvency or bankruptcy or (iv) we materially default in the performance of any material obligations under the Georgetown agreement which is not cured within a certain period from the date of written notice of such default. We may terminate the Georgetown agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ written notice. License Agreement with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center In December 2016, we entered into a license agreement with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, or BIDMC, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale and import of licensed products and certain processes covered by licensed patent rights co-owned by BIDMC and a nonexclusive royalty-free right to use certain information pertaining to any invention claimed in the licensed patents that is owned by BIDMC to develop, make, have made, use, have used, sell, have sold and commercialize such licensed products and processes. The rights licensed to us are for all fields of use. We have the right to grant sublicenses of the licensed rights to third parties to the extent consistent with the terms of the agreement. Under the terms of the BIDMC agreement we paid a one-time only, upfront fee of $20,000 and we are responsible for all future patent prosecution costs. The term of the BIDMC agreement will continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the patent rights covering the licensed product. BIDMC may terminate the agreement in the event (i) we fail to pay any amount and fail to cure such failure within 15 days after receipt of notice, (ii) the insurance coverage that we are obligated to maintain under the agreement is terminated and we fail to obtain replacement insurance within a certain period of time following notice to BIDMC, or (iii) we declare insolvency or bankruptcy. In addition, if we are in material breach of any material provisions of the BIDMC agreement and fail to remedy such breach within 60 days after receipt of notice, BIDMC may terminate the BIDMC agreement or terminate any licenses granted under the agreement with respect to the country or countries in which such material breach has occurred. We may terminate the agreement at any time upon at least 90 days’ written notice. Abbisko Agreement In July 2019, we entered into a license agreement with Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., or Abbisko. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Abbisko the exclusive right to develop, manufacture and commercialize mavorixafor in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. The agreement provides Abbisko with the exclusive rights in this territory to develop and commercialize mavorixafor in combination with checkpoint inhibitors or other agents in oncology indications. Pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancer will be explored initially. We retain the full rest-of-world rights to develop and commercialize mavorixafor outside of Greater China for all indications and the ability to utilize data generated pursuant to the Abbisko collaboration for rest-of-world development. In addition, Abbisko has the right of first refusal if we determine to pursue additional products in the Abbisko Territory, as defined in the agreement. We have agreed to enter into separate agreements 17 Table of Contents whereby we would provide Abbisko with a clinical supply and, if the product is commercialized in the territory licensed by Abbisko, a commercial supply of the licensed compound. Pursuant to the agreement with Abbisko, upon the closing of a qualified financing, as defined in the agreement, Abbisko will make a one-time, non- refundable, non-creditable financial milestone payment in the low single-digit millions to us. We are also eligible to receive potential development and regulatory milestone payments and potential commercial milestone payments based on annual net sales of licensed products. Upon commercialization of mavorixafor in the Abbisko Territory, we are eligible to receive a tiered royalty, with a percentage range in the low double-digits, on net sales of approved licensed products. Abbisko is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize mavorixafor in the Abbisko Territory. Abbisko has responsibility for all activities and costs associated with the further development, manufacture and commercialization of mavorixafor in the Abbisko Territory. Intellectual Property Our ability to commercialize our product candidates depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates, including mavorixafor, and our preclinical compounds and core technologies. Our policy is to seek to protect our intellectual property position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to the technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business strategy. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary position. We file patent applications directed to our product candidates, preclinical compounds and related technologies to establish intellectual property positions on these compounds and their uses in disease. As of December 31, 2019, we owned or exclusively licensed 13 issued U.S. patents, 12 pending U.S. non- provisional patent applications, one pending U.S. provisional patent application, and approximately 132 PCT and foreign patents and patent applications in the following foreign jurisdictions: Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, European Patent Office, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Israel, Japan, Lichtenstein, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. As of December 31, 2019, our in-licensed intellectual property portfolio for mavorixafor included two issued U.S. patents and one pending U.S. patent application directed to compositions of matter for mavorixafor, which is expected to expire in December 2022 excluding possible patent term extensions of up to an additional five years. The intellectual property portfolio for mavorixafor also included one issued U.S. patent with claims directed to a crystalline salt form of mavorixafor, one issued U.S. patent directed to pharmaceutical compositions of mavorixafor in unit dosage form, and four issued U.S. patents directed to methods of making mavorixafor and key intermediates. We also had four issued U.S. patents directed to compositions and methods of making chemical compounds related to the X4P-001 program. Approximately 85 corresponding PCT and foreign patents and patent applications directed to compositions of matter and related chemical compounds as well as methods of making and methods of use were issued or pending. All of the above patents and patent applications were exclusively licensed to us pursuant to the terms of the Genzyme license agreement. Additionally, we have filed our own patent applications with respect to the mavorixafor and X4P-002 product candidates. Some of these patent applications are co-owned with Genzyme, BIDMC or Georgetown, with their rights exclusively licensed to X4. As of December 31, 2019, our independently generated intellectual property portfolio included eight pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, one pending U.S. provisional patent application, and approximately 31 pending PCT and foreign patent applications related to our mavorixafor clinical programs in cancer and primary immunodeficiencies; and three pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications, one pending U.S. provisional patent application and 16 pending PCT and foreign patent applications related to our preclinical compounds and X4P-002 in glioblastoma. Patents issuing from these applications, if any, are expected to expire between 2036 and 2039. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest filing date of a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier filed patent. The term of a U.S. patent that covers a drug or biological product may also be eligible for patent term extension when approval from the FDA is granted, provided statutory and regulatory requirements are met. In the future, if our product candidates receive approval from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on issued patents covering those products, depending upon the length of the clinical 18 Table of Contents trials for each drug and other factors. There can be no assurance that any of our pending patent applications will issue or that we will benefit from any patent term extension or other favorable adjustment to the term of any of our patents. As with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary and intellectual property position for our product candidates, including mavorixafor, and our preclinical compounds, and our core technologies will depend on our success in obtaining effective patent claims and enforcing those claims if granted. However, patent applications that we may file or license from third parties may not result in the issuance of patents. We also cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents. Any issued patents that we may receive in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. For example, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, patent applications were subject to a “first to invent” rule of law. Applications filed after March 16, 2013 (except for certain applications claiming the benefit of earlier-filed applications) are subject to a “first to file” rule of law. Discoveries reported in the scientific literature often lag the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We cannot be certain that any existing or future application will be subject to the “first to file” or “first to invent” rule of law, that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our existing patents or pending patent applications subject to the prior laws, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions subject to the new laws. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology we have claimed in our patents or patent applications, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the USPTO to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial costs to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. In addition, because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a product candidate we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent. In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by using confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, scientific advisors, employees and consultants, and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also have agreements requiring assignment of inventions with selected consultants, scientific advisors and collaborators. The confidentiality agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of agreements or clauses requiring invention assignment, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed under those agreements. Government Regulation and Product Approval The FDA Approval Process In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as imposition of clinical holds, refusal by the FDA to approve pending NDAs, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, civil penalties and criminal prosecution. Pharmaceutical product development in the United States typically involves preclinical or other nonclinical laboratory and animal tests and the submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before clinical testing may commence. For commercial approval, the sponsor must submit adequate tests by all methods reasonably applicable to show that the drug is safe for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended or suggested in the proposed labeling. The sponsor must also submit substantial evidence, generally consisting of adequate, well-controlled clinical trials to establish that the drug will have the effect it purports or is represented to have under the conditions of use prescribed, recommended or suggested in the proposed labeling. In certain cases, the FDA may determine that a drug is effective based on one clinical study plus confirmatory evidence. Satisfaction of the FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease. Nonclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the nonclinical tests must comply with federal requirements, including the FDA’s good laboratory practices regulations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s, or USDA’s, 19 Table of Contents regulations implementing the Animal Welfare Act. The results of nonclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term nonclinical tests, such as animal studies of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has not imposed a clinical hold on the IND or otherwise commented or questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations, (ii) in compliance with GCP, an international standard meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators and monitors, and (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on U.S. patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with the FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The trial protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an institutional review board, or IRB, at each site where a trial will be conducted for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements or may impose other conditions. Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In general, in Phase 1, the initial introduction of the drug into healthy human volunteers or, in some cases, patients, the drug is tested to assess metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, early evidence of effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to determine the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 trials are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the drug. The FDA may, however, determine that a drug is effective based on one clinical trial plus confirmatory evidence. Only a small percentage of investigational drugs complete all three phases and obtain marketing approval. In some cases, the FDA may require post-market studies, known as Phase 4 studies, to be conducted as a condition of approval to gather additional information on the drug’s effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use. Depending on the risks posed by the drugs, other post-market requirements may be imposed. After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, subject to certain exceptions and waivers, such as for orphan- designated drugs. The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. Under the statute and implementing regulations, the FDA has 180 days (the initial review cycle) from the date of filing to issue either an approval letter or a complete response letter, unless the review period is adjusted by mutual agreement between the FDA and the applicant or as a result of the applicant submitting a major amendment. In practice, the performance goals established pursuant to the Prescription Drug User Fee Act have effectively extended the initial review cycle beyond 180 days. The FDA’s current performance goals call for the FDA to complete review of 90% of standard (non-priority) NDAs within 10 months of receipt and within six months for priority NDAs, but two additional months are added to standard and priority NDAs for a new molecular entity, or NME. 20 Table of Contents The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee, which is typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with current GMP is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied. After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing 90% of resubmissions within two to six months depending on the type of information included. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for health care professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information Sponsors of clinical trials of certain FDA-regulated products, including prescription drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on a public website maintained by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigator, and other aspects of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of these trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed for up to two years if the sponsor certifies that it is seeking approval of an unapproved product or that it will file an application for approval of a new indication for an approved product within one year. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the design and progress of the development programs. The Hatch-Waxman Act Orange Book Listing In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent whose claims cover the applicant’s product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential generic competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to be bioequivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submit results of, pre-clinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved in this way are considered to be therapeutically equivalent to the listed drug, are commonly referred to as “generic equivalents” to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug in accordance with state law. The ANDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. The ANDA applicant may also elect to submit a section viii statement, certifying that its proposed ANDA labeling does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use, rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent. 21 Table of Contents If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents, or that such patents are invalid, is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant. The ANDA application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired. Exclusivity Upon NDA approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, which is a drug that contains no active moiety that has been approved by the FDA in any other NDA, that drug receives five years of marketing exclusivity during which time the FDA cannot receive any ANDA or 505(b)(2) application seeking approval of a drug that references a version of the NCE drug. Certain changes to a drug, such as the addition of a new indication to the package insert, are associated with a three-year period of exclusivity during which the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application that includes the change. An ANDA or 505(b)(2) application may be submitted one year before NCE exclusivity expires if a Paragraph IV certification is filed. If there is no listed patent in the Orange Book, there may not be a Paragraph IV certification and thus no ANDA or 505(b)(2) application may be filed before the expiration of the exclusivity period. For a botanical drug, the FDA may determine that the active moiety is one or more of the principal components or the complex mixture as a whole. This determination would affect the utility of any five-year exclusivity as well as the ability of any potential generic competitor to demonstrate that it is the same drug as the original botanical drug. Five-year and three-year exclusivities do not preclude FDA approval of a 505(b)(1) application for a duplicate version of the drug during the period of exclusivity, provided that the 505(b)(1) applicant conducts or obtains a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Patent Term Extension After NDA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for up to a five-year patent extension. The allowable patent term extension is calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase—the time between IND submission and NDA submission—and all of the review phase—the time between NDA submission and approval up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if the FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence. The total patent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years. For patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent extension increases the patent term by one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is reduced by one year. The director of the USPTO must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely. Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA has not been submitted. Advertising and Promotion Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the 22 Table of Contents original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs. Adverse Event Reporting and GMP Compliance Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, require a REMS special communications regarding the safety of the drug or heightened surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to GMP after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with GMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with GMP. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. Pediatric Exclusivity and Pediatric Use The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, or BPCA, provides NDA holders a six-month period of exclusivity attached to any other exclusivity listed with FDA—patent or non-patent—for a drug if certain conditions are met. Conditions for pediatric exclusivity include a determination by the FDA that information relating to the use of a new drug in the pediatric population may produce health benefits in that population; a written request by the FDA for pediatric studies; and agreement by the applicant to perform the requested studies and the submission to the FDA, completion of the studies in accordance with the written request, and the acceptance by the FDA of the reports of the requested studies within the statutory timeframe. Applications under the BPCA are treated as priority applications. In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe and effective, unless the sponsor has received a deferral or waiver from the FDA. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted. The sponsor or the FDA may request a deferral of pediatric studies for some or all of the pediatric subpopulations. A deferral may be granted for several reasons, including a finding that the drug is ready for approval for use in adults before pediatric studies are complete or that additional safety or effectiveness data need to be collected before the pediatric studies begin. Under PREA, the FDA must send a non-compliance letter requesting a response within 45 days to any sponsor that fails to submit the required assessment, fails to keep a deferral current or fails to submit a request for approval of a pediatric formulation. Orphan Drugs Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition—generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States (or affects more than 200,000 in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for such disease or condition will be recovered from sales of such drug in the United States). Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. If the FDA designates an orphan drug based on a finding of clinical superiority, the FDA must provide a written notification to the sponsor that states the basis for orphan designation, including “any plausible hypothesis” relied upon by the FDA. The FDA must also publish a summary of its clinical superiority findings upon granting orphan drug exclusivity based on clinical superiority. 23 Table of Contents Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the NDA application user fee. Breakthrough Designation A product can be designated as a breakthrough therapy by FDA if it is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that it may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. A sponsor may request that a product candidate be designated as a breakthrough therapy concurrently with the submission of an IND or any time before an end-of-Phase-2 meeting, and the FDA must determine if the product candidate qualifies for breakthrough therapy designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request. If so designated, the FDA shall act to expedite the development and review of the product’s marketing application, including by meeting with the sponsor throughout the product’s development, providing timely advice to the sponsor to ensure that the development program to gather pre-clinical and clinical data is as efficient as practicable, involving senior managers and experienced review staff in a cross-disciplinary review, assigning a cross- disciplinary project lead for the FDA review team to facilitate an efficient review of the development program and to serve as a scientific liaison between the review team and the sponsor, and taking steps to ensure that the design of the clinical trials is as efficient as practicable. Europe/Rest of World Government Regulation In addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will be subject, either directly or through our distribution partners, to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products, if approved. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S. countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. In the European Union, medicinal products are subject to extensive pre- and post-marketing regulation by regulatory authorities at both the European Union and national levels. Additional rules also apply at the national level to the manufacture, import, export, storage, distribution and sale of controlled substances. In many E.U. member states, the regulatory authority responsible for medicinal products is also responsible for controlled substances. Responsibility is, however, split in some member states. Generally, any company manufacturing or distributing a medicinal product containing a controlled substance in the European Union will need to hold a controlled substances license from the competent national authority and will be subject to specific record-keeping and security obligations. Separate import or export certificates are required for each shipment into or out of the member state. Clinical Trials and Marketing Approval Certain countries outside of the United States have a process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application much like an IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In Europe, for example, a clinical trial application, or CTA, must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees in each country in which a company intends to conduct clinical trials. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements and a company has received favorable ethics committee approval, clinical trial development may proceed in that country. The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country, even though there is already some degree of legal harmonization in the European Union member states resulting from the national implementation of underlying E.U. legislation. In all cases, the clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines on GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements. To obtain regulatory approval to place a drug on the market in the European Union, we must submit a marketing authorization application. This application is similar to the NDA in the United States, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. All application procedures require an application in the common technical document, or CTD, format, which includes the submission of detailed information about the manufacturing and quality of the product, and non-clinical and clinical trial information. Drugs can be authorized in the European Union by using (i) the centralized authorization procedure, (ii) the mutual recognition procedure, (iii) the decentralized procedure or (iv) national authorization procedures. 24 Table of Contents The European Commission created the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that are valid throughout the European Union and, by extension (after national implementing decisions) in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which, together with the E.U. member states, comprise the European Economic Area, or EEA. Applicants file marketing authorization applications with the EMA, where they are reviewed by a relevant scientific committee, in most cases the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP. The EMA forwards CHMP opinions to the European Commission, which uses them as the basis for deciding whether to grant a marketing authorization. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that is valid across the European Union, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The centralized procedure is compulsory for human drugs that are: (i) derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering, (ii) contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases, (iii) officially designated “orphan drugs” (drugs used for rare human diseases) and (iv) advanced-therapy medicines, such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines. The centralized procedure may at the voluntary request of the applicant also be used for human drugs which do not fall within the above-mentioned categories if the CHMP agrees that (a) the human drug contains a new active substance not yet approved on November 20, 2005; (b) it constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or (c) authorization under the centralized procedure is in the interests of patients at the E.U. level. Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application by the EMA is 210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP), with adoption of the actual marketing authorization by the European Commission thereafter. Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest from the point of view of therapeutic innovation, defined by three cumulative criteria: the seriousness of the disease to be treated, the absence of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach, and anticipation of exceptional high therapeutic benefit. In this circumstance, the EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days and the opinion issued thereafter. For those medicinal products for which the centralized procedure is not available, the applicant must submit marketing authorization applications to the national medicines regulators through one of three procedures: (i) the mutual recognition procedure (which must be used if the product has already been authorized in at least one other E.U. member state, and in which the E.U. member states are required to grant an authorization recognizing the existing authorization in the other E.U. member state, unless they identify a serious risk to public health), (ii) the decentralized procedure (in which applications are submitted simultaneously in two or more E.U. member states) or (iii) national authorization procedures (which results in a marketing authorization in a single E.U. member state). Mutual Recognition Procedure The mutual recognition procedure, or MRP, for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketing authorizations within the European Union. Basically, the MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized procedure is not obligatory. The MRP is applicable to the majority of conventional medicinal products and must be used if the product has already been authorized in one or more member states. The characteristic of the MRP is that the procedure builds on an already–existing marketing authorization in a member state of the European Union that is used as a reference in order to obtain marketing authorizations in other E.U. member states. In the MRP, a marketing authorization for a drug already exists in one or more member states of the European Union and subsequently marketing authorization applications are made in other E.U. member states by referring to the initial marketing authorization. The member state in which the marketing authorization was first granted will then act as the reference member state. The member states where the marketing authorization is subsequently applied for act as concerned member states. The concerned member states are required to grant an authorization recognizing the existing authorization in the reference member state, unless they identify a serious risk to public health. The MRP is based on the principle of the mutual recognition by E.U. member states of their respective national marketing authorizations. Based on a marketing authorization in the reference member state, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other member states. In such case, the reference member state shall update its existing assessment report about the drug in 90 days. After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are sent to all member states, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. The concerned member states then have 90 days to 25 Table of Contents recognize the decision of the reference member state and the summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. National marketing authorizations shall be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement. If any E.U. member state refuses to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference member state, on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the issue will be referred to a coordination group. Within a timeframe of 60 days, member states shall, within the coordination group, make all efforts to reach a consensus. If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for arbitration. The opinion of this EMA Committee is then forwarded to the European Commission for the start of the decision making process. As in the centralized procedure, this process entails consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products. Data Exclusivity In the European Union, marketing authorization applications for generic medicinal products do not need to include the results of pre-clinical and clinical trials, but instead can refer to the data included in the marketing authorization of a reference product for which regulatory data exclusivity has expired. If a marketing authorization is granted for a medicinal product containing a new active substance, that product benefits from eight years of data exclusivity, during which generic marketing authorization applications referring to the data of that product may not be accepted by the regulatory authorities, and a further two years of market exclusivity, during which such generic products may not be placed on the market. The two-year period may be extended to three years if during the first eight years a new therapeutic indication with significant clinical benefit over existing therapies is approved. Orphan Medicinal Products The EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP, may recommend orphan medicinal product designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union. Additionally, this designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life- threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the product in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the medicinal product. The COMP may only recommend orphan medicinal product designation when the product in question offers a significant clinical benefit over existing approved products for the relevant indication. Following a positive opinion by the COMP, the European Commission adopts a decision granting orphan status. The COMP will reassess orphan status in parallel with EMA review of a marketing authorization application and orphan status may be withdrawn at that stage if it no longer fulfills the orphan criteria (for instance because in the meantime a new product was approved for the indication and no convincing data are available to demonstrate a significant benefit over that product). Orphan medicinal product designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as a reduction of fees or fee waivers and 10 years of market exclusivity is granted following marketing authorization. During this period, the competent authorities may not accept or approve any similar medicinal product, unless it offers a significant clinical benefit. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan medicinal product designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Pediatric Development In the European Union, companies developing a new medicinal product must agree to a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, with the EMA and must conduct pediatric clinical trials in accordance with that PIP unless a waiver applies, for example, because the relevant disease or condition occurs only in adults. The marketing authorization application for the product must include the results of pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP, unless a waiver applies, or a deferral has been granted, in which case the pediatric clinical trials must be completed at a later date. Products that are granted a marketing authorization on the basis of the pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP are eligible for a six-month extension of the protection under a supplementary protection certificate (if the product covered by it qualifies for one at the time of approval). This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension of clinical trials, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Reimbursement 26 Table of Contents Sales of pharmaceutical products in the United States will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third-party payers, such as government health programs, and commercial insurance and managed health care organizations. These third-party payers are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Additionally, the containment of health care costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, utilization management and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. If these third-party payers do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, imposed requirements for the distribution and pricing of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries and included a major expansion of the prescription drug benefit under Medicare Part D. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities that provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Part D is available through both stand-alone prescription drug benefit plans and prescription drug coverage as a supplement to Medicare Advantage plans. Unlike Medicare Parts A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for products for which we receive marketing approval. However, any negotiated prices for our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non- governmental payers. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively, the ACA, was enacted with the goal of expanding coverage for the uninsured while at the same time containing overall health care costs. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, the ACA expanded and increased industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and made changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare D program. There remain challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to eliminate the implementation of certain provisions of the ACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the ACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted, which, among other things, included a provision which repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. In addition, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on certain high-cost employer-sponsored health insurance plans and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminates the health insurer tax. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. It is unclear how this decision, future decisions, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA. In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, some E.U. jurisdictions operate positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines but monitor and control company profits. Such differences in national pricing regimes may create price 27 Table of Contents differentials between E.U. member states. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States. In the European Union, the downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription medicines, has become intense. As a result, barriers to entry of new products are becoming increasingly high and patients are unlikely to use a drug product that is not reimbursed by their government. Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any drug products for which we obtain regulatory approval. In the United States, sales of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors. Third-party payors include government authorities, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Coverage and reimbursement policies for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor as there is no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products among third party payors in the United States. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a drug product may be separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the drug product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. In order to obtain coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products, in addition to the costs required to obtain regulatory approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. If third-party payors do not consider a product to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the product after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow a company to sell its products at a profit. Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements Our current and future operations may subject us to various federal and state laws targeting fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry. These laws may impact, among other things, our research and proposed sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include: • • • • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent; the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters; the federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, that require drug manufacturers to disclose payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals; • HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which • imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; and Foreign and state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers, state and local laws governing the disclosure of payments to health care professionals, state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, state laws that require the reporting of information related to drug pricing, state and local laws requiring the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives and state laws governing the privacy and 28 Table of Contents • security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to it, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Employees As of December 31, 2019, we employed 58 full-time employees. Of these employees, 38 were engaged in research and development and 20 were engaged in general and administrative functions. All of our employees are located in the United States and Vienna, Austria. We have no collective bargaining agreements with our employees and have not experienced any work stoppages. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good. Corporate Information We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2010 under the name Arsanis Inc. Following the Merger on March 13, 2019 with X4 Therapeutics Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc.), we changed our name to X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and our telephone number is (857) 529-8300. Available Information We maintain a website at http://www.x4pharma.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, proxy statements, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such reports with the SEC. Such reports and other information may be accessed through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Information contained in our website is not part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS An investment in shares of our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, before deciding to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to continue to incur losses and may never generate profits from operations or maintain profitability. Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Without regard to the historical operating results of our predecessor, Arsanis, our net losses were $52.8 million, $33.3 million and $22.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of $132.0 million as of December 31, 2019. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through issuances of shares of common stock warrants and prefunded warrants for the purchase of our preferred stock and our common stock, sales of preferred stock, proceeds from the issuance of convertible debt and borrowings under loan and security agreements. In 2019, we completed a merger with Arsanis and acquired its $26.4 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including clinical trials. We have not completed the development of any drugs. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next few years as we conduct additional clinical trials for our product candidates; continue to discover and develop additional product candidates; acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies; maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; hire additional clinical, scientific and commercial personnel; establish a commercial manufacturing source and secure supply chain capacity sufficient to provide commercial quantities of any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval; seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; establish a sales, 29 Table of Contents marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval; and add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Our ability to generate profits from operations and thereafter to remain profitable depends heavily on: • • • • • • • • • • the scope, number, progress, duration, endpoints, cost, results and timing of clinical trials and nonclinical studies of our current or potential future product candidates, including in particular the scope, progress, duration, endpoints, cost, results and timing for completion of our Phase 3 trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of severe congenital neutropenia, or SCN, and our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. our ability to raise sufficient funds to support the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates; the outcomes and timing of regulatory reviews, approvals or other actions; our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates; our ability to establish and maintain licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements on favorable terms and whether and to what extent we retain development or commercialization responsibilities under any new licensing, collaboration or similar arrangement; the success of any other business, product or technology that we acquire or in which we invest; our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio; our ability to manufacture any approved products on commercially reasonable terms; our ability to establish a sales and marketing organization or suitable third-party alternatives for any approved product; and the number and characteristics of product candidates and programs that we pursue. Based on our current plans, which will allow us to fund our operations for at least the 12 months following the filing of this Annual Report or Form 10-K, we do not expect to generate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we (or a potential future licensee or collaborator) obtain marketing approval for, and commercialize, one or more of our current or potential future product candidates. Neither we nor a licensee may ever succeed in obtaining marketing approval for, or commercializing, our product candidates and, even if we do, we may never generate revenues that are significant enough to generate profits from operations. Even if we do generate profits from operations, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to generate profits from operations and remain profitable would decrease our value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decline in our value could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability. Without regard to the historical operations of Arsanis, our operations to date have been limited to organizing the company, entering into licensing arrangements for mavorixafor, hiring a team of experienced personnel, raising capital, and undertaking nonclinical studies and clinical trials and regulatory activities for our development programs, primarily mavorixafor. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete development of any product candidate, including large-scale, pivotal clinical trials required for regulatory approval of our product candidates, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. 30 Table of Contents Typically, it takes many years to develop one new product from the time it is discovered to when it is commercially available, if ever. In addition, the CXCR4 receptor that we are pursuing with respect to our product candidates is a relatively novel target with a limited research and development history. Consequently, any early predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history. As an early-stage company, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors that may alter or delay our plans. Assuming that we complete the development of and obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we will need to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and may not be successful in such a transition. We will require substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate any product development programs or commercialization efforts. Our operations have consumed a large amount of cash since inception. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in future periods as we continue to advance the clinical development of our product candidates and prepare for the launch and commercialization of any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval, including potentially building our own commercial organization to address the United States and certain other markets. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates that are not then subject to licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements with third parties, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company in the United States. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed or in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to it, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts of one or more of our product candidates or one or more of our other research and development initiatives. We also could be required to: • • seek collaborators for one or more of our current or future product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Our future funding requirements, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to: • • • • the scope, number, initiation, progress, timing, costs, design, duration, any potential delays, and results of clinical trials and nonclinical studies for our current or future product candidates, particularly our Phase 3 trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of SCN, and our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WM; the clinical development plans that we establish for these product candidates; the number and characteristics of product candidates and programs that we develop or may in-license; the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory reviews, approvals or other actions to meet regulatory requirements established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to require that we perform more studies for our product candidates than those that we currently expect; • our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates; • the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, including any such patent claims and intellectual property rights that we have licensed from Genzyme pursuant to the terms of our license agreement with Genzyme or from other third parties; • our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our product candidates; 31 Table of Contents • the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities with respect to our product candidates; • our ability to establish and maintain licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements on favorable terms and whether and to what extent we retain development or commercialization responsibilities under any new licensing, collaboration or similar arrangement; • • • the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own; the success of any other business, product or technology that we acquire or in which we invest; the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, product candidates and technologies; • our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; • the costs to operate as a public company, including the need to implement additional financial and reporting systems and other internal systems and infrastructure for our business; • market acceptance of our product candidates, to the extent any are approved for commercial sale; and • the effect of competing technological and market developments. Conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that will not be commercially available for sale by us for at least the next few years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. The unavailability of additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, would have an adverse effect on your investment. Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our investors, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates. Future debt obligations may expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition and may result in further dilution to our stockholders. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, and licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements. We do not have any committed external sources of funds and may seek to raise additional capital at any time. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our common stock. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends or other distributions, acquiring or licensing intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business and may result in liens being placed on our assets and intellectual property. If we default on such indebtedness, we could lose such assets and intellectual property. If we raise additional funds through licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research and development programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or through licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. We have not generated any revenues since inception and may never become profitable. To date, we have not generated any revenues. Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully obtain marketing approval and commercialize our product candidates, including mavorixafor-based product candidates, X4P-002, X4P-003 or other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Even if we are able to successfully achieve regulatory approval for these product candidates, we are unable to predict the extent of any future 32 Table of Contents losses and do not know when any of these product candidates will generate revenue for us, if at all. Our ability to generate revenue from mavorixafor or other product candidates also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to: • • • • successfully complete development activities, including all necessary nonclinical studies and clinical trials; complete and submit New Drug Applications, or NDAs, to the FDA and obtain regulatory approval for indications for which there is a commercial market; complete and submit marketing applications to, and obtain regulatory approval from, foreign regulatory authorities; set and obtain a commercially viable price for our products; • obtain commercial quantities of our products at acceptable cost levels; • develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for the products we intend to sell ourselves in the markets in which we have retained commercialization rights; • find suitable collaborators to help us market, sell and distribute our approved products in other markets; and • obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party, including government, payors. In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, including the possibility that our product candidates may not advance through development or demonstrate safety and efficacy for their intended uses, the FDA or any other regulatory agency may require additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies. We are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, and such expense could increase beyond our expectations if the FDA or any other regulatory agency requires such additional clinical trials or nonclinical studies as part of the application and approval process or post-approval process if we are successful at achieving regulatory approval. Even if we are able to successfully complete the development and regulatory reviews described above, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing these products, if they are approved. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our product candidates, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of the company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our discovery and preclinical development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations and may require us to raise additional capital that may dilute your ownership interest. A decline in our value could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Risks Related to Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates We depend almost entirely on the success of our lead product candidate, mavorixafor, which we are developing initially for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, for the treatment of SCN, for the treatment of WM, and with a potential strategic partner, for the treatment of ccRCC. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, mavorixafor or any other product candidate. Our business depends almost entirely on the successful clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization of mavorixafor. We currently have no drug product for sale and may never be able to develop marketable drug products. We initiated a global Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial of our lead product candidate, mavorixafor, in WHIM patients in the second quarter of 2019, and may be required to complete additional nonclinical studies and clinical trials before we can seek regulatory approval. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we also initiated a Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of SCN and WM. Having completed our Phase 2a clinical trial, we do not plan to develop mavorixafor for the treatment of ccRCC on our own. Our other programs, including X4P-002 and X4P-003, are still in the preclinical development stage. The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and, if approved, market any product candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must successfully meet a number of critical developmental milestones, including: • developing dosages that will be well-tolerated, safe and effective; 33 Table of Contents • completing the development and scale-up to permit manufacture of our product candidates in commercial quantities and at acceptable costs; • demonstrating through pivotal clinical trials that each product candidate is safe and effective in patients for the intended indication; • establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers; and • obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and non-patent exclusivity for our product candidates. The time necessary to achieve these developmental milestones for any individual product candidate is long and uncertain, and we may not successfully complete these milestones for mavorixafor or any other product candidates that we may develop. We have not yet completed development of any product candidate. We also may not be able to finalize the design or formulation for our other programs, X4P-002 for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM, and X4P-003, a next generation molecule for the treatment of rare diseases linked to defects in CXCR4 trafficking. We are continuing to test and develop our product candidates and may explore possible design or formulation changes to address safety, efficacy, manufacturing efficiency and performance issues to the extent any arise. We may not be able to complete development of any product candidates that demonstrate safety and efficacy and that will have a commercially reasonable treatment and storage period. If we are unable to complete development of mavorixafor or any other product candidates that we may develop, we will not be able to commercialize and earn revenue from them. We expect to develop mavorixafor, and potentially future product candidates, in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional risks. We intend to develop mavorixafor, and may develop future product candidates, in combination with one or more currently approved cancer therapies. Even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risks that the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product candidate or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with these existing therapies. Combination therapies are commonly used for the treatment of cancer, and we would be subject to similar risks if we develop any of our product candidates for use in combination with other drugs or for indications other than cancer. This could result in our own products being removed from the market or being less successful commercially. We may also evaluate mavorixafor or any other future product candidates in combination with one or more other cancer therapies that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States. We will not be able to market and sell mavorixafor or any product candidate we develop in combination with any such unapproved cancer therapies that do not ultimately obtain marketing approval. If the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States do not approve these other drugs or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues arise with, the drugs that we choose to evaluate in combination with mavorixafor or any product candidate we develop, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market mavorixafor or any product candidate we develop. The regulatory review and approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, including mavorixafor, our business will be substantially harmed. Of the large number of drugs in development in the United States, only a small percentage receive FDA regulatory approval and are commercialized in the United States. We are not permitted to market mavorixafor or any other product candidate in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from such countries or jurisdictions, such as the marketing authorization application, or MAA, in the European Union from the European Medicines Agency, or EMA. Prior to submitting an NDA to the FDA for approval of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, we will need to successfully complete the current Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial of mavorixafor in patients with WHIM syndrome and potentially additional clinical trials and/or nonclinical studies. Successfully completing clinical trials and 34 Table of Contents obtaining approval of an NDA is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA, or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, may delay, limit or deny approval of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome or other indications for many reasons, including, among others: • disagreement with the design or implementation of our clinical trials; • disagreement with the sufficiency of our clinical trials; • • • failure to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of mavorixafor or any other product candidate for its proposed indications; failure to demonstrate that any clinical and other benefits of mavorixafor or any other product candidate outweigh its safety risks; a negative interpretation of the data from our nonclinical studies or clinical trials; • deficiencies in the manufacturing or control processes or failure of third-party manufacturing facilities with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies to comply with current Good Manufacturing Practice requirements, or cGMPs; • • insufficient data collected from clinical trials of mavorixafor or changes in the approval requirements that render its nonclinical and clinical data insufficient to support the filing of an NDA or to obtain regulatory approval; or changes in clinical practice in or approved products available for the treatment of the target patient population that could have an impact on the indications that we are pursuing for mavorixafor or our other product candidates. The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may also require more information, including additional nonclinical or clinical data to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval of our commercialization plans, or cause us to abandon the development program. Even if we obtain regulatory approval, our product candidates may be approved for fewer or more limited indications than we request, such approval may be contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or we may not be allowed to include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of such product candidate. For instance, it is possible that mavorixafor could be approved for an indication but fail to be used for treating patients in that indication due to the availability of other available treatments or then-accepted clinical practice. We depend on license agreements with Genzyme, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Georgetown University to permit us to use patents and patent applications. Termination of these rights or the failure to comply with obligations under these agreements could materially harm our business and prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. We are party to license agreements with Genzyme, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Georgetown University under which we were granted rights to patents and patent applications that are important to our business. We rely on these license agreements in order to be able to use various proprietary technologies that are material to our business, including certain patents and patent applications that cover our product candidates, including mavorixafor. Our rights to use these patents and patent applications and employ the inventions claimed in these licensed patents are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of our license agreements. Our license agreement with Genzyme imposes upon us various diligence, payment and other obligations, including the following: • our obligation to pay Genzyme milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $25.0 million, contingent upon our achievement of certain late-stage regulatory and sales milestones with respect to licensed products. • our obligation to pay Genzyme tiered royalties based on net sales of licensed products that we commercialize under the agreement. • our obligation to pay Genzyme a certain percentage of cash payments received by us or our affiliates in consideration for the grant of a sublicense under the license granted to us by Genzyme. 35 Table of Contents If we fail to comply with any of our obligations under the Genzyme license agreement, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, Genzyme may have the right to terminate the license agreement, in which event we would not be able to market any product candidates covered by the license. Prior to July 2014, we did not control the prosecution, maintenance, or filing of the patents and patent applications that are licensed to us under the Genzyme license agreement, or the enforcement of these patents and patent applications against infringement by third parties. Thus, these patents and patent applications were not drafted by us or our attorneys, and we did not control or have any input into the prosecution of these patents and patent applications prior to our execution of the Genzyme license agreement in July 2014. Under the terms of the license agreement with Genzyme, since July 2014, we have controlled the right to control the prosecution, maintenance, and filing of the patents and patent applications that are licensed to us, and the enforcement of these patents and patent applications against infringement by third parties. However, we cannot be certain that the same level of attention was given to the drafting and prosecution of these patents and patent applications as we may have used if we had control over the drafting and prosecution of such patents and patent applications. We also cannot be certain that drafting or prosecution of the patents and patent applications licensed to us has been conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents. Pursuant to our license agreement with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, we paid an upfront, one-time fee for the rights granted by the license agreement. This license agreement imposes upon us various obligations, including the requirement to provide Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center with progress reports at regular intervals and to maintain specified levels of insurance. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center may terminate the agreement for our non-payment, insolvency or default of material obligations. We have the right to terminate the agreement for any reason upon 90 days' advance written notice. Our license agreement with Georgetown imposes upon us various diligence, payment and other obligations, including our obligations to pay Georgetown milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $0.8 million, contingent upon our achievement of certain sales milestones with respect to licensed products, to deliver reports upon certain events and at regular intervals and to maintain customary levels of insurance. Georgetown may terminate the agreement for our non-payment, insolvency, failure to maintain insurance or default of material obligations. We have the right to terminate the agreement for any reason upon 60 days advance written notice. Disputes may arise under any of our license agreements with Genzyme, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and/or Georgetown University regarding the intellectual property that is subject to such license agreement, including: • the scope of rights granted under the applicable license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; • whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property that is not subject to the applicable license agreement; • our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology under the applicable license agreement to develop and commercialize products and technologies, including the level of effort and specific activities that will satisfy those diligence obligations; and • the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by us and our collaborators. If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain any of our license agreements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates and technologies. The results of clinical trials may not support our product candidate claims. Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support the proposed product candidates, that the FDA or foreign government authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding such results, or that the FDA or foreign governmental authorities will not require additional clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful and the results of later clinical trials often do not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and preclinical testing. The clinical trial results may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe for humans and effective for the intended indications. This failure could cause us to abandon a product candidate and may delay development of other product candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, our clinical trials will delay or prevent the submission of our marketing applications (NDA and/or MAA) and, ultimately, our ability to obtain approval and commercialize 36 Table of Contents our product candidates and generate product revenues. Information about certain clinical trials, including results (positive or negative) will be made public according to each country’s clinical trial register policies. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of development programs. Delays in our clinical trials may lead to a delay in the submission of our marketing approval application and jeopardize our ability to potentially receive approvals and generate revenues from the sale of our products. We may experience delays in our current or future clinical trials, including our Phase 3 trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of SCN, and our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WM. We do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin or enroll subjects on time, need to be redesigned or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials may be delayed, suspended or terminated for a variety of reasons, such as: • delay or failure in reaching agreement with the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority on a trial design that we are able to execute; • delay or failure in obtaining authorization to commence a trial or inability to comply with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or design of a clinical trial; • inability, delay or failure in identifying and maintaining a sufficient number of trial sites, many of which may already be engaged in competing clinical trial programs; • delay or failure in recruiting and enrolling suitable subjects to participate in a trial; • delay or failure in having subjects complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up; • clinical sites and investigators deviating from trial protocol, failing to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, or dropping out of a trial; • delay or failure in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites; • delay or failure in obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval to conduct a clinical trial at each site; • delays resulting from negative or equivocal findings of the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, if any; • ambiguous or negative results; • decision by the FDA, a comparable foreign regulatory authority, or recommendation by a DSMB to suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time for safety issues or for any other reason; • • • inadequate drug product for use in nonclinical studies or clinical trials; lack of adequate funding to continue the product development program; or changes in governmental regulations or requirements. Any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. We may fail to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials in a timely manner, which could delay or prevent clinical trials of our product candidates. Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the rate at which we can recruit and enroll patients in testing our product candidates. The timing of our clinical trials depends in part on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing mavorixafor and any other current or future product candidates that we may develop as well as completion of required follow-up periods. If we cannot identify patients to participate in our clinical trials or if patients are unwilling to participate in our clinical trials for any reason, 37 Table of Contents including if patients choose to enroll in competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting studies and obtaining regulatory approval of mavorixafor and any other current or future product candidates that we may develop may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our current or future product candidates, including mavorixafor, X4P-002 or X4P-003, delays in testing the effectiveness of our product candidates or termination of the clinical trials altogether. We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics to achieve diversity in a trial, to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner. In particular, we are currently evaluating mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, SCN and WM, rare diseases with limited patient pools from which to draw for clinical trials. The eligibility criteria of our clinical trials will further limit the pool of available trial participants. Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the duration of clinical trials, is also affected by many factors, including: • • • • • • • the severity of the disease under investigation; the size and nature of the patient population (particularly with respect to orphan drugs which, by definition, are intended for a relatively small patient population); the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial in question; the design of the clinical trial; the inability to obtain and maintain patient consents; the risk that enrolled subjects will drop out before completion; clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drug that may be approved or for which clinical trials are initiated for the indications that we are investigating; • our CROs and our trial sites’ efforts to facilitate timely screening and enrollment in clinical trials; • patient referral practices of physicians; and • our ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment. We have made certain assumptions about the rate at which we can enroll patients in our clinical trials. To the extent that we do not meet this enrollment target, our projected timeline for development of our product candidates may be slowed. We rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and while we will have agreements governing their activities, we have limited control over their actual performance. If we experience difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may be forced to delay, limit or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials of our product candidates, which would delay our ability to obtain approvals and generate product revenues from any of these product candidates. If the commercial opportunity in WHIM syndrome, SCN or WM is smaller than we anticipate, our potential future revenue from mavorixafor for the treatment of any of the diseases may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. If the size of the commercial opportunities in any of our target indications is smaller than we anticipate, we may not be able to achieve profitability and growth. We are developing mavorixafor initially as a treatment for patients with WHIM syndrome and also as a treatment for other rare diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies such as SCN and cancer such as WM. WHIM syndrome, SCN and WM each have a limited patient population. For example, we are aware of only a few small available patient registries for WHIM syndrome, and we rely on various estimates and assumptions to estimate the addressable WHIM syndrome population. Based on a preliminary independent market research study conducted by a third-party research firm study that we sponsored, we estimate there are more than 1,000 genetically confirmed WHIM patients in the United States. If the commercial opportunity in WHIM syndrome is smaller than we anticipate, whether because our estimates of the addressable patient population prove to be incorrect or for other reasons, our potential future revenue from mavorixafor may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. 38 Table of Contents It is critical to our ability to grow and become profitable that we successfully identify patients with WHIM syndrome, SCN and WM. Our projections of the number of people who have WHIM syndrome (or its other potential primary immunodeficiencies), SCN or WM are based on a variety of sources, including third-party estimates and analyses in the scientific literature, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new information may emerge that changes our estimate of the prevalence of these diseases or the number of patient candidates for each disease. The effort to identify patients for treatment is at an early stage, and we cannot accurately predict the number of patients for whom treatment might be possible. Additionally, the addressable patient population for our indications may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with mavorixafor, and new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, which would adversely affect our results of operations and our business. If we experience any of a number of possible unforeseen events in connection with our clinical trials, potential marketing approval or commercialization of our product candidates, or our entry into licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements, could be delayed or prevented. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including: • • clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs; the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate; • we may be unable to recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials to ensure adequate statistical power to detect any statistically significant treatment effects; • our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all; • regulators, institutional review boards or independent ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site; • we may experience delays in reaching, or we may fail to reach, agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites; • we may have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or undesirable side effects; • • • regulators, institutional review boards or independent ethics committees may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate; the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate; and • our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators, institutional review boards or independent ethics committees to suspend or terminate the clinical trials. Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals. We do not know whether any preclinical tests or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be redesigned or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates, if they are approved, or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, which may harm our business and results of operations. We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. 39 Table of Contents Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates. Currently, we are focusing our resources predominantly on the development mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, for the treatment of SCN and for the treatment of WM. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that have or that could later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or alternate and/or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Risks Related to the Marketing and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenue. Even if we are ultimately successful in obtaining regulatory approval of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome or another indication, in order to market and sell mavorixafor and our other product candidates in development, we currently intend to build and develop our own sales, marketing and distribution operations. Although our management team has previous experience with such efforts, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in building these operations. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may not be able to generate product revenue and may not become profitable. We will also be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded sales and marketing operations. If any of our product candidates are approved, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies. Our commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, among hospitals, physicians, patients and healthcare payors. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates that we may develop or acquire in the future, the product may not gain market acceptance among hospitals, physicians, health care payors, patients and the medical community. Market acceptance of any of our product candidates for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including: • • • • • the efficacy and safety of such product candidates as demonstrated in clinical trials; the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved; acceptance by major operators of hospitals, physicians and patients of the product candidate as a safe and effective treatment, particularly the ability of mavorixafor and our other product candidates to establish themselves as a new standard of care in the treatment paradigm for the indications that we are pursuing; the potential and perceived advantages of our product candidates over alternative treatments as compared to the relative costs of the product candidates and alternative treatments; the prevalence and severity of any side effects with respect to our product candidates, including mavorixafor; • our ability to offer any approved products for sale at competitive prices; • the timing of market introduction of our products as well as competitive products; • our pricing, and the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third party payors and government authorities; • • relative convenience and ease of administration; and the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and those of our potential future collaborators. There may be delays in getting our product candidates, if approved, on hospital or insurance formularies or limitations on coverages that may be available in the early stages of commercialization for newly approved drugs. If any of our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among hospitals, physicians, patients or health care payors, we will 40 Table of Contents not be able to generate significant revenues, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Product candidates may cause undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their marketing approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any, including marketing withdrawal. Undesirable side effects caused by any of our product candidates that we may develop or acquire could cause us or the FDA or other regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt our clinical trials and could result in more restrictive labels or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities of such product candidates. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. In addition, any drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. Further, clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. With a limited number of patients, rare and severe side effects of our product candidates may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients exposed to the product candidate. If our product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by such product candidates (or any other similar drugs) after such approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: • • regulatory authorities may withdraw or limit their approval of such product candidates; regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “boxed” warning or a contraindication; • we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients; • we may be required to change the way such product candidates are distributed or administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of the product candidates; • regulatory authorities may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy plan to mitigate risks, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools; • we may be subject to regulatory investigations and government enforcement actions; • we may decide to remove such product candidates from the marketplace after they are approved; • we could be sued and held liable for injury caused to individuals exposed to or taking our product candidates; and • our reputation may suffer. We believe that any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidates and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates, if approved, and significantly impact our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings. Although we do not currently have any drugs on the market, we are, and once we begin commercializing our product candidates, we will be subject to additional healthcare statutory and regulatory requirements and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements 41 Table of Contents and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following: • • • • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation; the federal false claims laws impose criminal and civil penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act; the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation; the federal physician payment transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the “Sunshine Act” under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the ACA, require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report to CMS information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals and the ownership and investment interests of physicians and their immediate family members in such manufacturers; • HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, which also imposes obligations on certain covered entity healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their business associates that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; • • • • analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and may require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to it, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of 42 Table of Contents our operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict post-approval activities and affect our ability to sell profitably any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In the United States, Medicare covers certain drug purchases by the elderly and eligible disabled people and introduced a reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. In addition, Medicare may limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. Ongoing cost reduction initiatives and future laws could decrease the coverage and price that we will receive for any approved products. While Medicare beneficiaries are limited to most elderly and certain disabled individual, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. In March 2010, the Affordable Care Act, or ACA became law. The ACA is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Among the provisions of the ACA of importance to our product candidates are the following: • • • • • • • an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic products; an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers, and enhanced penalties for noncompliance; a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices; extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability; expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service Act’s pharmaceutical pricing program; • new requirements to report to CMS financial arrangements with physicians, as defined by such law, and teaching hospitals; • • a new requirement to annually report to FDA drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research. There remain challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to eliminate the implementation of certain provisions of the ACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the ACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted, which, among other things, included a provision which repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. In addition, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the 43 Table of Contents ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on certain high-cost employer-sponsored health insurance plans and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminates the health insurer tax. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. It is unclear how this decision, future decisions, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding. There has also been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For example, the Trump administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2021 includes a $135 billion allowance to support legislative proposals seeking to reduce drug prices, increase competition, lower out-of-pocket drug costs for patients, and increase patient access to lower-cost generic and biosimilar drugs. Further, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase drug manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products, and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. The Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, has solicited feedback on some of these measures and has implemented others under its existing authority. While some of these and other measures may require additional authorization to become effective. Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly active in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we will receive for any approved product. Any reduction in payments from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals, if any, of our product candidates may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing conditions and other requirements. We are subject to anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations. If we fail to comply with these laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, other remedial measures and legal expenses, which could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition. Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business and may do business in the future. The FCPA and these other laws generally prohibit us, our officers and employees and intermediaries from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We may in the future operate in jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential FCPA violations, and may participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose actions could potentially subject us to liability under the FCPA or local anti-corruption laws. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which its international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted. We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the U.S. government and authorities in the European Union or the United Kingdom, including applicable export control 44 Table of Contents regulations, economic sanctions on countries and persons, customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, which we collectively refer to as Trade Control Laws. There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA or other legal requirements, including Trade Control Laws. If we are not in compliance with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control Laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA, other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control Laws by U.S. or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. If, in the future, we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or to selectively enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates if and when they are approved. We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any approved product for which we retain sales and marketing responsibilities, we must either develop a sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to other third parties. In the future, we may choose to build a focused sales and marketing infrastructure to sell some of our product candidates if and when they are approved. There are risks involved both with establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and with entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product candidates on our own include: • our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel; • the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or educate adequate numbers of physicians on the benefits of prescribing any future products; and • unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization. If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenue or the profitability of these product revenue to us may be lower than if we were to market and sell any products that we develop ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We may have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates. We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do. The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates, and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of cancer, such as ccRCC. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach and others are based on entirely different approaches. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. 45 Table of Contents Our lead product candidate, mavorixafor, is in clinical development for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, SCN and WM, respectively. We are aware of other companies that are developing CXCR4 inhibitors that are in a similar stage of development as mavorixafor, including Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, or BMS, BioLineRx, Noxxon, Upsher-Smith, Polyphor and Glycomimetics. To our knowledge, there do not appear to be any competitors with programs in development for WHIM syndrome or SCN. With respect to WM, the Dana Farber Cancer Institute has completed enrollment for a trial to study the BMS CXCR4 antibody (IV infusion) in the treatment of WM patients with CXCR4 mutations. In WM, there are several treatment approaches currently being developed, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies (as monotherapies and combination therapies), chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and cancer vaccines. With the exception of the BMS monoclonal antibody, none to our knowledge have a mechanism of action that interacts with the CXCR4 receptor. There are a variety of available drug therapies marketed for cancer. In many cases, these drugs are administered in combination to enhance efficacy. Some of the currently approved drug therapies are branded and subject to patent protection, and others are available on a generic basis. Many of these approved drugs are well-established therapies and are widely accepted by physicians, patients and third-party payors. Insurers and other third-party payors may also encourage the use of generic products. We expect that if our product candidates are approved, they will be priced at a significant premium over competitive generic products. This may make it difficult for us to achieve our business strategy of using our product candidates in combination with existing therapies or replacing existing therapies with our product candidates. Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, have a better safety profile, are more convenient or less costly than any that we are developing or that would render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors may also obtain marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities for their products sooner than we may obtain approval for our product candidates, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties may compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. We intend to market mavorixafor and our other product candidates outside of the United States, and if we do, we will be subject to the risks of doing business outside of the United States. Because we intend to market mavorixafor and other product candidates, if approved, outside of the United States, our business is subject to risks associated with doing business outside of the United States. Accordingly, our business and financial results in the future could be adversely affected due to a variety of factors, including: • • failure to develop an international sales, marketing and distribution system for our products; changes in a specific country’s or region’s political and cultural climate or economic condition; • unexpected changes in foreign laws and regulatory requirements; • difficulty of effective enforcement of contractual provisions in local jurisdictions; • • • • • inadequate intellectual property protection in foreign countries; inadequate data protection against unfair commercial use; trade-protection measures, import or export licensing requirements such as Export Administration Regulations promulgated by the United States Department of Commerce and fines, penalties or suspension or revocation of export privileges; the effects of applicable foreign tax structures and potentially adverse tax consequences; and significant adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates. 46 Table of Contents Even if we are able to commercialize mavorixafor or any other product candidate that we develop, the product may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business. The laws and regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Current and future legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted and, in some markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. Our ability to commercialize mavorixafor or any other product candidate successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and other third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. and E.U. healthcare industries and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for mavorixafor or any other product that we commercialize and, if coverage and reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for mavorixafor may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices typically associated with drugs directed at smaller populations of patients. In addition, third-party payors are likely to impose strict requirements for reimbursement of a higher priced drug, and any launch of a competitive product is likely to create downward pressure on the price initially charged. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to a limited degree, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the applicable regulatory authority. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, intellectual property, manufacturing, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs, and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. In the United States, third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. In the European Union, reference pricing systems and other measures may lead to cost containment and reduced prices. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to develop product candidates and commercialize products and our overall financial condition. Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any. In some countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially. 47 Table of Contents Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit the commercialization of any product candidates we may develop. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk with respect to commercial sales of any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: • reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; • decreased demand for any products that we may develop; • injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; • withdrawal of clinical trial participants; • • • • • significant costs to defend any related litigation; substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; loss of revenue; increased insurance costs; and the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop. Although we maintain clinical trial insurance coverage, it may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage as we continue clinical trials or begin commercialization of any products. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to obtain or maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties We have minimal experience manufacturing our product candidates on a large clinical or commercial scale and have no manufacturing facility. We are currently dependent on a single third party manufacturer for the manufacture of mavorixafor, the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and a single manufacturer of mavorixafor finished drug product capsules. If we experience problems with these third parties, the manufacturing of mavorixafor could be delayed, which could harm our results of operations. We do not own or operate facilities for the manufacture of mavorixafor or any other product candidate. We currently have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial scale manufacturing capabilities. We currently work exclusively with one manufacturer for the production of mavorixafor, the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and a single manufacturer of mavorixafor finished drug product capsules. To meet our projected needs for clinical supplies to support our activities through regulatory approval and commercial manufacturing, the manufacturer with whom we currently work will need to increase its frequency and/or scale of production or we will need to find additional or alternative manufacturers. We have not yet secured alternate suppliers in the event the current manufacturer we utilize is unable to meet demand, or if otherwise we experience any problems with them. If such problems arise and we are unable to arrange for alternative third-party manufacturing sources, we are unable to find an alternative third party capable of reproducing the existing manufacturing method or we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner, we may not be able to complete development of our product candidates, or market or distribute them. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured our product candidates ourselves, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because of factors beyond our control (including a failure to synthesize and manufacture our product candidates or any products that we may eventually commercialize in accordance with our specifications), and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party, based on its own business priorities, at a time that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates and any products that we may eventually commercialize be manufactured according to cGMP and similar foreign standards. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and some state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections for compliance with 48 Table of Contents cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA or other regulatory authority approval before being implemented. FDA requirements also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, the manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates or products if they are approved in a timely manner, could lead to a delay in, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates. In addition, such failure could be the basis for the FDA to issue a warning letter, withdraw approvals for product candidates previously granted to us, or take other regulatory or legal action, including recall or seizure, total or partial suspension of production, suspension of ongoing clinical trials, refusal to approve pending applications or supplemental applications, detention of product, refusal to permit the import or export of products, injunction, or imposing civil and criminal penalties. Our current manufacturer and any future manufacturers may not be able to manufacture our product candidates at a cost or in quantities or in a timely manner necessary to make commercially successful products. If we successfully commercialize any of our product candidates, we may be required to establish large-scale commercial manufacturing capabilities. In addition, as our drug development pipeline increases and matures, we will have a greater need for clinical study and commercial manufacturing capacity. We have no experience manufacturing pharmaceutical products on a commercial scale and some of these manufacturers will need to increase their scale of production to meet our projected needs for commercial manufacturing, the satisfaction of which may not be met on a timely basis. We rely on third-party CROs to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical data management organizations to monitor and manage data for our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. Although we control only certain aspects of their activities, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We also rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, requirements and the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966 requirements. We, our CROs and our clinical trial sites are required to comply with regulations and current Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, and comparable foreign requirements to ensure that the health, safety and rights of patients are protected in clinical trials, and that data integrity is assured. Regulatory authorities ensure compliance with GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors and trial sites. If we, any of our CROs or our clinical trial sites fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials or a specific site may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing clinical and preclinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual obligations or meet expected timelines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed. Disruptions in our supply chain could delay the commercial launch of our product candidates. Any significant disruption in our supplier relationships could harm our business. We currently rely on a single source supplier of mavorixafor, as well a single supplier for the finished product capsules for mavorixafor. If either of these single source suppliers suffers a major natural or man-made disaster at its manufacturing facility, we would not be able to manufacture mavorixafor on a commercial scale until a qualified alternative supplier is identified. Although alternative sources of supply exist, the number of third party suppliers with the necessary manufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities is limited, and it could be expensive and take a significant amount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate or its key materials for an ongoing clinical study could considerably delay completion of our clinical studies, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we or our manufacturers are unable to purchase these key 49 Table of Contents materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates, the commercial launch of our product candidates would be delayed, which would impair our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our product candidates. Our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are exposed to the risk that our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or similar regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to provide accurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established and enforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self- dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee or third party misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity, such as employee training, may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. We have established, and may seek to selectively establish in the future, collaborations, and, if we are unable to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans. Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. For some of our product candidates, we may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidates. Future development and potential commercialization of mavorixafor in ccRCC will be pursued only as part of a potential strategic collaboration. In addition, we have entered into an agreement with Abbisko Therapeutics to develop and commercialize mavorixafor, in combination with checkpoint inhibitors or other agents in Greater China for oncology indications. No assurance can be given, however, that any current or future strategic collaboration will prove to be successful. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. If we decide to expand or modify one or our existing collaboration agreements or to collaborate with a new third party in connection with any of our development programs or product candidates, we may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development program or the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay our development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay our potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase 50 Table of Contents our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue. We may depend on such collaborations for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our product candidates. We have, and may selectively seek in the future, third-party collaborators for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Our likely collaborators for any collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. If we enter into any such arrangements with any third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. Collaborations involving our product candidates pose many risks to us, including that: • • • • • • • collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations; collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborator’s strategic focus or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities; collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing; collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates or products if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours; collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more product candidates or products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such drugs; collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation; disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates or products or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; • we may lose certain valuable rights under circumstances identified in our collaborations if we undergo a change of control; • • collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates; and collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all. In addition, if a future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished or terminated. 51 Table of Contents We may engage in future acquisitions or in-licenses of technology that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and harm our financial condition and operating results. While we currently have no specific plans to acquire any other businesses or in-license any additional products or technology, we may, in the future, make acquisitions or licenses of, or investments in, companies, products or technologies that we believe are a strategic or commercial fit with our current product candidates and business or otherwise offer opportunities for us. In connection with these acquisitions or investments, we may: • • • • issue stock that would dilute our stockholders’ percentage of ownership; expend cash; incur debt and assume liabilities; and incur amortization expenses related to intangible assets or incur large and immediate write-offs. We also may be unable to find suitable acquisition or license candidates and we may not be able to complete acquisitions or licenses on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete an acquisition or license, we cannot assure you that it will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that it will not be viewed negatively by customers, financial markets or investors. Further, the Merger poses, and future acquisitions or licenses could also pose, numerous additional risks to our operations, including: • • • • • • • problems integrating the purchased or licensed business, products or technologies; increases to our expenses the failure to have discovered undisclosed liabilities of the acquired or licensed asset or company; diversion of management’s attention from their day-to-day responsibilities; harm to our operating results or financial condition; entrance into markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; and potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the acquired entity. We may not be able to complete one or more acquisitions or effectively integrate the operations, products or personnel gained through any such acquisition without a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Recent laws and rulings by U.S. courts make it difficult to predict how patents will be issued or enforced in our industry. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may have a significant impact on our ability to protect our technology and enforce our intellectual property rights. There have been numerous recent changes to the patent laws and to the rules of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, which may have a significant impact on our ability to protect our technology and enforce our intellectual property rights. For example, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or AIA, which was signed into law in 2011, includes a transition from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system, and changes the way issued patents are challenged. Certain changes, such as the institution of inter partes review proceedings, that allow third parties to challenge newly issued patents, came into effect on September 16, 2012. The burden of proof required for challenging a patent in these proceedings is lower than in district court litigation, and patents in the biologics and pharmaceuticals industry have been successfully challenged using these new post-grant challenges. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in specified circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in specified situations. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, these substantive changes to patent law associated with the AIA may further weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future, all of which could harm our business. Furthermore, the patent positions of companies engaged in the development and commercialization of biologics and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Two cases involving diagnostic method claims and “gene patents” have recently been decided by the Supreme Court. On March 20, 2012, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., or Prometheus, a case involving patent claims directed to measuring a metabolic product in a 52 Table of Contents patient to optimize a drug dosage amount for the patient. According to the Supreme Court, the addition of well-understood, routine or conventional activity such as “administering” or “determining” steps was not enough to transform an otherwise patent ineligible natural phenomenon into patent eligible subject matter. On July 3, 2012, the USPTO issued guidance indicating that process claims directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or an abstract idea that do not include additional elements or steps that integrate the natural principle into the claimed invention such that the natural principle is practically applied and the claim amounts to significantly more than the natural principle itself should be rejected as directed to non-statutory subject matter. On June 13, 2013, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., or Myriad, a case involving patent claims held by Myriad Genetics, Inc. relating to the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Myriad held that isolated segments of naturally occurring DNA, such as the DNA constituting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, is not patent eligible subject matter, but that complementary DNA, which is an artificial construct that may be created from RNA transcripts of genes, may be patent eligible. We cannot assure you that our efforts to seek patent protection for our technology and products will not be negatively impacted by the changes described above, future rulings in district court cases or changes in guidance or procedures issued by the USPTO. We cannot fully predict what impact the Supreme Court’s decisions may have on the ability of life science companies to obtain or enforce patents relating to their products and technologies in the future. Moreover, although the Supreme Court has held in Myriad that isolated segments of naturally occurring DNA are not patent-eligible subject matter, certain third parties could allege that activities that we may undertake infringe other gene-related patent claims, and we may deem it necessary to defend ourselves against these claims by asserting non-infringement and/or invalidity positions, or pay to obtain a license to these claims. In any of the foregoing or in other situations involving third-party intellectual property rights, if we are unsuccessful in defending against claims of patent infringement, we could be forced to pay damages or be subjected to an injunction that would prevent us from utilizing the patented subject matter. Such outcomes could harm our business. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed. We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality, licensing and other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. Where we have the right to do so under our license agreements, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally are highly uncertain, involve complex legal and factual questions and have in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patents, including those patent rights licensed to us by third parties, are highly uncertain. The steps we have taken to police and protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, both inside and outside the United States. The rights already granted under any of our currently issued patents and those that may be granted under future issued patents may not provide us with the proprietary protection or competitive advantages that we are seeking. If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficient, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or superior to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected. With respect to patent rights, we do not know whether any of the pending patent applications for any of our product candidates will result in the issuance of patents that protect our technology or products, or which will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Our pending applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. Further, the examination process may require us or our licensors to narrow the claims, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained. Although our license agreement with Genzyme includes a number of issued patents that are exclusively licensed to us, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, issued patents that we own or have licensed from third parties may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in the loss of patent protection, the narrowing of claims in such patents, or the invalidity or unenforceability of such 53 Table of Contents patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection for our technology and products. Protecting against the unauthorized use of our patented technology, trademarks and other intellectual property rights is expensive, difficult and may, in some cases, not be possible. In some cases, it may be difficult or impossible to detect third party infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, even in relation to issued patent claims, and proving any such infringement may be even more difficult. We could be required to incur significant expenses to obtain our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure that we will obtain meaningful patent protection for our product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, it is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of further inventions made in the course of our development and commercialization activities before they are publicly disclosed, making it too late to obtain patent protection on them. Further, given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. We expect to seek extensions of patent terms where these are available in any countries where we are prosecuting patents. This includes in the United States under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, which permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of a patent that covers an approved product where the permission for the commercial marketing or use of the product is the first permitted commercial marketing or use, and as long as the remaining term of the patent does not exceed 14 years. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and these foreign laws may also be subject to change. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. In March 2013, the United States transitioned to a ‘first to file’ system in which the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. Third parties are allowed to submit prior art prior to the issuance of a patent by the USPTO and may become involved in post-grant review or derivation proceedings for applications filed on or after March 16, 2013, interference proceedings for applications filed before March 16, 2013, ex parte reexamination, or inter partes review challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, which could adversely affect our competitive position with respect to third parties. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO, and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. 54 Table of Contents Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. In addition to the possibility of litigation relating to infringement claims asserted against it, we may become a party to other patent litigation and other proceedings, including inter partes review proceedings, post-grant review proceedings, derivation proceedings declared by the USPTO and similar proceedings in foreign countries, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our current or future technologies or product candidates or products. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could impair our ability to compete in the marketplace. Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our intellectual property, including patents that may issue to or be licensed by us. As a result, we may be required to file claims in an effort to stop third-party infringement or unauthorized use. Any such claims could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us, including claims alleging that we infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. This can be prohibitively expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming, and even if we are successful, any award of monetary damages or other remedy we may receive may not be commercially valuable. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that our asserted intellectual property is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our intellectual property does not cover its technology. An adverse determination in any litigation or defense proceedings could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. If the breadth or strength of our patent or other intellectual property rights is compromised or threatened, it could allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products or result in our inability to commercialize our technology and products without infringing third-party intellectual property rights. Further, third parties may be dissuaded from collaborating with us. Interference or derivation proceedings brought by the USPTO or its foreign counterparts may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patent applications, and we may also become involved in other proceedings, such as re-examination proceedings, before the USPTO or its foreign counterparts. Due to the substantial competition in the pharmaceutical space, the number of such proceedings may increase. This could delay the prosecution of our pending patent applications or impact the validity and enforceability of any future patents that we may obtain. In addition, any such litigation, submission or proceeding may be resolved adversely to us and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distraction to our management. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Moreover, intellectual property law relating to the fields in which we operate is still evolving and, consequently, patent and other intellectual property positions in our industry are subject to change and are often uncertain. We may not prevail in any of these suits or other efforts to protect our technology, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. During the course of this type of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, the market price for our common stock could be significantly harmed. 55 Table of Contents If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business. We are a party to several license agreements and may need to obtain additional licenses from others to advance our research and development activities or allow the commercialization of our current product candidates and any that we may identify and pursue in the future. Our currently license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various development, diligence, commercialization, and other obligations on us. In spite of our efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties may gain the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of our product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including: • • • • • • the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; the extent to which our product candidates, technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement; the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships; our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and the priority of invention of patented technology. In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects. From time to time, we may need to rely on licenses to proprietary technologies, which may be difficult or expensive to obtain or we may lose certain licenses which may be difficult to replace. We may need to obtain licenses to patents and other proprietary rights held by third parties to develop, manufacture and market our product candidates. If we are unable to timely obtain these licenses on commercially reasonable terms and maintain these licenses, our ability to commercially market our product candidates may be inhibited or prevented, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates, and to use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference and various post grant proceedings before the USPTO, non- U.S. opposition proceedings, and German nullity proceedings. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. 56 Table of Contents As a result of any such infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be compelled to seek intellectual property licenses from third parties. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, the license would likely obligate us to pay license fees or royalties or both, and the rights granted to us likely would be nonexclusive, which would mean that our competitors also could obtain licenses to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product candidate or technology or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses of the relevant intellectual property on acceptable terms. Further, if we attempt to modify a product candidate or technology or to develop alternative methods or products in response to infringement claims or to avoid potential claims, we could incur substantial costs, encounter delays in product introductions or interruptions in sales. Ultimately, such efforts could be unsuccessful. Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our product candidates that we may identify. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. Litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, is unpredictable and generally expensive and time consuming and is likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock and negatively impact our ability to raise additional funds. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating or from successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Our trade secrets are difficult to protect and if we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to seeking patents for some of our technologies and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non- disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation, and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign to us any inventions developed in the course of their work for us. However, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or that the agreements we have executed will provide adequate protection. Despite these efforts, any of these parties 57 Table of Contents may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. As a result, we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they bring against us, to determine ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult and we do not know whether the procedures that we have followed to prevent such disclosure are or will be adequate. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States may be less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of the technology or information that we protect as trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to, or independently developed by, a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. Our employees, including members of our senior management, were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. All such individuals, including each member of our senior management, executed proprietary rights, non- disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. We are not aware of any threatened or pending claims related to these matters or concerning the agreements with our senior management, but in the future litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. In general, we have sought patent protection of our intellectual property in the following jurisdictions: US, Canada, China, Japan and in countries within Europe via the European Patent Office. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Risks Related to the Regulatory Approval, Marketing and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing, our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be impaired. Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market any of our product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of 58 Table of Contents manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory authority. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude us from obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and elsewhere, is expensive, may take many years and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. We cannot assure you that we will ever obtain any marketing approvals in any jurisdiction. Changes in marketing approval requirements during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and comparable authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the review and approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional nonclinical or other studies, and clinical trials. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical testing and clinical trials could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Additionally, any marketing approval that we ultimately may obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad. In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The regulatory review and approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval, but can involve additional testing and clinical trial requirements and in-country regulatory and/or legal representation. We may need to partner with third parties in order to obtain approvals outside the United States. In addition, in many countries worldwide, it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. If we are unable to obtain approval of mavorixafor or any other product candidate by regulatory authorities in the European Union or other countries, the commercial potential of those product candidates may be significantly diminished and our business prospects could decline. A Breakthrough Therapy Designation By The FDA For Our Product Candidates May Not Lead To A Faster Development Or Regulatory Review Or Approval Process, And It Does Not Increase The Likelihood That Our Product Candidates Will Receive Marketing Approval. We have obtained breakthrough therapy designation for mavorixafor for the treatment of adult patients with WHIM and we may pursue that designation for other product candidates as well. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life- threatening condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. For product candidates that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Such designation also offers an intensive and efficient review involving FDA senior managers and experienced review and regulatory health project management staff across disciplines. A breakthrough therapy designation affords the possibility of rolling review, enabling the FDA to review portions of our marketing application before submission of a complete application, and possibly, priority review. Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that our product candidates meet the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to products considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that the products no longer meet the conditions for qualification. It is possible that we may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug designation or exclusivity for our drug candidates. 59 Table of Contents Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for the treatment or prevention of rare diseases or conditions with relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, or the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. We received orphan drug designation from the FDA for mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome in October 2018, and from the EMA in July 2019. If a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug for the same indication during that time period with some exceptions. A similar provision in the European Union allows 10 years of exclusivity in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that marketing exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost in both the U.S. and Europe under certain situations, such as the inability of the holder of the orphan drug designation to produce sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition or for certain other reasons. Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may still face future development and regulatory difficulties and any approved products will be subject to extensive post-approval regulatory requirements. If we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, it would be subject to extensive ongoing requirements by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities governing the manufacture, quality control, further development, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, import, export, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The safety profile and efficacy of any product will continue to be closely monitored by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities after approval. If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities become aware of new safety information after approval of any of our product candidates, these regulatory authorities may require labeling changes or the FDA may require establishment of a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or similar strategy, impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing, impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. Progress reports are required at quarterly intervals, every six months and at annual intervals depending upon the country, and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. In addition, manufacturers of drugs and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we, our product candidates or the manufacturing facilities for our product candidates fail to comply with cGMPs and other applicable regulatory requirements, the FDA may, among other things: • • • • • • • • • issue warning letters; request modifications to promotional materials or require us to provide corrective information to healthcare practitioners; require us to enter into a consent decree, which can include imposition of various fines, reimbursements for inspection costs, required due dates for specific actions and penalties for noncompliance; seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines; suspend or withdraw regulatory approval; suspend any ongoing clinical trials; refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed by us; suspend or impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or seize or detain products, refuse to permit the import or export of products, or require us to initiate a product recall. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenue. 60 Table of Contents Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products. Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the medicine. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure that they are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing and/or promotion. In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things: • • • restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes; restrictions on the labeling, marketing, distribution or use of a product; requirements to conduct post-approval clinical trials; • warning or untitled letters; • withdrawal of the products from the market; • • • • • • • refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit; recall of products; fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue; suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals; refusal to permit the import or export of our products; product seizure; and injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. Risks Related to Our Business Operations, Employee Matters and Managing Growth We currently have a limited number of employees and our future success depends on our ability to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. Because of the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. We are highly dependent upon members of our current management team, including Paula Ragan, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Although we have an employment agreement with Dr. Ragan, this agreement is at-will and does not prevent her from terminating her employment with us at any time by providing the requisite advance notice. Our success will depend on our ability to retain our management team and other key employees, and to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of certain members of our senior management or key employees could prevent or delay the implementation and completion of our strategic objectives, or divert management’s attention to seeking qualified replacements The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to retain our current personnel or attract and retain new qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement personnel. We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth. 61 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2019, we had 58 full-time employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, or as a result of any future acquisitions, we will need additional managerial, operational, development, sales, marketing, financial and other resources. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place will not be adequate to support this future growth. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on our employees, including: • managing our clinical trials effectively; • identifying, recruiting, maintaining, motivating and integrating additional employees; • managing our internal development efforts effectively while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, contractors and other third parties; • • improving our managerial, development, operational and finance systems; and expanding our facilities. As our operations expand, we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic collaborators, suppliers and other third parties. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. To that end, we must be able to manage our development efforts and clinical trials effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management, administrative, research and development, and sales and marketing personnel. We may not be able to accomplish these tasks, and our failure to accomplish any of them could prevent us from successfully growing the company. The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and is subject to rapid and significant technological change, which could render our technologies and products obsolete or uncompetitive. The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and is subject to rapid and significant technological change, which could render certain of our products obsolete or uncompetitive. This is particularly true in the development of therapeutics for oncology indications where new products and combinations of products are rapidly being developed that change the treatment paradigm for patients. There is no assurance that our product candidates will be the best, have the best safety profile, be the first to market, or be the most economical to make or use. The introduction of competitive therapies as alternatives to our product candidates could dramatically reduce the value of those development projects or chances of successfully commercializing those product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our long-term financial success. We will compete with companies in the United States and internationally, including major pharmaceutical and chemical companies, specialized CROs, research and development firms, universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have greater financial resources and selling and marketing capabilities, greater experience in clinical testing and human clinical trials of pharmaceutical products and greater experience in obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals than we do. In addition, some of our competitors may have lower development and manufacturing costs. We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology or loss of data, including any cyber security incidents, could compromise sensitive information related to our business, prevent us from accessing critical information or expose us to liability which could harm our ability to operate our business effectively and adversely affect our business and reputation. In the ordinary course of our business, we, our contract research organizations and other third parties on which we rely collect and store sensitive data, including legally protected patient health information, personally identifiable information about our employees, intellectual property, and proprietary business information. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing on-site systems. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information including research and development information and business and financial information. The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information is vital to our operations and business strategy. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, breaches, unauthorized access, interruptions due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions, or damage from natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Any such event could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. We have measures in place that are designed to detect and respond to such security incidents and breaches of privacy and security mandates. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could 62 Table of Contents result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, government enforcement actions and regulatory penalties. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct research, development and commercialization activities, process and prepare company financial information, manage various general and administrative aspects of our business and damage our reputation, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of resources to remedy, any of which could adversely affect our business. The loss of clinical trial data could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will promptly detect any such disruption or security breach, if at all. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our research, development and commercialization efforts could be delayed. Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics (including but not limited to the novel coronavirus) and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on a single third-party manufacturer to provide the active pharmaceutical ingredient for mavorixafor and a single third-party manufacturer to provide fill and finish services for the final drug product formulation of mavorixafor for use in clinical trials. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption. The novel coronavirus outbreak could impact our business. In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was first reported in China. This virus has now spread to numerous other countries, including the United States and Austria. While we do not currently have significant operations in geographical locations where the coronavirus is currently reported to be most prevalent, we have clinical trial sites either currently approved or pending approval in Italy and South Korea, two of the countries where the coronavirus has demonstrated increased prevalence. We cannot reasonably estimate at this time the impact, if any, that the coronavirus may have on our business or operations in these countries or otherwise. The extent to which the coronavirus impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, including on financial markets or otherwise. Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its carryforwards to offset future taxable income. Our existing net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, including in connection with the Merger, and if we undergo a subsequent ownership change, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing and any future NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. We have not conducted a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. Our term loan contains restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business. In October 2018, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc., secured by a lien on substantially all of our assets, including intellectual property. This loan contains various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants limit our ability to, among other things: • • sell, transfer, lease or dispose of certain assets; incur indebtedness; 63 Table of Contents • encumber or permit liens on certain assets; • make certain investments; • make certain restricted payments, including paying dividends on, or repurchasing or making distributions with respect to, our common stock; and • enter into certain transactions with affiliates. The covenants also include maintaining a minimum liquidity amount of the lesser of (i) 125% of outstanding borrowings under the Hercules Loan Agreement and (ii) 100% of our cash and cash equivalents in an account in which Hercules has a first priority security interest. A breach of any of the covenants under the loan and security agreement could result in a default under the loan. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the loan, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding, if any, to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If there are any amounts outstanding that we are unable to repay, the lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness. We will incur costs and demands upon management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies. We will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We will also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC and Nasdaq. These rules and regulations are expected to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. Our executive officers and other personnel will need to devote substantial time regarding operations as a public company and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. These rules and regulations may also make it difficult and expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. We have not purchased any key man insurance policies with respect to our executive officers. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as our executive officers, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could cause our business or stock price to suffer. The impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on our financial results is not entirely clear and could differ materially from the financial statements included in this Annual Report. The “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” or the TCJA, which was enacted in 2017, significantly reforms the U.S. Tax Code. The TCJA, among other things, contained significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitations on the deduction of NOL carryforwards and the elimination of NOL carrybacks, in each case, for losses generated after December 31, 2017 (though any such NOLs may be carried forward indefinitely), limitations on deductions for interest expense and modifications or repeal of many business deductions and credits. Our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report reflect the effects of the TCJA based on current guidance. However, there remain uncertainties and ambiguities in the application of certain provisions of the TCJA and, as a result, we made certain judgments and assumptions in the interpretation thereof. The U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, may issue further guidance on how the provisions of the TCJA will be applied or otherwise administered that differs from our current interpretation. In addition, the TCJA could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, any of which could materially lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation on us. Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, the ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years the U.S. 64 Table of Contents government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations. Risks Related to Our Common Stock Our stock price is expected to continue to be volatile. The market price of our common stock could continue to be subject to significant fluctuations. Market prices for securities of early-stage pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life sciences companies have historically been particularly volatile. Some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability or the ability of our collaborators to develop product candidates and conduct clinical trials that demonstrate such product candidates are safe and effective; our ability or the ability of our collaborators to obtain regulatory approvals for product candidates, and delays or failures to obtain such approvals; failure of any our product candidates to demonstrate safety and efficacy, receive regulatory approval and achieve commercial success; failure to maintain our existing third-party license, manufacturing and supply agreements; failure by us or our licensors to prosecute, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights; changes in laws or regulations applicable to our current or future product candidates; any inability to obtain adequate supply of product candidates or the inability to do so at acceptable prices; adverse decisions by regulatory authorities; introduction of new or competing products by our competitors; failure to meet or exceed financial and development projections that we may provide to the public; the perception of the pharmaceutical industry by the public, legislatures, regulators and the investment community; announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors; disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our technologies; additions or departures of key personnel; significant lawsuits, including intellectual property or stockholder litigation; announcements by us of material developments in our business, financial condition and/or operations; if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinions regarding our business and stock; changes in the market valuations of similar companies; general market or macroeconomic conditions; sales of our common stock or our stockholders in the future; trading volume of our common stock; adverse publicity relating to our markets generally, including with respect to other products and potential products in such markets; changes in the structure of health care payment systems; and 65 Table of Contents • period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results. Moreover, the stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We will be required to raise additional funds to finance our operations; we may not be able to do so when necessary, and/or on acceptable terms. Our ongoing capital requirements will depend on numerous factors related to the development of our product candidates and the sale of products obtaining regulatory approval, including: the progress and cost of research and development programs and clinical trials; the progress and cost of research and development programs of collaborators; the time and costs expended and required to obtain any necessary or desired regulatory approvals; the costs of ongoing compliance with the FDA and other domestic and foreign regulatory agency requirements; the resources devoted to manufacturing expenditures; the ability to enter into licensing arrangements; the cost of commercialization activities and arrangements, if any, undertaken by us; and, if and when approved, the demand for our products. We anticipate that we will need to raise additional funds through public or private financings, strategic collaborations or other arrangements. Additional equity financing would be dilutive to our existing stockholders, and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants. If we raise funds through collaborative or licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish, on terms that are not favorable to us, rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize. Our failure to raise capital when needed could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We expect to be heavily reliant on our ability to access funding through capital market transactions. Due to our small public float, market capitalization, limited operating history and lack of revenue, it may be difficult and expensive for us to raise additional funds. We anticipate that we will be heavily reliant on our ability to raise funds through the issuance of shares of our common stock or securities linked to our common stock. Our ability to raise these funds may be dependent on a number of factors, including the low trading volume and volatile trading price of our shares of common stock and other risk factors described herein. The stocks of small cap companies in the biotechnology sector like us tend to be highly volatile. We expect that the price of our common stock will be highly volatile for the next several years. Even if we expand our portfolio of product candidates, we may never successfully commercialize or monetize our current product candidate or any future product candidate that we may seek to develop. As a result, we may be unable to access funding through sales of our common stock or other equity-linked securities. Even if we were able to access funding, the cost of capital may be substantial due to our low market cap and our small public float. The terms of any funding we are able to obtain may not be favorable to us and may be highly dilutive to our stockholders. We may be unable to access capital due to unfavorable market conditions or other market factors outside of our control. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital when needed. The failure to obtain additional capital when needed would have a material adverse effect on our business. Raising additional funds by issuing securities may cause dilution to existing stockholders and raising funds through lending and licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, grants and license and development agreements in connection with any collaborations. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if 66 Table of Contents available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Any debt financing that we enter into may involve covenants that restrict our operations. These restrictive covenants may include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of our assets as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem our stock or make investments. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. We are an “emerging growth company,” and a "smaller reporting company" and as a result of the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors. We are an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and may remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2022. For so long as we remain an EGC, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include: • • • • not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting; not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements; reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Investors may find our common stock less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. Even following the termination of our status as an emerging growth company, we will be able to take advantage of the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies (as that term is defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) and, in particular, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. To the extent that we are no longer eligible to use exemptions from various reporting requirements, we may be unable to realize our anticipated cost savings from these exemptions, which could have a material adverse impact on our operating results. If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. The trading market for our common stock will be influenced, in part, on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock, and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the event we do have equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control over the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The current expectation is that we will retain our future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of our debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common 67 Table of Contents stock will be your sole source of gain, if any, for the foreseeable future. We are prohibited from declaring or paying any cash dividends under our existing loan and security agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to decline. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders, may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. In addition, we have filed registration statements on Form S-8 registering the issuance of shares of common stock subject to options or other equity awards issued or reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans. Shares registered under these registration statements are available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of options, as well as Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates. Additionally, a holder of our common stock has rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file one or more registration statements covering their shares. These registration rights will terminate upon the earlier to occur of November 17, 2020 or the date on which the holder has sold all shares subject to such registration rights. If we were to register the resale of these shares, they could be freely sold in the public market. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Market. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, we are required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow our management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in this Form 10-K. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, is designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us, as and when required, conducted in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, as and when required, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be significant deficiencies or material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. Pursuant to Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting beginning with this Annual Report. However, while we remain an EGC, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. When we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will be required to incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions in order to include such attestation report. We may in the future discover weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by The Nasdaq Global Market, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. 68 Table of Contents We may become involved in securities class action litigation or shareholder derivative litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm our business and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all costs and damages. In the past, securities class action or shareholder derivative litigation has often followed certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a business division or announcement of a merger. This risk is especially relevant for us because biopharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future, including litigation, if any, that may result in connection with the recently completed Merger. Litigation often is expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business. Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of the Company, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Provisions in our corporate charter and by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of the Company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions also could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions: • • • • • • • • establish a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time; allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of the board of directors; limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board; establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to the board of directors; require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent; limit who may call stockholder meetings; authorize the board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a shareholder rights plan, or so-called “poison pill,” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by the board of directors; and require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or by-laws. Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with the Company for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between the Company and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on the Company’s behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders to the Company or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against the Company arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to our certificate of incorporation or by-laws or governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against the Company and our directors, officers, employees or stockholders. 69 Table of Contents Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We lease approximately 12,577 square feet of office space at 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which currently serves as our corporate headquarters. The lease expires on July 31, 2022, and we have the option to extend the term one time for an additional five-year period. The base monthly payment on the lease is approximately $68 thousand as of December 31, 2019, subject to specified annual increases of approximately 1.5% during the term of the lease and not including operating expenses, certain utilities, taxes and insurance for which we are responsible. On November 11, 2019, we entered into a 7-year lease agreement for approximately 28,000 square feet of office space currently under construction in a building located at 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, Massachusetts. The lease will replace our current headquarters in 2020. Beginning in May 2020, the base monthly rent payment on the lease will be approximately $82 thousand, which is subject to scheduled annual increases for the term of the lease, plus certain operating expenses. We will incur construction costs of approximately $4.8 million to prepare the office space for our use, of which the landlord will reimburse $1.8 million. We are required to provide the landlord with a $1.1 million security deposit in the form of a letter of credit, which is classified as long-term restricted cash on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. We have the right to sublease the premises, subject to landlord consent and we have the right to renew the lease for an additional five years at the then prevailing effective market rental rate. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 70 Table of Contents ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF PART II EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “ASNS” on November 16, 2017. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. On March 13, 2019, we completed a business combination in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement, by and among us, X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and the Merger Sub, pursuant to which, among other matters, Merger Sub merged with and into X4 Therapeutics, Inc., with X4 Therapeutics, Inc. continuing as our wholly-owned subsidiary and the surviving corporation of the merger. Following the Merger, on March 13, 2019, we effected a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of our common stock and changed our name to “X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.” On March 13 2019, following the completion of the Merger, our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “XFOR”. Holders of Our Common Stock As of March 6, 2020, there were 52 holders of record of our common stock. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare and pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure for this Item. 71 Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by these forward- looking statements. For the discussion of the financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" filed as Exhibit 99.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 9, 2019. Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for the treatment of rare diseases. Our pipeline is comprised of potentially first-in-class, oral, small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptor CXCR4, which have the potential to treat a broad range of rare diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies, or PIs, and certain types of cancer. PIs are a group of more than 250 rare, chronic disorders in which flaws in the immune system cause increased susceptibility to infections and, in some cases, increased risk of cancers. Within this broad disease classification, a number of PIs are attributed to the improper trafficking of immune cells related to the CXCR4 receptor and its ligand CXCL12. CXCR4 is stimulated by its only chemokine ligand, CXCL12, and plays a key role in enabling the trafficking of immune cells and effectively monitoring the function of the immune system, or immunosurveillance. Overstimulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway leads to inhibition of the immune response, or immunosuppression. Our lead product candidate, mavorixafor, is a potentially first-in-class, oral, allosteric antagonist of the CXCR4 receptor designed to correct the abnormal signaling caused by the receptor/ligand interaction and enable mobilization and trafficking of immune cells. Mavorixafor has completed a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis, or WHIM, syndrome, which is a rare, inherited primary immunodeficiency disease. In June 2019, we announced the initiation of 4WHIM, a pivotal, 52-week Phase 3 global clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome. We plan to report top-line data from this trial in the second half of 2021. In November 2019, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for mavorixafor for the treatment of adults with WHIM. We are also investigating mavorixafor in combination with axitinib (Inlyta®) in the Phase 2a portion of an open-label Phase 1/2 clinical trial in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, or ccRCC. In September 2019, we announced positive results from the Phase 2a portion of our open-label Phase 1/2 clinical trial of mavorixafor in combination with axitinib (Inlyta®) in patients with advanced ccRCC in combination with axitinib, an FDA-approved small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Future development and potential commercialization of mavorixafor in ccRCC and other possible immuno-oncology indications will be pursued only as part of a potential strategic collaboration. In November 2019, we announced the initiation of a 14-day, proof-of-concept Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor in another PI, severe congenital neutropenia, or SCN. In December 2019, we announced the initiation of a Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor in Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or WM. We expect to report initial data from the SCN and WM trials in the second half of 2020. We are also advancing two early stage candidates towards the clinic: X4P-003, a second-generation CXCR4 antagonist designed to have an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile relative to mavorixafor, potentially enabling improved patient compliance and ease of use; and X4P-002, a CXCR4 antagonist designed to cross blood-brain barrier and provide appropriate therapeutic exposures to treat brain cancers. To date, we have not generated revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate significant revenue from the sale of our products in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales. We cannot predict if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. 72 Table of Contents Our Pipeline: Results of Operations Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change (in thousands) Operating expenses: Research and development General and administrative Loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income (expense): Interest income Interest expense Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant and derivative liabilities Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income Total other income (expense), net Net loss $ 30,163 $ 20,346 $ 17,640 3,900 51,703 8,739 — 29,085 22,618 9,817 8,901 3,900 (51,703) (29,085) (22,618) 1,197 (2,147) (105) (566) 517 236 (720) (3,487) (229) — (1,104) (4,200) 961 (1,427) 3,382 (337) 517 3,096 $ (52,807) $ (33,285) $ (19,522) 73 Table of Contents Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our product candidates, including employee salaries and related expenses, expenses incurred in connection with the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contract research organizations, or CROs; the cost of manufacturing drug products for use in our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs; facilities, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct or allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and insurance; costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and payments made under third-party licensing agreements. We expense research and development costs as incurred. Direct research and development expenses by product candidate: Mavorixafor (X4P-001) X4P-002 X4P-003 Unallocated expense Total research and development expenses Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change (in thousands) $ 16,311 $ 10,625 $ 5,686 417 638 12,797 30,163 $ — 49 9,672 20,346 $ 417 589 3,125 9,817 Research and development expenses were $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, reflecting an increase of $9.8 million. The increase in research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily due to a $6.3 million increase in compensation expenses due to additional personnel within our manufacturing, regulatory, program management, and clinical operations functions as well as compensation expenses related to our research and development facility in Vienna, Austria, which we acquired in the Merger with Arsanis. These compensation expenses, the majority of which are not allocated to our programs, were partially offset by a decrease of $2.6 million in outside consulting costs as we replaced these outside costs with internal personnel. In addition, research and development expenses increased approximately $5.8 million due to direct expenses related primarily to our mavorixafor program, including the costs incurred in the current Phase 3 clinical development stage, and for outsourced services. We expect that our research and development expenses, particularly for our mavorixafor programs, will increase over the next several years as we continue to conduct our Phase 3 pivotal trial of mavorixafor in patients with WHIM syndrome, and to conduct our Phase 1b clinical trials of mavorixafor in SCN and WM. Research and development expenses related to our X4P-002 and X4P-003 programs were not significant in 2019 relative to our overall research and development expenses. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations, accounting, and audit services. General and administrative expenses were $17.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, reflecting an increase of $8.9 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related costs due to an increase in head count to support the growth of our business, a significant increase in professional fees associated with becoming a public company, including higher accounting and legal expenses, an increase in insurance and compliance fees, and higher legal costs incurred in 74 Table of Contents connection with our intellectual property portfolio. We expect the growth of general and administrative expenses will slow significantly relative to prior years, but will continue to grow as we prepare for the commercial launch of mavorixafor. Loss on Transfer of Nonfinancial Assets During the year ended December 31, 2019, we entered into contractual arrangements with two third parties that transferred the rights to develop and commercialize the programs underlying in-process research and development, or IPR&D, intangible assets that we acquired in the merger with Arsanis. As a result of the transfer of control of the IPR&D projects to third parties, we recorded a charge of $3.9 million to loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets during 2019. The loss included the carrying value of the IPR&D intangible assets prior to the transfer of control, partially offset by non-refundable, upfront fees received from the third parties. In accordance with the contractual arrangements with these third parties, we are entitled to future fees that are contingent on the success of the third parties in advancing the applicable IPR&D projects toward commercialization. There was no such loss in the year ended December 31, 2018. Other Income (Expense), Net Interest income Interest expense Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant and derivative liabilities Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income Total other income (expense), net Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Change (in thousands) $ 1,197 $ 236 $ 961 (2,147) (105) (566) 517 (720) (3,487) (229) — (1,427) 3,382 (337) 517 $ (1,104) $ (4,200) $ 3,096 The decrease in other income (expense), net, of $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in losses related to the change in the fair value of our preferred stock warrant and derivative liabilities in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year. Upon the closing of the Merger in March 2019, the preferred stock warrants were converted to warrants for the purchase of shares of common stock and, therefore, the associated liability was transferred to equity and was no longer adjusted to fair value. In addition, the derivative liability was adjusted to zero and will no longer be adjusted to fair value following the Merger. Other income (expense) also decreased due to an increase in interest income, which was due to higher cash equivalent investments during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year. These decreases in other income (expense), net, were partially offset by a $1.4 million increase in interest expense as a result of our increased borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily related to our Loan and Security Agreement, or the Hercules Loan Agreement, with Hercules Capital, Inc., or Hercules, and interest expense on loans with Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft mbH, or FFG, acquired from Arsanis in March 2019. Income Taxes Since our inception, we have not recorded an income tax benefit for the net losses we have incurred or for our earned research and development tax credits, as we believe, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is not more likely than not that these net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits will be realized as an offset future taxable income. Accordingly, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets at each balance sheet date. Liquidity and Capital Resources Source of Liquidity Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have not yet commercialized any products and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any products for several years, if at all. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our future operations, which we may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt 75 Table of Contents financings, other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from sales of common stock, warrants and prefunded warrants for the purchase of our preferred stock and our common stock, sales of preferred stock, proceeds from the issuance of convertible debt and borrowings under loan and security agreements. In 2019, we completed a merger with Arsanis and acquired its$26.4 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. In addition, in 2019, we raised $139.4 million, net of offering costs, through public offerings of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase shares of common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of common stock. In June 2019, we received $9.8 million in net proceeds as a result of refinancing our Hercules Loan Agreement, under which, subject to approval by Hercules, an additional $5.0 million is available for borrowing through December 15, 2020 and an additional term loan of $10.0 million is available through June 15, 2022. Principal payments under the Hercules Loan Agreement commence in February 2022. As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $126.2 million and restricted cash of $1.9 million. We believe that our current liquidity will be sufficient to meet our projected operating, investing and debt service requirements for at least the next twelve months. Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flow activities for each of the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 (in millions) 2017 Net loss $ (52.8) $ (33.3) $ (22.0) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities Changes in operating assets and liabilities Net cash used in operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Impact of foreign exchange on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period 7.9 (3.2) (48.1) 27.2 140.7 (0.2) 119.6 8.5 4.7 3.2 (25.4) — 6.9 — (18.5) 27.0 $ 128.1 $ 8.5 $ — 0.7 (21.3) (0.3) 33.3 — 11.7 15.3 27.0 Operating Activities During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in operating activities was $48.1 million, primarily resulting from our net losses of $52.8 million, adjusted for noncash expenses of $7.9 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.2 million. Noncash expenses primarily include the derecognition of IPR&D intangible assets included within "loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets" in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and stock-based compensation expense. The change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in accounts payable due to the growth in our operating activities. Investing Activities During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided by investing activities consisted primarily of $26.4 million of cash and restricted cash acquired in connection with our Merger. There was no comparable net cash provided by or used in investing activities during the same period in the prior year. Financing Activities During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $140.7 million, consisting primarily of $139.4 million of net proceeds for the sale in April 2019 and November 2019 of our common stock, warrants and prefunded warrants and net proceeds of $9.8 million received in our 2019 Loan Agreement with Hercules, partially offset by $9.4 million for the settlement of our FFG loans. During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $6.9 million, consisting primarily of net proceeds of $4.4 million from the issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock and $10.0 million of proceeds from borrowings under the Hercules Loan Agreement, partially offset 76 Table of Contents by $6.4 million of repayments of borrowings under our SVB Loan Agreement and $1.1 million for the repurchase of Series Seed convertible preferred stock pursuant to a stock repurchase agreement we entered into in October 2017. Loan and Security Agreements Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank In October 2016, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement, or the SVB Loan Agreement, with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, which provided for certain term loans, including a term loan of up to $6.0 million, which we borrowed in June 2017. In October 2018, in connection with entering into the Hercules Loan Agreement (as described further below), we terminated the SVB Loan Agreement and repaid all amounts due under the SVB Loan Agreement, including unpaid principal of $4.3 million, a final payment of $0.3 million, a prepayment premium of $87 thousand and accrued interest of $23 thousand. Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc. In October 2018, we entered into the Hercules Loan Agreement with Hercules. The Hercules Loan Agreement was amended in December 2018 and in June 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended, provides for aggregate maximum borrowings of $35.0 million, of which $20.0 million is outstanding, an additional $5.0 million is available for borrowing through December 15, 2020 and, subject to approval by Hercules, an additional term loan of $10.0 million is available through June 15, 2022. Borrowings under the Hercules Loan Agreement bear interest at a variable rate equal to the greater of (i) 8.75% or (ii) 8.75% plus The Wall Street Journal prime rate minus 6.0%. In an event of default, as defined in the Hercules Loan Agreement, and until such event is no longer continuing, the interest rate applicable to borrowings under the agreement would be increased by 4.0%. As of December 31, 2019, the interest rate applicable to borrowings was 8.75%. Borrowings under the agreement are repayable in monthly interest-only payments through January 1, 2022, and in equal monthly payments of principal and accrued interest from February 1, 2022 until the maturity date of the loan, which is July 1, 2023. At our option, we may prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding borrowings, subject to a prepayment premium of up to 2.0% of the principal amount outstanding as of the date of repayment. In addition, the Hercules Loan Agreement provides for payments of (i) $0.8 million payable upon the earlier of November 1, 2021 or the repayment in full of all obligations under the agreement, and (ii) 4.0% of the aggregate principal amount of advances drawn under the Hercules Loan Agreement payable upon the earlier of maturity or the repayment in full of all obligations under the agreement. Borrowings under the Hercules Loan Agreement are collateralized by substantially all of our personal property and other assets except for our intellectual property (but including rights to payment and proceeds from the sale, licensing or disposition of the intellectual property). Our obligations under the agreement are subject to acceleration upon occurrence of specified events of default, including payment default, insolvency and a material adverse change in our business, operations or financial or other conditions. Under the agreement, we have agreed to affirmative and negative covenants to which we will remain subject until maturity or repayment of the loan in full. The covenants include (a) maintaining a minimum liquidity amount of the lesser of (i) 125% of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding borrowings under the Hercules Loan Agreement and (ii) 100% of our cash and cash equivalents (other than up to $2.5 million which may be held by an excluded subsidiary, as defined) in an account in which Hercules has a first priority security interest, as well as (b) restrictions on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, encumber our intellectual property, or engage in certain fundamental business transactions, such as mergers or acquisitions of other businesses. The Hercules Loan Agreement also contains a covenant that required us to repay our FFG loans on or prior to December 31, 2019, and we repaid the FFG loans in September 2019. We were in compliance with all covenants under the Hercules Loan Agreement as of December 31, 2019. FFG Borrowings Between September 2011 and March 2017, Arsanis GmbH, a subsidiary of Arsanis, entered into a series of funding agreements with FFG that provided for loans and grants to fund qualifying research and development expenditures of Arsanis GmbH on a project-by-project basis, as approved by FFG. On March 8, 2019, Arsanis entered into a settlement agreement, or the FFG Settlement Agreement, with FFG in respect of allegations that Arsanis breached certain reporting, performance and other obligations. Pursuant to the terms of the FFG Settlement Agreement, in exchange for FFG’s waiver of all claims against Arsanis and Arsanis GmbH except for its claims for repayment of the loans and regular interest, including its waiver of claims for repayment of grants and interest exceeding regular interest, Arsanis GmbH agreed to repay the outstanding loan principal (plus 77 Table of Contents regular interest accrued thereon) on an accelerated payment schedule of three years instead of the original five years, with the final accelerated installment due and payable on June 30, 2021. The FFG Settlement Agreement also contained certain other restrictive covenants, including a requirement to maintain, as of April 30, 2019, a minimum cash balance equal to 70% of the outstanding principal amount of the loans in an account held with an Austrian bank, until all of the loans have been repaid and subject to other terms specified in the FFG Settlement Agreement. Amounts due under the FFG loans bore interest at varying fixed rates ranging from 0.75% to 2.0% per annum. During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, we re-paid the full amount due on the FFG loan of approximately $6.5 million, and the FFG loans were retired. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.6 million related to the unamortized debt discount as of the date of retirement. Funding Requirements We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the clinical trials of our product candidates in development. In addition, we expect to continue to incur additional costs operating as a public company. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the scope, number, initiation, progress, timing, costs, design, duration, any potential delays, and results of clinical trials and nonclinical studies for our current or future product candidates, particularly our Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome, our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor in SCN and our Phase 1b clinical trial of mavorixafor in WM; the clinical development plans we establish for these product candidates; the number and characteristics of product candidates and programs that we develop or may in-license; the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory reviews, approvals or other actions to meet regulatory requirements established by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to require that we perform more studies for our product candidates than those that we currently expect; our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates; the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, including any such patent claims and intellectual property rights that we have licensed from Genzyme pursuant to the terms of our license agreement with Genzyme; our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our product candidates; the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities with respect to our product candidates; our ability to establish and maintain licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements on favorable terms and whether and to what extent we retain development or commercialization responsibilities under any new licensing, collaboration or similar arrangement; the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own; the success of any other business, product or technology that we acquire or in which we invest; the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, product candidates and technologies; our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; the costs to continue to operate as a public company, including the need to implement additional financial and reporting systems and other internal systems and infrastructure for our business; • market acceptance of our product candidates, to the extent any are approved for commercial sale; and 78 Table of Contents • the effect of competing technological and market developments. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and debt service payments for at least the next twelve months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. In January 2019, we filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective in February 2019, pursuant to which we registered for sale up to $150 million of any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that we may determine. Subsequently, in April 2019, we raised $79.3 million, net of offering costs, for the sale of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase shares of common stock, and accompanying Class A warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. As of the date of this Annual Report, $12 million of securities remain available for issuance under this shelf registration statement. In August 2019, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective in August 2019, pursuant to which we registered for sale up to $150 million of any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that we may determine. Subsequently, in November 2019, we raised $60.1 million, net of offering costs, for the sale of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase shares of common stock or Class B warrants, and accompanying Class B warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. As of the date of this Annual Report, approximately $3.0 million of securities remain available for issuance under this shelf registration statement. To the extent that we raise additional capital through future equity offerings or debt financings, the ownership interest of our stockholders may be materially diluted, and the terms of such securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specified actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development efforts or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Contractual Obligations and Commitments As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the disclosure required by Item 303(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Accrued Research and Development Expenses. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and 79 Table of Contents purchase orders, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to them at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of these estimates with the service providers and make adjustments, if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to: • • • vendors in connection with preclinical development activities; CROs and investigative sites in connection with preclinical studies and clinical trials; and CMOs in connection with the production of preclinical and clinical trial materials. We base the expense recorded related to external research and development on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with multiple CMOs and CROs that supply, conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we adjust the accrual or the amount of prepaid expenses accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have not been any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses. Stock-Based Compensation. We measure all stock-based awards granted to employees, directors and consultants based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognized compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The stock-based awards that we have issued to date include a service-based vesting condition and the expense for these awards is recognized using the straight-line method. To date, we have not issued stock-based awards with performance-based vesting conditions. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and assumptions we make for the volatility of our common stock, the expected term of the stock options, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options and their expected dividend yield. Prior to the closing of the Merger and the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, our board of directors historically determined, as of the date of each option grant and with input from our management, the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist the estimated fair value of our common stock on the date of grant based on a number of objectives and subjective factors. Since the Merger and the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we have relied on the market price of our common stock to determine the fair value on the date of grant. As our common stock does not have a sufficient history of trading, we estimate our volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies. We estimate the expected term of our stock awards by utilizing the “simplified” method, which calculates the expected term based on weighted average midpoint of the award’s vesting and expiration dates. We determine the risk-free interest rate by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. We estimate that no dividends will be paid as we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The assumptions underlying these valuations represent the best estimates of our management, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors or expected outcomes change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, the resulting share-based compensation expense could be materially different. Valuation of Preferred Stock Warrant Liability. In connection with our preferred stock financings prior to our merger with Arsanis in March 2019, we issued warrants to purchase shares of our preferred stock. We classified these warrants as liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet because they were deemed to be freestanding financial instruments that may have required us to transfer assets upon exercise. The warrant liability was initially recorded at fair value upon the date of issuance of each warrant 80 Table of Contents and is subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date as a component of other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations. Upon the closing of the Merger on March 13, 2019, all outstanding preferred stock warrants become exercisable for Arsanis common stock and, accordingly, the warrant liability as of March 13, 2019 was remeasured to fair value and reclassified to additional paid-in capital. As a result, following the closing of the Merger, we no longer recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant liability as other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. To value the preferred stock warrants, we used various valuation methods, including the Monte Carlo method, the option-pricing method and the hybrid method, all of which incorporated assumptions and estimates. We assessed these assumptions and estimates on a quarterly basis as additional information impacting the assumptions is obtained. Estimates and assumptions impacting the fair value measurement included the fair value per share of the underlying shares of our Series A and Series B preferred stock, risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield, expected volatility of the price of the underlying preferred stock, and the remaining contractual term of the warrants (except for the warrants that would be automatically exercised upon an initial public offering, in which case the remaining estimated term to automatic exercise was used). The most significant assumption in the Monte Carlo method, the option-pricing method and the hybrid method impacting the fair value of the preferred stock warrants was the fair value of our preferred stock as of each remeasurement date. We determined the fair value per share of the underlying preferred stock by taking into consideration the most recent sales of our preferred stock, results obtained from third-party valuations and additional factors that are deemed relevant. Purchase Accounting. Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method, whereby the total purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying identifiable net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Application of the acquisition method is complex and can require significant judgment. For example, to properly account for a business combination, management must determine the following: • Whether the entity acquired constitutes a business or a set of assets. Management considers whether the majority (i.e. 90%) of the value of the • • • • • acquired entity is concentrated in one asset or set of similar assets. The identification of the acquirer for accounting purposes, which may differ from the legal acquirer. To make this determination, management considers which entity's stockholders own a substantial majority of the voting rights in the combined organization, (ii) the composition of the initial board of directors of the combined organization and (iii) the senior management team of the combined organization. Identification of transactions that must be accounted for separately from the acquired entity. For example, severance and retention bonuses which were arranged for the benefit of the acquirer. The fair value of consideration transferred to effect the acquisition, including the value of shares of common stock issued and contingent consideration transferred; The accounting for equity compensation arrangement acquired, including the fair value of replacement awards and whether the value of these awards is ascribed to compensation for past services, which is included in the consideration transferred to effect the acquisition, or for future services, which is accounted for prospectively as stock-based compensation expense The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, probabilities of success, discount rates, and asset lives, among other items. Lease Accounting. We adopted the new lease standard effective January 1, 2019 as further described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The new standard requires that all leases, with the exception of leases with a remaining term of less than 12 months, are accounted for as a right-of-use asset with an associated lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet. Management must apply judgment in the application of the new lease standard in the determination of the following: • Whether a contract contains a lease. Management considers whether the contract conveys the right to control an asset for a period of time in • • excess of one year. Management also considers whether the counterparty has the right to substitute the asset without management's consent, in which case the contract would generally not contain a lease. The term of the lease, which includes a determination of the probability that management will exercise its option to extend the lease. The discount rate applied to the lease liability, which in most cases is not a rate that is implicit and readily determinable within the lease. In this case, management calculates its incremental collateralized borrowing rate by reference to recent third-party borrowings, such as observed in its Hercules loan agreement, as adjusts this rate to match the term of the lease. 81 Table of Contents • The commencement date of the lease for accounting purposes, which occurs when the lessor provides management with unfettered access to the leased asset. Management also considers the condition of the leased asset at the inception of the lease agreement and whether unreimbursed costs incurred by management to enhance or construct the leased asset represent prepaid rent and are part of the right-of-use asset or represent leasehold improvements. Management considers the nature and significance of the improvements to the leased asset and whether these improvements were required by the lessor, which indicates that the improvements relate to the lessor's asset, or were at management's election, which indicates that the costs represent leasehold improvements. Emerging Growth Company Status The JOBS Act permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards when they are required to be adopted by public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements appearing at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure for this Item. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this report. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15 of Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. 82 Table of Contents Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, who serve as our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management conducted an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on the assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for "emerging growth companies". Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There has been no significant change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 83 Table of Contents PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the sections titled "Proposal 1- Election of Directors," "Information About our Executive Officers," and "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our 2020 Proxy Statement. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the sections titled "Executive Compensation" in our 2020 Proxy Statement. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the section titled "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in our 2020 Proxy Statement. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the section titled "Transactions with Related Persons and Indemnification" and "Information regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance" in our 2020 Proxy Statement. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in the section titled "Principal Accountant Fees and Services" contained in our 2020 Proxy Statement. 84 Table of Contents ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (1) Financial Statements PART IV The following documents are included on pages F-1 through F-39 attached hereto and are filed as part of this Annual Report. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock, Redeemable Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (2) Financial Statement Schedules: Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required or the information required is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto. (3) Exhibits. Exhibit No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Exhibit Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 26, 2018, by and among the Company, Artemis AC Corp. and X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 20, 2018, by and among the Company, Artemis AC Corp. and X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) Second Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 8, 2019, by and among the Company, Artemis AC Corp. and X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) Restated Certificate of Incorporation, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on November 20, 2017. Certificate of Amendment (Reverse Stock Split) to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company Certificate of Amendment (Name Change) to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company Form of Common Stock Certificate Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of the Company (formerly Series A Preferred Stock of X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)) issued to Silicon Valley Bank and Life Science Loans, LLC. Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of the Company (formerly Series A Preferred Stock of X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)) issued to Maxim Partners LLC. Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of the Company (formerly Series B Preferred Stock of X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)). Form 8-K Exhibit 2.1 Date 11/27/2018 Se File/ Ref No. 001-38295 8-K 2.1 12/20/2018 001-38295 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 3/8/2019 001-38295 11/20/2017 001-38295 3/13/2019 001-38295 3/13/2019 001-38295 11/20/2017 3/13/2019 3/13/2019 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 3/13/2019 001-38295 3/13/2019 001-38295 85 Table of Contents 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12* 10.1@ 10.2@ 10.3@ 10.4@ 10.5@ 10.6@ 10.7@ 10.8@ 10.9@ Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of the Company (formerly Series B Preferred Stock of X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)) issued to Hercules Capital, Inc. Warrant Modification Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2018, with Hercules Capital, Inc. Form of Prefunded Warrant. Form of Class A Warrant Form of Prefunded Warrant Form of Class B Warrant Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2017, by and between the Company and New Enterprise Associates 16, L.P. Description of Registered Securities 2015 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2015 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2015 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended 2017 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 10.10@ X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan 10.11@ Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan 10.12@ Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan 10.13@ Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan 10.14@ Form of Indemnification Agreement (for directors and executive officers) 10.15@ Director Compensation Policy 10.16@ Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2019, by and between the Company and Paula Ragan, Ph.D. Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2019, dated February 13, 2020 by and between the Company and Paula Ragan, Ph.D. 10.17@* 10.18@ Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2019, by and between the Company and Adam S. Mostafa. Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2020 by and between the Company and Adam S. Mostafa 10.19@* 86 10-K 10.37 3/9/2018 10.1.1 10.1.2 3/13/2019 4/2/2019 6/17/2019 001-38295 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 8-K 8-K 8-K S-1 S-1 S-1 8-K 8-K S-1 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.6 10.5 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 3/13/2019 001-38295 3/13/2019 001-38295 04/12/2019 04/12/2019 11/29/2019 11/29/2019 10/20/2017 10/20/2017 10/20/2017 11/27/2018 6/19/2019 6/17/2019 6/17/2019 6/17/2019 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 6/17/2019 001-38295 S-1/A 10.36 11/06/2017 8-K 8-K 10.2 10.3 3/13/2019 3/13/2019 001-38295 001-38295 001-38295 8-K 10.4 3/13/2019 001-38295 10.10 10/20/2017 Table of Contents 10.20@* 10.21@* 10.22@* 10.23@* 10.24# 10.25# 10.26# 10.27# 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32* 10.33 10.34 10.35* 10.36* 10.37* 10.38* Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of April 16, 2019, by and between the Company and E. Lynne Kelley Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of March 5, 2020, by and between the Company and E. Lynne Kelley Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2019, by and between the Company and Derek Meisner Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2020, by and between the Company and Derek Meisner License Agreement, dated as of July 10, 2014, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, LLC) and Genzyme Corp., a Sanofi company. Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2014, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Genzyme Corporation, a Sanofi company. License Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2016, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Georgetown University. Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2016, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2018, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Hercules Capital, Inc. Amendment No. 1 to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2018, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Hercules Capital, Inc. Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and among X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., X4 Therapeutics, Inc., Hercules Capital, Inc. and Hercules Capital Funding Trust 2019-1. Lease, dated as of January 20, 2017, by and between X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and Brickman 955 Massachusetts LLC. Lease, dated as of November 11, 2019, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Beacon North Village, LLC. Lease Termination Agreement, dated February 26, 2019, by and between Arsanis Biosciences GmbH and Wüstenrot Marxbox GmbH & Co. OG (as successor-in- interest to Marxbox Bauprojekt GmbH & Co. OG), as amended (English translation) Settlement Agreement, dated as of March 8, 2019, by and among X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Arsanis, Inc.), Artemis AC Corp., X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Arsanis Biosciences GmbH and Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft GmbH. Master Services Agreement, dated September 10, 2015, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Mayne Pharma Inc. (formerly known as Metrics, Inc.). Amendment No. 1 to Master Services Agreement, dated August 25, 2017, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Mayne Pharma Inc. (formerly known as Metrics, Inc.) Amendment No. 2 to Master Services Agreement, dated February 28, 2020, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Mayne Pharma Inc. Master Services Agreement, dated February 19, 2016, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Aptuit (Oxford) Limited 87 8-K 10.5# 3/13/2019 001-38295 8-K/A 10.6# 5/13/2019 001-38295 8-K/A 10.7# 5/13/2019 001-38295 8-K/A 10.8# 5/13/2019 001-38295 8-K 8-K 10.9 3/13/2019 001-38295 10.10 3/13/2019 001-38295 8-K 10.1 6/28/2019 001-38295 8-K 8-K 8-K 10.11 3/13/2019 001-38295 10.1 3/1/2019 001-38295 8-K 10.1 4/11/2019 001-38295 Table of Contents 10.39* 21.1* 23.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1** 32.2** 101.INS Amendment No. 1 to Master Services Agreement, dated February 19, 2016, by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Aptuit (Oxford) Limited List of Subsidiaries Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL SXRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document * Filed herewith ** Furnished and not filed herewith # Certain confidential portions of this Exhibit were omitted by means of marking such portions with brackets ("[***]") because the identified confidential portions (i) are not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed @ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 88 Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: March 12, 2020 X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. By: /s/ Paula Ragan Paula Ragan, Ph D. President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Paula Ragan Paula Ragan, Ph.D. /s/ Adam S. Mostafa Adam S. Mostafa /s/ Michael S. Wyzga Michael S. Wyzga /s/ William Aliski William E. Aliski /s/ Gary J. Bridger Gary J. Bridger, Ph.D. /s/ David McGirr David McGirr /s/ René Russo René Russo, Pharm D /s/ Murray W. Stewart Murray W. Stewart, M.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director March 12, 2020 (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer March 12, 2020 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Chairman of the Board of Directors March 12, 2020 Director Director Director Director Director 89 March 12, 2020 March 12, 2020 March 12, 2020 March 12, 2020 March 12, 2020 Table of Contents INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock, Redeemable Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-1 Table of Contents To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of convertible preferred stock, redeemable common stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Emphasis of Matter As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company will require additional financing to fund future operations. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and plans to mitigate this matter are also described in Note 1. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 12, 2020 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. F-2 Table of Contents Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Research and development incentive receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Goodwill Right-of-use assets Other assets Total assets X4 PHARMACEUTICALS INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ 126,184 $ 1,998 1,096 129,278 403 27,109 1,959 1,949 8,134 — 1,205 9,339 241 — — 364 160,698 $ 9,944 $ $ Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, Redeemable Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued expenses Current portion of lease liability Current portion of long-term debt, net of discount Total current liabilities Preferred stock warrant liability Long-term debt, including accretion, net of discount and current portion Deferred rent Lease liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) Convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 and 59,413,523 shares authorized as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively; 0 and 40,079,567 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively Redeemable common stock, $0.001 par value; 0 and 107,371 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively Stockholders’ equity (deficit): Common stock, $0.001 par value. 33,333,333 and 11,070,776 shares authorized as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively; 16,128,862 and 351,652 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 2,088 $ 6,461 898 — 9,447 — 20,097 — 1,918 16 31,478 — — 16 261,367 (119) (132,044) 129,220 2,969 3,251 — 1,687 7,907 4,947 8,145 417 — 205 21,621 64,675 734 — 2,151 — (79,237) (77,086) 9,944 Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock, redeemable common stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) $ 160,698 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-3 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (In thousands, except per share amounts) Operating expenses: Research and development General and administrative Loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income (expense): Interest income Interest expense Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability Change in fair value of derivative liability Loss on preferred stock repurchase liability Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income Total other income (expense), net Net loss Accruing dividends on Series A convertible preferred stock Adjustment to accumulated deficit in connection with repurchase of Series Seed convertible preferred stock Net loss attributable to common stockholders Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding—basic and diluted Net loss Currency translation adjustments Total comprehensive loss Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 30,163 $ 20,346 $ 17,640 3,900 51,703 (51,703) 1,197 (2,147) (288) 183 — (566) 517 (1,104) (52,807) (592) 8,739 — 29,085 (29,085) 236 (720) (3,398) (89) — (229) — (4,200) (33,285) (3,000) 17,066 5,181 — 22,247 (22,247) 64 (490) 1,360 (94) (587) — — 253 (21,994) (3,000) — (22) — (53,399) $ (36,307) $ (24,994) (4.63) $ (79.15) $ (54.58) 11,530 459 458 (52,807) $ (33,285) (21,994) (119) — — (52,926) $ (33,285) $ (21,994) $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK, REDEEMABLE COMMON STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) (In thousands, except share amounts) X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. Balance at December 31, 2016 22,061,973 $ 34,307 107,371 $ 734 345,856 $ — $ 884 $ — $ (23,936) $ (23,052) Series Seed, A and B Convertible Preferred Redeemable Common Stock Common Stock Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity Issuance costs of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $2.6 million Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expense Net loss Balance at December 31, 2017 Repurchase of Series Seed convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $11 Issuance costs of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $539 Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation expense Net loss Balance at December 31, 2018 Conversion of redeemable common stock into common stock Conversion of convertible preferred shares into common stock Exchange of common stock in connection with Merger Fair value of replacement equity awards Reclassification of warrant liability to permanent equity Issuance of common stock and prefunded warrants for the purchase of common stock, net of issuance costs of $11.4 million Exercise of stock options Exercise of warrants Stock-based compensation expense Foreign currency translation adjustment Net loss Balance at December 31, 2019 15,956,995 26,596 4,751 — 9 492 — 9 492 (21,994) (21,994) 38,018,968 60,903 107,371 734 350,607 — 1,385 — (45,930) (44,545) (598,975) (517) 2,659,574 4,289 1,045 7 759 (22) (22) — 7 759 (33,285) (33,285) 40,079,567 64,675 107,371 734 351,652 — 2,151 — (79,237) (77,086) (40,079,567) (64,675) (107,371) (734) 107,364 — 734 3,808,430 2,440,582 4 2 64,671 45,539 817 5,235 9,336,667 50,321 33,846 9 1 — 139,379 344 447 2,050 734 64,675 45,541 817 5,235 139,388 345 447 2,050 (119) (52,807) (119) (52,807) — — — — 16,128,862 $ 16 $ 261,367 $ (119) $ (132,044) $ 129,220 The accompanying notes are a integral part of these consolidated financial statements F-5 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Stock-based compensation expense Depreciation and amortization expense Loss on transfer of non-financial assets Non-cash lease expense Accretion of debt discount Loss on extinguishment of debt Loss on preferred stock repurchase liability Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant and derivative liability Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses, other current assets and research & development incentive receivable Accounts payable Accrued expenses Lease liabilities Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash acquired in connection with the Merger Proceeds from transfer of non-financial assets Purchase of property, equipment and intangible assets Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants Proceeds from borrowings under loan and security agreements, net of issuance costs Proceeds from issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs Repurchase of Series Seed convertible preferred stock Repayments of borrowings under loan and security agreement Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs Net cash provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid for interest Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: Purchase of property, equipment and intangible assets included in accounts payable Issuance costs related to sale of common stock and warrants, not yet paid Conversion of convertible preferred stock into common stock Conversion of redeemable common stock into common stock Conversion of convertible preferred stock warrants into common stock warrants Fair value of net assets acquired in the Merger in exchange for common shares, excluding cash acquired Initial fair value of derivative liability in connection with loan and security agreement Issuance of warrants in connection with Series B convertible preferred stock financing Issuance of warrants in connection with loan and security agreement Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ (52,807) $ (33,285) $ (21,994) 2,050 103 3,900 569 695 566 — 105 109 (2,752) 160 (753) (48,055) 26,406 1,000 (174) 27,232 792 9,849 — — (9,368) 139,388 140,661 (250) 119,588 8,498 759 103 — — 152 229 — 3,487 279 1,307 1,549 — (25,420) — — — — 7 9,908 4,461 (1,126) (6,380) — 6,870 — (18,550) 27,048 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 128,086 $ 8,498 $ 1,284 $ 540 $ 40 $ 775 64,675 $ 734 $ 5,235 $ 19,952 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 18 $ 172 $ 132 $ 492 71 — — 157 — 587 (1,266) 402 (1,169) 1,409 — (21,311) — — (378) (378) 9 6,000 27,413 — — — 33,422 — 11,733 15,315 27,048 282 — — — — — — 817 — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-6 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Arsanis, Inc.), together with its subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for the treatment of rare diseases. The Company’s lead product candidate, mavorixafor (X4P-001), is a potential first-in-class, once-daily, oral inhibitor of CXCR4 and is currently in a Phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, a rare, inherited, primary immunodeficiency disease caused by genetic mutations in the CXCR4 receptor gene. The Company is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to pre-commercialization companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with governmental regulations and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Drug candidates currently under development will require extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel, and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s drug development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales. Merger with Arsanis On November 26, 2018, Arsanis, Inc., a publicly held Delaware corporation (“Arsanis”), Artemis AC Corp., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arsanis (“Merger Sub”), and X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (“X4”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, as amended on December 20, 2018 and March 8, 2019 (the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which the Merger Sub merged with and into X4, with X4 surviving the merger as a wholly- owned subsidiary of Arsanis. The transactions described in the foregoing sentence may be referred to in these consolidated financial statements as “the Merger.” The transaction was accounted for as a reverse merger in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). Under this method of accounting, X4 was deemed to be the accounting acquirer for financial reporting purposes. This determination was primarily based on the facts that, immediately following the Merger: (i) the Company’s stockholders own a substantial majority of the voting rights in the combined organization, (ii) the Company designated a majority of the members of the initial board of directors of the combined organization and (iii) the Company’s senior management hold all key positions in the senior management of the combined organization. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the business combination was treated as the equivalent of X4 issuing stock to acquire the net assets of Arsanis. As a result, as of the closing date of the Merger, the net assets of Arsanis were recorded at their acquisition-date fair values in the financial statements of the Company and the reported operating results prior to the business combination are those of the Company. In addition, transaction costs incurred by the Company in connection with the business combination have been expensed as incurred. On March 13, 2019, Arsanis, X4 and Merger Sub completed the Merger pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each outstanding share of X4’s common stock and preferred stock was exchanged for 0.5702 shares of Arsanis’s common stock (the “Exchange Ratio”). In addition, all outstanding options exercisable for common stock and warrants exercisable for convertible preferred stock of X4 became options and warrants exercisable for the same number of shares of common stock of Arsanis multiplied by the Exchange Ratio. In connection with the Merger, X4 changed its name to X4 Therapeutics, Inc. Following the closing of the Merger, X4 Therapeutics, Inc. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, which changed its name to X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. As used herein, the words “the Company” refers to, for periods following the Merger, X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Arsanis, Inc.), together with is direct and indirect subsidiaries, and for periods prior to the Merger, X4 Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as applicable. Immediately following the Merger, stockholders of X4 owned approximately 64% of the combined organization’s outstanding common stock. On March 14, 2019, the combined organization’s common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “XFOR.” Principles of Consolidation— The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including X4 Pharmaceuticals (Austria) GmbH, which is incorporated in Vienna, Austria and was formerly named Arsanis Biosciences GmbH (“X4 GmbH”), and X4 Therapeutics, Inc. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. F-7 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reverse Stock Split— On March 13, 2019, immediately following the closing of the Merger, the Company effected a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of its common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Unless otherwise noted, all references to common stock share and per share amounts have also been adjusted to reflect the exchange ratio of 0.5702. Going Concern Assessment— In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. As of March 12, 2020, the issuance date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its forecasted operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and debt service payments for at least the next twelve months from the issuance date of these financial statements. Since its inception, the Company has incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. The Company has not yet commercialized any products and does not expect to generate revenue from the commercial sale of any products for several years, if at all. The Company expects that its research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, will need additional capital to fund its future operations, which it may raise through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. The Company has funded its operations to date primarily with proceeds from sales of common stock, warrants and prefunded warrants for the purchase of shares of preferred stock and shares of common stock, sales of preferred stock, proceeds from the issuance of convertible debt and borrowings under loan and security agreements. In 2019, the Company completed a merger with Arsanis and acquired its $26.4 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. In addition, in 2019, the Company raised $139.4 million, net of offering costs, through public offerings of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase shares of common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of common stock. In June 2019, the Company received $9.8 million in net proceeds as a result of refinancing its loan agreement (the “Hercules Loan Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), under which, subject to approval by Hercules, an additional $5.0 million is available for borrowing through December 15, 2020 and an additional term loan of $10.0 million is available through June 15, 2022. Principal payments under the Hercules Loan Agreement commence in February 2022. If the Company is unable to obtain future funding when needed, the Company may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or pre-commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Company to fund continuing operations, if at all. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates— The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual of research and development expenses, the valuation of intangible assets acquired in business combinations, the valuations of common stock prior to the Merger, the valuation of stock options, preferred stock warrants (and the resulting preferred stock warrant liability), derivative instruments (and the resulting derivative liabilities), valuation of lease liabilities and the constraint of variable consideration from revenue transactions. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates when there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates. F-8 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Foreign Currency and Currency Translation— For the Company's subsidiaries that transact in a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates as of the balance sheet date while income and expenses are translated at the average exchanges rates for the period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the financial statements of the Company's foreign operations into U.S. dollars are excluded from the determination of net loss and are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of stockholders' equity (deficit). Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Suppliers— Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and research and development incentive receivables. The Company generally maintains cash balances in various operating accounts at financial institutions that management believes to be of high credit quality in amounts that may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses related to its cash and cash equivalents. The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs. The Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in these manufacturing services or in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs. Cash and Cash Equivalents— The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consisted of money market funds as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Restricted Cash— (in thousands) Letter of credit security: Cambridge lease Letter of credit security: Waltham lease Letter of credit security: Vienna Austria lease Letter of credit security: Allston lease Corporate credit card collateral Total restricted cash (non-current) As of December 31, 2019 As of December 31, 2018 $ $ 264 $ 250 94 1,144 150 1,902 $ 264 — — — 100 364 In connection with the Company’s lease agreement for its facilities in Massachusetts and Austria, the Company maintains letters of credit, which are secured by restricted cash, for the benefit of the landlord. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company was required to maintain a separate cash balance of $150 thousand and $100 thousand, respectively, to collateralize corporate credit cards with a bank. In accordance with the Company’s Amended and Restated Loan Agreement with Hercules, as further described in Note 8, the Company is required to maintain cash in an account accessible by the lender in an amount not less than 125% of the outstanding loan balance, or if the Company’s consolidated cash is lower than this amount, all of the Company’s cash other than $2.5 million. As of December 31, 2019, the Company maintained $25.0 million in an account accessible by the lender in accordance with the terms of Amended and Restated Loan Agreement. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the sum to the total of amounts shown in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash, non-current (included within other assets) Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 $ $ 126,184 $ 8,134 $ 26,684 $ 1,902 364 364 128,086 $ 8,498 $ 27,048 $ 15,160 155 15,315 F-9 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Property and Equipment— Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset, as follows: Office furniture Computer equipment Laboratory equipment Leasehold improvements Estimated Useful Life 3 years 3 years 3 to 10 years Shorter of lease term or 10 years Estimated useful lives are periodically assessed to determine if changes are appropriate. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost of these assets and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are eliminated from the consolidated balance sheet and any resulting gains or losses are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period of disposal. Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized as construction-in-progress and depreciated once placed into service. Right-of-Use Assets and Leases— Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application, with prior periods unchanged and presented in accordance with the guidance in Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”). At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Leases with a non-cancellable term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets with associated current and non-current lease liabilities. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s initial lease term assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew the lease. If a lease is cancellable without penalty, the Company excludes from the lease term periods following the cancellation notice period unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will not cancel the lease. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use operating asset may be required for items such as incentives received or accrued rent. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates it incurs to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company has referenced the effective rate of its Hercules borrowings, as adjusted for differences terms, to determine calculate its incremental borrowing rate for each of its operating leases. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 842, components of a lease are split into lease components and non-lease components. A policy election is available pursuant to which an entity may elect to not separate lease and non-lease components. Rather, each lease component and the related non-lease components are accounted for together as a single component. For new and amended leases beginning in 2019 and after, the Company has elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a combined lease component for its office and laboratory building leases. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets— Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset group for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset group to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized in loss from operations when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset group are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset group over its fair value. To date, the Company has not recorded any material impairment losses on long-lived assets. F-10 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Goodwill— Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method. The total purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying identifiable net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, probabilities of success, discount rates, and asset lives, among other items. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is tested quantitatively for impairment at the reporting unit level annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Examples of such events or circumstances include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal or business climate, an adverse regulatory action or unanticipated competition. The Company has determined that it operates in a single operating segment and has a single reporting unit. To perform its quantitative test, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of its net assets, goodwill is not impaired, and no further testing is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the Company measures the amount of impairment loss, if any, as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the reporting unit. The Company determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2019 base on its quantitative test. Intangible Assets— In connection with the Merger, the Company acquired certain in-process research and development ("IPR&D") assets, which were classified as indefinite-lived intangible assets. Acquired IPR&D represents the fair value assigned to research and development assets that the Company acquires and have not been completed at the acquisition date. The fair value of IPR&D acquired in a business combination is recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at the acquisition-date fair value and is determined by estimating the costs to develop the technology into commercially viable products, estimating the resulting revenue from the projects, and discounting the projected net cash flows to present value. IPR&D is not amortized, but rather is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present, until the project is completed, abandoned or transferred to a third party. The projected discounted cash flow models used to estimate the Company’s IPR&D reflect significant assumptions regarding the estimates a market participant would make in order to evaluate a drug development asset, including the following: • Probability of successfully completing clinical trials and obtaining regulatory approval; • Market size, market growth projections, and market share; • Estimates of future cash flows from potential milestone payments and royalties related to out-licensed product sales; and • A discount rate reflecting the Company's weighted average cost of capital and specific risk inherent in the underlying assets. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into an out-licensing arrangement with a third party that transferred the rights to develop and commercialize one of the programs underlying an IPR&D intangible asset. In addition, the Company entered into amended out-licensing option agreements with a third party who had previously entered into an option agreement with Arsanis to license the rights to develop and commercialize two other programs underlying the IPR&D intangible assets. Following the amendment to these option agreements, the options were exercised by the third party and the in-process research and development programs were out-licensed to the third party. As of December 31, 2019, all programs underlying IPR&D intangible assets acquired in the Merger were transferred to these third parties and the Company has no continuing involvement in any ongoing research and development activities associated with the programs. As a result of the transfer of the IPR&D projects to third parties, the Company derecognized the IPR&D intangibles asset through a charge to "loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets" during 2019. (See Note 16) Deferred Rent— The Company’s lease agreements include payment escalations and lease incentives (including a leasehold improvement tenant allowance). For periods prior to January 1, 2019, these payments were accrued or deferred as appropriate such that rent expense was recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. Effective January 1, 2019, upon the adoption of ASC 842, deferred rent was reclassified as a reduction to the applicable right-of-use asset as further described in Note 9. F-11 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Fair Value Measurements— Certain assets and liabilities of the Company are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable: • • • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices), such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques. Prior to the Merger, the Company’s preferred stock warrant liability, derivative liability and preferred stock repurchase liability were carried at fair value, determined according to Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 5). The Company’s cash equivalents, consisting of money market funds invested in U.S. Treasury securities, are carried at fair value, determined based on Level 1 and Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy described above. The carrying values of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. The carrying value of the Company’s outstanding loan and security agreement with Hercules approximates its fair value at December 31, 2019 because the debt bears interest at a variable market rate and the Company’s credit risk has not materially changed since the inception of the agreement. Segment Information— The Company manages its operations as a single operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company’s focus is on the research, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for the treatment of rare diseases. Revenue Recognition— Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), as amended, using the modified retrospective transition method. The modified retrospective method requires that the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings or accumulated deficit of the annual period that includes the date of initial application. The Company had no arrangements that were in the scope of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 and thus there was no impact to the consolidated financial statements as a result of the adoption. This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as collaboration arrangements and leases. The Company’s revenues are generated primarily through research, development and commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements may contain multiple promised goods and services, which may include (i) licenses, or options to obtain licenses, to the Company’s technology, and (ii) in certain cases, services in connection with the manufacturing of preclinical and clinical materials. Payments to the Company under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following: non-refundable, upfront license fees; option exercise fees; milestone payments; payments for clinical and commercial product supply, and royalties on future product sales. To date, all revenue from these agreements has been fully constrained and, therefore, no revenue has been recognized on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company analyzes its arrangements to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities and are therefore within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and, therefore, within the scope of ASC 606. The Company’s policy is generally to recognize amounts received from collaborators in connection with joint operating activities that are within the scope of ASC 808 as a reduction in research and development expense. To date, there have been no transactions within the scope of ASC 808. F-12 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customers obtain control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company determines it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligation(s). As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must make significant judgments, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and; allocating the transaction price to each performance obligation. Once a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within the contract and determines those that are performance obligations. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations. The Company assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct for the purpose of identifying the performance obligations in the contract. This assessment involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual promised goods or services and whether such are separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. Promised goods and services are considered distinct provided that: i. ii. the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (that is, the good or service is capable of being distinct) and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (that is, the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract). In assessing whether a promised good or service is distinct, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the customer and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. The transaction price is then determined and allocated to the identified performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices (“SSP”) on a relative SSP basis. SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. Determining the SSP for performance obligations requires significant judgment. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. The Company validates the SSP for performance obligations by evaluating whether changes in the key assumptions used to determine the SSP will have a significant effect on the allocation of arrangement consideration between multiple performance obligations. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. The Company determines the amount of variable consideration by using either the expected value method or the most-likely-amount method. The Company includes the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price reflects the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment. In determining the transaction price, the Company adjusts consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments provides the Company with a significant benefit of financing. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be one year or less. The Company assesses each of its revenue generating arrangements in order to determine whether a significant financing component exists and concluded that a significant financing component does not exist in any of its arrangements. F-13 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time or over time, and if over time based on the use of an output or input method. At the inception of each arrangement that includes non-refundable payments for contingent milestones, including preclinical research and development, clinical development and regulatory, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most-likely-amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of the achievement of contingent milestones and the likelihood of a significant reversal of such milestone revenue, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect licensing revenue in the period of adjustment. This quarterly assessment may result in the recognition of revenue related to a contingent milestone payment before the milestone event has been achieved. Research and Development Programs— Proceeds under the research and development incentive program from the Austrian government are recognized as other income in an amount equal to the qualifying expenses incurred in each period multiplied by the applicable reimbursement percentage. Incentive income recognized upon incurring qualifying expenses in advance of receipt of proceeds from research and development incentives is recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as research and development incentive receivable. Research and Development Costs— Costs associated with internal research and development and external research and development services, including drug development and preclinical studies, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include costs for salaries, employee benefits, subcontractors, facility-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, third-party license fees, laboratory supplies, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct discovery, preclinical and clinical development activities and clinical trials as well as to manufacture clinical trial materials, and other costs. The Company recognizes external research and development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to the Company by its service providers. Nonrefundable advance payments for services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such prepaid expenses are recognized as an expense when the related services have been performed, or when it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered. Patent Costs— All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses. Debt Issuance Costs— Debt issuance costs consist of payments made to secure commitments under certain debt financing arrangements. These amounts are recognized as interest expense over the period of the financing arrangement using the effective interest method. If the financing arrangement is canceled or forfeited, or if the utility of the arrangement to the Company is otherwise compromised, these costs are recognized as interest expense immediately. The Company’s consolidated financial statements present debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability. Stock-Based Compensation— The Company measures all stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense for those awards, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company issues stock-based awards with service-based vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. The Company has not issued any stock-based awards with performance-based vesting conditions. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-7, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-7”), which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment awards to nonemployees. As a result, stock-based awards granted to non-employees are accounted for in the same manner as awards granted to employees and directors as described above. The impact of adopting this new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2018-7, for stock-based awards granted to non-employee consultants, compensation expense was recognized over the period F-14 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS during which services were rendered by such nonemployee consultants until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards was remeasured using the then-current fair value of the Company’s common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified. The Company recognizes compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. In developing a forfeiture rate estimate, the Company has considered its historical experience to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures for service-based awards. The impact of a forfeiture rate adjustment is recognized in full in the period of adjustment, and if the actual forfeiture rate is materially different from the Company’s estimate, the Company may be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation expense in future periods. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to March 13, 2019, the Company had been a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information for its common stock. Therefore, the Company estimates its expected common stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies and expects to continue to do so until it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options granted to non- employee consultants is equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield considers the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on common stock and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Preferred Stock Warrant Liability— Prior to the Merger with Arsanis, the Company classified warrants for the purchase of shares of its convertible preferred stock (see Note 11) as a liability on its consolidated balance sheets as these warrants are freestanding financial instruments that may have required the Company to transfer assets upon exercise. The warrant liability, which consisted of warrants for the purchase of Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock, was initially recorded at fair value upon the date of issuance of each warrant and was subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of the preferred stock warrant liability are recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Concurrent with the closing of the Merger, all X4 preferred stock was converted to common stock and the X4 preferred stock warrants converted to warrants for the purchase of Arsanis common stock. The Company assessed the features of the warrants and determined that they qualify for classification as permanent equity. Accordingly, the Company remeasured the warrants to fair value upon the closing of the Merger and reclassified the resulting warrant liability to additional paid-in capital. Derivative Liabilities: Genzyme Contingent Payment— The Company’s license agreement with Genzyme Corporation (“Genzyme”) (see Note 4) contains a contingent payment obligation that required the Company to make a cash payment to Genzyme upon a change of control event of the Company. The contingent payment obligation met the definition of a derivative instrument as the contingent payment obligation was not clearly and closely related to its host instrument and was a cash-settled liability. Accordingly, the Company classified this derivative as a liability within other liabilities (non-current) on its consolidated balance sheet. The derivative liability was initially recorded at fair value on the date of entering into the license agreement and was subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of this derivative liability were recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Merger with Arsanis (see Note 1) qualified as a change of control event, as defined in the license agreement, but resulted in no payment being due to Genzyme under the license agreement. As a result, on March 13, 2019, the closing date of the Merger with Arsanis, the derivative liability was remeasured to fair value, which was $0, and subsequent changes in fair value will no longer be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations because the contingent payment obligation to Genzyme expired at that time. Derivative Liabilities: Hercules Loan Redemption Feature— The Company’s Hercules loan (see Note 8) contains a redemption feature that, upon an event of default, provides Hercules the option to accelerate and demand repayment of the debt, including a prepayment premium. The redemption feature meets the definition of a derivative instrument as the repayment of the debt contains a substantial premium, resulting in the redemption feature not being clearly and closely related to its host instrument. Accordingly, the Company classifies this derivative as a liability within other liabilities (non-current) on its consolidated balance F-15 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS sheets. The derivative liability was initially recorded at fair value on the date of the Hercules Loan Agreement and is subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of this derivative liability, which is included in other liabilities, are recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in the fair value of this derivative liability will continue to be recognized until all amounts outstanding under the Hercules Loan Agreement are repaid or until the Hercules Loan Agreement is terminated. During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no changes to the fair value of this liability. Comprehensive Loss— Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as foreign currency translation adjustments. For the year ended December 31, 2019, comprehensive loss includes $119 thousand of foreign currency translation adjustments. Income Taxes— The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties. Net Loss per Share— For periods prior to the Merger with Arsanis on March 13, 2019, the Company followed the two-class method when computing net loss per share as the Company had issued shares that met the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net loss per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Basic shares outstanding includes the weighted average effect of the Company’s outstanding prefunded warrants, the exercise of which requires little or no consideration for the delivery of shares of common stock. Diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by adjusting net loss attributable to common stockholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive shares of common stock. For purpose of this calculation, outstanding stock options, convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock or common stock are considered potential dilutive shares of common stock. The Company’s convertible preferred stock contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, such losses are not allocated to such participating securities. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive shares of common stock are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. F-16 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-2, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-2” or “ASC 842”)), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less may be accounted for similar to prior guidance for operating leases. The Company adopted the new lease standard as of the required effective date of January 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective transition approach applied to leases existing as of, or entered into after, January 1, 2019. The adoption had no impact on accumulated deficit. The new lease standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company applied the package of practical expedients to leases that commenced prior to the effective date, whereby it will elect to not reassess the following: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases; (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify, where a right-of-use asset or lease liability will not be recognized for short-term leases. Upon the adoption of ASC 842, the Company recorded $2.5 million of operating lease liabilities and $2.0 million of operating lease right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss or statement of cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-4, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The new standard simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating the second step of the goodwill impairment test. This ASU will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019 and applied it to its annual impairment test for the year ending December 31, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In April 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-8, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (“Subtopic 310-20”). The new standard amends the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium by shortening the amortization period for the premium to the earliest call date. Subtopic 310-20 calls for a modified retrospective application under which a cumulative-effect adjustment will be made to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. The Company adopted this guidance, effective January 1, 2019, and the adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception (“ASU 2017-11”). Part I applies to entities that issue financial instruments such as warrants, convertible debt or convertible preferred stock that contain down-round features. Part II replaces the indefinite deferral for certain mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests and mandatorily redeemable financial instruments of nonpublic entities contained within ASC Topic 480 with a scope exception and does not impact the accounting for these mandatorily redeemable instruments. For public entities, ASU 2017-11 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2017-11 as of the required effective date of January 1, 2019. The provisions of the new guidance related to accounting for financial instruments with down round features was taken into account by the Company in its evaluation of whether the Class B warrants issued in the November 2019 sale of common stock required liability classification. See Note 12. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-7, which superseded Subtopic 505-50, Equity—Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees and amends ASC 718 to include share-based payments issued to non-employees for goods or services. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments to non-employees and employees will be substantially aligned. The Company adopted ASU 2018-7 on January 1, 2019 and the adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. F-17 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606 (“ASU 2018-18”). ASU 2018-18 clarifies the interaction between the accounting guidance for collaborative arrangements and revenue from contracts with customers. The amendments become effective January 1, 2020 and were adopted by the Company retrospectively as of January 1, 2018, the date the Company adopted the new revenue guidance under ASC 606. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as trade receivables, be presented net of expected credit losses, which may be estimated based on relevant information such as historical experience, current conditions, and future expectation for each pool of similar financial asset. The new guidance requires enhanced disclosures related to trade receivables and associated credit losses. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, (“ASU 2018-15”). The amendments in this update align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract is not affected by the amendments in this update. The new standard will be effective beginning January 1, 2020 and was adopted by the Company on that date. The adoption of ASU 2018-15 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which removes, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820. The Company will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as well as the valuation processes of Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company will be required to provide additional disclosure related to the changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive loss for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements and the range and weighted average of assumptions used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020 and was adopted on that date. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 is not expected to have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"). ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes, including the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. 3. Merger Accounting On March 13, 2019, the Company completed its merger with Arsanis. Based on the Exchange Ratio of 0.5702 , immediately following the Merger, former Arsanis stockholders, Arsanis option holders and other persons holding securities or other rights directly or indirectly convertible, exercisable or exchangeable for Arsanis common stock owned approximately 32.9% of the outstanding capital stock of the combined organization on a fully diluted basis, and former X4 stockholders, holders of options or warrants to acquire X4 capital stock and other persons holding securities and other rights directly or indirectly convertible, exercisable or exchangeable for X4 capital stock owned approximately 67.1% of the outstanding capital stock of the combined organization on a fully diluted basis. At the closing of the Merger, all shares of X4 common stock and X4 preferred stock then outstanding were exchanged for Arsanis common stock. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company, for accounting purposes, assumed all outstanding stock options to purchase shares of Arsanis common stock at the closing of the Merger. At the closing of the Merger, such stock options became options to purchase an aggregate of 271,230 shares of the Company’s common stock after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split. F-18 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The total purchase price paid in the Merger has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed of Arsanis based on their fair values as of the completion of the Merger, with the excess allocated to goodwill. The following summarizes the preliminary estimate of the purchase price paid in the Merger (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Number of shares of the combined organization owned by Arsanis stockholders (1) Multiplied by the fair value per share of Arsanis common stock (2) Fair value of consideration issued it effect the Merger Fair value of replacement awards held by former employees, board of directors and consultants of Arsanis that were vested as of the Merger. Purchase price: 2,440,582 18.66 45,541 817 46,358 $ $ $ ________________________ (1) The number of shares of 2,440,582 represents the historical 14,643,737 shares of Arsanis common stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Merger, adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split. (2) Based on the last reported sale price of Arsanis common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on March 13, 2019, the closing date of the Merger, and gives effect to the Reverse Stock Split. The following summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the net tangible and intangible assets acquired (in thousands): Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Other current assets Property and equipment, net IPR&D indefinite-lived intangible assets Other assets, non-current Current liabilities Loans payable Other liabilities, non-current Goodwill Purchase price $ $ 26,406 2,147 68 4,900 486 (5,205) (8,713) (840) 27,109 46,358 The goodwill of $27.1 million is not tax deductible and represents the excess of the consideration paid over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is mainly attributable to the enhanced value of the combined company, as reflected in the increase in market value of the shares of Arsanis common stock following the announcement of the Merger with X4. During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, goodwill was adjusted by $298 thousand to reflect a change in the allocation of purchase price to the fair value of an acquired operating lease as of March 13, 2019. There have been no other changes in the value of goodwill from the acquisition date to December 31, 2019, and goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2019 based on management's annual quantitative impairment test. The Company incurred costs directly related to the Merger of approximately $1 million, which were recorded in general and administrative expenses, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. The in-process research and development intangible assets represent the acquisition-date fair value of three development programs acquired from Arsanis, which the Company refers to as the ASN200, ASN300 and ASN500 programs. The fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets was based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets, based on the most advantageous market for the assets assuming highest and best use. The fair value was determined by estimating the resulting revenue from out-license arrangements related to the projects, and discounting the projected net cash flows to present value using a weighted average discount rate of 20%. These IPR&D intangible assets are not amortized, but rather are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present, until the project is completed, abandoned or transferred to a third party. As further described in Note 16, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into arrangements with two third parties that transferred the rights to develop and commercialize the programs underlying the IPR&D intangible assets. Accordingly, the Company derecognized the IPR&D intangible assets through a charge to "loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets" during the year ended December 31, 2019. F-19 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following supplemental pro forma information presents the Company’s financial results as if the acquisition of Arsanis had occurred on January 1, 2018 (unaudited) (in thousands) Revenue Net loss Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 $ $ — $ (57,820) $ 3,500 (76,248) The above unaudited pro forma information was determined based on the historical GAAP results of the Company and Arsanis. The pro forma consolidated results are not necessarily indicative of what the Company’s consolidated results of operations would have been if the acquisition was completed on January 1, 2018. The pro forma consolidated net loss includes pro forma adjustments primarily relating to the reclassification of transaction costs and severance payments directly related to the closing of the Merger of $2.7 million from the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 to the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. 4. License, Collaboration, and Funding Agreements Genzyme Agreement In July 2014, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Genzyme Agreement”) with Genzyme pursuant to which the Company was granted an exclusive license to certain patents and intellectual property owned or controlled by Genzyme related to the CXCR4 receptor to develop and commercialize products containing licensed compounds (including but not limited to mavorixafor) for all therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses, with the exception of autologous and allogenic human stem cell therapy. Under the terms of the Genzyme Agreement, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products for use in the field in the United States and at least one other major market country. The Company has the right to grant sublicenses of the licensed rights that cover mavorixafor to third parties. In exchange for these rights, in August 2014, the Company made an upfront payment of $50 thousand to Genzyme. The Company accounted for the acquisition of technology as an asset acquisition because it did not meet the definition of a business. The Company recorded the upfront payment as research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss because the acquired technology represented in- process research and development and had no alternative future use. In August 2015, as a result of the closing of the Company’s Series A preferred stock financing, the Company made an additional cash payment of $300 thousand to Genzyme and issued to Genzyme 107,371 shares of its common stock, as adjusted for the 1-for-6 Reverse Stock Split and Exchange Ratio, each as required by the Genzyme Agreement. The $300 thousand payment and the $734 thousand fair value of the 107,371 shares of common stock issued to Genzyme were recorded as research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2015. Prior to the Merger with Arsanis, Genzyme had the right to require the Company to repurchase all, but not less than all, of these shares of common stock at any time during the term of the Genzyme Agreement for a price of $0.01 per share. Due to this redemption feature, the shares of common stock issued to Genzyme were classified outside of stockholders’ deficit on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018. On March 13, 2019, the closing date of the Merger with Arsanis, these redeemable shares of common stock were exchanged for shares of common stock and, as a result, the fair value of the shares was reclassified to permanent equity. Under the Genzyme Agreement, the Company is obligated to pay Genzyme milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $25.0 million, contingent upon the achievement by the Company of certain clinical-stage regulatory and sales milestones with respect to licensed products. The Company is also obligated to pay Genzyme tiered royalties based on net sales of licensed products that the Company commercializes under the agreement. The obligation to pay royalties for each licensed product expires on a country-by-country basis on the latest of (i) the expiration of licensed patent rights that cover that licensed product in that country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity in that country and (iii) ten years after the first commercial sale of such licensed product in that country. Royalty rates are subject to reduction under the agreement in specified circumstances, including in any country if the Company is required to obtain a license from any third party to the extent the Company’s patent rights might infringe the third party’s patent rights, if a licensed product is not covered by a valid claim in that country or if sales of generic products reach certain thresholds in that country. If the Company enters into a sublicense under the Genzyme Agreement, the Company will be obligated to pay Genzyme a percentage of certain upfront fees, maintenance fees, milestone payments and royalty payments paid to the Company by the sublicensee. F-20 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Under the Genzyme Agreement, the Company will itself manufacture and supply, or enter into manufacturing or supply agreements with Genzyme or third parties to manufacture and supply, clinical and commercial supplies of licensed compounds and each licensed product. The Company is also responsible for all costs related to the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights. The Genzyme Agreement will remain in effect until the expiration of the royalty term in all countries for all licensed products. The Genzyme Agreement may be terminated by either party with at least 90 days’ notice in the event of material breach by the other party that remains uncured for 90 days, by either party for insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party, immediately by Genzyme if the Company challenges the licensed patents, or immediately by the Company if a material safety issue arises. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not incur any payment obligations to Genzyme under the Genzyme Agreement. Georgetown Agreement In December 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Georgetown Agreement”) with Georgetown University (“Georgetown”) pursuant to which the Company obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale and import of products covered by patent rights co-owned by Georgetown. The rights licensed to the Company are for all therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic uses in all disease indications in humans and animals. Under the terms of the Georgetown Agreement, the Company paid a one-time only, upfront fee of $50 thousand and the Company may be required to make milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $800 thousand related to commercial sales of a product. The Company recorded the upfront payment as research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss because the acquired technology represented in- process research and development and had no alternative future use. Under the Georgetown Agreement, the Company is solely responsible for all development and commercialization activities and costs in its respective territories. The Company is also responsible for all costs related to the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights. The term of the Georgetown Agreement will continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the patent rights covering the product. Georgetown may terminate the agreement in the event (i) the Company fails to pay any amount and fails to cure such failure within 30 days after receipt of notice, (ii) the Company defaults in its obligation to obtain and maintain insurance and fails to remedy such breach within 45 days after receipt of notice, or (iii) the Company declares insolvency or bankruptcy. The Company may terminate the Georgetown Agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ written notice. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not incur any payment obligations to Georgetown under the Georgetown Agreement and no milestone payments were made or due under the Georgetown Agreement. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Agreement In December 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “BIDMC Agreement”) with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (“BIDMC”), pursuant to which the Company obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale and import products covered by patent rights co-owned by BIDMC. The rights licensed to the Company are for all fields of use. Under the terms of the BIDMC Agreement, the Company paid a one-time, upfront fee of $20 thousand and the Company is responsible for all future patent prosecution costs. The Company recorded the upfront payment as research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations because the acquired technology represented in-process research and development and had no alternative future use. The term of the BIDMC Agreement will continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the patent rights covering the licensed products. BIDMC may terminate the agreement in the event (i) the Company fails to pay any amount and fails to cure such failure within 15 days after receipt of notice, (ii) the Company is in material breach of any material provision of the BIDMC Agreement and fails to remedy such breach within 60 days after receipt of notice, or (iii) the Company declares insolvency or bankruptcy. The Company may terminate the BIDMC Agreement at any time upon at least 90 days’ written notice. F-21 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The Company did not incur any payment obligations under the BIDMC Agreement during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Research and Development Incentive Program The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary X4 GmbH, which was acquired in March 2019 in the Merger, participates in a research and development incentive program provided by the Austrian government whereby the Company is entitled to reimbursement by the Austrian government for a percentage of qualifying research and development expenses incurred by the Company’s subsidiary in Austria. Under the program, the reimbursement rate for qualifying research and development expenses incurred by the Company through its subsidiary in Austria is 14% for the current year. The Company recognizes incentive income from Austrian research and development incentives when qualifying expenses have been incurred, there is reasonable assurance that the payment will be received, and the consideration can be reliably measured. Management has assessed the Company’s research and development activities and expenditures to determine which activities and expenditures are likely to be eligible under the research and development incentive program described above. At each reporting date, management estimates the reimbursable incentive income available to the Company based on available information at the time. As of December 31, 2019, the amount due under the program was $2.0 million, which is included in research and development incentive receivable in the consolidated balance sheet and of which $1.5 million was collected in the first quarter of 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded $446 thousand of income related to the program on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within "other income". Abbisko Agreement In July 2019, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Abbisko Agreement”) with Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd. (“Abbisko”). Under the terms of the Abbisko Agreement, the Company granted Abbisko the exclusive right to develop, manufacture and commercialize mavorixafor in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau (referred to in the Abbisko Agreement as the “Abbisko Territory”). The agreement provides Abbisko with the exclusive rights in the Abbisko Territory to develop and commercialize mavorixafor in combination with checkpoint inhibitors or other agents in multiple oncology indications. Pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancer will be explored initially. The Company retains the full rest-of-world rights to develop and commercialize mavorixafor outside of Greater China for all indications and the ability to utilize data generated pursuant to the Abbisko collaboration for rest-of-world development. In addition, Abbisko has the right of first refusal if the Company determines to pursue additional products in the Abbisko Territory. In accordance with the Abbisko Agreement, the Company has agreed to enter into separate agreements whereby the Company would provide Abbisko with a clinical supply and, if the product is commercialized in the Abbisko Territory, a commercial supply of the licensed compound. Pursuant to the Abbisko Agreement, upon the closing of a qualified financing (as defined in the Abbisko Agreement), Abbisko will make a one-time, non- refundable, non-creditable financial milestone payment in the low single-digit millions to the Company. The Company is also eligible to receive potential development and regulatory milestone payments, which vary based on the number of indications developed, and potential commercial milestone payments based on annual net sales of mavorixafor-based licensed products. Assuming mavorixafor is developed by Abbisko in six indications, the Company would be entitled to milestone payments of up to $208.0 million, which will vary based on the ultimate sales, if any, of the approved licensed products. In addition, upon commercialization of mavorixafor in the Abbisko Territory, the Company is eligible to receive a tiered royalty, with a percentage range in the low double-digits, on net sales of approved licensed products. Abbisko is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize mavorixafor in the Abbisko Territory. Abbisko has responsibility for all activities and costs associated with the further development, manufacture and commercialization of mavorixafor in the Abbisko Licensed Territory. The Company evaluated the Abbisko Agreement under ASC 606 and determined the Abbisko Agreement contained a single performance obligation related to the exclusive license to develop and commercialize mavorixafor and the transfer of know-how that was satisfied at the inception of the arrangement. The transaction price related to the transfer of the license and know-how was fully constrained and the Company ascribed no transaction price to the development, regulatory and commercial milestones under the "most-likely amount" method. As part of its evaluation, the Company considered multiple factors: (i) the ability of Abbisko to achieve a qualified financing (as defined in the Abbisko Agreement) is dependent on many factors outside of its control (ii) regulatory approvals are outside of the control of Abbisko, and (iii) certain development and regulatory milestones are contingent upon the success of future clinical trials, if any, which is out of the control of Abbisko. Any consideration related to the F-22 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS initial transfer of the license and know-how will be recognized when it is probable that Abbisko will achieve the related financial milestone. Any consideration related to development and regulatory milestones will be recognized when the corresponding milestones are achieved. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as these amounts have been determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Abbisko and therefore are recognized at the later of when the performance obligation is satisfied or the related sales occur. The Company determined that the future sale of clinical and commercial supply are optional goods that will be subject to the customer's future purchasing decisions and do not represent performance obligations in the Abbisko Agreement. The Company concluded that the amount to be charged for the clinical supply will be reflective of market value and, therefore, the Abbisko Agreement does not provide a discount on such supply that would be accounted for as material right at the outset of the contract. In arriving at these conclusions, the Company considered the complexity of the manufacturing process for the licensed compound and the potential ability for Abbisko to obtain the compound directly from other manufactures in the future. The Company expects that it will recognize revenue at a point in time when such clinical supply (and commercial supply, if applicable) is delivered to Abbisko in the future. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price, including its estimated variable consideration for milestones included in the transaction price and all constrained amounts, in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. 5. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values: (in thousands) Assets: Cash equivalents—money market funds Liabilities: none (in thousands) Assets: Cash equivalents—money market fund Liabilities: Preferred stock warrant liability Derivative liability Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2019 Using: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 23,638 $ 23,638 $ 39,999 $ 39,999 $ — $ — $ 63,637 63,637 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total — $ — $ — $ — — $ 8,134 $ 8,134 $ — $ — — $ — $ — $ 4,947 $ 201 5,148 $ 8,134 8,134 4,947 201 5,148 $ $ $ $ $ $ As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. The Company’s cash equivalents consisted of money market funds invested in U.S. Treasury securities. The money market funds were valued based on reported market pricing for the identical asset or by using inputs observable in active markets for similar securities, which represents a Level 2 measurement in the fair value hierarchy. Valuation of Preferred Stock Warrant Liabilities— The preferred stock warrant liability in the table above consists of the fair values of (i) warrants to purchase shares of Series A convertible preferred stock that were issued in 2015 and shares of Series B convertible preferred stock that were issued in 2017 and 2018 in connection with the Company’s Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock financings, respectively (see Note 11), (ii) warrants to purchase shares of Series A convertible F-23 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS preferred stock that were issued in 2016 in connection with the Company’s entering into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (see Note 8) and (iii) warrants to purchase shares of Series B convertible preferred stock that were issued or were issuable in 2018 in connection with the Company’s entering into the Hercules Loan Agreement (see Note 8). The liability associated with the warrants was recorded at fair value on the dates the warrants were issued and exercisable and was subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date through December 31, 2018. Upon the closing of the Merger on March 13, 2019, all X4 preferred stock warrants were converted to warrants for Company’s common stock and, as a result, the warrants were adjusted to fair value and reclassified to permanent equity. The aggregate fair value of the warrant liability was determined based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The Company used various valuation methods, including the Monte Carlo method, the option-pricing method and the hybrid method (which is a combination of an option-pricing method and a probability-weighted expected return method), all of which incorporate assumptions and estimates, to value the preferred stock warrants. Estimates and assumptions impacting the fair value measurement include the fair value per share of the underlying shares of the Company’s Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock, risk free interest rate, expected dividend yield, expected volatility of the price of the underlying preferred stock, and either the remaining contractual term of the warrants (except for warrants that would be automatically exercised upon an initial public offering, in which case the remaining estimated term to automatic exercise was used). The most significant assumption in the Monte Carlo method, the option-pricing method and the hybrid method impacting the fair value of the preferred stock warrants is the fair value of the Company’s convertible preferred stock as of each remeasurement date. The Company determines the fair value per share of the underlying preferred stock by taking into consideration the most recent sales of its convertible preferred stock, results obtained from third-party valuations and additional factors that are deemed relevant. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Series A convertible preferred stock was $1.70 per share and the fair value of the Series B convertible preferred stock was $1.86 per share. There were no warrants for the purchase of convertible preferred shares as of December 31, 2019 as all such warrants were converted to warrants for the purchase of common stock upon the Merger. The Company was a private company prior to the Merger and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information of its stock. Therefore, the Company had estimated its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies for a term equal to the estimated remaining term of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for time periods approximately equal to the estimated remaining term of the warrants. The Company estimated a 0% expected dividend yield as the Company has never paid or declared dividends and does not intend to do so in the foreseeable future. Valuation of Derivative Liability— The fair value of the derivative liability recognized in connection with the Genzyme Agreement (see Note 4) was determined based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of this derivative liability is reported within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of this derivative liability was estimated by the Company at each reporting date based, in part, on the results of third-party valuations, which were prepared using the option-pricing method or the hybrid method, each of which considered as inputs the type, timing and probability of occurrence of a change of control event, the potential amount of the payment under potential exit scenarios, the fair value per share of the underlying common stock and the risk-adjusted discount rate. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of this derivative liability was $183 thousand. The Merger (see Note 1) qualified as a change of control event, as defined in the Genzyme Agreement, but results in no payment being due to Genzyme under the Genzyme Agreement. As a result, on March 13, 2019, the closing date of the Merger with Arsanis, this derivative liability was remeasured to fair value, which was zero, and subsequent changes in fair value will no longer be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations because the contingent payment obligation to Genzyme expired at that time. The fair value of the derivative liability recognized in connection with the Hercules Loan Agreement (see Note 8) was determined based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of this derivative liability is reported within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of this derivative liability was estimated by the Company at each reporting date based, in part, on the results of third-party valuations, which were prepared based on a discounted cash flow model that considered the timing and probability of occurrence of a redemption upon an event of default, the potential amount of prepayment upon an event of default and the risk- adjusted discount rate. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of this derivative liability was immaterial. The following table provides a roll-forward of the aggregate fair values of the Company’s warrant liability and derivative liability, for which fair values are determined using Level 3 inputs: F-24 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands) Balance as of December 31, 2017 Issuance of warrants to purchase shares of Series B convertible preferred stock Initial fair value of derivative liability in connection with the Hercules Loan Agreement Change in fair value Balance as of December 31, 2018 Change in fair value Conversion of convertible preferred stock warrant into common stock warrant in connection with Merger Balance at December 31, 2019 Preferred Stock Warrant Liability Derivative Liability $ 1,245 $ 304 — 3,398 4,947 288 (5,235) $ — $ 94 — 18 89 201 (183) — 18 6. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following: (in thousands) Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Computer equipment Software Lab equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ 299 $ 139 37 33 159 667 (264) 403 $ $ 299 53 56 9 — 417 (176) 241 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was approximately $103 thousand for each of the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and $71 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2017. 7. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands) Accrued employee compensation and benefits Accrued external research and development expenses Accrued professional fees Other 8. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt consisted of the following: F-25 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ $ 2,916 $ 1,977 1,347 221 6,461 $ 924 754 1,324 249 3,251 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (in thousands) Principal amount of long-term debt Less: Current portion of long-term debt Long-term debt, net of current portion Debt discount, net of accretion Cumulative accretion of final payment due at maturity Long-term debt, including accretion, net of discount and current portion December 31, 2019 20,000 $ December 31, 2018 10,000 $ — (1,687) 20,000 (317) 414 $ 20,097 $ 8,313 (226) 58 8,145 SVB Loan Agreement In October 2016, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which the Company refers to as the SVB Loan Agreement, pursuant to which SVB made certain term loans available to the Company. The SVB Loan Agreement provided for a term loan of up to $6.0 million, which was borrowed by the Company in September 2017. Borrowings under the SVB Loan Agreement bore interest at a variable rate equal to 5.5% plus the greater of (i) 3.5% or (ii) The Wall Street Journal prime rate. In October 2018, in connection with entering into the Hercules Loan Agreement, the Company terminated the SVB Loan Agreement and repaid all amounts due under the SVB Loan Agreement of $4.7 million, including outstanding principal, prepayment premiums and accrued interest. The Company accounted for the termination of the SVB Loan Agreement as an extinguishment and recognized a loss of $229 thousand, which was calculated as the difference between the reacquisition price of the borrowings under the SVB Loan Agreement and the carrying value of the debt at the time of the extinguishment. The Company recognized aggregate interest expense under the SVB Loan Agreement of $484 thousand and $490 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, reflecting an effective interest rate of approximately 11.8% and 12.0%, respectively. As of October 19, 2018, the date of repayment of all borrowings under the SVB Loan Agreement, the contractual interest rate applicable to borrowings under the SVB Loan Agreement was 10.75%. Hercules Loan Agreements Hercules Loan Agreement and First Amendment In October 2018, the Company entered into the Hercules Loan Agreement. The Hercules Loan Agreement provided for aggregate borrowings of up to $13.0 million, consisting of (i) a term loan of up to $8.0 million, which was available upon entering into the agreement, (ii) subject to specified financing conditions, an additional term loan of up to $2.0 million, available for borrowing from January 1, 2019 to March 31, 2019, and (iii) subject to specified financing conditions and the receipt of the second tranche term loan in the amount of $2.0 million described above, an additional term loan of up to $3.0 million, available for borrowing until March 31, 2019. In October 2018, the Company borrowed $8.0 million under the Hercules Loan Agreement. In December 2018, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Hercules Loan Agreement (the “First Amendment”), which amended the available borrowing dates of the second tranche from between January 1, 2019 and March 31, 2019 to between December 11, 2018 and December 14, 2018 and amended the term loan maturity date to November 1, 2021. In December 2018, the Company borrowed the additional $2.0 million provided under the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment. In March 2019, the conditions necessary for borrowing the remaining $3.0 million under the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, were not met and the borrowing capacity expired at that time. In connection with entering into the Hercules Loan Agreement in October 2018, the Company issued to Hercules warrants for the purchase of 210,638 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $1.88 per share (which were subsequently converted to warrants for the purchase of 20,016 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $19.78 per share following the Merger). These warrants were immediately exercisable and expire in October 2028. In addition, in connection with entering into the First Amendment in December 2018, the Company agreed to issue to Hercules warrants for the purchase of a specified number of shares of convertible preferred stock at an aggregate exercise price of $99. On March 18, 2019, as a result of the closing of the Merger with Arsanis on March 13, 2019, the Company issued to Hercules warrants for the purchase of 5,000 shares of common stock of the combined organization at an exercise price of $19.80 per share, each of which reflected the share Exchange Ratio of 1-for-0.5702 applied in the Merger as well as the Reverse Stock Split effected by the combined organization on March 13, 2019. On October 19, 2018 and December 11, 2018, the dates the Company entered into the Hercules Loan Agreement and the First Amendment, respectively, the Company recorded the aggregate initial fair value of the warrants of $132 thousand as a preferred stock warrant liability, with a corresponding amount recorded as a debt discount on the Company’s F-26 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS consolidated balance sheet. As of March 13, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the warrants were $326 thousand and $282 thousand, respectively. Upon the closing of the Merger, the warrants were converted to warrants for common stock and are no longer adjusted to fair value. 2019 Amended and Restated Loan Agreement In June 2019, the Company refinanced the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended, and entered into an Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the “2019 Loan Agreement”) with Hercules. The 2019 Loan Agreement provides for aggregate maximum borrowings of $35.0 million, of which $10.0 million was previously outstanding. The Company agreed to borrow $20.0 million as of the closing date on June 27, 2019, including $10.0 million in new borrowings and $10.0 million rolled over from the previous agreement. An additional $5.0 million is available for borrowing through December 15, 2020 and, subject to approval by Hercules, and an additional term loan of $10.0 million is available through June 15, 2022. Borrowings under the 2019 Loan Agreement bear interest at a variable rate equal to the greater of (i) 8.75% or (ii) 8.75% plus The Wall Street Journal prime rate minus 6.0%. In an event of default, as defined in the 2019 Loan Agreement, and until such event is no longer continuing, the interest rate applicable to borrowings under the 2019 Loan Agreement would be increased by 4.0%. Borrowings under the 2019 Loan Agreement are repayable in monthly interest-only payments through January 1, 2022, and in equal monthly payments of principal and accrued interest from February 1, 2022 until the maturity date of the loan, which is July 1, 2023. At the Company’s option, the Company may prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding borrowings, subject to a prepayment premium of up to 2.0% of the principal amount outstanding as of the date of repayment. In addition, the 2019 Loan Agreement provides for payments by the Company to Hercules of (i) $0.8 million payable upon the earlier of November 1, 2021 or the repayment in full of all obligations under the 2019 Loan Agreement, and (ii) 4.0% of the aggregate principal drawn under the 2019 Loan Agreement payable upon the earlier of maturity or the repayment in full of all obligations under such agreement. Borrowings under the 2019 Loan Agreement are collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s personal property and other assets except for the Company’s intellectual property (but including rights to payment and proceeds from the sale, licensing or disposition of the intellectual property). Under the 2019 Loan Agreement, the Company has agreed to affirmative and negative covenants to which it will remain subject until maturity or repayment of the loan in full. The covenants include (a) maintaining a minimum liquidity amount of the lesser of (i) 125% of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding borrowings under the June 2019 Loan Agreement and (ii) 100% of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries’ cash and cash equivalents (other than up to $2.5 million which may be held by an excluded subsidiary, as defined) in an account in which Hercules has a first priority security interest, as well as (b) restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, encumber its intellectual property, or engage in certain fundamental business transactions, such as mergers or acquisitions of other businesses. The 2019 Loan Agreement also contains a covenant that requires the Company to repay its loan with Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft mbH ("FFG") on or prior to December 31, 2019. The FFG Loan Agreement was settled during the three months ended September 30, 2019 as discussed further below. In connection with entering into the Hercules Loan Agreement and the First Amendment, the Company had deferred $180 thousand associated with upfront (1) fees associated with entering into the agreement, (2) the fair value of the warrants issued and (3) the fair value of an embedded derivative associated with the accelerated redemption feature. The $180 thousand is classified as a debt discount, which is reflected as a reduction of the carrying value of long- term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. As a result of the June 2019 refinancing and entering into the 2019 Loan Agreement, the Company considered whether the previous debt was either extinguished or modified based on the difference in the cash flows of the previous and new debt. The Company determined that Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, was modified. Accordingly, the unamortized debt discount of the previous debt and newly incurred fees paid to the lender related to the 2019 Loan Agreement will be amortized to interest expense over the life of the new debt arrangement using the effective interest method. The Company recognized aggregate interest expense under the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, and the 2019 Loan Agreement of $1.8 million and $236 thousand during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Interest expense includes $61 thousand and $355 thousand related to the accretion of the debt discount and the final payment for the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the unamortized debt discount was $317 thousand. The annual effective interest rate on the 2019 Loan Agreement is 10.9%. There were no principal payments due or paid under the Hercules Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. Principal payments begin in January 2022. F-27 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FFG Loan Agreements Between September 2011 and March 2017, Arsanis GmbH entered into a series of funding agreements with FFG that provided for loans and grants to fund qualifying research and development expenditures of X4 GmbH on a project-by-project basis, as approved by FFG. Amounts due under the FFG loans bear interest at rates ranging from 0.75% to 2.00% per annum. Giving effect to the Settlement Agreement (as defined below), the loans matured at various dates between March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2021. Interest on amounts due under the loans is payable semi-annually in arrears, with all principal and remaining accrued interest due upon maturity. On March 8, 2019, Arsanis, Merger Sub, X4 and Arsanis GmbH entered into a Settlement Agreement with FFG (the “Settlement Agreement”) in respect to allegations by FFG in February 2019 that Arsanis and Arsanis GmbH breached certain reporting, performance and other obligations in connection with grants and loans made by FFG to Arsanis GmbH between September 2011 and March 2017 to fund qualifying research and development expenditures. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, in exchange for FFG’s waiver of all claims against Arsanis and Arsanis GmbH (except for its claims for repayment of the loans and regular interest but including its waiver of claims for repayment of grants and interest exceeding regular interest), subject to compliance by Arsanis and Arsanis GmbH with the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Arsanis GmbH agreed to repay the outstanding loan principal (plus regular interest accrued thereon) on an accelerated payment schedule of three years instead of five years, with the final accelerated installment due and payable on June 30, 2021. The parties also agreed, among other things, that (i) the portion of such loans to be repaid in 2019 will be $2.9 million on the first business day following March 31, 2019, and such amount was paid on April 1, 2019, and (ii) until all of the loans have been repaid and subject to other terms specified in the Settlement Agreement, commencing April 30, 2019, a minimum cash balance equal to 70% of the then-outstanding principal amount of the loans will be maintained at X4 Pharmaceuticals (Austria) GmbH in an account held with an Austrian bank. The Company recognized interest expense under the FFG agreement of $316 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019. In September 2019, the Company repaid all amounts due under the FFG loans and recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $566 thousand, which was calculated as the difference between the reacquisition price of the borrowings under the FFG Loan Agreement and the carrying value of the debt at the time of the extinguishment. As of December 31, 2019, future principal payments and the final payment due under the Company’s loan agreements were as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31 2020 Total $ — 2021 2022 2023 Long-term debt 9. Leases — 11,897 8,103 20,000 $ Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842 using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application, with prior periods unchanged and presented in accordance with the previous lease accounting guidance. Upon adoption, the Company recorded right-of-use assets of $2.0 million and lease liabilities of $2.5 million, of which $1.9 million was classified as non- current and $613 thousand as current. The difference between the value of the right-of-use assets and the lease liabilities related to $512 thousand of net deferred, accrued and prepaid rent that was reclassified against the right-of-use asset upon adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019. The Company has lease agreements for its facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is the Company’s global headquarters; Vienna, Austria, which is the Company’s research and development center; Waltham, Massachusetts, which is the former headquarters of Arsanis that the Company has sublet to a third party; and Allston, Massachusetts, as further discussed below. There are no restrictions or financial covenants associated with any of the lease agreements. Cambridge Lease— In August 2017, the Company entered into a non-cancellable operating lease agreement for office space of approximately 13,000 square feet in Cambridge, Massachusetts (“Cambridge Lease”) which expires on July 31, 2022. The Cambridge Lease includes an annual fixed rent escalation clause and such rent escalations were included in the calculation of the right-of-use asset. The Company has the option to extend the lease for one period of 5 additional years. Base rent is approximately $832 thousand annually and the monthly rent expense is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as the Company amortizes the associated operating lease right-of-use asset. In addition to the base rent, the Company is also responsible F-28 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for its share of operating expenses, electricity and real estate taxes, in accordance with the terms of lease. These costs are not included in the determination of the leases’ right-of-use operating assets or lease operating liabilities. Waltham Lease— On March 13, 2019, as part of its Merger with Arsanis, the Company acquired a non-cancellable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Waltham, Massachusetts (“Waltham Lease”). The Waltham Lease, as amended, commenced on January 1, 2019, and expires approximately 5 years from the commencement date. The base rent is approximately $263 thousand annually. In addition to the base rent, the Company is also responsible for its share of operating expenses, electricity and real estate taxes, which costs are not included in the determination of the leases’ right- of-use assets or lease liabilities. The Company is subleasing the space to a third party for the duration of the lease. As a result, the Company has adjusted the value of the right-of-use asset to its estimated fair value, which represents future sublease income less costs to obtain sublease. The right-of-use asset is being amortized to rent expense over the 5 year term of the lease. Vienna Austria Lease— On March 13, 2019, as part of its Merger with Arsanis, the Company acquired an operating lease for approximately 400 square meters of laboratory and office space in Vienna, Austria, (the “Vienna Austria Lease”) which commenced on March 1, 2019, as amended, for a term of 2 years. The lease is cancellable by the Company upon three months’ notice with no penalty. The annual base rent is approximately $154 thousand. The Company has classified this lease as a short-term lease as it is not reasonably certain that the Company with not terminate the lease within one year and, accordingly, has not recorded a right-of-use asset. Accordingly, rent expense is recorded on a straight-line basis as incurred over the term of the lease. Allston Lease— On November 11, 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 28,000 square feet of office space currently under construction in a building located in Allston, Massachusetts. The office space is expected to replace the Company’s current headquarters located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Company intends to move into the premises in mid-2020 upon the completion of construction. Monthly rent payments under the lease are expected to commence in May, 2020, reflecting a 180-day rent-free period following the execution of the Lease, subject to the timely completion of construction of the premises. Base rental payments will be approximately $1.0 million annually, plus certain operating expenses. The term of the lease will continue until November 2026, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the terms of the lease. The Company has the right to sublease the premises, subject to landlord consent. The Company also has the right to renew the lease for an additional five years at the then prevailing effective market rental rate. The Company is required to provide the landlord with a $1.1 million security deposit in the form of a letter of credit, which is classified as restricted cash. For the Allston lease, the Company will participate in the construction of the office space and will incur construction costs to prepare the office space for its use, which will be partially reimbursed by the landlord. The Company has concluded that these construction costs generate and enhance the landlord's assets and, as such, costs that are not reimbursed will be classified as prepaid rent and then reclassified to the right-of-use asset on the lease commencement date, which is expected to occur once the landlord's asset is completed and available for additional leasehold improvements funded by the Company. Upon the lease commencement date, which had not yet occurred as of December 31, 2019, the Company will recognize the lease liability, which will reflect the future rent payments for the term of the lease discounted at the Company's collateralized borrowing rate, and the right-of-use asset, which will be measured as the lease liability plus the prepaid rent incurred to date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate in calculating the present value of the lease payments. The Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows (dollars in thousands): F-29 X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Table of Contents Lease Cost Fixed operating lease cost Short-term lease costs Total lease expense Other information Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities (1) Weighted-average remaining lease term—operating leases Weighted-average discount rate—operating leases Sublease income ___________________________________________ (1) Acquired in the Merger For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 $ $ $ $ $ 827 122 949 1,007 484 3.0 years 9.0 % 14 Maturities of lease liabilities due under these lease agreements as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands): Maturity of lease liabilities 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total lease payments Less: interest Total operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 Operating Leases 1,124 1,098 754 263 3,239 (423) 2,816 $ $ The above table does not include future lease payments related to the Company's Allston lease for which a lease liability has not yet been recorded. The lease liability will be recorded upon the commencement date of the lease. Future lease payments upon the commencement date of the lease are expected to be approximately $0.6 million in 2020, $1.0 million in 2021, $1.0 million in 2022, $1.1 million in 2023, $1.1 million in 2024, $1.1 million in 2025 and $1.1 million in 2026. In addition, the Company expects to incur unreimbursed expenditures of $3.1 million related to the construction of the office space. As of December 31, 2018, minimum future lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following five years and a total thereafter were as follows (in thousands): Year Ending December 31, Operating Leases 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total $ $ 810 823 835 492 2,960 10. Commitment and Contingencies Sponsored Research Agreement Commitments— In April 2017, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement with a university pursuant to which the Company and the university are conducting a research program related to understanding F-30 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS the mechanisms of failed long-term adaptive immunity in WHIM patients. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company agreed to provide funding for the research program of up to $499 thousand over a three years period. The agreement will remain in effect for three years, unless earlier terminated. The Company may terminate the agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ prior written notice. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Company incurred $166 thousand, $166 thousand and $111 thousand, respectively, of research and development expenses related to its payment obligations to the university under the agreement. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had non-cancelable purchase commitments under this agreement totaling $55 thousand committed in 2020. In May 2019, the Company amended its agreement with a clinical research organization (“CRO”) pursuant to which the Company and the CRO are conducting a global Phase 3 clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of WHIM syndrome. The Company may terminate the agreement by providing 30 days’ notice and if such termination occurred, the Company would incur early termination fees of up to $0.6 million based on a percentage of committed resources of the CRO as of the termination. Indemnification Agreements— In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with members of its board of directors and its executive officers that will require the Company to, among other things, indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnification obligations. The Company is not currently aware of any indemnification claims and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. License Agreements— In February 2017, Arsanis entered into an option and license agreement with Adimab to obtain rights to certain RSV antibodies, which are being used in the “ASN500” program. The Company exercised this option for an up-front payment of $250 thousand. In July 2019, as further described in Note 16, the Company transferred the intellectual property related to the ASN500 program through an exclusive, worldwide license with a third party. The Company remains obligated to make payments to Adimab based on future clinical and regulatory milestones of up to approximately $25.0 million, as well as royalty payments on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis of a mid-single-digit percentage based on net sales of products based on certain RSV antibodies during the applicable term for such product in that country. The third party is required to fund any future payments that may become due to Adimab. Legal Proceedings— The Company is not a party to any litigation and does not have contingency reserves established for any litigation liabilities. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. The Company expenses as incurred the costs related to such legal proceedings. 11. Preferred and Common Stock Warrants Prior to the Merger (see Note 1), the Company issued warrants for the purchase of its preferred stock and had classified these preferred stock warrants as a liability on its consolidated balance sheet as the warrants were deemed to be freestanding financial instruments that may have required the Company to transfer assets upon exercise. The liability associated with each of these warrants was initially recorded at fair value upon the issuance date of each warrant and was subsequently remeasured to fair value as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Upon the closing of the Merger, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, all of the outstanding X4 preferred stock was converted to Arsanis common stock and the X4 preferred stock warrants converted to warrants for the purchase of Arsanis common stock. The Company assessed the features of the warrants and determined that they qualify for classification as permanent equity upon the closing of the Merger. Accordingly, the Company remeasured the warrants to fair value upon the closing of the Merger, which was $5.2 million at March 13, 2019, with $288 thousand of expense recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Upon the closing of the Merger, the warrant liability was reclassified to additional paid-in capital. In connection with its issuance of common stock in public offerings that closed on April 16, 2019 and November 29, 2019, the Company issued 3,900,000 Class A warrants, which are exercisable for shares of the Company's common stock, and 5,416,667 F-31 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Class B warrants, which are exercisable for shares of the Company's common stock or prefunded warrants to purchase shares of the Company's common. The Class A warrants have an exercise price of $13.20 per warrant, expire on April 15, 2024 and were immediately exercisable upon issuance. The Class B warrants were immediately exercisable upon issuance, have an exercise price of $15.00 per warrant and expire on a date that is the earlier of (a) the date that is 30 calendar days from the date on which the Company issues a press release announcing top-line data from its Phase 3 clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome (or, if such date is not a business day, the next business day) and (b) November 28, 2024. In addition, in connection with the April 16, 2019 and November 29, 2019 offerings, the Company issued 2,130,000 and 1,750,000 prefunded warrants, respectively, for proceeds of $10.999 and $11.999 per share, respectively. Each of the prefunded warrants is exercisable into one share of the Company's common stock, has a remaining exercise price of $0.001 per share and was immediately exercisable upon issuance. The following table provides a roll forward of outstanding warrants for the twelve month period ended December 31, 2019: Outstanding and exercisable warrants to purchase preferred shares as of December 31, 2018 Conversion of warrants to purchase preferred shares to warrants for the purchase of common stock and adjusted for the Exchange Ratio and Reverse Stock Split Issuance of warrants for the purchase of common stock or prefunded warrants to purchase common stock Exercised Outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2019 Number of warrants Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Contractual Term (Years) 5,146,400 $ — 4.23 (4,657,350) 13,201,667 (33,846) 13,656,871 $ 13.43 13.20 13.68 4.59 As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock consisted of the following: Issuance Date August 14, 2015 August 21, 2015 October 25, 2016 November 1, 2017 November 17, 2017 December 4, 2017 December 28, 2017 December 28, 2017 September 12, 2018 September 12, 2018 October 19, 2018 March 13, 2019 April 16, 2019 April 16, 2019 November 29, 2019 November 29, 2019 Number of Shares of Common Stock Issuable Exercise Price Classification Expiration Date 21.78 21.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.78 19.80 13.20 11.00 15.00 12.00 Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity Equity August 14, 2020 August 21, 2020 October 24, 2026 October 31, 2020 November 16, 2020 December 3, 2020 December 27, 2020 December 28, 2027 September 12, 2021 September 12, 2028 October 19, 2028 March 12, 2029 April 15, 2024 n/a November 28, 2024 n/a 81,228 $ 69,603 $ 5,155 $ 130,609 $ 8,442 $ 5,661 $ 6,925 $ 115,916 $ 25,275 $ 20,220 $ 20,016 $ 5,000 $ 3,866,154 $ 2,130,000 $ 5,416,667 $ 1,750,000 $ 13,656,871 F-32 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s outstanding warrants to purchase shares of preferred stock (which converted into warrants to purchase common stock upon close of the Merger) consisted of the following (not adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split or Exchange Ratio): December 31, 2018 Issuance Date August 14, 2015 August 21, 2015 October 25, 2016 November 1, 2017 November 17, 2017 December 4, 2017 December 28, 2017 December 28, 2017 September 12, 2018 September 12, 2018 October 19, 2018 Number of Shares of Preferred Stock Issuable Exercise Price Exercisable for Classification Expiration Date 854,785 $ 732,453 $ 54,256 $ 1,374,435 $ 88,845 $ 59,576 $ 72,875 $ 1,219,815 $ 265,957 $ 212,765 $ 210,638 $ 5,146,400 2.07 2.07 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 Series A Series A Series A Series B Series B Series B Series B Series B Series B Series B Series B Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability Liability August 14, 2020 August 21, 2020 October 24, 2026 October 31, 2020 November 16, 2020 December 3, 2020 December 27, 2020 December 28, 2027 September 12, 2021 September 12, 2028 October 19, 2028 12. Common Stock, Redeemable Common Stock, and Convertible Preferred Stock (converted to Common Stock) Common Stock— As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue 33,333,333 shares and 11,070,776, shares, respectively, of $0.001 par value common stock. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of the holders of the preferred stock. Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, if any. No cash dividends have been declared or paid to date. On April 12, 2019, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein pursuant to which it sold 5,670,000 shares of common stock and, in lieu of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase 2,130,000 shares of common stock, and accompanying Class A warrants to purchase 3,900,000 shares of its common stock. The common stock was issued at a price to the public of $11.00 per share and accompanying Class A warrant and the prefunded warrants were issued at a price of $10.999 per prefunded warrant and accompanying Class A warrant. The Class A warrants have an exercise price of $13.20, will expire 5 years from the date of issuance, and are immediately exercisable with certain restrictions. The gross proceeds from the offering, which closed on April 16, 2019, were $85.8 million before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. On November 26, 2019, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein pursuant to which it sold 3,666,667 shares of common stock and, in lieu of common stock, prefunded warrants to purchase 1,750,000 shares of common stock, and accompanying Class B warrants to purchase 5,416,667 shares of its common stock or prefunded warrants to purchase shares of common stock. The common stock was issued at a price to the public of $12.00 per share and accompanying Class B warrant and the prefunded warrants were issued at a price of $11.999 per prefunded warrant and accompanying Class B warrant. The Class B warrants have an exercise price of $15.00 per warrant, which includes a down-round contingent price adjustment feature; expire on a date that is the earlier of (a) the date that is 30 calendar days from the date on which the Company issues a press release announcing top-line data from its Phase 3 clinical trial of mavorixafor for the treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome (or, if such date is not a business day, the next business day) and (b) November 28, 2024; and were immediately exercisable upon issuance. The gross proceeds from the offering, which closed on November 29, 2019, were $65.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. F-33 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For each of the common stock offerings, the Company evaluated the Class A, Class B and prefunded warrants for liability or equity classification in accordance with the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging, and determined that equity treatment was appropriate because neither the Class A, Class B or prefunded warrants meet the definition of a liability. Redeemable Common Stock— Pursuant to the requirements of the July 2014 license agreement with Genzyme (see Note 4), in August 2015, the Company issued to Genzyme for no additional consideration 107,371 shares of common stock, which had an aggregate fair value of $734 on the date of issuance. Genzyme had the right to require the Company to repurchase all, but not less than all, of these shares of common stock at any time during the term of the license agreement for a price of $0.001 per share. Because of this redemption feature, the shares of common stock issued to Genzyme were classified outside of stockholders’ deficit on the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the Merger, these shares were exchanged for common stock. Convertible Preferred Stock (converted to Common Stock)— The Company has issued Series Seed convertible preferred stock (the “Series Seed preferred stock”), Series A convertible preferred stock (the “Series A preferred stock”) and Series B convertible preferred stock (the “Series B preferred stock”). As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue a total of 10,000,000 shares and 59,413,523 shares, respectively, of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share. The holders of Preferred Stock have liquidation rights in the event of a deemed liquidation that, in certain situations, are not solely within the control of the Company. Therefore, the Preferred Stock is classified outside of stockholders’ deficit on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2019, there was no preferred stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2018, the preferred stock consisted of the following: December 31, 2018 Preferred Stock Designated Preferred Stock Issued and Outstanding Carrying Value Liquidation Preference 2,313,523 1,516,136 $ 1,310,000 $ 1,444,000 22,000,000 19,946,862 32,480,000 47,624,000 25,100,000 18,616,569 30,885,000 34,999,000 49,413,523 40,079,567 $ 64,675,000 $ 84,067,000 Common Stock Issuable Upon Conversion (1) 143,630 1,895,610 1,769,190 3,808,430 Series Seed preferred stock Series A preferred stock Series B preferred stock ___________________________________ (1) Adjusted to reflect Reverse Stock Split and Exchange Ratio. 13. Stock-Based Compensation Summary of Plans— Upon completion of the Merger with Arsanis on March 13, 2019, X4’s 2015 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2015 Plan”), Arsanis’ 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) and Arsanis’ 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) were assumed by the Company. In June 2019, the Company adopted the 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). These plans are administered by the Board of Directors or, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, by a committee of the Board of Directors. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions are determined at the discretion of the Board of Directors, or its committee if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the share of common stock on the date of grant and the term of the stock option may not be greater than ten years. Incentive stock options granted to employees and restricted stock awards granted to employees, officers, members of the board of directors, advisors, and consultants of the Company typically vest over four years. Non-statutory options granted to employees, officers, members of the Board of Directors, advisors, and consultants of the Company typically vest over three or four years. Shares that are expired, terminated, surrendered or canceled under the Plans without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of common stock available for the grant of awards. 2015 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan— In 2015, the Board of Directors and shareholders of X4 adopted the 2015 Plan, which provided for the Company to grant incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options, restricted F-34 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS stock awards and other stock-based awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Each stock option outstanding under the 2015 Plan at the effective time of the Merger was automatically converted into a stock option exercisable for a number of shares of the Company’s common stock calculated based on the Exchange Ratio and the exercise price per share of such outstanding stock option. The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2015 Plan is 969,340 shares, adjusted for the Exchange Ratio and Reverse Stock Split. Shares that are expired, forfeited, canceled or otherwise terminated without having been fully exercised will be available for future grant under the 2015 Plan. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 100,000 shares were available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of common stock available for future grants. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan— In 2017, the Board of Directors and shareholders of Arsanis adopted the 2017 Plan, which provided for the Company to grant incentive stock options, non-qualified options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. Incentive stock options may be granted only to the Company’s employees, including officers and directors who are also employees. Awards other than incentive stock options may be granted to employees, officers, members of the board of directors, advisors and consultants of the Company. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under this plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, through January 1, 2027, in an amount equal to the lowest of 170,915 shares of the Company’s common stock (as adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split), 4.0% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on January 1 of each year and an amount determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 20,000 shares were available for future issuance under the 2017 Plan. Employee Stock Purchase Plan— In 2017, the Board of Directors and shareholders of Arsanis adopted the ESPP, which provides participating employees with the opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at defined purchase prices over six-month offering periods. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, no shares of common stock were issued under the ESPP. 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan— On June 17, 2019, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of the 2019 Plan, which provides for the Company to grant nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards and other stock-based awards to new employees of the Company. Awards issued from the 2019 Plan are intended to be material inducements to each employee’s acceptance of employment with the Company in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2019 Plan is 400,000 shares. Shares that are expired, forfeited, canceled or otherwise terminated without having been fully exercised will be available for future grant under the 2019 Plan. In addition, shares of common stock that are tendered to the Company by a participant to exercise an award are added to the number of shares of common stock available for future grants. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 250,000 shares were available for future issuance under the 2019 Plan. Stock Option Valuation— The following table presents, on a weighted average basis, the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and non- employees: Risk-free interest rate Expected term (in years) Expected volatility Expected dividend yield Stock Options Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 2.0 % 5.99 88.5 % 0 % 2.8 % 5.94 86.0 % 0 % 2.1 % 6.06 77.3 % 0 % The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019: F-35 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 Assumed as part of Merger with Arsanis Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 Exercisable as of December 31, 2019 Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2019 Number of Shares 797,931 $ 271,230 589,110 (51,617) (309,625) 1,297,029 $ 495,740 $ 1,122,542 $ Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value 8.29 62.60 14.69 7.05 31.55 17.05 21.66 17.15 8.42 $ 6,486 8.41 $ 7.21 $ 8.32 $ 1,286 952 1,245 The aggregate intrinsic value of options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was $363 thousand. The intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was not significant. The weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $10.78, $7.05, and $4.74, respectively. Restricted Stock Units— During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 116,689 restricted stock units to employees at a weighted average grant date fair value of $14.75 per share. The restricted stock units vest 25% annually on the grant anniversary over four years and had a grant date fair value of $1.7 million, which will be recognized as stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the vesting period. The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock activity for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019: Unvested at December 31, 2018 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at December 31, 2019 Number of Shares — 116,689 — (14,916) 101,773 Stock-Based Compensation— Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2018-7 and no longer remeasures the fair value of equity awards granted to non-employees at each reporting period end (see Note 2). As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options and restricted stock units was $6.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.1 years. Stock-based compensation expense was classified in the consolidated statements of operations as follows: Research and development expense General and administrative expense Total stock-based compensation Year Ended December 31, 2018 2019 909 $ 1,141 2,050 $ 258 $ 501 759 $ 2017 126 366 492 $ $ F-36 Table of Contents 14. Income Taxes X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Company recorded no income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred and research and development credits generated due to the uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. The Company's losses before income taxes were generated in the United States and Austria. Loss before the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following: (in thousands) United States Foreign (Austria) 2019 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31, $ $ (52,314) (493) (52,807) $ $ (33,285) — (33,285) $ $ (21,994) — (21,994) A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate is as follows: U.S. federal statutory income tax rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit Foreign rate differential Research and development tax credits Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability Other permanent differences Remeasurement of deferred taxes due to tax reform Change in deferred tax asset valuation allowance Other Effective income tax rate Net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following: (in thousands) Net operating loss carryforwards Research and development tax credit carryforwards Capitalized research and development expenses Capitalized license fees Accrual-to-cash basis conversion Lease liabilities Other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Right of use assets Total deferred tax liabilities Total deferred tax assets, net $ $ $ $ F-37 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (21.0) % (21.0) % (34.0) % (5.8) (0.1) (1.1) 0.1 1.4 — 26.8 (0.3) (6.2) — (3.7) 2.4 0.9 — 27.8 (0.2) (8.4) — (1.8) (2.2) 0.5 27.8 18.1 — — % — % — % December 31, 2019 2018 65,487 $ 3,654 2,626 — — 765 1,413 73,945 (73,410) 535 535 535 — $ $ $ 15,482 2,710 2,837 221 1,367 — 180 22,797 (22,797) — — — — Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of December 31, 2019, the Company had U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $181.8 million and $177.4 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future taxable income and begin to expire in 2031 and 2035, respectively, and of which $127.7 million related to U.S federal income taxes do not expire but are limited in their usage to an annual deduction equal to 80% of annual taxable income. In addition, as of December 31, 2019 the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforward of $64.4 million, which do not expire. U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards include $75 million and $70 million, respectively, of carryforwards acquired in the Merger with Arsanis, the utilization of which may be subject to limitations as described below. As of December 31, 2019, the Company also had U.S. federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $3.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future tax liabilities and each begin to expire in 2032 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, uncertain tax position reserves recorded were $0.2 million for U.S. federal and state research and development tax credits. Utilization of the U.S. net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, at any time since inception, utilization of the U.S. net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, which is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Each period, the Company evaluates the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 related primarily to the increases in net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards and were as follows: (in thousands) Valuation allowance, beginning of year Increases recorded to income tax provision Acquisition of business Valuation allowance, end of year Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (22,797) $ (13,546) $ (14,485) (36,128) (9,251) — (73,410) $ (22,797) $ (9,738) (3,808) — (13,546) $ $ The Company’s U.S. federal and state income tax returns are generally subject to tax examinations for the tax years ended December 31, 2016 through December 31, 2019. There are currently no pending income tax examinations. To the extent the Company has tax attribute carryforwards, the tax years in which the attribute was generated may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities to the extent utilized in a future period. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to income taxes as part of its income tax provision. F-38 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 15. Net Loss per Share Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follow: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2019 2018 2017 Numerator: Net loss Accruing dividends on Series A convertible preferred stock Adjustment to accumulated deficit in connection with repurchase of Series Seed convertible preferred stock Net loss attributable to common stockholders Denominator: Weighted average shares of common stock—basic and diluted Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders— basic and diluted $ $ $ (52,807) $ (33,285) $ (592) (3,000) (21,994) (3,000) — (22) — (53,399) $ (36,307) $ (24,994) 11,530 459 (4.63) $ (79.15) $ 458 (54.58) The Company has included 107,371 shares of redeemable common stock in its computation of basic and diluted weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 as this class of stock participates in losses similarly to other common stockholders. Basic and diluted weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2019 also includes the weighted average effect of 2,130,000 and 1,750,000 prefunded warrants for the purchase of shares of common stock, which were issued in April 2019 and November 2019, respectively, and for which the remaining unfunded exercise price is less than $0.001 per share. The Company’s potentially dilutive securities included outstanding stock options, convertible preferred stock, and warrants to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock for the year ended December 31, 2018 and included outstanding stock options and warrants to purchase common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019. These potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share, and thus they are considered “anti-dilutive.” Therefore, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The Company excluded the following potential shares of common stock, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end and adjusted for the Exchange Ratio and Reverse Stock Split, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect: Options to purchase common stock and unvested restricted stock units Convertible preferred stock (as converted to common stock) Warrants to purchase common stock (excluding prefunded warrants, which are included in basic shares outstanding) 2019 1,398,802 — 9,776,871 11,175,673 Year Ended December 31, 2018 798,311 3,808,894 489,079 5,096,284 2017 474,282 3,613,069 423,567 4,510,918 16. Loss on Transfer of Nonfinancial Assets During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into contractual arrangements with two third parties that transferred the rights to develop and commercialize the programs underlying IPR&D intangible assets acquired in the Merger. As of December 31, 2019, all programs underlying IPR&D intangible assets acquired in the Merger were transferred to these third parties and the Company has no continuing involvement in any ongoing research and development activities associated with the programs. The Company concluded that these third parties are "non-customers" as the underlying development programs transferred to these third parties are focused on potential drug candidates that were not aligned with the Company's strategic focus and, therefore, are not an output of the Company's ordinary activities. Accordingly, the Company accounted for these transactions under ASC Topic 610- 20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets ("ASC 610-20"). As a result of the transfer of control of the IPR&D projects to third parties, the Company derecognized the IPR&D intangible assets through a F-39 Table of Contents X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS charge to "loss on transfer of nonfinancial assets" in 2019. The $3.9 million loss includes the carrying value of the IPR&D of $4.9 million, partially offset by $1.0 million of non-refundable, upfront fees received from the third parties. In accordance with the contractual arrangements with these third parties, the Company is entitled to future fees that are contingent on the success of the third parties in advancing the IPR&D project toward commercialization. These future fees, if any, will be recognized in future periods as gains on the transfer of nonfinancial assets in accordance with ASC 610-20, which generally provides that the fees would be recognized when it is probable that a future reversal of the fees that would be material to cumulative fees recognized to date would not occur. 40 Exhibit 4.12 DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK The following description of our common stock and provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, or restated certificate, and amended and restated by-laws are summaries. You should also refer to the restated certificate and the amended and restated by-laws. General Our restated certificate authorizes us to issue up to 33,333,333 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have cumulative voting rights. An election of directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any dividends as may be declared by our board of directors, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future. In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately our net assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future. Registration Rights Under the terms of a share purchase agreement with New Enterprise Associates 16, L.P., or NEA, we have granted NEA the right to require us to register 333,333 shares of our common stock under the Securities subject to specified limitations set forth in such share purchase agreement. We are not obligated to file a registration statement pursuant to this provision on more than two occasions. After registration pursuant to these rights, the registrable securities will become freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. NEA’s registration rights will terminate upon the earlier to occur of November 17, 2020 or the date on which NEA has sold all shares subject to NEA’s registration rights. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, we are required to pay all registration expenses, including all registration, filing and printing fees, issuer counsel and accounting fees and expenses, costs and expenses associated with clearing the shares for sale under applicable Blue Sky laws, listing fees, expenses incurred by us in connection with any “road show,” and reasonable fees, charges and disbursements of counsel to NEA, but excluding underwriting discounts or commissions and fees with respect to the shares being sold. The share purchase agreement contains customary cross-indemnification provisions, pursuant to which we are obligated to indemnify NEA in the event of material misstatements or omissions in the registration statement attributable to us, and NEA is obligated to indemnify us for material misstatements or omissions in the registration statement attributable to NEA. Anti-Takeover Provisions Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions: 220948971 v2 • • • before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder. In general, Section 203 defines a “business combination” to include the following: • • • • • any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder; any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder; subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation. In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as an entity or person who, together with the person’s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation. Staggered Board Our restated certificate and by-laws divide our board of directors into three classes with staggered three year terms. In addition, our restated certificate and by-laws provide that directors may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of our shares of capital stock present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote. Under our restated certificate and by-laws, any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office. Furthermore, our restated certificate provides that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by the resolution of our board of directors, subject to the rights of any holders of preferred stock to elect directors. The classification of our board of directors and the limitations on the ability of our stockholders to remove directors, change the authorized number of directors and fill vacancies could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of us. 220948971 v2 Authorized but Unissued Shares The authorized but unissued shares of common stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval, subject to any limitations imposed by the listing standards of any exchange on which our shares are listed. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate finance transactions, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock could make more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise. Special Meeting of Stockholders; Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations; Stockholder Action Our restated certificate and restated by-laws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders may only be taken if it is properly brought before such meeting and may not be taken by written action in lieu of a meeting. Our restated certificate and our restated by-laws also provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders can only be called by the chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer or our board of directors. In addition, our restated by-laws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting may only consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors, or by a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice in proper form to our secretary of the stockholder’s intention to bring such business before the meeting. These provisions could have the effect of delaying until the next stockholder meeting stockholder actions that are favored by the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities. These provisions also could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our common stock because even if the third party acquired a majority of our outstanding voting stock, it would be able to take action as a stockholder, such as electing new directors or approving a merger, only at a duly called stockholders meeting and not by written consent. Super Majority Voting The DGCL provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on any matter is required to amend a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or by-laws, unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or by-laws, as the case may be, require a greater percentage. Our amended and restated by-laws may be amended or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election of directors. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with certain of the provisions of our restated certificate. Exclusive Forum Selection Our restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or stockholders to our company or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or as to which the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (4) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of our restated certificate or restated by-laws (in each case, as they may be amended from time to time) or governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates 220948971 v2 concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Although our restated certificate contains the choice of forum provision described above, it is possible that a court could rule that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable. Transfer Agent and Registrar The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare Trust Company, N.A., with offices at 250 Royall Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021. Listing on Nasdaq Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “XFOR.” 220948971 v2 EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (subject to Board Compensation Committee Approval) Exhibit 10.20 This Executive Employment Agreement (the “Agreement”), is made and entered into this 22nd day of April, 2019 (the “Effective Date”), and is by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Company”), and E. Lynne Kelley, M.D. (“Executive”). WHEREAS, Company wishes to employ Executive to serve as its Chief Medical Officer; WHEREAS, Executive represents that Executive possesses the necessary skills to perform the duties of this position and that Executive has no obligation to any other person or entity which would prevent, limit or interfere with Executive’s ability to do so; and WHEREAS, Executive and Company desire to enter into a formal Executive Employment Agreement to assure the harmonious performance of the affairs of Company. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises, terms, provisions, and conditions contained herein, the parties agree as follows: 1. Title and Duties. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Executive’s position with Company shall be Chief Medical Officer (“CMO”) reporting to Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Executive accepts such employment upon the terms and conditions set forth herein, and agrees to perform to the best of Executive’s ability the duties normally associated with such position and as reasonably determined by Company in its sole discretion. While serving as CMO hereunder, Executive shall devote all of Executive’s business time and energies to the business and affairs of Company, provided that nothing contained in this Section 1 shall prevent or limit: (a) Executive’s right to manage Executive’s personal investments on Executive’s own personal time, including, without limitation the right to make passive investments in the securities of (i) any entity which Executive does not control, directly or indirectly, and which does not compete with Company, or (ii) any publicly held entity, so long as Executive’s aggregate direct and indirect interest does not exceed two percent (2%) of the issued and outstanding securities of any class of securities of such publicly held entity; and (b) Executive’s participation in civic and charitable activities, including as a member of a board of a civic or charitable organization, so long as such activities do not interfere with Executive’s performance of Executive’s duties hereunder. 2. Term; Termination. a. Term. Subject to the terms hereof, Executive’s employment hereunder shall commence on April 24, 2019 (the “Commencement Date”) and shall continue until terminated hereunder by either party (such term of employment shall be referred to herein as the “Term”). b. Termination by Company. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Agreement, Company may terminate Executive’s employment hereunder as follows: (i) For Cause. Company may terminate Executive’s employment for Cause (as defined below) by written notice by Company to Executive that Executive’s employment is being terminated for Cause, which termination shall be effective on the date of such notice or such later date as specified in writing by Company, provided that if Executive has cured the circumstances giving rise to Cause (as such cure right may be applicable pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth below) then such termination shall not be effective. (ii) Without Cause. Company may terminate Executive’s employment without Cause, by written notice by Company to Executive that Executive’s employment is being terminated without Cause, which termination shall be effective on the date of such notice or such later date as specified in writing by Company. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Cause” shall mean: (A) fraud, embezzlement, or illegal misconduct in connection with Executive’s duties under this Agreement; (B) conviction of a felony involving fraud, dishonesty or breach of trust; (C) willful misconduct or gross negligence in the performance of the duties delegated to Executive; (D) breach of this Agreement; or (E) material breach of any non-competition, non- solicitation, non- disclosure, and intellectual property assignment agreement between Executive and Company; provided that “Cause” shall not be deemed to have occurred pursuant to subsection (D) hereof unless Executive has first received written notice specifying in reasonable detail the particulars of such ground and that Company intends to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder for such ground, and if such ground is curable, Executive has failed to cure such ground within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of her receipt of such notice. c. Termination by Executive. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Agreement, Executive may terminate Executive’s employment hereunder as follows: i. For Good Reason. Executive may terminate Executive’s employment for Good Reason (as defined below) by written notice by Executive to Company that Executive is terminating Executive’s employment for Good Reason, which termination shall be effective thirty (30) days after the date of such notice; provided that if Company has cured the circumstances giving rise to Good Reason then such termination shall not be effective; or ii Without Good Reason. Executive may terminate Executive’s employment without Good Reason by written notice by Executive to Company that Executive is terminating Executive’s employment, which termination shall be effective ninety (90) days after the date of such notice. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s then-current Base Salary; (B) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities; (C) a material change in the geographic location at which the Executive provides services to Company outside of a fifty (50) mile radius from the then-current location; or (D) any action or inaction by Company that constitutes a material breach of this Agreement; provided that “Good Reason” shall not be deemed to have occurred unless: (1) Executive provides Company with written notice that Executive intends to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder for one of the grounds set forth above within thirty (30) days of such ground first occurring, (2) if such ground is capable of being cured, Company has failed to cure such ground within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of such written notice, and (3) Executive terminates Executive’s employment within seventy five (75) days from the date that Good Reason first occurs. For purposes of clarification, the above-listed conditions shall apply separately to each occurrence of Good Reason and failure to adhere to such conditions in the event of Good Reason shall not disqualify Executive from asserting Good Reason for any subsequent occurrence of Good Reason. d Termination Due to Disability. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Agreement, Company may terminate Executive’s employment due to Executive’s Disability (as defined below) by written notice to Executive that Executive’s employment is being terminated as a result of Executive’s Disability, which termination shall be effective on the date of such notice or such later date as specified in writing by Company. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Disability” shall mean Executive’s incapacity or inability to perform Executive’s duties and responsibilities as contemplated herein for one hundred twenty (120) days or more within any one (1) year period (cumulative or consecutive), because Executive’s physical or mental health has become so impaired as to make it impossible or impractical for Executive to perform the duties and responsibilities contemplated hereunder. Determination of Executive’s physical or mental health shall be determined by Company after consultation with a medical expert appointed by mutual agreement between Company and Executive who has examined Executive. Executive hereby consents to such examination and consultation regarding Executive’s health and ability to perform as aforesaid. 3. Compensation. a. Base Salary. While Executive is employed hereunder, Executive shall earn a base salary at the annual rate of $410,000.00 (the “Base Salary”). The Base Salary shall be payable in substantially equal periodic installments, on a bi- monthly basis, in accordance with Company’s payroll practices as in effect from time to time. Company shall deduct from each such installment all amounts required to be deducted or withheld under applicable law or under any employee benefit plan in which Executive participates. b. Annual Bonus. Executive shall be eligible to receive an annual performance bonus (the “Annual Bonus”) for all years in which Executive is employed by Company hereunder. The Annual Bonus potential shall be in an amount no greater than 40% of Executive’s Base Salary. The amount of the Annual Bonus shall be based on factors such as Executive’s work performance, Company’s financial performance, Company’s business forecasts, Company’s determination of Executive’s achievement of milestones for the applicable year, and economic conditions generally. The actual amount of the Annual Bonus shall be determined by Company in its sole discretion. The Annual Bonus shall be paid to Executive in no event later than March 15th of the calendar year immediately following the calendar year to which it pertains. Executive must be employed by Company at the time that the Annual Bonus is paid in order to be eligible for, and to be deemed as having earned, such Annual Bonus. Company shall deduct from the Annual Bonus all amounts required to be deducted or withheld under applicable law or under any employee benefit plan in which Executive participates. c. Equity. Pursuant to the terms of the Arsanis, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), and subject to the approval of Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), Employee shall be eligible to receive options to purchase an amount of 37,170 shares of the outstanding shares of Company’s common stock on the date of grant (the “Stock Option”), at a per share exercise price equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the Plan) of Company common stock on the date of grant. The Stock Option shall be, to the maximum extent permissible, treated as an “incentive stock option” within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively the “Code”). The Stock Option shall be evidenced in writing by, and subject to the terms and conditions of, the Plan and Company’s standard form of stock option agreement, which agreement shall expire ten (10) years from the date of grant (except as otherwise provided in such agreement or the Plan). As more fully explained in the Plan and/or such stock agreement, twenty five percent (25%) of the shares subject to the Stock Option shall vest on the first (1st) anniversary of the Commencement Date, and the remaining seventy five percent (75%) of such shares shall vest in equal installments on the last day of each successive month thereafter for a period of thirty six (36) months, provided that Executive remains employed by Company on the vesting date (except as otherwise provided in such agreement or the Plan). d. Fringe Benefits. Executive shall be entitled to participate in all benefit/welfare plans and fringe benefits provided to employees at the same level as Executive. Executive understands that, except when prohibited by applicable law, Company’s benefit plans and fringe benefits may be amended by Company from time to time in its sole discretion. e. Vacation. Executive shall be eligible to accrue up to twenty (20) days of vacation per year, to be scheduled to minimize disruption to Company’s operations. Executive’s vacation use, accrual and carryover shall be subject to the terms and conditions of Company’s vacation policy in effect from time to time. f. Reimbursement of Expenses. Company shall reimburse Executive for all ordinary and reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses incurred by Executive in furtherance of Company’s business in accordance with Company’s policies with respect thereto as in effect from time to time. Executive must submit any request for reimbursement no later than ninety (90) days following the date that such business expense is incurred. All reimbursements provided under this Agreement shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A (“Section 409A”) of the Code and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, where applicable, the requirement that (i) any reimbursement is for expenses incurred during Executive’s lifetime (or during a shorter period of time specified in this Agreement); (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement during a calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year; (iii) the reimbursement of an eligible expense shall be made no later than the last day of the calendar year following the year in which the expense is incurred; and (iv) the right to reimbursement or in kind benefits is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. g. Indemnification. Executive shall be eligible for coverage under Company Directors’ and Officers’ (“D&O”) insurance policies to the same extent and in the same manner to which Company’s similarly situated executives are entitled to coverage under Company D&O insurance policies, subject to the terms and conditions of any such Company D&O insurance policies. a. Forfeiture/Clawback. All compensation described herein shall be subject to any forfeiture or clawback policy established by Company generally for executives from time to time and any other such policy required by applicable law. 4. Termination Payments; Severance Benefit. a. Payment of Accrued Obligations. Regardless of the reason for any employment termination hereunder, Company shall pay to Executive: (i) the portion of Executive’s Base Salary that has accrued prior to any termination of Executive’s employment and has not yet been paid; (ii) the portion of Executive’s vacation days that have accrued prior to any termination of Executive’s employment and has not yet been used; and (iii) the amount of any expenses properly incurred by Executive on behalf of Company prior to any such termination and has not yet been reimbursed (together, the “Accrued Obligations”) promptly following the effective date of termination, and otherwise within any timeframe required by law. Executive’s entitlement to other compensation or benefits under any Company plan or policy shall be governed by and determined in accordance with the terms of such plan or policy, except as otherwise specified in this Agreement. In the event of Company’s termination of Executive’s employment for Cause or Executive’s termination of Executive’s employment without Good Reason, Executive shall be eligible for the Accrued Obligations and shall not be eligible for any severance or severance-type payments, other than as expressly set forth herein. b. Severance in the Event of Termination Without Cause or Resignation for Good Reason. Subject to the terms and conditions of Section 4(d), in the event that Executive’s employment hereunder is terminated by Company without Cause or terminated by Executive for Good Reason, then, in addition to the Accrued Obligations: i. Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. ii. Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. iii. In the event that Executive is eligible for coverage under a Company health insurance plan and Executive has elected to have coverage thereunder and was covered thereunder prior to termination, and in the event that Executive chooses to exercise Executive’s right under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (“COBRA”) to continue Executive’s participation in such plan, Company shall pay its normal share of the costs for such coverage for a period of up to six (6) months from termination, to the same extent that such insurance is provided to persons then currently employed by Company. Company shall deduct from each of the installments due under Section 4(b)(i) the portion of the monthly premium due from Executive in accordance with the terms of such coverage. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this obligation shall cease on the date Executive becomes eligible to receive health insurance benefits through any other employer, and Executive agrees to provide Company with written notice immediately upon becoming eligible for such benefits. Executive’s acceptance of any payment on Executive’s behalf or coverage provided hereunder shall be an express representation to Company that Executive has no such eligibility. iv. Executive shall become vested in the additional number of outstanding time-based equity awards granted to Executive by Company that would have otherwise vested had Executive remained in employment for an additional six (6) months after the termination date. Subsections (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are referred to as the Severance Benefit. The Severance Benefit is expressly subject to the conditions described above and in Section 4(d) below. Any payment or benefit made as part of such Severance Benefit shall be paid less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. c. Accelerated Vesting in Event of Termination without Cause or Resignation for Good Reason Following Change of Control. Subject to the terms and conditions of Section 4(d), in the event that a Change of Control (as defined below) occurs and within a period of one (1) year following the Change of Control Company terminates Executive’s employment without Cause or Executive resigns for Good Reason, then Executive automatically shall become vested in one hundred percent (100%) of outstanding time-based equity awards granted to Executive by Company. The above-described vesting is expressly subject to the conditions described in Section 4(d), and shall be provided less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. For purposes of this section, a “Change of Control” shall mean the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) Ownership. Any “Person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) becomes the “Beneficial Owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under said Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of Company representing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total voting power represented by Company’s then outstanding voting securities (excluding for this purpose any such voting securities held by Company, or any affiliate, parent or subsidiary of Company, or by any employee benefit plan of Company) pursuant to a transaction or a series of related transactions which the Board does not approve; or (ii) Merger/Sale of Assets. (A) A merger or consolidation of Company whether or not approved by the Board, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of Company outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or the parent of such corporation) at least fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of Company or such surviving entity or parent of such corporation, as the case may be, outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation; or (B) the sale or disposition by Company of all or substantially all of Company’s assets. d. Conditions. Company shall not be obligated to provide Executive any payment, benefit and/or vesting described in Section 4(b) or Section 4(c) unless and until Executive has executed without revocation a separation agreement in a form acceptable to Company, which must be signed by Executive, returned to Company and be enforceable and irrevocable no later than sixty (60) days following Executive’s separation from service (the “Review Period”), and which shall include, at a minimum, the provision of separation pay and benefits due from Company to Executive as applicable, a complete general release of claims against Company and its affiliated entities and each of their officers, directors and employees, and terms relating to non- disparagement, non- competition, confidentiality, cooperation and the like similar in scope, duration and substance to those terms set forth in Company’s Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement described in Section 5 below. If Executive executes and does not revoke such agreement within the Review Period, then provision of payments, benefits and/or vesting shall commence on the first (1st) day following the Review Period, provided that if the last day of the Review Period occurs in the calendar year following the year of termination, then the payment shall not commence until January 2 of such subsequent calendar year, and further provided that, as applied to Section 4(b)(i), (ii) and (iii) as applicable, the first payments/benefits shall include in a lump sum all amounts that were otherwise payable to Executive from the date of Executive’s separation from service occurred through such first payment. As stated in Company’s Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement, in the event Executive is eligible for garden leave or analogous payments in support of non-competition obligations, then Company reserves the right to offset the Severance Benefit with such garden leave or analogous payments to the extent permitted by applicable law. e. COBRA. If the payment of any COBRA or health insurance premiums by Company on behalf of Executive as described herein would otherwise violate any applicable nondiscrimination rules or cause the reimbursement of claims to be taxable under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Act”) or Section 105(h) of the Code, the COBRA premiums paid by Company shall be treated as taxable payments (subject to customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions) and be subject to imputed income tax treatment to the extent necessary to eliminate any discriminatory treatment or taxation under the Act or Section 105(h) of the Code. If Company determines in its sole discretion that it cannot provide the COBRA benefits described herein under Company’s health insurance plan without potentially violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), Company shall in lieu thereof provide to Executive a taxable lump-sum payment in an amount equal to the sum of the monthly (or then remaining) COBRA premiums that Executive would be required to pay to maintain Executive’s group health insurance coverage in effect on the separation date for the remaining portion of the period for which Executive shall receive the payments described in Sections 4(b) or 4(c) above. f. No Other Payments or Benefits Owing. The payments and benefits set forth in this Section 4 shall be the sole amounts owing to Executive upon termination of Executive’s employment for the reasons set forth above and Executive shall not be eligible for any other payments or other forms of compensation or benefits. The payments and benefits set forth in this Section shall be the sole remedy, if any, available to Executive in the event that Executive brings any claim against Company relating to the termination of Executive’s employment under this Agreement. 5. Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure Agreement. In light of the competitive and proprietary aspects of the business of Company, and as a condition of Executive’s employment hereunder, Executive agrees to sign and abide by Company’s Non-Competition, Non- Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement. 6. Code Sections 409A and 280G. a. In the event that the payments or benefits set forth in Section 4 constitute “non- qualified deferred compensation” subject to Section 409A, then the following conditions apply to such payments or benefits: i. Any termination of Executive’s employment triggering payment of benefits under Section 4 must constitute a “separation from service” under Section 409A(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Code and Treas. Reg. §1.409A-1(h) before distribution of such benefits can commence. To the extent that the termination of Executive’s employment does not constitute a separation of service under Section 409A(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Code and Treas. Reg. §1.409A-1(h) (as the result of further services that are reasonably anticipated to be provided by Executive to Company at the time Executive’s employment terminates), any such payments under Section 4 that constitute deferred compensation under Section 409A shall be delayed until after the date of a subsequent event constituting a separation of service under Section 409A(a) (2)(A)(i) of the Code and Treas. Reg. §1.409A-1(h). For purposes of clarification, this Section 6(a) shall not cause any forfeiture of benefits on Executive’s part, but shall only act as a delay until such time as a “separation from service” occurs. ii. Notwithstanding any other provision with respect to the timing of payments under Section 4 if, at the time of Executive’s termination, Executive is deemed to be a “specified employee” of Company (within the meaning of Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code), then limited only to the extent necessary to comply with the requirements of Section 409A, any payments to which Executive may become entitled under Section 4 which are subject to Section 409A (and not otherwise exempt from its application) shall be withheld until the first (1st) business day of the seventh (7th) month following the termination of Executive’s employment, at which time Executive shall be paid an aggregate amount equal to the accumulated, but unpaid, payments otherwise due to Executive under the terms of Section 4. b It is intended that each installment of the payments and benefits provided under Section 4 shall be treated as a separate “payment” for purposes of Section 409A. Neither Company nor Executive shall have the right to accelerate or defer the delivery of any such payments or benefits except to the extent specifically permitted or required by Section 409A. c Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement to the contrary, this Agreement shall be interpreted and at all times administered in a manner that avoids the inclusion of compensation in income under Section 409A, or the payment of increased taxes, excise taxes or other penalties under Section 409A. The parties intend this Agreement to be in compliance with Section 409A. Executive acknowledges and agrees that Company does not guarantee the tax treatment or tax consequences associated with any payment or benefit arising under this Agreement, including but not limited to consequences related to Section 409A. d. If any payment or benefit Executive would receive under this Agreement, when combined with any other payment or benefit Executive receives pursuant to a Change of Control (for purposes of this section, a “Payment”) would: (i) constitute a “parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G the Code; and (ii) but for this sentence, be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code (the “Excise Tax”), then such Payment shall be either: the full amount of such Payment; or (B) such lesser amount (with cash payments being reduced before stock option compensation) as would result in no portion of the Payment being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local employments taxes, income taxes, and the Excise Tax, results in Executive’s receipt, on an after-tax basis, of the greater amount of the Payment notwithstanding that all or some portion of the Payment may be subject to the Excise Tax. 7. General. a. Notices. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, any notice required or permitted by this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be delivered as follows with notice deemed given as indicated: (i) by personal delivery when delivered personally; (ii) by overnight courier upon written verification of receipt; (iii) by facsimile transmission upon acknowledgment of receipt of electronic transmission; or (iv) by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, upon verification of receipt. Notices to Executive shall be sent to the last known address in Company’s records or such other address as Executive may specify in writing. Notices to Company shall be sent to: X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 955 Massachusetts Ave., 4th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 Attention: Chair, Board of Directors with a copy to: Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C. One Financial Center Boston, MA, 02111 Attn: John J. Cheney, Esq. b Modifications and Amendments. The terms and provisions of this Agreement may be modified or amended only by written agreement executed by the parties hereto. c. Waivers and Consents. The terms and provisions of this Agreement may be waived, or consent for the departure therefrom granted, only by written document executed by the party entitled to the benefits of such terms or provisions. No such waiver or consent shall be deemed to be or shall constitute a waiver or consent with respect to any other terms or provisions of this Agreement, whether or not similar. Each such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the purpose for which it was given, and shall not constitute a continuing waiver or consent. d. Assignment. Company may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to any person or entity that succeeds to all or substantially all of Company’s business or that aspect of Company’s business in which Executive is principally involved. Executive may not assign Executive’s rights and obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of Company. e. Governing Law; Jury Waiver. This Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the law of Massachusetts without giving effect to the conflict of law principles thereof. Any legal action or proceeding with respect to this Agreement shall be brought in the courts of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or the United States of America for the District of Massachusetts. By execution and delivery of this Agreement, each of the parties hereto accepts for itself and in respect of its property, generally and unconditionally, the exclusive jurisdiction of the aforesaid courts. ANY ACTION, DEMAND, CLAIM OR COUNTERCLAIM ARISING UNDER OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE RESOLVED BY A JUDGE ALONE AND EACH OF COMPANY AND EXECUTIVE WAIVES ANY RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL THEREOF. f. Headings and Captions. The headings and captions of the various subdivisions of this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and shall in no way modify or affect the meaning or construction of any of the terms or provisions hereof. g. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with the other agreements specifically referenced herein, embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior oral or written agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. No statement, representation, warranty, covenant or agreement of any kind not expressly set forth in this Agreement shall affect, or be used to interpret, change or restrict, the express terms and provisions of this Agreement. h. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, and by different parties hereto on separate counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. For all purposes a signature by fax shall be treated as an original. [Signature Page to Follow] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first written above. E. LYNNE KELLEY, M.D. /s/ E. Lynne Kelley Printed name /s/ E. Lynne Kelley Signature X4 PHARMACEUTICALS /s/ Paula M. Ragan By: Name: Paula M. Ragan Title: CEO AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.17 This amendment (this “Amendment”) to that certain Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 13, 2019, (the “Agreement”) by and between Paula Ragan, Ph.D (“Employee”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) is entered into as of this 13th day of February, 2020. WHEREAS, on February 10, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) voted to adjust certain aspects of Employee’s compensation terms; and WHEREAS, the parties wish to amend the Agreement to reflect the Board’s decision. In consideration and in furtherance of Employee’s continued at-will employment with the Company, Employee and the Company agree as follows: The below existing language in Section 2(c)(ii) in the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it, and, 1. for avoidance of doubt, all other language in Section 2(c)(ii) shall remain unchanged: Existing language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s then-current Base Salary; (B) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities; (C) a material change in the geographic location at which the Executive provides services to Company outside of a fifty (50) mile radius from the then-current location; or (D) any action or inaction by Company that constitutes a material breach of this Agreement; provided that “Good Reason” shall not be deemed to have occurred unless: (1) Executive provides Company with written notice that Executive intends to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder for one of the grounds set forth above within thirty (30) days of such ground first occurring, (2) if such ground is capable of being cured, Company has failed to cure such ground within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of such written notice, and (3) Executive terminates Executive’s employment within seventy five (75) days from the date that Good Reason first occurs. For purposes of clarification, the above-listed conditions shall apply separately to each occurrence of Good Reason and failure to adhere to such conditions in the event of Good Reason shall not disqualify Executive from asserting Good Reason for any subsequent occurrence of Good Reason.” Replacement language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” for resignation from employment with the Company means that any of the following actions are taken by the Company without Executive’s prior written consent: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s base salary, which the parties agree is a reduction of at least 10% of Executive’s base salary (unless pursuant to a salary reduction program applicable generally to the Company’s similarly situated employees); or (B) a material reduction in Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities; or (C) relocation of Executive’s principal place of employment to a place that increases Executive’s one-way commute by more than sixty (60) miles as compared to Executive’s then-current principal place of employment immediately prior to such relocation. In order to resign for Good Reason, Executive must provide written notice to the Company’s CEO within 30 days after the first occurrence of the event giving rise to Good Reason setting forth the basis for Executive’s resignation, allow the Company at least 30 days from receipt of such written notice to cure such event, and if such event is not reasonably cured within such period, Executive must resign from all positions Executive then holds with the Company not later than 90 days after the expiration of the cure period.” The below existing language in Section 4(b)(i) and (4(b)(ii) of the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language 2. beneath it: Existing language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. Replacement language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for an eighteen (18) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to Executive’s full Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs in advance of such Annual Bonus being earned, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. This Amendment may be executed in several counterparts, all of which taken together shall constitute one single agreement between the parties. Except as amended hereby, all of the terms and conditions of the Agreement shall remain and continue in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Amendment as of the date first written above. X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Paula Ragan, Ph.D, an individual By: /s/ Michael Wyzga Name: Michael Wyzga Title: Chairman of the Board /s/ Paula Ragan Paula Ragan, Ph.D AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.19 This amendment (this “Amendment”) to that certain Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement, dated March 13, 2019 (the “Employment Agreement”), as amended by the Severance Plan Addendum to Executive Employment Agreement adopted by the Board of Directors on September 18, 2019 (the “Plan Addendum”) (collectively, the “Mostafa Agreement”) by and between Adam S. Mostafa, MD, FACS (“Employee”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) is entered into as of this 24th day of February, 2020. WHEREAS, on February 10, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) voted to adjust certain aspects of Employee’s compensation terms; and WHEREAS, the parties wish to amend the Employment Agreement to reflect the Board’s decision. In consideration and in furtherance of Employee’s continued at-will employment with the Company, Employee and the Company agree as follows: The below existing language in Section 2(c)(ii) in the Employment Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement 1. language beneath it, and, for avoidance of doubt, all other language in Section 2(c)(ii) shall remain unchanged: Existing language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s then- current Base Salary; (B) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities; (C) a material change in the geographic location at which the Executive provides services to Company outside of a fifty (50) mile radius from the then-current location; or (D) any action or inaction by Company that constitutes a material breach of this Agreement; provided that “Good Reason” shall not be deemed to have occurred unless: (1) Executive provides Company with written notice that Executive intends to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder for one of the grounds set forth above within thirty (30) days of such ground first occurring, (2) if such ground is capable of being cured, Company has failed to cure such ground within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of such written notice, and (3) Executive terminates Executive’s employment within seventy five (75) days from the date that Good Reason first occurs. For purposes of clarification, the above-listed conditions shall apply separately to each occurrence of Good Reason and failure to adhere to such conditions in the event of Good Reason shall not disqualify Executive from asserting Good Reason for any subsequent occurrence of Good Reason.” Replacement language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” for resignation from employment with the Company means that any of the following actions are taken by the Company without Executive’s prior written consent: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s base salary, which the parties agree is a reduction of at least 10% of Executive’s base salary (unless pursuant to a salary reduction program applicable generally to the Company’s similarly situated employees); or (B) a material reduction in Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities; or (C) relocation of Executive’s principal place of employment to a place that increases Executive’s one-way commute by more than sixty (60) miles as compared to Executive’s then-current principal place of employment immediately prior to such relocation. In order to resign for Good Reason, Executive must provide written notice to the Company’s CEO within 30 days after the first occurrence of the event giving rise to Good Reason setting forth the basis for Executive’s resignation, allow the Company at least 30 days from receipt of such written notice to cure such event, and if such event is not reasonably cured within such period, Executive must resign from all positions Executive then holds with the Company not later than 90 days after the expiration of the cure period.” The below existing language in Section 4(b)(i) and 4(b)(ii) of the Employment Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the 2. replacement language beneath it: Existing language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. Replacement language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a twelve (12) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to Executive’s full Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs in advance of such Annual Bonus being earned, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. For avoidance of doubt, this Amendment shall supersede Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.3 of the Plan Addendum and the parties acknowledge and agree that the amendments to the Plan Addendum described herein shall only apply to Employee. This Amendment may be executed in several counterparts, all of which taken together shall constitute one single agreement between the parties. Except as amended hereby, all of the terms and conditions of the Employment Agreement and the Mostafa Agreement shall remain and continue in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Amendment as of the date first written above. X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Adam S. Mostafa, an individual By:___/s/ Paula Ragan__________ Name: Paula Ragan Title: President and CEO /s/ Adam Mostafa_________________________ Adam S. Mostafa AMENDMENT TO EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.21 This amendment (this “Amendment”) to that certain Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 22, 2019 (the “Employment Agreement”), as amended by the Severance Plan Addendum to Executive Employment Agreement adopted by the Board of Directors on September 18, 2019 (the “Plan Addendum”) (collectively, the “Kelley Agreement”) by and between E. Lynne Kelley, MD, FACS (“Employee”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) is entered into as of this 5th day of March, 2020. WHEREAS, on February 10, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) voted to adjust certain aspects of Employee’s compensation terms; and WHEREAS, the parties wish to amend the Employment Agreement to reflect the Board’s decision. In consideration and in furtherance of Employee’s continued at-will employment with the Company, Employee and the Company agree as follows: 1. The below existing language in Section 2(c)(ii) in the Employment Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it, and, for avoidance of doubt, all other language in Section 2(c)(ii) shall remain unchanged: Existing language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” shall mean: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s then-current Base Salary; (B) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities; (C) a material change in the geographic location at which the Executive provides services to Company outside of a fifty (50) mile radius from the then-current location; or (D) any action or inaction by Company that constitutes a material breach of this Agreement; provided that “Good Reason” shall not be deemed to have occurred unless: (1) Executive provides Company with written notice that Executive intends to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder for one of the grounds set forth above within thirty (30) days of such ground first occurring, (2) if such ground is capable of being cured, Company has failed to cure such ground within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of such written notice, and (3) Executive terminates Executive’s employment within seventy five (75) days from the date that Good Reason first occurs. For purposes of clarification, the above-listed conditions shall apply separately to each occurrence of Good Reason and failure to adhere to such conditions in the event of Good Reason shall not disqualify Executive from asserting Good Reason for any subsequent occurrence of Good Reason.” Replacement language: “For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” for resignation from employment with the Company means that any of the following actions are taken by the Company without Executive’s prior written consent: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s base salary, which the parties agree is a reduction of at least 10% of Executive’s base salary (unless pursuant to a salary reduction program applicable generally to the Company’s similarly situated employees); or (B) a material reduction in Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities; or (C) relocation of Executive’s principal place of employment to a place that increases Executive’s one-way commute by more than sixty (60) miles as compared to Executive’s then-current principal place of employment immediately prior to such relocation. In order to resign for Good Reason, Executive must provide written notice to the Company’s CEO within 30 days after the first occurrence of the event giving rise to Good Reason setting forth the basis for Executive’s resignation, allow the Company at least 30 days from receipt of such written notice to cure such event, and if such event is not reasonably cured within such period, Executive must resign from all positions Executive then holds with the Company not later than 90 days after the expiration of the cure period.” 2. The below existing language in Section 4(b)(i) and 4(b)(ii) of the Employment Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it: Existing language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment- related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. Replacement language: “(i) Company shall pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a six (6) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to continuation of Executive’s monthly Base Salary for a twelve (12) month period, with such payments to be made in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. (ii) Company shall pay Executive a pro-rata portion of Executive’s at-target Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions; provided, however, that if Executive’s resignation or termination under this Section occurs within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control (as defined below), then the Company shall instead pay Executive an amount equal to Executive’s full Annual Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs in advance of such Annual Bonus being earned, with such payment to be made in on one lump sum in accordance with Company’s normal payroll practices and schedules, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions. For avoidance of doubt, this Amendment shall supersede Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.3 of the Plan Addendum and the parties acknowledge and agree that the amendments to the Plan Addendum described herein shall only apply to Employee. This Amendment may be executed in several counterparts, all of which taken together shall constitute one single agreement between the parties. Except as amended hereby, all of the terms and conditions of the Employment Agreement and the Kelley Agreement shall remain and continue in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Amendment as of the date first written above. X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. E. Lynne Kelley, MD, FACS an individual By: /s/ Paula M. Ragan Name: Paula M. Ragan, Ph.D. Title: CEO /s/ Lynne Kelley E. Lynne Kelley, MD, FACS EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.22 THIS EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of September 25, 2019, (the “Effective Date”) by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”), and Derek M. Meisner (“Executive”) (collectively referred to as the “Parties” or individually referred to as a “Party”). WHEREAS, the Company desires to employ Executive as its General Counsel, and to enter into an agreement embodying the terms of such employment; R E C I T A L S WHEREAS, Executive desires to accept such employment and enter into such an agreement. A G R E E M E N T NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the Parties agree as follows: 1. Duties and Scope of Employment. (a) Positions and Duties. As of November 4, 2019, Executive will serve as General Counsel of the Company. Executive will render such business and professional services in the performance of Executive’s duties, consistent with Executive’s position within the Company, as shall reasonably be assigned to Executive by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The period of Executive’s at-will employment under the terms of this Agreement is referred to herein as the “Employment Term.” (b) Obligations. During the Employment Term, Executive will perform Executive’s duties faithfully and to the best of Executive’s ability and will devote Executive’s full business efforts and time to the Company. For the duration of the Employment Term, Executive agrees not to actively engage in any other employment, occupation or consulting activity, for any direct or indirect remuneration, that may create a conflict of interest or interfere with Executive’s duties to the Company, without the prior approval of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (c) No Conflicts. As a condition of Executive’s employment, Executive certifies to the Company that: (a) Executive is free to enter into and fully perform the duties of Executive’s position; (b) Executive is not subject to any employment, confidentiality, non-competition or other agreement that would restrict Executive’s performance for the Company; (c) Executive’s signing this Agreement does not violate any order, judgment or injunction applicable to Executive, or conflict with or breach any agreement to which Executive is a party or by which Executive is bound; and (d) all facts Executive has presented to the Company are accurate and true, including, but not limited to, all oral and written statements Executive has made (including those pertaining to Executive’s education, training, qualifications, licensing and prior work experience) in any job application, resume, c.v., interview or discussion with the Company. (d) At-Will Employment. Subject to Sections 7, 8, and 9 below, The parties agree that Executive's employment with the Company will be “at-will” employment and may be terminated at any time with or without cause or notice, for any reason or no reason. Executive understands and agrees that neither Executive’s job performance nor promotions, commendations, bonuses or the like from the Company give rise to or in any way serve as the basis for modification, amendment, or extension, by implication or otherwise, of Executive’s employment with the Company. 3. Compensation. a. Base Salary. During the Employment Term, the Company will pay Executive as compensation for Executive’s services a base salary at a rate of $400,000.00 per year, as modified from time to time at the discretion of the Company (the “Base Salary”). The Base Salary will be paid in regular installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices (subject to required withholding). Any increase or decrease in Base Salary (together with the then existing Base Salary) shall serve as the “Base Salary” for future employment under this Agreement. The first and last payment will be adjusted, if necessary, to reflect a commencement or termination date other than the first or last working day of a pay period. b. Start Bonus. Executive will also be eligible to earn a one-time bonus of $135,000.00, less applicable withholdings (“Start Bonus”). The Company will pay Executive 50% of the Start Bonus, in advance of being earned, within thirty (30) days after the Effective Date, and the other 50% of the Start Bonus on or about the same date that the Company pays annual bonuses to employees in approximately March 2020. Executive will earn each portion of the Start Bonus if Executive remains continuously employed with the Company through the one-year anniversary of the applicable payment date of such portion. If Executive’s employment with the Company terminates for any reason (except by the Executive for Good Reason, as defined below) prior to the one-year anniversary of the applicable payment date of such portion, Executive agrees to repay such unearned portion(s) with thirty (30) days after the date Executive’s employment terminates. c. Annual Bonus. Executive will also be eligible to earn an annual discretionary bonus with a target amount equal to 40% of the Base Salary (“Target Bonus”). The amount of this bonus, if any, will be determined in the sole discretion of the Company and based, in part, on Executive’s performance and the performance of the Company during the calendar year. The Company will pay Executive this bonus, if any, by no later than March 15th of the following calendar year. The bonus is not earned until paid and no pro-rated amount will be paid if Executive’s employment terminates for any reason prior to the payment date. d. Stock Option. In connection with the commencement of Executive’s employment and subject to the approval of the Board of Directors of the Company or the Compensation Committee thereof, the Company will grant Executive a non-qualified stock option (the “Option”) for the purchase of an aggregate of 55,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company at a price per share equal to the fair market value on the date of grant, as an inducement material to Executive joining the Company, pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Listed Company Manual, under the Company’s 2019 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Option shall be subject to all terms, vesting, and other provisions set forth in a separate option agreement under the Plan. The Option will have a term of 10 years, except as set forth in the option agreement and the Plan, and be subject to a vesting schedule of four years, with 25% of the shares vesting on the first anniversary of Executive’s employment start date and the remainder vesting in equal installments over the following 36 months, provided, that Executive remains continuously employed by the Company on such vesting dates. 1. Executive will be eligible to receive awards of stock options, restricted stock or other equity awards pursuant to any plans or arrangements the Company may have in effect from time to time. The Board or a committee of the Board shall determine in its discretion whether Executive shall be granted any such equity awards and the terms of any such award in accordance with the terms of any applicable plan or arrangement that may be in effect from time to time. 4. Employee Benefits. During the Employment Term, Executive may take advantage of various benefits offered by the Company, such as group medical insurance, dental insurance, short-term disability, long- term disability and the Company’s 401(k) plan. Executive will also be entitled to fifteen (15) days of paid time off per year, as well as two (2) personal days and eleven (11) paid holidays, exclusive of any sick days Executive may need. These benefits may be modified or changed from time to time at the sole discretion of the Company. The details of the Company’s full benefit offerings can be found in its Employee Handbook. 5. Business Expenses. During the Employment Term, the Company will reimburse Executive for reasonable business travel, entertainment or other business expenses incurred by Executive in the furtherance of or in connection with the performance of Executive’s duties hereunder, in accordance with the Company’s expense reimbursement policy as in effect from time to time. All reimbursements provided under this Agreement will be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 409A”) and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, where applicable, the requirement that (i) any reimbursement is for expenses incurred during Executive’s lifetime (or during a shorter period of time specified in this Agreement); (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement during a calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year; (iii) the reimbursement of an eligible expense shall be made no later than the last day of the calendar year following the year in which the expense is incurred; and (iv) the right to reimbursement or in kind benefits is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. 6. Termination on Death or Disability. a. Effectiveness. Executive’s employment will terminate automatically upon Executive’s Death or, upon fourteen (14) days prior written notice from the Company, in the event of Disability. Effect of Termination. Upon any termination for death or Disability, Executive shall be entitled to: (i) Executive’s Base Salary through the effective date of termination; (ii) the right to continue health care benefits under Title X of the Consolidated Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended (“COBRA”), at Executive’s cost, to the extent required and available by law; (iii) reimbursement of expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; and (iv) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any other written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. 7. Involuntary Termination for Cause; Resignation without Good Reason. a. Effectiveness. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company may terminate Executive’s employment at any time for Cause or Executive may resign from Executive’s employment with the Company at any time without Good Reason. Termination for Cause, or Executive’s resignation without Good Reason, shall be effective on the date either Party gives notice to the other Party of such termination in accordance with this Agreement unless otherwise agreed by the Parties. In the event that the Company accelerates the effective date of a resignation, such acceleration shall not be construed as a termination of Executives employment by the Company or deemed Good Reason for such resignation. b. Effect of Termination. In the case of the Company’s termination of Executive’s employment for Cause, or Executive’s resignation without Good Reason, Executive shall be entitled to receive: (i) Base Salary through the effective date of the termination or resignation, as applicable; (ii) reimbursement of all business expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; (iii) the right to continue health care benefits under COBRA, at Executive’s cost, to the extent required and available by law; and (iv) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any other written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. 8. Involuntary Termination Without Cause; Resignation for Good Reason. a. Effect of Termination. The Company shall be entitled to terminate Executive with or without Cause at any time, subject to the following: i. ii. If Executive is terminated by the Company involuntarily without Cause (excluding any termination due to death or Disability) or Executive resigns for Good Reason, then, subject to the limitations of Sections 8(b) and 23 below, Executive shall be entitled to receive: (A) Executive’s Base Salary through the effective date of the termination or resignation; (B) continuing severance pay at a rate equal to one hundred percent (100%) of Executive’s Base Salary, as then in effect (less applicable withholding), for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of such termination, to be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices; (C) reimbursement of all business expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; (D) pro-rata portion of the Target Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination; (E) provided that Executive elects COBRA coverage, the Company shall reimburse Executive for a portion of each COBRA premium payment equal to the portion the Company contributed to such health insurance premium cost as of the date Executive’s employment terminates, until the earlier of six months from the date of termination or the date upon which Executive becomes eligible to receive health benefits through another employer; (F) accelerated vesting of the Option equal to the number of shares subject to the Option that would have vested had Executive otherwise remained employed for an additional six months after the date his employment with the Company terminated; (G) the benefit under the Change of Control Severance Policy in the Confidential Information Agreement; and (H) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. Conditions Precedent. Any severance payments contemplated by Section 8(a)(i)(B) above are conditional on Executive: (i) continuing to comply with the terms of this Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement; and (ii) signing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of known and unknown claims in the form provided by the Company (including nondisparagement and no cooperation provisions) (the “Release”) and provided that such Release becomes effective and irrevocable no later than sixty (60) days following the termination date or such earlier date required by the release (such deadline, the “Release Deadline”). If the Release does not become effective by the Release Deadline, Executive will forfeit any rights to severance or benefits under this Section 8(a)(i)(B) or elsewhere in this Agreement. Any severance payments or other benefits under this Agreement will be paid on, or, in the case of installments, will not commence until, the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service, or, if later, such time as required by Section 23(b). Except as required by Section 23(b), any installment payments that would have been made to Employee during the sixty (60) day period immediately following Executive’s separation from service but for the preceding sentence will be paid to Executive on the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service and the remaining payments will be made as provided in this Agreement, unless subject to the 6- month payment delay described herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 8(b) shall not limit Executive’s ability to obtain expense reimbursements under Section 6 or any other compensation or benefits otherwise required by law or in accordance with written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. 9. Definitions. a. Cause. For purposes of this Agreement, “Cause” shall mean: (i) Executive’s continued failure to substantially perform the material duties and obligations under this Agreement (for reasons other than death or Disability), which failure, if curable within the reasonable discretion of the Company, is not cured to the reasonable satisfaction of the Company within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice from the Company of such failure; (ii) Executive’s failure or refusal to comply with the policies, standards and regulations established by the Company from time to time which failure, if curable in the reasonable discretion of the Company, is not cured to the reasonable satisfaction of the Company within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice of such failure from the Company; (iii) any act of willful misconduct, fraud, embezzlement, misrepresentation, or other unlawful act committed by Executive that benefits Executive at the expense of the Company; (iv) the Executive’s violation of a federal or state law or regulation applicable to the Company’s business; (v) the Executive’s violation of, or a plea of nolo contendre or guilty to, a felony under the laws of the United States or any state; (vi) the Executive’s material breach of the terms of this Agreement or the Confidential Information Agreement (defined below); or (vii) the Company’s severe financial distress, whereby the Company is in the process of winding down its business and Executive’s employment is terminated in connection with such winding down; provided that prior to such termination, a determination is made by the Company’s Board of Directors that none of the Company’s Officers (as that term is defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) will receive severance payments in connection with the winding down of the Company’s business. b. Disability. For purposes of this Agreement, “Disability” means that Executive, at the time notice is given, has been unable to substantially perform Executive’s duties under this Agreement for not less than one-hundred and twenty (120) work days within a twelve (12) consecutive month period as a result of Executive’s incapacity due to a physical or mental condition and, if reasonable accommodation is required by law, after any reasonable accommodation. c. Good Reason. For purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” means Executive’s written notice of Executive’s intent to resign for Good Reason with a reasonable description of the grounds therefor within 10 days after the occurrence of one or more of the following without Executive’s consent, and subsequent resignation within 30 days following the expiration of any Company cure period (discussed below): (i) a material reduction of Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities (provided, however, that any change in duties, position, or responsibilities due to the Company becoming a subsidiary or division of another entity in connection with a Change of Control shall not be Good Reason); (ii) a material reduction in Executive’s Base Salary or Target Bonus (with materiality being defined for purposes of this subsection as five percent (5%) or more of the Base Salary or Target Bonus); (iii) a material breach of this Agreement by the Company; or (iv) any directive given to Executive by the Company that the Company knows is in violation of a law, regulation, or material Company policy and the Company requires Executive to implement as a condition of his continued employment. Executive will not resign for Good Reason without first providing the Company with written notice of the acts or omissions constituting the grounds for “Good Reason” within 30 days of the initial existence of the grounds for “Good Reason” and a reasonable cure period of not less than 30 days following the date of such notice if such act or omission is capable of cure. 10. Company Matters. a. Proprietary Information and Inventions. In connection with Executive’s employment with the Company, Executive will receive and have access to Company confidential information and trade secrets. Accordingly, enclosed with this Agreement is a Confidentiality, Non-Solicitation, Intellectual Property and Change of Control Agreement (the “Confidential Information Agreement”) which contains restrictive covenants and prohibits unauthorized use or disclosure of the Company’s confidential information and trade secrets, among other obligations. Executive agrees to review the Confidential Information Agreement and only sign it after careful consideration. Resignation on Termination. On termination of Executive’s employment, regardless of the reason for such termination, Executive shall immediately (and with contemporaneous effect) resign any directorships, offices or other positions that Executive may hold in the Company or any affiliate, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Parties. b. c. Notification of New Employer. In the event that Executive leaves the employ of the Company, Executive grants consent to notification by the Company to Executive’s new employer about Executive’s rights and obligations under this Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement. Company agrees not to notify Executive’s new employer unless it has a reasonable belief that Executive has violated or intends to violate a provision of the Confidential Information Agreement. 11. Arbitration. To ensure the timely and economical resolution of disputes that may arise in connection with Executive’s employment with the Company, Executive and the Company agree that any and all disputes, claims, or causes of action arising from or relating to the enforcement, breach, performance, negotiation, execution, or interpretation of this Agreement, Confidential Information Agreement, or Executive’s employment, or the termination of Executive’s employment, including but not limited to all statutory claims, will be resolved pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §1-16, and to the fullest extent permitted by law, by final, binding and confidential arbitration by a single arbitrator conducted in Boston, Massachusetts by Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services Inc. (“JAMS”) under the then applicable JAMS rules (at the following web address:); provided, however, this arbitration provision shall not apply to sexual harassment claims to the extent prohibited by applicable law. A hard copy of the rules will be provided to you upon request. A hard copy of the rules will be provided to Executive upon request. By agreeing to this arbitration procedure, both Executive and the Company waive the right to resolve any such dispute through a trial by jury or judge or administrative proceeding. In addition, all claims, disputes, or causes of action under this section, whether by Executive or the Company, must be brought in an individual capacity, and shall not be brought as a plaintiff (or claimant) or class member in any purported class or representative proceeding, nor joined or consolidated with the claims of any other person or entity. The Arbitrator may not consolidate the claims of more than one person or entity,and may not preside over any form of representative or class proceeding. To the extent that the preceding sentences regarding class claims or proceedings are found to violate applicable law or are otherwise found unenforceable, any claim(s) alleged or brought on behalf of a class shall proceed in a court of law rather than by arbitration. The Company acknowledges that Executive will have the right to be represented by legal counsel at any arbitration proceeding. Questions of whether a claim is subject to arbitration under this Agreement) shall be decided by the arbitrator. Likewise, procedural questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on the final disposition are also matters for the arbitrator. The arbitrator shall: (a) have the authority to compel adequate discovery for the resolution of the dispute and to award such relief as would otherwise be permitted by law; (b) issue a written arbitration decision, to include the arbitrator’s essential findings and conclusions and a statement of the award; and (c) be authorized to award any or all remedies that Executive or the Company would be entitled to seek in a court of law. Executive and the Company shall equally share all JAMS’ arbitration fees. Except as modified in the Confidential Information Agreement, each party is responsible for its own attorneys’ fees. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to prevent either Executive or the Company from obtaining injunctive relief in court to prevent irreparable harm pending the conclusion of any such arbitration. Any awards or orders in such arbitrations may be entered and enforced as judgments in the federal and state courts of any competent jurisdiction. To the extent applicable law prohibits mandatory arbitration of sexual harassment claims, in the event you intend to bring multiple claims, including a sexual harassment claim, the sexual harassment may be publicly filed with a court, while any other claims will remain subject to mandatory arbitration. 12. Assignment. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of (a) the heirs, executors and legal representatives of Executive upon Executive's death and (b) any successor of the Company. Any such successor of the Company will be deemed substituted for the Company under the terms of this Agreement for all purposes. For this purpose, “successor” means any person, firm, corporation or other business entity which at any time, whether by purchase, merger or otherwise, directly or indirectly acquires all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Company. None of the rights of Executive to receive any form of compensation payable pursuant to this Agreement may be assigned or transferred except by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Any other attempted assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of Executive’s right to compensation or other benefits will be null and void. 13. Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications called for under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be delivered via e-mail, personally by hand or by courier, mailed by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid, or sent by facsimile directed to the Party to be notified at the address or facsimile number indicated for such Party on the signature page to this Agreement, or at such other address or facsimile number as such Party may designate by ten (10) days’ advance written notice to the other Parties hereto. All such notices and other communications shall be deemed given upon personal delivery, three (3) days after the date of mailing, or upon confirmation of facsimile transfer or e-mail. Notices sent via e-mail under this Section shall be sent to either the e-mail address in this Agreement, or for e-mails sent by the Company to Executive, to the last e-mail address on file with the Company. 14. Severability. In the event that any provision hereof becomes or is declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, this Agreement will continue in full force and effect without said provision. 15. Integration. This Agreement, together with the Plan and related agreements, and the Confidential Information Agreement represents the entire agreement and understanding between the parties as to the subject matter herein and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements whether written or oral. No waiver, alteration, or modification of any of the provisions of this Agreement will be binding unless in writing and signed by duly authorized representatives of the parties hereto. 16. Tax Withholding. All payments made pursuant to this Agreement will be subject to withholding of applicable taxes. 17. Waiver. No Party shall be deemed to have waived any right, power or privilege under this Agreement or any provisions hereof unless such waiver shall have been duly executed in writing and acknowledged by the Party to be charged with such waiver. The failure of any Party at any time to insist on performance of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall in no way be construed to be a waiver of such provisions, nor in any way to affect the validity of this Agreement or any part hereof. No waiver of any breach of this Agreement shall be held to be a waiver of any other subsequent breach 18. Governing Law. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (with the exception of its conflict of laws provisions). 19. Acknowledgment. Executive acknowledges that Executive has had the opportunity to discuss this matter with and obtain advice from Executive’s legal counsel, has had sufficient time to, and has carefully read and fully understands all the provisions of this Agreement, and is knowingly and voluntarily entering into this Agreement. 20. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall constitute but one instrument. 21. Effect of Headings. The section and subsection headings contained herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. 22. Construction of Agreement. This Agreement has been negotiated by the respective Parties, and the language shall not be construed for or against either Party. 23. Section 409A. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, no severance pay or benefits to be paid or provided to Executive, if any, pursuant to this Agreement, when considered together with any other severance payments or separation benefits that are considered deferred compensation under Section 409A (together, the “Deferred Compensation a. Separation Benefits”) will be paid or otherwise provided until Executive has a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A. b. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, if Executive is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Section 409A at the time of Executive’s termination (other than due to death), then the Deferred Compensation Separation Benefits that are payable within the first six (6) months following Executive’s separation from service, will become payable on the first payroll date that occurs on or after the date six (6) months and one (1) day following the date of Executive’s separation from service. All subsequent Deferred Compensation Separation Benefits, if any, will be payable in accordance with the payment schedule applicable to each payment or benefit. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if Executive dies following Executive’s separation from service, but prior to the six (6) month anniversary of the separation from service, then any payments delayed in accordance with this paragraph will be payable in a lump sum as soon as administratively practicable after the date of Executive’s death and all other Deferred Compensation Separation Benefits will be payable in accordance with the payment schedule applicable to each payment or benefit. Each payment and benefit payable under this Agreement is intended to constitute separate payments for purposes of Section 1.409A-2(b)(2) of the Treasury Regulations. Any amount paid under this Agreement that satisfies the requirements of the “short-term deferral” rule set forth in Section 1.409A-1(b)(4) of the Treasury Regulations will not constitute Deferred Compensation Separation Benefits for purposes of clause (a) above. c. d. Any amount paid under this Agreement that qualifies as a payment made as a result of an involuntary separation from service pursuant to Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii) of the Treasury Regulations that does not exceed the Section 409A Limit will not constitute Deferred Compensation Separation Benefits for purposes of clause (a) above. For purposes of this Agreement, “Section 409A Limit” will mean the lesser of two (2) times: (i) Executive’s annualized compensation based upon the annual rate of pay paid to Executive during the Executive’s taxable year preceding Executive’s taxable year of Executive’s termination of employment as determined under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii)(A)(1) and any Internal Revenue Service guidance issued with respect thereto; or (ii) the maximum amount that may be taken into account under a qualified plan pursuant to Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code for the year in which Executive’s employment is terminated. e. The foregoing provisions are intended to comply with the requirements of Section 409A so that none of the severance payments and benefits to be provided hereunder will be subject to the additional tax imposed under Section 409A, and any ambiguities herein will be interpreted to so comply. The Company and Executive agree to work together in good faith to consider amendments to this Agreement and to take such reasonable actions which are necessary, appropriate or desirable to avoid imposition of any additional tax or income recognition prior to actual payment to Executive under Section 409A. “COMPANY” X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. By: /s/ Paula M. Ragan Address: X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 Attn: Ronny Mosston Email: Ronny.Mosston@x4pharma.com “EXECUTIVE” DEREK M. MEISNER /s/ Derek Meisner Executive Name Address: 11 Thornton Rd. Needham, MA 02492 Enclosure Confidentiality, Non-Solicitation, Intellectual Property and Change of Control Agreement AMENDMENT TO MEISNER EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS Exhibit 10.23 This amendment (this “Amendment”) to that certain Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 25, 2019 (the “Employment Agreement”) by and between Derek M. Meisner (“Employee”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”), and the Confidentiality, Non-Solicitation, Intellectual Property and Change of Control Agreement (the “CNIPCA), dated September 29, 2019, by and between Employee and the Company, is entered into as of this 24th day of February, 2020. WHEREAS, on February 10, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) voted to adjust certain aspects of Employee’s compensation terms; and WHEREAS, the parties wish to amend the Employment Agreement and the CNIPCA to reflect the Board’s decision. In consideration and in furtherance of Employee’s continued at-will employment with the Company, Employee and the Company agree as follows: 1. Section 8 of the CNIPCA shall be entirely replaced by the following replacement language: Replacement language: “[Reserved]” 2. The below existing language in the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it: Existing language: “8. Involuntary Termination Without Cause; Resignation for Good Reason. (a)Effect of Termination. The Company shall be entitled to terminate Executive with or without Cause at any time, subject to the following: (i) If Executive is terminated by the Company involuntarily without Cause (excluding any termination due to death or Disability) or Executive resigns for Good Reason, then, subject to the limitations of Sections 8(b) and 23 below, Executive shall be entitled to receive: (A) Executive’s Base Salary through the effective date of the termination or resignation; (B) continuing severance pay at a rate equal to one hundred percent (100%) of Executive’s Base Salary, as then in effect (less applicable withholding), for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of such termination, to be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices; (C) reimbursement of all business expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; (D) pro-rata portion of the Target Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination; (E) provided that Executive elects COBRA coverage, the Company shall reimburse Executive for a portion of each COBRA premium payment equal to the portion the Company contributed to such health insurance premium cost as of the date Executive’s employment terminates, until the earlier of six months from the date of termination or the date upon which Executive becomes eligible to receive health benefits through another employer; (F) accelerated vesting of the Option equal to the number of shares subject to the Option that would have vested had Executive otherwise remained employed for an additional six months after the date his employment with the Company terminated; (G) the benefit under the Change of Control Severance Policy in the Confidential Information Agreement; and (H) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any written Company plans or policies, as then in effect.” Replacement language: “8. Involuntary Termination Without Cause; Resignation for Good Reason. a. Effect of Termination. The Company shall be entitled to terminate Executive with or without Cause and Executive may resign for Good Reason, subject to the following: (i) If Executive is terminated by the Company involuntarily without Cause (excluding any termination due to death or Disability) or Executive resigns for Good Reason at any time except as provided in Section 8(a)(ii), then, subject to the limitations of Sections 8(b) and 23 below, Executive shall be entitled to receive: (A) Executive’s Base Salary through the effective date of the termination or resignation; (B) continuing severance pay at a rate equal to one hundred percent (100%) of Executive’s Base Salary, as then in effect (less applicable withholding), for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of such termination, to be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices; (C) reimbursement of all business expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; (D) pro-rata portion of the Target Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs based on the period worked by Executive during such calendar year prior to termination; (E) provided that Executive elects COBRA coverage, the Company shall reimburse Executive for a portion of each COBRA premium payment equal to the portion the Company contributed to such health insurance premium cost as of the date Executive’s employment terminates, until the earlier of six months from the date of termination or the date upon which Executive becomes eligible to receive health benefits through another employer; (F) accelerated vesting of the Option equal to the number of shares subject to the Option that would have vested had Executive otherwise remained employed for an additional six months after the date his employment with the Company terminated; and (G) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. (ii) If, within twelve (12) months after a Change of Control as defined below, Executive is terminated by the Company involuntarily without Cause (excluding any termination due to death or Disability) or Executive resigns for Good Reason, then, subject to the limitations of Sections 8(b) and 23 below, Executive shall be entitled to receive, in lieu of the benefits set forth in Section 8(a)(i): (A) Executive’s Base Salary through the effective date of the termination or resignation; (B) continuing severance pay at a rate equal to one hundred percent (100%) of Executive’s Base Salary, as then in effect (less applicable withholding), for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of such termination, to be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices; (C) reimbursement of all business expenses for which Executive is entitled to be reimbursed pursuant to Section 6 above, but for which Executive has not yet been reimbursed; (D) an amount equal to Executive’s full Target Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs in advance of such Target Bonus being earned; (E) provided that Executive elects COBRA coverage, the Company shall reimburse Executive for a portion of each COBRA premium payment equal to the portion the Company contributed to such health insurance premium cost as of the date Executive’s employment terminates, until the earlier of six months from the date of termination or the date upon which Executive becomes eligible to receive health benefits through another employer; (F) the full acceleration of vesting of the Option as of the date his employment with the Company terminated; and (G) no other severance or benefits of any kind, unless required by law or pursuant to any written Company plans or policies, as then in effect. For purposes of this Agreement, a “Change of Control” is defined as a Reorganization Event, as defined in the X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as it may be further amended from time to time, or any successor plan thereto. 3. The below existing language in Section 8(b) of the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it: Existing Language: “(b) Conditions Precedent. Any severance payments contemplated by Section 8(a)(i)(B) above are conditional on Executive: (i) continuing to comply with the terms of this Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement; and (ii) signing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of known and unknown claims in the form provided by the Company (including nondisparagement and no cooperation provisions) (the “Release”) and provided that such Release becomes effective and irrevocable no later than sixty (60) days following the termination date or such earlier date required by the release (such deadline, the “Release Deadline”). If the Release does not become effective by the Release Deadline, Executive will forfeit any rights to severance or benefits under this Section 8(a) (i)(B) or elsewhere in this Agreement. Any severance payments or other benefits under this Agreement will be paid on, or, in the case of installments, will not commence until, the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service, or, if later, such time as required by Section 23(b). Except as required by Section 23(b), any installment payments that would have been made to Employee during the sixty (60) day period immediately following Executive’s separation from service but for the preceding sentence will be paid to Executive on the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service and the remaining payments will be made as provided in this Agreement, unless subject to the 6- month payment delay described herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 8(b) shall not limit Executive’s ability to obtain expense reimbursements under Section 6 or any other compensation or benefits otherwise required by law or in accordance with written Company plans or policies, as then in effect.” Replacement Language: “(b) Conditions Precedent. Any severance payments contemplated by Section 8(a)(i)(B) or 8(a)(ii)(B) above are conditional on Executive: (i) continuing to comply with the terms of this Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement; and (ii) signing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of known and unknown claims in the form provided by the Company (including nondisparagement and no cooperation provisions) (the “Release”) and provided that such Release becomes effective and irrevocable no later than sixty (60) days following the termination date or such earlier date required by the release (such deadline, the “Release Deadline”). If the Release does not become effective by the Release Deadline, Executive will forfeit any rights to severance or benefits under Sections 8(a)(i) (B) or 8(a)(ii)(B) or elsewhere in this Agreement. Any severance payments or other benefits under this Agreement will be paid on, or, in the case of installments, will not commence until, the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service, or, if later, such time as required by Section 23(b). Except as required by Section 23(b), any installment payments that would have been made to Employee during the sixty (60) day period immediately following Executive’s separation from service but for the preceding sentence will be paid to Executive on the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service and the remaining payments will be made as provided in this Agreement, unless subject to the 6- month payment delay described herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 8(b) shall not limit Executive’s ability to obtain expense reimbursements under Section 6 or any other compensation or benefits otherwise required by law or in accordance with written Company plans or policies, as then in effect.” 4. The below existing language in Section 9(c) of the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it: Existing language: “Good Reason. For purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” means Executive’s written notice of Executive’s intent to resign for Good Reason with a reasonable description of the grounds therefor within 10 days after the occurrence of one or more of the following without Executive’s consent, and subsequent resignation within 30 days following the expiration of any Company cure period (discussed below): (i) a material reduction of Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities (provided, however, that any change in duties, position, or responsibilities due to the Company becoming a subsidiary or division of another entity in connection with a Change of Control shall not be Good Reason); (ii) a material reduction in Executive’s Base Salary or Target Bonus (with materiality being defined for purposes of this subsection as five percent (5%) or more of the Base Salary or Target Bonus); (iii) a material breach of this Agreement by the Company; or (iv) any directive given to Executive by the Company that the Company knows is in violation of a law, regulation, or material Company policy and the Company requires Executive to implement as a condition of his continued employment. Executive will not resign for Good Reason without first providing the Company with written notice of the acts or omissions constituting the grounds for “Good Reason” within 30 days of the initial existence of the grounds for “Good Reason” and a reasonable cure period of not less than 30 days following the date of such notice if such act or omission is capable of cure.” Replacement language: “Good Reason. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Good Reason” for resignation from employment with the Company means that any of the following actions are taken by the Company without Executive’s prior written consent: (A) a material reduction in Executive’s base salary, which the parties agree is a reduction of at least 10% of Executive’s base salary (unless pursuant to a salary reduction program applicable generally to the Company’s similarly situated employees); or (B) a material reduction in Executive’s duties, position or responsibilities; or (C) relocation of Executive’s principal place of employment to a place that increases Executive’s one- way commute by more than sixty (60) miles as compared to Executive’s then-current principal place of employment immediately prior to such relocation. In order to resign for Good Reason, Executive must provide written notice to the Company’s CEO within 30 days after the first occurrence of the event giving rise to Good Reason setting forth the basis for Executive’s resignation, allow the Company at least 30 days from receipt of such written notice to cure such event, and if such event is not reasonably cured within such period, Executive must resign from all positions Executive then holds with the Company not later than 90 days after the expiration of the cure period.” 5. The below existing language in Section 9(c) of the Agreement shall be entirely replaced by the replacement language beneath it: For avoidance of doubt, this Amendment shall supersede and replace any severance provisions set forth in the Employment Agreement, as amended herein. This Amendment may be executed in several counterparts, all of which taken together shall constitute one single agreement between the parties. Except as amended hereby, all of the terms and conditions of the Agreement shall remain and continue in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Amendment as of the date first written above. X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. By: /s/ Paula Ragan Name: Paula Ragan Title: Chief Executive Officer Derek M. Meisner, an individual By: /s/ Derek Meisner Derek M. Meisner Exhibit 10.32 61 NORTH BEACON STREET ALLSTON, MASSACHUSETTS I N D E X T O L E A S E FROM BEACON NORTH VILLAGE, LLC TO X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, MA – X4 Pharmaceuticals TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLE I Basic Lease Provisions and Enumerations of Exhibits 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Data 1.3 Enumeration of Exhibits ARTICLE II Premises 2.1 Demise and Lease of Premises 2.2 Appurtenant Rights and Reservations ARTICLE III Lease Term and Extension Options 3.1 Term 3.2 Extension Option ARTICLE IV Condition of Premises; Alterations 4.1 Preparation of Premises ARTICLE V Annual Fixed Rent 5.1 Fixed Rent 5.2 Additional Rent ARTICLE VI Taxes 6.1 Definitions 6.2 Tenant’s Share of Real Estate Taxes ARTICLE VII Landlord’s Repairs and Services and Tenant’s Escalation Payments Structural Repairs 7.2 Other Repairs to be Made by Landlord 7.3 Services to be Provided by Landlord 7.4 Operating Costs Defined 7.5 Tenant’s Operating Expense Payments 7.6 Tenant’s Audit Right 7.7 No Damage ARTICLE VIII Tenant’s Repairs 8.1 Tenant’s Repairs and Maintenance 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 20 21 23 26 26 ARTICLE IX Alterations 9.1 Landlord’s Approval 9.2 Conformity of Work 9.3 Performance of Work, Governmental Permits and Insurance 9.4 Liens 9.5 Nature of Alterations 9.6 Increases in Taxes 9.7 Alterations Permitted Without Landlord’s Consent ARTICLE X Parking 10.1 Parking Privileges 1 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, MA – X4 Pharmaceuticals 27 27 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 10.2 Parking Operations 10.3 Limitations ARTICLE XI Certain Tenant Covenants ARTICLE XII Assignment and Subletting 12.1 Restrictions on Transfer 12.2 Tenant’s Notice 12.3 Landlord’s Termination Right 12.4 Consent of Landlord 12.5 Exceptions 12.6 Profit on Subleasing or Assignment 12.7 Additional Conditions ARTICLE XIII Indemnity and Insurance 13.1 Tenant’s Indemnity 13.2 Tenant’s Risk 13.3 Tenant’s Commercial General Liability Insurance 13.4 Tenant’s Property Insurance 13.5 Tenant’s Other Insurance 13.6 Requirements for Tenant’s Insurance 13.7 Additional Insureds 13.8 Certificates of Insurance 13.9 Subtenants and Other Occupants 13.10 No Violation of Building Policies 13.11 Tenant to Pay Premium Increases 13.12 Landlord’s Insurance 13.13 Waiver of Subrogation 13.14 Tenant’s Work ARTICLE XIV Fire, Casualty and Taking 14.1 Damage Resulting from Casualty 14.2 Uninsured Casualty 32 32 33 37 37 38 38 39 41 41 42 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 51 51 51 53 14.3 Rights of Termination for Taking 14.4 Award ARTICLE XV Default 15.1 Tenant’s Default 15.2 Termination; Re(cid:0)Entry 15.3 Continued Liability; Re-Letting 15.4 Liquidated Damages 15.5 Waiver of Redemption 15.6 Landlord’s Default ARTICLE XVI Miscellaneous Provisions 16.1 Waiver 16.2 Cumulative Remedies 2 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, MA – X4 Pharmaceuticals 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 58 59 59 59 60 16.3 Quiet Enjoyment 16.4 Surrender 16.5 Brokerage 16.6 Invalidity of Particular Provisions 16.7 Provisions Binding, Etc. 16.8 Recording; Confidentiality 16.9 Notices and Time for Action 16.10 When Lease Becomes Binding and Authority 16.11 Paragraph Headings 16.12 Rights of Mortgagee 16.13 Rights of Ground Lessor 16.14 Notice to Mortgagee and Ground Lessor 16.15 Assignment of Rents 16.16 Status Report and Financial Statements 16.17 Self(cid:0)Help 16.18 Holding Over 16.19 Entry by Landlord 16.20 Tenant’s Payments 16.21 Late Payment 16.22 Counterparts 16.23 Entire Agreement 16.24 Landlord Liability 16.25 No Partnership 16.26 Letter of Credit 16.27 Electronic Signatures 16.28 Reserved 16.29 Governing Law 16.30 Payment of Litigation Expenses 16.31 Waiver of Trial by Jury 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 71 71 71 72 72 ARTICLE XVII Tenant Signage 17.1 Definitions. 17.2 Signage. 72 72 73 3 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, MA – X4 Pharmaceuticals 61 NORTH BEACON STREET ALLSTON, MASSACHUSETTS THIS INSTRUMENT IS AN INDENTURE OF LEASE in which the Landlord and the Tenant are the parties hereinafter named, and which relates to space in the building known as 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, Massachusetts. The parties to this instrument hereby agree with each other as follows: ARTICLE I. Basic Lease Provisions and Enumerations of Exhibits 1 Introduction The following sets forth the basic data and identifying Exhibits elsewhere hereinafter referred to in this Lease, and, where appropriate, constitute definitions of the terms hereinafter listed. 2 Basic Data Execution Date: Landlord: Present Mailing Address of Landlord: Landlord’s Construction Representative: Tenant: Present Mailing Address of Tenant: Term or Lease Term: (sometimes called the “Original Lease Term”) Extension Option: Lease Year: November , 2019 Beacon North Village, LLC 61 North Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02134 Kerin Shea, kshea@ciccologroup.com X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 The period commencing on the Commencement Date and ending on the last day of the seventh (7th) Lease Year (“Expiration Date”), unless extended or sooner terminated as provided in this Lease. One period of five (5) years as provided in and on the terms set forth in Section 3.2 hereof. For purposes hereof, “Lease Year” shall mean each consecutive twelve (12) month period beginning on the the Commencement Date Commencement Date, provided, however, the Commencement Date does not fall on the first day of a calendar month, then the first Lease Year shall begin on the Commencement Date and end on the last day of the month containing the first anniversary of the Commencement Date, and each succeeding Lease Year shall begin on the day following the expiration of the prior Lease Year. anniversary of if that an or Commencement Date: Premises: Rentable Floor Area of the Premises: Annual Fixed Rent: Simultaneous with the Execution Date. The entire third (3rd) and fourth (4th) floors containing approximately 28,000 square feet of Rentable Floor Area in the aggregate, all as shown on the floor plans annexed hereto as Exhibit D and incorporated herein by reference. Determined to be Twenty Eight Thousand (28,000) square feet During the Original Lease Term at the following annual amounts: (i)During the period the Rent Commencement Date and continuing the expiration of the first (1st) Lease Year, the annual amount commencing on through Additional Rent: Total Rentable Floor Area of the Building: Building: Permitted Use: Letter of Credit: Brokers: Historic Tax Credits: of $980,000.00 (being equal to the product of (x) $35.00 and (y) the Rentable Floor Area of the Premises); (ii)For each subsequent Lease Year during the Original Lease Term, the Annual Fixed Rent shall increase by $1.00 per square foot of Rental Floor Area of the Premises). All charges and other sums payable by Tenant as set forth in this Lease, in addition to Annual Fixed Rent. 71,000 square feet. The Building located on the land known as and numbered 61 North Beacon Street, Allston, Massachusetts, as the same may be altered, expanded, reduced or otherwise changed by Landlord from time to time. Executive, professional and administrative offices and all lawful uses ancillary thereto, in all events as may from time to time be permitted under the Zoning By(cid:0)Law of the City of Allston and consistent with the types of uses generally found in first(cid:0)class office buildings in the Allston/Brighton and Brighton Landing area (the “Market Area”). One Million One Hundred Forty Thousand Three Hundred Seventy Eight Dollars and Sixty Cents ($1,140,378.60), payable in accordance with and to be held and released subject to the provisions of Section 16.26. CBRE, Inc. The historic rehabilitation tax credit allowed for qualified rehabilitation expenditures incurred in connection with the “certified rehabilitation” of a “certified historic structure” pursuant to Section 47 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, or any corresponding provision or provisions of prior or succeeding law. 1.3 Enumeration of Exhibits The following Exhibits attached hereto are a part of this Lease, are incorporated herein by reference, and are to be treated as a part of this Lease for all purposes. Undertakings contained in such Exhibits are agreements on the part of Landlord and Tenant, as the case may be, to perform the obligations stated therein to be performed by Landlord and Tenant, as and where stipulated therein. Exhibit A -- Legal Description Exhibit B-1 -- Work Agreement Exhibit B-2 -- Tenant Plan and Working Drawing Requirements Exhibit B-3 -- Tenant’s Fit Plan Exhibit B-4 -- Roof Area Exhibit C -- Landlord’s Services Exhibit D -- Floor Plans of the Premises Exhibit E -- ACH Directive Exhibit F -- Omitted Exhibit G -- Forms of Lien Waivers Exhibit H -- Broker Determination of Prevailing Market Rent Exhibit I -- List of Mortgages Exhibit J -- Form of Letter of Credit Exhibit K -- Form of Notice of Lease Exhibit L -- Form of SNDA Exhibit M -- Controllable Expenses 2.1 Demise and Lease of Premises ARTICLE II. Premises Landlord hereby demises and leases to Tenant, and Tenant hereby hires and accepts from Landlord, the Premises in the Building, excluding exterior faces of exterior walls, the common stairways and stairwells, elevators and elevator walls, mechanical rooms, electric and telephone closets, janitor closets, and pipes, ducts, shafts, conduits, wires and appurtenant fixtures serving exclusively or in common other parts of the Building, and if the Premises includes less than the entire rentable area of any floor, excluding the common corridors, elevator lobbies and toilets located on such floor. Tenant shall have the nonexclusive right to use the loading areas, fan rooms, janitorial, electrical, telephone and telecommunications closets, conduits, risers, shafts, plenum spaces and elevators serving such Building, subject, however, to the extent Tenant is given prior written notice thereof, to Landlord’s reasonable rules and regulations relative to the access to and use of such spaces. 2.2 Appurtenant Rights and Reservations (A) Subject to Landlord’s right to change or alter any of the following in Landlord’s discretion as herein provided, Tenant shall have, as appurtenant to the Premises the non-exclusive right to use and to permit Tenant’s invitees (as appropriate, given the nature of their business at the Premises) to use from time to time in common with others, but not in a manner or extent that would materially interfere with the normal operation and use of the Building as a multi-tenant office building and subject to reasonable rules of general applicability to tenants of the Building from time to time made by Landlord of which Tenant is given notice (the “Rules and Regulations”): (a) the common lobbies, corridors, stairways, and elevators of the Building, and the pipes, ducts, shafts, conduits, wires and appurtenant meters and equipment serving the Premises in common with others, (b) the loading areas serving the Building and the common walkways and driveways necessary for access to the Building, and (c) if the Premises include less than the entire rentable floor area of any floor, the common toilets, corridors and elevator lobby of such floor (collectively, the “Common Areas”); and no other appurtenant rights and easements. Landlord may modify, amend, supplement or change the Rules and Regulation from time to time upon reasonable prior notice (except in the event of an emergency) to Tenant and provided that, except if required in connection with applicable Legal Requirements, in no event shall any new Rules and Regulations be inconsistent with Tenant’s rights under this Lease or increase Tenant’s obligations (other than to a de minimis extent) or liabilities under this Lease. Landlord agrees that the Rules and Regulations will not be modified in a discriminatory manner with respect to Tenant or any other occupant of the Building, will be enforced in a uniform and non-discriminatory manner and in the event of a conflict between this Lease and the Rules and Regulations, the provisions of this Lease shall control. (B) Tenant shall be permitted reasonable access to and use of the risers, conduits and shafts in the Building (not to exceed Tenant’s proportionate share of available space that is not being used for operation of the Building) required for Tenant to run electrical and telecommunications conduits or cable for the Premises. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, Landlord has no obligation to allow any particular telecommunication service provider to have access to the Building or to the Premises except as may be required by all applicable compliance with all applicable laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, statutes, by-laws, court decisions, matters and restrictions of record (including, without limitation, preservation restrictions that may be recorded after the date of this Lease) and orders and requirements of all public authorities (collectively, the “Legal Requirements”) and except that Landlord will not unreasonably withhold, condition or delay its approval of any telecommunications provider designated by Tenant to service the Premises. (C) Landlord reserves for its benefit the right from time to time, without unreasonable interference with Tenant’s use and upon reasonable prior notice to Tenant (except in the event of an emergency): (a) to install, use, maintain, repair, replace and relocate for service to the Premises and other parts of the Building, or either, pipes, ducts, conduits, wires and appurtenant fixtures, wherever located in the Premises or the Building, (b) to maintain, use, operate, lease and repair the existing solar array on the roof of the Building, as the same may be modified in Landlord’s sole discretion, and (c) to alter or relocate any other common facility, provided that substitutions are substantially equivalent or better. Installations, replacements and relocations referred to in clause (a) above shall be located so far as practicable in the central core area of the Building, above ceiling surfaces, below floor surfaces or within perimeter walls of the Premises, provided that, except to the extent required by Legal Requirements, (i) such items do not adversely affect the first class appearance or usefulness of the Premises, (ii) no such work shall result in material changes in entrance doors to the Premises or corridors on multi-tenant floors on which any portion of the Premises is located without Tenant’s express consent, and (iii) no such work shall reduce the usable area of the Premises (other than to a de minimis extent) or increase Tenant’s obligations (other than to a de minimis extent) or liabilities under this Lease. Except in the case of emergencies or for normal cleaning and maintenance operations, Landlord agrees, with respect to any of the foregoing activities which require work in or access to the Premises, to use all reasonable efforts to give Tenant reasonable advance notice of such work and to perform the same at such times and in such manner, after consultation with Tenant, as to minimize interference with Tenant’s use of the Premises. (D) Landlord reserves and excepts for its benefit all rights of ownership and use in all respects outside the Premises, including without limitation, the Building and all other structures and improvements and plazas and Common Areas, except that at all times during the term of this Lease Tenant shall have a reasonable means of access from a public street to the Premises. Without limitation of the foregoing reservation of rights by Landlord, it is understood that in its sole discretion Landlord shall have the right to change and rearrange the Common Areas, to change, relocate and eliminate facilities therein, to erect new buildings thereon, to permit the use of or lease all or part thereof for exhibitions and displays and to sell, lease or dedicate all or part thereof to public use; and further that Landlord shall have the right to make changes in, additions to and eliminations from the Building, the Premises excepted; provided however that, except to the extent required by Legal Requirements, Tenant, its employees, agents, clients, customers, and invitees shall at all times have reasonable access to the Building and Premises. No changes shall be made to the Common Areas after the Commencement Date that would unreasonably interfere with Tenant’s access to or use of the Premises for the purposes of this Lease. Landlord is not under any obligation to permit individuals without proper building identification to enter the Building after 6:00 p.m. (D) Tenant shall have a nonexclusive right to use the fire stairwells in the Building (the “Fire Stairs”) for the purpose of access between the floors of the Building on which the Premises are located, at no additional rental charge to Tenant, provided that (1) such use shall be permitted by, and at all times be in accordance with, all applicable Legal Requirements; and (2) Tenant shall comply with all of Landlord’s reasonable rules and regulations adopted from time to time with respect thereto. Tenant shall, at its sole cost and expense, link its key cards to the locking system on the doors in the Fire Stairs and the floors of the Premises and tie Tenant’s security system into the Building security system, provided that in any event such locking system must be configured in such a way so as to automatically disengage in the event of an emergency or loss of power. Tenant shall provide Landlord with a “master” card key so that Landlord shall have access through each entry door. Tenant shall not make any Alterations on the Fire Stairs other than such key card locking system. (E) Tenant shall have dedicated space on the roof of the Building for placement of the air handling units to serve the Premises, to be installed in accordance with the terms of Exhibit B, to be in the area shown on Exhibit B-4 (the “Tenant Roof Area”). Landlord shall be responsible, at Landlord’s sole cost and expense, for removing any existing solar panels from the Tenant Roof Area prior to installation of the dunnage by Landlord. 2.2.1 Tenant’s Equipment. (A) Subject to the terms and provisions of this Section 2.2.1, Tenant shall be permitted to install HVAC equipment and any and all related equipment to accommodate Tenant’s excess HVAC requirements (collectively, the “Tenant’s Equipment”) in a location or locations reasonably designated by Landlord, provided that (i) such installation and the operation thereof shall not cause any measurable interference with any existing communication or solar equipment at the Building, and (ii) such installation does not adversely affect the structural elements, Legal Requirements or the visual aesthetic of the Building as determined by Landlord in its sole discretion. In addition, Landlord shall have the option upon notice to Tenant to relocate the Tenant’s Equipment to other areas at Landlord’s sole cost and expense and so long as such relocation does not materially adversely affect Tenant’s use of the Premises. Tenant shall have no right to license, sublease, assign or otherwise transfer its rights to install and use the Tenant’s Equipment on the Building (other than to an assignee or subtenant permitted or consented to under this Lease). Landlord hereby reserves the sole right to the rooftop of the Building. (B) Tenant’s use of the Tenant’s Equipment shall be upon all of the conditions of the Lease, except as modified below: (i) It is understood and agreed that Tenant shall be responsible, at its sole cost and expense, for installing the Tenant’s Equipment and screening reasonably required by Landlord. In addition to complying with the applicable construction provisions of this Lease, Tenant shall not install or operate any portion of the Tenant’s Equipment until Tenant shall have obtained Landlord’s prior written approval, which approval will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, of Tenant's plans and specifications therefor. Landlord will not require Tenant’s Equipment to be removed by Tenant upon the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease; provided, however this shall not affect or in any way limit Tenant’s obligation to remove Required Removables in accordance with the terms of this Lease. (ii) Landlord shall have no obligation to provide any services to the Tenant’s Equipment, provided Tenant shall have the right to connect Tenant’s Equipment to existing base building utility systems, subject to Landlord’s right to reasonably approve such connections. Tenant shall, at its sole cost and expense and otherwise in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2.2.1, arrange for all utility services required for the operation of the Tenant’s Equipment. (iii) Tenant shall separately meter or check meter (Tenant being responsible for the costs of any such meter or check meter and the installation and connectivity thereof) electric and water service to the Premises in connection with Tenant’s Work (defined in Exhibit B-1). Gas service has been separately metered to the Premises. Tenant shall directly pay to the utility all electric consumption on any separate meter as of the Commencement Date. (iv) Tenant shall have no right to make any changes, alterations or other improvements to the Tenant’s Equipment without Landlord’s prior written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed; provided, however, that Tenant shall have the right to maintain and make repairs to the Tenant’s Equipment. (iv) Tenant shall be responsible for the cost of repairing any damage to the Building or other tenant spaces caused by the installation, use and removal of the Tenant’s Equipment. (v) Except for assignees of this Lease or subtenants of all or a portion of the Premises, no other person, firm or entity (including, without limitation, other tenants, licensees or occupants of the Building) shall have the right to connect to the Tenant’s Equipment other than Tenant. (vi) To the maximum extent permitted by law, Tenant’s use of the Tenant’s Equipment shall be at the sole risk of Tenant, and Landlord shall have no liability to Tenant in the event that the Tenant’s Equipment is damaged for any reason. (vii) Landlord shall have the right, upon no less than ninety (90) days’ notice to Tenant and at Landlord’s sole cost and expense, to relocate portions of the Tenant’s Equipment to another area within the Building reasonably acceptable to Tenant. Landlord and Tenant shall cooperate with each other in good faith to schedule such relocation work on nights and weekends so as to minimize interference with Tenant’s business operations (viii) In addition to the indemnification provisions set forth in this Lease (which shall be applicable to the Tenant’s Equipment), Tenant shall, to the maximum extent permitted by law, indemnify, defend, and hold Landlord, its agents, contractors and employees harmless from any and all claims, losses, demands, actions or causes of actions suffered by any person, firm, corporation, or other entity arising from the installation, use or removal of the Tenant’s Equipment. (C) Tenant shall, at its sole cost and expense, secure the approvals of all governmental authorities and all permits required by governmental authorities having jurisdiction over such approvals for the Tenant’s Equipment, and shall provide Landlord with copies of such approvals and permits prior to commencing any work with respect thereto. In addition, Tenant shall be solely responsible for all costs and expenses in connection with the installation, maintenance, use and removal of the Tenant’s Equipment, except that Tenant will not be obligated to pay Landlord any rental for that portion of the Building and/or the Site on which the Tenant’s Equipment is located. Tenant shall have access to those portions of the Building and/or the Site on which the Tenant’s Equipment is located for the purposes of inspecting, repairing, maintaining and replacing the same, subject in all events to Landlord’s reasonable rules and regulations regarding such access (it being understood and agreed, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, that access to the rooftops of the Building is controlled by Landlord). ARTICLE III. Lease Term and Extension Options 3.1 Term The Term of this Lease shall be the period specified in Section 1.2 hereof as the “Lease Term,” unless sooner terminated or extended as herein provided, and commencing on the date (the “Commencement Date”) which is the later of the (i) Execution Date of this Lease, or (ii) actual delivery of the Premises to Tenant in its “as is” condition, evidenced by delivery to Tenant of the keys or other access to the Premises. 3.2 Extension Option (A) On the conditions (which conditions Landlord may waive by written notice to Tenant) that both at the time of exercise of the herein described option to extend and as of the commencement of the Extended Term in question (i) there exists no monetary or material non-monetary “Event of Default” (defined in Section 15.1) and there have been no more than two (2) Event of Defaults during the twelve (12) months immediately preceding the date of Tenant’s exercise notice, (ii) this Lease is still in full force and effect, and (iii) Tenant has neither assigned this lease nor sublet any portion thereof (except for an assignment or sublet of not more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the Premises permitted in accordance with Section 12.5 hereof), then Tenant shall have the right to extend the Term hereof upon all the same terms, conditions, covenants and agreements herein contained (except for the Annual Fixed Rent which shall be adjusted during the option period as hereinbelow set forth and except that there shall be no further option to extend) for one (1) period of five (5) years as hereinafter set forth. The option period is sometimes herein referred to as the “Extended Term.” Notwithstanding any implication to the contrary Landlord has no obligation to make any additional payment to Tenant in respect of any construction allowance or the like or to perform any work to the Premises as a result of the exercise by Tenant of any such option. (B) If Tenant desires to exercise an option to extend the Term, then Tenant shall give notice (“Exercise Notice”) to Landlord not later than twelve (12) months (the “Extension Deadline”) prior to the expiration of the then Term of this Lease (as it may have been previously extended) exercising such option to extend. If Tenant timely delivers an Exercise Notice, Landlord shall, not later than ten (10) months prior to expiration of the then-current Term, provide Landlord’s quotation to Tenant of a proposed Annual Fixed Rent for the Extended Term (“Landlord’s Rent Quotation”). If at the expiration of thirty (30) days after the date when Landlord provides such quotation to Tenant (the “Negotiation Period”), Landlord and Tenant have not reached agreement on a determination of an Annual Fixed Rent for such Extended Term and executed a written instrument extending the Term of this Lease pursuant to such agreement, then Tenant shall have the right, for thirty (30) days following the expiration of the Negotiation Period, to make a request to Landlord for a broker determination (the “Broker Determination”) of the Prevailing Market Rent (as defined in Exhibit H) for such Extended Term, which Broker Determination shall be made in the manner set forth in Exhibit H. If Tenant timely shall have requested the Broker Determination, then the Annual Fixed Rent for such Extended Term shall be the Prevailing Market Rent as determined by the Broker Determination. If Tenant does not timely request the Broker Determination, then the Annual Fixed Rent during the Extended Term shall be equal to the Landlord’s Rent Quotation. (C) Upon the giving of the Exercise Notice by Tenant to Landlord exercising Tenant’s option to extend the Lease Term in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.2 (B) above, then this Lease and the Lease Term hereof shall automatically be deemed extended, for the Extended Term, without the necessity for the execution of any additional documents, except that Landlord and Tenant agree to enter into an instrument in writing setting forth the Annual Fixed Rent for the Extended Term as determined in the relevant manner set forth in this Section 3.2; and in such event all references herein to the Lease Term or the Term of this Lease shall be construed as referring to the Lease Term, as so extended, unless the context clearly otherwise requires, and except that there shall be no further option to extend the Lease Term. ARTICLE IV. Condition of Premises; Alterations 4.1 Preparation of Premises The condition of the Premises upon Landlord’s delivery along with any work to be performed by either Landlord or Tenant shall be as set forth in the Work Agreement attached hereto as Exhibit B-1 and made a part hereof. ARTICLE V. Annual Fixed Rent 5.1 Fixed Rent Commencing on the date that is one hundred eighty (180) days following the Commencement Date (the “Rent Commencement Date”), but subject to extension for Landlord Delays in accordance with Exhibit B-1 attached hereto, Tenant agrees to pay to Landlord, and thereafter monthly, in advance, on the first day of each and every calendar month during the Original Lease Term, a sum equal to one-twelfth (1/12) of the Annual Fixed Rent for the Premises specified in Section 1.2 hereof and on the first day of each and every calendar month during the Extended Term (if exercised), a sum equal to one-twelfth of the Annual Fixed Rent for the Premises as determined in Section 3.2 for the Extended Term. Until notice of some other designation is given, fixed rent and all other charges for which provision is herein made shall be paid by remittance to or for the order of Landlord by ACH transfer in accordance with the ACH Directive on Exhibit E. Annual Fixed Rent for any partial month shall be paid by Tenant to Landlord at such rate on a pro rata basis, and, if the Commencement Date shall be other than the first day of a calendar month, the first payment of Annual Fixed Rent which Tenant shall make to Landlord shall be a payment equal to a proportionate part of such monthly Annual Fixed Rent for the partial month from the Commencement Date to the first day of the succeeding calendar month. Notwithstanding that the payment of Annual Fixed Rent payable by Tenant to Landlord shall not commence until the Commencement Date, Tenant shall be subject to, and shall comply with, all other provisions of this Lease as and at the times provided in this Lease. The Annual Fixed Rent and all other charges for which provision is made in this Lease shall be paid by Tenant to Landlord without setoff, deduction or abatement except as expressly provided in this Lease. 5.2 Additional Rent Additional Rent payable by Tenant on a monthly basis, as elsewhere provided in this Lease, likewise shall be prorated, and the first payment on account thereof shall be determined in similar fashion and shall commence on the Commencement Date and other provisions of this Lease calling for monthly payments shall be read as incorporating this undertaking by Tenant. 6.1 Definitions ARTICLE VI. Taxes With reference to the real estate taxes referred to in this Article VI, it is agreed that terms used herein are defined as follows: a. “Tax Year” means the 12 month period beginning July 1 each year during the Lease Term or if the appropriate Governmental tax fiscal period shall begin on any date other than July 1, such other date. b. c. d. “Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises” means the same proportion of Landlord’s Tax Expenses as Rentable Floor Area of Tenant’s Premises bears to the Total Rentable Floor Area of the Building. “Landlord’s Tax Expenses” with respect to any Tax Year means the aggregate “real estate taxes”(hereinafter defined) with respect to that Tax Year, reduced by any net abatement receipts with respect to that Tax Year. In no event shall Landlord be entitled to retain more than one hundred percent (100%) of the Landlord’s Tax Expenses actually paid or incurred by Landlord in any Tax Year, subject to Landlord’s right to seek tax reductions or abatements as set forth in this Lease. “Real estate taxes” means all taxes and special assessments of every kind and nature and user fees and other like fees assessed by any Governmental authority on, or allocable to (i) the Building or (ii) the Common Areas which the Landlord shall be obligated to pay because of or in connection with the ownership, leasing or operation of the Building and reasonable expenses of and fees for any formal or informal proceedings for negotiation or abatement of taxes (collectively, “Abatement Expenses”). The amount of special taxes or special assessments to be included shall be limited to the amount of the installment (plus any interest other than penalty interest payable thereon) of such special tax or special assessment required to be paid during the year in respect of which such taxes are being determined. There shall be excluded from real estate taxes all mitigation or impact fees or subsidies associated with the initial construction of the Building, all income, estate, succession, inheritance and transfer taxes, any excise taxes imposed upon Landlord based upon gross or net rentals or other income received by it and any interest, penalties or fines incurred as a result of Landlord’s late payment of real estate taxes (except to the extent such late payment is the result of late payment of Annual Fixed Rent or Additional Rent by Tenant); provided, however, that if at any time during the Lease Term the present system of ad valorem taxation of real property shall be changed so that in lieu of, or in addition to, the whole or any part of the ad valorem tax on real property, there shall be assessed on Landlord a capital levy or other tax on the gross rents received with respect to the Building, or a Federal, State, County, Municipal, or other local income, franchise, excise or similar tax, assessment, levy or charge (distinct from any now in effect in the jurisdiction in which the Building is located) measured by or based, in whole or in part, upon any such gross rents, then any and all of such taxes, assessments, levies or charges, to the extent so measured or based, shall be deemed to be included within the term “real estate taxes” but only to the extent that the same would be payable if the Building, were the only property of Landlord. For the purposes of this Lease, real estate taxes shall include any payment in lieu of taxes or any payments made under Chapter 121A of the Massachusetts General Laws or any similar law. 6.2 Tenant’s Share of Real Estate Taxes Commencing as of the Rent Commencement Date and continuing thereafter throughout the remainder of the Lease Term, Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as Additional Rent with respect to any full Tax Year or fraction of a Tax Year falling within the Lease Term, the amount of Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises (the “Tenant’s Tax Payment”). Tenant’s obligation to pay Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises with respect to the Tax Years in which the Commencement Date occurs and the termination of the Lease Term occurs shall be pro-rated based upon the ratio of the portion of such Tax Years which occur during the Lease Term to the total length of such Tax Years. Payments by Tenant on account of the Tenant’s Tax Payment shall be made monthly at the time and in the fashion herein provided for the payment of Annual Fixed Rent. The amount so to be paid to Landlord shall be an amount from time to time reasonably estimated by Landlord to be sufficient to provide Landlord, in the aggregate, a sum equal to the Tenant’s Tax Payment, at least ten (10) days before the day on which tax payments by Landlord would become delinquent. Not later than ninety (90) days after Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises are determinable for the first such Tax Year or fraction thereof and for each succeeding Tax Year or fraction thereof during the Lease Term, Landlord shall render Tenant a statement in reasonable detail certified by a representative of Landlord showing for the preceding year or fraction thereof, as the case may be, real estate taxes allocated to the Building, abatements and refunds, if any, of any such taxes and assessments, expenditures incurred in seeking such abatement or refund, the amount of the Tenant’s Tax Payment due from Tenant, the amount thereof already paid by Tenant and the amount thereof overpaid by, or remaining due from, Tenant for the period covered by such statement. Within thirty (30) days after the receipt of such statement, Tenant shall pay any sum remaining due. Any balance shown as due to Tenant shall be credited against Annual Fixed Rent next due, or refunded to Tenant if the Lease Term has then expired and Tenant has no further obligation to Landlord. Expenditures for legal fees and for other expenses incurred in obtaining an abatement or refund may be charged against the abatement or refund before the adjustments are made for the Tax Year to the extent such costs were not already included in the calculation of real estate taxes. To the extent that real estate taxes shall be payable to the taxing authority in installments with respect to periods less than a Tax Year, the statement to be furnished by Landlord shall be rendered and payments made on account of such installments. ARTICLE VII. Landlord’s Repairs and Services and Tenant’s Escalation Payments 7.1 Structural Repairs Except for (a) normal and reasonable wear and use and (b) damage caused by fire or casualty and by eminent domain, Landlord shall, throughout the Lease Term, subject to provisions for reimbursement by Tenant as contained in Section 7.4 and Section 7.5 (including the exclusions from Landlord’s Operating Expenses set forth in said Section 7.4), keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, in good order, condition and repair the following portions of the Building: the structural portions of the roof (including the roof membrane), the exterior and load bearing walls, the foundation, the structural columns and floor slabs and other structural elements of the Building (the “Structural Elements”); provided however, that Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as Additional Rent, the cost of any and all such repairs which may be required as a result of repairs, alterations, or installations made by Tenant or any subtenant, assignee, licensee or concessionaire of Tenant or any agent, servant, employee or contractor of any of them or to the extent of any loss, destruction or damage caused by the omission or negligence of Tenant, any assignee or subtenant or any agent, servant, employee, customer, visitor or contractor of any of them. 7.2 Other Repairs to be Made by Landlord Except for (a) normal and reasonable wear and use and (b) damage caused by fire or casualty and by eminent domain, and except as otherwise provided in this Lease, and subject to provisions for reimbursement by Tenant as contained in Section 7.4 and Section 7.5 (including the exclusions from Landlord’s Operating Expenses set forth in said Section 7.4), Landlord shall keep, maintain and repair (including necessary replacements) or cause to be kept, maintained and repaired, in good order, condition and repair the mechanical, electrical, plumbing, sprinkler, fire/life safety, access control and the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (“HVAC”) systems serving the Premises and the Building (but exclusive of any specialty installations installed or requested by Tenant that exclusively serve the Premises which shall be maintained at Tenant’s sole cost and expense), the main utility pipes, lines and facilities connecting the Building to off-site electric and water utility providers (except for any such pipes, lines and other facilities owned and maintained by the utility provider) and the Common Areas and to maintain the Building (exclusive of Tenant’s responsibilities under this Lease) in a manner comparable to the maintenance of similar office buildings in the Market Area, except that Landlord shall in no event be responsible to Tenant for (a) the condition of glass in and about the Premises (other than for glass in exterior walls for which Landlord shall be responsible unless the damage thereto is attributable to Tenant’s negligence or misuse, in which event the responsibility therefor shall be Tenant’s), or (b) any condition in the Premises or the Building caused by any act or neglect of Tenant or any agent, employee, contractor, assignee, subtenant, licensee, concessionaire or invitee of Tenant. For purposes of this Section 7.2, none of the Building systems installed by Landlord shall be deemed “requested by Tenant”. Without limitation, Landlord shall not be responsible to make any improvements or repairs to the Premises or the Building other than as expressly provided in Section 7.1 or in this Section 7.2, unless expressly otherwise provided in this Lease (including, without limitation, in Article XIII below). Landlord shall use reasonable efforts to perform all repairs in or to the Building for which Landlord is responsible pursuant to this Lease within a reasonable period of time after Landlord becomes aware of the need for such repair and, except in the event of an emergency or unsafe condition in the Building, in a manner which will not unreasonably interfere with the use of the Building by Tenant or other occupants of the Premises. Subject to Tenant’s obligations under Section 8.1, Landlord shall comply with all applicable Legal Requirements now or hereafter in force that impose a duty on Landlord with respect to the common areas of the Building or which Legal Requirements are imposed generally on a building wide basis to the Building (and which requirements are not imposed or triggered as a result of the particular use or manner of use of any tenant or occupant in the Building, including Tenant, or due to any additions, alterations or improvements by any other tenant occupant of the Building, including Tenant). Tenant acknowledges that Landlord has or will submit a Historic Preservation Certification Application provided for in Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 67 in order to obtain the benefit of Historic Tax Credits in connection with Landlord’s rehabilitation of the Building. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Lease, Tenant shall not, nor shall Landlord be required to, make any repairs, replacements, alterations or other improvements that would be inconsistent with the standards for rehabilitation set forth in Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 67.7, or any successor provisions, as amended from time to time, or otherwise effect a recapture, violate any historic preservation restrictions of which Tenant has notice or otherwise impact the Historic Tax Credits issued or to be issued in connection with the rehabilitation of the Building. 7.3 Services to be Provided by Landlord In addition, and except as otherwise provided in this Lease and subject to provisions for reimbursement by Tenant as contained in Section 7.4 and Section 7.5 (including the, Landlord shall operate the Building and, from and after the Commencement Date, furnish services, utilities, facilities and supplies as set forth in Exhibit C hereto equal in quality comparable to those customarily provided by landlords in similar office buildings in the Market Area. In addition, Landlord agrees to furnish, at Tenant’s expense, reasonable additional Building operation services which are usual and customary in similar office buildings in the Market Area as may be mutually agreed upon by Landlord and Tenant, upon reasonable and equitable rates from time to time established by Landlord. Any provision of additional Building operation services shall be submitted by Tenant through the Building’s system for Tenant work requests. Tenant agrees to pay to Landlord, as Additional Rent, the cost of any such additional Building services requested by Tenant and for the cost of any additions, alterations, improvements or other work performed by Landlord in the Premises at the request of Tenant within thirty (30) days after being billed therefor. 7.4 Operating Costs Defined “Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises” means the same proportion of the Landlord’s Operating Expenses (as hereinafter defined) as Rentable Floor Area of the Premises bears to the Total Rentable Floor Area of the Building. “Landlord’s Operating Expenses” means the cost of operation of the Building, including those incurred in discharging the obligations under Sections 7.2 and 7.3, but excluding payments of debt service and any other mortgage charges, brokerage commissions, real estate taxes (to the extent paid pursuant to Section 6.2 hereof), and costs of special services rendered to tenants (including Tenant) for which a separate charge is made, but shall include, without limitation: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. compensation, wages and all fringe benefits, worker’s compensation insurance premiums and payroll taxes paid to, for or with respect to all persons for their services in the operating, maintaining, managing, insuring or cleaning of the Building; payments under service contracts with independent contractors for operating, maintaining or cleaning of the Building; steam, water, sewer, gas, oil, electricity and telephone charges (excluding such utility charges separately chargeable to tenants for additional or separate services and costs to supply electricity to leasable areas of the Building with the exception of any building management offices) and costs of maintaining letters of credit or other security as may be required by utility companies as a condition of providing such services; cost of maintenance, cleaning and repairs and replacements (other than repairs reimbursable from contractors under guarantees); cost of snow removal and care of landscaping; cost of building and cleaning supplies and equipment; premiums for insurance carried with respect to the Building (including, without limitation, liability insurance, insurance against loss in case of h. i. fire or casualty and of monthly installments of Annual Fixed Rent and any Additional Rent which may be due under this Lease and other leases of space in the Building for not more than twelve (12) months in the case of both Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent and, if there be any first mortgage on the Building, including such insurance as may be required by the holder of such first mortgage, provided, however, with respect to insurance coverages required to be carried by a holder of a mortgage such coverages are of the type and amounts customarily required to be carried by lenders of comparable class A, multi-tenant office buildings in the Market Area); management fees equal to three percent (3%) of Gross Receivable Rents for the Building (“Gross Receivable Rents for the Building” for the purposes hereof being defined as annual fixed rent, Landlord’s Operating Expenses, with the exception of the aforesaid management fee, and Landlord’s Tax Expenses for the Building for the relevant year); depreciation for capital expenditures made by Landlord during the Lease Term (x) to reduce Operating Expenses if Landlord shall have reasonably determined on the basis of engineering estimates that the annual reduction in Operating Expenses shall exceed the annual depreciation therefor or (y) to comply with Legal Requirements which first become applicable to the Property after the Commencement Date (the capital expenditures described in subsections (x) and (y) being hereinafter referred to as “Permitted Capital Expenditures”) plus, in the case of both (x) and (y), an interest factor, reasonably determined by Landlord, as being the interest rate then charged for long term mortgages by institutional lenders on like properties within the general locality in which the Building is located, and depreciation in the case of both (x) and (y) shall be determined by dividing the original cost of such capital expenditure by the number of years of useful life of the capital item acquired, which useful life shall be determined reasonably by Landlord in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices in effect at the time of acquisition of the capital item; j. all costs of applying and reporting for the Building or any part thereof to seek or maintain certification under the U.S. EPA’s Energy Star® rating system, the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system or a similar system or standard; and k. all other reasonable and necessary expenses paid in connection with the operating, cleaning and maintenance of the Building or the Common Areas and properly chargeable against income. Notwithstanding the generality of foregoing, the following costs shall be excluded or deducted, as the case may be, from the calculation of Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) leasing commissions, fees and costs, advertising and promotional expenses and other costs incurred in procuring tenants or in selling the Building; legal fees or other expenses incurred in connection with enforcing leases with tenants in the Building; costs of renovating or otherwise improving or decorating space for any tenant or other occupant of the Building (including Tenant) or relocating any tenant; financing costs including interest and principal amortization of debts and the costs of providing the same; except as otherwise expressly provided above with respect to Permitted Capital Expenditures, depreciation; rental on ground leases or other underlying leases and the costs of providing the same; wages, bonuses and other compensation of employees above the grade of Regional Property Manager; wages, bonuses and other compensation of any employee who does not devote substantially all of his or her employed time to the Building unless such wages and benefits are prorated on a reasonable basis to reflect time spent on the operation and management of the Building vis(cid:0)à(cid:0)vis time spent on matters unrelated to the operation and management of the Building; any liabilities, costs or expenses associated with or incurred in connection with the removal, enclosure, encapsulation or other handling of Hazardous Materials and the cost of defending against claims in regard to the existence or release of Hazardous Materials at the Building (except with respect to those costs for which Tenant is otherwise responsible pursuant to the express terms of the Lease), provided, however, that the provisions of this clause shall not preclude the inclusion of costs with respect to materials which are not as of the date of this Lease (or as of the date of introduction) deemed to be Hazardous Materials under applicable Legal Requirements but which are subsequently deemed to be Hazardous Materials under applicable Legal Requirements; costs of any items for which Landlord is or is entitled to be paid or reimbursed by insurance; increased insurance or Real Estate Taxes assessed specifically to any tenant of the Building for which Landlord is entitled to reimbursement from any other tenant; except as may be expressly set forth in this Lease, the cost of installing, operating and maintaining any specialty service, such as an observatory, broadcasting facilities, child or daycare; costs for the original construction and development of the Building and nonrecurring costs for the repair and replacement of any portion of the Building made necessary as a result of defects in the original design, workmanship or materials; cost of any work or service performed on an extra cost basis for any tenant in the Building to the extent such work or service is in excess of any work or service Landlord is obligated to provide to Tenant or generally to other tenants in the Building at Landlord’s expense; cost of any work or services to the extent performed for any facility other than the Building; except as may be otherwise expressly provided in the Lease with respect to specific items, any cost representing an amount paid to a person firm, corporation or other entity related to Landlord that is in excess of the amount which would have been paid in the absence of such relationship; except as expressly provided above, cost of any item that, under generally accepted accounting principles, are properly classified as capital expenses; lease payments for rental equipment (other than equipment for which depreciation is properly charged as an expense) that would constitute a capital expenditure if the equipment were purchased; late fees or charges incurred by Landlord due to late payment of expenses, except to the extent attributable to Tenant’s actions or inactions; (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix) (xx) (xxi) (xxii) (xxiii) (xxiv) (xxv) (xxvi) (xxvii) (xxviii) (xxix) (xxx) cost of acquiring sculptures, paintings and other works of art, and the costs for securing, cleaning or maintaining such items in excess of amounts typically spent for such services in comparable buildings in the Market Area; real estate taxes or taxes on Landlord’s business (such as income, excess profits, franchise, capital stock, estate, inheritance, etc.); charitable or political contributions; reserve funds; all other items for which another party compensates or pays so that Landlord shall not recover any item of cost more than once; costs and expenses incurred in connection with compliance with or contesting or settlement of any claimed violation of law or requirements of law, except to the extent attributable to Tenant’s actions or inactions; costs and expenses incurred for the administration of the entity which constitutes Landlord, as the same distinguished from the cost of operation, management, maintenance and repair of the Building; except with respect to the management fee, Landlord’s general off-site, on-site and overhead expenses (provided, however, that the provisions of this clause 31 shall not prohibit the inclusion of costs of the following items in Operating Expenses: professional development for management staff, professional subscriptions and dues, telephone, postage, software licenses, computer hardware maintenance, maintenance of Landlord’s computer network, catering for meetings and general administrative expenses including supplies, copier leases, printer maintenance, printing services and kitchen supplies for the management and contractor offices serving the Building); any compensation paid to clerks, attendants or other persons in commercial concessions operated by Landlord; costs arising from the willful misconduct or negligence of Landlord, its agents, employees or contractors; fees, costs and expenses incurred by Landlord in connection with or relating to claims against or disputes with employees of Landlord, with Building management, or with tenants of the Building. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the Operating Expenses listed on Exhibit M attached hereto (“Controllable Expenses”) shall not increase by more than five percent (5%) per Operating Year, on a non-cumulative basis, over the actual aggregate Controllable Expenses for the immediately preceding Operating Year. 7.5 Tenant’s Operating Expense Payments a. b. c. d. Commencing as of the Rent Commencement Date, and continuing thereafter throughout the remainder of the Lease Term, Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as Additional Rent with respect to any full calendar year or fraction of a calendar year falling within the Lease Term, at the times and in the manner hereinafter provided in this Section 7.5, Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises. Tenant’s obligation to pay Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises with respect to the calendar years in which the Commencement Date occurs and the termination of the Lease Term occurs shall be pro(cid:0)rated based upon the ratio of the portion of such calendar years which occur during the Lease Term to the total length of such calendar years. Payments by Tenant on account of the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises shall be made monthly at the time and in the fashion herein provided for the payment of Annual Fixed Rent. The amount so to be paid to Landlord shall be an amount from time to time reasonably estimated by Landlord to be sufficient to cover, in the aggregate, a sum equal to the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises for each calendar year during the Lease Term. No later than one hundred twenty (120) days after the end of the first calendar year or fraction thereof ending December 31 and of each succeeding calendar year during the Lease Term or fraction thereof at the end of the Lease Term, Landlord shall render Tenant a statement in reasonable detail and according to usual accounting practices certified by a representative of Landlord (the “Operating Expense Statement”), showing for the preceding calendar year or fraction thereof, as the case may be, the Landlord’s Operating Expenses and the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises. Said statement to be rendered to Tenant also shall show for the preceding year or fraction thereof, as the case may be, the amounts already paid by Tenant on account of Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and the amount of Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises remaining due from, or overpaid by, Tenant for the year or other period covered by such statement. If such statement shows a balance remaining due to Landlord, Tenant shall pay same to Landlord on or before the thirtieth (30th) day following receipt by Tenant of said Operating Expense Statement. Any balance shown as due to Tenant shall be credited against Annual Fixed Rent next due, or refunded to Tenant if the Lease Term has then expired and Tenant has no further obligation to Landlord. e. Landlord’s failure to render or delay in rendering an Operating Expense Statement or Tax Expense Statement (as hereinafter defined) with respect to any Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, shall not prejudice Landlord’s right thereafter to render the same with respect thereto nor shall the rendering of an Operating Expense Statement or Tax Expense Statement, as applicable, for any Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, prejudice Landlord’s right thereafter to render a corrected Operating Expense Statement or Tax Expense Statement, as applicable, for such Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, provided, however, that Landlord shall in all events render the Operating Expense Statement or Tax Expense Statement, as applicable, in question or any corrections thereto within two (2) years after the end of the Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, covered by the applicable statement, and provided, further that the foregoing two (2) year period shall expressly not apply to any new or corrected Operating Expense Statement or Tax Expense Statement, as applicable, rendered by Landlord to reflect charges or corrections in charges resulting from any late billing or corrected billing by a third party such as the taxing authority or utility provider. Any payment by Tenant for the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises shall not be deemed to waive any rights of Tenant to claim that the amount thereof was not determined in accordance with the provisions of this Lease. 7.6 Tenant’s Audit Right Subject to the provisions of this Section 7.6 and provided that no Event of Default of Tenant exists, Tenant shall have the right to examine the correctness of any of the Landlord’s Tax Expenses statement (“Tax Expense Statement”) and/or Landlord’s Operating Expense Statement or any item contained therein: (1) Any request for examination in respect of any Tax Year or Operating Year (as hereinafter defined) may be made by notice from Tenant to Landlord no more than one hundred twenty (120) days after the date (the “Statement Date”) Landlord provides to Tenant the applicable year-end statement required hereunder in respect of such Operating Year or such Tax Year, as applicable (and only if Tenant shall have fully paid the amounts billed with respect to the applicable Operating Expenses, Taxes). Such notice shall set forth in reasonable detail the matters questioned. “Operating Year” shall mean a period of twelve (12) consecutive calendar months, commencing on the first day of January in each year, except that the first Operating Year of the Lease Term hereof shall be the period commencing on the Commencement Date and ending on the succeeding December 31, and the last Lease Year of the Lease Term hereof shall be the period commencing on January 1 of the calendar year in which the Lease Term ends, and ending with the date on which the Lease Term ends. (2) Tenant hereby acknowledges and agrees that Tenant’s sole right to contest any Operating Expense Statement and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Statement shall be as expressly set forth in this Section 7.6. Tenant hereby waives any and all other rights provided pursuant to applicable laws to inspect Landlord’s books and records and/or to contest any Landlord’s Operating Expenses Statement, and Landlord’s Tax Expense Statement. If Tenant shall fail to timely exercise Tenant’s right to inspect Landlord’s books and records as provided in this Section 7.6, or if Tenant shall fail to timely communicate to Landlord the results of Tenant’s examination as provided in this Section 7.6, with respect to any Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, then such Operating Expense Statement and/or Tax Expense Statement, as applicable, shall be conclusive and binding on Tenant. (3) So much of Landlord’s books and records pertaining to the Landlord’s Operating Expenses and/or Landlord’s Tax Expenses, as applicable, for the specific matters questioned by Tenant for the Operating Year or Tax Year included in the applicable year-end statement shall be made available to Tenant within sixty (60) days after Landlord timely receives the notice from Tenant to make such examination pursuant to this Section 7.6, either electronically or during normal business hours at the offices where Landlord keeps such books and records or at another location, as determined by Landlord. Any examination must be completed and the results communicated to Landlord no more than one hundred twenty (120) days after the date Landlord makes its books and records available for Tenant’s audit. (4) Tenant shall have the right to make such examination no more than once in respect of any Operating Year or Tax Year, as applicable, in which Landlord has given Tenant an Operating Expense Statement or, Tax Expense Statement, as applicable. (5) Such examination may be made only by a qualified employee of Tenant or a qualified independent, real estate professional with at least ten (10) years of relevant office leasing audit experience approved by Landlord, which approval in either case shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. No examination shall be conducted by an examiner who is to be compensated, in whole or in part, on a contingent fee basis. (6) As a condition to performing any such examination, Tenant and its examiners shall be required to execute and deliver to Landlord an agreement, in form reasonably acceptable to Landlord and Tenant, agreeing to keep confidential any information which it discovers about Landlord or the Building in connection with such examination, provided however, that Tenant may disclose such information (i) to Tenant’s employees, counsel and advisors who have the need to know such information in order to provide Tenant with advice in connection with such audit, (ii) actual or proposed successors, assigns, subtenants, lenders or purchasers of Tenant and (iii) to the extent required by applicable law or reporting requirements or by administrative, governmental or judicial proceeding. (7) No subtenant shall have any right to conduct any such examination and no assignee may conduct any such examination with respect to any period during which the assignee was not in possession of the Premises. (8) If as a result of such examination Landlord and Tenant agree that the amounts paid by Tenant to Landlord on account of the Landlord’s Operating Expenses or Landlord’s Tax Expenses allocable to the Premises exceeded the amounts to which Landlord was entitled hereunder, or that Tenant is entitled to a credit with respect to the Landlord’s Operating Expenses or Landlord’s Tax Expenses, Landlord, at its option, shall either refund to Tenant the amount of such excess, or apply the amount of such credit against Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent, as the case may be, within thirty (30) days after the date of such agreement. Similarly, if Landlord and Tenant agree that the amounts paid by Tenant to Landlord on account of Landlord’s Operating Expenses or Landlord’s Tax Expenses, as applicable, were less than the amounts to which Landlord was entitled hereunder, then Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as Additional Rent hereunder, the amount of such deficiency within thirty (30) days after the date of such agreement. (9) All costs and expenses of any such examination shall be paid by Tenant, except if as a result of such examination Landlord and Tenant agree that the amount of the Landlord’s Operating Expenses payable by Tenant was overstated by more than four percent (4%), Landlord shall reimburse Tenant for the actual, reasonable out of pocket costs and expenses incurred by Tenant in such examination, up to a maximum of Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00). 7.7 No Damage A. Except as may be expressly set forth in Section 7.7(C) below, Landlord shall not be liable to Tenant for any compensation or reduction of rent by reason of inconvenience or annoyance or for loss of business arising from the necessity of Landlord or its agents entering the Premises for any purposes in this Lease authorized, or for repairing the Premises or any portion of the Building however the necessity may occur. In case Landlord is prevented or delayed from making any repairs, alterations or improvements, or furnishing any services or performing any other covenant or duty to be performed on Landlord’s part, by reason of any cause reasonably beyond Landlord’s control, including, without limitation, by reason of Force Majeure (as defined in Section 14.1 hereof) or for any cause due to any act or neglect of Tenant or Tenant’s servants, agents, employees, licensees or any person claiming by, through or under Tenant, Landlord shall not be liable to Tenant therefor, nor, B. C. except as expressly otherwise provided in this Lease, shall Tenant be entitled to any abatement or reduction of rent by reason thereof, or right to terminate this Lease, nor shall the same give rise to a claim in Tenant’s favor that such failure constitutes actual or constructive, total or partial, eviction from the Premises. Landlord reserves the right to stop any service or utility system, when necessary by reason of accident or emergency, or until necessary repairs have been completed; provided, however, that in each instance of stoppage, Landlord shall exercise reasonable diligence to eliminate the cause thereof. Except in case of emergency repairs, Landlord will give Tenant reasonable advance notice of any contemplated stoppage and will use reasonable efforts to avoid unnecessary inconvenience to Tenant by reason thereof. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Lease contained, if due to (i) any repairs, alterations, replacements, or improvements made by Landlord, (ii) Landlord's failure to make any repairs, alterations, or improvements required to be made by Landlord hereunder, or to provide any service required to be provided by Landlord hereunder, or (iii) the failure of electric supply, water and/or sewer service, all elevator service, HVAC service or all access to the Premises, any portion of the Premises becomes untenantable so that for the Premises Untenantability Cure Period, as hereinafter defined, the continued operation in the ordinary course of Tenant's business is materially adversely affected (including, without limitation, as the result of the Premises being rendered inaccessible as the result of any of the circumstances described in subsections (i), (ii) or (iii) above), then, provided that Tenant ceases to use the affected portion of the Premises during the entirety of the Premises Untenantability Cure Period by reason of such untenantability, and that such untenantability and Landlord’s inability to cure such condition is not caused by the fault or neglect of Tenant or Tenant’s agents, employees or contractors, Annual Fixed Rent, Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises shall thereafter be abated after the expiration of the Premises Untenantability Cure Period in proportion to the impact on the continued operation in the ordinary course of Tenant’s business until the day such condition is completely corrected. If the entire Premises have not been rendered untenantable, the amount of abatement shall be equitably prorated, provided, however, if the remaining portion of the Premises is not reasonably sufficient to permit Tenant to effectively conduct its business therein (and Tenant was occupying and conducting business in the unaffected portion of the Premises immediately prior to the event or condition), and Tenant does not conduct its business in any portion of the Premises due to such event or condition, then such abatement shall include such other portions of the Premises which Tenant is not able to and does not in fact use for the conduct of its business. For the purposes hereof, the “Premises Untenantability Cure Period” shall be defined as ten (10) consecutive business days after Landlord’s receipt of written notice from Tenant of the condition causing untenantability in the Premises, provided however, that the Premises Untenantability Cure Period shall be fifteen (15) consecutive business days after Landlord’s receipt of written notice from Tenant of such condition causing untenantability in the Premises if either the condition was caused by causes beyond Landlord’s control or Landlord is unable to cure such condition as the result of causes beyond Landlord’s control. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Landlord shall promptly commence to effect the repair or restoration of the affected portion of the Premises as soon as reasonably possible following the event giving rise to a remedy hereunder (or, if the repair or restoration is not within Landlord’s reasonable control, take such measures as are reasonably practicable to effect such repair or restoration). D. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein contained, if due to (i) any repairs, alterations, replacements, or improvements made by Landlord, (ii) Landlord's failure to make any repairs, alterations, or improvements required to be made by Landlord hereunder, or to provide any service required to be provided by Landlord hereunder, or (iii) the failure or inadequacy of electric supply, water and/or sewer service, all elevator service, HVAC service or all access to the Premises, any material portion of the Premises becomes untenantable for a period (“Untenantability Period”) of twelve (12) months, such twelve (12) period shall be extended by the period of time (which shall not exceed an additional one (1) month, that Landlord is delayed in curing such condition as the result Force Majeure) after Landlord’s receipt of written notice of such condition from Tenant, then, provided that Tenant ceases to use the affected portion of the Premises during the entire period of such untenantability, and Landlord's inability to cure such condition is not caused the fault or neglect of Tenant, or Tenant's agents, employees or contractors, then Tenant may terminate this Lease by giving Landlord written notice as follows: (1) Said notice shall be given after the expiration of the Untenantability Period. (2) Said notice shall set forth an effective date which is not earlier than thirty (30) days after Landlord receives said notice. (3) If said condition is remedied on or before said effective date, said notice shall have no further force and effect. (4) If said condition is not remedied on or before said effective date for any reason other than Tenant's fault, as aforesaid, the Lease shall terminate as of said effective date, and the Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent due under the Lease shall be apportioned as of said effective date. (E) The provisions of Sections 7.7(C) and (D) above shall not apply in the event of untenantability or inaccessibility caused by fire or other casualty, or taking (which shall be subject to the terms and conditions of Article XIV below). Nothing contained in this Section 7.7 shall be construed so as to preclude Tenant from exercising its self- help rights under Section 16.17(B) below; provided, however, that notwithstanding anything contained in this Section 7.7 to the contrary, if Tenant so exercises its rights under said Section 16.17(B), then any abatement of Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent shall cease from and after the date that the untenantable condition in the Premises would have been eliminated by the exercise of reasonable diligence, but for Tenant's exercise of its rights under Section 16.17(B), taking into account any period of time which Tenant is delayed by Force Majeure. ARTICLE VIII. Tenant’s Repairs 8.1 Tenant’s Repairs and Maintenance Tenant covenants and agrees that, from and after the date that possession of the Premises is delivered to Tenant and until the end of the Lease Term, Tenant will keep neat and clean and maintain in good order, condition and repair the Premises and every part thereof, excepting only reasonable wear and tear of the Premises and those repairs for which Landlord is responsible under the terms of Article VII of this Lease and, subject to Tenant’s obligations under Article XIV of this Lease, damage by fire or casualty and as a consequence of the exercise of the power of eminent domain. Tenant shall not permit or commit any waste, and, subject to Section 13.13, Tenant shall be responsible for the cost of repairs which may be made necessary by reason of damages to common areas in the Building by Tenant, Tenant’s agents, employees, contractors, sublessees, licensees, concessionaires or invitees. Tenant shall maintain all its equipment, furniture and furnishings in good order and repair. Subject to the foregoing, Tenant shall be responsible for all repairs, maintenance and replacement of all systems and facilities located within or exclusively serving the Premises (e.g., Tenant’s distribution of electricity, sprinkler and HVAC facilities within the Premises or elsewhere in the Building including the roof installed as part of the Tenant’s Work or otherwise by or on behalf of Tenant, in each case as distinguished from the Base Building Work). Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary, Tenant’s obligations under this Section shall not include making any repair or improvement (y) to the extent necessitated by the negligence or willful conduct of Landlord or any Landlord Party that is not covered by the insurance required to be carried by Tenant under this Lease, or (z) to the extent caused by Landlord’s failure to perform its obligations hereunder. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Lease, including in Section 13.13, Tenant shall be responsible to pay for the repair of any damage to the slab floor and/or foundation resulting from the acts, omissions, negligence or willful misconduct of any Tenant Parties in the Premises. If repairs are required to be made by Tenant pursuant to the terms hereof, Landlord may demand that Tenant make the same forthwith, and if Tenant refuses or neglects to commence such repairs and complete the same with reasonable dispatch after such demand, Landlord may (but shall not be required to do so) make or cause such repairs to be made and shall not be responsible to Tenant for any loss or damage that may accrue to Tenant’s stock or business by reason thereof. If Landlord makes or causes such repairs to be made, Tenant agrees that Tenant will forthwith on demand, pay to Landlord as Additional Rent the cost thereof together with interest thereon at the rate specified in Section 16.21, and if Tenant shall default in such payment, Landlord shall have the remedies provided for non-payment of rent or other charges payable hereunder. 9.1 Landlord’s Approval ARTICLE IX. Alterations A. Tenant covenants and agrees not to make alterations, additions or improvements to the Premises (“Alterations”), whether before or during the Lease Term, except in accordance with plans and specifications therefor first approved by Landlord in writing, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. However, Landlord’s determination of matters relating to aesthetic issues relating to Alterations which are visible outside the Premises shall be in Landlord’s sole discretion. Without limiting such standard, Landlord shall not be deemed unreasonable for withholding approval of any Alterations (including, without limitation, any Alterations to be performed by Tenant under Article III) which (i) in Landlord’s opinion might adversely affect any structural or exterior element of the Building, any area or element outside of the Premises or any facility or base building mechanical system serving any area of the Building outside of the Premises, or (ii) involve or affect the exterior design, size, height or other exterior dimensions of the Building, or (iii) enlarge the Rentable Floor Area of the Premises, or (iv) violate any restrictions or requirements with respect to the Historic Tax Credits or other matters of record, or (v) will require unusual expense to readapt the Premises to normal office use on Lease termination (Landlord hereby agreeing that it will not withhold its consent to the installation of internal staircases on the grounds that the same require unusual expense to readapt, provided that Landlord may nonetheless withhold such approval on other grounds or condition approval on the Premises being restored at the end of the Term to its condition prior to the installation of such B. C. internal staircases) or increase the cost of construction of or insurance or taxes on the Building or of the services called for by Section 7.3 unless Tenant first gives assurance acceptable to Landlord for payment of such increased cost and that such re(cid:0)adaptation will be made prior to such termination without expense to Landlord (the foregoing Alterations described in subclauses (i) through (v) being sometimes collectively referred to as “Special Improvements”). In the case of all Alterations, Tenant shall, subject to Section 9.7, deliver reasonably detailed plans and specifications to Landlord at the time Tenant seeks Landlord’s approval. All Alterations shall become a part of the Building upon the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease unless Landlord shall specify the same for removal at the time consent is given by Landlord as hereinafter set forth, as “Required Removables.” If Tenant shall make any Alterations that are considered Required Removables (as hereinafter defined), then Landlord may elect, provided Landlord so elects at the time Tenant requests Landlord’s consent to such Alterations, to require Tenant at the expiration or sooner termination of the Term of this Lease to remove such Alterations and restore the Premises to substantially the same condition as existed prior to the installation of such Required Removables. For the purposes hereof, “Required Removables” shall mean include, without limitation, data centers, non-core restrooms (and any horizontal plumbing lines associated with such restrooms), locker rooms, installed by or on behalf of Tenant (other than as part of Landlord’s Work) any Special Improvements, and any specific Alterations identified by Landlord as a Required Removable in connection with Landlord’s approval of Tenant’s Plans. Landlord shall use reasonable efforts to respond to any request from Tenant for its consent to Alterations within ten (10) business days after receipt of the plans and specifications from Tenant (excluding any of Tenant’s Plans (as defined in Exhibit B-1) submitted pursuant to the Work Agreement attached hereto as Exhibit B-1 which shall be governed by the terms of such Work Agreement), or such longer period in the event of any structural alterations that Landlord requires be reviewed by a third party consultant. If Landlord does not respond to Tenant within such ten (10) business day period following receipt of Tenant’s request and submission of complete plans and specifications as required under this Section 9.1, Tenant may deliver a second notice (a “Deemed Approval Notice”) to Landlord that indicates in bold, capitalized text that “THIS IS A TIME SENSITIVE NOTICE AND LANDLORD SHALL BE DEEMED TO CONSENT TO THE PROPOSED ALTERATION IF IT FAILS TO RESPOND TO THIS SECOND REQUEST FOR CONSENT WITHIN FIVE (5) BUSINESS DAYS AFTER RECEIPT,” and if Landlord fails to respond within five (5) business days after delivery of such notice, then Landlord’s failure to respond to the proposed Alterations shall be deemed to be an approval by Landlord of the proposed Alterations. Landlord’s review and approval of any such plans and specifications under this Section 9.1 or under Exhibit B(cid:0)1 and consent to perform work described therein shall not be deemed an agreement by Landlord that such plans, specifications and work conform with applicable Legal Requirements and requirements of insurers of the Building and the other requirements of the Lease with respect to Tenant’s insurance obligations (herein called “Insurance Requirements”) nor deemed a waiver of Tenant’s obligations under this Lease with respect to applicable Legal Requirements and Insurance Requirements nor impose any liability or obligation upon Landlord with respect to the completeness, design sufficiency or compliance of such plans, specifications and work with applicable Legal Requirements and Insurance Requirements. Further, Tenant acknowledges that Tenant is acting for its own benefit and account, and that Tenant shall not be acting as Landlord’s agent in performing any work in the Premises, accordingly, no contractor, subcontractor or supplier shall have a right to lien Landlord’s interest in the Building in connection with any such work. Within thirty (30) days after receipt of an invoice from Landlord, Tenant shall pay to Landlord, as a fee for Landlord’s review of any plans or work (excluding any review respecting initial improvements performed pursuant to Exhibit B(cid:0)1 for which a fee had previously been paid but including any review of plans or work relating to any assignment or subletting), as Additional Rent, an amount equal to the sum of: (i) $150.00 per hour for time reasonably required by Landlord’s in-house personnel to perform such review (not to exceed $1,500 for any project involving interior, non-structural Alterations that do not impact any Building Systems), plus (ii) if Landlord reasonably determines that a third-party consultant is needed to review such work or plans, the reasonable third party expenses incurred by Landlord for such third party to review Tenant’s plans and Tenant’s work. Upon and subject to the terms of this Article IX and other applicable terms and conditions of this Lease, Tenant may construct internal staircases between floors within the Premises and Tenant shall have the right to select the location of such internal staircases subject to Landlord’s approval which shall not be unreasonably withheld so long as the same shall not adversely affect the structural integrity of the Building. 9.2 Conformity of Work Tenant covenants and agrees that any Alterations or installations made by it to or upon the Premises shall be done in a good and workmanlike manner and in compliance with all applicable Legal Requirements and Insurance Requirements now or hereafter in force, that materials of first and otherwise good quality shall be employed therein, that the structure of the Building shall not be endangered or impaired thereby and that the Premises shall not be diminished in value thereby. 9.3 Performance of Work, Governmental Permits and Insurance All of Tenant’s Alterations and installation of furnishings shall be coordinated with any work being performed by or for Landlord and in such manner as to maintain harmonious labor relations and not to damage the Building or interfere with Building construction or operation and, except for installation of furnishings, shall be performed by Landlord’s general contractor or by contractors or workers first approved by Landlord, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned, or delayed. Except for work by Landlord’s general contractor, Tenant shall procure all necessary governmental permits before making any repairs, Alterations or installations. Tenant agrees to save harmless and indemnify Landlord from any and all injury, loss, claims or damage to any person or property occasioned by or arising out of the doing of any such work whether the same be performed prior to or during the Term of this Lease except to the extent resulting from the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord or any Landlord Party. Tenant shall cause each contractor to carry insurance in accordance with Section 13.14 hereof and to deliver to Landlord certificates of all such insurance. Tenant shall also prepare and submit to Landlord a set of as-built plans, in both print and electronic forms, showing such work performed by Tenant to the Premises promptly after any such Alterations or installations are substantially complete and promptly after any wiring or cabling for Tenant’s computer, telephone and other communications systems is installed by Tenant or Tenant’s contractor, provided, however, that if the work is not of a nature where as-built plans would customarily be prepared, Tenant shall only be required to prepare and submit the type of plans that would customarily be prepared in connection with such work. Without limiting any of Tenant’s obligations hereunder, Tenant shall be responsible, as Additional Rent, for the costs of any alterations, additions or improvements in or to the Building that are required in order to comply with Legal Requirements as a result of any work performed by Tenant. Landlord shall have the right to provide rules and regulations relative to the performance of any alterations, additions, improvements and installations by Tenant hereunder and Tenant shall abide by all such reasonable rules and regulations and shall cause all of its contractors to so abide including, without limitation, payment for the costs of using Building services. Tenant acknowledges and agrees that Landlord shall be the owner of any additions, alterations and improvements in the Premises or the Building to the extent paid for by Landlord. 9.4 Liens Tenant covenants and agrees to pay promptly when due the entire cost of any work done on the Premises by Tenant, its agents, employees or contractors, and not to cause or permit any liens for labor or materials performed or furnished in connection therewith to attach to the Premises or the Building and to discharge any such liens (by bonding, discharge by lienor, or otherwise) which may so attach within twenty (20) days after the earlier of notice from Landlord or Tenant’s knowledge of such lien filing. 9.5 Nature of Alterations All work, construction, repairs, Alterations or installations made to or upon the Premises (including, but not limited to, the construction performed by Landlord under Article IV), shall become part of the Premises and shall become the property of Landlord and remain upon and be surrendered with the Premises as a part thereof upon the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term, except as follows: a. b. c. All trade fixtures whether by law deemed to be a part of the realty or not, installed at any time or times by Tenant or any person claiming under Tenant shall remain the property of Tenant or persons claiming under Tenant and may be removed by Tenant or any person claiming under Tenant at any time or times during the Lease Term or any occupancy by Tenant thereafter and shall be removed by Tenant at the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term if so requested by Landlord. Tenant shall repair any damage to the Premises occasioned by the removal by Tenant or any person claiming under Tenant of any such property from the Premises. At the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term, Tenant shall remove all Required Removables (as defined in Section 9.1) and, to the extent specified for removal by Landlord at the time Landlord approves the same under Article III above or Section 9.1, all other alterations, additions and improvements made with Landlord’s consent during the Lease Term for which such removal was made a condition of such consent under Section 9.1. Upon such removal Tenant shall repair any damage caused by such removal and restore the Premises and other affected areas of the Building and leave them neat and clean. If Tenant shall make any Alterations to the Premises for which Landlord’s approval is required under Section 9.1 without obtaining such approval, then at Landlord’s request at any time during the Lease Term, and at any event at the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term, Tenant shall remove such Alterations and restore the Premises to their condition prior to same and repair any damage occasioned by such removal and restoration. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be a consent to Tenant to make any such alterations, additions or improvements, the provisions of Section 9.1 being applicable to any such work. 9.6 Increases in Taxes Tenant shall pay, as Additional Rent, one hundred percent (100%) of any increase in real estate taxes on the Building which shall, at any time after the Commencement Date, result from Alterations to the Premises made by Tenant if the taxing authority specifically determines such increase results from such Alterations made by Tenant. 9.7 Alterations Permitted Without Landlord’s Consent Notwithstanding the terms of Section 9.1, Tenant shall have the right, without obtaining the prior consent of Landlord but upon notice to Landlord given ten (10) days prior to the commencement of any work (which notice shall specify the nature of the work and specify the nature of the Alterations in reasonable detail), to make cosmetic type Alterations to the Premises where: (i) the same are within the interior of the Premises within the Building, and do not affect the exterior of the Premises and the Building nor are visible from outside the Building; (ii) the same do not affect the roof or any structural element of the Building and do not materially, adversely affect the mechanical, electrical, plumbing, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and/or fire protection systems of the Building; (iii) such Alterations do not require the issuance of a building permit by the appropriate municipal authority; and (iv) Tenant shall comply with the provisions of this Lease and if such work increases the cost of insurance or taxes or of services, Tenant shall pay for any such increase in cost. provided, however, that Tenant shall, no later than ten (10) days after the making of such changes, send to Landlord plans and specifications describing the same in reasonable detail and provided further that Landlord may, by notice to Tenant given no later than thirty (30) days subsequent to the date on which the plans and specifications are submitted to Landlord, require Tenant to restore the Premises to its condition prior to such alteration, addition or improvement upon the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term. ARTICLE X. Parking 10.1 Parking Privileges Landlord agrees to designate sixty two (62) unreserved parking spaces at 61 and 75 North Beacon Street as visitor parking spaces for use in common by visitors to the Building for the first two (2) Lease Years. Commencing on the first day of the third Lease Year, Landlord agrees to designate forty two (42) unreserved parking spaces at 61 North Beacon Street and shall address future opportunities for parking at 75 North Beacon Street on at at-will basis at the then current market rate. In the event additional spaces are desired, the same may be made available at the then-current market rate (as of the date of this Lease, $150 per month per space). Landlord shall not be obligated to police the use of such spaces, which Tenant recognizes are to be operated on a self-parking basis. Unless otherwise determined by Landlord, the parking areas at 61 and 75 North Beacon Street will be operated on a self-parking basis, and Tenant shall be obligated to park and remove its own automobiles. Tenant’s access and use privileges with respect to the parking areas shall be in accordance with regulations of uniform applicability to the office users of the parking areas from time to time established by the Landlord. The parking privileges granted herein are non-transferable (other than to a permitted assignee or subtenant pursuant to the applicable provisions of Article XII hereof). Landlord reserves for itself the right to alter the parking areas as it sees fit and in such case to change the parking areas including the reduction in area of the same provided that Tenant shall have use of the number of spaces designated above. In the event that the Rentable Floor Area of the Premises decreases at any time during the Lease Term, the number of parking spaces provided to Tenant hereunder shall be reduced proportionately in accordance with such reduction in the Rentable Floor Area of the Premises. 10.2 Parking Operations Except for (a) normal and reasonable wear and use and (b) damage caused by fire or casualty and by eminent domain, Landlord shall, throughout the Lease Term, subject to provisions for reimbursement by Tenant as contained in Section 7.4 and Section 7.5, keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, the parking area in good condition and repair, in compliance with all applicable Legal Requirements, and in a manner consistent with surface parking areas in similar office buildings in the Market Area, except that Landlord shall in no event be responsible to Tenant for any condition in the parking area caused by any act or neglect of Tenant or any agent, employee, contractor, assignee, subtenant, licensee, concessionaire or invitee of Tenant and which is not covered by the insurance maintained or required to be maintained by Landlord pursuant to Section 13.12 of this Lease. Tenant shall have access to the parking area twenty-four (24) hours per day, seven (7) days per week, subject to reasonable security restrictions and emergency conditions. 10.3 Limitations Tenant covenants and agrees that it and all persons claiming by, through and under it, shall at all times abide by all reasonable rules and regulations promulgated by Landlord with respect to the use of the parking areas (which may include vehicle stickers and/or access card programs), provided such rules and regulations are not inconsistent with Tenant’s rights under this Lease and are of general applicability to the occupants of the Building. The parking privileges granted herein are non-transferable except to a permitted assignee or subtenant as provided in Article XII. Further, Landlord assumes no responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage due to fire, theft or otherwise to any automobile(s) parked at the property or to any personal property therein, however caused, and Tenant covenants and agrees, upon request from Landlord from time to time, to notify its officers, employees, agents and invitees of such limitation of liability. Tenant acknowledges and agrees that a license only is hereby granted, and no bailment is intended or shall be created. ARTICLE XI. Certain Tenant Covenants Tenant covenants and agrees to the following during the Lease Term and for such further time as Tenant occupies any part of the Premises: 11.1 To pay when due all Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent and all charges for utility services rendered to the Premises and, as further Additional Rent, all charges for additional and special services requested by Tenant and rendered pursuant to Section 7.3. In the event Tenant pays any utilities for the Premises directly to the utility company or provider, Tenant shall grant Landlord access to Tenant’s account with such utility company or provider so that Landlord can review the utility bills relating to the Premises. 11.2 (A) To use and occupy the Premises for the Permitted Use only, and not to injure or deface the Premises or the Building and not to permit in the Premises any auction sale, or flammable fluids or chemicals, or nuisance, or the emission from the Premises of any objectionable noise or odor, nor to operate in the Premises in such a way as to result in the leakage of fluid or the growth of mold, and not to use or devote the Premises or any part thereof for any purpose other than the Permitted Use, or which is improper, offensive, contrary to law or ordinance or liable to invalidate or increase the premiums for any insurance on the Building or its contents or liable to render necessary any alteration or addition to the Building. (B) Tenant shall not cause or permit any substance which is or may hereafter be classified as a hazardous material, waste or substance (collectively “Hazardous Materials”), under federal, state or local laws, rules and regulations or standards, including, without limitation, 42 U.S.C. Section 6901 et seq., 42 U.S.C. Section 9601 et seq., 42 U.S.C. Section 2601 et seq., 49 U.S.C. Section 1802 et seq. and Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 21E and the rules and regulations or standards promulgated under any of the foregoing, as such laws, rules and regulations may be amended from time to time (collectively “Hazardous Materials Laws”) to be brought upon, kept, used, stored, handled, treated, generated in or about, or released or disposed of (into the sewage or waste disposal system or otherwise) from, the Premises or the Property in violation of applicable Hazardous Materials Laws by Tenant, its agents, employees, contractors, affiliates, sublessees or invitees. However, notwithstanding the preceding sentence, Landlord agrees that Tenant may use, store and properly dispose of commonly available household cleaners and chemicals to maintain the Premises and Tenant’s routine office operations (such as printer toner and copier toner) provided that Tenant uses such substances in the manner which they are normally used and in compliance with all applicable Hazardous Materials Laws. (C) Any handling, treatment, transportation, storage, disposal or use of Hazardous Materials by Tenant in or about the Premises or the Property and Tenant’s use of the Premises shall comply with all applicable Hazardous Materials Laws. (D) Tenant shall indemnify, defend upon demand with counsel reasonably acceptable to Landlord, and hold Landlord and the Landlord Parties (as hereinafter defined) harmless from and against, any liabilities, losses claims, damages, interest, penalties, fines, attorneys’ fees, experts’ fees, court costs, remediation costs, and other expenses which result from the use, storage, handling, treatment, transportation, release, threat of release or disposal of Hazardous Materials in or about the Premises or the Property by Tenant or Tenant’s agents, employees, contractors or invitees. The provisions of this paragraph (D) shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease. (E) Tenant shall give written notice to Landlord as soon as reasonably practicable of any communication received by Tenant from any governmental authority alleging the release of Hazardous Materials which relates to the Premises or the Property, and any Environmental Condition of which Tenant is aware. (F) Tenant hereby represents and warrants to Landlord that Tenant is not subject to any enforcement order issued by any governmental authority in connection with the use, storage, handling, treatment, generation, release or disposal of Hazardous Materials (including, without limitation, any order related to the failure to make a required reporting to any governmental authority). (G) Tenant's obligations under this Section 11.2 shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease. Without limitation of Landlord’s other remedies under this Lease, during any period of time after the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease required by Tenant or Landlord to complete the removal from the Premises of any Hazardous Materials (including, without limitation, the release and termination of any licenses or permits restricting the use of the Premises) or to satisfy Tenant’s obligations under Section 11.2(M) below, Tenant shall continue to pay the full Rent in accordance with this Lease for any portion of the Premises not relet by Landlord in Landlord's sole discretion, which Rent shall be prorated daily 11.3 Not to obstruct in any manner any portion of the Building not hereby leased or any portion thereof used by Tenant in common with others; not without prior consent of Landlord to permit the painting or placing of any signs, curtains, blinds, shades, awnings, aerials or flagpoles, or the like, visible from outside the Premises; and to comply with all reasonable rules and regulations now or hereafter made by Landlord, of which Tenant has been given notice, for the care and use of the Building and its facilities and approaches, but Landlord shall not be liable to Tenant for the failure of other occupants of the Building to conform to such rules and regulations. 11.4 Subject to the provisions of Section 8.1, to keep the Premises equipped with all safety appliances required by law or ordinance or any other regulation of any public authority because of any use made by Tenant other than normal office use, and to procure all licenses and permits so required because of any use made by Tenant other than normal office use, and, if requested by Landlord, to do any work so required because of such use, it being understood that the foregoing provisions shall not be construed to broaden in any way Tenant’s Permitted Use. 11.5 Not to place a load upon any floor in the Premises exceeding an average rate of 100 pounds of live load (including 20 pounds allocated for partitions) per square foot of floor area; and not to move any safe, vault or other heavy equipment in, about or out of the Premises except in such manner and at such time as Landlord shall in each instance authorize. Tenant’s business machines and mechanical equipment shall be placed and maintained by Tenant at Tenant’s expense in settings sufficient to absorb and prevent vibration or noise that may be transmitted to the Building structure or to any other space in the Building. 11.6 To pay promptly when due all taxes which may be imposed upon personal property (including, without limitation, fixtures and equipment) in the Premises to whomever assessed. 11.7 Intentionally omitted. 11.8 To comply with all applicable Legal Requirements now or hereafter in force regarding the operation of Tenant’s business or which impose a duty on Landlord or Tenant relating to or as a result of the use or occupancy of the Premises; provided that Tenant shall not be required to make any alterations or additions required by Legal Requirements to be made to the structural elements of the Premises or to the structure, roof, exterior and load bearing walls, foundation, structural floor slabs and other structural elements of the Building unless such alterations or additions are required by reason of: (x) Tenant’s use of the Premises for other than general office use or Tenant’s particular manner of use or manner of operation of Tenant’s business, or (y) alterations, additions, or improvements made by or on behalf of Tenant (exclusive of the Base Building Work). Tenant shall obtain and maintain all permits, licenses and the like, required by applicable Legal Requirements (including a certificate of occupancy following performance of Tenant’s Work) in respect of Tenant’s business and Tenant’s use or occupancy of the Premises. Tenant, at its expense, after notice to Landlord, may contest, by appropriate proceedings prosecuted diligently and in good faith, the validity, or applicability to the Premises, of any law or requirement of any public authority, and may defer compliance therewith, provided that (i) Landlord shall not be subject to criminal penalty or to prosecution for a crime, or any other fine or charge, nor shall the Premises, or any part thereof, or the Building, or any part thereof, be subjected to any lien (unless Tenant shall remove such lien by bonding or otherwise) or encumbrance, by reason of non-compliance or otherwise by reason of such contest; (ii) no unsafe or hazardous condition remains unremedied and non- performance will not render or threaten to render Landlord or Tenant in violation of any statutory repair obligations applicable to the Premises or the Building; (iii) such non-compliance or contest shall not constitute or result in any violation of any mortgage or ground lease encumbering the Building, or if any such mortgage or ground lease shall permit such non-compliance or contest on condition of the taking of action or furnishing of security by Landlord, such action shall be taken and such security shall be furnished at the expense of Tenant; (iv) such non-compliance or contest shall not prevent Landlord from obtaining any and all permits and licenses in connection with the operation of the Building or the performance of the Base Building Work; and (v) Tenant shall keep Landlord advised as to the status of such proceedings. Tenant shall promptly pay all fines, penalties and damages that may arise out of or be imposed because of its failure to comply with the provisions of this Section 11.8. Tenant shall indemnify Landlord against the cost thereof and against all liability for damages, interest, penalties and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses), resulting from or incurred in connection with such contest or non-compliance. 11.9 Intentionally Omitted. 11.10 Any vendors engaged by Tenant to perform services in or to the Premises including, without limitation, janitorial contractors and moving contractors shall be coordinated with any work being performed by or for Landlord and in such manner as to maintain harmonious labor relations and to not unreasonably interfere with Building construction or operation. If Landlord notifies Tenant that a vendor engaged by Tenant is causing or is likely to cause any labor disruption or disharmony or is otherwise interfering with Landlord’s operation of the Building, Landlord and Tenant agree to reasonably cooperate in good faith to promptly resolve any such disruption, disharmony or interference, as the case may be, provided that if such disruption, disharmony or interference is not resolved within a time period reasonably designated by Landlord, Tenant shall immediately dismiss such vendor. Tenant shall provide Landlord with reasonable prior notice of the identification of any vendors performing services in or to the Premises and insurance certificates required pursuant to Section 13.14 of this Lease. Any vendors performing work on behalf of Tenant in the Premises or the Building which, under applicable Legal Requirements, requires the issuance of a building permit shall be subject to Landlord’s prior written approval, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. 11.10 (A) As an inducement to Landlord to enter into this Lease, Tenant hereby represents and warrants that: (i) Tenant is not, nor is it owned or controlled directly or indirectly by, any person, group, entity or nation named on any list issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”) pursuant to Executive Order 13224 or any similar list or any law, order, rule or regulation or any Executive Order of the President of the United States as a terrorist, “Specially Designated National and Blocked Person” or other banned or blocked person (any such person, group, entity or nation being hereinafter referred to as a “Prohibited Person”); (ii) Tenant is not (nor is it owned, controlled, directly or indirectly, by any person, group, entity or nation which is) acting directly or indirectly for or on behalf of any Prohibited Person; and (iii) from and after the effective date of the above-referenced Executive Order, Tenant (and any person, group, or entity which Tenant controls, directly or indirectly) has not conducted nor will conduct business nor has engaged nor will engage in any transaction or dealing with any Prohibited Person in violation of the U.S. Patriot Act or any OFAC rule or regulation, including without limitation any assignment of this Lease or any subletting of all or any portion of the Premises or the making or receiving of any contribution of funds, goods or services to or for the benefit of a Prohibited Person in violation of the U.S. Patriot Act or any OFAC rule or regulation. In connection with the foregoing, it is expressly understood and agreed that (x) any breach by Tenant of the foregoing representations and warranties shall be deemed an Event of Default by Tenant under Section 15.1(d) of this Lease and shall be covered by the indemnity provisions of Section 13.1 below, and (y) the representations and warranties contained in this subsection shall be continuing in nature and shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease. (B) As an inducement to Tenant to enter into this Lease, Landlord hereby represents and warrants that: (i) Landlord is not, nor is it owned or controlled directly or indirectly by, any Prohibited Person; (ii) Landlord is not (nor is it owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by any person, group, entity or nation which is) acting directly or indirectly for or on behalf of any Prohibited Person; and (iii) Landlord (and any person, group, or entity which Landlord controls, directly or indirectly) has not conducted nor will conduct business nor has engaged nor will engage in any transaction or dealing with any Prohibited Person that either causes or may cause Tenant to be in violation of any OFAC rule or regulation. In connection with the foregoing, is expressly understood and agreed that the representations and warranties contained in this subsection shall be continuing in nature and shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease. 12.1 Restrictions on Transfer ARTICLE XII. Assignment and Subletting Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, Tenant covenants and agrees that it shall not assign, mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise transfer this Lease and/or Tenant’s interest in this Lease or sublet (which term, without limitation, shall include granting of concessions, licenses or the like) the whole or any part of the Premises. If and so long as Tenant is a corporation with fewer than five hundred (500) shareholders or a limited liability company or a partnership, an assignment, within the meaning of this Article XII, shall be deemed to include one or more sales or transfers of stock or membership or partnership interests, by operation of law or otherwise, or the issuance of new stock or membership or partnership interests, by which an aggregate of more than fifty percent (50%) of Tenant’s stock or membership or partnership interests shall be vested in a party or parties who are not stockholders or members or partners as of the date hereof, except that the transfer of the outstanding capital stock of or equity interests in Tenant by persons or parties through the “over the counter market” or through any recognized stock exchange shall not be deemed an assignment of this Lease. For the purpose of this Section 12.1, ownership of stock or membership or partnership interests shall be determined in accordance with the principles set forth in Section 544 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, or the corresponding provisions of any subsequent law. In addition, the merger or consolidation of Tenant into or with any other entity, or the sale of all or substantially all of its assets, shall be deemed to be an assignment within the meaning of this Article XII. Any assignment, mortgage, pledge, hypothecation, transfer or subletting not expressly permitted in or consented to by Landlord under this Article XII shall, at Landlord’s election, be void; shall be of no force and effect; and shall confer no rights on or in favor of third parties. In addition, Landlord shall be entitled to seek specific performance of or other equitable relief with respect to the provisions hereof. The limitations of this Section 12.1 shall be deemed to apply to any guarantor(s) of this Lease. 12.2 Tenant’s Notice Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.1 above, in the event Tenant desires to assign this Lease or to sublet the Premises (in whole or in part), Tenant shall give Landlord notice (the “Proposed Transfer Notice”) of any proposed sublease or assignment, and said notice shall specify the provisions of the proposed assignment or subletting, including (a) the name and address of the proposed assignee or subtenant, (b) in the case of a proposed assignment pursuant to Section 12.4 below, such information as to the proposed assignee’s net worth and financial capability and standing as may reasonably be required for Landlord to make the determination referred to in said Section 12.4 (provided, however, that Landlord shall hold such information confidential having the right to release same to its officers, accountants, attorneys and mortgage lenders on a confidential basis), (c) all of the terms and provisions upon which the proposed assignment or subletting is to be made, (d) in the case of a proposed assignment or subletting pursuant to Section 12.4 below, all other information necessary to make the determination referred to in said Section 12.4 and (e) in the case of a proposed assignment or subletting pursuant to Section 12.5 below, such information as may be reasonably required by Landlord to determine that such proposed assignment or subletting complies with the requirements of said Section 12.5. 12.3 Landlord’s Termination Right In the event Tenant desires to (a) assign this Lease, or (b) to sublet the Premises or any portion thereof for a term equal to all or substantially all of the remaining Term hereof (any such sublease being hereinafter referred to as a “Major Sublease”) to an entity other than a Permitted Transferee (for which the terms of Section 12.5 shall control), Tenant shall give Landlord either (y) a Proposed Transfer Notice of any proposed sublease or assignment in the event Tenant already has a specific assignment or sublease transaction or (z) a notice stating that Tenant is contemplating entering into an assignment or Major Sublease (either such notice being hereinafter referred to as a “Notice of Intent to Transfer”) and Landlord shall have the right at its sole option, to be exercised (1) within thirty (30) days after receipt of Tenant’s Notice of Intent to Transfer, or (2) within fifteen (15) business days after receipt of Tenant’s Proposed Transfer Notice (such response time period, as applicable to the type of notice received from Tenant, being referred to herein as the “Acceptance Period”), to terminate this Lease as of a date specified in a notice to Tenant, which date shall be not earlier than thirty (30) days nor later than ninety (90) days after Landlord’s notice to Tenant. In the event Landlord exercises such right of termination, Tenant may rescind Tenant’s Notice of Intent to Transfer by delivering written notice thereof to Landlord within five (5) business days after Landlord’s termination notice, in which case such Tenant’s Notice of Intent to Transfer shall be deemed rescinded and void and of no further force and effect and Tenant shall not proceed with the proposed transfer. Upon the termination date as set forth in Landlord’s notice, all obligations relating to the period after such termination date (but not those relating to the period before such termination date) shall cease and promptly upon being billed therefor by Landlord, Tenant shall make final payment of all Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent due from Tenant through the termination date. In the event that Landlord shall not exercise its termination rights as aforesaid, or shall fail to give any or timely notice pursuant to this Section, the provisions of Sections 12.4, 12.6 and 12.7 shall be applicable. This Section 12.3 shall not be applicable to an assignment or sublease pursuant to Section 12.5. If Landlord fails to exercise its rights under this Lease with respect to a Notice of Intent to Transfer within the Acceptance Period, Landlord will not thereafter have the right to exercise its rights under this Section 12.3 with respect to a Proposed Transfer Notice for any portion of the space identified in Tenant’s previous Notice of Intent to Transfer provided Tenant’s Proposed Transfer Notice is received within the one hundred twenty (120) day time period set forth in Section 12.4 below, and provided that nothing herein shall waive Tenant’s obligation to obtain Landlord’s prior written consent to such subsequent Tenant’s proposed transfer. 12.4 Consent of Landlord Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12.1 above, but subject to the provisions of this Section 12.4 and the provisions of Sections 12.6 and 12.7 below, in the event that Landlord shall not have exercised the termination right as set forth in Section 12.3, or shall have failed to give any or timely notice under Section 12.3, then for a period of one hundred twenty (120) days after (i) the receipt of Landlord’s notice stating that Landlord does not elect to exercise the termination right, or (ii) the expiration of the Acceptance Period, in the event Landlord shall not give any or timely notice under Section 12.3 as the case may be, Tenant shall have the right to assign this Lease or sublet all or any portion of the of the Premises in accordance with the Proposed Transfer Notice provided that, in each instance, Tenant first obtains the express prior written consent of Landlord, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. Any disapproval by Landlord of a proposed assignment or subletting shall set forth in reasonable detail the reason or reasons therefor. Without limiting the foregoing standard, Landlord shall not be deemed to be unreasonably withholding its consent to such a proposed assignment or subleasing if: a. b. c. d. the proposed assignee or subtenant is a tenant in the Building or is (or within the previous sixty (60) days has been) in active negotiation (meaning that Landlord has issued or received a lease proposal with such party) with Landlord or an affiliate of Landlord for premises in the Building or is not of a character consistent with the operation of a first class office building (by way of example Landlord shall not be deemed to be unreasonably withholding its consent to an assignment or subleasing to any governmental or quasi(cid:0)governmental agency or to a so(cid:0)called “call center”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, Tenant may sublease all or a portion of the Premises (the “Subleased Premises”) to a tenant of the Building if such subtenant’s need, as to the size of premises and length of term, cannot then (i.e., at the time that Tenant’s sublease would commence) be satisfied by Landlord or its affiliates within the Building; or the proposed assignee does not possess adequate financial capability to perform the Tenant obligations as and when due or required; or the assignee or subtenant proposes to use the Premises (or part thereof) for a purpose other than the purpose for which the Premises may be used as stated in Section 1.2 hereof; or the character of the business to be conducted or the proposed use of the Premises by the proposed subtenant or assignee shall (i) be likely to materially increase Landlord’s Operating Expenses beyond that which Landlord now incurs for use by Tenant; (ii) be likely to materially increase the burden on elevators or other Building systems or equipment over the burden generated by normal and customary office usage; or (iii) violate or be likely to violate any provisions or restrictions contained herein relating to the use or occupancy of the Premises; or e. f. g. h. there shall be existing an Event of Default (defined in Section 15.1) or there have been two (2) or more Event of Default occurrences within the twelve (12) months immediately preceding Landlord’s receipt of Tenant’s Proposed Transfer Notice; or any part of the rent payable under the proposed assignment or sublease shall be based in whole or in part on the income or profits derived from the Premises or if any proposed assignment or sublease shall potentially have any adverse effect on the real estate investment trust qualification requirements applicable to Landlord and its affiliates; or the holder of any mortgage on property which includes the Premises having approval rights over such proposed assignment or sublease does not approve of the same (where such holder has approval rights pursuant to the terms of the mortgage); or due to the identity or business of a proposed assignee or subtenant, such approval would cause Landlord to be in violation of any covenant or restriction contained in another lease for space within the Building. If Landlord shall consent to the proposed assignment or subletting, as the case may be, then, in such event, Tenant may thereafter sublease or assign pursuant to Tenant’s notice, as given hereunder; provided, however, that if such assignment or sublease shall not be executed and delivered to Landlord within ninety (90) days after the date of Landlord’s consent, the consent shall be deemed null and void and the provisions of Section 12.2 shall be applicable. At the written request of Tenant, Landlord will approve or disapprove of a proposed transferee prior to receiving a final, executed copy of the proposed assignment, sublease and other contractual documents, provided that (i) Landlord has been provided with sufficient information to make such decision, and (ii) any approval by Landlord of a proposed transferee shall be conditioned upon Landlord’s subsequent approval of the actual signed assignment, sublease or other contractual documents that are entered into to effectuate the proposed Transfer. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Landlord’s approval shall be null and void and deemed withdrawn if Tenant does not, within ninety (90) days of Tenant’s initial request for Landlord’s approval, enter into an assignment or sublease upon substantially the same economic and other material terms as were set forth in the documentation previously delivered to Landlord. 12.5 Exceptions Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 12.1, 12.3 and 12.4 above or the provisions of Section 12.6 below, but subject to the provisions of Section 12.2 and Section 12.7 below, Tenant shall have the right to assign this Lease or to sublet the Premises (in whole or in part) without the consent of Landlord but after reasonable advance notice (not less than fifteen (15) days before the effective date of the assignment or subletting except that if prior notice to Landlord of such assignment, sublease or transfer is prohibited by applicable securities laws, then Tenant shall deliver such notice to Landlord as soon as it is legally permitted to do so, but not later than the date five (5) business days after the occurrence of the proposed assignment, sublease or transfer in question and, if such transfer is subject to a confidentiality agreement, Tenant may require Landlord to first execute a commercially reasonable confidentiality agreement) to any other entity (the “Successor Entity”) (i) which controls or is controlled by Tenant or Tenant’s parent corporation, or (ii) which is under common control with Tenant, or (iii) which purchases all or substantially all of the assets of Tenant, or (iv) which purchases a controlling interest in Tenant, or (v) which merges or combines with Tenant (the foregoing transferees referred to, individually or collectively, as a “Permitted Transferee”). Except in cases of statutory merger, in which case the surviving entity in the merger shall be liable as the Tenant under this Lease, Tenant shall continue to remain fully liable under this Lease, on a joint and several basis with the Permitted Transferee. If any parent, affiliate or subsidiary of Tenant to which this Lease is assigned or the Premises sublet (in whole or in part) shall cease to be such a parent, affiliate or subsidiary, such cessation shall be considered an assignment or subletting requiring Landlord’s consent. 12.6 Profit on Subleasing or Assignment In the case of any assignment or subleasing as to which Landlord may consent (other than an assignment or subletting permitted under Section 12.5 above) such consent shall be upon the express and further condition, covenant and agreement, and Tenant hereby covenants and agrees that, in addition to the Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges to be paid pursuant to this Lease, fifty percent (50%) of the “Assignment/Sublease Profits” (hereinafter defined), if any, actually received by Tenant shall be paid to Landlord. The “Assignment/Sublease Profits” shall be the excess, if any, of (a) the “Assignment/Sublease Net Revenues” as hereinafter defined over (b) the Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent and other charges provided in this Lease (provided, however, that for the purpose of calculating the Assignment/Sublease Profits in the case of a sublease, appropriate proportions in the applicable Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges under this Lease shall be made based on the percentage of the Premises subleased and on the terms of the sublease). The “Assignment/Sublease Net Revenues” shall be the fixed rent, additional rent and all other charges and sums actually received by Tenant either initially or over the term of the sublease or assignment plus all other profits and increases actually received by Tenant as a result of such subletting or assignment (exclusive of amounts paid to Tenant for the purchase or lease of personal property or equipment of Tenant except to the extent such amounts exceed the fair market value or rental value of the same), after deducting the reasonable costs of Tenant incurred in such subleasing or assignment (the definition of which shall be limited to rent concessions, architectural fees, reasonable attorneys’ fees, moving expenses, brokerage commissions and alteration allowances associated with the subleasing or assignment at issue, in each case actually paid and, with respect to an assignment only, the unamortized costs of leasehold improvements paid for by Tenant in excess of Landlord’s Contribution to the extent the assignee has paid consideration specifically on account of the same), as set forth in a statement certified by an appropriate officer of Tenant and delivered to Landlord within thirty (30) days of the full execution of the sublease or assignment document, amortized over the term of the sublease or assignment. All payments of the Assignment/Sublease Profits due Landlord shall be made within ten (10) business days of receipt of same by Tenant. 12.7 Additional Conditions A. It shall be a condition of the validity of any assignment or subletting consented to under Section 12.4 above, or any assignment or subletting of right under Section 12.5 above, that both Tenant and the assignee or sublessee enter into a separate written instrument directly with Landlord in a form and containing terms and provisions reasonably required by Landlord, including, without limitation, the agreement of the assignee or sublessee to be bound directly to Landlord for all the obligations of the Tenant under this Lease (including any amendments or extensions thereof), including, without limitation, the obligation (a) to pay the rent and other amounts provided for under this Lease (but in the case of a partial subletting pursuant to Section 12.5, such subtenant shall agree on a pro rata basis to be so bound) and (b) to comply with the provisions of Article XII hereof and (c) to indemnify the “Landlord Parties” (as defined in Section 13.13) as provided in Section 13.1 hereof. Such assignment or subletting shall not relieve the Tenant named herein of any of the obligations of the Tenant hereunder and Tenant shall remain fully and primarily liable therefor and the liability of Tenant and such assignee (or subtenant, as the case may be) shall be joint and several. Further, and notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions hereof shall not constitute a recognition of the sublease or the subtenant thereunder, as the case may be, and at Landlord’s option, upon the termination or expiration of the Lease (whether such termination is based upon a cause beyond Tenant’s control, a default of Tenant, the agreement of Tenant and Landlord or any other reason), the sublease shall be terminated. B. As Additional Rent, Tenant shall pay to Landlord as a fee for Landlord’s review of any proposed assignment or sublease requested by Tenant and the preparation of any associated documentation in connection therewith, within thirty (30) days after receipt of an invoice from Landlord, an amount equal to the sum of (i) $2,500.00 and/or (ii) reasonable out of pocket legal fees or other expenses incurred by Landlord in connection with such request up to a maximum of Five Thousand and 00/100 Dollars ($5,000.00) in connection with any single request for consent. C. D. E. F. G. If this Lease be assigned, or if the Premises or any part thereof be sublet or occupied by anyone other than Tenant, Landlord may upon prior notice to Tenant, at any time and from time to time, at any time and from time to time after the occurrence of an Event of Default by Tenant, collect rent and other charges from the assignee, sublessee or occupant and apply the net amount collected to the rent and other charges herein reserved, but no such assignment, subletting, occupancy or collection shall be deemed a waiver of this covenant, or a waiver of the provisions of Article XII hereof, or the acceptance of the assignee, sublessee or occupant as a tenant or a release of Tenant from the further performance by Tenant of covenants on the part of Tenant herein contained, the Tenant herein named to remain primarily liable under this Lease. The consent by Landlord to an assignment or subletting under Section 12.4 above, or the consummation of an assignment or subletting of right under Section 12.5 above, shall in no way be construed to relieve Tenant from obtaining the express consent in writing of Landlord to any further assignment or subletting. On or after the occurrence of a monetary or material non-monetary “Event of Default” (defined in Section 15.1), Landlord shall be entitled to one hundred percent (100%) of any Assignment/Sublease Profits. Without limiting Tenant’s obligations under Article IX and except as expressly provided in Section 12.3 above, Tenant shall be responsible, at Tenant’s sole cost and expense, for performing all work necessary to comply with Legal Requirements and Insurance Requirements in connection with any assignment or subletting hereunder including, without limitation, any work in connection with such assignment or subletting. In addition to the other requirements set forth in this Lease and notwithstanding any other provision of this Lease, partial sublettings of the Premises shall only be permitted under the following terms and conditions: (i) the layout of both the subleased premises and the remainder of the Premises must comply with applicable Legal Requirements and any alterations must be approved by Landlord in accordance with Article IX, including, without limitation, all requirements concerning access and egress; (ii) in the event the subleased premises are separately physically demised from the remainder of the Premises, Tenant shall pay all costs of separately physically demising the subleased premises and shall restore the Premises to its original layout prior to expiration of the Term, including, without limitation, removing all demising walls, wiring and other improvements made; and (iii) there shall be no more than one (1) sublease in effect in the Premises at any given time. ARTICLE XIII. 13.1 Tenant’s Indemnity Indemnity and Insurance a. b. c. Indemnity. To the fullest extent permitted by law, but subject to the limitations in Section 13.13 of this Article (waiver of subrogation) and Section 16.24 below, Tenant waives any right to contribution against the Landlord Parties (as hereinafter defined) and agrees to indemnify and save harmless the Landlord Parties from and against claims of whatever nature by a third party arising from or claimed to have arisen from (i) any act, omission or negligence of the Tenant Parties (as hereinafter defined); (ii) any accident, injury or damage whatsoever caused to any person, or to the property of any person, occurring in or about the Premises from the earlier of (A) the date on which any Tenant Party first enters the Premises for any reason or (B) the Commencement Date, and thereafter throughout and until the end of the Lease Term, and after the end of the Lease Term for so long after the end of the Lease Term as Tenant or anyone acting by, through or under Tenant is in occupancy of the Premises or any portion thereof; (iii) any accident, injury or damage whatsoever occurring outside the Premises but within the Building or the Common Areas where such accident, injury or damage results, or is claimed to have resulted, from any act, omission or negligence on the part of any of the Tenant Parties; or (iv) any breach of this Lease by Tenant. Tenant shall pay such indemnified amounts as they are incurred by the Landlord Parties. This indemnification shall not be construed to deny or reduce any other rights or obligations of indemnity that any of the Landlord Parties may have under this Lease. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, Tenant shall not be obligated to indemnify a Landlord Party for any claims to the extent that such Landlord Party’s damages result from the negligence or willful misconduct or breach of this Lease by any of the Landlord Parties. No limitation. The indemnification obligations under this Section 13.1 shall not be limited in any way by any limitation on the amount or type of damages, compensation or benefits payable by or for Tenant or any subtenant or other occupant of the Premises under workers’ compensation acts, disability benefit acts, or other employee benefit acts. Tenant waives any immunity from or limitation on its indemnity or contribution liability to the Landlord Parties based upon such acts. Subtenants and other occupants. Tenant shall require its subtenants and other occupants of the Premises to provide similar indemnities to the Landlord Parties in a form acceptable to Landlord. d. e. Survival. The terms of this Section 13.1 shall survive any termination or expiration of this Lease. Costs. The foregoing indemnity and hold harmless agreement shall include indemnity for all costs, expenses and liabilities (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and disbursements) incurred by the Landlord Parties in connection with any such claim or any action or proceeding brought thereon, and the defense thereof. In addition, in the event that any action or proceeding shall be brought against one or more Landlord Parties by reason of any such claim, Tenant, upon request from the Landlord Party, shall resist and defend such action or proceeding on behalf of the Landlord Party by counsel appointed by Tenant’s insurer (if such claim is covered by insurance without reservation) or otherwise by counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Landlord Party. The Landlord Parties shall not be bound by any compromise or settlement of any such claim, action or proceeding without the prior written consent of such Landlord Parties. 13.2 Tenant’s Risk Tenant agrees to use and occupy the Premises, and to use such other portions of the Building as Tenant is given the right to use by this Lease at Tenant’s own risk. The Landlord Parties shall not be liable to the Tenant Parties for any damage, injury, loss, compensation, or claim (including, but not limited to, claims for the interruption of or loss to a Tenant Party’s business) based on, arising out of or resulting from any cause whatsoever, including, but not limited to, repairs to any portion of the Premises or the Building, any fire, robbery, theft, mysterious disappearance, or any other crime or casualty, the actions of any other tenants of the Building or of any other person or persons, or any leakage in any part or portion of the Premises or the Building, or from water, rain or snow that may leak into, or flow from any part of the Premises or the Building, or from drains, pipes or plumbing fixtures in the Building. Any goods, property or personal effects stored or placed in or about the Premises shall be at the sole risk of the Tenant Party, and neither the Landlord Parties nor their insurers shall in any manner be held responsible therefor. The Landlord Parties shall not be responsible or liable to a Tenant Party, or to those claiming by, through or under a Tenant Party, for any loss or damage that may be occasioned by or through the acts or omissions of persons occupying adjoining premises or any part of the premises adjacent to or connecting with the Premises or any part of the Building or otherwise. The provisions of this section shall be applicable to the fullest extent permitted by law, and until the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term, and during such further period as Tenant may use or be in occupancy of any part of the Premises or of the Building. 13.3 Tenant’s Commercial General Liability Insurance Tenant agrees to maintain in full force on or before the earlier of (i) the date on which any Tenant Party first enters the Premises for any reason or (ii) the Commencement Date, and thereafter throughout and until the end of the Lease Term, and after the end of the Lease Term for so long as Tenant or anyone acting by, through or under Tenant is in occupancy of the Premises or any portion thereof, a policy of commercial general liability insurance, on an occurrence basis, issued on a form at least as broad as Insurance Services Office (“ISO”) Commercial General Liability Coverage “occurrence” form CG 00 01 10 01 or another Commercial General Liability “occurrence” form providing equivalent coverage. Such insurance shall include contractual liability coverage, specifically covering but not limited to the indemnification obligations undertaken by Tenant in this Lease (exclusive of Tenant’s indemnification for a breach of this Lease by Tenant pursuant to clause (iv) of Section 13.1). The minimum limits of liability of such insurance shall be Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000.00) per occurrence, which may be satisfied through a combination of primary and excess/umbrella insurance. In addition, in the event Tenant hosts a function in the Premises, in the Building or on the Property, Tenant agrees to obtain, and cause any persons or parties providing services for such function to obtain, the appropriate insurance coverages as determined by Landlord (including liquor liability coverage, if applicable) and provide Landlord with evidence of the same. 13.4 Tenant’s Property Insurance Tenant shall maintain at all times during the Term of the Lease, and during such earlier time as Tenant may be performing work in or to the Premises or have property, fixtures, furniture, equipment, machinery, goods, supplies, wares or merchandise on the Premises, and containing thereafter so long as Tenant is in occupancy of any part of the Premises, business interruption insurance and insurance against loss or damage covered by the so called “all risk” type insurance coverage with respect to Tenant’s property, fixtures, furniture, equipment, machinery, goods, supplies, wares and merchandise, and all alterations, improvements and other modifications made by or on behalf of the Tenant in the Premises, and other property of Tenant located at the Premises, which are permitted to be removed by Tenant at the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term except to the extent paid for by Landlord (collectively “Tenant’s Property”). The business interruption insurance required by this Section 13.4 shall be in minimum amounts typically carried by prudent tenants engaged in similar operations, but in no event shall be in an amount less than the Annual Fixed Rent then in effect during any Lease Year, plus any Additional Rent due and payable for the immediately preceding Lease Year. The “all risk” insurance required by this section shall be in an amount at least equal to the full replacement cost of Tenant’s Property. In addition, during such time as Tenant is performing work in or to the Premises, Tenant, at Tenant’s expense, shall also maintain, or shall cause its contractor(s) to maintain, builder’s risk insurance for the full insurable value of such work. Landlord and such additional persons or entities as Landlord may reasonably request shall be named as loss payees, as their interests may appear, on the policy or policies required by this Lease. In the event of loss or damage covered by the “all risk” insurance required by this Lease, the responsibilities for repairing or restoring the loss or damage shall be determined in accordance with Article XIV. To the extent that Landlord is obligated to pay for the repair or restoration of the loss or damage covered by the policy, Landlord shall be paid the proceeds of the “all risk” insurance covering the loss or damage. To the extent Tenant is obligated to pay for the repair or restoration of the loss or damage, covered by the policy, Tenant shall be paid the proceeds of the “all risk” insurance covering the loss or damage. If both Landlord and Tenant are obligated to pay for the repair or restoration of the loss or damage covered by the policy, the insurance proceeds shall be paid to each of them in the pro rata proportion of their obligations to repair or restore the loss or damage. If the loss or damage is not repaired or restored (for example, if the Lease is terminated pursuant to Article XIV), the insurance proceeds shall be paid to Landlord and Tenant in the pro rata proportion of their relative contributions to the cost of the leasehold improvements covered by the policy. 13.5 Tenant’s Other Insurance Tenant agrees to maintain in full force on or before the earlier of (i) the date on which any Tenant Party first enters the Premises for any reason or (ii) the Commencement Date, and thereafter throughout the end of the Term, and after the end of the Term for so long after the end of the Term as Tenant or anyone acting by, through or under Tenant is in occupancy of the Premises or any portion thereafter, (1) comprehensive automobile liability insurance (covering any automobiles owned or operated by Tenant) issued on a form at least as broad as ISO Business Auto Coverage form CA 00 01 07 97 or other form providing equivalent coverage; (2) worker’s compensation insurance; and (3) employer’s liability insurance. Such automobile liability insurance shall be in an amount not less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) for each accident. Such worker’s compensation insurance shall carry minimum limits as defined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the Premises are located (as the same may be amended from time to time). Such employer’s liability insurance shall be in an amount not less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) for each accident, One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) disease-policy limit, and One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) disease-each employee. 13.6 Requirements for Tenant’s Insurance All insurance required to be maintained by Tenant pursuant to this Lease shall be maintained with responsible companies that are admitted to do business, and are in good standing in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and that have a rating of at least “A(cid:0)” and are within a financial size category of not less than “Class VIII” in the most current Best’s Key Rating Guide or such similar rating as may be reasonably selected by Landlord. All such insurance shall: (1) be acceptable in form and content to Landlord; (2) be primary and noncontributory (including all primary and excess/umbrella policies); and (3) if reasonably obtainable, contain an endorsement prohibiting cancellation, failure to renew, reduction of amount of insurance, or change in coverage without the insurer first giving Landlord thirty (30) days’ prior written notice (by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, or by fax or email) of such proposed action, and in any event, Tenant shall provide Landlord with at least thirty (30) days’ prior written notice of any such cancellation, material change, failure to renew or reduction in the amount of such insurance. No such policy shall contain any self-insured retention greater than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) for property insurance and Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00) for commercial general liability insurance. Any deductibles and such self-insured retentions shall be deemed to be “insurance” for purposes of the waiver in Section 13.13 below. Landlord reserves the right from time to time, but not sooner than the first anniversary of the Commencement Date, to require Tenant to obtain higher minimum amounts of insurance based on such limits as are customarily carried with respect to similar properties in the area in which the Premises are located. The minimum amounts of insurance required by this Lease shall not be reduced by the payment of claims or for any other reason. In the event Tenant shall fail to obtain or maintain any insurance meeting the requirements of this Article, or to deliver such r certificates as required by this Article, Landlord may, at its option, on five (5) business days’ notice to Tenant, procure such policies for the account of Tenant, and the cost thereof shall be paid to Landlord within ten (10) days after delivery to Tenant of bills therefor. 13.7 Additional Insureds To the fullest extent permitted by law, the commercial general liability and auto insurance carried by Tenant pursuant to this Lease, and any additional liability insurance carried by Tenant pursuant to Section 13.3 of this Lease, shall name Landlord, Landlord’s managing agent, and such other persons as Landlord may reasonably request from time to time as additional insureds with respect to liability arising out of or related to this Lease or the operations of Tenant (collectively “Additional Insureds”). Such insurance shall provide primary coverage without contribution from any other insurance carried by or for the benefit of Landlord, Landlord’s managing agent, or other Additional Insureds. Such insurance shall also waive any right of subrogation against each Additional Insured. For the avoidance of doubt, each primary policy and each excess/umbrella policy through which Tenant satisfies its obligations under this Section 13.7 must provide coverage to the Additional Insureds that is primary and non-contributory. 13.8 Certificates of Insurance On or before the earlier of (i) the date on which any Tenant Party first enters the Premises for any reason or (ii) the Commencement Date, Tenant shall furnish Landlord with certificates evidencing the insurance coverage required by this Lease, and renewal certificates shall be furnished to Landlord at least annually thereafter, and at least thirty (30) days prior to the expiration date of each policy for which a certificate was furnished. Failure by the Tenant to provide the certificates or letters required by this Section 13.8 shall not be deemed to be a waiver of the requirements in this Section 13.8. Upon request by Landlord, a true and complete copy of any insurance policy required by this Lease shall be delivered to Landlord within ten (10) days following Landlord’s request. 13.9 Subtenants and Other Occupants Tenant shall require its subtenants and other occupants of the Premises to provide written documentation evidencing the obligation of such subtenant or other occupant to indemnify the Landlord Parties to the same extent that Tenant is required to indemnify the Landlord Parties pursuant to Section 13.1 above, and to maintain insurance that meets the requirements of this Article, and otherwise to comply with the requirements of this Article, provided, however, with respect to a subtenant of less than all or substantially all of the Premises, Landlord will only require such subtenant to carry the same insurance as Landlord requires of Landlord’s direct tenants of comparable size as the subleased premises. Tenant shall require all such subtenants and occupants to supply certificates of insurance evidencing that the insurance requirements of this Article have been met and shall forward such certificates to Landlord on or before the earlier of (i) the date on which the subtenant or other occupant or any of their respective direct or indirect partners, officers, shareholders, directors, members, trustees, beneficiaries, servants, employees, principals, contractors, licensees, agents, invitees or representatives first enters the Premises or (ii) the commencement of the sublease. Tenant shall be responsible for identifying and remedying any deficiencies in such certificates or policy provisions. 13.10 No Violation of Building Policies Tenant shall not commit or permit any violation of the policies of fire, boiler, sprinkler, water damage or other insurance covering the Building and/or the fixtures, equipment and property therein carried by Landlord, or do or permit anything to be done, or keep or permit anything to be kept, in the Premises, which in case of any of the foregoing (i) would result in termination of any such policies, (ii) would adversely affect Landlord’s right of recovery under any of such policies, or (iii) would result in reputable and independent insurance companies refusing to insure the Building or the property of Landlord in amounts reasonably satisfactory to Landlord. 13.11 Tenant to Pay Premium Increases If, because of anything done, caused or permitted to be done, or omitted by Tenant (or its subtenant or other occupants of the Premises), the rates for liability, fire, boiler, sprinkler, water damage or other insurance on the Building and equipment of Landlord or any other tenant or subtenant in the Building shall be higher than they otherwise would be, Tenant shall reimburse Landlord and/or the other tenants and subtenants in the Building for the additional insurance premiums thereafter paid by Landlord or by any of the other tenants and subtenants in the Building which shall have been charged because of the aforesaid reasons, such reimbursement to be made from time to time on Landlord’s demand. 13.12 Landlord’s Insurance a. b. c. d. Required insurance. Landlord shall maintain (i) insurance against loss or damage with respect to the Building on an “all risk” type insurance form, with customary exceptions, subject to such deductibles as Landlord may reasonably determine, in an amount equal to at least the replacement value of the Building, (ii) insurance with respect to any improvements, alterations, and fixtures of Tenant located at the Premises to the extent paid for by Landlord, and (iii) commercial general liability coverage with respect to the Property with the same minimum limits required to be carried by Tenant pursuant to Section 13.3 above of this Lease. Any and all such insurance (x) may be maintained under a blanket policy affecting other properties of Landlord and/or its affiliated business organizations, (y) may be written with deductibles as reasonably determined by Landlord (which such deductible is currently $25,000.00 but which is subject to increase from time to time in Landlord’s reasonable judgement) and (z) shall be included in Landlord’s Operating Expenses in accordance with Section 7.5. Such insurance shall be maintained with an insurance company selected by Landlord. Payment for losses thereunder shall be made solely to Landlord. Optional insurance. Landlord may maintain such additional insurance with respect to the Building, including, without limitation, earthquake insurance, terrorism insurance, flood insurance, liability insurance and/or rent insurance, as Landlord may in its sole discretion elect. Landlord may also maintain such other insurance as may from time to time be required by the holder of any mortgage on the Building. The cost of all such additional insurance shall also be part of the Landlord’s Operating Expenses. Blanket and self(cid:0)insurance. Any or all of Landlord’s insurance may be provided by blanket coverage maintained by Landlord or any affiliate of Landlord under its insurance program for its portfolio of properties, or by Landlord or any affiliate of Landlord under a program of self-insurance, and in such event Landlord’s Operating Expenses shall include the portion of the reasonable cost of blanket insurance or self- insurance that is allocated to the Building. No obligation. Landlord shall not be obligated to insure, and shall not assume any liability of risk of loss for, Tenant’s Property, including any such property or work of Tenant’s subtenants or occupants. Landlord will also have no obligation to carry insurance against, nor be responsible for, any loss suffered by Tenant, subtenants or other occupants due to interruption of Tenant’s or any subtenant’s or occupant’s business. 13.13 Waiver of Subrogation To the fullest extent permitted by law, the parties hereto waive and release any and all rights of recovery against the other, and agree not to seek to recover from the other or to make any claim against the other, and in the case of Landlord, against all “Tenant Parties” (hereinafter defined), and in the case of Tenant, against all “Landlord Parties” (hereinafter defined), for any loss or damage incurred by the waiving/releasing party to the extent such loss or damage is insured under any property insurance policy required by this Lease or which would have been so insured had the party carried the property insurance it was required to carry hereunder. Tenant shall obtain from its subtenants and other occupants of the Premises a similar waiver and release of claims against any or all of Tenant or Landlord. In addition, the parties hereto (and in the case of Tenant, its subtenants and other occupants of the Premises) shall procure an appropriate clause in, or endorsement on, any insurance policy required by this Lease pursuant to which the insurance company waives subrogation. The insurance policies required by this Lease shall contain no provision that would invalidate or restrict the parties’ waiver and release of the rights of recovery in this section. The parties hereto covenant that no insurer shall hold any right of subrogation against the parties hereto by virtue of such insurance policy. The term “Landlord Party” or “Landlord Parties” shall mean Landlord, any affiliate of Landlord, Landlord’s managing agents for the Building, each mortgagee (if any), each ground lessor (if any), and each of their respective direct or indirect partners, officers, shareholders, directors, members, trustees, beneficiaries, servants, employees, principals, contractors, licensees, agents or representatives. For the purposes of this Lease, the term “Tenant Party” or “Tenant Parties” shall mean Tenant, any affiliate of Tenant, any permitted subtenant or any other permitted occupant of the Premises, and each of their respective direct or indirect partners, officers, shareholders, directors, members, trustees, beneficiaries, servants, employees, principals, contractors, licensees, agents, invitees or representatives. 13.14 Tenant’s Work During such times as Tenant is performing work or having work or services performed in or to the Premises, Tenant shall require its contractors, and their subcontractors of all tiers, to obtain and maintain commercial general liability, automobile, workers compensation, employer’s liability, builder’s risk, and equipment/property insurance in such amounts and on such terms as are customarily required of such contractors and subcontractors on similar projects. The amounts and terms of all such insurance are subject to Landlord’s written approval, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. The commercial general liability and auto insurance carried by Tenant’s contractors and their subcontractors of all tiers pursuant to this section shall name Landlord, Landlord’s managing agent, and such other persons as Landlord may reasonably request from time to time as additional insureds with respect to liability arising out of or related to their work or services (collectively “Additional Insureds”). Such insurance shall provide primary coverage without contribution from any other insurance carried by or for the benefit of Landlord, Landlord’s managing agent, or other Additional Insureds. Such insurance shall also waive any right of subrogation against each Additional Insured. Tenant shall obtain and submit to Landlord, prior to the earlier of (i) the entry onto the Premises by such contractors or subcontractors or (ii) commencement of the work or services, certificates of insurance evidencing compliance with the requirements of this section. ARTICLE XIV. Fire, Casualty and Taking 14.1 Damage Resulting from Casualty In case during the Lease Term the Building is damaged by fire or other casualty, Landlord shall within sixty (60) days after the occurrence thereof, subject to Force Majeure and/or delays caused by Tenant, notify Tenant in writing of Landlord’s reasonable estimate of the length of time necessary to repair or restore such fire or casualty damage from the time that repair work would commence (“Landlord’s Restoration Estimate”). If the Building is materially damaged by fire or casualty, and such fire or casualty damage cannot, in the ordinary course, reasonably be expected to be repaired within one hundred eighty (180) days from the time that repair work would commence as reasonably determined by Landlord, Landlord may, at its election, terminate this Lease by notice given to Tenant within sixty (60) days after the date of such fire or other casualty, specifying the effective date of termination. The effective date of termination specified by Landlord shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more than forty-five (45) days after the date of notice of such termination. Unless terminated pursuant to the foregoing provisions, this Lease shall remain in full force and effect following any such damage subject, however, to the following provisions. If the Premises is materially damaged and Landlord’s Restoration Estimate exceeds two hundred ten (210) days from the time that repair work would commence, Tenant may, at its election, terminate this Lease by notice given to Landlord within ten (10) business days after the receipt of Landlord’s Restoration Estimate, specifying the effective date of termination. The effective date of termination specified by Tenant shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more than forty-five (45) days after the date of notice of such termination. If during the last Lease Year of the Lease Term (as it may have been extended), the Building shall be damaged by fire or casualty and such fire or casualty damage to the Premises cannot reasonably be expected to be repaired or restored within one hundred twenty (120) days from the time that repair or restoration work would commence as reasonably determined by Landlord, then Tenant shall have the right, by giving notice to Landlord not later than thirty (30) days after such damage, to terminate this Lease, whereupon this Lease shall terminate as of the date of such notice with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally established as the expiration date hereof. If the Building or any part thereof is damaged by fire or casualty and this Lease is not so terminated, or Landlord has no right to terminate this Lease, and in either such case the holder of any mortgage which includes the Building as a part of the mortgaged premises or any ground lessor of any ground lease which includes the Building as part of the demised premises allows the net insurance proceeds to be applied to the restoration of the Building, Landlord, promptly after such damage and the determination of the net amount of insurance proceeds available shall use due diligence to restore the Premises and the Building in the event of damage thereto (excluding Tenant’s Property (as defined in Section 13.4 hereof), except as expressly provided in the immediately following paragraph of this Section 14.1) into proper condition for use and occupation and a just proportion of the Annual Fixed Rent, the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises according to the nature and extent of the injury to the Premises shall be abated from the date of casualty until the date that is thirty (30) days following the date that the Premises shall have been put by Landlord substantially into such condition. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Landlord shall not be obligated to expend for such repairs and restoration any amount in excess of the net insurance proceeds. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Landlord is proceeding with the restoration of the Building and the Premises in accordance with the previous paragraph, Landlord shall also restore any alterations, additions or improvements within the Premises that are part of Tenant’s Property (x) which have previously been approved by Landlord in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Lease and (y) with respect to which Tenant has carried “all risk” insurance covering the loss or damage in accordance with Section 13.4 below and pays the proceeds of such insurance (or an amount equivalent thereto) to Landlord within five (5) business days following Landlord’s written request); provided, however, that in no event shall Landlord be required to fund any insufficiency in the insurance proceeds (or equivalent amount) provided by Tenant with respect to such loss or damage (or to fund any of the costs of restoration in the absence of any payment by Tenant). Where Landlord is obligated or otherwise elects to effect restoration of the Premises, unless such restoration is completed within one (1) year from the date of the casualty, such period to be subject, however, to extension where the delay in completion of such work is due to Force Majeure, as defined hereinbelow (but in no event beyond eighteen (18) months from the date of the casualty or taking), Tenant, as its sole and exclusive remedy, shall have the right to terminate this Lease at any time after the expiration of such one-year (as extended) period until the restoration is substantially completed, such termination to take effect as of the thirtieth (30th) day after the date of receipt by Landlord of Tenant’s notice, with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally established as the expiration date hereof unless, within such thirty (30) day period such restoration is substantially completed, in which case Tenant’s notice of termination shall be of no force and effect and this Lease and the Lease Term shall continue in full force and effect. The term “Force Majeure” shall mean any prevention, delay or stoppage due to governmental regulation, strikes, lockouts, acts of God, acts of war, terrorists acts, civil commotions, unusual scarcity of or inability to obtain labor or materials, labor difficulties, casualty or other causes reasonably beyond a party’s control or attributable to the action or inaction of the other party. 14.2 Uninsured Casualty Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Lease, if the Building or the Premises shall be substantially damaged by fire or casualty as the result of a risk not covered by the forms of casualty insurance at the time maintained (or required to be maintained pursuant to the terms of this Lease) by Landlord and such fire or casualty damage cannot, in the ordinary course, reasonably be expected to be repaired within one hundred twenty (120) days from the time that repair work would commence, Landlord may, at its election, terminate the Term of this Lease by notice to Tenant given within thirty (30) days after such loss. If Landlord shall give such notice, then this Lease shall terminate as of the date of such notice with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally established as the expiration date hereof. 14.3 Rights of Termination for Taking If the entire Building, or such portion thereof as to render the balance (if reconstructed to the maximum extent practicable in the circumstances) unsuitable for Tenant’s purposes, shall be taken by condemnation or right of eminent domain, Landlord or Tenant shall have the right to terminate this Lease by notice to the other of its desire to do so, provided that such notice is given not later than thirty (30) days after Tenant has been deprived of possession. If either party shall give such notice, then this Lease shall terminate as of the date of such notice with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally established as the expiration date hereof. Further, if so much of the Building shall be so taken that continued operation of the Building would be uneconomic, Landlord shall have the right to terminate this Lease by giving notice to Tenant of Landlord’s desire to do so not later than thirty (30) days after Tenant has been deprived of possession of the Premises (or such portion thereof as may be taken). If Landlord shall give such notice, then this Lease shall terminate as of the date of such notice with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally established as the expiration date hereof. Should any part of the Premises be so taken or condemned during the Lease Term hereof, and should this Lease not be terminated in accordance with the foregoing provisions, and the holder of any mortgage which includes the Premises as part of the mortgaged premises or any ground lessor of any ground lease which includes the Premises as part of the demised premises allows the net condemnation proceeds to be applied to the restoration of the Building, Landlord agrees that after the determination of the net amount of condemnation proceeds available to Landlord, Landlord shall use due diligence to put what may remain of the Premises into proper condition for use and occupation as nearly like the condition of the Premises prior to such taking as shall be practicable (excluding Tenant’s Property). Notwithstanding the foregoing, Landlord shall not be obligated to expend for such repair and restoration any amount in excess of the net condemnation proceeds made available to it. If the Premises shall be affected by any exercise of the power of eminent domain and neither Landlord nor Tenant shall terminate this Lease as provided above, then the Annual Fixed Rent, Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises shall be justly and equitably abated and reduced according to the nature and extent of the loss of use thereof suffered by Tenant; and in case of a taking which permanently reduces the Rentable Floor Area of the Premises, a just proportion of the Annual Fixed Rent, Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises shall be abated for the remainder of the Lease Term. 14.4 Award Except as otherwise provided in this Section 14.4, Landlord shall have and hereby reserves and excepts, and Tenant hereby grants and assigns to Landlord, all rights to recover for damages to the Building and the leasehold interest hereby created, and compensation accrued or hereafter to accrue by reason of such taking, damage or destruction, as aforesaid, and by way of confirming the foregoing, Tenant hereby grants and assigns, and covenants with Landlord to grant and assign to Landlord, all rights to such damages or compensation. However, nothing contained herein shall be construed to prevent Tenant from prosecuting in any such proceedings a claim for its trade fixtures so taken or relocation, moving and other dislocation expenses, and the unamortized cost of leasehold improvements and Alterations paid for by Tenant, including, the Tenant Improvement Work (as defined in Exhibit B-1) to the extent not paid for out of the Landlord’s Contribution, provided that such action shall not affect the amount of compensation otherwise recoverable by Landlord from the taking authority. 15.1 Tenant’s Default ARTICLE XV. Default This Lease and the term of this Lease are subject to the limitation that Tenant shall be in default if, at any time during the Lease Term, any one or more of the following events (herein called an “Event of Default” a “default of Tenant” or similar reference) shall occur and not be cured prior to the expiration of the grace period (if any) herein provided, as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. Tenant shall fail to pay any installment of the Annual Fixed Rent, or any Additional Rent or any other monetary amount due under this Lease on or before the date on which the same becomes due and payable, and such failure continues for five (5) business days after written notice from Landlord thereof; or Landlord having rightfully given the written notice specified in (a) above to Tenant twice in any twelve (12) month period, Tenant shall fail thereafter to pay the Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent or any other monetary amount due under this Lease on or before the date on which the same becomes due and payable; or Tenant shall assign its interest in this Lease or sublet any portion of the Premises in violation of the requirements of Article XII of this Lease and the same continues for fifteen (15) business days after written notice from Landlord thereof; or Tenant shall fail to perform or observe some term or condition of this Lease which, because of its character, would immediately jeopardize Landlord’s interest (such as, but without limitation, failure to maintain general liability insurance, or the employment of labor and contractors within the Premises which interfere with Landlord’s work, in violation of Sections 9.3, 11.2 or 11.10 or Exhibit B(cid:0)1 or a failure to observe the requirements of Section 11.2), and such failure continues for three (3) days after notice from Landlord to Tenant thereof; or Tenant shall fail to perform or observe any other requirement, term, covenant or condition of this Lease (not hereinabove in this Section 15.1 specifically referred to) on the part of Tenant to be performed or observed and such failure shall continue for thirty (30) days after notice thereof from Landlord to Tenant, or if said default shall reasonably require longer than thirty (30) days to cure, if Tenant shall fail to commence to cure said default within thirty (30) days after notice thereof and/or fail to continuously prosecute the curing of the same to completion with due diligence; or The estate hereby created shall be taken on execution or by other process of law and shall remain undismissed or unstayed for ninety (90) days; or g. h. i. j. k. l. Tenant shall make an assignment or trust mortgage arrangement, so-called, for the benefit of its creditors; or Tenant shall judicially be declared bankrupt or insolvent according to law; or a receiver, guardian, conservator, trustee in involuntary bankruptcy or other similar officer is appointed to take charge of all or any substantial part of Tenant’s property by a court of competent jurisdiction; or any petition shall be filed against Tenant in any court, whether or not pursuant to any statute of the United States or of any State, in any bankruptcy, reorganization, composition, extension, arrangement or insolvency proceeding, and such proceedings shall not be fully and finally dismissed within sixty (60) days after the institution of the same; or Tenant shall file any petition in any court, whether or not pursuant to any statute of the United States or any State, in any bankruptcy, reorganization, composition, extension, arrangement or insolvency proceeding; or Tenant otherwise abandons or vacates the Premises and leaves the same in an unsafe condition or in a manner that detracts from the first class appearance of the Building (and taking into consideration that Tenant is not actively operating business in the Premises). 15.2 Termination; Re-Entry Upon the happening of any one or more of the aforementioned Events of Default (notwithstanding any license of a former breach of covenant or waiver of the benefit hereof or consent in a former instance), Landlord or Landlord’s agents or servants may give to Tenant a notice (hereinafter called “notice of termination”) terminating this Lease on a date specified in such notice of termination (which shall be not less than five (5) days after the date of the mailing of such notice of termination), and this Lease and the Lease Term, as well as any and all of the right, title and interest of the Tenant hereunder, shall wholly cease and expire on the date set forth in such notice of termination (Tenant hereby waiving any rights of redemption) in the same manner and with the same force and effect as if such date were the date originally specified herein for the expiration of the Lease Term, and Tenant shall then quit and surrender the Premises to Landlord. In addition or as an alternative to the giving of such notice of termination, Landlord or Landlord’s agents or servants may, by any suitable action or proceeding at law, immediately or at any time thereafter re(cid:0)enter the Premises and remove therefrom Tenant, its agents, employees, servants, licensees, and any subtenants and other persons, and all or any of its or their property therefrom, and repossess and enjoy the Premises, together with all additions, alterations and improvements thereto; but, in any event under this Section 15.2, Tenant shall remain liable as hereinafter provided. The words “re(cid:0)enter” and “re(cid:0)entry” as used throughout this Article XV are not restricted to their technical legal meanings. 15.3 Continued Liability; Re-Letting If this Lease is terminated or if Landlord shall re-enter the Premises as aforesaid, or in the event of the termination of this Lease, or of re- entry, by or under any proceeding or action or any provision of law by reason of an Event of Default hereunder on the part of Tenant, Tenant covenants and agrees forthwith to pay and be liable for, on the days originally fixed herein for the payment thereof, amounts equal to the several installments of Annual Fixed Rent, all Additional Rent and other charges reserved as they would, under the terms of this Lease, become due if this Lease had not been terminated or if Landlord had not entered or re-entered, as aforesaid, and whether the Premises be relet or remain vacant, in whole or in part, or for a period less than the remainder of the Lease Term, or for the whole thereof, but, in the event the Premises be relet by Landlord, Tenant shall be entitled to a credit in the net amount of rent and other charges received by Landlord in reletting, after deduction of all reasonable expenses incurred in reletting the Premises (including, without limitation, remodeling costs, brokerage fees and the like), and in collecting the rent in connection therewith, in the following manner: Amounts received by Landlord after reletting shall first be applied against such Landlord’s expenses, until the same are recovered, and until such recovery, Tenant shall pay, as of each day when a payment would fall due under this Lease, the amount which Tenant is obligated to pay under the terms of this Lease (Tenant’s liability prior to any such reletting and such recovery not in any way to be diminished as a result of the fact that such reletting might be for a rent higher than the rent provided for in this Lease); when and if such expenses have been completely recovered, the amounts received from reletting by Landlord as have not previously been applied shall be credited against Tenant’s obligations as of each day when a payment would fall due under this Lease, and only the net amount thereof shall be payable by Tenant. Further, Tenant shall not be entitled to any credit of any kind for any period after the date when the term of this Lease is scheduled to expire according to its terms. Landlord agrees to use reasonable efforts to relet the Premises after Tenant vacates the same in the event this Lease is terminated based upon an Event of Default by Tenant hereunder. The marketing of the Premises in a manner similar to the manner in which Landlord markets other premises within Landlord’s control within the Building shall be deemed to have satisfied Landlord’s obligation to use “reasonable efforts” hereunder. In no event shall Landlord be required to (i) solicit or entertain negotiations with any other prospective tenant for the Premises until Landlord obtains full and complete possession of the Premises (including, without limitation, the final and unappealable legal right to relet the Premises free of any claim of Tenant), (ii) relet the Premises before leasing other vacant space in the Building, or (iii) lease the Premises for a rental less than the current fair market rent then prevailing for similar office space in the Building. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything to the contrary contained in this Lease, Landlord shall not be entitled to accelerate any portion of the Annual Fixed Rent or any Additional Rent payable under this Lease on account of a Default of Tenant or termination of this Lease or Tenant’s right to possession of the Premises except as expressly set forth Section 15.4 below. 15.4 Liquidated Damages Landlord may elect, as an alternative, to have Tenant pay liquidated damages, which election may be made by notice given to Tenant not later than twelve (12) months after the effective termination date of this Lease under Section 15.2, above, and whether or not Landlord shall have collected any damages as hereinbefore provided in this Article XV, and in lieu of all other such damages beyond the date of such notice. Upon such notice, Tenant shall promptly pay to Landlord, as liquidated damages, in addition to any damages collected or due from Tenant from any period prior to such notice and all expenses which Landlord may have incurred with respect to the collection of such damages, such a sum as at the time of such notice represents the amount of the excess, if any, of (a) the discounted present value, using the Federal Reserve discount rate (or equivalent), of the Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges which would have been payable by Tenant under this Lease for the remainder of the Lease Term if the Lease terms had been fully complied with by Tenant, over and above (b) the discounted present value, using the Federal Reserve discount rate (or equivalent), of the Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges that would be received by Landlord if the Premises were re(cid:0)leased at the time of such notice for the remainder of the Lease Term at the fair market value (including provisions regarding periodic increases in Annual Fixed Rent if such are applicable) prevailing at the time of such notice as reasonably determined by Landlord. For the purposes of this Article, if Landlord elects to require Tenant to pay liquidated damages in accordance with this Section 15.4, the total rent shall be computed by assuming the Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises under Section 6.2 and the Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises under Section 7.5 to be the same as were payable for the twelve (12) calendar months (or if less than twelve (12) calendar months have been elapsed since the date hereof, the partial year) immediately preceding such termination of re(cid:0)entry. Nothing contained in this Lease shall limit or prejudice the right of Landlord to prove for and obtain in proceedings for bankruptcy or insolvency by reason of the termination of this Lease, an amount equal to the maximum allowed by any statute or rule of law in effect at the time when, and governing the proceeds in which, the damages are to be proved, whether or not the amount be greater, equal to, or less than the amount of the loss or damages referred to above. 15.5 Waiver of Redemption Tenant, for itself and any and all persons claiming through or under Tenant, including its creditors, upon the termination of this Lease and of the term of this Lease in accordance with the terms hereof, or in the event of entry of judgment for the recovery of the possession of the Premises in any action or proceeding, or if Landlord shall enter the Premises by process of law or otherwise, hereby waives any right of redemption provided or permitted by any statute, law or decision now or hereafter in force, and does hereby waive, surrender and give up all rights or privileges which it or they may or might have under and by reason of any present or future law or decision, to redeem the Premises or for a continuation of this Lease for the term of this Lease hereby demised after having been dispossessed or ejected therefrom by process of law, or otherwise. 15.6 Landlord’s Default Landlord shall in no event be in default in the performance of any of Landlord’s obligations hereunder unless and until Landlord shall have failed to perform such obligations within thirty (30) days (ten (10) business days in the event of non- payment of a monetary obligation of Landlord to Tenant), or such additional time as is reasonably required to correct any such default, after notice by Tenant to Landlord properly specifying wherein Landlord has failed to perform any such obligation. Tenant shall not assert any right to deduct the cost of repairs or any monetary claim against the Landlord from rent thereafter due and payable, but shall look solely to the Landlord for satisfaction of such claim. ARTICLE XVI. Miscellaneous Provisions 16.1 Waiver Failure on the part of Landlord or Tenant to complain of any action or non-action on the part of the other, no matter how long the same may continue, shall never be a waiver by Tenant or Landlord, respectively, of any of its rights hereunder. Further, no waiver at any time of any of the provisions hereof by Landlord or Tenant shall be construed as a waiver of any of the other provisions hereof, and a waiver at any time of any of the provisions hereof shall not be construed as a waiver at any subsequent time of the same provisions. The consent or approval of Landlord or Tenant to or of any action by the other requiring such consent or approval shall not be construed to waive or render unnecessary Landlord’s or Tenant’s consent or approval to or of any subsequent similar act by the other. No payment by Tenant, or acceptance by Landlord, of a lesser amount than shall be due from Tenant to Landlord shall be treated otherwise than as a payment on account. The acceptance by Landlord of a check for a lesser amount with an endorsement or statement thereon, or upon any letter accompanying such check, that such lesser amount is payment in full, shall be given no effect, and Landlord may accept such check without prejudice to any other rights or remedies which Landlord may have against Tenant. Further, the acceptance by Landlord of Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent or any other charges paid by Tenant under this Lease shall not be or be deemed to be a waiver by Landlord of any default by Tenant, whether or not Landlord knows of such default, except for such defaults as to which such payment relates. 16.2 Cumulative Remedies Except as expressly provided in this Lease, the specific remedies to which Landlord and Tenant may resort under the terms of this Lease are cumulative and are not intended to be exclusive of any other remedies or means of redress which they may be lawfully entitled to seek in case of any breach or threatened breach of any provisions of this Lease. In addition to the other remedies provided in this Lease, Landlord shall be entitled to the restraint by injunction of the violation or attempted or threatened violation of any of the covenants, conditions or provisions of this Lease or to seek specific performance of any such covenants, conditions or provisions, provided, however, that the foregoing shall not be construed as a confession of judgment by Tenant. 16.3 Quiet Enjoyment This Lease is subject and subordinate to all matters of record. Landlord agrees that, upon Tenant’s paying the Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges herein reserved, and performing and observing the covenants, conditions and agreements hereof upon the part of Tenant to be performed and observed, and so long as an Event of Default by Tenant is not in existence under this Lease, Tenant shall and may peaceably hold and enjoy the Premises during the term of this Lease (exclusive of any period during which Tenant is holding over after the expiration or termination of this Lease without the consent of Landlord), without interruption or disturbance from Landlord or persons claiming through or under Landlord, subject, however, to the terms of this Lease. This covenant shall be construed as running with the land to and against subsequent owners and successors in interest, and is not, nor shall it operate or be construed as, a personal covenant of Landlord, except to the extent of the Landlord’s interest in the Premises, and this covenant and any and all other covenants of Landlord contained in this Lease shall be binding upon Landlord and upon such subsequent owners or successors in interest of Landlord’s interest under this Lease, including ground or master lessees, to the extent of their respective interests, as and when they shall acquire same and then only for so long as they shall retain such interest. 16.4 Surrender A. B. No act or thing done by Landlord during the Lease Term shall be deemed an acceptance of a surrender of the Premises, and no agreement to accept such surrender shall be valid, unless in writing signed by Landlord. No employee of Landlord or of Landlord’s agents shall have any power to accept the keys of the Premises as an acceptance of a surrender of the Premises prior to the termination of this Lease; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply to the delivery of keys to Landlord or its agents in its (or their) capacity as managing agent or for purpose of emergency access. In any event, however, the delivery of keys to any employee of Landlord or of Landlord’s agents shall not operate as a termination of the Lease or a surrender of the Premises. Upon the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term, Tenant shall surrender the Premises to Landlord in the condition as required by Sections 8.1 and 9.5, first removing all goods and effects of Tenant and completing such other removals as may be permitted or required pursuant to Section 9.5. 16.5 Brokerage A. B. Tenant warrants and represents that Tenant has not dealt with any broker in connection with the consummation of this Lease other than the broker, person or firm designated in Section 1.2 hereof (the “Broker”); and in the event any claim is made against the Landlord relative to dealings by Tenant with brokers other than the Broker, Tenant shall defend the claim against Landlord with counsel of Tenant’s selection first approved by Landlord (which approval will not be unreasonably withheld) and save harmless and indemnify Landlord on account of loss, cost or damage which may arise by reason of such claim. Landlord warrants and represents that Landlord has not dealt with any broker in connection with the consummation of this Lease other than the Broker; and in the event any claim is made against the Tenant relative to dealings by Landlord with brokers including the Broker, Landlord shall defend the claim against Tenant with counsel of Landlord’s selection first approved by Tenant (which approval will not be unreasonably withheld) and save harmless and indemnify Tenant on account of loss, cost or damage which may arise by reason of such claim. Landlord agrees that it shall be solely responsible for the payment of brokerage commissions to the Broker for the Original Lease Term pursuant to a separate written agreement between Landlord and such Broker. 16.6 Invalidity of Particular Provisions If any term or provision of this Lease, including but not limited to any waiver of contribution or claims, indemnity, obligation, or limitation of liability or of damages, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance shall, to any extent, be invalid or unenforceable, the remainder of this Lease, or the application of such term or provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid or unenforceable, shall not be affected thereby, and each term and provision of this Lease shall be valid and be enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law. 16.7 Provisions Binding, Etc. The obligations of this Lease shall run with the land, and except as herein otherwise provided, the terms hereof shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the successors and assigns, respectively, of Landlord and Tenant and, if Tenant shall be an individual, upon and to his heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. Each term and each provision of this Lease to be performed by Tenant shall be construed to be both a covenant and a condition. The reference contained to successors and assigns of Tenant is not intended to constitute a consent to assignment by Tenant, but has reference only to those instances in which Landlord may have later given consent to a particular assignment as required by the provisions of Article XII hereof. 16.8 Recording; Confidentiality Landlord and Tenant agree not to record the within Lease, but simultaneously with their execution and delivery of this Lease to execute and deliver a Notice of Lease in the form attached hereto as Exhibit K. In no event shall such document set forth the rent or other charges payable by Tenant under this Lease; and any such document shall expressly state that it is executed pursuant to the provisions contained in this Lease, and is not intended to vary the terms and conditions of this Lease. Tenant agrees that this Lease and the terms contained herein will be treated as strictly confidential and except as required by law (or except with the written consent of Landlord) Tenant shall not disclose the same to any third party except for Tenant’s employees, brokers, agents, partners, lenders, accountants and attorneys and like parties who have been advised of the confidentiality provisions contained herein and agree to be bound by the same. In the event Tenant is required by law to provide this Lease or disclose any of its terms, Tenant shall give Landlord prompt notice of such requirement prior to making disclosure so that Landlord may seek an appropriate protective order. If failing the entry of a protective order Tenant is compelled to make disclosure, Tenant shall only disclose portions of the Lease which Tenant is required to disclose and will exercise reasonable efforts to obtain assurance that confidential treatment will be accorded to the information so disclosed. 16.9 Notices and Time for Action Whenever, by the terms of this Lease, notice shall or may be given either to Landlord or to Tenant, such notices shall be in writing and shall be sent by hand, registered or certified mail, or overnight or other commercial courier, postage or delivery charges, as the case may be, prepaid as follows: If intended for Landlord, addressed to Landlord at the address set forth in Article I of this Lease (or to such other address or addresses as may from time to time hereafter be designated by Landlord by like notice) with a copy to Landlord, Attention: Regional General Counsel. If intended for Tenant, addressed to Tenant at the address set forth in Article I of this Lease except that from and after the Commencement Date the address of Tenant shall be the Premises (or to such other address or addresses as may from time to time hereafter be designated by Tenant by like notice). Except as otherwise provided herein, all such notices shall be effective when received; provided, that (i) if receipt is refused, notice shall be effective upon the first occasion that such receipt is refused, (ii) if the notice is unable to be delivered due to a change of address of which no notice was given, notice shall be effective upon the date such delivery was attempted, (iii) if the notice address is a post office box number, notice shall be effective the day after such notice is sent as provided hereinabove or (iv) if the notice is to a foreign address, notice shall be effective two (2) days after such notice is sent as provided hereinabove. Where provision is made for the attention of an individual or department, the notice shall be effective only if the wrapper in which such notice is sent is addressed to the attention of such individual or department. Any notice given by an attorney on behalf of Landlord or by Landlord’s managing agent shall be considered as given by Landlord and shall be fully effective. Time is of the essence with respect to any and all notices and periods for giving of notice or taking any action thereto under this Lease. 16.10 When Lease Becomes Binding and Authority Employees or agents of Landlord have no authority to make or agree to make a lease or any other agreement or undertaking in connection herewith. The submission of this document for examination and negotiation does not constitute an offer to lease, or a reservation of, or option for, the Premises, and this document shall become effective and binding only upon the execution and delivery hereof by both Landlord and Tenant. All negotiations, considerations, representations and understandings between Landlord and Tenant are incorporated herein and may be modified or altered only by written agreement between Landlord and Tenant, and no act or omission of any employee or agent of Landlord shall alter, change or modify any of the provisions hereof. Landlord and Tenant hereby represents and warrants to the other that all necessary action has been taken to enter this Lease and that the person signing this Lease on behalf of Landlord and Tenant has been duly authorized to do so. 16.11 Paragraph Headings The paragraph headings throughout this instrument are for convenience and reference only, and the words contained therein shall in no way be held to explain, modify, amplify or aid in the interpretation, construction or meaning of the provisions of this Lease. 16.12 Rights of Mortgagee This Lease shall be subject and subordinate to any mortgage now or hereafter on the Building, and to each advance made or hereafter to be made under any mortgage, and to all renewals, modifications, consolidations, replacements and extensions thereof and all substitutions therefore, provided, however, that in consideration of and as a condition precedent to Tenant’s agreement to subordinate this Lease with respect to mortgages hereafter placed on the Building shall be the receipt by Tenant of a commercially reasonable nondisturbance agreement from and wherein the applicable mortgagee expressly recognizes the rights of Tenant under this Lease (including the right to use and occupy the Premises and to lease additional premises at the Building) upon the payment of rent and other charges payable by Tenant under this Lease and the performance by Tenant of Tenant’s obligations hereunder. In confirmation of such subordination and recognition, Tenant shall execute and deliver promptly an instrument of subordination and recognition (an “SNDA”) in the form attached hereto as Exhibit L, as amended by such commercially reasonable changes as Tenant may reasonably request. In the event that any mortgagee or its respective successor in title shall succeed to the interest of Landlord, then, this Lease shall nevertheless continue in full force and effect and Tenant shall and does hereby agree to attorn to such mortgagee or successor and to recognize such mortgagee or successor as its landlord. If any holder of a mortgage which includes the Premises, executed and recorded prior to the date of this Lease, shall so elect, this Lease and the rights of Tenant hereunder, shall be superior in right to the rights of such holder, with the same force and effect as if this Lease had been executed, delivered and recorded, or a statutory notice hereof recorded, prior to the execution, delivery and recording of any such mortgage. The election of any such holder shall become effective upon either notice from such holder to Tenant in the same fashion as notices from Landlord to Tenant are to be given hereunder or by the recording in the appropriate registry or recorder’s office of an instrument in which such holder subordinates its rights under such mortgage to this Lease. If in connection with obtaining financing a bank, insurance company, pension trust or other institutional lender shall request reasonable modifications in this Lease as a condition to such financing, Tenant will not unreasonably withhold, delay or condition its consent thereto, provided that such modifications do not increase the monetary obligations of Tenant hereunder or materially adversely affect the leasehold interest hereby created or Tenant’s rights hereunder. 16.13 Rights of Ground Lessor If Landlord’s interest in property (whether land only or land and buildings) which includes the Premises is acquired by another party and simultaneously leased back to Landlord herein, the holder of the ground lessor’s interest in such lease shall enter into a recognition agreement with Tenant simultaneously with the sale and leaseback, wherein the ground lessor will agree to recognize the right of Tenant to use and occupy the Premises upon the payment of Annual Fixed Rent, Additional Rent and other charges payable by Tenant under this Lease and the performance by Tenant of Tenant’s obligations hereunder, and wherein Tenant shall agree to attorn to such ground lessor as its Landlord and to perform and observe all of the tenant obligations hereunder, in the event such ground lessor succeeds to the interest of Landlord hereunder under such ground lease. 16.14 Notice to Mortgagee and Ground Lessor After receiving notice from any person, firm or other entity that it holds a mortgage which includes the Premises as part of the mortgaged premises, or that it is the ground lessor under a lease with Landlord as ground lessee, which includes the Premises as a part of the leased premises, no notice of a default from Tenant to Landlord shall be effective unless and until a copy of the same is given to such holder or ground lessor at the address as specified in said notice (as it may from time to time be changed), and the curing of any of Landlord’s defaults by such holder or ground lessor within a reasonable time after such notice (including a reasonable time to obtain possession of the premises if the mortgagee or ground lessor elects to do so) shall be treated as performance by Landlord. For the purposes of this Section 16.14, the term “mortgage” includes a mortgage on a leasehold interest of Landlord (but not one on Tenant’s leasehold interest). If any mortgage is listed on Exhibit I then the same shall constitute notice from the holder of such mortgage for the purposes of this Section 16.14. 16.15 Assignment of Rents With reference to any assignment by Landlord of Landlord’s interest in this Lease, or the rents payable hereunder, conditional in nature or otherwise, which assignment is made to the holder of a mortgage or ground lease on property which includes the Premises, Tenant agrees: a. That the execution thereof by Landlord, and the acceptance thereof by the holder of such mortgage, or the ground lessor, shall never be treated as an assumption by such holder or ground lessor of any of the obligations of Landlord hereunder, unless such holder, or ground lessor, shall, by notice sent to Tenant, specifically otherwise elect or upon foreclosure of such holder’s mortgage and the taking of possession of the Premises, or, in the case of a ground lessor, the assumption of Landlord’s position hereunder by such ground lessor. In no event shall the acquisition of title to the Building and the land on which the same is located by a purchaser which, simultaneously therewith, leases the entire Building or such land back to the seller thereof be treated as an assumption, by operation of law or otherwise, of Landlord’s obligations hereunder, but Tenant shall look solely to such seller-lessee, and its successors from time to time in title, for performance of Landlord’s obligations hereunder. In any such event, this Lease shall be subject and subordinate to the lease to such purchaser provided that such purchaser-lessor agrees in a written non disturbance agreement reasonably acceptable to Tenant to recognize the rights of Tenant under this Lease, including the right of Tenant to use and occupy the Premises upon the payment of rent and all other charges payable by Tenant under this Lease and the performance by Tenant of Tenant’s obligations under this Lease. For all purposes, such seller lessee, and its successors in title, shall be the landlord hereunder unless and until Landlord’s position shall have been assumed by such purchaser-lessor. 16.16 Status Report and Financial Statements Recognizing that Landlord may find it necessary to establish to third parties, such as accountants, banks, potential or existing mortgagees, potential purchasers or the like, the then current status of performance hereunder, Tenant, within fifteen (15) business days after the request of Landlord made from time to time, will within fifteen (15) business days after such request furnish to Landlord, or any existing or potential holder of any mortgage encumbering the Premises or the Building, or any potential purchaser of the Premises or the Building (each an “Interested Party”) a statement of the status of any matter pertaining to this Lease, including, without limitation, acknowledgments that (or the extent to which) each party is in compliance with its obligations under the terms of this Lease. In addition, Tenant shall deliver to Landlord, or any Interested Party designated by Landlord, upon Landlord’s written request given not more than once in any 12-month period, the most recent audited financial statements of Tenant and any guarantor of Tenant’s obligations under this Lease, as requested by Landlord, or if Tenant does not have its financials audited, Tenant shall provide financial statements certified by the appropriate accounting or finance officer of Tenant, including, but not limited to, a balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statements which financial statements shall include sufficient detail and information for Landlord to assess Tenant’s financial condition. Any such status statement or financial statement delivered by Tenant pursuant to this Section 16.16 may be relied upon by any Interested Party. Landlord shall keep any non-public information provided by Tenant pursuant to this Section 16.16 confidential, and shall not disclose the same other than (i) to Landlord’s officers, employees and consultants (or to any of the Interested Parties) or (ii) to the extent required by applicable law or by any administrative, governmental or judicial proceeding. 16.17 Self-Help If Tenant shall at any time fail to make any payment or perform any act which Tenant is obligated to make or perform under this Lease and (except in the case of emergency) if the same continues unpaid or unperformed beyond applicable grace periods, then Landlord may, but shall not be obligated so to do, after ten (10) days’ notice to and demand upon Tenant, or without notice to or demand upon Tenant in the case of any emergency, and without waiving, or releasing Tenant from, any obligations of Tenant in this Lease contained, make such payment or perform such act which Tenant is obligated to perform under this Lease in such manner and to such extent as may be reasonably necessary, and, in exercising any such rights, pay any costs and expenses, employ counsel and incur and pay reasonable attorneys’ fees. All sums so paid by Landlord and all reasonable and necessary costs and expenses of Landlord incidental thereto, together with interest thereon at the Default Interest Rate (as defined in Section 16.21), from the date of the making of such expenditures by Landlord, shall be deemed to be Additional Rent and, except as otherwise in this Lease expressly provided, shall be payable to the Landlord on demand, and if not promptly paid shall be added to any rent then due or thereafter becoming due under this Lease, and Tenant covenants to pay any such sum or sums with interest as aforesaid, and Landlord shall have (in addition to any other right or remedy of Landlord) the same rights and remedies in the event of the non-payment thereof by Tenant as in the case of default by Tenant in the payment of Annual Fixed Rent. 16.18 Holding Over Any holding over by Tenant after the expiration of the term of this Lease shall be treated as a tenancy at sufferance and shall be on the terms and conditions as set forth in this Lease, as far as applicable except that Tenant shall pay as a use and occupancy charge an amount equal to the greater of (y) (i) for the first thirty (30) days of any such holdover, an amount equal to 125% of the sum of the Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent (including Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises) calculated (on a daily basis) at the rate payable under the terms of this Lease immediately prior to the commencement of such holdover, (ii) during the second month of any such holdover, an amount equal to 150% of the Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent (including Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises) calculated (on a daily basis) at the rate payable under the terms of this Lease immediately prior to the commencement of such holdover, and (iii) thereafter during any such holdover period, an amount equal to 200% of the Annual Fixed Rent and Additional Rent (including Operating Expenses Allocable to the Premises and Landlord’s Tax Expenses Allocable to the Premises) calculated (on a daily basis) at the rate payable under the terms of this Lease immediately prior to the commencement of such holdover, or (x) the fair market rental value of the Premises; in each case for the period measured from the day on which Tenant’s hold-over commences and terminating on the day on which Tenant vacates the Premises. In addition, Tenant shall save Landlord, its agents and employees harmless and will exonerate, defend and indemnify Landlord, its agents and employees from and against any and all damages which Landlord may suffer on account of Tenant’s hold(cid:0)over in the Premises after the expiration or prior termination of the Term of this Lease; provided, however, Tenant shall not be liable for indirect or consequential damages suffered by Landlord on account of any such holding over by Tenant unless such holding over continues for more than thirty (30) days after the expiration of the Term of this Lease. Nothing in the foregoing nor any other term or provision of this Lease shall be deemed to permit Tenant to retain possession of the Premises or hold over in the Premises after the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease Term. All property which remains in the Building or the Premises after the expiration or termination of this Lease shall be conclusively deemed to be abandoned and may either be retained by Landlord as its property or sold or otherwise disposed of in such manner as Landlord may see fit. If any part thereof shall be sold, then Landlord may receive the proceeds of such sale and apply the same, at its option against the expenses of the sale, the cost of moving and storage, any arrears of rent or other charges payable hereunder by Tenant to Landlord and any damages to which Landlord may be entitled under this Lease and at law and in equity. 16.19 Entry by Landlord Landlord, and its duly authorized representatives, shall, upon reasonable prior notice (except in the case of emergency), have the right to enter the Premises at all reasonable times (except at any time in the case of emergency) for the purposes of inspecting the condition of same and making such repairs, alterations, additions or improvements thereto as may be necessary if Tenant fails to do so as required hereunder (but the Landlord shall have no duty whatsoever to make any such inspections, repairs, alterations, additions or improvements except as otherwise provided in Sections 4.1, 7.1 and 7.2 and Exhibit B(cid:0)1), and to show the Premises to prospective tenants during the fifteen (15) months preceding expiration of the Term of this Lease as it may have been extended (or during the final twenty(cid:0)four (24) months of the Term if Tenant has no further extension options) and at any reasonable time during the Lease Term to show the Premises to prospective purchasers and mortgagees. Landlord agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to not unreasonably interfere with Tenant’s use of the Premises during any such entry into the Premises and to schedule any such access hereunder during Tenant’s normal business hours and in the presence of a Tenant representative when feasible, except in the event of an emergency, and any work in any portion of the Premises then occupied by Tenant that would interfere with the operation of a first-class business office (whether due to noise, the creation of dirt or debris, or otherwise) will be performed after the Building’s normal business hours. 16.20 Tenant’s Payments Each and every payment and expenditure, other than Annual Fixed Rent, shall be deemed to be Additional Rent hereunder, whether or not the provisions requiring payment of such amounts specifically so state, and shall be payable, unless otherwise provided in this Lease, within ten (10) business days after written demand by Landlord, and in the case of the non-payment of any such amount, Landlord shall have, in addition to all of its other rights and remedies, all the rights and remedies available to Landlord hereunder or by law in the case of non-payment of Annual Fixed Rent. Unless expressly otherwise provided in this Lease, the performance and observance by Tenant of all the terms, covenants and conditions of this Lease to be performed and observed by Tenant shall be at Tenant’s sole cost and expense. Subject to Tenant’s express rights under Section 7.6 of this Lease, if Tenant has not objected to any statement of Additional Rent which is rendered by Landlord to Tenant within ninety (90) days after Landlord has rendered the same to Tenant, then the same shall be deemed to be a final account between Landlord and Tenant not subject to any further dispute. In the event that Tenant shall seek Landlord’s consent or approval under this Lease, then Tenant shall reimburse Landlord, upon demand, as Additional Rent, for all reasonable costs and expenses, including legal and architectural costs and expenses, incurred by Landlord in processing such request, whether or not such consent or approval shall be given. 16.21 Late Payment If Landlord shall not have received any payment or installment of Annual Fixed Rent or Additional Rent (the “Outstanding Amount”) on or before the date on which the same first becomes payable under this Lease (the “Due Date”), the amount of such payment or installment shall incur a late charge equal to the sum of: (a) five percent (5%) of the Outstanding Amount for administration and bookkeeping costs associated with the late payment and (b) interest on the Outstanding Amount from the Due Date through and including the date such payment or installment is received by Landlord, at a rate (the “Default Interest Rate”) equal to the lesser of (i) the rate announced by Bank of America, N.A. (or its successor) from time to time as its prime or base rate (or if such rate is no longer available, a comparable rate reasonably selected by Landlord), plus four percent (4%), or (ii) the maximum applicable legal rate, if any. However, Landlord agrees to waive the late charge due hereunder for the first late payment by Tenant under this Lease per calendar year, provided that Landlord receives such payment from Tenant within five (5) business days after written notice of such delinquency is given to Tenant (provided that if such payment is not received within the aforesaid five (5) business day period, interest on the Outstanding Amount will accrue as of the original Due Date). Such late charge and interest shall be deemed Additional Rent and shall be paid by Tenant to Landlord upon demand. 16.22 Counterparts This Lease may be executed in several counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, and such counterparts shall constitute but one and the same instrument. 16.23 Entire Agreement This Lease constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto, Landlord’s managing agent and their respective affiliates with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersedes all prior dealings between them with respect to such subject matter, and there are no verbal or collateral understandings, agreements, representations or warranties not expressly set forth in this Lease. No subsequent alteration, amendment, change or addition to this Lease shall be binding upon Landlord or Tenant, unless reduced to writing and signed by the party or parties to be charged therewith. 16.24 Landlord Liability Tenant shall neither assert nor seek to enforce any claim for breach of this Lease against any of Landlord’s assets other than Landlord’s interest in the Building and the rent, insurance proceeds, condemnation awards, and other income derived therefrom, and Tenant agrees to look solely to such interest for the satisfaction of any liability of Landlord under this Lease, it being specifically agreed that neither Landlord, nor any successor holder of Landlord’s interest hereunder, nor any beneficiary of any Trust of which any person from time to time holding Landlord’s interest is Trustee, nor any such Trustee, nor any member, manager, partner, director or stockholder nor Landlord’s managing agent shall ever be personally liable for any such liability. This paragraph shall not limit any right that Tenant might otherwise have to obtain injunctive relief against Landlord or Landlord’s successors-in-interest, or to take any other action which shall not involve the personal liability of Landlord, or of any successor holder of Landlord’s interest hereunder, or of any beneficiary of any trust of which any person from time to time holding Landlord’s interest is Trustee, or of any such Trustee, or of any manager, member, partner, director or stockholder of Landlord or of Landlord’s managing agent, to respond in monetary damages from Landlord’s assets other than Landlord’s interest in said Building, as aforesaid, but in no event shall Tenant have the right to terminate or cancel this Lease or to withhold rent or to set-off any claim or damages against rent as a result of any default by Landlord or breach by Landlord of its covenants or any warranties or promises hereunder. In no event shall Landlord ever be liable for any indirect or consequential damages or loss of profits or the like. 16.25 No Partnership The relationship of the parties hereto is that of landlord and tenant and no partnership, joint venture or participation is hereby created. 16.26 Letter of Credit (A) Concurrently with the execution of this Lease, Tenant shall pay to Landlord a security deposit in the amount of One Million One Hundred Forty Thousand Three Hundred Seventy Eight Dollars and Sixty Cents ($1,140,378.60) and Landlord shall hold the same, throughout the Term of this Lease (including the Extended Term, if applicable), unless sooner returned to Tenant as provided in this Section 16.26, as security for the performance by Tenant of all obligations on the part of Tenant to be performed under this Lease. Such deposit shall be in the form of an irrevocable, unconditional, negotiable letter of credit (the “Letter of Credit”) provided that cash may be deposited at the Commencement Date for up to sixty (60) days while Tenant secures the Letter of Credit in conformance with this Section 16.26. The Letter of Credit shall (i) be issued by and drawn on a bank reasonably approved by Landlord and at a minimum having a long term issuer credit rating from Standard and Poor’s Professional Rating Service of A or a comparable rating from Moody’s Professional Rating Service, (ii) be substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit J or on another form reasonably satisfactory to Landlord, (iii) permit one or more draws thereunder to be made accompanied only by certification by Landlord or Landlord’s managing agent that pursuant to the terms of this Lease, Landlord is entitled to draw upon such Letter of Credit, (iv) permit transfers at any time without charge, (v) permit presentment in Boston, Massachusetts, or by facsimile with presentation by overnight delivery the next day, and (iv) provide that any notices to Landlord be sent to the notice address provided for Landlord in this Lease. Landlord acknowledges that the letter of credit issued by Silicon Valley Bank simultaneously with the execution of this Lease has been approved by Landlord. If the credit rating for the issuer of such Letter of Credit falls below the standard set forth in (i) above or if the financial condition of such issuer changes in any other material adverse way, Landlord shall have the right to require that Tenant provide a substitute letter of credit that complies in all respects with the requirements of this Section, and Tenant’s failure to provide the same within thirty (30) days following Landlord’s written demand therefor shall entitle Landlord to immediately draw upon the Letter of Credit. Any such Letter of Credit shall be for a term of one (1) year and shall in either case provide for automatic renewals through the date which is sixty (60) days subsequent to the scheduled expiration of this Lease (as the same may be extended) or if the issuer will not grant automatic renewals, the Letter of Credit shall be renewed by Tenant each year and each such renewal shall be delivered to and received by Landlord not later than thirty (30) days before the expiration of the then current Letter of Credit (herein called a “Renewal Presentation Date”). In the event of a failure to so deliver any such renewal Letter of Credit on or before the applicable Renewal Presentation Date, Landlord shall be entitled to present the then existing Letter of Credit for payment and to receive the proceeds thereof, which proceeds shall be held as Tenant’s security deposit, subject to the terms of this Section 16.26. Any failure or refusal of the issuer to honor the Letter of Credit shall be at Tenant’s sole risk and shall not relieve Tenant of its obligations hereunder with regard to the security deposit. Upon the occurrence of any default of Tenant, Landlord shall have the right from time to time without prejudice to any other remedy Landlord may have on account thereof, to draw on all or any portion of such deposit held as a Letter of Credit and to apply the proceeds of such Letter of Credit or any cash held as such deposit, or any part thereof, to Landlord’s damages arising from such default on the part of Tenant under the terms of this Lease. If Landlord so applies all or any portion of such deposit, Tenant shall within seven (7) days after notice from Landlord deposit cash with Landlord in an amount sufficient to restore such deposit to the full amount stated in this Section 16.26. While Landlord holds any cash deposit Landlord shall have no obligation to pay interest on the same and shall have the right to commingle the same with Landlord’s other funds. Neither the holder of a mortgage nor the Landlord in a ground lease on property which includes the Premises shall ever be responsible to Tenant for the return or application of any such deposit, whether or not it succeeds to the position of Landlord hereunder, unless such deposit shall have been received in hand by such holder or ground Landlord. (B) If Tenant satisfies the Reduction Condition as of the applicable Reduction Review Date, as such terms are hereinafter defined, then, upon written request of Tenant, the amount of the Letter of Credit shall be reduced to (i) Eight Hundred Fifty Five Thousand Two Hundred Eighty Three Dollars and Ninety Five Cents ($855,283.95) if, as of the expiration of the first full Rent Year no monetary or material non-monetary Event of Default by Tenant has occurred, and (ii) Five Hundred Seventy Thousand One Hundred Eighty Nine Dollars and Thirty Cents ($570,189.30) if, as of the expiration of the second full Rent Year no monetary or material non-monetary Event of Default by Tenant has occurred. In no event shall the Letter of Credit have automatic reduction provisions. Upon Tenant’s satisfaction of the Reduction Condition(s), Landlord shall authorize Tenant and the Letter of Credit issuer to amend or replace the existing Letter of Credit, at Tenant’s option and at Tenant’s sole cost and expense, in accordance with the reduced amounts set forth in this Section 16.26(B). (C) Tenant not then being in default and having performed all of its obligations under this Lease in all material respects, including the payment of all Annual Fixed Rent, Landlord shall return the deposit, or so much thereof as shall not have theretofore been applied in accordance with the terms of this Section 16.26, to Tenant on the expiration or earlier termination of the term of this Lease (as the same may have been extended) and surrender possession of the Premises by Tenant to Landlord in the condition required in the Lease at such time. 16.27 Electronic Signatures The parties acknowledge and agree that this Lease may be executed by electronic signature, which shall be considered as an original signature for all purposes and shall have the same force and effect as an original signature. Without limitation, “electronic signature” shall include faxed versions of an original signature or electronically scanned and transmitted versions (e.g., via pdf) of an original signature. 16.28 Reserved 16.29 Governing Law This Lease shall be governed exclusively by the provisions hereof and by the law of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as the same may from time to time exist. 16.30 Payment of Litigation Expenses In the event of litigation or other legal proceeding between Landlord and Tenant relating to the provisions of this Lease or Tenant’s occupancy of the Premises or in connection with any bankruptcy case, the losing party shall, upon demand, reimburse the prevailing party for its reasonable costs of prosecuting and/or defending such proceeding (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees). 16.31 Waiver of Trial by Jury To induce Landlord to enter into this Lease, the Tenant hereby waives any right to trial by jury in any action, proceeding or counterclaim brought by either Landlord or Tenant on any matters whatsoever arising out of or any way connected with this Lease, the relationship of the Landlord and the Tenant, the Tenant’s use or occupancy of the premises and/or any claim of injury or damage, including but not limited to, any summary process eviction action. ARTICLE XVII. Tenant Signage 17.1 Definitions. The following terms have the meanings herein set forth for all purposes under this Lease, and capitalized terms used in the following definitions which are not elsewhere defined in this Lease are defined in this Section 17.1: A. B. C. D. E. F. “Building Signage” means one (1) “blade” identification sign with Tenant’s name and logo on the exterior façade of the Building. "Lobby Signage" means one (1) non-exclusive sign with Tenant’s name to be located on the main lobby directory signage listings. “Premises Signage” means Building-standard identification sign with Tenant’s name on the entry of the Premises. “Signage Appearance Standards” means that the finished appearance, taking into account the applicable Signage Factors, (i) shall be of high quality and have a tasteful presentation which is aesthetically compatible and harmonious with the architectural elements of the Building and the Complex, (ii) shall not interfere with Landlord’s ability to use, operate, maintain and manage the Building in a first-class manner similar to other office buildings in similar locations, with similar types of tenants, and (iii) shall comply in all respects with any historic preservation restriction applicable to the Building. “Signage Factors” means the design, size, materials, quality, method of attachment, coloring and location of the signage. “Tenant’s Signage” means that the Building Signage, the Lobby Signage and the Premises Signage. 17.2 Signage. A. B. Landlord shall provide and install, at Landlord’s expense, letters or numerals on the main entrance door to the Premises to identify Tenant’s name and Building address; all such letters and numerals shall be in the building standard graphics and no others shall be used or permitted on the Premises. In addition, Tenant shall have the right, at its sole cost and expense and subject to Landlord’s right to reasonably approve all graphics, to install letters or numerals on all other entrance doors to the Premises to identify Tenant’s name and Building address and that of its permitted subtenant or any other permitted occupant of the Premises. Tenant shall have the right, at its sole cost and expense, to design and install the Building Signage, subject to applicable zoning requirements, applicable laws, any historic preservation restrictions or requirements in connection with the Historic Tax Credits, and to Tenant obtaining all necessary permits and approvals therefor (Landlord hereby agreeing to cooperate with Tenant, at no cost or expense to Landlord, in Tenant’s obtaining of such permits and approvals). The location of the Building Signage and the final design thereof shall be subject to Landlord’s approval, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. C. Landlord shall provide and install, at Landlord’s expense, the Lobby Signage with Landlord’s building standard letters, numerals and graphics. D. E. F. G. H. Tenant’s Signage shall satisfy, as determined by Landlord in Landlord’s reasonable discretion, the Signage Appearance Standards in all respects. The installation and maintenance of Tenant’s Building Signage shall be at the sole cost and expense of Tenant except that Landlord shall be responsible for the costs of any structural supports or modifications required for the Building to affix the Building Signage to the Building. Landlord shall not be liable or responsible to Tenant for any damage to Tenant’s Signage unless resulting from the negligence or willful misconduct of Landlord or any of the Landlord Parties and subject to the provisions of Section 13.14 of this Lease; provided, however, that Landlord, at Tenant’s sole cost and expense and with Tenant’s prior written approval (which such approval shall be deemed granted if Tenant fails to respond to Landlord’s request within five (5) business days after delivery), shall maintain the Tenant’s Signage and repair any damage to Tenant’s Signage. Tenant agrees to pay Landlord as Additional Rent the actual and reasonable cost of any such maintenance and repairs within thirty (30) days after delivery by Landlord of a bill therefor. The rights provided to Tenant under this Section 17.2 are personal to Tenant and may not be transferred or assigned. Upon the expiration or earlier termination of this Lease, Tenant shall remove all (and at any time prior thereto Tenant may remove any) of Tenant’s Signage at Tenant’s sole cost and expense (exclusive of any main lobby directory sign listings of Tenant which shall be removed by Landlord) and shall, at Tenant’s sole cost and expense, restore any damage to the Building caused by such removal. If necessary or advisable in connection with maintenance, repairs or construction, Landlord may, at Tenant’s cost and expense, temporarily cover or remove Tenant’s Signage for the reasonable duration of the subject work and Landlord will be responsible to repair any damage to Tenant’s Signage caused by Landlord’s performance of such maintenance, repairs or construction. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank] EXECUTED as a sealed instrument in two or more counterparts by persons or officers hereunto duly authorized on the Date set forth in Section 1.2 above. LANDLORD: BEACON NORTH VILLAGE, LLC By: /s/ Raymond J.Ciccolo________ Name: Raymond J. Ciccolo________ Title: President__________________ TENANT: X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation By: /s/ Adam Mostafa Name: Adam Mostafa Title: Chief Financial Officer Hereunto duly authorized 1 MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT (Not Intended to Govern Services Related to Commercial Product) Exhibit 10.35 THIS MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT (this "Agreement"), effective as of the 10th day of September, 2015 (the "Effective Date"), by and between Metrics, Inc., doing business as Metrics Contract Services, a North Carolina corporation, having a principal place of business at 1240 Sugg Parkway, Greenville, NC 27834 ("METRICS"), and X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation having an address at Cambridge Innovation Center, One Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142 ("COMPANY"). WITNESSETH WHEREAS, COMPANY is engaged in the business of the research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products; WHEREAS, ·METRICS is engaged in the business of, among other things, providing contract pharmaceutical development, formulation and analytical services; WHEREAS, COMPANY desires to engage the services of METRICS to assist COMPANY in certain pharmaceutical development activities upon the terms and conditions set forth herein; and WHEREAS, METRICS's performance pursuant to this Agreement may require the parties to disclose to each other confidential and proprietary information, inventions, trade secrets and know-how, which must be protected from disclosure to third parties; NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto do hereby agree as follows: 1 Definitions. 1.1 "Applicable Laws" means all laws, ordinances, rules and regulations of the United States (and such other jurisdictions, as applicable, where any aspect of Services are performed by Metrics outside the United States) applicable to the conduct of the Services and/or the development, manufacture and use of any Product (as defined below) or any aspect thereof and the obligations of a party, as the context requires, under this Agreement, as amended from time to time. For purposes of clarity, cGMPs shall be included as part of Applicable Laws unless expressly agreed otherwise in a Work Statement or Quote. 1.2 "cGMP" means all then-current applicable laws, regulations and recognized good manufacturing practices that apply in the United States and the European Union to the manufacture of any therapeutically active material that provides pharmacological activity in a pharmaceutical product, and govern the standards of manufacture of any product intended for human use, including, as applicable the United States regulations set forth under 21 CFR parts 210, 211, as well as applicable guidance published by the FDA; and (ii) the EU good manufacturing practices set forth in the European Community directives 2003/94/EC 2001/83/EC as amended by 2004/27/EC, all relevant implementations of such directives and all relevant principles and guidelines including ICH Tripartite Guidance Q7 and Volume 4 of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union. Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use; in each case as may be modified or supplemented during the Term. 1.3 "Confidential Information" (i) shall, with respect to COMPANY, mean (a) all information disclosed by, or on behalf of COMPANY to METRICS, including, but not limited to, the Materials, and Licensed Intellectual Property, whether or not labeled "Confidential," and (b) any knowledge, information, inventions and data developed by METRICS, but only to the extent resulting from Services performed under the applicable Work Statement or Quote, including any such knowledge, information, inventions and data expressly identified therein as either a "Deliverable" or "Work Product," as the case may be, and (ii) shall, with respect to METRICS, mean (a) METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements, whether or not labeled "Confidential," (b) non-public business or financial information of METRICS, and (c) any other information disclosed by or on behalf of METRICS to COMPANY relating to price estimates, quotations or proposals which are issued to COMPANY, including any price estimates, quotations and proposals that do not become the subject of a Work Statement or Quote. 1.4 "Deliverable" means any Product, substance, material or report to be developed for, or delivered to, COMPANY by METRICS and expressly identified as a "Deliverable" in a Work Statement or Quote. 1.5 "Facility" means METRICS' manufacturing and laboratory facilities located at 1240 Sugg Parkway, Greenville, NC 27834 and warehouse located at 5440 Martin Luther King Highway, Greenville, NC, 27834, or any other METRICS facility as agreed to in writing by the parties. 1.6 "FDCA" means the United States Federal food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended. 1.7 "Materials" means all documentation, information and data, as well as all chemical materials, API, intermediates or raw materials, disclosed or furnished to METRICS by or on behalf of COMPANY in connection with this Agreement, including any such materials expressly identified as "Materials" in the applicable Work Statement or Quote. 1.8 "METRICS Improvements" means any inventions, discoveries, works of authorship (including, without limitation, computer software and related code and documentation), trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, know-how, products, processes, materials, systems, tools, methodologies, technologies, and other intellectual property, created, conceived, reduced to practice or otherwise developed by METRICS in the conduct of the Services that relate solely to general analytical and manufacturing methods comprising METRICS Technology or METRICS standard computer software and that are not specific to Materials, any Deliverables or any Product. 1.9 "METRICS Technology" means any and all (i) inventions, discoveries, works of authorship (including without limitation computer software and related code and documentation), trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, know-how, products, processes, materials, systems, tools, methodologies, technologies, and other intellectual property created, conceived, reduced to practice, or otherwise developed by or on behalf of, or otherwise obtained by or licensed by third parties to, METRICS as of the Effective Date; (ii) improvements, derivative works, compilations, and other modifications of the foregoing in clause (i) created, conceived, reduced to practice, or otherwise developed after the Effective Date outside of the conduct of the Services; and (iii) all patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other intellectual property rights (collectively, "Intellectual Property Rights") in and to the foregoing in clauses (i) and (ii). Without limiting the foregoing, "METRICS Technology" shall include any standard software and related software technology independently developed or otherwise improved by METRICS, outside of the conduct of the Services. 1.10 "Licensed Intellectual Prope1iy" means any and all (i) inventions, discoveries, works of authorship (including without limitation computer software and related code and documentation), trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, know-how, products, processes, materials, systems, tools, methodologies, technologies, and other intellectual property created, conceived, reduced to practice, or otherwise developed by or on behalf of, or otherwise obtained by or licensed by third parties to, COMPANY as of the Effective Date; (ii) all improvements, derivative works, compilations, and other modifications of the foregoing in clause (i) created, conceived, reduced to practice, or otherwise developed after the Effective Date outside of the conduct of the Services; and (iii) all Intellectual Property Rights in and to the foregoing in clauses (i) and (ii), which are, in any such case, owned or controlled by COMPANY and necessary or useful for METRICS' performance and provision of the Services. 1.11 "Non-Conforming Product" means (a) any Product that is manufactured by METRICS as part of a development run under this Agreement that fails to conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications (as agreed to by METRICS or determined by such independent laboratory or consultant) to the extent that such failure is attributable to a failure by METRICS to comply with the processes and procedures established for the manufacture of such Product at the date of manufacture and (b) any Product that is manufactured by METRICS as part of a GMP run under this Agreement that fails to conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications (as agreed to by METRICS or determined by such independent laboratory or consultant) to the extent that such failure is attributable to any act or omission of METRICS. 1.12 "Product" means any pharmaceutical product owned or controlled by COMPANY that is developed or manufactured for COMPANY by METRICS, or with respect to which Services are conducted by METRICS, as provided in this Agreement and the applicable Work Statement or Quote. 1.13 "Regulatory Authority" shall mean any US or EU national, regional, state or local regulatory agency, department, bureau, commission, council or other governmental entity with authority over the manufacture, production, use or storage, transport or clinical testing of any Product, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") or any successor agency or authority thereto and the European Medicines Agency (the "EMA"), or any successor agency or authority thereto, and the European Commission. 1.14 "Results" is defined in Section 4.3. 1.15 "Services" means the work, tasks, and services performed and conducted by METRICS under this Agreement and as may be further described in the applicable Work Statement or Quote. 1.16 "Work Product" means all discoveries, inventions, improvements, know-how, processes, formulations, procedures, methods, reports, data, Results, information and documentation, other than METRICS Improvements, that are generated by METRICS while conducting the Services. 1.17 "Work Statement" or "Quote" means each document agreed to between and executed by the parties that outlines, among other things, the plan for Services to be provided by METRICS, the particular Services to be provided by METRICS, the Materials to be provided by COMPANY, any Deliverables or Products to be developed or manufactured by METRICS, the time schedule for performance, the amount, schedule and method of payment to be made by COMPANY, and any other terms and conditions mutually agreeable to the parties, and, in the case of a Work Statement, will be included as a schedule to this Agreement. 2. Scope and Purpose. 2.1 Services. METRICS agrees to provide the Services in accordance with the terms and conditions of the applicable Work Statement or Quote. METRICS may engage its employees, agents, other representatives, and any subcontractors and/or consultants approved in writing by COMPANY (collectively, "METRICS Personnel") to provide the Services hereunder. METRICS will be solely responsible for any breach of this Agreement by any of the METRICS Personnel, and for paying METRICS Personnel and providing any employee benefits that they are owed. Before providing Services hereunder, all METRICS Personnel must have agreed in writing to (a) confidentiality obligations with respect to COMPANY Confidential Information that are consistent with METRICS' confidentiality obligations under this Agreement and (b) effectively vest in METRICS any and all rights that such METRICS Personnel might otherwise have in the results of their work, including all Work Product, such that METRICS is able to adhere to any of its obligations herein to assign such rights to COMPANY. 2.2 Additional Services. METRICS agrees to provide additional services specified in any future Work Statements or Quotes that may be agreed to and executed by the parties in writing, incorporated into this Agreement and attached hereto as additional schedules. Each Work Statement or Quote shall be governed by the terms and conditions of this Agreement and by such supplementary written amendments of this Agreement as may be, from time to time, agreed to between and executed by the parties. To the extent of any conflict between or inconsistency in the terms and conditions of this Agreement and those of the applicable Work Statement or Quote, the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall govern, except to the extent that the applicable Work Statement or Quote specifically and expressly states that it is the intention of the parties that the terms and conditions of the applicable Work Statement or Quote shall govern. 2.3 Change Orders. COMPANY may, from time to time, submit to METRICS a written request for changes to an existing Work Statement or Quote. If, in METRICS' reasonable judgment, METRICS can implement the requested changes without requiring additional METRICS' work, time, or resources and without materially affecting METRICS' ability to maintain the project schedule and comply with its other obligations as set forth in such Work Statement or Quote, METRICS will provide COMPANY written notice thereof and will implement the requested change at no additional cost to COMPANY. Otherwise, provided in METRICS' reasonable judgment it can implement the requested change, METRICS will provide COMPANY with a written change order proposal for the additional work, time, and/or resources required to implement the requested change, including: (i) price change, (ii) impact on project schedule and compliance with METRICS' other obligations as set forth in such Work Statement or Quote, and (iii) a written amendment to such Work Statement or Quote reflecting any and all revisions to such Work Statement or Quote required to implement the requested change (each, a "Work Amendment"). COMPANY may, at its discretion, accept or reject METRICS' change order proposal, and shall provide METRICS with written notice of its decision within fifteen (15) business days after its receipt of the applicable change order proposal; provided, however, that, in any event, COMPANY will use reasonable efforts to respond as expeditiously as possible to any such change order proposals. If COMPANY does not respond in writing to METRICS' change order proposal within such fifteen (15) business day period (or any mutually agreeable extensions thereof), either by way of acceptance or rejection thereof or a request to negotiate the terms of the applicable Work Amendment, such Work Amendment immediately shall be null and void and of no legal effect and the original Work Statement or Quote shall continue in full force and effect. Any and all changes and amendments to a Work Statement or Quote agreed to by the parties pursuant to this Section 2.3 (Change Orders) shall be pursuant to a Work Amendment executed by both parties. 2.4 Materials and Information Provided by COMPANY. COMPANY agrees to provide METRICS with all Materials and other information in COMPANY's possession and control that COMPANY or METRICS reasonably determines are necessary to or reasonably useful for METRICS' performance of any Services. COMPANY agrees to notify METRICS as to the fair market value of any such Materials that it provides to METRICS at the time of such provision. METRICS hereby agrees that the Materials are, and shall remain, the exclusive property of COMPANY. METRICS will use Materials only as necessary or reasonably useful to perform the Services. COMPANY represents and warrants to METRICS that, as of the Effective Date and at all times during the Term, no Material Safety Data Sheet ("MSDS") or specific safety or handling data are or will be applicable to any Materials provided by COMPANY to METRICS, except as disclosed to METRICS in writing in advance by COMPANY in sufficient time for review and training by METRICS prior to COMPANY's provision thereof; provided, however, that, where appropriate or required by Applicable Laws, COMPANY will provide METRICS with a MSDS and all related safety and handling data for any such Materials. METRICS agrees (i) to keep and maintain in its custody and subject to its control in secure storage at the Facility, any Materials that it receives during the Term, (ii) that it shall not transfer any Materials to any third party that is not specifically authorized by COMPANY in advance and in writing; (iii) to return or surrender to COMPANY all unused quantities of Materials, to the extent in METRICS' custody or control at the time, upon termination of this Agreement or otherwise upon written request by COMPANY. 2.5 Work Location. METRICS shall perform Services under the applicable Work Statement or Quote at the Facility, unless mutual agreement to the contrary is set forth in a written amendment to such Work Statement or Quote executed by the parties. 2.6 Additional COMPANY Obligations. Unless otherwise agreed to by the parties in writing, COMPANY shall be solely responsible for (i) providing METRICS with any scientific data that COMPANY possesses or is able to obtain using commercially reasonable efforts as necessary for METRICS to perform the Services and (ii) if applicable, reviewing and approving in a timely manner any and all Product- related master documents and timely approving any and all in process and finished Product-related test results to ensure conformity of such results with any and all applicable Product specifications. To avoid doubt, METRICS is not responsible for sourcing any scientific data that COMPANY was unable to obtain using commercially reasonable efforts as necessary for METRICS to perform the Services. 2.7 Legal Compliance. (a) METRICS will comply, and shall ensure that the Facility complies, in all material respects with all Applicable Laws in connection with METRICS' operations and provision of the Services hereunder and under any Work Statement or Quote, including cGMPs. Without limiting the foregoing, METRICS shall secure and maintain in good order, at its sole cost and expense, such current governmental registrations, permits and licenses as are required by any Regulatory Authority in order for METRICS to conduct the Services at the Facility under this Agreement. (b) COMPANY and METRICS hereby acknowledge that the Services will need to comply with the Applicable Laws of the European Union. In addition, in the event COMPANY provides written notice to METRICS of (i) any additional regulatory standards (not contained within the Work Statement or Quote) that COMPANY wishes to apply to the performance of Services by METRICS hereunder, including the laws, ordinances, rules and regulations of any country other than the United States and/or outside of the European Union, or (ii) any additional specifications that COMPANY wishes to apply to Services that are not contained in the Work Statement or Quote, but are required by an IND or comparable filing in any country other than the United States and/or outside of the European Union to comply with the laws, ordinances, rules and regulations of such country, then Section 2.3 (Change Orders) will apply. The parties acknowledge and agree that a change to comply with the Applicable Laws of a new jurisdiction can, in some cases, be unduly onerous (for example, Brazil). If, in METRICS' reasonable judgment it cannot implement the requested change, to avoid doubt, METRICS is not required to provide COMPANY a written change order proposal. 3. Compensation and Payment Terms. 3.1 Compensation for Services. Subject to Section 4, in consideration for the performance by METRICS of, and as compensation for, the Services, COMPANY agrees to pay METRICS the amounts specified in any Work Statement or Quote. Unless otherwise agreed in the applicable Work Statement or Quote and subject to Section 4, METRICS will invoice COMPANY on a monthly basis, COMPANY shall pay METRICS' invoice within thirty (30) days after the date of receipt of such invoice unless COMPANY notifies METRICS in writing of a disputed invoice amount, in which case the parties will in good faith discuss and seek to resolve the disputed matter as promptly as possible; provided, however, that, in the event that COMPANY has not established prior credit with METRICS, COMPANY may be subject to payment terms different from the foregoing, including up front deposits, until routine credit can be established. Any undisputed invoices not paid in full within thirty (30) days of the date of the invoice will be subject to a service charge in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1.5% per month or the (ii) maximum service charge percentage allowed under Applicable Laws, as applied to any overdue amounts. Expenses or pass through items purchased by METRICS in support of Service performed under the applicable Work Statement or Quote will be billed to COMPANY by METRICS at cost plus 10% for items up to $5,000 and cost plus 5% for items exceeding $5,000. METRICS will not purchase any one such item exceeding $2,000 without the COMPANY's prior written consent. In response to a request by COMPANY, METRICS will provide reasonably detailed documentation in support of any such expenses. All references to currency herein or in any Work Statement or Quote are deemed to be the lawful currency of the United States unless otherwise stated. 3.2 Payments for shipping and insurance. Subject to the terms of Section 4, METRICS shall invoice COMPANY, and COMPANY shall pay METRICS, for any and all shipping and insurance in connection with the shipment of Deliverables and any and all sales, use, excise, import, customs, gross receipts, compensating, and similar taxes (other than taxes on METRICS's income) incurred by METRICS in connection with the shipment of such Deliverables. 4. Third Party Intermediary. 4.1 COMPANY has engaged METRICS to perform certain Services described in certain Work Orders and Quotes through a third party intermediary, Davos Chemical Corporation, a New Jersey corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New Jersey, USA ("Davos"). The Parties agree that, for the purposes of this Agreement and each Work Statement or Quote, Davos may undertake certain activities on COMPANY's behalf as described in Section 4.2. This may include, but is not limited to, making payments to METRICS in accordance with Section 4.2 below and issuing Change Orders on behalf of COMPANY in accordance with Section 2.3. 4.2 To the extent that COMPANY notifies METRICS in writing that COMPANY has engaged Davos to undertake any of the activities on COMPANY's behalf described in Section 4.1: (i) COMPANY shall provide METRICS with written notice which shall (a) describe the activities to be undertaken by Davos (the "Davos Activities") and (b) represent to METRICS that Davos is authorized to undertake the Davos Activities included in the written notice; and (ii) on and after the date of such notice, (a) COMPANY will submit all requests for Work Orders and Quotes with METRICS through Davos; (b) COMPANY will submit all Change Orders through Davos; and (c) all payments owing to METRICS under any Work Order or Quote will be invoiced and paid for as follows: (A) METRICS shall prepare and provide to Davos an invoice on a monthly basis, made out to Davos, with COMPANY's name referenced; (B) Davos shall notify COMPANY of the amount(s) owing to METRICS and shall invoice COMPANY on a monthly basis; (C) COMPANY shall pay those amounts to Davos within thirty (30) days after the date of receipt of such invoice unless COMPANY notifies Davos and METRICS in writing of a disputed invoice amount, in which case the parties will in good faith discuss and seek to resolve the disputed matter as promptly as possible and otherwise in accordance with the terms of and in accordance with the timeframes set forth in Section 3 of this Agreement; and (D) Davos shall promptly send any payment made to it by COMPANY to METRICS. 4.3 In the event that METRICS does not receive any payment for Services from Davos as a result of COMPANY's failure to pay Davos in accordance with Section 4.2, COMPANY agrees that METRICS may seek payment for the Services from COMPANY directly, including any interest that would be payable under Section 3. In the event that COMPANY pays Davos in accordance with Section 4.2 but Davos fails to pay METRICS in accordance with Section 4.2, METRICS agrees that METRICS shall seek payment for the Services solely from Davos directly, including any interest that would be payable under Section 3. 5. Inspections; Records. 5.1 Inspections by COMPANY. COMPANY and its agents or representatives (collectively, "COMPANY Inspectors") shall be provided, during METRICS' regular hours of business, reasonable access to METRICS' facility to (i) perform no more than one quality assurance inspection (not to exceed two auditors for two days) per calendar year, and (ii) to otherwise observe the performance of the Services, at mutually convenient times and with reasonable notice; provided, however, that COMPANY and the COMPANY Inspectors will be accompanied by one or more Representatives of METRICS at all times during any such inspection. Notwithstanding the above, COMPANY Inspectors shall be entitled to conduct additional "for cause" quality assurance inspections (not to exceed two days each) in the event of an actual violation by METRICS of (A) any Applicable Laws, or (B) the terms of any Quality Agreement or Technical Agreement entered into by the parties with respect to any Services. METRICS shall reasonably cooperate with the COMPANY Inspectors and shall make available for review by the COMPANY all documents specific to the Services that are required by COMPANY to properly perform its inspections with regard to the performance of the Services. All documents, materials, data, and other information provided or disclosed to, or any activities or events observed by, any COMPANY Inspector, or to which any COMPANY Inspector is provided access, shall constitute METRICS Confidential Information for all purposes hereunder. Prior to a COMPANY Inspector engaging in any inspection or observance described in this Section 5.1 (Inspections by COMPANY), such COMPANY Inspector shall be bound to COMPANY by enforceable written obligations of confidentiality and restricted use with respect to METRICS Confidential Information that are at least as stringent as those imposed on COMPANY herein. All such COMPANY Inspectors shall comply with all safety, security, and other applicable policies and procedures of METRICS, to the extent disclosed by METRICS to such COMPANY Inspectors in writing prior to such inspection, at all times during and in connection with any such inspections, all of which shall be conducted without unreasonable disruption to METRICS' normal business operations. 5.2 Inspections by Regulatory Authorities. METRICS shall notify COMPANY via email or otherwise in writing as soon as reasonably practicable and to the extent not otherwise prohibited by Applicable Laws, of all communications from any Regulatory Authority relating in any case to the Services, including with respect to inspections or anticipated inspections of the Facility to be conducted by any Regulatory Authority that is specific to the Services or that could otherwise be reasonably expected to have a material impact on the performance of the Services. To the extent reasonably practicable and not otherwise prohibited by Applicable Laws, METRICS shall (a) keep COMPANY informed on a timely basis with respect to any such inspections, and where possible permit COMPANY the opportunity to be present on-site during (but not directly participate in) any such inspection, (b) promptly provide COMPANY with copies of any reports, citations, violations, warnings, and notices of deficiency received by METRICS in connection with such inspections, (c) reasonably consult with COMPANY prior to providing information which relates specifically to the Services, and (d) provide to COMPANY a copy of any documents produced in response to any such inspection, purged only of METRICS Confidential Information that is unrelated to the Services. Notwithstanding the foregoing in this Section 5.2 (Inspections by Regulatory Authorities), in no event shall any inspections by a regulatory authority outside the United States be permitted without the prior written consent of METRICS. 5.3 Records; Records Storage. METRICS will maintain all materials, data and documentation obtained or generated by METRICS in the course of preparing for and providing Services hereunder ("Results"), including all computerized records and files reflecting all Work Product (the "Records") in a secure area reasonably protected from fire, theft and destruction. 5.4 Record Retention. Upon written instruction of COMPANY, all Records will, at COMPANY's option either be (a) delivered to COMPANY or to its designee in such form as is then currently in the possession of METRICS, (b) retained by METRICS for a period of five (5) years after the Effective Date of the applicable Work Statement or Quote, or as otherwise required by Applicable Laws, or any Quality Agreement or Technical Agreement entered into between the parties to the extent applicable to the Services, or (c) disposed of, at the direction and written request of COMPANY, unless such Records are otherwise required by applicable law, rule, regulation, or order to be stored or maintained by METRICS. METRICS may retain copies of any Records as are reasonably necessary for regulatory or insurance purposes, subject to METRICS's obligation of confidentiality with respect thereto, if any, as set forth herein. 5.5 Reports. METRICS shall keep COMPANY regularly informed of the progress of the Services in accordance with its standard procedures. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, METRICS shall promptly, not less than once each calendar quarter during the Term (and more frequently if required to keep COMPANY sufficiently informed), provide COMPANY with (i) reports in reasonable detail regarding the status of METRICS's Services, (ii) all Results, Deliverables, or other Work Product generated, conceived, developed and/or reduced to practice in the performance of the Services and (iii) such supporting data and information as may be reasonably requested from time to time by COMPANY regarding such Services (each such report, a "Report"). COMPANY acknowledges and agrees that if the specific reporting outlined in subsection (iii) above requires METRICS to provide information and updates in a manner exceeding its usual practices, upon the written request of METRICS, the parties will discuss as to whether COMPANY will reimburse METRICS for its incremental cost in complying with such obligation. 6. Shipping. Unless specified otherwise in any Work Statement or Quote, METRICS will supply Deliverables Ex Works (Incoterms 2010), the Facility. If specified in any Work Statement or Quote, METRICS shall ship Deliverables to COMPANY or locations designated by COMPANY. METRICS shall be responsible for arranging all shipping, as appropriate, including suitable packaging materials to comply with applicable standards, customs forms and insurance. Risk of loss shall transfer to COMPANY upon placement of the Deliverables in the hands of a carrier. 7. Delivery and Acceptance of Product. In the event that the terms of the applicable Work Statement or Quote call for METRICS to manufacture, package, and deliver Product under cGMP conditions according to mutually agreed upon Product specifications ("Manufacturing Specifications"), the following terms shall apply: 7.1 METRICS shall provide COMPANY with reasonable prior written notice before implementing changes in the site at which Product is manufactured or the equipment, processes or procedures used to manufacture the Product; provided, however, that METRICS otherwise shall remain obligated to manufacture such Product in accordance with the provisions of the applicable Work Statement or Quote. All Product delivered to COMPANY shall be accompanied by (i) a quality control certificate of analysis ("COA'') confirming that the Product covered by such COA meets the Manufacturing Specifications, and (ii) a copy of the related batch record for the Product (collectively, the "Manufacturing Records"). METRICS shall retain copies of the Manufacturing Records for such periods required by Applicable Laws. 7.2 Promptly after receipt of each shipment of Product and the accompanying Manufacturing Records, COMPANY shall review the Manufacturing Records. If COMPANY determines, in good faith and its reasonable discretion, that any Product that is the subject of such Manufacturing Records does not conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications, COMPANY shall provide METRICS with written notice thereof within thirty (30) days following such receipt. Any such notice issued shall state in reasonably sufficient detail the reason why COMPANY believes that the Product does not conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications. 7.3 METRICS shall have thirty (30) days to review any assertion by the COMPANY that Product failed to conform to applicable Manufacturing Specifications. In the event that METRICS reasonably disagrees with any such assertion, representative samples of the batch of Product in question shall be submitted to a mutually acceptable independent laboratory or consultant (if not a laboratory analysis issue) for analysis or review, the costs of which shall ultimately be paid by the party that is determined to have been incorrect in its determination of whether the Product conforms to applicable Manufacturing Specifications. 7.4 If any Product fails to conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications but is not Non-Conforming Product, COMPANY shall be responsible for the cost of such Product and METRICS shall, at COMPANY's discretion upon written notice to METRICS, prepare additional Product that conforms to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications as soon as practicable at COMPANY's sole cost and expense. If any Product fails to conform to the applicable Manufacturing Specifications and is a Non-Conforming Product, Section 7.5 shall apply, METRICS shall be solely responsible for, and COMPANY shall not be required to pay for, the cost of such Non-Conforming Product (including all costs and expenses associated with the manufacturing run in which the Non-Conforming Product was manufactured and all costs and expenses applicable to the delivery of the Non-Conforming Product), and COMPANY shall have the right to, and METRICS may require that COMPANY, return any such Non-Conforming Product to METRICS at METRICS' cost. 7.5 METRICS shall replace Non-Conforming Product with conforming Product ("Replacement Product") as soon as reasonably possible; provided, that, if additional Materials are required to manufacture Replacement Product, COMPANY shall use reasonable efforts to provide such Materials and METRICS shall reimburse COMPANY for its reasonable costs of obtaining such additional Materials, and, in any case, within sixty (60) days from the time the non conformance is determined. COMPANY shall otherwise pay for the cost of such Replacement Product, provided that COMPANY has not paid for the cost of the relevant Non-Conforming Product. The procedure described above shall be repeated for any such Replacement Product that COMPANY believes does not conform to applicable Manufacturing Specifications. 8. Confidentiality. 8.1 Confidentiality and Restricted Use Obligations. Each party agrees to hold the Confidential Information of the other party in confidence and further agrees not to use the other party's Confidential Information for any purpose other than to fulfill such party's obligations or exercise its rights under this Agreement. Neither party shall disclose the other party's Confidential Information to any third party, other than: (i) to such party's affiliated companies and its and their employees, officers, directors, agents, other representatives, and consultants and who have a need to know such Confidential Information in order to perform their obligations under this Agreement (collectively, "Representatives"); and (ii) to investigators retained in connection with a study to which such Confidential Information relates; in each case, who are under written obligations to maintain the confidentiality and restrict the use of the other party's Confidential Information to at least the same extent required of such party hereunder. 8.2 Limitation. Notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, in the event that the receiving party becomes obligated by Applicable Laws, to disclose such Confidential Information, or any portion thereof, to any governmental authority or applicable stock exchange, court, or other tribunal, the receiving party promptly shall notify the disclosing party thereof, to the extent reasonably practicable under the circumstances and not otherwise prohibited by Applicable Laws, so that the disclosing party may seek an appropriate protective order or other remedy with respect to resisting or narrowing the scope of the required disclosure. In the absence of such a protective order or other remedy, the receiving party shall limit any such disclosure to such portion of the Confidential Information as is legally required to be disclosed and take reasonable steps in any such disclosure to have the entity requiring such disclosure to protect to the greatest extent possible the confidentiality of all information so disclosed. Any such disclosure by the receiving party shall in no event otherwise change, alter or diminish the confidential, proprietary, and/or trade secret status of such Confidential Information, or treatment as such by the receiving party, hereunder. 8.3 Return of Information. Upon the disclosing party's written request, the receiving party will promptly: (i) return and delete from the receiving party's computer systems, or, at the disclosing party's option, destroy, all originals and copies, whether tangible, electronic, or other, of all documents, data, materials, and other information thereof in the receiving party's possession, custody, or control that constitute Confidential Information of the disclosing party; and (ii) provide a written statement to the disclosing party certifying that all such documents, data, materials, and other information have been so delivered or destroyed. For purposes of this section, "documents, data, materials, and other information" includes without limitation all information fixed in any tangible medium of expression, in whatever form or format. The receiving party may keep a single copy of the Confidential Information of the disclosing party (subject to the terms of this Agreement) solely for legal and compliance purposes. 8.4 Exclusions. Confidential Information does not include information that: (i) is approved for release by the prior written authorization of the disclosing party; (ii) was already lawfully in the receiving party's possession at the time of disclosure by the disclosing party as evidenced by written records; (iii) is or becomes publicly available other than by the receiving party's violation of this Agreement or other fault of the receiving party; (iv) is received by the receiving party from a third party which, to the knowledge of the receiving party after its reasonable inquiry and investigation, is rightfully in possession of such information free of any obligation to maintain its confidentiality; or (v) is independently developed by or on behalf of the receiving party without reference to, benefit of, or reliance on any Confidential Information of the disclosing party as evidenced by written records. 9. Ownership and Rights. 9.1 Work Product. The Parties hereby agree that (i) all Work Product (excluding any METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements) shall be owned exclusively by COMPANY; (ii) all original works of authorship made by METRICS within the scope of the Services it provides are "works made for hire," as that term is defined in the United States Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. § 101) (excluding any METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements), (iii) METRICS hereby assigns to COMPANY any and all of METRICS' right, title, and interest in and to such Work Product and original works of authorship; (iv) METRICS reasonably shall cooperate with COMPANY, at COMPANY's sole cost and expense, in connection with any effort by COMPANY to obtain patent protection as may be available for such Work Product, including by executing all applications for patents and/or copyrights, domestic and foreign, assignments and other papers necessary to secure and enforce rights related to the Work Product. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement to the contrary, METRICS may withhold the provision of any Deliverables and Work Product under this Agreement in the event of default of payment by COMPANY of any undisputed amounts due and owing to METRICS in accordance with this Agreement. 9.2 METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements. All METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements shall be owned exclusively by METRICS. COMPANY hereby assigns to METRICS any and all of COMPANY's right, title, and interest in and to the METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements. COMPANY reasonably shall cooperate with METRICS, at METRICS's sole cost and expense, in connection with any effort by METRICS to obtain patent protection as may be available for any METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements. METRICS shall have the right to use and disclose METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements without restriction. 9.3 License to METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements. METRICS hereby grants to COMPANY a fully-paid, perpetual, limited, non-exclusive right and license to use and permit COMPANY's Representatives to copy, display, and otherwise use the METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements solely for the purpose of exercising its rights and obligations under this Agreement and as reasonably required for the exploitation of the Work Product and the Deliverables. 9.4 License to Licensed Intellectual Property and Work Product. COMPANY hereby grants to METRICS a limited, fully paid, non-exclusive right and license to use and permit METRICS' Representatives to copy, display, and otherwise use the Licensed Intellectual Property and the Work Product during the term of this Agreement solely for the purpose of performing Services and carrying out its other tasks and responsibilities under the applicable Work Statement or Quote and as otherwise necessary to comply with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 9.5 Execution of documentation. Each party shall, and shall cause all of such party's Representatives to, execute any and all documents and take any and all other actions reasonably requested by the other party, at such other party's sole cost and expense, to fully and finally vest in such other party all such right, title, and interest in and to Work Product and original works of authorship, in the case of METRICS as such party, and METRICS Improvements, in the case of COMPANY as such party, in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 9.1 (Work Product) and 9.2 (METRICS Technology and METRICS Improvements), as the case may be. 10. Representations and Warranties. 10.1 COMPANY Representations and Warranties. COMPANY represents and warrants to METRICS that COMPANY (i) has the right to enter into this Agreement; (ii) this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered on behalf of COMPANY and constitutes a legal, binding and valid obligation, enforceable against COMPANY in accordance with its terms; (iii) is not a party to any existing agreements, grants, licenses, encumbrances, obligations, or understandings, written or oral, inconsistent with this Agreement; (iv) owns or controls the Licensed Intellectual Property; (v) has no actual knowledge of any claim by or otherwise available to any third party that any of the Licensed Intellectual Property or any use thereof by METRICS or any of METRICS's Representatives in accordance with the Agreement infringes, misappropriates, or otherwise violates any Intellectual Property Rights of such third party or any other third party. 10.2 METRICS Representations and Warranties. METRICS represents and warrants to COMPANY that (i) METRICS has the right to enter into this Agreement; (ii) this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered on behalf of METRICS and constitutes a legal, binding and valid obligation, enforceable against METRICS in accordance with its terms; (iii) METRICS is not a party to any existing agreements, grants, licenses, encumbrances, obligations, or understandings, written or oral, inconsistent with this Agreement; (iv) to METRICS's knowledge, its provision of the Services in accordance with this Agreement will not infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate any Intellectual Property Rights of any third party; (v) METRICS will provide the Services in a professional and workmanlike manner and in accordance with cGMP and all other Applicable Laws; (vi) neither it nor any METRICS Personnel performing Services under this Agreement has been debarred, or convicted of a crime which could lead to debarment, under the Generic Drug Enforcement Act of 1992, 21 United States Code §§335(a); (vii) to the extent that METRICS manufactures and delivers Product under this Agreement, as of the date of each such delivery (a) all batches of Product: (A) will be manufactured in conformance with the Manufacturing Specifications, and the Manufacturing Records and in compliance with the requirements of Applicable Laws; and (B) will be transferred free and clear of any liens or encumbrances of any kind to the extent arising through or as a result of the acts or omissions of METRICS, its Affiliates or their respective agents. Without limiting Section 10.4, METRICS does not make any representations or warranties regarding any Materials provided by COMPANY under this Agreement. 10.3 Mutual Representations and Warranties. Each party represents and warrants to the other party that such party will hold, use and/or dispose of any product and/or other materials involved in this Agreement in accordance with all Applicable Laws. 10.4 NO OTHER REPRESENTATIONS. EXCEPT FOR THE FOREGOING RESPECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES MADE BY THE PARTIES IN THIS SECTION 10 (REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES), NEITHER PARTY MAKES ANY, AND EACH PARTY HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL, OTHER REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT. THE EXPRESS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES STATED IN THIS SECTION 10 (REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES) ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, SYSTEM INTEGRATION, DATA ACCURACY, AND QUIET ENJOYMENT. 11. Limitation of Liability. 11.1 SUBJECT TO SECTION 11.3, IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR LOST PROFITS, LOSS OF REVENUE, COST OF CAPITAL, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR DOWNTIME, EVEN IS SUCH PARTY HAD BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 11.2 SUBJECT TO SECTION 11.3, IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY'S AGGREGATE LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNTS ACTUALLY PAID TO METRICS HEREUNDER DURING THE 12-MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE EVENT GIVING RISE TO SUCH LIABILITY. 11.3 THE LIMITATIONS IN SECTION 11.1 AND 11.2 SHALL NOT APPLY IN CONNECTION WITH THE PARTIES' RESPECTIVE INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS UNDER SECTION 12 (INDEMNIFICATION), GROSS NEGLIGENCE, WILLFUL MISCONDUCT OR FOR REASONABLY FORESEEABLE LOSS OF PROFIT SUFFERED AS A DIRECT RESULT OF A BREACH OF RESTRICTIONS ON USE OR DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OR MISUSE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. 11.4 THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION 11 (LIMITATION OF LIABILITY) SHALL APPLY REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION, DAMAGE, CLAIM, LIABILITY, COST, EXPENSE OR LOSS, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STATUTE, TORT OR OTHERWISE. 12. Indemnification. 12.1 Indemnification by COMPANY. COMPANY hereby agrees to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless METRICS, its affiliated companies, and its and their Representatives from and against any and all third party claims, demands, actions, suits, and other proceedings (collectively, "Claims"), and all resulting losses, damages, liabilities, settlements, judgments, costs, and expenses (including without limitation reasonable attorneys' fees) (collectively "Losses"), arising from or in connection with: (i) the breach by COMPANY of any provisions of this Agreement; (ii) any allegations that the use by METRICS of any Licensed Intellectual Property or any Product in accordance with this Agreement infringes, misappropriates, or otherwise violates the Intellectual Property Rights of any third party; (iii) COMPANY's manufacture, sale, promotion, development, use, licensing, sublicensing, marketing or distribution of any Deliverables or the Product, that is, in any case, the subject of any Services; (iv) use by any end-user of any Product provided by COMPANY to such end-user; (v) the use by METRICS of the Materials in accordance with the MSDS and any written safety and handling information provided by COMPANY to METRICS regarding the Materials; (vi) COMPANY's failure to comply with Applicable Laws; (vii) any acts or omissions of any Representatives of COMPANY or any COMPANY Inspectors, which, if performed or not performed, as the case may be, by COMPANY, would constitute a breach of or default under this Agreement by COMPANY; and (viii) COMPANY's negligent acts or omissions or willful misconduct. Notwithstanding the above, COMPANY shall not be obligated to defend, indemnify or hold harmless METRICS hereunder for any Claims against or Losses incurred by METRICS, to the extent resulting from a breach by METRICS of any provision of this Agreement or the gross negligence or willful misconduct of METRICS. 12.2 Indemnification by METRICS. METRICS hereby agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless COMPANY and its directors, officers, employees and agents from and against any and all Claims and Losses arising from or in connection with: (i) the breach by METRICS of any provisions of this Agreement; (ii) the failure by METRICS to handle and use Materials in accordance with the MSDS and any written safety and handling information provided by COMPANY to METRICS;( iii) METRICS's negligent acts or omissions or willful misconduct; ( iv) METRICS's failure to comply with Applicable Laws; and ( v) any acts or omissions of any Representatives of METRICS, including any METRICS Personnel, which, if performed or not performed, as the case may be, by METRICS, would constitute a breach of or default under this Agreement by METRICS. Notwithstanding the above, METRICS shall not be obligated to defend, indemnify and hold harmless COMPANY hereunder for any Claims against or Losses incurred by COMPANY, to the extent resulting from a breach by COMPANY of any provision of this Agreement or the gross negligence or willful misconduct of COMPANY. 12.3 Indemnification Procedure. A party intending to claim indemnification under this Agreement ("Indemnitee") shall promptly notify the indemnifying party ("Indemnitor") in writing of any Claims or Losses in respect of which the Indemnitee intends to claim such indemnification; provided, however, that any failure by the Indemnitee to provide such prompt notice shall not affect such Indemnitee's rights to indemnification hereunder, if such failure to deliver notice does not materially prejudice the Indemnitor's ability to defend such Claim and otherwise discharge its indemnification-related obligations hereunder. The Indemnitee reasonably shall cooperate with the Indemnitor in the defense of the Claim, and the Indemnitor shall have the right to control the defense and/or settlement of the claim; provided, however, that any such settlement shall not require the Indemnitee to admit any liability or pay any amounts without the prior written consent of such Indemnitee. The Indemnitee shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate any Losses. 13. Term, Termination and Survival. 13.1 Term. This Agreement shall be effective upon the date specified at the beginning of this Agreement and, subject to earlier termination in accordance with the provisions hereof, shall continue for three (3) years ("Term"). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall not expire, but shall continue in full force and effect to the extent of their incorporation into any then‐ pending Work Statements or Quotes, until termination or expiration of the last to expire (or terminate) of such Work Statements or Quotes in accordance with its terms. 13.2 Termination by COMPANY for Convenience. This Agreement or any individual Work Statement or Quote hereunder, may be terminated by COMPANY for any or no reason upon thirty (30) days written notice to METRICS. The termination of this Agreement shall also terminate any outstanding Work Statements or Quotes and all Services to be conducted under such Work Statements or Quotes. Termination under this Section 13.2 (Termination by COMPANY for Convenience) shall not relieve COMPANY of its obligation to pay for any Services completed prior to the effective date of such termination (which date shall be on or after the date of METRICS' receipt of COMPANY's notice of termination). 13.3 Termination for Breach of the Agreement. This Agreement may be terminated in its entirety in the event of a material breach by a party hereto which is not cured within thirty (30) days (or if such breach cannot be cured within thirty (30) days, such other period of time as the parties may mutually agree in writing) after receipt of written notice from the non-breaching party, specifying in reasonable detail the nature of such breach. In the event the breach is not cured within such cure period, the non-breaching party may terminate this Agreement as set forth in the notice from such non-breaching party; provided, however, that this Agreement shall not be terminated prior to the end of the cure period. In such instance all then-pending Work Orders or Quotes shall be terminated as of the effective date of the termination. In the event that any such breach is not reasonably susceptible of cure, this Agreement shall terminate immediately upon receipt of such notice by the breaching party. 13.4 Effect of Termination or Expiration. Upon termination or expiration of this Agreement, neither METRICS nor COMPANY will have any further obligations hereunder, except that (a) the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall remain in effect to the extent provided in 13.5 (Survival), (b) unless otherwise instructed by COMPANY, METRICS will terminate all Services in progress in an orderly manner as soon as practical and in accordance with a schedule agreed to by COMPANY, (c) METRICS will deliver to COMPANY any Materials, Deliverables and Work Product in its possession or control and all Product produced through termination or expiration, (d) METRICS will refund to COMPANY any monies paid in advance by COMPANY to METRICS in anticipation of Services not performed by METRICS, and (e) unless COMPANY has terminated pursuant to Section 13.3 (Termination for Breach of the Agreement), (1) COMPANY will pay METRICS any and all monies due and owing METRICS, up to the time of termination or expiration, for Services actually performed; and (2) METRICS shall be entitled to reimbursement, and COMPANY shall reimburse METRICS, for any and all costs and expenses that have been or will be incurred by METRICS in connection with non-cancellable third party commitments entered into by METRICS to conduct any Services pursuant to any then-pending Work Statements or Quotes and any and all materials purchased by METRICS on account of any such Services; provided, however, that METRICS shall provide COMPANY, at COMPANY's written request, written documentation in support of any such expenses, costs, and materials purchases and METRICS' inability to cancel any such commitments. 13.5 Survival. In the event of any termination of this Agreement, Section 1 (Definitions), 3 (Compensation and Payment Terms), 4 (Third Party Intermediary), 8 (Confidentiality), 9 (Ownership and Rights), 11 (Limitation of Liability), 12 (Indemnification), and 13 (Term, Termination and Survival) and 14 (Miscellaneous) and Section 2.4 hereof shall survive termination of this Agreement. Sections 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 shall survive for the periods required by applicable law, rule, regulation, or order. 14. Miscellaneous. 14.1 Force Majeure. Either party shall be excused from delays in performing or from its failure to perform hereunder to the extent that such delays or failures result from causes beyond the reasonable control of such party, including without limitation, acts of God, fires, floods, or weather; strikes or lockouts, shortage of raw materials/packaging components, breakage or failure of machinery or apparatus, factory shutdowns, embargoes, wars, hostilities or riots, and shortages in transportation; provided that, in order to be excused from delay or failure to perform, such party must (i) provide written notice of such cause to the other party promptly after such party becomes aware of such cause and (ii) act diligently, to the extent reasonably practicable and not otherwise prohibited by applicable law, rule, regulation, or order, to mitigate the effect of such delay or failure. If such delay or failure continues for 180 days, then either party may terminate by notice to the other party with immediate effect. 14.2 No Agency. METRICS, in rendering performance under this Agreement, is acting solely as an independent contractor, and in no event shall the relationship of the parties hereunder constitute a partnership, joint venture, or agency. In no way is METRICS to be construed as the agent or acting as the agent of COMPANY in any respect, any other provisions of this Agreement notwithstanding. 14.3 Multiple Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, all of which taken together shall constitute one single Agreement between the parties. 14.4 Section Headings, Schedules. The section and subsection headings used herein are for reference and convenience only, and shall not enter into the interpretation hereof. The schedules referred to herein and attached hereto, or to be attached hereto, are incorporated herein to the same extent as if set forth in full herein. 14.5 Required Approvals. Where agreement, approval, acceptance, or consent by either party is required by any provision of this Agreement, such action shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed, or conditioned. 14.6 No Waiver. No delay or omission by either party hereto to exercise any right or power occurring upon any noncompliance or default by the other party with respect to any of the terms of this Agreement shall impair any such right or power or be construed to be a waiver thereof. A waiver by either of the parties hereto of any of the covenants, conditions, or agreements to be performed by the other shall not be construed to be a waiver of any succeeding breach thereof or of any covenant, condition, or agreement herein contained. Unless stated otherwise, all remedies provided for in this Agreement shall be cumulative and in addition to and not in lieu of any other remedies available to either party at law, in equity, or otherwise. 14.7 Authority of METRICS. METRICS has the sole right and obligation to supervise, manage, contract, direct, procure, perform, or cause to be performed all Services and other work to be performed by and on behalf of METRICS hereunder unless otherwise provided herein. 14.8 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware without resort to the choice of law principles thereof. 14.9 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the schedules annexed hereto constitute the entire agreement between the parties. No change, waiver, or discharge hereof shall be valid unless it is in writing and is executed by the party against whom such change, waiver, or discharge is sought to be enforced. Neither this Agreement nor any Work Statement or Quote may be amended except in a writing executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties. To the extent of any conflict between or inconsistency in the confidentiality-related terms and conditions of this Agreement and the terms and conditions of any confidentiality agreement executed by the parties relating to the subject matter of this Agreement, the confidentiality related terms and conditions of this Agreement shall govern. 14.10 Notices. Under this Agreement if one party is required to give notice to the other, such notice shall be deemed given if mailed by U.S. mail, first class, postage prepaid, and addressed as follows (or as subsequently noticed to the other party): If to METRICS: Metrics Contract Services, 1240 Sugg Parkway, Greenville North Carolina 27834 Attention: President If to COMPANY: X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cambridge Innovation Center One Broadway Cambridge, MA 02142 Attention: Chief Executive Officer 14.11 No Assignment. Neither party may, without the prior written consent of the other party, assign or transfer this Agreement or any obligation incurred hereunder, except to an Affiliate or by merger, reorganization, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of such party's capital stock or assets to which this Agreement relates. Any attempt to do so in contravention of this Section 14.11 (No Assignment) shall be void and of no force and effect. 14.12 Arbitration. Any dispute, controversy or claim (including, without limitation, any claim based on warranty, contract, negligence, misrepresentation, statute or other basis) arising out of or relating to this Agreement or its performance or breach ("Dispute") shall first be referred to a senior executive of each party for resolution. If each party's respective representatives cannot resolve the Dispute within thirty (30) days, then either party may refer the Dispute to be settled by binding arbitration. (a) The arbitration shall be conducted under the auspices of the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Commercial Arbitration Rules, or where the Company is domiciled outside the United States, in accordance with its International Rules, in each case that are in effect at the time arbitration is demanded and as set forth herein. In the event of a conflict between the procedures set forth herein and the Rules, these procedures shall take precedence. (b) The dispute shall be heard and decided by a single arbitrator. (c ) The arbitrator(s) shall allow the parties to obtain discovery as may reasonably be requested by a party, including use of interrogatories, document requests, depositions, subpoenas and inspections of things or land. (d) The arbitration hearing shall be held in Washington DC at a location and time to be mutually agreed upon by the parties, or if they are unable to decide, then at a location and time determined by the arbitrator(s). The arbitration hearing shall be conducted over the course of consecutive business days and weeks until it is concluded. (e) All proceedings shall be conducted in the English language and the arbitrators shall be fluent in English. All evidence, whether documentary or testimonial, shall be presented in English. In the event testimony is given by a witness who is unable to testify in English, the party proffering the testimony at the hearing (or obtaining the testimony in a deposition) shall provide a translator and shall bear that expense. In the event a document offered as an exhibit is not in English, the party offering the exhibit shall provide a translated version of the document. (f) The hearing shall be recorded stenographically and a transcript prepared if requested by either party. The expense of same shall be borne equally by the parties. Not less than ten (10) days prior to the hearing, the parties shall submit briefs to the arbitrator(s) setting for the each parties' contentions concerning the facts and the law. Within thirty (30) days following the close of the hearing, the parties shall submit post-hearing briefs to the arbitrator(s). Within thirty (30) days after the timely submission of post-hearing briefs, the arbitrator(s) shall enter a written award concisely setting forth the grounds for the decision. (g) The arbitrators shall decide the dispute by applying the law selected by the parties in this Agreement. (h) The decision of the arbitrator(s) shall be final and binding and any award rendered thereon may be entered in any court having jurisdiction, and the parties expressly agree that the state and federal courts located in the State of Delaware have jurisdiction to confirm the arbitration award and enter judgment thereon. The parties hereby waive any and all objections and defenses to such jurisdiction regardless of the nature of such objection or defense. 14.13 Non-Solicitation of Employees. During the Term and for one (1) year thereafter, each party ("Restricted Party") agrees not to solicit or induce any employee of the other party with whom the Restricted Party had contact in connection with any of the Services to terminate an employment relationship with the other party. The foregoing shall not apply to general solicitations for employment (including, without limitation, advertisements in newspapers, trade journals, employment websites, the Restricted Party's website, and recruiting agency effo1is) not specifically directed towards employees of the other party. 14.14 Publicity. Neither party will make any press release or public disclosure regarding this Agreement or the transactions contemplated herein without the other party's express prior written consent, except as required by applicable law, rule, regulation, or order or by any governmental agency or applicable stock exchange, in which case the party required to make the press release or public disclosure shall use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the approval of the other party as to the form, nature and extent of the press release or public disclosure prior to making the public disclosure. METRICS, INC., DBA METRICS CONTRACT SERVICE By: /s/ John Ross Print: John Ross Title: EVP, Metrics Contract Services X4 PHARMACEUTICAL, INC.: By: /s/ Paula M. Ragan Print: John Ross Title: CEO Date: September 11, 2015 Date: September 9, 2015 43237558v.1 AMENDMENT No. 1 TO THE MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT RECITALS Exhibit 10.36 This Amendment No. 1 (the “Amendment”) is made as of August 25th, 2017 (“Effective Date”) by and between Mayne Pharma Inc. (formerly known as Metrics, Inc.), doing business as Metrics Contract Services, a North Carolina corporation, having a principal place of business at 1240 Sugg Parkway, Greenville, NC 27834 (“Metrics”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc., a Delaware corporation with a business address at 955 Massachusetts Avenue, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139 (“Company”). RECITALS Whereas Metrics and Company entered into a Master Services Agreement for the provision of certain pharmaceutical development services dated September 10, 2015 (the “Agreement”); and Whereas the parties desire to amend the Agreement to, among other things, eliminate the role of Davos as third party intermediary in the generation of Work Orders, Change Orders and the payment process. Now, therefore, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound, hereby agree as follows: 1. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the Agreement. 2. Section 4 of the Agreement is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the words: “4. Not used.”. 3. Section 14.10 of the Agreement (“Notices”) is updated to reflect a change in the Company’s business address: If to Company: X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 955 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 Attn: Chief Executive Officer 4. Incorporation and Effect of Amendment. Upon execution, this Amendment shall be made a part of the Agreement and shall be incorporated by reference. Except as specifically set forth in this Amendment, the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect without change. In the event that there is a conflict between the terms of the Agreement and this Amendment, the terms of this Amendment shall prevail. 5. Authorized Signatories. All signatories to this Amendment represent that they are authorized by their respective companies to execute and deliver this Amendment on behalf of their respective companies, and to bind such companies to the terms herein. 6. Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original but all of which together constitute a single instrument. Signatures to this Amendment transmitted by facsimile transmission, by electronic mail in “portable document format” (“.pdf”) form, or by any other electronic means intended to preserve the originals graphic and pictorial appearance of a document, will have the same effect as physical delivery of the paper document bearing the original signatures, and shall be deemed original signatures by the parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have agreed to this Amendment by signing below. X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. By: Name: Title: Date: /s/ John Celebi John Celebi Chief Operating Officer October 11, 2017 MAYNE PHARMA INC., DBA METRICS CONTRACT SERVICES By: Name: Title: Date: /s/ Kimberly McClintock Kimberly McClintock Executive Vice President 11-Oct-2017 AMENDMENT No. 2 TO THE MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT This Amendment No. 2 (the “Amendment”) is made as of February 28th, 2020 (“Effective Date”) by and between Mayne Pharma Inc. (formerly known as Metrics, Inc.), doing business as Metrics Contract Services, a North Carolina corporation, having a principal place of business at 1240 Sugg Parkway, Greenville, NC 27834 (“Metrics”) and X4 Pharmaceuticals Inc., a Delaware corporation with a business address at 955 Massachusetts Avenue, Fourth Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139 (“Company”). Exhibit 10.37 RECITALS Whereas Metrics and Company entered into that certain Master Services Agreement for the provision of pharmaceutical development services dated September 10, 2015, as amended (by Amendment No. 1) on August 25, 2017 (the “Agreement”); and Whereas the parties desire to amend the Agreement to, among other things, renew the Term of the Agreement. Now, therefore, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound, hereby agree as follows: 1. Despite the expiration of the Term of the Agreement on September 10, 2018, the parties have continued to perform their respective obligations for Work Orders in effect in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. Therefore, in accordance with Section 13.1, the Agreement continued in full force and effect. 2. Since September 10, 2018, Company has continued to pay in full all invoices submitted by Metrics in accordance with the terms of the Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, the parties agree that such invoices are a part of the Agreement and the terms and conditions of the Agreement have governed over such invoices since the effective date of the Agreement. 3. The Term is extended for five (5) years to a total eight (8) year Term and the Agreement shall expire on September 10, 2023. 4. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein will have the meaning given them in the Agreement. 5. Incorporation and Effect of Amendment. Upon execution, this Amendment shall be made a part of the Agreement and shall be incorporated by reference. Except as specifically set forth in this Amendment, the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect without change. In the event that there is a conflict between the terms of the Agreement and this Amendment, the terms of this Amendment shall prevail. 6. Authorized Signatories. All signatories to this Amendment represent that they are authorized by their respective companies to execute and deliver this Amendment on behalf of their respective companies, and to bind such companies to the terms herein. 7. Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original but all of which together constitute a single instrument. Signatures to this Amendment transmitted by electronic mail in “portable document format” (“.pdf”) form, or by any other electronic means intended to preserve the originals graphic and pictorial appearance of a document, will have the same effect as physical delivery of the paper document bearing the original signatures, and shall be deemed original signatures by the parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have agreed to this Amendment by signing below. X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. MAYNE PHARMA INC., DBA METRICS CONTRACT SERVICES By: /s/ Derek Meisner Name: Derek Meisner Title: General Counsel Date: 2/28/2020 By: /s/ John Ross Name: John Ross Title: Date: John Ross-President 2/28/2020 MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.38 This Master Services Agreement (this “Agreement”) is made effective as of February 19, 2016 (the “Effective Date”), by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation with a business address at 784 Memorial Drive, Suite 140, Cambridge, MA 02139 (“X4”), and Aptuit (Oxford) Limited incorporated in England and Wales, having an address at 111 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, England (the “Company”). X4 and the Company are each sometimes hereinafter referred to individually as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties.” WHEREAS, X4 is developing a portfolio of proprietary drug candidates, including its proprietary lead compound, X4P-001, as oral therapeutic agents for the treatment of serious diseases; and WHEREAS, the Company has process development, manufacturing and related services experience and expertise and owns a facility that has proven to be suitable for the development of a manufacturing process for X4’s proprietary compounds and for the large-scale manufacturing of such Compounds (as defined below); and WHEREAS, X4 desires to have the Company develop manufacturing processes and/or conduct large scale manufacturing campaigns for Compounds such as X4P-001 on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, as requested from time to time by X4. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereby agree as follows: 1. DEFINITIONS Whenever used in the Agreement with an initial capital letter, the terms defined in this Article 1 shall have the meanings specified and may be used in singular or plural. 1.1 “Additional Services” means (a) any services that are not contained in a Statement of Work and that require a Change Order in order to authorize the Company to commence the same and (b) any other service that is specifically identified as an Additional Service in this Agreement. 1.2 “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Party, any other person or entity that, directly or indirectly, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with, such Party. For purposes of this definition, “control” means (a) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the shares of stock entitled to vote for the election of directors in the case of a corporation or fifty percent (50%) or more of the equity interests in the case of any other type of legal entity, (b) status as a general partner in any partnership, or any other arrangement whereby a person or entity controls or has the right to control the board of directors of a corporation or equivalent governing body of an entity other than a corporation. 1.3 “API” means the active pharmaceutical ingredient that is intended to be used in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical product. 1.4 “Applicable Laws” means federal, state, local, national and international laws, statutes, rules and regulations, including any rules, regulations or requirements of any Regulatory Authority within the Territory, that are in effect from time to time during the Term and are applicable to a particular activity conducted hereunder. 1.5 “Approved Subcontractor” means any Third Party with which the Company contracts to perform any Services or meet any of its other obligations under this Agreement to the extent consented to by X4 as part of a Statement of Work. 1.6 “Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday or Sunday on which banking institutions in Boston, Massachusetts or Oxford, England are open for business. 1.7 “Calendar Quarter” means the period beginning on the Effective Date and ending on the last day of the calendar quarter in which the Effective Date falls, and thereafter each successive period of three (3) consecutive calendar months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30 or December 31. 1.8 “Calendar Year” means the period beginning on the Effective Date and ending on December 31 of the calendar year in which the Effective Date falls, and thereafter each successive period of twelve (12) months commencing on January 1 and ending on December 31. 1.9 “CFR” means the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States. 1.10 “cGCP” means the then-current good clinical practice applicable to the conduct of Services under Applicable Laws, including without limitation the ICH guidelines and U.S. Good Clinical Practice. 1.11 “cGMP” means the laws, regulatory requirements and guidelines for then-current good manufacturing practices as described in (a) 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211 and all applicable rules, regulations, orders and guidance published thereunder; (b) the then-current International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Guidance for Industry Q7A Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients; (c) EC Directive 2003/94/EC and the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union, Volume 4; the World Health Organization (WHO) “Guide to good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements”; the laws of any other jurisdiction within the Territory; and (f) any successor provision of any of the foregoing; in each case, as such laws, regulations and guidelines are amended from time to time. 1.12 “Change Order” means a document approved in writing by the Parties in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.8 that describes in reasonable detail any amendment or modification to any Statement of Work. 1.13 “Company Background Patent Rights” means any Patent Rights Controlled by the Company as of the Effective Date that contain one or more claims that cover Company Background Technology. 1.14 “Company Background Technology” means any Technology that is Controlled by the Company as of the Effective Date and used by the Company in the conduct of the Project. For purposes of clarity, Company Background Technology shall not include any Company Inventions. 1.15 “Company Confidential Information” means any Confidential Information that is a tangible embodiment of Company Background Technology and provided by the Company to X4 for use in the conduct of the Project. 1.16 “Company Facility” means the facility controlled and operated by the Company located at 111 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, X14 4RZ, UK. 1.17 “Company Invention” means any Invention that (a) is conceived or reduced to practice solely by the Company during the Term without the use of any X4 Materials and/or X4 Background Technology, (b) does not relate in any respect to the composition, synthesis, formulation, mechanism of action or use of any X4 Materials (including any Compounds) and/or X4 Background Technology, and (c) relates solely and specifically to Company Background Technology. 1.18 “Company Invention Patent Rights” means any Patent Rights that contain one or more claims that cover any Company Invention. 1.19 “Company Materials” means any Proprietary Materials that are Controlled by the Company and used by the Company, or provided by the Company for use, in the conduct of any Project. 1.20 “Compound” means any of the proprietary compounds of X4 described more fully in any Statement of Work. 1.21 “Confidential Information” means, with respect to a Party (a “Disclosing Party”), all information and Technology of the Disclosing Party that is of a private, secret or confidential nature, in whatever form, that relates to the business, financial condition, technology, products or services of the Disclosing Party, its Affiliates, customers, suppliers, or potential customers or suppliers, disclosed or provided by such Disclosing Party to the other Party (the “Receiving Party”) pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, whether communicated in writing, electronically or orally, or by any other method. Notwithstanding the foregoing, none of the foregoing shall be considered to be Confidential Information if (a) as of the date of disclosure, it is known to the Receiving Party, as demonstrated by written documentation maintained in the ordinary course of business; (b) as of the date of disclosure it is in the public domain or it subsequently enters the public domain through no fault of the Receiving Party; (c) it is obtained by the Receiving Party from a Third Party having a lawful right to make such disclosure free from any obligation of confidentiality to the Disclosing Party; or (d) it is independently developed by or for the Receiving Party without reference to or use of any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party as demonstrated by written documentation maintained in the ordinary course of business. For purposes of clarity, all X4 Background Technology, all other information provided by X4 to the Company with respect to the X4 Materials and all Results shall be Confidential Information of X4 for purposes of this Agreement. 1.22 “Control” or “Controlled” means (a) with respect to Technology or Patent Rights, the ability of a Party to use, grant access to, or grant a license or sublicense to, such Technology or Patent Rights (other than pursuant to this Agreement) as provided herein without violating the terms of any agreement or arrangement with any Third Party and without violating any Applicable Laws and (b) with respect to Proprietary Materials, the possession by a Party of the right to supply such Proprietary Materials to the other Party as provided herein without violating the terms of any agreement or arrangement with any Third Party and without violating any Applicable Laws. 1.23 “Equipment” means any items of equipment described in any Statement of Work that are purchased by the Company on behalf of X4 and used to provide Services. 1.24 “Executive Officers” means the Chief Executive Officer of X4 and the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. 1.25 “FDA” means the United States Food and Drug Administration or any successor agency or authority thereto. 1.26 “FDCA” means the United States Federal food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended. 1.27 “Force Majeure” means any occurrence beyond the reasonable control of a Party that (a) prevents or substantially interferes with the performance by that Party of any of its obligations under this Agreement and (b) occurs by reason of any act of God, flood, fire, explosion, earthquake, strike, lockout, labor dispute, casualty or accident, or war, revolution, civil commotion, act of terrorism, blockage or embargo, or any injunction, law, order, proclamation, regulation, ordinance, demand or requirement of any government or of any subdivision, authority or representative of any such government. 1.28 “Invention” means any Technology (including, without limitation, any new and useful process, method of manufacture or composition of matter) that is conceived or first reduced to practice by the Company, any Affiliate of the Company and/or any Approved Subcontractor in the conduct of the Services. 1.29 “Patent Rights” means all rights and interests in and to issued patents and pending patent applications including, without limitation, non- provisional patent applications, and all divisions, continuations and continuations-in-part thereof, patents issuing on any of the foregoing, all reissues, reexaminations, renewals and extensions thereof, and supplementary protection certificates therefor, as well as any certificates of invention or applications therefor, and all foreign equivalents of any of the foregoing. 1.30 “Person” means an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, corporation, limited liability company, business trust, joint stock company, trust, incorporated association, joint venture or similar entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision, department or agency of a government. 1.31 “Project” means the full range of process development and manufacturing services to be provided by the Company under this Agreement as more fully described in the Project Plan. 1.32 “Project Completion Date” means the date on which all Deliverables contemplated by the Project Plan have been delivered. 1.33 “Project Plan” means the plan describing the overall scope, timelines and Deliverables applicable to the Services, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit A and incorporated herein by reference. 1.34 “Proprietary Materials” means any tangible chemical, biological or physical materials that are (a) furnished by or on behalf of one Party to any other Party in connection with this Agreement, whether or not specifically designated as proprietary by the transferring Party, or (b) conceived or reduced to practice in the conduct of the Services. 1.35 “Regulatory Authority” means any regulatory authority, including the FDA, within the Territory with authority over the development of the manufacturing process contemplated by this Agreement. 1.36 “Results” means all data and results produced or developed by the Company in the conduct of the Services, including all Reports. 1.37 “Service Fees” means the aggregate fees to be paid by X4 to the Company in consideration of the conduct of the Services. For purposes of clarity, the estimated Service Fees for each Project and the payment schedule applicable thereto shall be set forth in each Statement of Work and may be revised only to the extent agreed to by the Parties in a Change Order. 1.38 “Storage Guidelines” means X4’s procedures that describe the methods of storing, preserving and monitoring any and all X4 Materials, which shall be set forth in each Statement of Work. 1.39 “Technology” means, collectively, inventions, discoveries, improvements, know-how, trade secrets and proprietary methods, whether or not patentable, including, without limitation: (a) methods of production or use of, and structural and functional information pertaining to, chemical compounds and (b) compositions of matter, data, formulations, processes, techniques and results. 1.40 “Term” means the period beginning on the Effective Date and continuing for a period of five (5) years, subject to early termination pursuant to Section 6.2; provided that if this Agreement is terminated prior to the end of the Term, the effective date of such early termination shall become the last day of the Term. 1.41 “Territory” means the United Kingdom, and any additional countries or territories, as applicable or required under a subsequent Statement of Work. 1.42 “Third Party” means a Person other than the Company and X4 and their respective Affiliates. 1.43 “X4 Background Patent Rights” means any Patent Rights Controlled by X4 that contain one or more claims that cover X4 Background Technology. 1.44 “X4 Background Technology” means any Technology that (a) is Controlled by X4 as of the Effective Date and/or during the Term, (b) relates to the X4 Materials and (c) is necessary or useful for the Company to perform the Project. For purposes of clarity, X4 Background Technology (a) shall not include any X4 Inventions and (b) shall include, without limitation, the Technology described in any Statement of Work. 1.45 “X4 Confidential Information” means any Confidential Information that is a tangible embodiment of X4 Background Technology and is provided by X4 to the Company for use in the conduct of the Services. 1.46 “X4 Invention” means any Invention that is not a Company Invention. For purposes of clarity, the term X4 Invention shall include, without limitation, any Invention that (a) covers or relates to the composition, synthesis, formulation, mechanism of action and/or use of the X4 Materials (including any Compound) and/or (b) is a process or method of manufacture of the X4 Materials (including any Compound). 1.47 “X4 Materials” means any Proprietary Materials that are Controlled by X4 and provided by X4 for use in the conduct of the Project. For purposes of clarity, X4 Materials shall include the Compound and any other Proprietary Materials described in any Statement of Work. Additional Definitions. In addition, each of the following definitions shall have the respective meanings set forth in the section of this Agreement indicated below: Definition AAA Agreement Claims Company Company Indemnitees Company Personnel Deliverables Disclosing Party Dispute Effective Date Indemnified Party Indemnifying Party JSC Losses Party/Parties Project Manager Quality Technical Agreement Receiving Party Registrations Report Services Statement of Work X4 X4 Indemnitees Section 7.1.1(b)(i) Recitals 5.4 Recitals 5.5 1.21 5.6 5.6 2.5 5.4 2.5 2.1 1.21 2.1 5.4 5.2.4 2.3.1 7.1.1(a) Recitals Recitals 2.3.3 2.3.2(b) 2.2.2 Recitals 2. CONDUCT OF SERVICES 2.1 Engagement of the Company. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, X4 hereby engages the Company to provide the process development and large scale synthesis services during the Term (the “Services”) identified and described in each Statement of Work (as defined below) and in accordance with the quality agreement between the Parties dated Dec. 12, 2014 (the “Quality Technical Agreement”) in support of the Project to be conducted with respect to the X4 Materials. 2.2 Project Plan; Statement of Work. 2.2.1 Project Plan. The Project Plan describing the overall scope of the Services to be provided by the Company during the Term of this Agreement is attached hereto as Exhibit A. 2.2.2 Statement of Work. Prior to the Company commencing any Services with respect to the Project hereunder, X4 and the Company shall prepare, and the Parties shall execute, a Statement of Work substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B which will specify the specific details of the Services and include, at a minimum, (a) the X4 Materials and X4 Background Technology to be provided by X4, (b) the specific Services to be performed by the Company, and (c) the estimated timelines, estimated Service Fees (including a detailed budget), and the additional terms and conditions, if any, applicable thereto (each, a “Statement of Work”). The initial Statement of Work is attached hereto as Exhibit B-1 and, to the extent executed by the Parties, each subsequent Statement of Work shall be attached hereto as consecutively numbered addendums to Exhibit B (e.g., Exhibit B-2, B-3, etc.), shall be incorporated herein by reference and shall thereafter be subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement as a Statement of Work hereunder. 2.3 Obligations of the Company. 2.3.1 Performance of Services. During the Term, the Company agrees to: (a) provide the Services identified in each Statement of Work (i) in accordance with (A) the Quality Technical Agreement and (B) all Applicable Laws, including cGCP, and cGMP, and the highest prevailing professional standards and practices applicable in the industry using the same degree of professionalism and standards as customarily provided by similar entities providing such services, (ii) at such times and at such locations as may be specified in the relevant Statement of Work, and (iii) within the timelines specified in the relevant Statement of Work and (b) make all commercially reasonable efforts to deliver to X4 the deliverables specified in the relevant Statement of Work (the “Deliverables”) in the quantities, and meeting the specifications, set forth therein. The Company will not be liable to X4 under this Section 2.3.1, nor be deemed to have breached this Section 2.3.1, for the Company’s failure to comply with this Section 2.3.1 in a timely manner to the extent any such failure is attributable to (i) X4’s failure to provide any documents, X4 Materials or information set forth in the Statement or Work or (ii) X4’s failure to otherwise reasonably cooperate with the Company in connection with the Company’s conduct of the Services under this Agreement. For purposes of clarity, any such failure by X4 will automatically extend any timelines set forth in the applicable Statement of Work by a time period that reasonably takes into account such failure of X4 to provide documents, X4 Materials, information or such reasonable cooperation. 2.3.2 Records; Reports. (a) Records. The Company shall maintain records of its activities under the Project in sufficient detail, in good scientific manner and otherwise in a manner that reflects all work done and results achieved in the performance of the Project. Without limiting the generality of this Section 2.3.2(a), the Company agrees to maintain a policy that requires its employees and consultants to record and maintain all data and information developed during the Project in a manner that will allow the Parties to use such records to establish the earliest date of conception or reduction to practice of any and all Inventions. (b) Reports. The Company shall keep the JSC (as defined below) regularly informed of the progress of the Project. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company shall promptly, not less than once each Calendar Quarter during the Term (and more frequently if required to keep the JSC sufficiently informed), provide the JSC with (i) reports in reasonable detail regarding the status of the Company’s conduct of the Services, (ii) all not previously reported Results, Inventions, original works of authorship, trade secrets, or other Technology generated, conceived, developed and/or reduced to practice in the performance of the Services and (iii) such supporting data and information as may be reasonably requested from time to time by the JSC regarding the Project (each such report, a “Report”). 2.3.3 Responsibility for Registrations. The Company shall secure and maintain in good order, at its sole cost and expense, all current governmental registrations, permits and licenses, that are required by any Regulatory Authority in the Territory (the “Registrations”), for so long and to the extent necessary to permit the Company to perform any of its obligations under this Agreement. The Company shall make copies of such Registrations available for viewing by X4 and its designees for inspection, upon reasonable request from X4. 2.3.4 Additional Safety Responsibilities of the Company. The Company shall be solely responsible for: (a) assuring that its employees engaged in the conduct of the Services are appropriately trained in the handling and use of the X4 Materials; (b) implementing appropriate safeguards applicable to the conduct of the Services as is reasonably necessary to protect the safety of its employees; (c) handling, storing, transporting and disposing of all waste material generated through the conduct of the Services in compliance with all Applicable Laws. 2.3.5 Second Manufacturing Source. At any time during the Term, X4 may submit a written notice to the Company that it wishes to designate a Third Party identified by X4 as a second manufacturing source for any Compound, which notice shall include the Third Party it wishes to so designate (the “Third Party Manufacturer”). Promptly following the Company’s receipt of any such request, the Parties shall agree in good faith upon the terms of any technology transfer from the Company to the Third Party Manufacturer that may be reasonably necessary in order for the Third Party Manufacturer to undertake such manufacture, including the transfer by the Company to the Third Party Manufacturer of all necessary tangible materials and any other Technology and documentation Controlled by the Company that is reasonably necessary to manufacture such Compound (each, a “Technology Transfer”). X4 shall reimburse the Company for (i) the Company’s reasonable internal (FTE-based) costs and out of pocket expenses incurred in undertaking any such Technology Transfer and (ii) any facility scale-up, validation and regulatory authorization costs and expenses incurred to establish the Third Party Manufacturer as such second Manufacturing source. 2.3.6 Assistance with Regulatory Filings. Upon the written request of X4, the Company shall provide X4 and/or X4’s Third Party consultants with reasonable assistance and consultation, and at reasonable costs to be agreed by the Parties to be reimbursed by X4, in connection with the preparation and submission of any filings to be made by X4 with any Regulatory Authority with respect to any Compound, including reasonable assistance with the preparation of the Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) sections of any Common Technical Document (CTD) prepared with respect to any Compound and any technical reports and/or validation reports that may be required to support such filings. 2.4 Obligations of X4. During the Term, X4 shall provide to the Company, at X4’s sole cost and expense, such Confidential Information of X4 (including without limitation such specifications, data and protocols applicable to X4 Materials) and such quantities of X4 Materials as may be reasonably necessary or useful for the Company in the performance of the Project as indicated in the applicable Statement of Work. X4 covenants that it will not request or require the Company to perform any assignments or tasks in a manner that would violate any Applicable Laws or to handle any X4 Materials that are hazardous unless X4 provides the Company with any information in X4’s possession or control concerning any health hazards associated with exposure to or the handling, storage, use or disposal of such X4 Material. X4 shall be solely responsible for its decision to use or report (or not use or report) data or information provided by the Company in connection with the conduct of the Services. Except as set forth in Section 2.3.3, X4 will cooperate with the Company, at its sole cost and expense, in taking any actions that are reasonably necessary to comply with any regulatory obligations applicable to the conduct of the Services as described in any Statement of Work in accordance with this Agreement. 2.5 Project Management. The day-to-day interactions and management with respect to the Project will be performed by two (2) project managers, with one (1) appointed by each Party (each, a “Project Manager”). The Project Managers shall be the principle point of contact between the Parties. As part of their duties, the Project Managers shall (a) be responsible for monitoring and revising the Statement of Work in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.8, establishing operating guidelines for the Project, defining communication formats, forming and approving teams and monitoring the general progress of each Project and (b) co-chair Joint Steering Committee (the “JSC”). The Project Managers shall be appointed by each Party no later than thirty (30) days following the Effective Date and may thereafter be removed and a new Project Manager appointed by each respective Party, at such Party’s sole discretion, upon written notice to the other Party. 2.6 Joint Steering Committee. 2.6.1 Establishment. Within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date, the Parties shall establish the JSC, consisting of an equal number of (not more than two (2)) representatives from each Party, including, without limitation, each Party’s Project Manager and one (1) technical or other representative from each Party. The JSC will meet to discuss any matters that cannot be resolved by the Parties’ respective Project Managers and to monitor the general progress of the Project. 2.6.2 Frequency of JSC Meetings; Agendas. Meetings of the JSC shall be conducted on a schedule to be determined by the Project Managers and may be held by telephone or in person. The frequency and the location for such meetings shall be established by the JSC. Meetings may be held only if a quorum of at least one (1) representative of each Party participates. The Project Manager for each Party shall be responsible for setting the agenda in advance of each JSC meeting date. Any member of the JSC may propose additional agenda items in advance of each meeting. X4 will prepare minutes of each JSC meeting promptly following each meeting and will distribute such minutes to the Company for review and approval. 2.6.3 Dispute Resolution. The objective of the JSC shall be to reach agreement by consensus on all matters, and the JSC will diligently and in good faith seek to resolve any matters in dispute. If the JSC is unable to resolve a dispute despite its good faith efforts, either Party may refer the dispute to the Executive Officer (or other designee) of each Party in accordance with Section 7.1.1(a). If the Executive Officer(s) (or other designees) are unable to resolve the disputed matter as provided in Section 7.1.1(a), either Party may, by written notice to the other Party, refer the dispute to binding arbitration in accordance with Section 7.1.1(b). 2.7 License Grants. (a) License to the Company. X4 hereby grants to the Company a fully paid, non- exclusive license under any and all X4 Background Technology and X4 Background Patent Rights to the extent necessary for the Company to conduct the Services during the Term, including for the Company to use the X4 Materials to the extent necessary to conduct the Services. (b) License to X4. If any Company Invention is employed by, is embodied within, or otherwise materially useful or necessary to use or to practice, any Deliverable or X4 Invention, the Company shall be deemed to have granted, and hereby grants, to X4 a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty- free, fully-paid, sublicensable, perpetual license under such Company Invention solely to the extent necessary to practice such Deliverable and/or X4 Invention. 2.8 Change Orders. 2.8.1 Company-Initiated Changes. If at any time during the Term, the Company reasonably determines that it is necessary in the conduct of the Project to perform Additional Services not specifically provided for in the applicable Statement of Work, the Company shall prepare a Change Order describing in reasonable detail the nature of such Additional Services, and submit such Change Order to X4 for X4’s review and written approval. All Change Orders approved by X4 shall be signed by the Project Manager of each Party or by such other authorized representatives of the Company and X4 that the Project Managers may designate in writing. If any changes contemplated by a Change Order will, or are reasonably expected to, impact the estimated timing, Service Fees or scope of the Project and/or any Statement of Work, the Company shall provide X4 with a written description of such expected impact (including, if applicable, a written estimate of all such increased Service Fees) in the Change Order. 2.8.2 X4-Initiated Changes. X4 shall have the right to request reasonable modifications to any Statement of Work by providing a written notice thereof to the Company. Upon receipt of such notice, the Company shall generate a Change Order and submit such Change Order to X4 for X4’s review and approval in accordance with the process described in Section 2.8.1. 2.8.3 Effect of Change Orders. Upon approval of each Change Order as described in this Section 2.8, (a) the Change Order shall constitute an amendment to the applicable Statement of Work, (b) the Additional Services described in the Change Order shall be deemed to be Services for purposes of this Agreement, and (c) the Change Order will be implemented by the Company as soon as it is commercially practical to do so in accordance with the timeline, if any, set forth in the Change Order. 2.9 Use of X4 Materials. The Company shall maintain all X4 Materials in safe, secure and segregated storage under its control in the Company Facility in accordance with the Storage Guidelines. The Company hereby agrees that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement or in the Statement of Work, (a) the Company shall not use X4 Materials for any purpose other than in the conduct of the Services at the Facility; (b) the Company shall transfer X4 Materials only to those employees or consultants of the Company who are conducting the Services at the Facility and who are bound by obligations of confidentiality and non-use comparable in scope to those set forth in this Agreement; (c) the Company shall not (i) transfer, distribute or release any X4 Materials to any Third Party without the prior written consent of X4 or (ii) analyze in any way the composition of the X4 Materials or otherwise perform any studies that might reveal the structures or compositions of the X4 Materials; (d) the Company shall not acquire any right, title or interest in or to the X4 Materials as a result of such supply by X4 or the use by the Company of the X4 Materials in the conduct of the Services; and (e) upon the expiration or termination of the Term, the Company shall, if and as instructed by X4, either destroy or return to X4 all unused quantities of X4 Materials. 2.10 No Right to Subcontract. The Company shall not subcontract, sublicense or otherwise delegate all or any portion of the Services under this Agreement to any Third Party without X4’s prior written consent. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may subcontract certain non- essential or routine tasks that are part of the Services without X4’s consent to any Approved Subcontractor; provided that they involve tasks which would normally be sub contracted by the Company in the normal course of its business. 2.11 Facility Visits by X4 Personnel. X4’s representatives (unless such representatives are employed by, or engaged as consultants of, competitors of the Company) may, upon reasonable prior written notice, visit the Company Facility during those hours during which Services are performed on dates and at times that are not materially disruptive to the business of the Company to observe the progress of the Services and in order to ascertain compliance by the Company with the terms of this Agreement, which visit shall include, as requested by the Company, the inspection of (a) the holding facilities for X4 Materials, (b) the Equipment, (c) the quality control procedures and systems of the Company, and (d) all Records relating to the Services. An audit may be held once per calendar year at no cost. X4 will reimburse the Company for its time and expenses associated with any additional audit during such calendar year unless such audit is as a result of a Company breach of, or reveals that the Company has breached, this Agreement or any applicable law or regulation. Any information disclosed to X4 representatives in writing, orally or by inspection of tangible objects in connection with any such visit shall be considered the Company Confidential Information and protected as such by X4 pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. 2.12 Product Release. The Company shall be responsible for release of any Compound to X4. Final disposition of any Compound shall be the responsibility of X4. Except for samples, X4 shall provide written authorization to the Company prior to shipment of any Compound. Final release of any Compound for distribution in EU is the sole responsibility of the Qualified Person at X4 designated testing/release site. The Company shall forward to X4 applicable documents which comprise the disposition package for each batch of each Compound. The Company shall promptly notify X4 in writing about any regulatory investigations concerning the Manufacturing of any Compound. 2.13 Batch Rejection of Manufactured Compound. During the period commencing on X4’s receipt of each delivered batch of manufactured Compound (each a “Batch”) and continuing until the later of (i) thirty (30) days following the date of X4’s receipt of such Batch, or (ii) fifteen (15) days following X4’s receipt of the applicable released executed Batch record(s) and related documentation in accordance with the Statement of Work Order (such period, the “Testing Period”), X4 shall have the right (but not the obligation) to test and inspect such Batch to determine whether such Batch conforms to GMP, the specifications, the Statement of Work and, if applicable, the Quality Technical Agreement (collectively the “Product Requirements”). X4 shall notify the Company prior to the expiration of the Testing Period in writing of its rejection of any Batch describing the manner in which such Batch does not conform to the Product Requirements, together with reasonable supporting evidence, if any, and the Company shall consider in good faith whether it agrees with X4’s rejection of such Batch and shall deliver notice to X4 of the Company’s conclusion within ten (10) days after Company’s receipt of the written rejection notice from X4. If X4 fails to deliver to the Company, prior to the expiration of the Testing Period, a written rejection notice, then X4 shall be deemed to have accepted such Batch. If Company delivers a written notice to X4 within such ten (10) day period that the Company disagrees with X4’s rejection of such Batch, then the Parties shall submit the samples of such Batch to any independent testing laboratory or other appropriate expert, in each case, mutually acceptable to the Parties, for resolution, whose determination of conformity or non-conformity shall be binding upon the Parties. If the laboratory or expert subsequently determines that the Batch does conform with the Product Requirements, then (a) X4 shall be deemed to have accepted such Batch, and (b) X4 shall bear the costs associated with retaining such laboratory or consultant. If the Company delivers a written notice to X4 that the Company agrees with X4’s rejection of a Batch, or the laboratory or expert subsequently confirms that such Batch does not conform to the Product Requirements, (and, in the case of a Batch that is manufactured pursuant to a non-validated process, such Batch non-conformance is proven to be due to negligence, material deviation from the approved batch record, or gross violation of GMP where Aptuit and X4 agree batch rejection is required, willful misconduct or omission by Company), the Company, shall, (a) at X4’s option promptly (i) supply X4 with a conforming Batch at the Company’s sole cost and expense or (ii) credit X4 for such non-conforming Batch and (b) bear the costs associated with retaining such laboratory or consultant, to the extent retained by the Parties as provided above. 2.14 Compensation. 2.14.1 Service Fees. In consideration of the performance of the Services, X4 will pay the Company the Service Fees applicable to the conduct of the Services, as set forth in the applicable Statement of Work. X4 understands and agrees that each Statement of Work will require an upfront payment upon its execution. 2.14.2 Payment Terms. Invoices for Service Fees shall be issued by the Company to X4 within thirty (30) days after the end of the month in which such Services are provided or Service Fees incurred, as the case may be. All invoices will be sent to X4 Pharmaceuticals via email at accounts.payable@X4pharma.com. All amounts due thereunder shall be due and payable by X4 within thirty (30) days after receipt of each such invoice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, X4 may withhold payment of any invoiced Service Fees that it disputes in good faith; provided that (a) within twenty-one (21) days after receiving any invoice, X4 shall notify the Company if it disputes the accuracy or appropriateness of such invoiced amount and shall specify the particular respects in which it believes such invoiced amount is inaccurate or inappropriate; and (b) as soon as practicable thereafter, the Parties shall negotiate in good faith to resolve any such dispute in accordance with Section 7.1.1 of this Agreement. The currency of this Agreement and of all related Statements of Work is U.S. Dollars. All payments under this Section 2.13.2 shall be made by X4 by wire transfer or check in U.S. currency to the account specified in the Statement of Work. Past due amounts which are not in dispute shall bear interest from the date due until paid at a rate equal to the lesser of twelve percent (12%) per annum, or the maximum rate permitted by Applicable Laws. 2.14.3 Non-Payment of Undisputed Amounts. If X4 fails to pay undisputed invoices when due, in addition to its other rights under this Agreement, the Company will have the right, in its discretion, to cease all activities hereunder and withhold the Deliverables with respect to the unpaid amount until such outstanding and undisputed invoices have been paid in full. It is understood that prior to ceasing all activities and withholding the Deliverables, the Company will make all reasonable efforts to initiate good faith discussions with X4 with a view to resolving the payment issues otherwise. 2.15 Regulatory Matters. The Company will notify X4 promptly, and in no event later than one (1) Business Day, after the Company receives any contact or communication from any Regulatory Authority relating to any Services provided hereunder and will provide X4 with copies of any such communication within one (1) Business Day of receipt of such communication by the Company. The Company will consult with X4 regarding the response to be made to any inquiry from any Regulatory Authority relating to any Services provided hereunder and will allow X4 at its discretion to control and/or participate in any further contacts or communications relating thereto. The Company will comply with all reasonable requests and comments by X4 with respect to all contacts and communications with any Regulatory Authority relating in any way to the Services. The Company will immediately inform X4 in the event that any Regulatory Authority takes regulatory action against the Company for reasons unrelated to the Services, if such action would reasonably be expected to have an effect on the Company’s performance of the Services. 2.16 Accident Reports. The Company shall promptly report to X4 all material accidents related to the manufacture, handling, use or storage of any X4 Materials. 3. TREATMENT OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 3.1 Confidentiality Obligations. X4 and the Company each recognizes that each other Party’s Confidential Information constitutes highly valuable assets of the other Party. X4 and the Company each agree that, subject to the remainder of this Article 3, during the Term and thereafter following the termination or expiration of this Agreement, it will hold in confidence and will not disclose, and will cause its Affiliates to not disclose, any Confidential Information of the other Party and it will not use, and will cause its Affiliates to not use, any Confidential Information or Proprietary Materials of the other Party except as expressly permitted hereunder. 3.2 Limited Disclosure and Use. Each Receiving Party agrees that disclosure of the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party, or transfer of any Proprietary Materials of the Disclosing Party, may only be made by the Receiving Party to any employee, consultant or Affiliate of the Receiving Party, or, with respect to the Company as Receiving Party, to any Approved Subcontractor, to enable such Receiving Party to exercise its rights or to carry out its responsibilities under this Agreement; provided that any such disclosure or transfer shall only be made to Persons who are bound by written obligations of confidentiality no less restrictive than those described herein. In addition, each Party agrees that the Receiving Party may disclose the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party (a) on a need-to-know basis to such Receiving Party’s legal and financial advisors who are bound by written obligation of confidentiality no less restrictive than those described herein; (b) as reasonably necessary in connection with an actual or potential merger, acquisition, consolidation, share exchange or other similar transaction involving such Party and any Third Party in accordance with Section 7.7 of this Agreement; and (c) as required by Applicable Laws or compelled to do so by order or decree; provided that in the case of any disclosure under this clause (c), the Receiving Party shall (i) provide the Disclosing Party with reasonable advance written notice of, and an opportunity to comment on, any such required disclosure and (ii) if requested by the Disclosing Party, cooperate in all reasonable respects with the Disclosing Party’s efforts to obtain confidential treatment or a protective order with respect to any such disclosure, at the Disclosing Party’s expense. 3.3 Employees and Consultants. X4 and the Company each hereby represents that all of its employees and consultants, and all of the employees and consultants of its Affiliates, who have access to Confidential Information or Proprietary Materials of each other Party are or will, prior to having such access, be bound by written obligations to maintain such Confidential Information or Proprietary Materials in confidence. Each Party agrees to, and to cause its Affiliates to, enforce such obligations and to prohibit its employees and consultants from using such information except as expressly permitted under this Agreement. Each Party will be responsible for, and liable to, the other Party for any disclosure or misuse by its employees of Confidential Information or Proprietary Materials of the other Party. 3.4 Publicity. Except as required by Applicable Laws, no Party shall issue a press or news release or make any similar public announcement related to the terms or existence of this Agreement or the conduct of the Services without the prior written consent of the other Party. In the event that such disclosure is required as aforesaid, the disclosing Party shall provide the other Party with notice beforehand and coordinate with the other Party with respect to the wording and timing of any such disclosure. Once any press release or any other written statement is approved for disclosure by both Parties, any Party may make subsequent public disclosure of the contents of such statement without the further approval of the other Parties. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Party shall use the name of the other Party in any promotional materials or advertising without the prior express written consent of the other Party. 4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 4.1 X4 Intellectual Property Rights. X4 shall have sole and exclusive ownership of all right, title and interest on a worldwide basis in and to any and all X4 Background Technology, X4 Background Patent Rights, X4 Materials, X4 Inventions, Results and Deliverables. In connection therewith, the Company hereby assigns, and shall require its employees to assign, to X4, all right, title and interest in and to all X4 Inventions, Results and Deliverables. 4.2 Company Intellectual Property Rights. The Company shall have sole and exclusive ownership of all right, title and interest on a worldwide basis in and to any and all Company Background Technology, Company Patent Rights and Company Inventions. In connection therewith, X4 hereby assigns, and shall require its employees to assign, to the Company, all right, title and interest in and to all Company Inventions subject to the license granted to X4 pursuant to Section 2.7(b). 4.3 Ownership of Equipment. X4 shall own all right, title and interest in and to any and all Equipment, and all materials and other assets purchased by the Company for the performance of the Services to the extent the cost of same is reimbursed by X4. All Equipment shall be maintained by the Company in accordance with its standard maintenance program. X4 shall be liable for all damage and risk of loss to the Equipment, unless caused by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Company. X4 shall have the right to reclaim or retain possession of such Equipment at its expense upon reasonable notice at such time as it is no longer required for use by the Company to conduct the Services. 4.4 Cooperation. During the Term of this Agreement, the Company shall cooperate fully with X4 and its attorneys and agents in the preparation and filing of all papers and other documents as may be required to obtain, perfect, sustain and enforce X4’s rights in and to any X4 Inventions, including but not limited to, joining in any proceeding to obtain letters, patents, copyrights, trademarks or other legal rights with respect to any such X4 Inventions in the United States and in any and all other countries; provided that X4 shall bear the expense of such proceedings. Any patent or other legal right with respect to any X4 Inventions issued to the Company personally shall be assigned by the Company to X4 without charge by the Company. In the event X4 is unable for any reason, after reasonable effort, to secure the Company’s signature on any document needed in connection with the actions specified in this Section 4.4, the Company hereby irrevocably designates and appoints X4 and its duly authorized officers and agents as its agent and attorney in fact, which appointment is coupled with an interest, to act for and on its behalf, for the express and sole purpose to execute, verify and file any such documents to further the purposes of this Section 4.4 with the same legal force and effect as if executed by the Company. 4.5 Record Retention. The Company will maintain records of all Results obtained or generated by the Company in the course of providing Services hereunder, including all computerized records and files, in accordance with Applicable Laws and industry standards in a secure area. Upon the written request of X4, copies of all such records will be delivered to X4 or to its designee in such form as is then currently in the possession of the Company. Company shall retain originals of all such records for a period of ten (10) years, or as otherwise required by Applicable Laws, whichever is longer. In no event will the Company dispose of any such records without first giving X4 sixty (60) days’ prior written notice of its intent to do so; provided that the Company may retain copies of any records as are reasonably necessary for regulatory or insurance purposes, subject to the Company’s obligations of confidentiality under this Agreement. X4 will reimburse the Company for the reasonable costs and expenses incurred by the Company for the copying and shipping of such records to X4. 5. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES; INDEMNIFICATION 5.1 Mutual Representations and Warranties. Each Party hereby represents and warrants to the other Party, as of the Effective Date, as follows: 5.11 Organization. It is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, and has all requisite power and authority, corporate or otherwise, to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement. 5.1.2 Authorization. The execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the performance by it of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and will not violate (a) such Party’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (b) any agreement, instrument or contractual obligation to which such Party is bound in any material respect, (c) any requirement of any Applicable Laws, or (d) any order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, determination or award of any court or governmental agency presently in effect applicable to such Party. 5.1.3 Binding Agreement. This Agreement is a legal, valid and binding obligation of such Party enforceable against it in accordance with its terms and conditions. 5.1.4 No Inconsistent Obligation. It is not under any obligation, contractual or otherwise, to any Person that conflicts with or is inconsistent in any respect with the terms of this Agreement or that would impede the diligent and complete fulfillment of its obligations hereunder. 5.2 Additional Representations of the Company. The Company further represents and warrants to X4, as of the Effective Date, as follows: 5.2.1 Company Facility. The Company owns or lawfully controls the Company Facility, and the Company Facility shall be maintained in accordance with cGMP and cGCP and in such condition as will allow the Company to provide the Services in accordance with this Agreement. 5.2.2 Adherence to Regulations. The Company has obtained and will at all times during the Term of this Agreement, maintain, hold and comply with all Registrations necessary to perform this Agreement as now or hereafter required under any Applicable Laws. 5.2.3 Non-Debarment. The Company is not debarred under, and has not and will not, to the Company’s knowledge after diligent inquiry, use, in performing the Services under this Agreement in any capacity, the services of any person debarred under, subsections 306(a) or (b) of the Generic Drug Enforcement Act of 1992. 5.2.4 Qualifications of the Company Personnel. The Company has, and will engage, employees and/or consultants (the “Company Personnel”) with the proper skill, training and experience to provide the Services. Before providing Services, all the Company Personnel will have agreed in writing to (a) confidentiality obligations consistent with the terms of this Agreement, and (b) effectively vest in the Company any and all rights that such Company Personnel might otherwise have in the results of their work. All Company Personnel to be used by the Company shall be listed in the applicable Statement of Work. 5.2.5 Use of Deliverables/X4 Inventions. To the Company’s knowledge, the performance of the Services under this Agreement does not infringe or will not infringe upon the patents, copyrights or trademarks, or misappropriate the trade secrets, of any Third Party. 5.2.6 Use of Proprietary Materials by the Company. Excluding the X4 Materials and any other materials supplied by X4 to the Company, all Proprietary Materials procured by the Company for use in the conduct of the Services have been and will be procured in compliance with all Applicable Laws. 5.2.7 Company Materials. The Company will use commercially reasonable efforts at all times during the term of this Agreement to keep all Company Materials secure and safe from loss and damage in such manner as the Company stores materials of a similar nature. During the Term, the Company will at all times segregate and store the Company Materials in such a way as to be able to distinguish the same from products and materials belonging to the Company or held by the Company for a Third Party. 5.2.8 Warranty Disclaimer. THE COMPANY ACKNOWLEDGES THAT THE X4 MATERIALS ARE SOLELY FOR USE IN HUMAN CLINICAL STUDY, THAT THE COMPANY IS AWARE OF THE RISKS OF WORKING WITH CLINICAL MATERIAL AND THAT IT WILL UTILIZE PRUDENT PRACTICES IN HANDLING THE X4 MATERIALS. EACH PARTY HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGES THAT THE OTHER PARTY HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, RELATING TO THE SERVICES INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 5.3 Limited Liability. (I) NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION IN THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY STATEMENT OF WORK OTHER THAN SECTION 5.3(II) BELOW AND EXCEPT WITH RESPECT TO ANY BREACH OF ARTICLE 3, AND EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 5.4 OR SECTION 5.5, EITHER PARTY’S LIABILITY, DAMAGE, LOSS OR EXPENSE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY STATEMENT OF WORK TO THE OTHER PARTY SHALL BE LIMITED TO TWO TIMES THE AGGREGATE SERVICE FEES PAID FOR THE SERVICES PERFORMED UNDER THE RELEVANT STATEMENT OF WORK. EXCEPT WITH RESPECT TO ANY BREACH OF ARTICLE 3 OR IN CASE OF LOSSES ARISING OUT OF A FINALLY ADJUDICATED THIRD PARTY CLAIM OR SETTLEMENT OF SUCH THIRD PARTY CLAIM PURSUANT TO SECTION 5.6 THAT IS, IN EITHER CASE, SUBJECT TO SECTION 5.4 OR 5.5, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES FOR ANY SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOST REVENUES, COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS, TECHNOLOGY OR SERVICES, WHETHER UNDER ANY CONTRACT, WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY. (II) NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN IS INTENDED TO EXCLUDE OR LIMIT ANY LIABILITY FOR (a) DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY CAUSED BY A PARTY’S NEGLIGENCE; OR, (b) FRAUD. 5.4 Indemnification of X4 by the Company. The Company shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless X4, its Affiliates, their respective directors, officers, employees and agents, and their respective successors and assigns (the “X4 Indemnitees”), against any liability, damage, loss or expense (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation) (collectively, “Losses”) actually incurred by or imposed upon X4 Indemnitees or any one of them, as a direct result of any claims, suits, actions or demands made by any Third Party (collectively, the “Claims”) to the extent arising out of (a) the Company’s and/or its Approved Subcontractors’ and/or its employees’ or agents’ gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of the Services; (b) the actual or alleged infringement of any patent rights, or intellectual property rights of any Third Party as a result of the use by the Company of the Company Background Technology and/or Company Patent Rights in the conduct of the Services; or (c) the Company’s and/or its Approved Subcontractors’ and/or its employees’ or agents’ breach of any material term or condition of this Agreement; provided that the Company shall not be obligated to indemnify X4 for any Claims to the extent arising from or occurring as a result of the gross negligence or willful misconduct of X4, its Affiliates or their respective employees or agents. 5.5 Indemnification of the Company by X4. X4 shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless the Company, its Affiliates, their respective directors, officers, employees and agents, and their respective successors and assigns (the “Company Indemnitees”), against any Losses actually incurred by or imposed upon the Company Indemnitees or any one of them, as a direct result of any Claims, to the extent arising out of (a) X4’s and/or its employees’ or agents’ breach of any material term or condition of this Agreement; (b) the use or sale by X4 of the Results, the Deliverables and/or any X4 Inventions; (c) the actual or alleged infringement by the Company of any patent rights or intellectual property rights of any Third Party as a result of the use by the Company of X4 Background Technology or X4 Patent Rights in the conduct of the Services in accordance with any Statement of Work; or (d) the gross negligence or willful misconduct of X4, its Affiliates or their respective employees or consultants; provided that X4 shall not be obligated to indemnify the Company for any Claims to the extent arising from or occurring as a result of the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Company, its Affiliates or their respective employees or agents. 5.6 Conditions to Indemnification. An X4 Indemnitee or Company Indemnitee seeking recovery under Sections 5.4 or 5.5 (the “Indemnified Party”) in respect of a Claim shall give prompt notice of such Claim to the Company or X4, as the case may be (the “Indemnifying Party”); provided that the Indemnifying Party is not contesting its obligation under Sections 5.4 or 5.5, shall permit the Indemnifying Party to control any litigation relating to such Claim and the disposition of such Claim (including without limitation any settlement thereof); provided further that the Indemnifying Party shall not settle or otherwise resolve such Claim without the prior written consent of such Indemnified Party, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, unless such settlement includes a full release of the Indemnified Party, in which case the Indemnifying Party may settle or otherwise resolve such Claim without the prior written consent of such Indemnified Party. Each Indemnified Party shall cooperate with the Indemnifying Party in its defense of any such Claim in all reasonable respects and shall have the right to be present in person or through counsel at all legal proceedings with respect to such Claim. 5.7 Insurance. During the Term, the Company shall carry, with financially sound and reputable insurers, insurance coverage (including errors and omissions, professional liability and comprehensive liability coverage) with respect to the conduct of its business against loss from such risks and in such amounts as is customary for well-insured companies engaged in similar businesses. In addition, X4 shall maintain during the Term policies of insurance in the amounts and of the types reasonably appropriate for the conduct of its business. 6.1 Term. This Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and continue, unless earlier terminated as provided herein, until the expiration of the Term. 6. TERM AND TERMINATION 6.2 Termination. 6.2.1 Unilateral Right to Terminate/Suspend Performance. X4 shall have the right to terminate this Agreement, or any Statement of Work, or suspend the performance of any Statement of Work, for any reason, effective upon not less than thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Company. 6.2.2 Termination for Breach. Either Party may terminate this Agreement, effective immediately upon written notice to the other Party, for a material breach by the other Party of this Agreement that, if curable, remains uncured for twenty (20) days after the non-breaching Party first gives written notice to the other Party of such breach and its intent to terminate this Agreement if such breach is not cured. 6.2.3 Termination for Insolvency. Should either Party become insolvent or unable to pay its debts as they fall due or make an assignment for the benefit of creditors or should voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or similar proceedings be instituted against it or if any action, application or proceeding is made with regard to it for a voluntary arrangement, composition or reconstruction of its debts, or the presentation of an administrative petition, or its winding-up or dissolution, or the appointment of a receiver, liquidator, trustee or similar officer of its property be appointed, then the other Party will have the right to terminate this Agreement forthwith by notice in writing. 6.3 Consequences of Expiration of Termination of Agreement. In the event of the termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section 6.2, or the expiration of the Term pursuant to Section 6.1, the following provisions shall apply: (a) the license granted by X4 to the Company pursuant to Section 2.7(a) shall immediately terminate; (b) the license granted by the Company to X4 pursuant to Section 2.7(b) shall continue in full force and effect; (c) Company will terminate all Services in progress in an orderly manner as soon as practical and in accordance with a schedule agreed to by X4; (d) the Company will deliver to X4 any X4 Materials in its possession or Control and all Deliverables developed through the date of termination or expiration; (e) X4 will pay the Company (i) any Service Fees due and owing the Company, up to the effective date of termination or expiration, for Services actually performed and all authorized expenses actually incurred (as specified in the applicable Statement(s) of Work), (ii) any non-cancelable costs incurred before termination of this Agreement but paid after the effective termination date, and any termination payments specified in the relevant Statement of Work and (iii) expenses incurred to complete activities related to termination and close-out of the Services, including fulfillment of any regulatory requirements; (f) the Company shall promptly (i) return to X4 all unused X4 Materials in its possession or control, unless otherwise directed in writing by X4 and (ii) return to X4 all Confidential Information of X4 in its possession or control; provided that the Company may retain one (1) copy of Confidential Information of X4 in its archives solely for the purpose of establishing the contents thereof and ensuring compliance with its obligations hereunder; (g) in the sole discretion of X4, the Company shall either (i) promptly return to X4 all unused tangible materials in the Company’s possession or control that are obtained by the Company from any Third Party to conduct the Services, unless otherwise directed in writing by X4 or (ii) promptly refund to X4 the cost paid by X4 to the Company for such Third Party tangible materials; and (h) X4 shall promptly return to the Company all Confidential Information of the Company in its possession or control; provided that X4 may retain one (1) copy of Confidential Information of the Company in its archives solely for the purpose of establishing the contents thereof and ensuring compliance with its obligations hereunder. 6.4 Consequences of Termination or Suspension of a Statement of Work. In the event of the termination or suspension of a Statement of Work pursuant to Section 6.1, the following provisions shall apply: (a) the Company will terminate or suspend all Services in the applicable Statement or Work in progress in an orderly manner as soon as practical and in accordance with a schedule agreed to by X4; and (b) the Company will use reasonable efforts to re-allocate its personnel and mitigate costs and expenses incurred as a result of such termination or suspension; (c) in the sole discretion of X4, the Company shall either (i) promptly return to X4 all unused tangible materials in the Company’s possession or control that are obtained by the Company from any Third Party to conduct the Services in the applicable Statement or Work, unless otherwise directed in writing by X4 or (ii) promptly refund to X4 the cost paid by X4 to the Company for such Third Party tangible materials; and (d) X4 will pay the Company any (i) Service Fees due and owing the Company under the applicable Statement or Work, up to the effective date of termination or suspension, for Services actually performed and all authorized expenses actually incurred (as specified in the applicable Statement(s) of Work), and (ii) any non-cancelable costs incurred before the termination or suspension but paid after the effective termination or suspension date that the Company is not able to mitigate. 6.5 Remedies; Injunctive Relief. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in this Agreement, the termination provisions of this Article 6 are in addition to any other relief and remedies available to either Party under Applicable Laws. Each Party hereby acknowledges that any breach or threatened breach of any of the terms of this Agreement may result in substantial, continuing and irreparable injury to the other Party and hereby agrees that, in addition to any other remedy that may be available to that other Party, such other Party will be entitled to obtain injunctive relief from the courts referred to in Section 7.1 below in the event of any breach or threatened breach of any of the terms of this Agreement. 6.6 Surviving Provisions. Notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, the rights and obligations of the Parties set forth in Articles 3, 4 and 7 and Sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5, as well as any rights or obligations otherwise accrued hereunder, and any definitions related to the foregoing, shall survive the termination of this Agreement or the expiration of the Term of this Agreement. 7. MISCELLANEOUS 7.1 Dispute Resolution. 7.1.1 Disputes. (a) Resolution by Executive Officers. In the event of any controversy or claim arising from or relating to any provision of this Agreement, or any term or condition hereof, or the performance by a Party of its obligations under this Agreement, or its construction or the actual or alleged breach of this Agreement by a Party (each, a “Dispute”), either Party, upon written notice to the other Party, may have such Dispute referred to the Parties’ respective Executive Officer(s) or their nominees, for attempted resolution by good faith negotiations within thirty (30) days after such notice is received. (b) Arbitration. (i) Selection of Arbitrators. In the event that any Dispute is not resolved as provided in Section 7.1.1(a) within thirty (30) days of the date of notice of referral to the Executive Officers, either Party may, upon written notice to the other Party, submit the Dispute to final and binding arbitration under the commercial arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”). The site of arbitration shall be Boston, Massachusetts. The panel of arbitrators will be comprised of one arbitrator chosen by X4, one arbitrator chosen by the Company and the third arbitrator by the two arbitrators so chosen. If either Party or both Parties fails to choose an arbitrator or arbitrators within thirty (30) days after receiving notice of commencement of arbitration or if the two arbitrators fail to choose a third arbitrator within thirty (30) days after their appointment, then either or both Parties shall immediately request that the AAA select the remaining number of arbitrators to be selected, which arbitrator(s) shall have the requisite scientific background, experience and expertise. (ii) Additional Procedures. Either Party may apply to the arbitrators for interim injunctive relief until the arbitration decision is rendered or the dispute is otherwise resolved. Either Party also may, without waiving any right or remedy under this Agreement, seek from any court having jurisdiction any injunctive or provisional relief necessary to protect the rights or property of that Party pending resolution of the dispute pursuant to this Section 7.1.1. The arbitrators shall have no authority to award punitive or any other type of damages not measured by a Party’s compensatory damages. Each Party shall bear its own costs and expenses and attorneys’ fees in connection any such arbitration; provided that the non-prevailing Party shall pay the costs and expenses incurred by the prevailing Party in connection with any such arbitration, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. (iii) Termination of Agreement. In the event of a Dispute involving the alleged breach of this Agreement (including, without limitation, whether a Party has satisfied its diligence obligations hereunder), neither Party may terminate this Agreement until resolution of the Dispute pursuant to this Section 7.1. (iv) Decision of Arbitrators. The decision of the arbitrators shall be the sole, exclusive and binding remedy between the Parties regarding the determination of all disputes presented. Any monetary payment to be made by a Party pursuant to a decision of the arbitrators shall be made in United States dollars, free of any tax or other deduction. (v) Non-Disclosure. Except to the extent necessary to confirm an award or decision or as may be required by Applicable Laws, neither Party nor any arbitrator may disclose the existence or results of any arbitration without the prior written consent of all Parties. In no event shall any arbitration be initiated after the date when commencement of a legal or equitable proceeding based on the Dispute would be barred by the applicable statute of limitations. 7.2 Governing Law. This Agreement will be construed, interpreted and applied in accordance with New York laws (excluding its body of law controlling conflicts of law). 7.3 Limitations. Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, neither Party grants to the other Party any right or license to any of its intellectual property. 7.4 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Quality Technical Agreement finalized by the parties in December 2014 are the entire agreements between of the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior representations, understandings and agreements between the Parties, whether written or oral, with respect to the subject matter hereof. No modification or amendment shall be effective unless in writing with specific reference to this Agreement and signed by the duly authorized representatives of the Parties (which writing and signature may be in a PDF document exchanged via e-mail). 7.5 Waiver. The terms or conditions of this Agreement may be waived only by a written instrument executed by the Party waiving compliance. The failure of either Party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its rights at a later time to enforce the same. No waiver by either Party of any condition or term shall be deemed as a continuing waiver of such condition or term or of another condition or term. 7.6 Headings. Section and subsection headings are inserted for convenience of reference only and do not form part of this Agreement. 7.7 Assignment. Neither this Agreement, nor any right or obligation hereunder, may be assigned, delegated or otherwise transferred, in whole or part, by either Party without the prior express written consent of the other not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed; provided that either Party may, without the written consent of the other, assign this Agreement and its rights and delegate its obligations hereunder to its Affiliates or in connection with the transfer or sale of all or substantially all of such Party’s assets or business to which this Agreement relates or in the event of its merger, consolidation, change in control or similar transaction. Any permitted assignee shall assume all obligations of its assignor under this Agreement. Any purported assignment in violation of this Section 7.7 shall be void. The terms and conditions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the permitted successors and assigns of the Parties. 7.8 Force Majeure. Neither Party shall be liable for failure of or delay in performing its obligations set forth in this Agreement, and neither Party shall be deemed in breach of its obligations, to the extent such failure or delay is due to causes beyond the reasonable control of the affected Party, including, but not limited to, embargoes, war, acts of war (whether war be declared or not), acts of terrorism, insurrections, riots, civil commotions, strikes, lockouts or other labor disturbances, fire, floods, or other acts of God, or acts, omissions or delays in acting by any governmental authority (each, a “force majeure”), provided, that, X4 will not be excused from the payment of any amounts otherwise due and payable to the Company under this Agreement notwithstanding the occurrence of any such force majeure. The affected Party shall notify the other Party of such force majeure circumstances as soon as reasonably practical, and shall promptly undertake all reasonable efforts necessary to cure such force majeure circumstances. 7.9 Construction. The Parties hereto acknowledge and agree that: (a) each Party and its counsel reviewed and negotiated the terms and provisions of this Agreement and have contributed to its revision; (b) the rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are resolved against the drafting Party shall not be employed in the interpretation of this Agreement; and (c) the terms and provisions of this Agreement shall be construed fairly as to all Parties hereto and not in favor of or against any Party, regardless of which Party was generally responsible for the preparation of this Agreement. 7.10 Severability. If any provision(s) of this Agreement are or become invalid, are ruled illegal by any court of competent jurisdiction or are deemed unenforceable under then current applicable law from time to time in effect during the Term hereof, it is the intention of the Parties that the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby; provided that a Party’s rights under this Agreement are not materially affected, the Parties hereto covenant and agree to renegotiate any such term, covenant or application thereof in good faith in order to provide a reasonably acceptable alternative to the term, covenant or condition of this Agreement or the application thereof that is invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it being the intent of the Parties that the basic purposes of this Agreement are to be effectuated. 7.11 Shipment. All Deliverables shipped by the Company will be shipped FCA the Company’s facilities (as such term is defined by Incoterms 2010). Absent specific instructions from X4, the Company will select the carrier and ship freight prepaid, with the cost thereof charged to X4. 7.12 Status. The Parties hereby acknowledge and agree that X4 and the Company shall be independent contractors and that nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be deemed to constitute a partner, agency, employer-employee or joint venture relationship between the Parties. Neither X4 nor the Company shall have the authority to make any statements, representations or commitments of any kind, or to take any action, which shall be binding on the other Party, without the prior written consent of the other Party. 7.13 Further Assurances. Each Party agrees to execute, acknowledge and deliver such further instructions, and to do all such other acts, as may be necessary or appropriate in order to carry out the purposes and intent of this Agreement. 7.14 Complete Agreement. This Agreement incorporates in the entirety the Statements of Work, Change Orders and, when appropriate, any Quality Technical Agreement (“Ancillary Agreements”). In the event of any ambiguity, doubt or conflict, the terms and conditions of this Agreement will take precedence over any terms and conditions which appear in Ancillary Agreements save that a Quality Technical Agreement shall take precedence in relation to quality issues. For the sake of clarity the Parties acknowledge and agree that any changes to any of the terms in this Agreement may only be made by agreed amendments to this Agreement and may not be made in any Ancillary Agreements. 7.15 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. [Remainder of page intentionally left blank.] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized representatives. X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. By: /s/ Paula M. Ragan Name: Paula M. Ragan, PhD. Title: CEO APTUIT (OXFORD) LTD. By: /s/ Petra Dieterich Name: Petra Dieterich Address for purposes of notification: Address for purposes of notification: 784 Memorial Drive, Suite 140 Cambridge, MA 02139 Aptuit (Oxford) Limited 111 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ Oxford England Attn: Contract Negotiations Department EXHIBIT A PROJECT PLAN [To be attached] FORM OF STATEMENT OF WORK EXHIBIT B THIS STATEMENT OF WORK (the "Statement of Work") is by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“X4”) and Aptuit (Oxford) Ltd. (the “Company”) and upon execution will be incorporated into the Master Services Agreement between X4 and the Company dated February 19, 2016 (the “Agreement”). Capitalized terms in this Statement of Work will have the same meaning as set forth in the Agreement. X4 hereby engages the Company to provide Services, as follows: 1. Project. The Company will render to X4 the following Services in connection with the following Project: [To be agreed upon by the Parties] 2. X4 Materials. X4 will provide the Company with the following X4 Materials in connection with the Project: [Describe specific X4 Materials being provided by X4] The Storage Guidelines for the X4 Materials are as follows: [Describe Storage Guidelines] 3. X4 Confidential Information/X4 Background Technology. X4 will provide the Company with the following X4 Confidential Information/X4 Background Technology in connection with the Project: [Describe X4 Confidential Information provided by X4] 4. Timelines and Deliverables. The Services will be completed within INSERT TIME PERIOD. The Deliverables to be established for the Project include: INSERT Deliverable 5. Project Leaders. X4: Company: 6. Compensation. Estimated Total Service Fees for Project (“Total Service Fees”): All amounts due under this Statement of Work will be invoiced in United States Dollars to accounts.payable @x4pharma.com according to the following schedule: [INVOICE SCHEDULE]. 7. Right to Terminate Project: [Describe termination rights specific to Project.] 8. Additional Rights Applicable to Project. In the event of a discrepancy between any terms or conditions set forth in the Statement of Work and any attachments thereto and the Agreement, the terms of the Agreement shall govern. All other terms and conditions of the Agreement will apply to this Statement of Work. STATEMENT OF WORK AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED BY: X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. APTUIT (OXFORD) LTD. By: By: Print Name Title Print Name: Title: duly authorized duly authorized Date Date AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.39 This amendment (the "Amendment") to the Master Services Agreement by and between X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation with a business address at 784 Memorial Drive, Suite 140, Cambridge, MA 02139 ("X4"), and Aptuit (Oxford) Limited, incorporated in England and Wales, having an address at 111 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, England (the "Company"), dated February 19, 2016 (the "Agreement"), incorporated by reference herein, is effective on 23rd November 2016 (the "Effective Date"). RECITALS WHEREAS, X4 and Company wish to add the Affiliates of Company (as listed in Annex A hereto) to the Agreement such that they can provide Services under the Agreement, effective 23rd November 2016; and WHEREAS, this Amendment sets out and/or refers to the additional terms and conditions upon which such change shall be undertaken. Now, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the mutual covenants and promises contained in this Amendment, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. Defined terms in the Agreement shall have the same meaning in this Amendment. 2. With X4's prior written consent, the Company may use the Services of its corporate Affiliates to fulfil Aptuit's obligations under the Agreement. Any Affiliate so used shall be subject to all of the terms and conditions applicable to the Company under the Agreement and entitled to all rights and protections afforded to the Company under the Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, a fully executed Statement of Work clearly stating the intention to use Company's Affiliates shall suffice for the aforementioned prior written consent. 3. Save as otherwise expressly referred to in this Amendment the terms and conditions of the Agreement shall apply in all other respects and remain in full force and effect. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this AMENDMENT on the Effective Date. X4 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. APTUIT (OXFORD) LIMITED By: /s/ John Celebi Printed Name: John Celebi Title: Chief Operating Officer By: /s/ Petra Dieterich Printed Name: Petra Dieterich Title: Senior Director API, Head of Site Subsidiaries Exhibit 21.1 The following is the name, jurisdiction of organization and percentage ownership by the Company of its subsidiaries. Subsidiary Jurisdiction of Incorporation X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. X4 Pharmaceuticals (Austria) GmbH X4 Pharmaceuticals Securities Corporation X4 Therapeutics Inc. Delaware Austria Massachusetts Delaware Company Owned by Percentage 100% 100% 100% 100% CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-229377 and 333-233161) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-221622, 333-223539, 333-230181, 333-230499, and 333-233162) of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. of our report dated March 12, 2020 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 12, 2020 I, Paula Ragan, Ph.D., certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.1 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 12, 2020 /s/ Paula Ragan, Ph.D. Paula Ragan, Ph.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary (Principal Executive Officer) I, Adam S. Mostafa, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; CERTIFICATIONS Exhibit 31.2 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 12, 2020 /s/ Adam S. Mostafa Adam S. Mostafa Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 I, Paula Ragan, Ph.D., certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Annual Report on Form 10-K of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. /s/ Paula Ragan, Ph.D. Name: Paula Ragan, Ph.D. Title: President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary (Principal Executive Officer) March 12, 2020 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 I, Adam S. Mostafa, certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Annual Report on Form 10-K of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in such Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of X4 Pharmaceuticals, Inc. /s/ Adam S. Mostafa Name: Adam S. Mostafa. Title: Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) March 12, 2020 

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